From ceeb91ca578248349266b016a49a07b9ed47e9d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Augusto Date: Thu, 7 Dec 2023 15:26:47 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 1/8] ENGLISH-STUDIES-1: IELTS --- .../Cambridge-Compact-Advanced/README.md | 2 + .../README.md | 2 + Compositions-and-Essays/2020/README.md | 2 + Compositions-and-Essays/2021/README.md | 2 + Compositions-and-Essays/README.md | 2 + Cultura-Inglesa/Mack1/README.md | 2 + .../Mack1/week 5 - 04-05 and 06-05.md | 199 ++-- Cultura-Inglesa/Mack2/08310902 - week 1.md | 97 +- Cultura-Inglesa/Mack2/09140916 - week 3.md | 264 +++--- Cultura-Inglesa/Mack2/README.md | 2 + Cultura-Inglesa/Mack3/20210605 - week 10.md | 44 +- Cultura-Inglesa/Mack3/README.md | 2 + Cultura-Inglesa/README.md | 2 + Cultura-Inglesa/Upper2/README.md | 2 + Cultura-Inglesa/Upper2/Upper 2 - Grammar.md | 895 ++++++++++-------- Cultura-Inglesa/Upper3/README.md | 2 + English-Self-Study-Material/README.md | 2 + English-Self-Study-Material/Unit-1/README.md | 557 ++++++----- Phrasal-Verbs.md => README.md | 0 SUMMARY.md | 128 +++ Verba- Tenses-Summary.md | 371 ++++---- Vocabulary/README.md | 2 + ielts/ielts-speaking-success/README.md | 2 + ielts/ielts-speaking-success/methodology.md | 23 + 24 files changed, 1462 insertions(+), 1144 deletions(-) create mode 100644 Cambriedge-Advanced-English-Certification/Cambridge-Compact-Advanced/README.md create mode 100644 Cambriedge-Advanced-English-Certification/README.md create mode 100644 Compositions-and-Essays/2020/README.md create mode 100644 Compositions-and-Essays/2021/README.md create mode 100644 Compositions-and-Essays/README.md create mode 100644 Cultura-Inglesa/Mack1/README.md create mode 100644 Cultura-Inglesa/Mack2/README.md create mode 100644 Cultura-Inglesa/Mack3/README.md create mode 100644 Cultura-Inglesa/README.md create mode 100644 Cultura-Inglesa/Upper2/README.md create mode 100644 Cultura-Inglesa/Upper3/README.md create mode 100644 English-Self-Study-Material/README.md rename Phrasal-Verbs.md => README.md (100%) create mode 100644 SUMMARY.md create mode 100644 Vocabulary/README.md create mode 100644 ielts/ielts-speaking-success/README.md create mode 100644 ielts/ielts-speaking-success/methodology.md diff --git a/Cambriedge-Advanced-English-Certification/Cambridge-Compact-Advanced/README.md b/Cambriedge-Advanced-English-Certification/Cambridge-Compact-Advanced/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a560e60 --- /dev/null +++ b/Cambriedge-Advanced-English-Certification/Cambridge-Compact-Advanced/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +# Cambridge-Compact-Advanced + diff --git a/Cambriedge-Advanced-English-Certification/README.md b/Cambriedge-Advanced-English-Certification/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c9ac1d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/Cambriedge-Advanced-English-Certification/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +# Cambriedge-Advanced-English-Certification + diff --git a/Compositions-and-Essays/2020/README.md b/Compositions-and-Essays/2020/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..688aa14 --- /dev/null +++ b/Compositions-and-Essays/2020/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +# 2020 + diff --git a/Compositions-and-Essays/2021/README.md b/Compositions-and-Essays/2021/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb15d88 --- /dev/null +++ b/Compositions-and-Essays/2021/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +# 2021 + diff --git a/Compositions-and-Essays/README.md b/Compositions-and-Essays/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d876ef7 --- /dev/null +++ b/Compositions-and-Essays/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +# Compositions-and-Essays + diff --git a/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack1/README.md b/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack1/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e831ac9 --- /dev/null +++ b/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack1/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +# Mack1 + diff --git a/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack1/week 5 - 04-05 and 06-05.md b/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack1/week 5 - 04-05 and 06-05.md index 4d1b2de..59d736f 100644 --- a/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack1/week 5 - 04-05 and 06-05.md +++ b/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack1/week 5 - 04-05 and 06-05.md @@ -1,175 +1,186 @@ +# week 5 - 04-05 and 06-05 +### Vocabulary -## Vocabulary -Letter Carrier - postman (male) - -firefighter - fireman (male) - -spokesperson - spokesman (male) - -police officer - policeman (male) +Letter Carrier postman (male) + +firefighter fireman (male) + +spokesperson spokesman (male) + +police officer policeman (male) spaceman x spacewoman chairwoman - a woman in charge of a meeting or organization | presidente (f) -repairman +repairman ace -faint of heart - Faint of heart describes a person who is lacking courage, squeamish, unable to rise to the occasion. An alternative phrase for faint of heart is faint at heart. -> Watching Powell use the spoon and some of his sharper equipment is not for the faint of heart +faint of heart - Faint of heart describes a person who is lacking courage, squeamish, unable to rise to the occasion. An alternative phrase for faint of heart is faint at heart. + +> Watching Powell use the spoon and some of his sharper equipment is not for the faint of heart fainthearted - Someone who is fainthearted is not confident or brave and dislikes taking unnecessary risks + > She made a rather faint-hearted attempt to stop him from leaving. stunningly (adverb) + > a stunningly beautiful woman a close call - a narrow escape from danger or disaster. + > the team had a close call in the preliminary group games get a kick out of something - enjoy, like something -> I always get a kick out of his jokes. -> I get a real kick out of shopping for new shoes. -> Most people get a kick out of taking a trip. -> Tom would get a kick out of seeing this. + +> I always get a kick out of his jokes. I get a real kick out of shopping for new shoes. Most people get a kick out of taking a trip. Tom would get a kick out of seeing this. give it a whirl - If you decide to give an activity a whirl, you do it even though it is something that you have never tried before. + > I've never danced salsa before but I'll give it a whirl. occupational hazard - a danger that is connected with doing a particular job: + > Hearing loss from excessive noise is an occupational hazard for nightclub workers. -[E] the ins and outs - the detailed or complicated facts of something +\[E] the ins and outs - the detailed or complicated facts of something + > I know how to use computers, but I don't really understand the ins and outs of how they work. -[G] unfathomable - impossible to understand +\[G] unfathomable - impossible to understand + > For some unfathomable reason they built the bathroom next to the kitchen. -[G] dodgy - likely to fail or cause problems -> The weather might be a bit dodgy at this time of year. -> I can’t come in to work today – I’ve got a bit of a dodgy stomach. -> It was a dodgy situation. -> Careful – that chair’s a bit dodgy. -> Ever since the accident I’ve had this dodgy leg. +\[G] dodgy - likely to fail or cause problems + +> The weather might be a bit dodgy at this time of year. I can’t come in to work today – I’ve got a bit of a dodgy stomach. It was a dodgy situation. Careful – that chair’s a bit dodgy. Ever since the accident I’ve had this dodgy leg. + +\[N] clunky - heavy and solid in an ugly way: + +> The clunky handsets looked old-fashioned as soon as they were launched. He wore a clunky gold ring. -[N] clunky - heavy and solid in an ugly way: -> The clunky handsets looked old-fashioned as soon as they were launched. -> He wore a clunky gold ring. +\[N]\[R]\[E] troubleshoot - to discover why something does not work effectively and help to improve it -[N][R][E] troubleshoot - to discover why something does not work effectively and help to improve it -> They brought me in to troubleshoot - to go in, sort out the problem, and get out again. -> A top German engineer has been appointed to troubleshoot the cause of the accident. +> They brought me in to troubleshoot - to go in, sort out the problem, and get out again. A top German engineer has been appointed to troubleshoot the cause of the accident. -[G][R][E] self-starter - a person who is able to work effectively without regularly needing to be told what to do | someone who can work well alone -> Applicants must be self-starters. -> The successful applicant for the position will be a well-motivated self-starter who has excellent communication skills. +\[G]\[R]\[E] self-starter - a person who is able to work effectively without regularly needing to be told what to do | someone who can work well alone + +> Applicants must be self-starters. The successful applicant for the position will be a well-motivated self-starter who has excellent communication skills. asset - a useful or valuable quality, skill, or person: -> He'll be a great asset to the team. -> Her eyes are her best asset (= most attractive feature). -> Knowledge of languages is a real asset in this sort of work. -[E][G][FN] at short notice - only a short time before something happens +> He'll be a great asset to the team. Her eyes are her best asset (= most attractive feature). Knowledge of languages is a real asset in this sort of work. + +\[E]\[G]\[FN] at short notice - only a short time before something happens + > I can't cancel my plans at such short notice. thrive - to grow, develop, or be successful: -> His business thrived in the years before the war. -> She seems to thrive on stress. -> Some employees thrive on the challenge of intense workloads. -[FN][R][G] strive - to try very hard to do something or to make something happen, especially for a long time or against difficulties: -> [ + to infinitive ] Mr Roe has kindled expectations that he must now strive to live up to. -> In her writing she strove for a balance between innovation and familiar prose forms. +> His business thrived in the years before the war. She seems to thrive on stress. Some employees thrive on the challenge of intense workloads. + +\[FN]\[R]\[G] strive - to try very hard to do something or to make something happen, especially for a long time or against difficulties: -[FN][R][G] hail - to call someone in order to attract their attention -> Shall we hail a taxi? -> I tried to hail her from across the room. +> \[ + to infinitive ] Mr Roe has kindled expectations that he must now strive to live up to. In her writing she strove for a balance between innovation and familiar prose forms. -# Grammar +\[FN]\[R]\[G] hail - to call someone in order to attract their attention + +> Shall we hail a taxi? I tried to hail her from across the room. + +## Grammar + +### Participle Clauses -## Participle Clauses Used to describe actions that happen simultaneously or consecutively. --> [TODO](https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/intermediate-to-upper-intermediate/participle-clauses) -->[TODO](https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/participles_form.htm) +\-> [TODO](https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/intermediate-to-upper-intermediate/participle-clauses) ->[TODO](https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/participles\_form.htm) -- **Participles** are words formed from verbs. -- **Present participles** always end in *-ing* and function as adjectives. They help form progressive verb tenses. -- **Past participles** end in *-ed*, or other past tense irregular verb endings, and function as adjectives. They also combine with the **verb to be** to create **passive** verb forms. -- Participial phrases modify the subjects of sentences. +* **Participles** are words formed from verbs. +* **Present participles** always end in _-ing_ and function as adjectives. They help form progressive verb tenses. +* **Past participles** end in _-ed_, or other past tense irregular verb endings, and function as adjectives. They also combine with the **verb to be** to create **passive** verb forms. +* Participial phrases modify the subjects of sentences. + +#### Perfect participle (-ed) -### Perfect participle (-ed) Perfect participle clauses show that the action they describe was finished before the action in the main clause. Also, it gives the ideia of consecutivity -**Consecutively - perfect participle -ed** -- **Not having** ever **been** near a forest fire, i can't imagine the heat - >Because I was not near a forest fire, I can't imagine the heat +**Consecutively - perfect participle -ed** + +* **Not having** ever **been** near a forest fire, i can't imagine the heat -- **Having fought** forest fires for 15 years, she is now an expert - > after she fight forest fires for 15 years, she is now an expert + > Because I was not near a forest fire, I can't imagine the heat +* **Having fought** forest fires for 15 years, she is now an expert -- **Having got dressed**, he slowly went downstairs. -- **Having finished their training**, they will be fully qualified doctors. -- **Having been made redundant**, she started looking for a new job._ -- **In spite of having read the instructions twice**, I still couldn’t understand how to use it. + > after she fight forest fires for 15 years, she is now an expert +* **Having got dressed**, he slowly went downstairs. +* **Having finished their training**, they will be fully qualified doctors. +* **Having been made redundant**, she started looking for a new job.\_ +* **In spite of having read the instructions twice**, I still couldn’t understand how to use it. + +#### Present participle (-ing) -### Present participle (-ing) **Simultaneously - To talk about an action that happened at the same time as another action** -- **Weighing** on average around 70-80 kg, women firefighters are well suited to this kind of work - > Because they weight around 70-80, women firefighters are well suited to this kind of work -- **Landing** near the fire, they quickly assessed the situation - > Because they land near the fire, they quickly assessed the situation +* **Weighing** on average around 70-80 kg, women firefighters are well suited to this kind of work + + > Because they weight around 70-80, women firefighters are well suited to this kind of work +* **Landing** near the fire, they quickly assessed the situation + + > Because they land near the fire, they quickly assessed the situation +* **Not thinking** of his own safety, he rushed into the house -- **Not thinking** of his own safety, he rushed into the house - > because he did not think of his own safety, he rushed into the house + > because he did not think of his own safety, he rushed into the house > **Other Conjunctions:** as result, when, after, if, in order to **To give the reason for an action** -- **Knowing** she loved reading, Richard bought her a book. -- **Understanting** the reasons behind his actions. The boss fired him; + +* **Knowing** she loved reading, Richard bought her a book. +* **Understanting** the reasons behind his actions. The boss fired him; **To give the result of an action** -- The bomb exploded, **destroying** the building. -- He confessed the crime, shocking everyone in the room + +* The bomb exploded, **destroying** the building. +* He confessed the crime, shocking everyone in the room **To add information about the subject of the main clause** -- Starting in the new year, the new policy bans cars in the city centre. -- Knowing each other for a long time. They celebrate their friendship -### Past participle (-ing) +* Starting in the new year, the new policy bans cars in the city centre. +* Knowing each other for a long time. They celebrate their friendship + +#### Past participle (-ing) + Past participles normally have a passive meaning. -**With a similar meaning to an _if_ condition** -- _**Used in this way**, participles can make your writing more concise._ (_If you use participles in this way, …_ ) +**With a similar meaning to an **_**if**_** condition** + +* _**Used in this way**, participles can make your writing more concise._ (_If you use participles in this way, …_ ) **To give the reason for an action** -- _**Worried by the news**, she called the hospital._ + +* _**Worried by the news**, she called the hospital._ **To add information about the subject of the main clause** -- Filled with pride, he walked towards the stage. +* Filled with pride, he walked towards the stage. + +### Present Perfect + +* finished actions - thinking about past and present together -## Present Perfect -- finished actions - thinking about past and present together > I've written to john, so he knows what is happening now -- news +* news + > A plane has crashed at Gatwick airport -- up to know - how much/how many, how often; ever/never -> I've drunk six cups of coffee today -> John hasn't phoned. -> Haver you ever been here? I have never been here before +* up to know - how much/how many, how often; ever/never -- finished actions continuing up to now -> I have been 8 years in this country +> I've drunk six cups of coffee today John hasn't phoned. Haver you ever been here? I have never been here before +* finished actions continuing up to now +> I have been 8 years in this country diff --git a/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack2/08310902 - week 1.md b/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack2/08310902 - week 1.md index 9f44fde..b715aed 100644 --- a/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack2/08310902 - week 1.md +++ b/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack2/08310902 - week 1.md @@ -1,107 +1,102 @@ # 08310902 - week 1 ## Homework -- [x] e-Campus Lesson 1 - - [x] ✔Tips for effective language learning - - [x] ✔Language and Culture -- [x] e-Campus Lesson 2 - - [x] ✔Cycling round the world +* [x] e-Campus Lesson 1 + * [x] ✔Tips for effective language learning + * [x] ✔Language and Culture +* [x] e-Campus Lesson 2 + * [x] ✔Cycling round the world ## Grammar ### May, Might, Could -**Present and future possibility** - -1. We use _may, might_ and _could_ to say that **perhaps something is true** at the moment of speaking or that **perhaps something will happen in the future**: - - _'Where's Dad?' 'He could be in the garden.'_ (= Perhaps he is in the garden.) - - _We may/might go to the theatre tomorrow._ (= Perhaps we will go to the theatre.) +**Present and future possibility** - || | | - |-- |--|--| - ||Most sure = _may_| - ||Less sure = _might_| - ||Least sure = _could_ | +1. We use _may, might_ and _could_ to say that **perhaps something is true** at the moment of speaking or that **perhaps something will happen in the future**: + _'Where's Dad?' 'He could be in the garden.'_ (= Perhaps he is in the garden.) -2. We use the **negative forms** _may not/might not_, **but NOT _couldn't_, to mean that something negative is possible**: + _We may/might go to the theatre tomorrow._ (= Perhaps we will go to the theatre.) - _They may not give me the job._ (= Perhaps they won't give me the job.) + | | | | + | - | -------------------- | - | + | | Most sure = _may_ | | + | | Less sure = _might_ | | + | | Least sure = _could_ | | +2. We use the **negative forms** _may not/might not_, **but NOT **_**couldn't**_**, to mean that something negative is possible**: -3. We can also use _may/might/could be_ + _-ing_: + _They may not give me the job._ (= Perhaps they won't give me the job.) +3. We can also use _may/might/could be_ + _-ing_: - _Be careful! Someone might/may/could be watching us._ + _Be careful! Someone might/may/could be watching us._ **Possibility in the past** -1. We can use _may/might/could_ + **have** + *past participle* to talk about possibility in the past: +1. We can use _may/might/could_ + **have** + _past participle_ to talk about possibility in the past: - _They didn't reply to my job application form. It may/might/could have got lost in the post._ (= Perhaps it got lost in the post.) + _They didn't reply to my job application form. It may/might/could have got lost in the post._ (= Perhaps it got lost in the post.) - *Why did you drive so fast? You may have killed yourself.* + _Why did you drive so fast? You may have killed yourself._ **Remember!** -_May, might_ and _could_ can be followed by continuous and perfect forms: +_May, might_ and _could_ can be followed by continuous and perfect forms: _They may/might/could be watching TV._ _They may/might/could have gone out._ ### Be Likely and Be Possible -**Be likely** -1. We can use _be likely_ + **infinitive** with ***to*** to talk about things that are probably **going to happen or that are probably true:** - - _He's likely to get the job because he's got a lot of experience._ +**Be likely** - _It's likely to be a long meeting because there's a lot to discuss._ +1. We can use _be likely_ + **infinitive** with _**to**_ to talk about things that are probably **going to happen or that are probably true:** -2. We can also use _be more than likely_ + infinitive with _to_ to mean `almost certain`: + _He's likely to get the job because he's got a lot of experience._ - _It's more than likely she'll see Tom this week._ (= It's almost certain she'll see Tom this week.) + _It's likely to be a long meeting because there's a lot to discuss._ +2. We can also use _be more than likely_ + infinitive with _to_ to mean `almost certain`: -3. We can also use _be likely_ + _that_ ...: + _It's more than likely she'll see Tom this week._ (= It's almost certain she'll see Tom this week.) +3. We can also use _be likely_ + _that_ ...: - _It's likely that they'll arrive late due to the heavy traffic._ + _It's likely that they'll arrive late due to the heavy traffic._ **Be possible** -1. We can use _It's possible_ + infinitive with _to_ to express possibility: - - _On a clear night it is possible to see as far as the coast._ +1. We can use _It's possible_ + infinitive with _to_ to express possibility: -2. We can also use _It's possible_ + _that_ ... to say that **something might happen** or be **true**, or to **talk about** a possible **past event**: + _On a clear night it is possible to see as far as the coast._ +2. We can also use _It's possible_ + _that_ ... to say that **something might happen** or be **true**, or to **talk about** a possible **past event**: - _It's possible that we'll finish the project early._ - - _It's possible that the email was sent to the wrong person._ + _It's possible that we'll finish the project early._ -3. We can use _It's just possible that_ ... to say that something might happen or be true, but **it is not very likely**: + _It's possible that the email was sent to the wrong person._ +3. We can use _It's just possible that_ ... to say that something might happen or be true, but **it is not very likely**: - _It's just possible that he didn't know about the meeting but I'm sure I told him._ + _It's just possible that he didn't know about the meeting but I'm sure I told him._ +4. We can use _It's possible **for**_ + person + infinitive with _to_ to say that someone is able to do something or to **make polite requests**: -4. We can use *It's possible **for*** + person + infinitive with _to_ to say that someone is able to do something or to **make polite requests**: + _It's possible for some employees to work from home._ - _It's possible for some employees to work from home._ - - _Is it possible for us to see the manager?_ + _Is it possible for us to see the manager?_ **Remember!** -We can use _be likely_ with a range of subjects (_I/you/he/she_, etc.), but _be possible_ is only used with _it_. +We can use _be likely_ with a range of subjects (_I/you/he/she_, etc.), but _be possible_ is only used with _it_. **Learning tips** Watch/Read the news and say what is likely to happen in each story. -Think of five polite requests that you made recently and write what you could have said using _Is it possible for me/us ... ?_ +Think of five polite requests that you made recently and write what you could have said using _Is it possible for me/us ... ?_ ### Adjectives followed by prepositions: in, of, to, with (GRU00164B) -- TODO + +* TODO ### Prepositions Following Verbs (GRU00180C) -- TODO + +* TODO diff --git a/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack2/09140916 - week 3.md b/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack2/09140916 - week 3.md index 6f1984c..ce34514 100644 --- a/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack2/09140916 - week 3.md +++ b/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack2/09140916 - week 3.md @@ -1,79 +1,98 @@ # 09140916 - week 3 ## Homeworke -- [X] e-Campus Lesson 1 - - [X] Learning Langaues (2) - - [X] Individual Learning Styles - - [X] Language and Culture -- [X] e-Campus Lesson 2 - - [X] Terrific Tours - - [X] C1 Advanced Listening -- [X] e-Campus Lesson 3 - - [X] C1 Advanced Listening Part II -- [X] Workbook - - [X] 5C + +* [x] e-Campus Lesson 1 + * [x] Learning Langaues (2) + * [x] Individual Learning Styles + * [x] Language and Culture +* [x] e-Campus Lesson 2 + * [x] Terrific Tours + * [x] C1 Advanced Listening +* [x] e-Campus Lesson 3 + * [x] C1 Advanced Listening Part II +* [x] Workbook + * [x] 5C ## Vocaculary -monstly - -- todo + +monstly - + +* todo epicure - a person who enjoys high quality food and drink -- todo + +* todo littered - small pieces of trash that have been left lying on the ground in public places -- The park was littered with bottles and soda cans after the concert + +* The park was littered with bottles and soda cans after the concert undertaken - to do or begin to do something, especially something that will take a long time or be difficult -- several studies have ben undertaken on the differences in individual learning styles. -- Students are required to undertake simple experiments. + +* several studies have ben undertaken on the differences in individual learning styles. +* Students are required to undertake simple experiments. undertaken - to promise that you will do something -- She undertook not to publish the names of the people involved. -- The government undertook that the buildings would not be redeveloped. + +* She undertook not to publish the names of the people involved. +* The government undertook that the buildings would not be redeveloped. contention - the disagreement that results from opposing arguments -- The issue has been settlend - it's no longer in contention -- the fact that each of these is different is not a point of contention -the extent to which - -- ? +* The issue has been settlend - it's no longer in contention +* the fact that each of these is different is not a point of contention + +the extent to which - + +* ? tended towards - To have a tendency or be inclined or disposed to display some behavior or characteristic -- he tended towards the visual type of learning when learning cookery. -- His fiscal policies tend toward conservatism, while his social policies tend toward liberalism. + +* he tended towards the visual type of learning when learning cookery. +* His fiscal policies tend toward conservatism, while his social policies tend toward liberalism. furthermore - in addition; more importantly -- The house is beautiful. Furthermore, it's in a great location. + +* The house is beautiful. Furthermore, it's in a great location. consistent with - in agreement with other facts or with typical or previous behavior, or having the same principles as something else -- *the conditions under which* he was observed are not **consistent with** good psychological practice. -- What the witness said in court was not consistent with the statement he made to the police. -- We do not consider his behavior to be consistent with the holding of a high-ranking job. + +* _the conditions under which_ he was observed are not **consistent with** good psychological practice. +* What the witness said in court was not consistent with the statement he made to the police. +* We do not consider his behavior to be consistent with the holding of a high-ranking job. rather - quite; to a slight degree -- We got rather tired of travelling after a few days + +* We got rather tired of travelling after a few days hanker after/for sth - to have a strong wish for something, especially if you cannot or should not have it -- what did you hanker after most when you were in prision? -- even after all these years, i still hanker for a motorcycle + +* what did you hanker after most when you were in prision? +* even after all these years, i still hanker for a motorcycle coiled - arranged in a series of circles, one above or inside the other -- a coiled spring -- he stteped over a coiled hose and went onto the grass. + +* a coiled spring +* he stteped over a coiled hose and went onto the grass. hose {mangueira} - a long plastic or rubber pipe, used to direct water onto fires, gardens -- a garden/fire hose; -shake sth off - to get rid of an illness -- i hope i can shake off this cold before the weekend - +* a garden/fire hose; + +shake sth off - to get rid of an illness + +* i hope i can shake off this cold before the weekend + grim - worrying, without hope -- The future looks grim -- He was grim when he arrived at home after the work + +* The future looks grim +* He was grim when he arrived at home after the work featureless - looking the same in every part, usually in a way that most people consider to be boring -- a featureless desert -- a gray featureless landscape + +* a featureless desert +* a gray featureless landscape deaf - cannot hear @@ -82,118 +101,137 @@ be on the verge endour fall asleep - to start to sleep -- I fell asleep as soon as my head hit the pillow. + +* I fell asleep as soon as my head hit the pillow. cater - to provide, and sometimes serve, food -- Who catered your party? -- Which firm will be catering at the wedding reception? + +* Who catered your party? +* Which firm will be catering at the wedding reception? grilling - an occasion when someone is asked a lot of questions for a long time -- She faced a grilling when she got home. + +* She faced a grilling when she got home. grilling - an occasion when someone criticizes you or says you have done something wrong -- The security guard gave me a grilling for taking photos of the building. + +* The security guard gave me a grilling for taking photos of the building. CAST DOUBT- When something causes a felling of uncertainty -- New video evidence has cast doubt on the defendant's claim -- The present decision cas doubt on his honest -CAST YOUR EYE OVER - to look at something with attention and give your opinion -- Could you cast your eye over this speech I have written? -- She just had a couple of minutes to cast an eye over the map before hitting the road, +* New video evidence has cast doubt on the defendant's claim +* The present decision cas doubt on his honest + +CAST YOUR EYE OVER - to look at something with attention and give your opinion + +* Could you cast your eye over this speech I have written? +* She just had a couple of minutes to cast an eye over the map before hitting the road, -CAST A SHADOW OVER/ON STH - is when there’s a suspect that something won’t go well | to make people feel less happy or hopeful about something -- getting a food poisoning cast a shadow over the rest of our holiday -- Her father’s illness cast a shadow over the wedding celebrations -- Her father's illness had cast a shadow over the birth of her baby +CAST A SHADOW OVER/ON STH - is when there’s a suspect that something won’t go well | to make people feel less happy or hopeful about something -CAST YOUR MIND BACK - to think about something important that happened in the past -- I would like you to cast your mind back to when you first travelled abroad +* getting a food poisoning cast a shadow over the rest of our holiday +* Her father’s illness cast a shadow over the wedding celebrations +* Her father's illness had cast a shadow over the birth of her baby + +CAST YOUR MIND BACK - to think about something important that happened in the past + +* I would like you to cast your mind back to when you first travelled abroad CAST THE NET WIDE - to involve a large variety of people or things -- They have cast the net wide by not asking job applicants for specific qualifications -- They always cast their net wide when they’re planning their holidays. + +* They have cast the net wide by not asking job applicants for specific qualifications +* They always cast their net wide when they’re planning their holidays. CAST YOUR VOTE - take a decision -- You should cast your vote for the best candidate + +* You should cast your vote for the best candidate CAST A SPELL - use words thought to be magic in order to have an effect on someone (many times this is used metaphorically, to express you don't understand someone's influence over another person) -- he little town cast its spell on me and I ended up staying there a week more. + +* he little town cast its spell on me and I ended up staying there a week more. CASTING VOTE - A single vote, given by the person in charge of a meeting if the number of votes about something is equal, that decides the matter. -- If there is a tie in the final round between the top two contenders, the president of the association will have the casting vote. -- 1. We couldn’t decide which town to visit, so we ended up casting votes. + +* If there is a tie in the final round between the top two contenders, the president of the association will have the casting vote. +* + 1. We couldn’t decide which town to visit, so we ended up casting votes. ### Sheets and Blankets -- A sheet generally covers the mattress -- blanket covers you. -- mattress - the part of a bed that you lie on, made of a strong cloth cover filled with firm but comfortable material -- **Example**: - - please make the bed, first put on the bed sheet, next pillows and lastly the blanket. - - please get my blanket, I'm cold. - - my mattress needs a bed sheet before I can sleep on it. +* A sheet generally covers the mattress +* blanket covers you. +* mattress - the part of a bed that you lie on, made of a strong cloth cover filled with firm but comfortable material +* **Example**: + * please make the bed, first put on the bed sheet, next pillows and lastly the blanket. + * please get my blanket, I'm cold. + * my mattress needs a bed sheet before I can sleep on it. + +### **Expressions** -### **Expressions** -- **takes as its starting point** the human senses -- Most researchers support the notion that the visual learner is the most common type. **Yet this assumption should be questioned** -- **It may also be argued** that to base such a conclusion on so small sample is **arguably problematic** +* **takes as its starting point** the human senses +* Most researchers support the notion that the visual learner is the most common type. **Yet this assumption should be questioned** +* **It may also be argued** that to base such a conclusion on so small sample is **arguably problematic** ## Grammar + ### Enough, quite, so, such and too -Five of the most common modifiers are: _enough, quite, so, such_ and _too_. -1. **_Enough_ means 'the right amount or number'.** - A. It goes after an **adjective** or an **adverb**: - - _I'm not tall enough to reach the top shelves._ - - _Don't worry. Your English is good enough to pass the exam._ +Five of the most common modifiers are: _enough, quite, so, such_ and _too_. + +1. _**Enough**_** means 'the right amount or number'.** A. It goes after an **adjective** or an **adverb**: + + * _I'm not tall enough to reach the top shelves._ + * _Don't worry. Your English is good enough to pass the exam._ - B. It also goes before nouns: - - _There aren't enough eggs for the cake. Could you buy some more?_ + B. It also goes before nouns: - C. Use _too/enough + for_ + phrase: - - _The weather is too cold for the children._ - - _Are there enough sweets for all the kids?_ + * _There aren't enough eggs for the cake. Could you buy some more?_ - D. Use _too/enough_ + infinitive: - - _Do you feel strong enough to climb the hill?_ - - _'Have you got any money?' 'I haven't got enough (money) to buy everything.'_ + C. Use _too/enough + for_ + phrase: -2. **_Too_ means 'more than is necessary or wanted'.** - A. It is used before an adjective or adverb: - - _I can't work with Joe. He does things too slowly._ - - _You're too young to go to clubs at night, Jimmy._ + * _The weather is too cold for the children._ + * _Are there enough sweets for all the kids?_ -3. **_Quite_ can mean 'fairly':** - _I was quite surprised to learn he had failed the exam._ + D. Use _too/enough_ + infinitive: - **However**, in formal English, when it is used with non-gradable adjectives like: _absurd, dead, true_, etc. it means 'completely'or 'totally': + * _Do you feel strong enough to climb the hill?_ + * _'Have you got any money?' 'I haven't got enough (money) to buy everything.'_ +2. _**Too**_** means 'more than is necessary or wanted'.** A. It is used before an adjective or adverb: + * _I can't work with Joe. He does things too slowly._ + * _You're too young to go to clubs at night, Jimmy._ +3. _**Quite**_** can mean 'fairly':** _I was quite surprised to learn he had failed the exam._ - - _I think the whole idea is quite absurd._ - - _What you say is quite true._ + **However**, in formal English, when it is used with non-gradable adjectives like: _absurd, dead, true_, etc. it means 'completely'or 'totally': -4. **_So_ generally used to emphasize what we say.** - - _It was so hot that we decided to stay at the hotel._ + * _I think the whole idea is quite absurd._ + * _What you say is quite true._ +4. _**So**_** generally used to emphasize what we say.** - A. We can use it before an adjective or an adverb: - - _He drove so quickly that the police stopped him._ + * _It was so hot that we decided to stay at the hotel._ - B. It can be used before _much, many, few_ and _little_: - - _There were so many people that we couldn't get into the theatre._ - - _I regret it so much!_ + A. We can use it before an adjective or an adverb: -5. **_Such_ is also used to emphasize what we are talking about but we use it before adjective + noun:** - - _I had such a bad day yesterday that I decided to go to bed early._ + * _He drove so quickly that the police stopped him._ - A. We can also use it before a noun on its own: - - _They made such a mess of everything that we couldn't find a solution._ - - _I've never seen such foolishness before! It's unbelievable!_ + B. It can be used before _much, many, few_ and _little_: + + * _There were so many people that we couldn't get into the theatre._ + * _I regret it so much!_ +5. _**Such**_** is also used to emphasize what we are talking about but we use it before adjective + noun:** + + * _I had such a bad day yesterday that I decided to go to bed early._ + + A. We can also use it before a noun on its own: + + * _They made such a mess of everything that we couldn't find a solution._ + * _I've never seen such foolishness before! It's unbelievable!_ **Remember!** -A. Use _so much_ before comparatives: -- _She looks so much happier now that she's moved into her house._ +A. Use _so much_ before comparatives: + +* _She looks so much happier now that she's moved into her house._ -B. _Too_ can be used as a synonym of _very_ in informal speech: -- _It's too kind of you to help me._ +B. _Too_ can be used as a synonym of _very_ in informal speech: +* _It's too kind of you to help me._ diff --git a/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack2/README.md b/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack2/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a4dc9d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack2/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +# Mack2 + diff --git a/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack3/20210605 - week 10.md b/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack3/20210605 - week 10.md index f4f533b..92629c2 100644 --- a/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack3/20210605 - week 10.md +++ b/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack3/20210605 - week 10.md @@ -1,21 +1,23 @@ # 20210605 - week 9 ## Vocabulary + to give (things or people) a lof of/some thought = think about it to make/take a rash decision = too quick, without much thinking -to be in two minds about something = to be in doubt, or to have two opposing ideas +to be in two minds about something = to be in doubt, or to have two opposing ideas to think things over - think more carefully you should stand back = leave the scene / take some steps backwards -- stand back and look at it objectively +* stand back and look at it objectively ``` because of this (portuguese way to say and it is not so natural) == that is why maybe you have (english version and more natural) ``` + ``` [right way] when you make a decision, you have ti think about [wrong way] when you **have** the decision, you ... @@ -23,29 +25,35 @@ because of this (portuguese way to say and it is not so natural) == that is why ## Grammar -- after `once` use present perfect - - **Once** you have made a decision, you will feel better. +* after `once` use present perfect + * **Once** you have made a decision, you will feel better. ### Inversion in Conditionals -In formal English, the subject and the auxiliary can be inverted in the **if-clause** with if omitted -- If he pushed that button, we would all have problems -- were he to push that button, ... -
+In formal English, the subject and the auxiliary can be inverted in the **if-clause** with if omitted + +* If he pushed that button, we would all have problems +* were he to push that button, ... + +\ -- If we'd arriv**ed** sooner, we wouldn't have missed the beginning -- Had we arrived sooner, ... + +* If we'd arriv**ed** sooner, we wouldn't have missed the beginning +* Had we arrived sooner, ... #### Examples -- Should you get them wrong, don't worry -- if you get them wrong, don't worry -
+* Should you get them wrong, don't worry +* if you get them wrong, don't worry + +\ + + +* Were the sme question presented as a logical formula, few would make this mistake +* if the same question was/were presented ... few would make -- Were the sme question presented as a logical formula, few would make this mistake -- if the same question was/were presented ... few would make +\ -
-- Some even say that **had** it not been for this irrational thinking, the bank crisis of 2008 may not have occurred -- if this irrational thinking had not happened, the bank crisis may not have occurred \ No newline at end of file +* Some even say that **had** it not been for this irrational thinking, the bank crisis of 2008 may not have occurred +* if this irrational thinking had not happened, the bank crisis may not have occurred diff --git a/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack3/README.md b/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack3/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7f6f398 --- /dev/null +++ b/Cultura-Inglesa/Mack3/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +# Mack3 + diff --git a/Cultura-Inglesa/README.md b/Cultura-Inglesa/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0ae2101 --- /dev/null +++ b/Cultura-Inglesa/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +# Cultura-Inglesa + diff --git a/Cultura-Inglesa/Upper2/README.md b/Cultura-Inglesa/Upper2/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..44dbd63 --- /dev/null +++ b/Cultura-Inglesa/Upper2/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +# Upper2 + diff --git a/Cultura-Inglesa/Upper2/Upper 2 - Grammar.md b/Cultura-Inglesa/Upper2/Upper 2 - Grammar.md index d25c285..6d5c581 100644 --- a/Cultura-Inglesa/Upper2/Upper 2 - Grammar.md +++ b/Cultura-Inglesa/Upper2/Upper 2 - Grammar.md @@ -1,522 +1,587 @@ -# Grammar - -## Summary -* [Modifiers](#modifiers) -* [Relative Pronouns](#relative-pronouns) -* [Developing Conversations - Negative Questions](#developing-conversations---negative-questions) -* [Passive - Have/Get something done](#passive---haveget-something-done) - -## Modifiers -### Absolutely, Really and Very -Extreme Adjectives: awful, soaked, boiling, great, enormous. - -Don't use *Very* with extreme modifiers. Prefer to use absolutely or really. - -*Absolutely*: Don't use this modifier with normal adjectives such as cold, hot, nice. Instead of that, use very or really. - -### Too -This modifier shows you DON'T like something or it is a problem. - -#### a bit/too -Use these words to indicate small problems. -Ex.: That party was a little too boring for my liking. -#### much/miles too -Use these words to indicate big problems. -Ex.: It was miles too expensive for my liking. - -### a bit, quite and fairly -*A bit*: Use it to make negative adjectives weaker. -Ex.: The food was really good, but it was a bit bland - -*Quite*,*fairly*,*Pretty*,*rather*: All these words can be used with both positive and negative words. -Ex.: It's rather cold today, isn't it? - -### Hardly and Almost -*Hardly*: used in a negative context and I go with any/anything etc. -Ex.: I hardly watch any television, apart from news and current affairs. - -*Almost*: it goes with nothing, no, don't and didn't. -Ex.: The vendor almost did not sell his sold - -*Barely*{mal} [only just] -Ex.: I had barely finished my shower when Cristina arrived. - -He had barely reached twenty when he was exiled - -So distracted are they by their technical interests they **barely** notice, much less attend to, their dying patient present in the room with them. - -*Scarily*{assustadoramente} -Ex.: Although the ticket were cheap, scarily anyone went to the concert - -**Rather**{bastante} +# Upper 2 - Grammar + +## Grammar + +### Summary + +* [Modifiers]() +* [Relative Pronouns]() +* [Developing Conversations - Negative Questions]() +* [Passive - Have/Get something done]() + +### Modifiers + +#### Absolutely, Really and Very + +Extreme Adjectives: awful, soaked, boiling, great, enormous. + +Don't use _Very_ with extreme modifiers. Prefer to use absolutely or really. + +_Absolutely_: Don't use this modifier with normal adjectives such as cold, hot, nice. Instead of that, use very or really. + +#### Too + +This modifier shows you DON'T like something or it is a problem. + +**a bit/too** + +Use these words to indicate small problems.\ +Ex.: That party was a little too boring for my liking. + +**much/miles too** + +Use these words to indicate big problems.\ +Ex.: It was miles too expensive for my liking. + +#### a bit, quite and fairly + +_A bit_: Use it to make negative adjectives weaker.\ +Ex.: The food was really good, but it was a bit bland + +_Quite_,_fairly_,_Pretty_,_rather_: All these words can be used with both positive and negative words.\ +Ex.: It's rather cold today, isn't it? + +#### Hardly and Almost + +_Hardly_: used in a negative context and I go with any/anything etc.\ +Ex.: I hardly watch any television, apart from news and current affairs. + +_Almost_: it goes with nothing, no, don't and didn't.\ +Ex.: The vendor almost did not sell his sold + +_Barely_{mal} \[only just]\ +Ex.: I had barely finished my shower when Cristina arrived. + +He had barely reached twenty when he was exiled + +So distracted are they by their technical interests they **barely** notice, much less attend to, their dying patient present in the room with them. + +_Scarily_{assustadoramente}\ +Ex.: Although the ticket were cheap, scarily anyone went to the concert + +**Rather**{bastante}\ Ex.: -* Her English is rather good, isn't it? -* She sometimes comes across as being **rather** arrogant. -### Modifying nouns -To modify nouns use *a bit of* or adjectives like "real", "complete", slightly, hardly any, almost no. -Ex.: There was hardly any action there. - -## Relative Pronouns -Who, that, which, whose, where, when, what, why and whom - -1. Use **who** and **that** for people -Ex.: Do you know the man lives here - -2. Use **which** and **that** for things and animals -Ex.: I bought a car which has the best value for money - -3. Use **whose** to indicate possession or relationship -Ex.: That is the woman whose son is a pop star - -4. **Where** is used for places -Ex.: This is the place where a met your mother - -5. **What** means **"the thing that"** -Did you understand what she said? - -6. **Why** is used to give or talk about a reason -No body knwos why he left - -### Who (is/has) x Whose -I have got a friend who's writer -I have got a friend whose father is writer - -## Developing Conversations - Negative Questions -In order to demonstrate opinions or show interest in something negative questions are used. - -• Couldn't you stay in somewhere else? -• wasn't that a pain, having to rely on the bus [rely ON, having usage] -• Didn't they run more often than that? - -## Passive - Have/Get something done - -### Structure - What someone does for us -Have/Get + object + past participle - -Use that structure when the person who does the action is unknown or unimportant - + +* Her English is rather good, isn't it? +* She sometimes comes across as being **rather** arrogant. + +#### Modifying nouns + +To modify nouns use _a bit of_ or adjectives like "real", "complete", slightly, hardly any, almost no.\ +Ex.: There was hardly any action there. + +### Relative Pronouns + +Who, that, which, whose, where, when, what, why and whom + +1. Use **who** and **that** for people\ + Ex.: Do you know the man lives here +2. Use **which** and **that** for things and animals\ + Ex.: I bought a car which has the best value for money +3. Use **whose** to indicate possession or relationship\ + Ex.: That is the woman whose son is a pop star +4. **Where** is used for places\ + Ex.: This is the place where a met your mother +5. **What** means **"the thing that"**\ + Did you understand what she said? +6. **Why** is used to give or talk about a reason\ + No body knwos why he left + +#### Who (is/has) x Whose + +I have got a friend who's writer\ +I have got a friend whose father is writer + +### Developing Conversations - Negative Questions + +In order to demonstrate opinions or show interest in something negative questions are used. + +• Couldn't you stay in somewhere else?\ +• wasn't that a pain, having to rely on the bus \[rely ON, having usage]\ +• Didn't they run more often than that? + +### Passive - Have/Get something done + +#### Structure - What someone does for us + +Have/Get + object + past participle + +Use that structure when the person who does the action is unknown or unimportant + * **Examples** -> I had my hair cut yestarday -> He is having his car fixed -> I will have my house painted tomorrow my an equipe of painters -> They were having their homework been done by a veteran -> The students get their essays checked -> He got his washing machine fixed. - -### Structure - Asking or instructing + +> I had my hair cut yestarday He is having his car fixed I will have my house painted tomorrow my an equipe of painters They were having their homework been done by a veteran The students get their essays checked He got his washing machine fixed. + +#### Structure - Asking or instructing + Have + object + infinitive (without **to**). * **Examples** -> I will have Augusto book you a taxi (I will ask Augusto to book a taxi for you) -> He had Kay make us some tea (He asked kay to male tea for us) - -### Structure - Talking about an experience + +> I will have Augusto book you a taxi (I will ask Augusto to book a taxi for you) He had Kay make us some tea (He asked kay to male tea for us) + +#### Structure - Talking about an experience + Have + object + -ing or infinitive (without **to**) * **Examples** -> We had a man singing to us as we sat in the restaurant having our meal. -> I had a maid cleaning the beach house that I've rented - -## Idioms -It is a group of words that means something different of to the mean of the individual words - + +> We had a man singing to us as we sat in the restaurant having our meal. I had a maid cleaning the beach house that I've rented + +### Idioms + +It is a group of words that means something different of to the mean of the individual words + * Out of pocket (Lacking money; also, having suffered a financial loss) + > We can't go; I'm out of pocket right now * Through rose-coloured glasses (with a generally optimistic and cheerful attitude.) + > I know nostalgia can be misleading, but I really look at my childhood through rose-colored glasses. * In small doses (for short periods of time) + > He can only stand opera in small doses. * The ball is in his court (One has the responsibility for further action, especially after someone else previously held responsibility.) + > Well, they invited you, so the ball is in your court now. Do you want to go out with them or not? * Make ends meet (to have just enough money to pay for the things that you need) + > To make ends meet, Phil picked up a second job delivering pizzas. * Cost an arm and a leg (slang To cost lot of money.) + > College tuitions cost an arm and leg nowadays. * taking the mickey out of (e.g. me) (To tease, mock, or ridicule (someone or something)) + > They were all taking the mickey out of me because of my haircut. - -## Reported Speech -Indirect speech focuses more on the content of what someone said rather than their exact words. Verb tenses changes when report speech are used. - -### present simple ---> past simple -• 'I'm tired', I said---> I told them I was tired - -• 'I want to go to the mall tomorrow', she said ---> She said she wanted to go to the shopping mall tomorrow. - -### present continuous ---> past continuous -• 'she is cleaning the house', he said ---> He said that she was cleaning the house. - -### present perfect ---> past perfect -• 'I have just finished cooking', he said ---> she said she had just finished cooking - -### past continuous ---> past perfect continuous / past continuous -• 'I was planning to call you later' ---> she said she had been planning to call you later - -### will ---> would -### can ---> could -### must ---> had to - -the structure of the reported clause depends on whether the speaker is reporting a **statement, a question or a command.** - -### Reporting Statement - **Structure:** reporting clause + *that*-clause(*that* can be omitted) - - **Ex. 1:** -* [indirect form] The pilot commented that the weather had been extremaly bad. -* [direct form] The weather was extremaly bad. - -**Ex. 2:** -* [indirect form] I told my mother I didn't a birthday party. - -### Reporting Questions - -#### Yes/No Questions -* **Structure**: reporting clause + reported clause introduced by **if** or **whether**. The **reported clause** is in **statement form**. - - **Ex. 1:** -* [indirect form] The waiter asked **if** we wanted a table near the window -* [direct form] 'Do you want a table near the window', the waiter asked me. - - **Ex. 2:** - * [indirect form] My mother asked **if** I wanted a ride to the subway station. - - **Ex. 3** - * [indirect form] She asked if I had come by train - -#### Wh Questions -**Structure**: reporting clause + reported clause beginning with a _wh_-word -**PS:** Don't use question mark (?) - - **Ex. 1:** - * [indirect] he asked me **what** I wanted - - **Ex. 2:** - * She wanted to know **who** we had invited to the party. + +### Reported Speech + +Indirect speech focuses more on the content of what someone said rather than their exact words. Verb tenses changes when report speech are used. + +#### present simple ---> past simple + +• 'I'm tired', I said---> I told them I was tired + +• 'I want to go to the mall tomorrow', she said ---> She said she wanted to go to the shopping mall tomorrow. + +#### present continuous ---> past continuous + +• 'she is cleaning the house', he said ---> He said that she was cleaning the house. + +#### present perfect ---> past perfect + +• 'I have just finished cooking', he said ---> she said she had just finished cooking + +#### past continuous ---> past perfect continuous / past continuous + +• 'I was planning to call you later' ---> she said she had been planning to call you later + +#### will ---> would + +#### can ---> could + +#### must ---> had to + +the structure of the reported clause depends on whether the speaker is reporting a **statement, a question or a command.** + +#### Reporting Statement + +**Structure:** reporting clause + _that_-clause(_that_ can be omitted) + +**Ex. 1:** + +* \[indirect form] The pilot commented that the weather had been extremaly bad. +* \[direct form] The weather was extremaly bad. + +**Ex. 2:** + +* \[indirect form] I told my mother I didn't a birthday party. + +#### Reporting Questions + +**Yes/No Questions** + +* **Structure**: reporting clause + reported clause introduced by **if** or **whether**. The **reported clause** is in **statement form**. + +**Ex. 1:** + +* \[indirect form] The waiter asked **if** we wanted a table near the window +* \[direct form] 'Do you want a table near the window', the waiter asked me. + +**Ex. 2:** + +* \[indirect form] My mother asked **if** I wanted a ride to the subway station. + +**Ex. 3** + +* \[indirect form] She asked if I had come by train + +**Wh Questions** + +**Structure**: reporting clause + reported clause beginning with a _wh_-word **PS:** Don't use question mark (?) + +**Ex. 1:** + +* \[indirect] he asked me **what** I wanted + +**Ex. 2:** + +* She wanted to know **who** we had invited to the party. **Ex. 3:** -* He asked how they wanted to do the activity [How do you want to do the activity] - **_Who_, _whom_ and _what_** -Indirect questions which use **who, whom** and **what**, wh-words may be the **subject** or **object** of the reported clause. +* He asked how they wanted to do the activity \[How do you want to do the activity] + + _**Who**_**, **_**whom**_** and **_**what**_ Indirect questions which use **who, whom** and **what**, wh-words may be the **subject** or **object** of the reported clause. **Examples** -* He wondered what the repairs would cost [What will the repairs cost?] -* I asked them who was going to fetch us at the airport [Who is going to fetch us at the airport?] -* My mother asked what we were doing [What you are doing?] -## Participle Clauses +* He wondered what the repairs would cost \[What will the repairs cost?] +* I asked them who was going to fetch us at the airport \[Who is going to fetch us at the airport?] +* My mother asked what we were doing \[What you are doing?] + +### Participle Clauses + A participle clause is a dependent clause which **uses** a **participle form of a verb**. These clauses are used to avoid overly complicating sentences by assigning the same subject matter as the main clause to the participle clause. Participle clauses give information/express: + * **condition** (with a similar meaning to an if-condition) -> Looked after carefully, this coat will keep you warm through many winters. -> if you look after it carefully, this coat will keep you warm through many winters. -> -> Studying hard, I am sure you will pass. -> If you study hard, I am sure you will pass. -* **result** (with a similar meaning to so or therefore) -> A car ran over a crowd. Injuring several people. -> A car ran over a crowd so several people were injuried +> Looked after carefully, this coat will keep you warm through many winters. if you look after it carefully, this coat will keep you warm through many winters. +> +> Studying hard, I am sure you will pass. If you study hard, I am sure you will pass. + +* **result** (with a similar meaning to so or therefore) + +> A car ran over a crowd. Injuring several people. A car ran over a crowd so several people were injuried + +* **reason** (with a similar meaning to because or since) -* **reason** (with a similar meaning to because or since) > I had not enoght time to sleep, having spent so long doing my work -* **time** (with a similar meaning to words like when, while or as soon as) -> Sitting at the cafe with my friends, I suddenly realised that I had left the oven on at home. ->( _While I was sitting at the cafe with my friends, I suddenly realised that I had left the oven on at home._) +* **time** (with a similar meaning to words like when, while or as soon as) + +> Sitting at the cafe with my friends, I suddenly realised that I had left the oven on at home. ( _While I was sitting at the cafe with my friends, I suddenly realised that I had left the oven on at home._) + +There are two time tenses that can make participle clause.\ +• **Present participle (verb in ing form)** + +• **Past participle (passive meaning)** + +#### Tips for Present participle (-ing) -There are two time tenses that can make participle clause. -• **Present participle (verb in ing form)** - -• **Past participle (passive meaning)** - -### Tips for Present participle (-ing) Generally, present participle is used in the participle clause to express active meanings. * **Actions Happening at the same time** -> I lost my wallet using my phone ->(I lost my wallet while I was using my phone) + +> I lost my wallet using my phone (I lost my wallet while I was using my phone) > -> She lost the car keys walking through the super-market -> (She lost the car keys while she was walking through the park) -> -> Edmilson left the room singing happily -> (Edmilson left the room as he was singing happily) +> She lost the car keys walking through the super-market (She lost the car keys while she was walking through the park) > ->**When** speaking on a mobile phone, try not have it too close to your ear ->**_Whistling_** cheerfully, she left the compartment +> Edmilson left the room singing happily (Edmilson left the room as he was singing happily) +> +> **When** speaking on a mobile phone, try not have it too close to your ear _**Whistling**_ cheerfully, she left the compartment * **Actions Happening Consecutively** -> Opening the envelop, I found two concert tickets ->(I opned the envelop and I found two concert tickets) + +> Opening the envelop, I found two concert tickets (I opned the envelop and I found two concert tickets) * **An Action that is the result of another action** -> A bomb exploded, killing three people. -> The postman delivered the letters, bringing the news of our brother. -> When I entered the room, they all looked at me, making me uncomfortable. + +> A bomb exploded, killing three people. The postman delivered the letters, bringing the news of our brother. When I entered the room, they all looked at me, making me uncomfortable. * **A reason for the action in the main clause** + > Believing it was the right thing to do, I agreed to **postpone** our college work. -> -> Having nothing left to do, Julie went home. -> (Since Julie had nothing left to do, she went home.) -> -> Knowing a little French, I had no difficulty making myself understood. ->(As I knew a little French, I had no difficulty making myself understood.) +> +> Having nothing left to do, Julie went home. (Since Julie had nothing left to do, she went home.) +> +> Knowing a little French, I had no difficulty making myself understood. (As I knew a little French, I had no difficulty making myself understood.) * **Something that started in a specific time and still on going** -> He is never been the same **since** ***coming*** back from the war -> Her spanish has got better **since** ***moving*** to Spain -* Using Participle clauses present participle with **After/Before** * -> After visiting Paris, I wanted to learn French. -> Before quitting your job, why not talk to your boss? +> He is never been the same **since** _**coming**_ back from the war Her spanish has got better **since** _**moving**_ to Spain + +* Using Participle clauses present participle with **After/Before** \* + +> After visiting Paris, I wanted to learn French. Before quitting your job, why not talk to your boss? * Using Participle clauses present participle with **When, while, since** -> When speaking on a mobile, try not drive. -> Jeff got two pictures while riding his bike. - -* Using Participle clauses present participle with **On, without, instead of, in spite of** -> On hearing the bad news, he started to to cry -> Instead of going home, he went to a party last night -> He want to live in London in spite of speaking little English - -### Tips for Past participle (-ing) + +> When speaking on a mobile, try not drive. Jeff got two pictures while riding his bike. + +* Using Participle clauses present participle with **On, without, instead of, in spite of** + +> On hearing the bad news, he started to to cry Instead of going home, he went to a party last night He want to live in London in spite of speaking little English + +#### Tips for Past participle (-ing) + * To replace passive voice finite clauses -> **Schoked** by the explosion, the people ran away -> (_The people were shocked by the explosion and ran for shelter_) -> -> The musicians stood up, **surrounded** by thunderous applause. -> ((_The musicians stood up while they were surrounded by thunderous applause._)) + +> **Schoked** by the explosion, the people ran away (_The people were shocked by the explosion and ran for shelter_) +> +> The musicians stood up, **surrounded** by thunderous applause. ((_The musicians stood up while they were surrounded by thunderous applause._)) * To Replace a passive voice with relative clause -> This is the last photograph **taken** of my grandmother. ->(_This is the last photograph that was taken of my grandmother._) -### Functions of Participle Construction -#### adjectival use -> I saw an exicit**ing** film [Present Participle] -> The destroy**ed** village was my hometown [Past Participle] +> This is the last photograph **taken** of my grandmother. (_This is the last photograph that was taken of my grandmother._) + +#### Functions of Participle Construction + +**adjectival use** + +> I saw an exicit**ing** film \[Present Participle] The destroy**ed** village was my hometown \[Past Participle] + +**instead of relative clauses** + +\*\*Ex. 1: \*\* -#### instead of relative clauses -**Ex. 1: ** * Construction using **relative clause** + > The actor who plays in the movie is not a native American + * Construction using Participle Clause + > The actor play**ing** in the movie is not a native American -**Ex. 2: ** +\*\*Ex. 2: \*\* + * Construction using **relative clause** + > There is an exciting TV show which is being produced on Brazilian territory + * Construction using Participle Clause + > There is an exciting TV show being produced on Brazilian territory -#### Shortening Adverbial Clauses +**Shortening Adverbial Clauses** + * Construction using **relative clause** ->As they didn't know anything about their culture, most settlers didn't like the indians + +> As they didn't know anything about their culture, most settlers didn't like the indians + * Construction using Participle Clause + > Not knowing anything about their culture, most settlers didn't like the indians -Ex: -• Properly applied, this cream works wonders - -### having + past participle -If we wish to emphasise that one **action was before another** then we can use a perfect participle (having + past participle): - -> Having brushed my teeth, I realised I hadn’t used my toothbrush. -> PS: - > brush {escovar} - brushed [past participle] {escovado} - -## Sequences - Adding Information -To list a sequence of ideas or things use: -- Besides -- Futher -- Futhermore -- Moreover -- In addition - -Ex: I'm too busy to go out tonight. Besides, I'm not a good dancer. - -- To start/begin with -Ex: To start with, I haven't got any money to spend on trips. - -## Expressing results/reasons -### Reasons and Result expressions -- so -- so + adjective + that -- too + adjective + to infinitive -- such .... That - -**Ex:** -* It was too hot to stay outside -* Such was the heat that we had to go inside - -### Formal ways to express results of things that happened -- therefore -- as a result -- as a consequence/consequently - -**Ex:** -* The company was declared insolved, as a result all the shareholders lost their money. - -### Expressing Reason -- Because of -- due to -- owing to -- account of - -**Ex:** -* Owing to the train strike, we couldn't arrive in our workplace. -* He was dismissed on account of his misbehaviour - -### Tip: because x because of -- Because of + noun -We got wet because of the rain - -- Because + subject + ver -We for wet because it was raining - -## Tags +Ex:\ +• Properly applied, this cream works wonders + +#### having + past participle + +If we wish to emphasise that one **action was before another** then we can use a perfect participle (having + past participle): + +> Having brushed my teeth, I realised I hadn’t used my toothbrush. PS: > brush {escovar} - brushed \[past participle] {escovado} + +### Sequences - Adding Information + +To list a sequence of ideas or things use: + +* Besides +* Futher +* Futhermore +* Moreover +* In addition + +Ex: I'm too busy to go out tonight. Besides, I'm not a good dancer. + +* To start/begin with\ + Ex: To start with, I haven't got any money to spend on trips. + +### Expressing results/reasons + +#### Reasons and Result expressions + +* so +* so + adjective + that +* too + adjective + to infinitive +* such .... That + +**Ex:** + +* It was too hot to stay outside +* Such was the heat that we had to go inside + +#### Formal ways to express results of things that happened + +* therefore +* as a result +* as a consequence/consequently + +**Ex:** + +* The company was declared insolved, as a result all the shareholders lost their money. + +#### Expressing Reason + +* Because of +* due to +* owing to +* account of + +**Ex:** + +* Owing to the train strike, we couldn't arrive in our workplace. +* He was dismissed on account of his misbehaviour + +#### Tip: because x because of + +* Because of + noun\ + We got wet because of the rain +* Because + subject + ver\ + We for wet because it was raining + +### Tags + Tags are either questions, statemets or imperatives added to a clause to invite a response from the listener. + > You are a musician, **aren't you** -#### Structure +**Structure** + Tags consist of one of the auxiliaryverbs **be, do, have or modal** + subject. -> He is working as a tour guide, isn't he? - >> isn't -> auxiliar verb - >> he -> subject - + +> He is working as a tour guide, isn't he? >> isn't -> auxiliar verb >> he -> subject + 1. affirmative main clause + negative tag -2. negative main clause + affirmative tag -> (+) She us a translator, isn't she? -> (-) They are late, aren't they?. - -### Question Tags - Types +2. negative main clause + affirmative tag + +> (+) She us a translator, isn't she? (-) They are late, aren't they?. + +#### Question Tags - Types + There is two types of question tag and they are consisted of: -1. question tags when we expect the answer to the question to confirm that what we say in the main clause is true; - > _Sam’s not very old_, _is he__?_ -2. question tags when we do not know if the answer is _yes_ or _no_. -> _She got the email, did she?_ -### Imperative tags +1. question tags when we expect the answer to the question to confirm that what we say in the main clause is true; + +> _Sam’s not very old_, _is he_\_?\_ + +2. question tags when we do not know if the answer is _yes_ or _no_. + +> _She got the email, did she?_ + +#### Imperative tags + A tag after an imperative clause **softens** the imperative a little. The tag verb is most commonly _will_ but we can also use _would, could, can_ and _won’t_: -> Turn the tv down, will you? -> Don't shout, would you? I can hear you perfectly well -> Come here a minute, can you? - -### Statement tags -We can use a statement tag to emphasise or reinforce an affirmative statement. The tag is also affirmative -PS: Statement tags are informal. -> I'am bored with this, I am -> He was a great teacher, Mr Waterson OR He was a great teacher, he was. - -## To x For - Prepositions - -• To -Used to indicate the direction of something; moving towards. -Also, can express relationship such as : - -- This letter is very important to your admission. -- my answer to your questions is in the email. - -• For -It usually tells us about the use of something, a reason or purpose. - -We need more time to finish the homework - -## Conditions -### Present in Conditions -The variations of present verbal tense are used in the if part of the conditional statements. - -They are intended to indicate **true, general/usually true or a thing likely to happen in the future.** - -• Expressing possibility: If I give it a little bit more time It might get better. -• Talk about plans; What are you going to do if you don't get a promotion? - -# TODO to continue writing about present condition - - -### Conditions with Past -#### Third condition -• Imaginary situations in the past + Imagined past results: -** If clauses structure > If + Past Perfect/ Continuous -** Result clause structure > Subj + would + have + past participle - -Ex.: I would not have done all those works if He hadn't gave up in the middle of the course. -Ex.: It would have been different if I'd been doing it by myown -Ex.: If i hadn't gone to the university, I would not have received my degree - -#### Second condition -• Imaginary situations in the present + imagined results in present/future: -** If clause structure > past simple/Continuous -** Result clause > would + verb - -Ex.: Even if they doubled my money I wouldn't want stay here any more -Ex.: If didn't have a degree, i wouldn't be a teacher - -### Mix conditions - -# TODO - - -## Prepositions -At (7:30 A.M) < On ( Saturday) < In (January) - -### During x While -• During + noun -Ex.: During the course, it started to rain - + +> Turn the tv down, will you? Don't shout, would you? I can hear you perfectly well Come here a minute, can you? + +#### Statement tags + +We can use a statement tag to emphasise or reinforce an affirmative statement. The tag is also affirmative PS: Statement tags are informal. + +> I'am bored with this, I am He was a great teacher, Mr Waterson OR He was a great teacher, he was. + +### To x For - Prepositions + +• To\ +Used to indicate the direction of something; moving towards.\ +Also, can express relationship such as : + +* This letter is very important to your admission. +* my answer to your questions is in the email. + +• For\ +It usually tells us about the use of something, a reason or purpose. + +We need more time to finish the homework + +### Conditions + +#### Present in Conditions + +The variations of present verbal tense are used in the if part of the conditional statements. + +They are intended to indicate **true, general/usually true or a thing likely to happen in the future.** + +• Expressing possibility: If I give it a little bit more time It might get better.\ +• Talk about plans; What are you going to do if you don't get a promotion? + +## TODO to continue writing about present condition + +#### Conditions with Past + +**Third condition** + +• Imaginary situations in the past + Imagined past results:\ +\*\* If clauses structure > If + Past Perfect/ Continuous\ +\*\* Result clause structure > Subj + would + have + past participle + +Ex.: I would not have done all those works if He hadn't gave up in the middle of the course.\ +Ex.: It would have been different if I'd been doing it by myown\ +Ex.: If i hadn't gone to the university, I would not have received my degree + +**Second condition** + +• Imaginary situations in the present + imagined results in present/future:\ +\*\* If clause structure > past simple/Continuous\ +\*\* Result clause > would + verb + +Ex.: Even if they doubled my money I wouldn't want stay here any more\ +Ex.: If didn't have a degree, i wouldn't be a teacher + +#### Mix conditions + +## TODO + +### Prepositions + +At (7:30 A.M) < On ( Saturday) < In (January) + +#### During x While + +• During + noun\ +Ex.: During the course, it started to rain + • While + depended clause +### As...As + +#### Comparison with as...as -## As...As -### Comparison with as...as Use as + adverb/adjevtive + as to male comparasions then the thing that are being compared are equal in some way. -**Ex.:** -The world's biggest bull is **as big as** a small elephant -You have to unwrap it **as carefully as** you can. +**Ex.:** The world's biggest bull is **as big as** a small elephant You have to unwrap it **as carefully as** you can. + +#### Comparison with Not as ... as -### Comparison with Not as ... as We use **not as .... as** to make comparisons between things which aren't equal -**Ex.:** -It's not as heavy as I thought it would be. -They didn't play as well as they usually do. -She is not singing as loudly as she can +**Ex.:** It's not as heavy as I thought it would be. They didn't play as well as they usually do. She is not singing as loudly as she can + +**Not quite as .. as // Not nearly as .. as** + +The second meeting was **not quite as nice as** the first one I'm **not quite as** good **as** you when it comes about jokes These new shoes are **not nearly as** comfortable **as** my old ones I'm **not nearly as** good **as** you when it comes about programming -#### Not quite as .. as // Not nearly as .. as -The second meeting was **not quite as nice as** the first one -I'm **not quite as** good **as** you when it comes about jokes -These new shoes are **not nearly as** comfortable **as** my old ones -I'm **not nearly as** good **as** you when it comes about programming +#### As ... as + possibility -### As ... as + possibility Often used expressions of possibility or ability **after** as...as: -Can you come **as soon as** *possible*? -Go to as many places as you can! +Can you come **as soon as** _possible_? Go to as many places as you can! + +#### As much as , as many as -### As much as , as many as When we want to make comparisons referring to quantity, we use _as much as_ with uncountable nouns and _as many as_ with plural nouns: Greg makes **as much money as** mick but **not as much as** neil. -## Showing degree of Certainty with Modal verbs -### Uncertain +### Showing degree of Certainty with Modal verbs + +#### Uncertain + Using could and might to give opinion and speculation, we show something can be possible, but are not sure -> It could be worse. We could beout there in thw rain -> police believe that hight speed might have played a part in the crash -### Certain +> It could be worse. We could beout there in thw rain police believe that hight speed might have played a part in the crash + +#### Certain + Key words: must and can't -> It must be at least six o'clock -> It must have been awful -> She can't seem the signal + +> It must be at least six o'clock It must have been awful She can't seem the signal diff --git a/Cultura-Inglesa/Upper3/README.md b/Cultura-Inglesa/Upper3/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e55b27e --- /dev/null +++ b/Cultura-Inglesa/Upper3/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +# Upper3 + diff --git a/English-Self-Study-Material/README.md b/English-Self-Study-Material/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..953a37d --- /dev/null +++ b/English-Self-Study-Material/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +# English-Self-Study-Material + diff --git a/English-Self-Study-Material/Unit-1/README.md b/English-Self-Study-Material/Unit-1/README.md index 8080a20..3f54731 100644 --- a/English-Self-Study-Material/Unit-1/README.md +++ b/English-Self-Study-Material/Unit-1/README.md @@ -4,22 +4,22 @@ ### Subjects -- Sleep - - How well do you sleep - - Feel tired +* Sleep + * How well do you sleep + * Feel tired ### Grammar - Present Simple The Present Simple has **four** main functions (uses). With regard to its form, the third person singular `s/es` is added to the verb. -- I speak English. / He speaks English. +* I speak English. / He speaks English. **Repeated actions** The present simple is used to express the idea that an **action is repeated or usual.** It show the action to be a **habit, routines, a hobby, a scheduled event, or something that often happens**. Also it can even show something a person **forgets regularly** or **never does**. -- I play the guitar -- +* I play the guitar +* **Facts or Generalization** @@ -29,59 +29,58 @@ The present simple is used to express the idea that an **action is repeated or u ### Grammar - Adverbs of Frequency -- Adverbs of frequency often is used with present simple to **talk about how often we do something** -- Adverbs of frequency go **before the main verb**: - - I **usually** *wake up* at 7am - - He **never** *does* exercise at the weekend -- Adverbs of frequency go **after** `be` : - - He `is` **always** late - - When `is` he **usually** at work? - - I `am` not **often** in the office on Mondays -- Expressions of frequency (every day, twice a week, once a month etc) usually go **at the beginning** or at the **end of a sentence**: - - I have English lessons **every day** - - Does the doctor work **every weekend**? -- Adverbs of frequency - - often - - sometimes - - rarely - - usually - - always - - never - - frequently - - generally - - hardly ever - - occasionally - - seldom - - rarely - - regularly - - constantly -- Expressions of frequency - - one a week - - **on** Fridays - - **at** the weekend - - **in** the summer - - every Saturday - - once in a while - - I go to the cinema once in a while. - - every now and again - - She drinks wine every now and again. - - from time to time - - From time to time I visit my mother. +* Adverbs of frequency often is used with present simple to **talk about how often we do something** +* Adverbs of frequency go **before the main verb**: + * I **usually** _wake up_ at 7am + * He **never** _does_ exercise at the weekend +* Adverbs of frequency go **after** `be` : + * He `is` **always** late + * When `is` he **usually** at work? + * I `am` not **often** in the office on Mondays +* Expressions of frequency (every day, twice a week, once a month etc) usually go **at the beginning** or at the **end of a sentence**: + * I have English lessons **every day** + * Does the doctor work **every weekend**? +* Adverbs of frequency + * often + * sometimes + * rarely + * usually + * always + * never + * frequently + * generally + * hardly ever + * occasionally + * seldom + * rarely + * regularly + * constantly +* Expressions of frequency + * one a week + * **on** Fridays + * **at** the weekend + * **in** the summer + * every Saturday + * once in a while + * I go to the cinema once in a while. + * every now and again + * She drinks wine every now and again. + * from time to time + * From time to time I visit my mother. ## Vocabulary -- Fed up - - bored, annoyed, or disappointed, especially by something that you have experienced for too long - - I’m fed up with my job - - I was fed up at the time and she took me under her wing - +* Fed up + * bored, annoyed, or disappointed, especially by something that you have experienced for too long + * I’m fed up with my job + * I was fed up at the time and she took me under her wing ### Pronunciation -- There are three different ways to pronounce `s/es` endings of the third person singular present simple -- DONE: +* There are three different ways to pronounce `s/es` endings of the third person singular present simple +* DONE: -![Untitled](./resources/Untitled.png) +![Untitled](resources/Untitled.png) 1. z 2. z @@ -94,41 +93,41 @@ The present simple is used to express the idea that an **action is repeated or u ### Speaking -- DONE: - - How often ...? - - do you do exercise? - - do you play board games? - - do you check your emails - - Are you often ...? - - late for work? - - in a bad mood? - - busy at weekends? - - stressed at work? - - Do you ever ...? - - read a novel in the bath? - -![Untitled](./resources/Untitled%201.png) +* DONE: + * How often ...? + * do you do exercise? + * do you play board games? + * do you check your emails + * Are you often ...? + * late for work? + * in a bad mood? + * busy at weekends? + * stressed at work? + * Do you ever ...? + * read a novel in the bath? + +![Untitled]() ### Writing -- DONE: +* DONE: -![Untitled](./resources/Untitled%202.png) +![Untitled]() On weekdays I usually get up at 7 A.M. I have breakfast by 7:30 A.M. After breakfast, I generally study something regarding English or software engineering until 9 A.M. I frequently start to work at 9 A.M and usually finish it by 6 P.M. After that, I always do some physical exercise like push-ups Every Monday and Tuesday I have college classes at 7:30 P.M until 11 P.M. ### References -- [Ecenglish Advanced Level Tense Review](https://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/advanced-level-tense-review](https://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/advanced-level-tense-review) +* \[Ecenglish Advanced Level Tense Review]\(https://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/advanced-level-tense-review]\(https://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/advanced-level-tense-review) ## 1b ### Subjects -- Age -- healthy -- lifestyle -- Good healthy in old age +* Age +* healthy +* lifestyle +* Good healthy in old age ### Grammar - Colloction @@ -136,264 +135,259 @@ Collocation means a natural combination of words; it refers to the way English w We can only use certain nouns with certain verbs. These are called collocations. -- Ex: - - go fishing but not do fishing or play fishing +* Ex: + * go fishing but not do fishing or play fishing **Lexical Collocation** -- A **lexical collocation** is a type of construction where a verb, noun, adjective or adverb forms a predictable connection with another word, as in: - - **adverb + adjective**: completely satisfied (NOT downright satisfied) - - It’s **highly unlikely** that we’ll have a holiday this year - - She’s **seriously ill** in hospital - - **adjective + noun**: excruciating pain (NOT excruciating joy) - - He made a **full recovery** and was out of the hospital in three days - - noun + verb: lions roar (NOT lions shout) - - **verb + noun**: commit suicide (NOT undertake suicide) - - Almost 1% of the population has **tested positive** for Covid. - - She had a lot of fun **breaking the rules** at school. - - Lots of people **paid** her a **compliment** after her fantastic speech +* A **lexical collocation** is a type of construction where a verb, noun, adjective or adverb forms a predictable connection with another word, as in: + * **adverb + adjective**: completely satisfied (NOT downright satisfied) + * It’s **highly unlikely** that we’ll have a holiday this year + * She’s **seriously ill** in hospital + * **adjective + noun**: excruciating pain (NOT excruciating joy) + * He made a **full recovery** and was out of the hospital in three days + * noun + verb: lions roar (NOT lions shout) + * **verb + noun**: commit suicide (NOT undertake suicide) + * Almost 1% of the population has **tested positive** for Covid. + * She had a lot of fun **breaking the rules** at school. + * Lots of people **paid** her a **compliment** after her fantastic speech **Grammatical Collocation** -- A **grammatical collocation** is a type of construction where for example a verb or adjective must be followed by a particular preposition, or a noun must be followed by a particular form of the verb, as in: - - **verb + preposition:** depend on (NOT depend ~~of~~) - - **adjective + preposition:** afraid of (NOT afraid ~~at~~) - - **noun + particular form of verb:** strength to lift it (not strength ~~lifting it~~) - +* A **grammatical collocation** is a type of construction where for example a verb or adjective must be followed by a particular preposition, or a noun must be followed by a particular form of the verb, as in: + * **verb + preposition:** depend on (NOT depend ~~of~~) + * **adjective + preposition:** afraid of (NOT afraid ~~at~~) + * **noun + particular form of verb:** strength to lift it (not strength ~~lifting it~~) ### Grammar - Present Continuous Use the present continuous to talk about: -- **things happening at the moment of speaking** - - He’s watching the new on TV at the moment - - I have to change my shoes. These are killing me. I’m sure I have a blister -- t**hings happening around now but not necessarily at the moment of speaking and long actions in progress now**: the present continuous is used to express an action that is happening over a period of time and is in progress as we speak. However it may not be taking place at the moment of speaking. - - I’m learning French - - Vick’s travelling to several African countries this year - - The company is moving its offices to a bigger building next month. -- **current trends and changing situations** - - Fewer people are buying cars this year - - I feel a bit lost. I've just finished a really good novel and now I’m not reading anything. -- **near future**: the present continuous can be used to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future. The Present Continuous indicates that the action has been agreed on or is a fixed arrangement in the future. - - I am meeting my friends after work. - - He is not going to the party tonight. - - They are traveling to Japan next month. -- **repetition and irritation (always):** with 'always', 'constantly' etc. expresses the idea that something **irritating** or upsetting often happens. This tends to have a negative emotion. 'Always' and 'constantly' are placed in front of the main verb, after 'BE’ - - She is always coming to the office late - - He is constantly talking - - They’re always complaining - +* **things happening at the moment of speaking** + * He’s watching the new on TV at the moment + * I have to change my shoes. These are killing me. I’m sure I have a blister +* t**hings happening around now but not necessarily at the moment of speaking and long actions in progress now**: the present continuous is used to express an action that is happening over a period of time and is in progress as we speak. However it may not be taking place at the moment of speaking. + * I’m learning French + * Vick’s travelling to several African countries this year + * The company is moving its offices to a bigger building next month. +* **current trends and changing situations** + * Fewer people are buying cars this year + * I feel a bit lost. I've just finished a really good novel and now I’m not reading anything. +* **near future**: the present continuous can be used to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future. The Present Continuous indicates that the action has been agreed on or is a fixed arrangement in the future. + * I am meeting my friends after work. + * He is not going to the party tonight. + * They are traveling to Japan next month. +* **repetition and irritation (always):** with 'always', 'constantly' etc. expresses the idea that something **irritating** or upsetting often happens. This tends to have a negative emotion. 'Always' and 'constantly' are placed in front of the main verb, after 'BE’ + * She is always coming to the office late + * He is constantly talking + * They’re always complaining **Spelling rules Present Continuous** -- for most verbs, add `-ing` -- for verbs ending in a `consonant + vowel + consonant` **double the last letter** of the ver and add -`ing` - - sit → sitting, run → running -- for verbs ending in `-e` , delete the final `e` and add `-ing` - - make → making, write → writing - +* for most verbs, add `-ing` +* for verbs ending in a `consonant + vowel + consonant` **double the last letter** of the ver and add -`ing` + * sit → sitting, run → running +* for verbs ending in `-e` , delete the final `e` and add `-ing` + * make → making, write → writing **Non-Continuous verbs/mixed verbs** Remember that n0n-continuous verbs ( state verbs) cannot be used in any continuous tenses -- *She loves dancing. **NOT** She is loving dancing.* +* _She loves dancing. **NOT** She is loving dancing._ ### Vocabulary -- pitch-dark - - extremely dark - - a moonless, pitch-dark night -- blister - - a painful swelling on the skin that contains liquid, caused usually by continuous rubbing, especially on your foot, or by burning - - New shoes always give me blisters +* pitch-dark + * extremely dark + * a moonless, pitch-dark night +* blister + * a painful swelling on the skin that contains liquid, caused usually by continuous rubbing, especially on your foot, or by burning + * New shoes always give me blisters ### Speaking -- DONE: +* DONE: -![Untitled](./resources/Untitled%203.png) +![Untitled]() -- “I just got back from my vactions” -- “I was so hyped up because is was a such important project” -- “I ride my bike” -- “I don’t usually read novels” -- “plan in advance” +* “I just got back from my vactions” +* “I was so hyped up because is was a such important project” +* “I ride my bike” +* “I don’t usually read novels” +* “plan in advance” ### References -- [Ecenglish Present Continuous](https://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/advanced-level-present-continuous) +* [Ecenglish Present Continuous](https://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/advanced-level-present-continuous) ## 1c ### Subjects -- happy and healthy -- measuring happiness -- how are happiness and healthiness related ? +* happy and healthy +* measuring happiness +* how are happiness and healthiness related ? ### Vocabulary -- feel like doing something - - be inclined to have or do something - - i feel like celebrating - - This information about the city is useful if you feel like visiting São Paulo -- rule of thumb - - a practical and approximate way of doing or measuring something - - a good rule of thumb is that a portion of rice is two handfuls -- carved/etched/set/written in stone - - permanent or not able to be changes - - these rules are not carved in stone; if they don’t work we’ll change them -- minimum wage - - the lowest wage permitted by law or by a special agreement - - a change in the national minimum wage would lead to job losses - +* feel like doing something + * be inclined to have or do something + * i feel like celebrating + * This information about the city is useful if you feel like visiting São Paulo +* rule of thumb + * a practical and approximate way of doing or measuring something + * a good rule of thumb is that a portion of rice is two handfuls +* carved/etched/set/written in stone + * permanent or not able to be changes + * these rules are not carved in stone; if they don’t work we’ll change them +* minimum wage + * the lowest wage permitted by law or by a special agreement + * a change in the national minimum wage would lead to job losses ### Writting -- TODO - -![Untitled](./resources/Untitled%204.png) +* TODO +![Untitled]() ## 1d ### Subjects -- medical problems -- talking about illness +* medical problems +* talking about illness ### Vocabulary -- flour - - powder made from grain, especially wheat, used for making bread, cakes, pasta - - Thicker the sauce with a little flour -- runny (~ liquid ~ thin) - - more liquid than usual - - the sauce looked runny so i added some more flour -- runny nose - - if your nose is runny, it is producing more mucus than usual, usually because you are ill - - **I’ve got a runny nose** -- ache - - *a continuous pain that is unpleasant but not very strong* - - *used in combinations with parts of the body to mean a continuous pain in the stated part* - - as you get older, you have all sorts of aches and pains - - I’ve got a dull (= slight) ache in my lower back - - I’ve got a back ache - - I’ve got a stomach ache -- prescription - - an order for medication, signed by a doctor -- appointment - - an arrangement to see or visit someone at a particular date and time -- sore - - painful - - I have a sore throat and runny nose -- swelling[noun]/swollen[adj] - - an area of your body that has become larger than normal, because of illness or injury - - The spider’s bite can cause pain and swelling. - - His eyes were swollen from crying. - - a badly swollen ankle -- tender - - a part of your body that is tender is painful if someone touches it - - My arms is still tender where I bruised it - +* flour + * powder made from grain, especially wheat, used for making bread, cakes, pasta + * Thicker the sauce with a little flour +* runny (\~ liquid \~ thin) + * more liquid than usual + * the sauce looked runny so i added some more flour +* runny nose + * if your nose is runny, it is producing more mucus than usual, usually because you are ill + * **I’ve got a runny nose** +* ache + * _a continuous pain that is unpleasant but not very strong_ + * _used in combinations with parts of the body to mean a continuous pain in the stated part_ + * as you get older, you have all sorts of aches and pains + * I’ve got a dull (= slight) ache in my lower back + * I’ve got a back ache + * I’ve got a stomach ache +* prescription + * an order for medication, signed by a doctor +* appointment + * an arrangement to see or visit someone at a particular date and time +* sore + * painful + * I have a sore throat and runny nose +* swelling\[noun]/swollen\[adj] + * an area of your body that has become larger than normal, because of illness or injury + * The spider’s bite can cause pain and swelling. + * His eyes were swollen from crying. + * a badly swollen ankle +* tender + + * a part of your body that is tender is painful if someone touches it + * My arms is still tender where I bruised it + **Medical Problems Specific Vocabulary** - - - A feeling of nausea suddenly came over me. - - get nauseous - - I got nauseous from reading on the bus. - - fell nauseous - - That pie made me feel nauseous. - - I’ve got a headache - - I’ve got a runny nose - - I’ve got a earache - - I’ve got a stomach ache - - I’ve got a temperature - - I’ve got a sore throeat - - I’ve got a bad cough - - I’ve got a cold - - I take medicine or pills when a have headache - - I feel sick/ill - - Have you got a temperature - - My back is killing me! - - That **growth** on your shoulder is starting to worry me - - I broke out in **hives** after I ate that potato casserole - - If you are allergic to this medication your skin will get red and itchy. - - **light-headed** - - feeling of dizziness and being off-balance, caused by lack of oxygen in the brain - - If you are feeling **light-headed** again, lie down and call me - - numb - - no felling in a certain body part - - the needle will make your lower body fell **numb** - - you can take two pain killer every four hours - - **antihistamine** - - a type of drug that is used to treat medical conditions caused by an extreme reaction to particular substances: - - Antihistamine is often used to treat hay fever and insect bites. - - I took an antihistamine - - splitting headache - - really strong headache - - Migraine (uncle francisco had it a lot in the past) - - severe headache - - to be a bit off colour [~ to be under the weather] - - i’m bit off colour - - to feel poorly - - to be at death’s door - - last week, I tough I had a cold, it developed into the flue and in fact I was at death’s door. - - to be on the mend - - getting better from a illness - - to be over the worst of it - - I’m still under the weather but I’m over the worst of it - - As fit as a fiddle - - be completely recovered from a illness | very health - - I’m as fit as a fiddle - - **A blocked nose** - - To be bunged up - - If your nose is bunged up, you find it difficult to breathe because you have a cold. - - Also if you are constipated, to be bunged up can be used. - - I’m a bit bunged up. I haven’t had a poo for 3 days - - To get the sniffles - - My daughter seems to have gotten the sniffles from someone at daycare - - a chesty cough - - a dry cough - - To go down with - - I’m felling under the weather I’m coming down with a cold - - My son has gone down with a cold, so he will not go to school today - - To pull a muscle - - to strain a muscle - - cuts and bruises - - If you get involved in a car accident, you might get some cuts and bruises - - loss of appetite - - bad tummy - - To phone in sick // to call in sick - - rain check - - By extension, a promise to take up an offer that one has initially declined. - - I'm sorry, but I'll have to take a rain check for dinner this Saturday. Would next weekend work for you? - - ### Pronunciation - - - Many English words have the same vowel sounds but different spellings - - ![Untitled](./resources/Untitled%205.png) - + + * A feeling of nausea suddenly came over me. + * get nauseous + * I got nauseous from reading on the bus. + * fell nauseous + * That pie made me feel nauseous. + * I’ve got a headache + * I’ve got a runny nose + * I’ve got a earache + * I’ve got a stomach ache + * I’ve got a temperature + * I’ve got a sore throeat + * I’ve got a bad cough + * I’ve got a cold + * I take medicine or pills when a have headache + * I feel sick/ill + * Have you got a temperature + * My back is killing me! + * That **growth** on your shoulder is starting to worry me + * I broke out in **hives** after I ate that potato casserole + * If you are allergic to this medication your skin will get red and itchy. + * **light-headed** + * feeling of dizziness and being off-balance, caused by lack of oxygen in the brain + * If you are feeling **light-headed** again, lie down and call me + * numb + * no felling in a certain body part + * the needle will make your lower body fell **numb** + * you can take two pain killer every four hours + * **antihistamine** + * a type of drug that is used to treat medical conditions caused by an extreme reaction to particular substances: + * Antihistamine is often used to treat hay fever and insect bites. + * I took an antihistamine + * splitting headache + * really strong headache + * Migraine (uncle francisco had it a lot in the past) + * severe headache + * to be a bit off colour \[\~ to be under the weather] + * i’m bit off colour + * to feel poorly + * to be at death’s door + * last week, I tough I had a cold, it developed into the flue and in fact I was at death’s door. + * to be on the mend + * getting better from a illness + * to be over the worst of it + * I’m still under the weather but I’m over the worst of it + * As fit as a fiddle + * be completely recovered from a illness | very health + * I’m as fit as a fiddle + * **A blocked nose** + * To be bunged up + * If your nose is bunged up, you find it difficult to breathe because you have a cold. + * Also if you are constipated, to be bunged up can be used. + * I’m a bit bunged up. I haven’t had a poo for 3 days + * To get the sniffles + * My daughter seems to have gotten the sniffles from someone at daycare + * a chesty cough + * a dry cough + * To go down with + * I’m felling under the weather I’m coming down with a cold + * My son has gone down with a cold, so he will not go to school today + * To pull a muscle + * to strain a muscle + * cuts and bruises + * If you get involved in a car accident, you might get some cuts and bruises + * loss of appetite + * bad tummy + * To phone in sick // to call in sick + * rain check + * By extension, a promise to take up an offer that one has initially declined. + * I'm sorry, but I'll have to take a rain check for dinner this Saturday. Would next weekend work for you? + + #### Pronunciation + + * Many English words have the same vowel sounds but different spellings + + ![Untitled]() ### **Speaking** -- DONE +* DONE -![Untitled](./resources/Untitled%206.png) +![Untitled]() ### Writting -- DONE +* DONE -![Untitled](./resources/Untitled%207.png) +![Untitled]() **Patient**: Hello, Doctor Mateo. **Doctor**: Good afternoon, Mr. Augusto. How can I help you? -**Patient**: Doctor, I have a runny nose and a sore throat. Also, I think I'm short of breath. +**Patient**: Doctor, I have a runny nose and a sore throat. Also, I think I'm short of breath. **Doctor**: I see, do you have any particular allergies? Have you had a significant amount of cold drinks recently? Depending on what you've done and what type of allergy you have, your symptoms could be the result of one of them. @@ -409,40 +403,39 @@ Remember that n0n-continuous verbs ( state verbs) cannot be used in any continuo ### Reference -- [English Club - Medical Vocabulary](https://www.englishclub.com/english-for-work/medical-vocabulary.htm) -- [Advanced Speaking: Illness & Health Vocabulary in English](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tnaiefPil0w) +* [English Club - Medical Vocabulary](https://www.englishclub.com/english-for-work/medical-vocabulary.htm) +* [Advanced Speaking: Illness & Health Vocabulary in English](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tnaiefPil0w) ## 1e ### Subjects -- medical advice online +* medical advice online ### Vocabulary -- what usually keeps you up at night? -- what is it that keeps you awake at night? -- what keeps me up at night is to make sure all it’s been done the right way. -- contempt -- I couldn’t encourage he to eat anything +* what usually keeps you up at night? +* what is it that keeps you awake at night? +* what keeps me up at night is to make sure all it’s been done the right way. +* contempt +* I couldn’t encourage he to eat anything ### Writing -- DONE +* DONE -![Untitled](./resources/Untitled%208.png) +![Untitled]() Hello doctor. -I would like some advice on something that is happening to my body when I train. -Since the beginning of the pandemic, I started working out at home. When I do specific abs exercises that involve leg lifts, I feel some crackles in the area where my legs connect with my hips. I don't feel pain or anything, but the noise is worrying me. +I would like some advice on something that is happening to my body when I train. Since the beginning of the pandemic, I started working out at home. When I do specific abs exercises that involve leg lifts, I feel some crackles in the area where my legs connect with my hips. I don't feel pain or anything, but the noise is worrying me. -![Untitled](./resources/Untitled%209.png) +![Untitled]() -![Untitled](./resources/Untitled%2010.png) +![Untitled]() Hi, From your description, it seems that the accident causes you some kind of injury. It can be a pulled muscle or a broken bone. I advise you to undergo an x-ray as soon as possible. -To avoid further injuries to your ankle, I recommend you ice the region constantly during the day. Also, avoid doing movements with your ankle, rest is really important. If you feel pain, take a pain killer every 8 hours. \ No newline at end of file +To avoid further injuries to your ankle, I recommend you ice the region constantly during the day. Also, avoid doing movements with your ankle, rest is really important. If you feel pain, take a pain killer every 8 hours. diff --git a/Phrasal-Verbs.md b/README.md similarity index 100% rename from Phrasal-Verbs.md rename to README.md diff --git a/SUMMARY.md b/SUMMARY.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..52b681d --- /dev/null +++ b/SUMMARY.md @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +# Table of contents + +* [Phrasal Verbs](README.md) +* [Study Routine V1](Study-Routine-v1.md) +* [Verba- Tenses-Summary]() +* [WORD-OF-THE-DAY](WORD-OF-THE-DAY.md) +* [Vocabulary](Vocabulary/README.md) + * [Vocabulary - Body Parties]() + * [Vocaculary 1]() + * [Vocabulary 2]() + * [Vocabulary 3]() + * [Vocabulary 4]() + * [Vocabulary 5]() + * [Vocabulary 6]() + * [Vocabulary 7]() + * [Vocabulary 8]() +* [Cambriedge-Advanced-English-Certification](Cambriedge-Advanced-English-Certification/README.md) + * [Cambridge-Compact-Advanced](Cambriedge-Advanced-English-Certification/Cambridge-Compact-Advanced/README.md) + * [CAE Part I](Cambriedge-Advanced-English-Certification/Cambridge-Compact-Advanced/CAE-Speaking-Exam.md) + * [1. Breaking News](Cambriedge-Advanced-English-Certification/Cambridge-Compact-Advanced/Chapter-1.md) + * [Chapter-2](Cambriedge-Advanced-English-Certification/Cambridge-Compact-Advanced/Chapter-2.md) + * [Chapter-3](Cambriedge-Advanced-English-Certification/Cambridge-Compact-Advanced/Chapter-3.md) + * [Chapter-4](Cambriedge-Advanced-English-Certification/Cambridge-Compact-Advanced/Chapter-4.md) + * [Nice-Dialogue](Cambriedge-Advanced-English-Certification/Cambridge-Compact-Advanced/Nice-Dialogue.md) + * [1. What is the difference in meaning among the following sentences?](Cambriedge-Advanced-English-Certification/Cambridge-Compact-Advanced/Questions.md) +* [Compositions-and-Essays](Compositions-and-Essays/README.md) + * [2020](Compositions-and-Essays/2020/README.md) + * [06-08-2020 - Should public works of art be more widely encouraged in cities]() + * [06-10-2020 - Book Review]() + * [09-08-2020 - Opinion Essay - Should we create more socially mixed areas?]() + * [16-05-2020 - How to raise awareness of the importance of physical exercise]() + * [20-12-2020 - Writing about childhood]() + * [21-05-2020 - A report: About your company]() + * [28-05-2020 - Letter about the new shopping centre]() + * [2021](Compositions-and-Essays/2021/README.md) + * [12-04-2021 - Show Review (CW1 - Mack 3)]() +* [Cultura-Inglesa](Cultura-Inglesa/README.md) + * [CAEP](Cultura-Inglesa/CAEP/README.md) + * [20220514](Cultura-Inglesa/CAEP/20220514/README.md) + * [Mack1](Cultura-Inglesa/Mack1/README.md) + * [P1 - Review]() + * [P2 - Review]() + * [Week 3 - 13-04 and 15-04]() + * [week 1 - 02-03 and 05-03]() + * [Vocabulary]() + * [week 12 - 22-06 and 24-06]() + * [week 13 - 29-06 and 01-07]() + * [Week 14 - 06-07 and 8-07]() + * [Week 15 - 13-07 and 15-07]() + * [week 16 - 20-07 and 22-07]() + * [week 17 - 27-07 and 29-07]() + * [week 18 - 03-08 and 05-08]() + * [week 19 - 10-08 and 12-08]() + * [week 2 - 09-03 and 11-03]() + * [week 19 - 17-08 and 19-08]() + * [Vocabulary]() + * [week 5 - 04-05 and 06-05]() + * [week 6 - 11-05 and 13-05]() + * [week 7 - 18-05 and 20-05]() + * [Vocabulary]() + * [week 9 - 01-06 and 03-06]() + * [weekQ - v1]() + * [weekQ - v2]() + * [Mack2](Cultura-Inglesa/Mack2/README.md) + * [08310902 - week 1]() + * [09070909 - week 2]() + * [09140916 - week 3]() + * [09210923 - week 4]() + * [09280930 - week 5]() + * [10051007 - week 6]() + * [10121014 - week 7]() + * [10191021 - week 8]() + * [10261028 - week 9]() + * [10261028 - week 9]() + * [11091111 - week 11]() + * [11161118 - week 12]() + * [11231125 - week 13]() + * [11301202 - week 14]() + * [12071209 - week 15]() + * [12141216 - week 16]() + * [Mack3](Cultura-Inglesa/Mack3/README.md) + * [20210227 - week 1]() + * [20210306 - week 2]() + * [20210313 - week 3]() + * [20210320 - week 4]() + * [20210410 - week 5]() + * [20210417 - week 6]() + * [20210508 - week 7]() + * [20210515 - week 8]() + * [20210529 - week 10]() + * [20210605 - week 9]() + * [20210612 - week 10]() + * [20210619 - week 12]() + * [Upper2](Cultura-Inglesa/Upper2/README.md) + * [Questions and Doubts]() + * [Upper 2 - Summary](Cultura-Inglesa/Upper2/Summary.md) + * [Upper 2 - 03/09/2019]() + * [Upper 2 - 10/08/2019]() + * [Upper 2 - 16/11/2019]() + * [Upper 2 - 17/08/2019]() + * [Upper 2 - 18102019]() + * [Upper 2 - Grammar]() + * [Upper3](Cultura-Inglesa/Upper3/README.md) + * [Upper 3 - 27/01/2020](Cultura-Inglesa/Upper3/20200127.md) + * [Upper 3 - 28/01/2020](Cultura-Inglesa/Upper3/20200128.md) + * [Upper 3 - 29/01/2020](Cultura-Inglesa/Upper3/20200129.md) + * [Upper 3 - 31/01/2020](Cultura-Inglesa/Upper3/20200131.md) + * [Upper 3 - 00/02/2020](Cultura-Inglesa/Upper3/20200203.md) + * [Upper 3 - 04/02/2020](Cultura-Inglesa/Upper3/20200204.md) + * [Upper 3 - 05/02/2020](Cultura-Inglesa/Upper3/20200205.md) + * [Upper 3 - 06/02/2020](Cultura-Inglesa/Upper3/20200206.md) + * [Upper 3 - 10/02/2020](Cultura-Inglesa/Upper3/20200210.md) + * [Upper 3 - 11/02/2020](Cultura-Inglesa/Upper3/20200211.md) + * [Upper 3 - 12/02/2020](Cultura-Inglesa/Upper3/20200212.md) + * [Upper 3 - 00/02/2020](Cultura-Inglesa/Upper3/20200213.md) + * [Upper 3 - 00/02/2020](Cultura-Inglesa/Upper3/20200214.md) + * [Upper 3 - 00/02/2020](Cultura-Inglesa/Upper3/20200217.md) + * [Upper 3 - 00/02/2020](Cultura-Inglesa/Upper3/20200218.md) + * [Questions and Doubts]() + * [Upper 3 - 00/02/2020]() +* [English-Self-Study-Material](English-Self-Study-Material/README.md) + * [Unit 2]() + * [Unit 1](English-Self-Study-Material/Unit-1/README.md) + +## IELTS + +* [IELTS Speaking Success](ielts/ielts-speaking-success/README.md) + * [Methodology](ielts/ielts-speaking-success/methodology.md) diff --git a/Verba- Tenses-Summary.md b/Verba- Tenses-Summary.md index 71bb874..01a4b81 100644 --- a/Verba- Tenses-Summary.md +++ b/Verba- Tenses-Summary.md @@ -1,270 +1,299 @@ +# Verba- Tenses-Summary +### Present Continuous -## Present Continuous We use am, are, is + the -ing form of the verb. -* [Plans and arrangements](plans-and-arrangements) -* [Regular unplanned events](regular-unplanned-events) -* [Change](change) -* [Temporary states](temporary-states) -* [Events at the time of speaking](events-at-the-time-of-speaking) -### Events at the time of speaking +* [Plans and arrangements](plans-and-arrangements/) +* [Regular unplanned events](regular-unplanned-events/) +* [Change](change/) +* [Temporary states](temporary-states/) +* [Events at the time of speaking](events-at-the-time-of-speaking/) + +#### Events at the time of speaking + We use the present continuous to talk about events which are in progress at the moment of speaking. + > He is pressing the button but nothing is happening. -### Temporary states +#### Temporary states + We use the present continuous to talk about temporary states which are true around the moment of speaking. + > I'm developing the notification feature of this app. -### Change +#### Change + We use the present continuous to talk about a gradual change -> Maria, 37, is getting better and doctors are optimistic she will make a full recovery. -> Recent evidence suggests that the economic situation is improving. -### Regular unplanned events +> Maria, 37, is getting better and doctors are optimistic she will make a full recovery. Recent evidence suggests that the economic situation is improving. + +#### Regular unplanned events + We often use the present continuous with words like always, constantly, continually and forever (adverbs of indefinite frequency) to describe events which are regular but not planned, and often not wanted -> My wife, she’s always throwing things out. I like to keep everything. -> I’m constantly spilling things. -### Plans and arrangements +> My wife, she’s always throwing things out. I like to keep everything. I’m constantly spilling things. + +#### Plans and arrangements + We use the present continuous to refer to the future when we talk about plans and arrangements that have already been made + > We’re moving to Cambridge in July. +### Past Continues + +* [Events happening at a particular time in the past](events-happening-at-a-particular-time-in-the-past/) +* [Context or Reason for Events - Background](context-or-reason-for-events---background/) +* [Ongoing and repeated events - Background](ongoing-and-repeated-events---background/) +* [Past continues and Adverbs -> Indicate Past Habits](past-continues-and-adverbs--%3E-indicate-past-habits/) -## Past Continues -* [Events happening at a particular time in the past](events-happening-at-a-particular-time-in-the-past) -* [Context or Reason for Events - Background](context-or-reason-for-events---background) -* [Ongoing and repeated events - Background](ongoing-and-repeated-events---background) -* [Past continues and Adverbs -> Indicate Past Habits](past-continues-and-adverbs--%3E-indicate-past-habits) +#### Events happening at a particular time in the past -### Events happening at a particular time in the past We generally use the past continuous to _talk about_ **actions and states in progress (happening) around a particular time in the past.** It can emphasise that the action or state continued for a period of time in the past -> A: Where was Donna last night? -> B: I’m not sure. I think she was visiting her family. + +> A: Where was Donna last night? B: I’m not sure. I think she was visiting her family. > I remember that night. You were wearing that red dress. (state) -### Context or Reason for Events - Background +#### Context or Reason for Events - Background + We often use the past continuous to give a reason or context for an event: -> A: I can’t believe you met Fran and Dave in Portugal. -> B: It was funny. They *were staying* in the hotel next to ours. (giving a reason/context for meeting them) + +> A: I can’t believe you met Fran and Dave in Portugal. B: It was funny. They _were staying_ in the hotel next to ours. (giving a reason/context for meeting them) > I didn’t make the meeting last week; I was travelling to Rome. -### Ongoing and repeated events - Background +#### Ongoing and repeated events - Background + We can use the past continuous to talk about **repeated background events in the past**. It can suggest that the situation was temporary or subject to change: + > She was feeding her neighbours’ cat every morning while they were on holiday. Then one morning, it was gone. -**Warning** -We only use the past continuous for **repeated background events**. If they are **repeated main events**, we use the **past simple:** -> I **phoned** you four times last night. Where were you? ->_Not: I was phoning you four times last night._ +**Warning** We only use the past continuous for **repeated background events**. If they are **repeated main events**, we use the **past simple:** + +> I **phoned** you four times last night. Where were you? _Not: I was phoning you four times last night._ + +#### Past continues and Adverbs -> Indicate Past Habits -### Past continues and Adverbs -> Indicate Past Habits Adverbs such as always, constantly, forever are used with the past continuous when we talk about repeated, unplanned or undesired events: -> We were always spending so much time in traffic. That’s the main reason why we decided to move to the country and work from home. -> My boss was constantly phoning me in my last job. I hated it. -> She was forever losing her keys. +> We were always spending so much time in traffic. That’s the main reason why we decided to move to the country and work from home. My boss was constantly phoning me in my last job. I hated it. She was forever losing her keys. -## Past Continuous + Past Simple +### Past Continuous + Past Simple * When we use these two tenses together, it shows us that the **past simple** action **happened** in the **middle** of the **past continuous** action, while it was in progress. + > _While I was studying, I suddenly felt sleepy._ * These tenses are used together to show an action interrupting another action; -> I was going to my home, I saw a car crash. -> We were watching television when the power went off. -> I was listening to the radio when Helen phoned. +> I was going to my home, I saw a car crash. We were watching television when the power went off. I was listening to the radio when Helen phoned. + +### Present Perfect -## Present Perfect We use the present perfect simple to refer to events in the past but which connect to the present. -### Summary +#### Summary + * Finished - * [Life experience \[Keywords: ever, never\]](#experiences) - * Unfinished time Word [keywords: this week, this month, this year, today] - * [Present Result](#past-events-with-present-results) - * [Recent events \[keywords: just, already, recently, yet\]](#recent-completed-events) + * [Life experience \[Keywords: ever, never\]]() + * Unfinished time Word \[keywords: this week, this month, this year, today] + * [Present Result]() + * [Recent events \[keywords: just, already, recently, yet\]]() * Unfinished - * [How long \[keywords: since, for\]](#start-in-the-past-and-still-going-on---since-and-for) + * [How long \[keywords: since, for\]]() + +#### Experiences -### Experiences Use this verbal tense to talk about our experiences up to now (The time of the experiences is not important) + > I've seen "The witcher" and "Ricky and Morty" on netflix. I want to see "The office" next. -> A: They are going to TANKA for dinner tonight. -> B: I have been there a couple of times before +> A: They are going to TANKA for dinner tonight. B: I have been there a couple of times before + +#### Present Perfect with Time Expressions + +Time Expressions \[ever, never, before, in my life, so far, up until now] -### Present Perfect with Time Expressions -Time Expressions [ever, never, before, in my life, so far, up until now] +* **\[ever, not ever and never]** -* **[ever, not ever and never]** -> It was the worst performance we **have ever** seen. -> Have you ever tried to write your name backwards -> She is never said sorry for what she did +> It was the worst performance we **have ever** seen. Have you ever tried to write your name backwards She is never said sorry for what she did + +* **Before** -* **Before** > We have met before, have we? -* **_So far_ - from a point in the past until now** +* _**So far**_** - from a point in the past until now** + > They have sold 110 cars so far - ### Superlative + Present Perfect - - ### Recent Completed Events - Talk about finished events or states in in the very recently past. -* **Key words [Recently, Just]** - > Our company has recently opened a new office in London. Have you heard anything? - > Augusto have just returncome back from an exchange in Sweden - - ### Past Events with Present Results - > She has broken her arm practiscing mountain bike. - - ### Start in the Past and still going on - Since and For - talk about a present situation that began at a specific point in the past and is still going on in the present. - > The house on the corner has been empty FOR three years. - > The house on the corner has been empty since 2003. - > I have been study English since 2018 - -### Yet +#### Superlative + Present Perfect + +#### Recent Completed Events + +Talk about finished events or states in in the very recently past. + +* **Key words \[Recently, Just]** + +> Our company has recently opened a new office in London. Have you heard anything? Augusto have just returncome back from an exchange in Sweden + +#### Past Events with Present Results + +> She has broken her arm practiscing mountain bike. + +#### Start in the Past and still going on - Since and For + +talk about a present situation that began at a specific point in the past and is still going on in the present. + +> The house on the corner has been empty FOR three years. The house on the corner has been empty since 2003. I have been study English since 2018 + +#### Yet + Questions and negative statement -> Don’t wash up that cup. I haven’t finished my coffee yet. -> Haven’t you done your homework yet? -### Already +> Don’t wash up that cup. I haven’t finished my coffee yet. Haven’t you done your homework yet? + +#### Already + Emphasize that something is done + > I have already done all my exercises -### Still +#### Still + Use to emphasize something expected to happen but continues not happen. + > She still hasn't said sorry to me -### How Long - Ask about duration of a state or activity - - > A: How long have you worked here ? - > B: Since 2018, so for about one year. - -## Past Simple x Present Perfect +#### How Long + +Ask about duration of a state or activity + +> A: How long have you worked here ? B: Since 2018, so for about one year. + +### Past Simple x Present Perfect + [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pt/gramatica/gramatica-britanica/past-simple-or-present-perfect](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pt/gramatica/gramatica-britanica/past-simple-or-present-perfect) -### Past Simple - Definite time in the past + +#### Past Simple - Definite time in the past + Use past simple to refer to definite time in the past. + > I met your mother in January 1975 -### Present Perfect - Time up to now -Use present perfect to talk about time up to now, that is, events that took place in the past, but somehow are connected with the present. +#### Present Perfect - Time up to now + +Use present perfect to talk about time up to now, that is, events that took place in the past, but somehow are connected with the present. + > I haven't seen my parents since January 1975 -### Comparer +#### Comparer + * Past Simple: I didn't see her for 20 years and yesterday I met her. (I saw her yesterday but the last time I saw over 20 years ago.) * Present Perfect: I haven’t seen her for over 20 years. (The last time I saw her was over 20 years ago.) +### Present Perfect Continuous -## Present Perfect Continuous > We use _have/has_ + _been_ + the -_ing_ form of the verb. -### Recent past activities -Actions which have **recently stopped** (though the whole action can be unfinished) and **have a result**. -**Using the present perfect continuous focuses on the activity.** -> I am completely soaked, I have just been cleaning the car. -> I've been running, so I'm really hot. +#### Recent past activities + +Actions which have **recently stopped** (though the whole action can be unfinished) and **have a result**. **Using the present perfect continuous focuses on the activity.** + +> I am completely soaked, I have just been cleaning the car. I've been running, so I'm really hot. + +#### Temporary Habits or Situations - -### Temporary Habits or Situations - We use the present perfect continuous for activities that began at a point in the past and are still continuing, **but we don't answer the questions about 'how long' so clearly**. -> I've been reading a lot recently. -> I’ve been watching Breaking Bad – it’s great. -> They've been living with his mother while they look for a house. -> We have been doing extra shift to deliver the project. -### How long …? +> I've been reading a lot recently. I’ve been watching Breaking Bad – it’s great. They've been living with his mother while they look for a house. We have been doing extra shift to deliver the project. + +#### How long …? + Use present perfect continues to talk about the **duration** **of actions** and activities. Moreover, to say **how long** for **unfinished** **actions** that started in the past and **continue to the present**. -> She's been working here since 2004. -> We've been waiting for the bus for hours. -> A: How long have you been waiting for me? -> B: About ten minutes. Not too long. (I’ve been waiting for about ten minutes.) +> She's been working here since 2004. We've been waiting for the bus for hours. +> A: How long have you been waiting for me? B: About ten minutes. Not too long. (I’ve been waiting for about ten minutes.) -## Present Perfect x Present Perfect Continuous -[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pt/gramatica/gramatica-britanica/present-perfect-simple-or-present-perfect-continuous](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pt/gramatica/gramatica-britanica/present-perfect-simple-or-present-perfect-continuous) -These sentences are both used for finished and unfinished actions. +### Present Perfect x Present Perfect Continuous + +[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pt/gramatica/gramatica-britanica/present-perfect-simple-or-present-perfect-continuous](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pt/gramatica/gramatica-britanica/present-perfect-simple-or-present-perfect-continuous) These sentences are both used for finished and unfinished actions. **Present Perfect** can be used (often with "since" or "for") to talk about unfinished actions started in the past and still true in the present. -> I've known John for three years. -> Augusto has lived in Sweden for three years. + +> I've known John for three years. Augusto has lived in Sweden for three years. **Present Perfect Continuous** can be also used to talk about unfinished actions started in the past and still true. **However, it is not possible use the present perfect continuous with stative verbs** -> He has been living here for three years. -> Augusto has been living in Swedish for three years. -- NO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THIS AND THE PHRASE : Augusto has lived in Sweden for three years. -### Using Present Perfect Continues to Emphasise the Length of Time that has Passed -> They've been waiting for hours (This emphasises the length of time). -> They've waited for fours (This doesn't emphasise the length of time). +> He has been living here for three years. Augusto has been living in Swedish for three years. -- NO DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THIS AND THE PHRASE : Augusto has lived in Sweden for three years. + +#### Using Present Perfect Continues to Emphasise the Length of Time that has Passed + +> They've been waiting for hours (This emphasises the length of time). They've waited for fours (This doesn't emphasise the length of time). -### Using Present Perfect when talk about *How Much* or *How Many* -> She has drunk three cups of coffe this morning. This is not possible with Present Perfect Continues -> WRONG!! ~~She has been drinking three cups of coffe this morning~~ +#### Using Present Perfect when talk about _How Much_ or _How Many_ -### Present Perfect Continues and Focus on the Action. - The present perfect continuous often focuses on the action itself, while the present perfect simple focuses on the fact that the action is completed. ->I've been reading the book you recommended. (I'm enjoying it, but I'm not finished). ->I've read the book you recommended. (I've finished it, so we can talk about it). +> She has drunk three cups of coffe this morning. This is not possible with Present Perfect Continues WRONG!! ~~She has been drinking three cups of coffe this morning~~ -> I've been studying English recently -> I've studied English recently +#### Present Perfect Continues and Focus on the Action. + +The present perfect continuous often focuses on the action itself, while the present perfect simple focuses on the fact that the action is completed. + +> I've been reading the book you recommended. (I'm enjoying it, but I'm not finished). I've read the book you recommended. (I've finished it, so we can talk about it). + +> I've been studying English recently I've studied English recently + +#### Action is Finished - Present Perfect -### Action is Finished - Present Perfect The present perfect simple is used when the action is finished, and the result comes from the action being finished -> We've eaten dinner, so let's go out -> She has done all her homework, so she can relax this evening -> - -### Action is Finished or Not Focus on the Result From the Action - Present Perfect Continuous -> We've been eating dinner, so there are plates all over the table -> She has been doing her homework, so she is tired - -## Past Perfect -* [To describe an active finished before another action - with past simple](#to-describe-an-active-finished-before-another-action---with-past-simple) -* [To describe Cause and effect - with past simple](#to-describe-cause-and-effect---with-past-simple) -* [How long to a point in the past](#how-long-to-a-point-in-the-past) - -### To describe an active finished before another action - with past simple -> Edson had gone out when his order was delivered -> when we arrived the film had already started -> The plane had left by the time I got to the airport. - -### To describe Cause and effect - with past simple -> I got truck in traffic because there had been an accident -> My grade were really bad because I hadn't study enough -> He could not sleep last night because he had slept before - -### How long to a point in the past + +> We've eaten dinner, so let's go out She has done all her homework, so she can relax this evening + +#### Action is Finished or Not Focus on the Result From the Action - Present Perfect Continuous + +> We've been eating dinner, so there are plates all over the table She has been doing her homework, so she is tired + +### Past Perfect + +* [To describe an active finished before another action - with past simple]() +* [To describe Cause and effect - with past simple]() +* [How long to a point in the past]() + +#### To describe an active finished before another action - with past simple + +> Edson had gone out when his order was delivered when we arrived the film had already started The plane had left by the time I got to the airport. + +#### To describe Cause and effect - with past simple + +> I got truck in traffic because there had been an accident My grade were really bad because I hadn't study enough He could not sleep last night because he had slept before + +#### How long to a point in the past + > When we graduated, he had been in London for 4 years - ### How Long - Ask about duration of a state or activity - - > A: How long have you worked here ? - > B: Since 2018, so for about one year. - -## Past Perfect Continuous -### Started in the past and continued up to antoher action/time in the past -The past perfect continuous tells us 'how long', just like the present perfect continuous, but this time the action continues up to a point in the past rather than the present. -> She had been working at that company for a year when she met James. -> I'd been walking for hours when I finally found the house. - -### Something that finished just before another event in the past - Result in the past -> The children had been playing and so the room was a mess! -> I'd been working before I saw you and that's why I was really tired. - - -## Past Simple x Present Perfect -[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pt/gramatica/gramatica-britanica/past-simple-or-present-perfect](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pt/gramatica/gramatica-britanica/past-simple-or-present-perfect) +#### How Long -## Present Perfect x Present Perfect Continuous -[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pt/gramatica/gramatica-britanica/present-perfect-simple-or-present-perfect-continuous](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pt/gramatica/gramatica-britanica/present-perfect-simple-or-present-perfect-continuous) +Ask about duration of a state or activity + +> A: How long have you worked here ? B: Since 2018, so for about one year. + +### Past Perfect Continuous + +#### Started in the past and continued up to antoher action/time in the past + +The past perfect continuous tells us 'how long', just like the present perfect continuous, but this time the action continues up to a point in the past rather than the present. + +> She had been working at that company for a year when she met James. I'd been walking for hours when I finally found the house. +#### Something that finished just before another event in the past - Result in the past +> The children had been playing and so the room was a mess! I'd been working before I saw you and that's why I was really tired. +### Past Simple x Present Perfect + +[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pt/gramatica/gramatica-britanica/past-simple-or-present-perfect](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pt/gramatica/gramatica-britanica/past-simple-or-present-perfect) + +### Present Perfect x Present Perfect Continuous + +[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pt/gramatica/gramatica-britanica/present-perfect-simple-or-present-perfect-continuous](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pt/gramatica/gramatica-britanica/present-perfect-simple-or-present-perfect-continuous) diff --git a/Vocabulary/README.md b/Vocabulary/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cdf5796 --- /dev/null +++ b/Vocabulary/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +# Vocabulary + diff --git a/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/README.md b/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a95382 --- /dev/null +++ b/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +# IELTS Speaking Success + diff --git a/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/methodology.md b/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/methodology.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..133ac95 --- /dev/null +++ b/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/methodology.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +# Methodology + +It is a **4-step method.** + +1. TRY to give an answer. + * Take a question and try to answer it. +2. DISCOVER new language. + * Watch a native speaker answer the same question. +3. PRACTICE all the new chunks. + * Practice repeating the chunks and answering the same question again. +4. BUILD your flexibility. + * Give different answers to the same questions. + + + +### Practice Chunks + +1. Repeat +2. Say the opposite +3. Change tense +4. Say something true for you +5. Substitute +6. Synonyms From 79090418e481d2b2a124634a1d03870b37d59525 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Augusto Date: Thu, 7 Dec 2023 20:05:52 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 2/8] ENGLISH-STUDIES-2: IELTS --- SUMMARY.md | 8 +- ielts/ielts/README.md | 2 + .../ielts-speaking-success/README.md | 0 .../exam-strategy-and-techniques/README.md | 2 + ...exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-1.md | 141 ++++++++++++++++++ ...exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-2.md | 2 + .../ielts-speaking-success/methodology.md | 0 7 files changed, 153 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) create mode 100644 ielts/ielts/README.md rename ielts/{ => ielts}/ielts-speaking-success/README.md (100%) create mode 100644 ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/README.md create mode 100644 ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-1.md create mode 100644 ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-2.md rename ielts/{ => ielts}/ielts-speaking-success/methodology.md (100%) diff --git a/SUMMARY.md b/SUMMARY.md index 52b681d..b8b8e9c 100644 --- a/SUMMARY.md +++ b/SUMMARY.md @@ -124,5 +124,9 @@ ## IELTS -* [IELTS Speaking Success](ielts/ielts-speaking-success/README.md) - * [Methodology](ielts/ielts-speaking-success/methodology.md) +* [IELTS](ielts/ielts/README.md) + * [IELTS Speaking Success](ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/README.md) + * [Methodology](ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/methodology.md) + * [Exam Strategy and Techniques](ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/README.md) + * [Exam Strategy and Techniques for Part 1](ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-1.md) + * [Exam Strategy and Techniques for Part 2](ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-2.md) diff --git a/ielts/ielts/README.md b/ielts/ielts/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e6e195f --- /dev/null +++ b/ielts/ielts/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +# IELTS + diff --git a/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/README.md b/ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/README.md similarity index 100% rename from ielts/ielts-speaking-success/README.md rename to ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/README.md diff --git a/ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/README.md b/ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bc96077 --- /dev/null +++ b/ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +# Exam Strategy and Techniques + diff --git a/ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-1.md b/ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-1.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f3ac3fb --- /dev/null +++ b/ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-1.md @@ -0,0 +1,141 @@ +# Exam Strategy and Techniques for Part 1 + +### Part 1 - Strategies and Tips + +> **Q:** Do you like your hometown? + +**1 - Short Answer and Expand It Later** + +> :x: _No, not really. (Too short)_ + +> :x: No, not really, I mean I have lived there all my life, I grew up there as a kid and it's horrible place, it was smoggy and dirty, an industrial town. I'd much rather live in Brazil or somewhere nice. somewhere where at least you could have .... (To long) + +The problem raised by step 1 will be solved by following the step two :arrow\_down:. + +**2 - Answer Directly + Why + Example** + +:white\_check\_mark: No, not really, I grew up there as a kid, and there were no parks, there was nowhere to go out. I mean for example, there was not even a cinema there so I don't really lite it. + +**3 - Talk about Yourself** + +Try not be general. + +> :x:Yes, hometowns are very, very Syllabus important, they give us a sense of cultural identity, we should love our hometown, because they are important in the growth of the nation, and ... (Too generic) + +**4 - Be Natural** + +Avoid giving the impression of memorized answers. + +**5 - Know Common question Types** + + + +### **Part 1 - Most Common Questions (and "Triggers")** + +* What the questions really mean and what the examiner is looking for. +* The examiner ask questions to get certain language from you. +* **Goal**: Understand what they are looking for in the answer to a question so that you can use it in your own answer and get a higher score. +* :information\_source: **TRIGGER:** Are words or expressions that requirer a certain response. + * Each question **TRIGGER** needs a certain **response**. + * Triggers: + * Do you **VERB**? + * Are you _good at_ it? + * Did you **VERB** as a child? + * Do you _prefer A or B_? + * Do you think **NOUN** is important? + * Which **NOUN** is popular in your country? + + + +#### Trigger 1 - Do you VERB? + +* Talk about habits. +* How long you have done it. +* How often you do it. +* **Example of Questions:** + * Do you play a musical instrument? + * Do you take photographs? + * Do you celebrate your birthday? + * Do you play a sport? +* **Example of Answer:** + * > Yes, I've played the piano since I was a child. I play once in a blue moon every now and again. + + + +#### Trigger 2 - Are you _good at_ it? + +* Talk about ability. +* **Useful phrases:** + * **I'm pretty good at** play the guitar (it)**.** + * Yeah, **I can hold my own.** + * **I would not say I'm gifted but** ... I can play fairly well. + * I have a bit of a knack for playing the guitar. + + + +#### Trigger 3 - Did you **VERB** as a child? + +* Talk about past habits. +* **Example of Questions:** + * Did you play a musical instrument as a child? + * Did you play sports as a child? +* **Useful phrases:** + * **I used to (present verb)** play when... + * **I would (present verb)** play in my free time... + * **I often (past verb)** played at home... + + + +#### Trigger 4 - Do you _prefer A or B_? + +* Talk about PREFERENCE, COMPARE and EVALUTE. +* Say which and say why: + * **Say which:** + * I much prefer A to B. + * I tend to like A rather than B. + * **Say why:** + * A is far better than B because ... + * A is easier to use than B ... +* **Example answer:** + * > (1) I tend to like A rather than B, because A if far better than B because ... + * > (2) I much prefer A to B, because A is easier to use than B ... + + + +#### Trigger 5 - Do you think **NOUN** is important? + +* Talk about OPINION, COMPARE and EVALUTE. +* Give an opinion -> Say why -> Give an example: + * Give an opinion: + * Absolutely. + * Without a doubt. + * For sure. + * I reckon. + * I'd say. + * as far as I can see. +* Example Question: + * Do you think the family is important? +* **Example of Answer:** + * > **Absolutely**, we can learn so much from our family. **For example**, in my family, we always have dinner together and we discuss ideas, share and learn from each other. + + + +#### Trigger 6 - Which **NOUN** is popular in your country? + +* Talk about OPINION, COMPARE and EVALUTE. +* Give an opinion -> Say why -> Give an example. +* Give an opinion: + * Absolutely. + * Without a doubt. + * For sure. + * I reckon. + * I'd say. + * as far as I can see. +* Example Question: + * Which food is popular? + * Which jobs are popular in your country? + * What kind of transport is popular in your country? + * What sport is popular in your country? +* **Example of Answer:** + * > **As far as I can see**, in my country being a football player is a very popular job, because so many people want to be famous and make a lot of money. **For example**, when I was at school, all of my friends wanted to be football players. + diff --git a/ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-2.md b/ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-2.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e254b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +# Exam Strategy and Techniques for Part 2 + diff --git a/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/methodology.md b/ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/methodology.md similarity index 100% rename from ielts/ielts-speaking-success/methodology.md rename to ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/methodology.md From 168936b4bf74847ecb61a4c5895f573ec88f6842 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Augusto Date: Thu, 7 Dec 2023 20:46:29 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 3/8] ENGLISH-STUDIES-3: Restructuring --- SUMMARY.md | 11 +++++------ ielts/{ielts => }/ielts-speaking-success/README.md | 0 .../exam-strategy-and-techniques/README.md | 0 .../exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-1.md | 0 .../exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-2.md | 0 .../{ielts => }/ielts-speaking-success/methodology.md | 0 ielts/ielts/README.md | 2 -- 7 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) rename ielts/{ielts => }/ielts-speaking-success/README.md (100%) rename ielts/{ielts => }/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/README.md (100%) rename ielts/{ielts => }/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-1.md (100%) rename ielts/{ielts => }/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-2.md (100%) rename ielts/{ielts => }/ielts-speaking-success/methodology.md (100%) delete mode 100644 ielts/ielts/README.md diff --git a/SUMMARY.md b/SUMMARY.md index b8b8e9c..41546bb 100644 --- a/SUMMARY.md +++ b/SUMMARY.md @@ -124,9 +124,8 @@ ## IELTS -* [IELTS](ielts/ielts/README.md) - * [IELTS Speaking Success](ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/README.md) - * [Methodology](ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/methodology.md) - * [Exam Strategy and Techniques](ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/README.md) - * [Exam Strategy and Techniques for Part 1](ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-1.md) - * [Exam Strategy and Techniques for Part 2](ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-2.md) +* [IELTS Speaking Success](ielts/ielts-speaking-success/README.md) + * [Methodology](ielts/ielts-speaking-success/methodology.md) + * [Exam Strategy and Techniques](ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/README.md) + * [Exam Strategy and Techniques for Part 1](ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-1.md) + * [Exam Strategy and Techniques for Part 2](ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-2.md) diff --git a/ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/README.md b/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/README.md similarity index 100% rename from ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/README.md rename to ielts/ielts-speaking-success/README.md diff --git a/ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/README.md b/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/README.md similarity index 100% rename from ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/README.md rename to ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/README.md diff --git a/ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-1.md b/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-1.md similarity index 100% rename from ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-1.md rename to ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-1.md diff --git a/ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-2.md b/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-2.md similarity index 100% rename from ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-2.md rename to ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-2.md diff --git a/ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/methodology.md b/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/methodology.md similarity index 100% rename from ielts/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/methodology.md rename to ielts/ielts-speaking-success/methodology.md diff --git a/ielts/ielts/README.md b/ielts/ielts/README.md deleted file mode 100644 index e6e195f..0000000 --- a/ielts/ielts/README.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2 +0,0 @@ -# IELTS - From 6f6334e9b6bf371bebcbfb5c5b967b6cfad9be29 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Augusto Date: Fri, 8 Dec 2023 22:06:14 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 4/8] ENGLISH-STUDIES-4: Exam Strategy and Techniques for Part 2 --- ...exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-1.md | 2 + ...exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-2.md | 105 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 107 insertions(+) diff --git a/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-1.md b/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-1.md index f3ac3fb..77b083e 100644 --- a/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-1.md +++ b/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-1.md @@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ Avoid giving the impression of memorized answers. **5 - Know Common question Types** +Know about the "Triggers". + ### **Part 1 - Most Common Questions (and "Triggers")** diff --git a/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-2.md b/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-2.md index 0e254b8..f0eef29 100644 --- a/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-2.md +++ b/ielts/ielts-speaking-success/exam-strategy-and-techniques/exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-2.md @@ -1,2 +1,107 @@ # Exam Strategy and Techniques for Part 2 +
+ +Part 2 - Long Turn Structure + +The examiner gives you a task card which asks you to talk about a particular topic. The card tells you what points you should include in your talk and instructs you to explain one aspect of the topic. **You have one minute to prepare your talk**, and the examiner will give you a pencil and paper to make notes. + +By using the points on the task card and making notes during the preparation time, you should be able to think of appropriate things to say, and have time to structure your talk so that you keep talking for 2 minutes. + +The examiner will then ask you to begin talking and will stop you when the time is up. They may then ask you one or two questions on the same topic. + +**Part 2 lasts 3–4 minutes, including the preparation time.** + +
+ + + +### Tip 1 - Use all the time you are given to prepare + +* **Focus on the Idea** + * **Example:** "Describe an interesting person you know." + * **Action:** Do not waste time deciding who you are going to describe. +* Think about the structure -> "what you are going to say" + * Set the scene. + * Describe the characters. + * The action. + * The outcome. + * See more in [How to Structure Your Line of Though](exam-strategy-and-techniques-for-part-2.md#how-to-structure-your-line-of-though). + * **Example:** "Describe an interesting person you know." + * **Action:** (1) Who is he?, (2) Why is he interesting?, (3) How do I feel about him? + + + +### Tip 2 - Use examples and short anecdotes + +* **anecdotes:** short personal story. +* Use **anecdotes** to examplify (do not tell an anecdote longer than 30s). +* **Example:** + * > Uncle Bob, right, he set up a business. He has never done business before, and he set up a business selling chairs. He rented this place and he started buying and selling chairs. + + + +### Others Tips + +* Tip 3: get to the point. +* Tip 4: Stay on topic. +* Tip 5: Do not worry if the examiner interrupt. +* Tip 6: Do not memorize a story or talk. +* Tip 7: Imagine (imagine the person, thing, place, event you are talking about). + + + +### Tip 9 - Avoid having one story to cover many answers + +* Example: You have a story about a time you went to a concert. + * > I can use it when I am asked to describe a famous singer. + > + > I can also use the same story if I am asked to describe a friend I have, because I have this friend who went to the concert with me. + > + > I can also use the same story to describe a colourful place I went to, because the concert hall was really colourful. + + + +### Useful Connectors + +* First of all. +* To begin with let me tell you about. +* Then. +* Suddenly. +* After that. +* Finally. +* To my surprise. +* It turn out. + +### How to Structure Your Line of Though + +* Set the scene. +* Describe the characters. +* The action. +* The outcome. + +#### Set the Scene + +* I was in/at \ at the time, I was VERB + ING. + * Example: I was at college at the time, I was studying French. +* It must have been \