diff --git a/activitypub.php b/activitypub.php
index 1774583568..911168f703 100644
--- a/activitypub.php
+++ b/activitypub.php
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ function rest_init() {
  */
 function plugin_init() {
 	\add_action( 'init', array( __NAMESPACE__ . '\Activitypub', 'init' ) );
+	\add_action( 'init', array( __NAMESPACE__ . '\Application', 'init' ) );
 	\add_action( 'init', array( __NAMESPACE__ . '\Avatars', 'init' ) );
 	\add_action( 'init', array( __NAMESPACE__ . '\Cache', 'init' ) );
 	\add_action( 'init', array( __NAMESPACE__ . '\Comment', 'init' ) );
diff --git a/includes/class-application.php b/includes/class-application.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d2b6561a8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/includes/class-application.php
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+<?php
+/**
+ * Application class file.
+ *
+ * @package Activitypub
+ */
+
+namespace Activitypub;
+
+/**
+ * ActivityPub Application Class.
+ *
+ * The Application is not a real actor in the plugin's internal sense —
+ * it cannot be followed, addressed, or interacted with. It exists only as:
+ * 1. A JSON-LD document at /wp-json/activitypub/1.0/application
+ * 2. A signing identity for outbound HTTP GET requests
+ *
+ * This class provides static utility methods for the Application actor,
+ * primarily key management for HTTP Signatures.
+ *
+ * @since unreleased
+ */
+class Application {
+	/**
+	 * Initialize the class, registering WordPress hooks.
+	 *
+	 * @since unreleased
+	 */
+	public static function init() {
+		/*
+		 * Priority 2: must run after Integration\Webfinger::add_pseudo_user_discovery (priority 1),
+		 * which returns WP_Error for 'application' since it is not in the Actors collection.
+		 */
+		\add_filter( 'webfinger_data', array( self::class, 'add_webfinger_discovery' ), 2, 2 );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * WebFinger discovery filter callback.
+	 *
+	 * @since unreleased
+	 *
+	 * @param array  $jrd The jrd array.
+	 * @param string $uri The WebFinger resource.
+	 *
+	 * @return array The jrd array or Application WebFinger data.
+	 */
+	public static function add_webfinger_discovery( $jrd, $uri ) {
+		$data = self::get_webfinger_data( $uri );
+
+		if ( $data ) {
+			return $data;
+		}
+
+		return $jrd;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * The option key for the Application key pair.
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	const KEYPAIR_OPTION_KEY = 'activitypub_application_keypair';
+
+	/**
+	 * The preferred username for the Application actor.
+	 *
+	 * @var string
+	 */
+	const USERNAME = 'application';
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the Application actor ID (URL).
+	 *
+	 * @since unreleased
+	 *
+	 * @return string The Application ID.
+	 */
+	public static function get_id() {
+		return get_rest_url_by_path( 'application' );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the pretty URL for the Application actor.
+	 *
+	 * @since unreleased
+	 *
+	 * @return string The Application URL (e.g. https://example.com/@application).
+	 */
+	public static function get_url() {
+		return \esc_url( \trailingslashit( \get_home_url() ) . '@' . self::USERNAME );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the WebFinger identifier for the Application.
+	 *
+	 * @since unreleased
+	 *
+	 * @return string The WebFinger identifier (e.g. application@example.com).
+	 */
+	public static function get_webfinger() {
+		return self::USERNAME . '@' . home_host();
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the key ID for HTTP signatures.
+	 *
+	 * @since unreleased
+	 *
+	 * @return string The key ID.
+	 */
+	public static function get_key_id() {
+		return self::get_id() . '#main-key';
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the public key PEM for the Application.
+	 *
+	 * @since unreleased
+	 *
+	 * @return string|null The public key PEM.
+	 */
+	public static function get_public_key() {
+		$key_pair = self::get_keypair();
+		return $key_pair['public_key'];
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the private key for the Application.
+	 *
+	 * @since unreleased
+	 *
+	 * @return string|null The private key.
+	 */
+	public static function get_private_key() {
+		$key_pair = self::get_keypair();
+		return $key_pair['private_key'];
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the key pair for the Application.
+	 *
+	 * @since unreleased
+	 *
+	 * @return array The key pair with 'public_key' and 'private_key'.
+	 */
+	public static function get_keypair() {
+		$key_pair = \get_option( self::KEYPAIR_OPTION_KEY );
+
+		if ( ! $key_pair ) {
+			$key_pair = self::check_legacy_key_pair();
+
+			if ( $key_pair ) {
+				\add_option( self::KEYPAIR_OPTION_KEY, $key_pair );
+				return $key_pair;
+			}
+
+			$key_pair = self::generate_key_pair();
+		}
+
+		return $key_pair;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Generates a new key pair for the Application.
+	 *
+	 * @since unreleased
+	 *
+	 * @return array The key pair with 'public_key' and 'private_key'.
+	 */
+	private static function generate_key_pair() {
+		$config = array(
+			'digest_alg'       => 'sha512',
+			'private_key_bits' => 2048,
+			'private_key_type' => \OPENSSL_KEYTYPE_RSA,
+		);
+
+		$key         = \openssl_pkey_new( $config );
+		$private_key = null;
+		$detail      = array();
+		if ( $key ) {
+			\openssl_pkey_export( $key, $private_key );
+			$detail = \openssl_pkey_get_details( $key );
+		}
+
+		// Check if keys are valid.
+		if (
+			empty( $private_key ) || ! \is_string( $private_key ) ||
+			! isset( $detail['key'] ) || ! \is_string( $detail['key'] )
+		) {
+			return array(
+				'private_key' => null,
+				'public_key'  => null,
+			);
+		}
+
+		$key_pair = array(
+			'private_key' => $private_key,
+			'public_key'  => $detail['key'],
+		);
+
+		\update_option( self::KEYPAIR_OPTION_KEY, $key_pair );
+
+		return $key_pair;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Check if the URI matches the Application actor and return WebFinger data.
+	 *
+	 * @since unreleased
+	 *
+	 * Handles the following URI formats:
+	 * - acct:application@example.com / application@example.com
+	 * - http(s)://example.com/@application
+	 * - http(s)://example.com/wp-json/activitypub/1.0/application
+	 *
+	 * @param string $uri The WebFinger resource URI.
+	 *
+	 * @return array|false The WebFinger profile data or false if not the Application.
+	 */
+	public static function get_webfinger_data( $uri ) {
+		if ( ! self::is_application_resource( $uri ) ) {
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		$application_id = self::get_id();
+
+		return array(
+			'subject' => sprintf( 'acct:%s', self::get_webfinger() ),
+			'aliases' => array( $application_id ),
+			'links'   => array(
+				array(
+					'rel'        => 'self',
+					'type'       => 'application/activity+json',
+					'href'       => $application_id,
+					'properties' => array(
+						'https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#type' => 'Application',
+					),
+				),
+			),
+		);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Check if a URI refers to the Application actor.
+	 *
+	 * @since unreleased
+	 *
+	 * @param string $uri The URI to check.
+	 *
+	 * @return bool True if the URI refers to the Application.
+	 */
+	public static function is_application_resource( $uri ) {
+		$scheme = 'acct';
+		$match  = array();
+
+		if ( \preg_match( '/^([a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9+\-.]*):(.*)$/i', $uri, $match ) ) {
+			$scheme = \strtolower( $match[1] );
+		}
+
+		switch ( $scheme ) {
+			case 'http':
+			case 'https':
+				// Check for http(s)://example.com/@application.
+				$resource_path = \wp_parse_url( $uri, PHP_URL_PATH );
+
+				if ( $resource_path ) {
+					$blog_path = \wp_parse_url( \home_url(), PHP_URL_PATH );
+
+					if ( $blog_path ) {
+						$resource_path = \str_replace( $blog_path, '', $resource_path );
+					}
+
+					$resource_path = \trim( $resource_path, '/' );
+
+					if ( '@' . self::USERNAME === $resource_path ) {
+						return true;
+					}
+				}
+
+				// Check for the REST API URL.
+				if ( normalize_url( $uri ) === normalize_url( self::get_id() ) ) {
+					return true;
+				}
+
+				return false;
+
+			case 'acct':
+			default:
+				$uri_clean = \str_replace( 'acct:', '', $uri );
+				$host      = home_host();
+
+				if ( self::USERNAME . '@' . $host === $uri_clean ) {
+					return true;
+				}
+
+				// Also check normalized host.
+				$normalized_host = normalize_host( $host );
+				$uri_host        = \strrchr( $uri_clean, '@' );
+				$uri_host        = false !== $uri_host ? \substr( $uri_host, 1 ) : false;
+
+				if ( ! $uri_host || normalize_host( $uri_host ) !== $normalized_host ) {
+					return false;
+				}
+
+				$identifier = \substr( $uri_clean, 0, \strrpos( $uri_clean, '@' ) );
+
+				return self::USERNAME === $identifier;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Checks for legacy key pair options.
+	 *
+	 * @since unreleased
+	 *
+	 * @return array|false The key pair or false.
+	 */
+	private static function check_legacy_key_pair() {
+		$public_key  = \get_option( 'activitypub_application_user_public_key' );
+		$private_key = \get_option( 'activitypub_application_user_private_key' );
+
+		if ( ! empty( $public_key ) && \is_string( $public_key ) && ! empty( $private_key ) && \is_string( $private_key ) ) {
+			return array(
+				'private_key' => $private_key,
+				'public_key'  => $public_key,
+			);
+		}
+
+		return false;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/includes/class-http.php b/includes/class-http.php
index 7f99d46ae3..5d14fe2dca 100644
--- a/includes/class-http.php
+++ b/includes/class-http.php
@@ -166,8 +166,8 @@ public static function get( $url, $args = array(), $cached = false ) {
 				'Content-Type' => 'application/activity+json',
 				'Date'         => \gmdate( 'D, d M Y H:i:s T' ),
 			),
-			'key_id'              => Actors::get_by_id( Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID )->get_id() . '#main-key',
-			'private_key'         => Actors::get_private_key( Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID ),
+			'key_id'              => Application::get_key_id(),
+			'private_key'         => Application::get_private_key(),
 		);
 
 		$args            = \wp_parse_args( $args, $defaults );
diff --git a/includes/class-mailer.php b/includes/class-mailer.php
index ad2ba60d6c..f494833745 100644
--- a/includes/class-mailer.php
+++ b/includes/class-mailer.php
@@ -144,11 +144,6 @@ public static function new_follower( $activity, $user_ids, $success ) {
 		// Extract the user ID (follows are always for a single user).
 		$user_id = \is_array( $user_ids ) ? \reset( $user_ids ) : $user_ids;
 
-		// Do not send notifications to the Application user.
-		if ( Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID === $user_id ) {
-			return;
-		}
-
 		if ( $user_id > Actors::BLOG_USER_ID ) {
 			if ( ! \get_user_option( 'activitypub_mailer_new_follower', $user_id ) ) {
 				return;
diff --git a/includes/class-migration.php b/includes/class-migration.php
index 8e59ae6260..0d077a655b 100644
--- a/includes/class-migration.php
+++ b/includes/class-migration.php
@@ -221,6 +221,7 @@ public static function maybe_migrate() {
 		}
 
 		if ( \version_compare( $version_from_db, 'unreleased', '<' ) ) {
+			self::migrate_application_keypair_option();
 			Activitypub::flush_rewrite_rules();
 		}
 
@@ -1028,7 +1029,7 @@ public static function remove_pending_application_user_follow_requests() {
 			$wpdb->postmeta,
 			array(
 				'meta_key'   => '_activitypub_following', // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.SlowDBQuery.slow_db_query_meta_key
-				'meta_value' => Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID, // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.SlowDBQuery.slow_db_query_meta_value
+				'meta_value' => -1, // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.SlowDBQuery.slow_db_query_meta_value
 			)
 		);
 	}
@@ -1216,4 +1217,18 @@ public static function migrate_actor_emoji( $batch_size = 50, $offset = 0 ) {
 
 		return null;
 	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Migrate the Application key pair option from the old name to the new name.
+	 *
+	 * Renames `activitypub_keypair_for_-1` to `activitypub_application_keypair`.
+	 * Older separate key options (activitypub_application_user_public_key /
+	 * activitypub_application_user_private_key) are migrated lazily on first read.
+	 *
+	 * @since unreleased
+	 */
+	public static function migrate_application_keypair_option() {
+		\wp_cache_flush();
+		self::update_options_key( 'activitypub_keypair_for_-1', Application::KEYPAIR_OPTION_KEY );
+	}
 }
diff --git a/includes/class-query.php b/includes/class-query.php
index 2030db4ddd..800fb31f64 100644
--- a/includes/class-query.php
+++ b/includes/class-query.php
@@ -227,10 +227,9 @@ public function get_queried_object() {
 	 * Get the virtual object.
 	 *
 	 * Virtual objects are objects that are not stored in the database, but are created on the fly.
-	 * The plugins currently supports two virtual objects: The Blog-Actor and the Application-Actor.
+	 * The plugin currently supports one virtual object: The Blog-Actor.
 	 *
 	 * @see \Activitypub\Model\Blog
-	 * @see \Activitypub\Model\Application
 	 *
 	 * @return object|null The virtual object.
 	 */
diff --git a/includes/class-router.php b/includes/class-router.php
index b49934f12f..02c22bc36c 100644
--- a/includes/class-router.php
+++ b/includes/class-router.php
@@ -63,6 +63,8 @@ public static function add_rewrite_rules() {
 			);
 		}
 
+		// Must precede the generic @username rule, which would otherwise match "application" as an actor username.
+		\add_rewrite_rule( '^@application\/?$', 'index.php?rest_route=/' . ACTIVITYPUB_REST_NAMESPACE . '/application', 'top' );
 		\add_rewrite_rule( '^@([\w\-\.]+)\/?$', 'index.php?actor=$matches[1]', 'top' );
 		\add_rewrite_endpoint( 'activitypub', EP_AUTHORS | EP_PERMALINK | EP_PAGES );
 	}
diff --git a/includes/cli/class-actor-command.php b/includes/cli/class-actor-command.php
index 06477a536a..e48ebfdfab 100644
--- a/includes/cli/class-actor-command.php
+++ b/includes/cli/class-actor-command.php
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 
 namespace Activitypub\Cli;
 
-use Activitypub\Collection\Actors;
 use Activitypub\Scheduler\Actor;
 
 /**
@@ -39,10 +38,6 @@ class Actor_Command extends \WP_CLI_Command {
 	 * @param array $assoc_args The associative arguments (unused).
 	 */
 	public function delete( $args, $assoc_args ) { // phpcs:ignore VariableAnalysis.CodeAnalysis.VariableAnalysis.UnusedVariable
-		if ( Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID === (int) $args[0] ) {
-			\WP_CLI::error( 'You cannot delete the application actor.' );
-		}
-
 		\add_filter( 'activitypub_user_can_activitypub', '__return_true' );
 		Actor::schedule_user_delete( $args[0] );
 		\remove_filter( 'activitypub_user_can_activitypub', '__return_true' );
diff --git a/includes/collection/class-actors.php b/includes/collection/class-actors.php
index 71deb0ec4b..cfa1c34821 100644
--- a/includes/collection/class-actors.php
+++ b/includes/collection/class-actors.php
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
 namespace Activitypub\Collection;
 
 use Activitypub\Activity\Actor;
-use Activitypub\Model\Application;
 use Activitypub\Model\Blog;
 use Activitypub\Model\User;
 
@@ -32,13 +31,6 @@ class Actors {
 	 */
 	const BLOG_USER_ID = 0;
 
-	/**
-	 * The ID of the Application User.
-	 *
-	 * @var int
-	 */
-	const APPLICATION_USER_ID = -1;
-
 	/**
 	 * Get the Actor by ID.
 	 *
@@ -62,8 +54,6 @@ public static function get_by_id( $user_id ) {
 		switch ( $user_id ) {
 			case self::BLOG_USER_ID:
 				return new Blog();
-			case self::APPLICATION_USER_ID:
-				return new Application();
 			default:
 				return User::from_wp_user( $user_id );
 		}
@@ -120,11 +110,6 @@ public static function get_id_by_username( $username ) {
 			return self::BLOG_USER_ID;
 		}
 
-		// Check for application user.
-		if ( 'application' === $username ) {
-			return self::APPLICATION_USER_ID;
-		}
-
 		// Check for 'activitypub_username' meta.
 		$user = new \WP_User_Query(
 			array(
@@ -421,10 +406,6 @@ static function ( $actor ) {
 	public static function get_type_by_id( $user_id ) {
 		$user_id = (int) $user_id;
 
-		if ( self::APPLICATION_USER_ID === $user_id ) {
-			return 'application';
-		}
-
 		if ( self::BLOG_USER_ID === $user_id ) {
 			return 'blog';
 		}
@@ -570,10 +551,6 @@ protected static function check_legacy_key_pair( $user_id ) {
 				$public_key  = \get_option( 'activitypub_blog_user_public_key' );
 				$private_key = \get_option( 'activitypub_blog_user_private_key' );
 				break;
-			case -1:
-				$public_key  = \get_option( 'activitypub_application_user_public_key' );
-				$private_key = \get_option( 'activitypub_application_user_private_key' );
-				break;
 			default:
 				$public_key  = \get_user_meta( $user_id, 'magic_sig_public_key', true );
 				$private_key = \get_user_meta( $user_id, 'magic_sig_private_key', true );
diff --git a/includes/collection/class-outbox.php b/includes/collection/class-outbox.php
index bf96797eaa..945204fac7 100644
--- a/includes/collection/class-outbox.php
+++ b/includes/collection/class-outbox.php
@@ -340,9 +340,6 @@ public static function get_actor( $outbox_item ) {
 			case 'blog':
 				$actor_id = Actors::BLOG_USER_ID;
 				break;
-			case 'application':
-				$actor_id = Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID;
-				break;
 			case 'user':
 			default:
 				$actor_id = $outbox_item->post_author;
diff --git a/includes/functions-user.php b/includes/functions-user.php
index 59632fc5b9..cd36a2b2b3 100644
--- a/includes/functions-user.php
+++ b/includes/functions-user.php
@@ -108,10 +108,6 @@ function user_can_activitypub( $user_id ) {
 	}
 
 	switch ( $user_id ) {
-		case Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID:
-			$enabled = true; // Application user is always enabled.
-			break;
-
 		case Actors::BLOG_USER_ID:
 			$enabled = ! is_user_type_disabled( 'blog' );
 			break;
diff --git a/includes/handler/class-follow.php b/includes/handler/class-follow.php
index 3095411875..85c71d3c83 100644
--- a/includes/handler/class-follow.php
+++ b/includes/handler/class-follow.php
@@ -36,11 +36,6 @@ public static function handle_follow( $activity, $user_ids ) {
 		// Extract the user ID (follow requests are always for a single user).
 		$user_id = \is_array( $user_ids ) ? \reset( $user_ids ) : $user_ids;
 
-		if ( Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID === $user_id ) {
-			self::queue_reject( $activity, $user_id );
-			return;
-		}
-
 		// Check if the actor already follows the user.
 		$already_following = false;
 		$remote_actor      = Remote_Actors::get_by_uri( $activity['actor'] );
diff --git a/includes/model/class-application.php b/includes/model/class-application.php
index 101b2e162c..2293ff2cb2 100644
--- a/includes/model/class-application.php
+++ b/includes/model/class-application.php
@@ -2,13 +2,16 @@
 /**
  * Application model file.
  *
+ * @deprecated Use {@see \Activitypub\Application} for key management
+ *             and {@see \Activitypub\Rest\Application_Controller} for the REST endpoint.
+ *
  * @package Activitypub
  */
 
 namespace Activitypub\Model;
 
 use Activitypub\Activity\Actor;
-use Activitypub\Collection\Actors;
+use Activitypub\Application as Application_Utility;
 
 use function Activitypub\get_rest_url_by_path;
 use function Activitypub\home_host;
@@ -16,7 +19,7 @@
 /**
  * Application class.
  *
- * @method int get__id() Gets the internal user ID for the application (always returns APPLICATION_USER_ID).
+ * @deprecated Use {@see \Activitypub\Application} instead.
  */
 class Application extends Actor {
 	/**
@@ -24,7 +27,7 @@ class Application extends Actor {
 	 *
 	 * @var int
 	 */
-	protected $_id = Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID; // phpcs:ignore PSR2.Classes.PropertyDeclaration.Underscore
+	protected $_id = -1; // phpcs:ignore PSR2.Classes.PropertyDeclaration.Underscore
 
 	/**
 	 * Whether the Application is discoverable.
@@ -101,13 +104,20 @@ class Application extends Actor {
 	 */
 	protected $preferred_username = 'application';
 
+	/**
+	 * Constructor.
+	 */
+	public function __construct() {
+		\_deprecated_class( __CLASS__, 'unreleased', 'Activitypub\Application' );
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Returns the ID of the Application.
 	 *
 	 * @return string The ID of the Application.
 	 */
 	public function get_id() {
-		return get_rest_url_by_path( 'application' );
+		return Application_Utility::get_id();
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -186,15 +196,17 @@ public function get_header_image() {
 	public function get_published() {
 		$first_post = new \WP_Query(
 			array(
-				'orderby' => 'date',
-				'order'   => 'ASC',
-				'number'  => 1,
+				'orderby'        => 'date',
+				'order'          => 'ASC',
+				'posts_per_page' => 1,
 			)
 		);
 
 		if ( ! empty( $first_post->posts[0] ) ) {
 			$time = \strtotime( $first_post->posts[0]->post_date_gmt );
-		} else {
+		}
+
+		if ( empty( $time ) ) {
 			$time = \time();
 		}
 
@@ -207,7 +219,7 @@ public function get_published() {
 	 * @return string The Inbox-Endpoint.
 	 */
 	public function get_inbox() {
-		return get_rest_url_by_path( sprintf( 'actors/%d/inbox', $this->get__id() ) );
+		return get_rest_url_by_path( 'inbox' );
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -216,7 +228,7 @@ public function get_inbox() {
 	 * @return string The Outbox-Endpoint.
 	 */
 	public function get_outbox() {
-		return get_rest_url_by_path( sprintf( 'actors/%d/outbox', $this->get__id() ) );
+		return get_rest_url_by_path( 'application/outbox' );
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -235,9 +247,9 @@ public function get_webfinger() {
 	 */
 	public function get_public_key() {
 		return array(
-			'id'           => $this->get_id() . '#main-key',
+			'id'           => Application_Utility::get_key_id(),
 			'owner'        => $this->get_id(),
-			'publicKeyPem' => Actors::get_public_key( Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID ),
+			'publicKeyPem' => Application_Utility::get_public_key(),
 		);
 	}
 
diff --git a/includes/rest/class-application-controller.php b/includes/rest/class-application-controller.php
index f577437c9e..9c4901f5b0 100644
--- a/includes/rest/class-application-controller.php
+++ b/includes/rest/class-application-controller.php
@@ -2,12 +2,22 @@
 /**
  * Application Controller file.
  *
+ * Self-contained controller for the ActivityPub Application actor.
+ * The Application is not a real actor in the plugin's internal sense —
+ * it cannot be followed, addressed, or interacted with. It exists only as:
+ * 1. A JSON-LD document at /wp-json/activitypub/1.0/application
+ * 2. A signing identity for outbound HTTP GET requests
+ *
  * @package Activitypub
  */
 
 namespace Activitypub\Rest;
 
-use Activitypub\Model\Application;
+use Activitypub\Activity\Actor;
+use Activitypub\Application;
+
+use function Activitypub\get_rest_url_by_path;
+use function Activitypub\home_host;
 
 /**
  * ActivityPub Application Controller.
@@ -43,16 +53,90 @@ public function register_routes() {
 				'schema' => array( $this, 'get_item_schema' ),
 			)
 		);
+
+		\register_rest_route(
+			$this->namespace,
+			'/' . $this->rest_base . '/outbox',
+			array(
+				array(
+					'methods'             => \WP_REST_Server::READABLE,
+					'callback'            => array( $this, 'get_outbox' ),
+					'permission_callback' => '__return_true',
+				),
+			)
+		);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Retrieves the application actor profile.
 	 *
+	 * @since unreleased
+	 *
 	 * @param \WP_REST_Request $request The request object.
 	 * @return \WP_REST_Response Response object.
 	 */
 	public function get_item( $request ) { // phpcs:ignore VariableAnalysis.CodeAnalysis.VariableAnalysis.UnusedVariable
-		$json = ( new Application() )->to_array();
+		$id = Application::get_id();
+
+		$json = array(
+			'@context'                  => Actor::JSON_LD_CONTEXT,
+			'id'                        => $id,
+			'type'                      => 'Application',
+			'name'                      => Application::USERNAME,
+			'preferredUsername'         => Application::USERNAME,
+			'summary'                   => sprintf(
+				/* translators: %s: Domain of the site */
+				\__( 'This is the Application Actor for %s.', 'activitypub' ),
+				home_host()
+			),
+			'url'                       => Application::get_url(),
+			'icon'                      => self::get_icon(),
+			'published'                 => self::get_published(),
+			'inbox'                     => get_rest_url_by_path( 'inbox' ),
+			'outbox'                    => get_rest_url_by_path( 'application/outbox' ),
+			'manuallyApprovesFollowers' => true,
+			'discoverable'              => false,
+			'indexable'                 => false,
+			'invisible'                 => true,
+			'webfinger'                 => Application::USERNAME . '@' . home_host(),
+			'publicKey'                 => array(
+				'id'           => Application::get_key_id(),
+				'owner'        => $id,
+				'publicKeyPem' => Application::get_public_key(),
+			),
+			'implements'                => array(
+				array(
+					'href' => 'https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9421',
+					'name' => 'RFC-9421: HTTP Message Signatures',
+				),
+			),
+		);
+
+		$rest_response = new \WP_REST_Response( $json, 200 );
+		$rest_response->header( 'Content-Type', 'application/activity+json; charset=' . \get_option( 'blog_charset' ) );
+
+		return $rest_response;
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns an empty outbox collection for the Application actor.
+	 *
+	 * The Application is a signing-only identity and does not publish
+	 * activities, so its outbox is always an empty OrderedCollection.
+	 *
+	 * @since unreleased
+	 *
+	 * @param \WP_REST_Request $request The request object.
+	 * @return \WP_REST_Response Response object.
+	 */
+	public function get_outbox( $request ) { // phpcs:ignore VariableAnalysis.CodeAnalysis.VariableAnalysis.UnusedVariable
+		$json = array(
+			'@context'     => Actor::JSON_LD_CONTEXT,
+			'id'           => get_rest_url_by_path( 'application/outbox' ),
+			'type'         => 'OrderedCollection',
+			'totalItems'   => 0,
+			'orderedItems' => array(),
+		);
 
 		$rest_response = new \WP_REST_Response( $json, 200 );
 		$rest_response->header( 'Content-Type', 'application/activity+json; charset=' . \get_option( 'blog_charset' ) );
@@ -60,6 +144,65 @@ public function get_item( $request ) { // phpcs:ignore VariableAnalysis.CodeAnal
 		return $rest_response;
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Returns the icon for the Application.
+	 *
+	 * @return string[] The icon array with 'type' and 'url'.
+	 */
+	private static function get_icon() {
+		// Try site icon first.
+		$icon_id = \get_option( 'site_icon' );
+
+		// Try custom logo second.
+		if ( ! $icon_id ) {
+			$icon_id = \get_theme_mod( 'custom_logo' );
+		}
+
+		$icon_url = false;
+
+		if ( $icon_id ) {
+			$icon = \wp_get_attachment_image_src( $icon_id, 'full' );
+			if ( $icon ) {
+				$icon_url = $icon[0];
+			}
+		}
+
+		if ( ! $icon_url ) {
+			// Fallback to default icon.
+			$icon_url = \plugins_url( '/assets/img/wp-logo.png', ACTIVITYPUB_PLUGIN_FILE );
+		}
+
+		return array(
+			'type' => 'Image',
+			'url'  => \esc_url( $icon_url ),
+		);
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Returns the published date.
+	 *
+	 * @return string The published date in RFC3339 format.
+	 */
+	private static function get_published() {
+		$first_post = new \WP_Query(
+			array(
+				'orderby'        => 'date',
+				'order'          => 'ASC',
+				'posts_per_page' => 1,
+			)
+		);
+
+		if ( ! empty( $first_post->posts[0] ) ) {
+			$time = \strtotime( $first_post->posts[0]->post_date_gmt );
+		}
+
+		if ( empty( $time ) ) {
+			$time = \time();
+		}
+
+		return \gmdate( ACTIVITYPUB_DATE_TIME_RFC3339, $time );
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Retrieves the schema for the application endpoint.
 	 *
@@ -157,6 +300,9 @@ public function get_item_schema() {
 				'indexable'                 => array(
 					'type' => 'boolean',
 				),
+				'invisible'                 => array(
+					'type' => 'boolean',
+				),
 				'implements'                => array(
 					'type'  => 'array',
 					'items' => array(
diff --git a/includes/wp-admin/class-health-check.php b/includes/wp-admin/class-health-check.php
index 98d0fc8bc1..ad98406773 100644
--- a/includes/wp-admin/class-health-check.php
+++ b/includes/wp-admin/class-health-check.php
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 
 namespace Activitypub\WP_Admin;
 
+use Activitypub\Application;
 use Activitypub\Collection\Actors;
 use Activitypub\Collection\Outbox;
 use Activitypub\Http;
@@ -261,8 +262,7 @@ public static function is_author_url_accessible() {
 	 * @return boolean|\WP_Error
 	 */
 	public static function is_webfinger_endpoint_accessible() {
-		$user     = Actors::get_by_id( Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID );
-		$resource = $user->get_webfinger();
+		$resource = Application::get_webfinger();
 
 		$url = Webfinger::resolve( $resource );
 		if ( \is_wp_error( $url ) ) {
@@ -895,9 +895,8 @@ public static function get_outbox_count( $status = 'any' ) {
 	 * @return bool|\WP_Error True if accessible, WP_Error otherwise.
 	 */
 	public static function is_rest_api_accessible() {
-		// Test the application actor's inbox endpoint (always available).
-		$actor = Actors::get_by_id( Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID );
-		$url   = $actor->get_inbox();
+		// Test the Application endpoint (always available, publicly readable via GET).
+		$url = \Activitypub\get_rest_url_by_path( 'application' );
 
 		// Make an unauthenticated request.
 		$response = \wp_remote_get(
diff --git a/integration/stream/class-connector.php b/integration/stream/class-connector.php
index 8331e8834e..1a33cfbe80 100644
--- a/integration/stream/class-connector.php
+++ b/integration/stream/class-connector.php
@@ -238,8 +238,6 @@ protected function prepare_outbox_data_for_response( $outbox_item ) {
 						$object_title = \get_userdata( $author_id )->display_name;
 					} elseif ( Actors::BLOG_USER_ID === $author_id ) {
 						$object_title = \__( 'Blog User', 'activitypub' );
-					} elseif ( Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID === $author_id ) {
-						$object_title = \__( 'Application User', 'activitypub' );
 					}
 				}
 			}
diff --git a/tests/phpunit/tests/includes/class-test-migration.php b/tests/phpunit/tests/includes/class-test-migration.php
index 4b4438910e..3dbae2e359 100644
--- a/tests/phpunit/tests/includes/class-test-migration.php
+++ b/tests/phpunit/tests/includes/class-test-migration.php
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 namespace Activitypub\Tests;
 
 use Activitypub\Activity\Actor;
-use Activitypub\Collection\Actors;
+use Activitypub\Application;
 use Activitypub\Collection\Extra_Fields;
 use Activitypub\Collection\Followers;
 use Activitypub\Collection\Following;
@@ -907,22 +907,22 @@ public function test_remove_pending_application_user_follow_requests() {
 		$post3 = self::factory()->post->create();
 
 		// Add _activitypub_following meta with APPLICATION_USER_ID value.
-		\add_post_meta( $post1, '_activitypub_following', Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID );
-		\add_post_meta( $post2, '_activitypub_following', Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID );
+		\add_post_meta( $post1, '_activitypub_following', -1 );
+		\add_post_meta( $post2, '_activitypub_following', -1 );
 
 		// Add _activitypub_following meta with different values (should not be removed).
 		\add_post_meta( $post3, '_activitypub_following', '123' );
 		\add_post_meta( $post1, '_activitypub_following', '456' );
 
 		// Add other meta keys (should not be affected).
-		\add_post_meta( $post1, '_activitypub_other_meta', Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID );
-		\add_post_meta( $post2, 'some_other_meta', Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID );
+		\add_post_meta( $post1, '_activitypub_other_meta', -1 );
+		\add_post_meta( $post2, 'some_other_meta', -1 );
 
 		// Verify initial state.
 		$initial_count = $wpdb->get_var( // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.DirectDatabaseQuery
 			$wpdb->prepare(
 				"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM {$wpdb->postmeta} WHERE meta_key = '_activitypub_following' AND meta_value = %s",
-				Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID
+				-1
 			)
 		);
 		$this->assertEquals( 2, $initial_count, 'Should have 2 _activitypub_following entries with APPLICATION_USER_ID' );
@@ -930,7 +930,7 @@ public function test_remove_pending_application_user_follow_requests() {
 		$other_following_count = $wpdb->get_var( // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.DirectDatabaseQuery
 			$wpdb->prepare(
 				"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM {$wpdb->postmeta} WHERE meta_key = '_activitypub_following' AND meta_value != %s",
-				Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID
+				-1
 			)
 		);
 		$this->assertEquals( 2, $other_following_count, 'Should have 2 _activitypub_following entries with other values' );
@@ -942,7 +942,7 @@ public function test_remove_pending_application_user_follow_requests() {
 		$remaining_count = $wpdb->get_var( // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.DirectDatabaseQuery
 			$wpdb->prepare(
 				"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM {$wpdb->postmeta} WHERE meta_key = '_activitypub_following' AND meta_value = %s",
-				Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID
+				-1
 			)
 		);
 		$this->assertEquals( 0, $remaining_count, 'All _activitypub_following entries with APPLICATION_USER_ID should be removed' );
@@ -951,14 +951,14 @@ public function test_remove_pending_application_user_follow_requests() {
 		$remaining_other_count = $wpdb->get_var( // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.DirectDatabaseQuery
 			$wpdb->prepare(
 				"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM {$wpdb->postmeta} WHERE meta_key = '_activitypub_following' AND meta_value != %s",
-				Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID
+				-1
 			)
 		);
 		$this->assertEquals( 2, $remaining_other_count, 'Other _activitypub_following entries should remain' );
 
 		// Verify other meta keys are unaffected.
-		$this->assertEquals( Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID, \get_post_meta( $post1, '_activitypub_other_meta', true ), 'Other meta keys should not be affected' );
-		$this->assertEquals( Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID, \get_post_meta( $post2, 'some_other_meta', true ), 'Other meta keys should not be affected' );
+		$this->assertEquals( -1, \get_post_meta( $post1, '_activitypub_other_meta', true ), 'Other meta keys should not be affected' );
+		$this->assertEquals( -1, \get_post_meta( $post2, 'some_other_meta', true ), 'Other meta keys should not be affected' );
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -978,8 +978,8 @@ public function test_remove_pending_application_user_follow_requests_no_matches(
 		\add_post_meta( $post2, '_activitypub_following', '456' );
 
 		// Add other meta keys with APPLICATION_USER_ID.
-		\add_post_meta( $post1, '_activitypub_other_meta', Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID );
-		\add_post_meta( $post2, 'different_meta', Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID );
+		\add_post_meta( $post1, '_activitypub_other_meta', -1 );
+		\add_post_meta( $post2, 'different_meta', -1 );
 
 		// Get initial counts.
 		$initial_following_count = $wpdb->get_var( // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.DirectDatabaseQuery
@@ -1006,8 +1006,8 @@ public function test_remove_pending_application_user_follow_requests_no_matches(
 		// Verify specific entries remain.
 		$this->assertEquals( '123', \get_post_meta( $post1, '_activitypub_following', true ), '_activitypub_following with different value should remain' );
 		$this->assertEquals( '456', \get_post_meta( $post2, '_activitypub_following', true ), '_activitypub_following with different value should remain' );
-		$this->assertEquals( Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID, \get_post_meta( $post1, '_activitypub_other_meta', true ), 'Other meta keys should not be affected' );
-		$this->assertEquals( Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID, \get_post_meta( $post2, 'different_meta', true ), 'Other meta keys should not be affected' );
+		$this->assertEquals( -1, \get_post_meta( $post1, '_activitypub_other_meta', true ), 'Other meta keys should not be affected' );
+		$this->assertEquals( -1, \get_post_meta( $post2, 'different_meta', true ), 'Other meta keys should not be affected' );
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -1022,9 +1022,9 @@ public function test_remove_pending_application_user_follow_requests_multiple_en
 		$post_id = self::factory()->post->create();
 
 		// Add multiple _activitypub_following meta entries with APPLICATION_USER_ID.
-		\add_post_meta( $post_id, '_activitypub_following', Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID );
-		\add_post_meta( $post_id, '_activitypub_following', Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID );
-		\add_post_meta( $post_id, '_activitypub_following', Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID );
+		\add_post_meta( $post_id, '_activitypub_following', -1 );
+		\add_post_meta( $post_id, '_activitypub_following', -1 );
+		\add_post_meta( $post_id, '_activitypub_following', -1 );
 
 		// Add one with different value.
 		\add_post_meta( $post_id, '_activitypub_following', '789' );
@@ -1033,7 +1033,7 @@ public function test_remove_pending_application_user_follow_requests_multiple_en
 		$initial_app_count = $wpdb->get_var( // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.DirectDatabaseQuery
 			$wpdb->prepare(
 				"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM {$wpdb->postmeta} WHERE meta_key = '_activitypub_following' AND meta_value = %s",
-				Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID
+				-1
 			)
 		);
 		$this->assertEquals( 3, $initial_app_count, 'Should have 3 APPLICATION_USER_ID entries' );
@@ -1045,7 +1045,7 @@ public function test_remove_pending_application_user_follow_requests_multiple_en
 		$remaining_app_count = $wpdb->get_var( // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.DirectDatabaseQuery
 			$wpdb->prepare(
 				"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM {$wpdb->postmeta} WHERE meta_key = '_activitypub_following' AND meta_value = %s",
-				Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID
+				-1
 			)
 		);
 		$this->assertEquals( 0, $remaining_app_count, 'All APPLICATION_USER_ID entries should be removed' );
@@ -1472,4 +1472,83 @@ public function test_migrate_actor_emoji_batching() {
 			$this->assertNotEmpty( $emoji_meta, "Actor {$actor_id} should have emoji meta" );
 		}
 	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test migrate_application_keypair_option renames the old option.
+	 *
+	 * @covers ::migrate_application_keypair_option
+	 */
+	public function test_migrate_application_keypair_option() {
+		$key_pair = array(
+			'public_key'  => 'test-public-key',
+			'private_key' => 'test-private-key',
+		);
+
+		// Set up the old option name.
+		\delete_option( Application::KEYPAIR_OPTION_KEY );
+		\delete_option( 'activitypub_keypair_for_-1' );
+		\add_option( 'activitypub_keypair_for_-1', $key_pair );
+
+		// Verify old option exists.
+		$this->assertEquals( $key_pair, \get_option( 'activitypub_keypair_for_-1' ) );
+		$this->assertFalse( \get_option( Application::KEYPAIR_OPTION_KEY ) );
+
+		// Run the migration.
+		Migration::migrate_application_keypair_option();
+
+		// Verify option was renamed.
+		$this->assertFalse( \get_option( 'activitypub_keypair_for_-1' ) );
+		$this->assertEquals( $key_pair, \get_option( Application::KEYPAIR_OPTION_KEY ) );
+
+		// Verify Application class can read the keys.
+		$this->assertEquals( 'test-public-key', Application::get_public_key() );
+		$this->assertEquals( 'test-private-key', Application::get_private_key() );
+
+		// Clean up.
+		\delete_option( Application::KEYPAIR_OPTION_KEY );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test migrate_application_keypair_option when old option doesn't exist.
+	 *
+	 * @covers ::migrate_application_keypair_option
+	 */
+	public function test_migrate_application_keypair_option_no_old_option() {
+		// Ensure neither option exists.
+		\delete_option( 'activitypub_keypair_for_-1' );
+		\delete_option( Application::KEYPAIR_OPTION_KEY );
+
+		// Run the migration — should not error.
+		Migration::migrate_application_keypair_option();
+
+		// Both should still not exist.
+		$this->assertFalse( \get_option( 'activitypub_keypair_for_-1' ) );
+		$this->assertFalse( \get_option( Application::KEYPAIR_OPTION_KEY ) );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test migrate_application_keypair_option when new option already exists.
+	 *
+	 * @covers ::migrate_application_keypair_option
+	 */
+	public function test_migrate_application_keypair_option_already_migrated() {
+		$new_key_pair = array(
+			'public_key'  => 'new-public-key',
+			'private_key' => 'new-private-key',
+		);
+
+		// Set up the new option (already migrated).
+		\delete_option( 'activitypub_keypair_for_-1' );
+		\delete_option( Application::KEYPAIR_OPTION_KEY );
+		\add_option( Application::KEYPAIR_OPTION_KEY, $new_key_pair );
+
+		// Run the migration.
+		Migration::migrate_application_keypair_option();
+
+		// New option should be unchanged.
+		$this->assertEquals( $new_key_pair, \get_option( Application::KEYPAIR_OPTION_KEY ) );
+
+		// Clean up.
+		\delete_option( Application::KEYPAIR_OPTION_KEY );
+	}
 }
diff --git a/tests/phpunit/tests/includes/collection/class-test-actors.php b/tests/phpunit/tests/includes/collection/class-test-actors.php
index ce496a403d..f30afa520d 100644
--- a/tests/phpunit/tests/includes/collection/class-test-actors.php
+++ b/tests/phpunit/tests/includes/collection/class-test-actors.php
@@ -33,12 +33,9 @@ public function tear_down() {
 		parent::tear_down();
 
 		\delete_option( 'activitypub_keypair_for_0' );
-		\delete_option( 'activitypub_keypair_for_-1' );
 		\delete_option( 'activitypub_keypair_for_admin' );
 		\delete_option( 'activitypub_blog_user_public_key' );
 		\delete_option( 'activitypub_blog_user_private_key' );
-		\delete_option( 'activitypub_application_user_public_key' );
-		\delete_option( 'activitypub_application_user_private_key' );
 		\delete_option( 'activitypub_actor_mode' );
 		\delete_user_meta( 1, 'magic_sig_public_key' );
 		\delete_user_meta( 1, 'magic_sig_private_key' );
@@ -103,8 +100,8 @@ public function the_resource_provider() {
 			array( 'acct:*@' . $home_host, 'Activitypub\Model\Blog' ),
 			array( 'acct:_@' . $home_host, 'Activitypub\Model\Blog' ),
 			array( 'acct:aksd@' . $home_host, 'WP_Error' ),
+			array( 'acct:application@' . $home_host, 'WP_Error' ),
 			array( 'admin@' . $home_host, 'Activitypub\Model\User' ),
-			array( 'acct:application@' . $home_host, 'Activitypub\Model\Application' ),
 			array( $home_url . '/@admin', 'Activitypub\Model\User' ),
 			array( $home_url . '/@blog', 'Activitypub\Model\Blog' ),
 			array( $https_home_url . '/@blog', 'Activitypub\Model\Blog' ),
@@ -128,7 +125,6 @@ public function the_resource_provider() {
 	 * @covers ::get_type_by_id
 	 */
 	public function test_get_type_by_id() {
-		$this->assertSame( 'application', Actors::get_type_by_id( Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID ) );
 		$this->assertSame( 'blog', Actors::get_type_by_id( Actors::BLOG_USER_ID ) );
 		$this->assertSame( 'user', Actors::get_type_by_id( 1 ) );
 		$this->assertSame( 'user', Actors::get_type_by_id( 2 ) );
@@ -186,21 +182,6 @@ public function test_signature_legacy() {
 		$this->assertEquals( $key_pair['public_key'], $public_key );
 		$this->assertEquals( $key_pair['private_key'], $private_key );
 
-		// Check application user.
-		\delete_option( 'activitypub_keypair_for_-1' );
-
-		$public_key  = 'public key ' . Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID;
-		$private_key = 'private key ' . Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID;
-
-		\add_option( 'activitypub_application_user_public_key', $public_key );
-		\add_option( 'activitypub_application_user_private_key', $private_key );
-
-		$key_pair = Actors::get_keypair( Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID );
-
-		$this->assertNotEmpty( $key_pair );
-		$this->assertEquals( $key_pair['public_key'], $public_key );
-		$this->assertEquals( $key_pair['private_key'], $private_key );
-
 		// Check blog user.
 		\update_option( 'activitypub_actor_mode', ACTIVITYPUB_ACTOR_AND_BLOG_MODE );
 		\delete_option( 'activitypub_actor_mode' );
diff --git a/tests/phpunit/tests/includes/collection/class-test-following.php b/tests/phpunit/tests/includes/collection/class-test-following.php
index a26573d866..6b580006e0 100644
--- a/tests/phpunit/tests/includes/collection/class-test-following.php
+++ b/tests/phpunit/tests/includes/collection/class-test-following.php
@@ -374,13 +374,11 @@ public function test_unfollow() {
 		$outbox_item_2 = \get_post( follow( 'https://example.com/actor/1', $user_ids[1] ) );
 		$outbox_item_3 = \get_post( follow( 'https://example.com/actor/1', $user_ids[2] ) );
 		$outbox_item_4 = \get_post( follow( 'https://example.com/actor/1', 0 ) );
-		$outbox_item_5 = \get_post( follow( 'https://example.com/actor/1', -1 ) );
 
 		\wp_publish_post( $outbox_item_1 );
 		\wp_publish_post( $outbox_item_2 );
 		\wp_publish_post( $outbox_item_3 );
 		\wp_publish_post( $outbox_item_4 );
-		\wp_publish_post( $outbox_item_5 );
 
 		$accept_1 = array(
 			'object' => array(
@@ -406,28 +404,17 @@ public function test_unfollow() {
 				'object' => 'https://example.com/actor/1',
 			),
 		);
-		$accept_5 = array(
-			'object' => array(
-				'id'     => $outbox_item_5->guid,
-				'object' => 'https://example.com/actor/1',
-			),
-		);
 
 		Accept::handle_accept( $accept_1, $user_ids[0] );
 		Accept::handle_accept( $accept_2, $user_ids[1] );
 		Accept::handle_accept( $accept_3, $user_ids[2] );
 		Accept::handle_accept( $accept_4, 0 );
-		Accept::handle_accept( $accept_5, -1 );
 
 		// User 1 follows https://example.com/actor/1.
 		$following = Following::query( $user_ids[0] );
 		$this->assertCount( 1, $following['following'] );
 		$this->assertSame( 1, $following['total'] );
 
-		$following = Following::query( -1 );
-		$this->assertCount( 1, $following['following'] );
-		$this->assertSame( 1, $following['total'] );
-
 		// User 3 unfollows https://example.com/actor/1.
 		Following::unfollow( Remote_Actors::get_by_uri( 'https://example.com/actor/1' ), $user_ids[2] );
 
@@ -438,10 +425,6 @@ public function test_unfollow() {
 		$this->assertCount( 0, $following['following'] );
 		$this->assertSame( 0, $following['total'] );
 
-		$following = Following::query( -1 );
-		$this->assertCount( 1, $following['following'] );
-		$this->assertSame( 1, $following['total'] );
-
 		// User 1 still follows https://example.com/actor/1.
 		$posts = get_posts(
 			array(
diff --git a/tests/phpunit/tests/includes/handler/class-test-follow.php b/tests/phpunit/tests/includes/handler/class-test-follow.php
index ab2de4b296..16b59d72ea 100644
--- a/tests/phpunit/tests/includes/handler/class-test-follow.php
+++ b/tests/phpunit/tests/includes/handler/class-test-follow.php
@@ -123,21 +123,14 @@ public function test_handle_follow( $target_user_id, $actor_url, $expected_respo
 	 */
 	public function handle_follow_provider() {
 		return array(
-			'application_user_follow' => array(
-				Actors::APPLICATION_USER_ID,
-				'https://example.com/actor',
-				'Reject',
-				false,
-				'Following application user should be rejected',
-			),
-			'regular_user_follow'     => array(
+			'regular_user_follow'    => array(
 				'test_user',
 				'https://example.com/regular-actor',
 				'Accept',
 				true,
 				'Following regular user should be accepted',
 			),
-			'subdomain_actor_follow'  => array(
+			'subdomain_actor_follow' => array(
 				'test_user',
 				'https://social.example.com/users/actor',
 				'Accept',
diff --git a/tests/phpunit/tests/includes/rest/class-test-application-controller.php b/tests/phpunit/tests/includes/rest/class-test-application-controller.php
index 1b8cd8e3a6..b1aa1855dc 100644
--- a/tests/phpunit/tests/includes/rest/class-test-application-controller.php
+++ b/tests/phpunit/tests/includes/rest/class-test-application-controller.php
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@
 
 namespace Activitypub\Tests\Rest;
 
+use Activitypub\Application;
+use Activitypub\Rest\Application_Controller;
+
 /**
  * Tests for Application REST API endpoint.
  *
@@ -23,6 +26,7 @@ class Test_Application_Controller extends \Activitypub\Tests\Test_REST_Controlle
 	public function test_register_routes() {
 		$routes = rest_get_server()->get_routes();
 		$this->assertArrayHasKey( '/' . ACTIVITYPUB_REST_NAMESPACE . '/application', $routes );
+		$this->assertArrayHasKey( '/' . ACTIVITYPUB_REST_NAMESPACE . '/application/outbox', $routes );
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -71,8 +75,14 @@ public function test_get_item() {
 		// Test property values.
 		$this->assertEquals( 'Application', $data['type'] );
 		$this->assertStringContainsString( '/activitypub/1.0/application', $data['id'] );
-		$this->assertStringContainsString( '/activitypub/1.0/actors/-1/inbox', $data['inbox'] );
-		$this->assertStringContainsString( '/activitypub/1.0/actors/-1/outbox', $data['outbox'] );
+		$this->assertStringContainsString( '/activitypub/1.0/inbox', $data['inbox'] );
+		$this->assertStringContainsString( '/activitypub/1.0/application/outbox', $data['outbox'] );
+
+		// Test that Application is not discoverable.
+		$this->assertFalse( $data['discoverable'] );
+		$this->assertFalse( $data['indexable'] );
+		$this->assertTrue( $data['invisible'] );
+		$this->assertTrue( $data['manuallyApprovesFollowers'] );
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -85,9 +95,76 @@ public function test_response_matches_schema() {
 		$request  = new \WP_REST_Request( 'GET', '/' . ACTIVITYPUB_REST_NAMESPACE . '/application' );
 		$response = rest_get_server()->dispatch( $request );
 		$data     = $response->get_data();
-		$schema   = ( new \Activitypub\Rest\Application_Controller() )->get_item_schema();
+		$schema   = ( new Application_Controller() )->get_item_schema();
 
 		$valid = \rest_validate_value_from_schema( $data, $schema );
 		$this->assertNotWPError( $valid, 'Response failed schema validation: ' . ( \is_wp_error( $valid ) ? $valid->get_error_message() : '' ) );
 	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test get_outbox response.
+	 *
+	 * @covers ::get_outbox
+	 */
+	public function test_get_outbox() {
+		$request  = new \WP_REST_Request( 'GET', '/' . ACTIVITYPUB_REST_NAMESPACE . '/application/outbox' );
+		$response = rest_get_server()->dispatch( $request );
+
+		$this->assertEquals( 200, $response->get_status() );
+		$this->assertStringContainsString( 'application/activity+json', $response->get_headers()['Content-Type'] );
+
+		$data = $response->get_data();
+		$this->assertEquals( 'OrderedCollection', $data['type'] );
+		$this->assertEquals( 0, $data['totalItems'] );
+		$this->assertIsArray( $data['orderedItems'] );
+		$this->assertEmpty( $data['orderedItems'] );
+		$this->assertStringContainsString( '/activitypub/1.0/application/outbox', $data['id'] );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test key management methods.
+	 *
+	 * @covers \Activitypub\Application::get_key_id
+	 * @covers \Activitypub\Application::get_public_key
+	 * @covers \Activitypub\Application::get_private_key
+	 */
+	public function test_key_management() {
+		\delete_option( Application::KEYPAIR_OPTION_KEY );
+
+		$key_id      = Application::get_key_id();
+		$public_key  = Application::get_public_key();
+		$private_key = Application::get_private_key();
+
+		$this->assertStringContainsString( '#main-key', $key_id );
+		$this->assertStringContainsString( '/activitypub/1.0/application', $key_id );
+		$this->assertNotEmpty( $public_key );
+		$this->assertNotEmpty( $private_key );
+
+		// Keys should be consistent across calls.
+		$this->assertEquals( $public_key, Application::get_public_key() );
+		$this->assertEquals( $private_key, Application::get_private_key() );
+	}
+
+	/**
+	 * Test legacy key pair migration.
+	 *
+	 * @covers \Activitypub\Application::get_public_key
+	 * @covers \Activitypub\Application::get_private_key
+	 */
+	public function test_legacy_key_pair() {
+		\delete_option( Application::KEYPAIR_OPTION_KEY );
+
+		$public_key  = 'legacy-public-key';
+		$private_key = 'legacy-private-key';
+
+		\add_option( 'activitypub_application_user_public_key', $public_key );
+		\add_option( 'activitypub_application_user_private_key', $private_key );
+
+		$this->assertEquals( $public_key, Application::get_public_key() );
+		$this->assertEquals( $private_key, Application::get_private_key() );
+
+		\delete_option( 'activitypub_application_user_public_key' );
+		\delete_option( 'activitypub_application_user_private_key' );
+		\delete_option( Application::KEYPAIR_OPTION_KEY );
+	}
 }
diff --git a/tests/phpunit/tests/integration/class-test-webfinger.php b/tests/phpunit/tests/integration/class-test-webfinger.php
index 3158bfa80f..96a7463b23 100644
--- a/tests/phpunit/tests/integration/class-test-webfinger.php
+++ b/tests/phpunit/tests/integration/class-test-webfinger.php
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 
 namespace Activitypub\Tests\Integration;
 
+use Activitypub\Application;
 use Activitypub\Collection\Actors;
 use Activitypub\Integration\Webfinger;
 
@@ -59,10 +60,11 @@ public static function wpSetUpBeforeClass( $factory ) {
 	 */
 	public function tear_down() {
 		// Remove filters that may have been added during tests.
-		remove_filter( 'webfinger_user_data', array( Webfinger::class, 'add_user_discovery' ), 1 );
-		remove_filter( 'webfinger_data', array( Webfinger::class, 'add_pseudo_user_discovery' ), 1 );
-		remove_filter( 'webfinger_user_data', array( Webfinger::class, 'add_interaction_links' ), 1 );
-		remove_filter( 'webfinger_data', array( Webfinger::class, 'add_interaction_links' ), 1 );
+		\remove_filter( 'webfinger_user_data', array( Webfinger::class, 'add_user_discovery' ), 1 );
+		\remove_filter( 'webfinger_data', array( Webfinger::class, 'add_pseudo_user_discovery' ), 1 );
+		\remove_filter( 'webfinger_user_data', array( Webfinger::class, 'add_interaction_links' ), 1 );
+		\remove_filter( 'webfinger_data', array( Webfinger::class, 'add_interaction_links' ), 1 );
+		\remove_filter( 'webfinger_data', array( Application::class, 'add_webfinger_discovery' ), 2 );
 
 		parent::tear_down();
 	}
@@ -297,6 +299,48 @@ public function test_add_interaction_links_templates() {
 		}
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Test that Application WebFinger filter overrides the WP_Error from
+	 * add_pseudo_user_discovery for the application resource.
+	 *
+	 * Integration\Webfinger::add_pseudo_user_discovery (priority 1) returns
+	 * WP_Error for 'application' because it is not in the Actors collection.
+	 * Application::add_webfinger_discovery (priority 2) must run afterward
+	 * and replace the error with valid JRD data.
+	 *
+	 * @covers \Activitypub\Application::add_webfinger_discovery
+	 */
+	public function test_application_webfinger_overrides_pseudo_user_error() {
+		// Register both filters as they would be in production.
+		Webfinger::init();
+		Application::init();
+
+		$uri = 'acct:' . Application::USERNAME . '@' . \wp_parse_url( \home_url(), PHP_URL_HOST );
+		$jrd = array(
+			'subject' => $uri,
+			'aliases' => array(),
+			'links'   => array(),
+		);
+
+		$result = \apply_filters( 'webfinger_data', $jrd, $uri );
+
+		// Must be an array (not WP_Error) with the correct subject.
+		$this->assertIsArray( $result, 'Application WebFinger should return valid JRD, not WP_Error.' );
+		$this->assertArrayHasKey( 'subject', $result );
+		$this->assertStringContainsString( Application::USERNAME, $result['subject'] );
+
+		// Must have an ActivityPub self link pointing to the Application ID.
+		$self_link = null;
+		foreach ( $result['links'] as $link ) {
+			if ( 'self' === $link['rel'] && 'application/activity+json' === $link['type'] ) {
+				$self_link = $link;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		$this->assertNotNull( $self_link, 'Should have ActivityPub self link.' );
+		$this->assertEquals( Application::get_id(), $self_link['href'] );
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * Test that methods are static.
 	 *