diff --git a/.github/workflows/cpp_extra.yml b/.github/workflows/cpp_extra.yml
index e5f35fa04e51..8845df955ac1 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/cpp_extra.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cpp_extra.yml
@@ -376,10 +376,16 @@ jobs:
       matrix:
         include:
           - image: ubuntu-cpp-odbc
-            title: AMD64 Ubuntu
+            title: AMD64 Ubuntu Release
+            build-type: release
           # GH-49582: TODO Enable Debian build for ODBC
           # - image: debian-cpp-odbc
           #   title: AMD64 Debian
+          - image: ubuntu-cpp-odbc
+            title: AMD64 Ubuntu Debug
+            build-type: debug
+            run-options: >-
+              -e ARROW_BUILD_TYPE=DEBUG
     env:
       ARCH: amd64
       ARCHERY_DEBUG: 1
@@ -402,8 +408,8 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/cache@v5
         with:
           path: .docker
-          key: ${{ matrix.image }}-${{ hashFiles('cpp/**') }}
-          restore-keys: ${{ matrix.image }}-
+          key: ${{ matrix.image }}-${{ matrix.build-type }}-${{ hashFiles('cpp/**') }}
+          restore-keys: ${{ matrix.image }}-${{ matrix.build-type }}-
       - name: Setup Python on hosted runner
         uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
@@ -418,7 +424,7 @@ jobs:
           # GH-40558: reduce ASLR to avoid ASAN/LSAN crashes
           sudo sysctl -w vm.mmap_rnd_bits=28
           source ci/scripts/util_enable_core_dumps.sh
-          archery docker run ${{ matrix.image }}
+          archery docker run ${{ matrix.run-options || '' }} ${{ matrix.image }}
       - name: Docker Push
         if: >-
           success() &&
diff --git a/compose.yaml b/compose.yaml
index 669cabdd9225..a48bf341a369 100644
--- a/compose.yaml
+++ b/compose.yaml
@@ -571,8 +571,6 @@ services:
       ARROW_PARQUET: "OFF"
       ARROW_S3: "OFF"
       ARROW_SUBSTRAIT: "OFF"
-      # GH-49651 Link ODBC tests statically on Linux to fix segfault
-      ARROW_TEST_LINKAGE: "static"
     # Register ODBC before running tests
     networks:
       - odbc_net
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/tests/CMakeLists.txt b/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/tests/CMakeLists.txt
index a0e8685b63fc..0f45bfd0c811 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/tests/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/tests/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -42,13 +42,14 @@ set(ARROW_FLIGHT_SQL_ODBC_TEST_SRCS
     # GH-46889: move protobuf_test_util to a more common location
     ../../../../engine/substrait/protobuf_test_util.cc)
 
-# GH-49652: TODO support static test linkage on macOS
-if(ARROW_TEST_LINKAGE STREQUAL "static")
-  set(ARROW_FLIGHT_SQL_ODBC_TEST_LINK_LIBS arrow_flight_sql_odbc_static
-                                           ${ARROW_TEST_STATIC_LINK_LIBS})
-else()
+# GH-49651 Link ODBC tests statically on Linux and dynamically on macOS/Windows
+if(WIN32 OR APPLE)
   set(ARROW_FLIGHT_SQL_ODBC_TEST_LINK_LIBS arrow_flight_sql_odbc_shared
                                            ${ARROW_TEST_SHARED_LINK_LIBS})
+else()
+  # GH-49651 Link ODBC tests statically on Linux to fix segfault
+  set(ARROW_FLIGHT_SQL_ODBC_TEST_LINK_LIBS arrow_flight_sql_odbc_static
+                                           ${ARROW_TEST_STATIC_LINK_LIBS})
 endif()
 
 # On macOS, link `ODBCINST` first to ensure iodbc take precedence over unixodbc