diff --git a/src/McpContext.ts b/src/McpContext.ts
index 3855c02f4..1d15b3421 100644
--- a/src/McpContext.ts
+++ b/src/McpContext.ts
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ import {
   type Browser,
   type BrowserContext,
   type ConsoleMessage,
-  type Debugger,
   type HTTPRequest,
   type Page,
   type ScreenRecorder,
@@ -41,6 +40,7 @@ import {listPages} from './tools/pages.js';
 import {CLOSE_PAGE_ERROR} from './tools/ToolDefinition.js';
 import type {Context, SupportedExtensions} from './tools/ToolDefinition.js';
 import type {TraceResult} from './trace-processing/parse.js';
+import type {Logger} from './types.js';
 import type {
   EmulationSettings,
   GeolocationOptions,
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ const NAVIGATION_TIMEOUT = 10_000;
 
 export class McpContext implements Context {
   browser: Browser;
-  logger: Debugger;
+  logger: Logger;
 
   // Maps LLM-provided isolatedContext name → Puppeteer BrowserContext.
   #isolatedContexts = new Map<string, BrowserContext>();
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ export class McpContext implements Context {
 
   private constructor(
     browser: Browser,
-    logger: Debugger,
+    logger: Logger,
     options: McpContextOptions,
     locatorClass: typeof Locator,
   ) {
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ export class McpContext implements Context {
 
   static async from(
     browser: Browser,
-    logger: Debugger,
+    logger: Logger,
     opts: McpContextOptions,
     /* Let tests use unbundled Locator class to avoid overly strict checks within puppeteer that fail when mixing bundled and unbundled class instances */
     locatorClass: typeof Locator = Locator,
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ export class McpContext implements Context {
 
   resolveCdpRequestId(page: McpPage, cdpRequestId: string): number | undefined {
     if (!cdpRequestId) {
-      this.logger('no network request');
+      this.logger?.('no network request');
       return;
     }
     const request = this.#networkCollector.find(page.pptrPage, request => {
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ export class McpContext implements Context {
       return request.id === cdpRequestId;
     });
     if (!request) {
-      this.logger('no network request for ' + cdpRequestId);
+      this.logger?.('no network request for ' + cdpRequestId);
       return;
     }
     return this.#networkCollector.getIdForResource(request);
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ export class McpContext implements Context {
         this.#mcpPages.set(page, mcpPage);
         // We emulate a focused page for all pages to support multi-agent workflows.
         void page.emulateFocusedPage(true).catch(error => {
-          this.logger('Error turning on focused page emulation', error);
+          this.logger?.('Error turning on focused page emulation', error);
         });
       }
       mcpPage.isolatedContextName = isolatedContextNames.get(page);
@@ -655,7 +655,7 @@ export class McpContext implements Context {
             page = await target.asPage();
             this.#extensionPages.set(target, page);
           } catch (e) {
-            this.logger('Failed to get page for extension target', e);
+            this.logger?.('Failed to get page for extension target', e);
           }
         }
       }
@@ -696,7 +696,7 @@ export class McpContext implements Context {
   }
 
   async detectOpenDevToolsWindows() {
-    this.logger('Detecting open DevTools windows');
+    this.logger?.('Detecting open DevTools windows');
     const {pages} = await this.#getAllPages();
 
     await Promise.all(
@@ -769,7 +769,7 @@ export class McpContext implements Context {
       await fs.writeFile(filePath, data);
       return {filename: filePath};
     } catch (err) {
-      this.logger(err);
+      this.logger?.(err);
       throw new Error('Could not save a file', {cause: err});
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/McpPage.ts b/src/McpPage.ts
index cfa71604f..0a32c2de8 100644
--- a/src/McpPage.ts
+++ b/src/McpPage.ts
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ export class McpPage implements ContextPage {
       for (const handle of oldHandles) {
         await handle
           .dispose()
-          .catch(e => logger('Failed to dispose old handle', e));
+          .catch(e => logger?.('Failed to dispose old handle', e));
       }
     }
 
@@ -291,14 +291,14 @@ export class McpPage implements ContextPage {
       elementHandles.map(async (elementHandle, index) => {
         const backendNodeId = await elementHandle.backendNodeId();
         if (!backendNodeId) {
-          logger(
+          logger?.(
             `No backendNodeId for stashed DOM element with index ${index}`,
           );
           return `stashed-${index}`;
         }
         const cdpElementId = this.resolveCdpElementId(backendNodeId);
         if (!cdpElementId) {
-          logger(
+          logger?.(
             `Could not get cdpElementId for backend node ${backendNodeId}`,
           );
           return `stashed-${index}`;
@@ -371,12 +371,12 @@ export class McpPage implements ContextPage {
 
   resolveCdpElementId(cdpBackendNodeId: number): string | undefined {
     if (!cdpBackendNodeId) {
-      logger('no cdpBackendNodeId');
+      logger?.('no cdpBackendNodeId');
       return;
     }
     const snapshot = this.textSnapshot;
     if (!snapshot) {
-      logger('no text snapshot');
+      logger?.('no text snapshot');
       return;
     }
     // TODO: index by backendNodeId instead.
@@ -395,10 +395,10 @@ export class McpPage implements ContextPage {
 
   async getDevToolsData(): Promise<DevToolsData> {
     try {
-      logger('Getting DevTools UI data');
+      logger?.('Getting DevTools UI data');
       const devtoolsPage = this.devToolsPage;
       if (!devtoolsPage) {
-        logger('No DevTools page detected');
+        logger?.('No DevTools page detected');
         return {};
       }
       const {cdpRequestId, cdpBackendNodeId} = await devtoolsPage.evaluate(
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ export class McpPage implements ContextPage {
       );
       return {cdpBackendNodeId, cdpRequestId};
     } catch (err) {
-      logger('error getting devtools data', err);
+      logger?.('error getting devtools data', err);
     }
     return {};
   }
diff --git a/src/PageCollector.ts b/src/PageCollector.ts
index 962026491..e54ca70d3 100644
--- a/src/PageCollector.ts
+++ b/src/PageCollector.ts
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ export class PageCollector<T> {
       }
       this.addPage(page);
     } catch (err) {
-      logger('Error getting a page for a target onTargetCreated', err);
+      logger?.('Error getting a page for a target onTargetCreated', err);
     }
   };
 
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ export class PageCollector<T> {
       }
       this.cleanupPageDestroyed(page);
     } catch (err) {
-      logger('Error getting a page for a target onTargetDestroyed', err);
+      logger?.('Error getting a page for a target onTargetDestroyed', err);
     }
   };
 
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ class PageEventSubscriber {
         inspectorIssue,
       )[0];
       if (!issue) {
-        logger('No issue mapping for for the issue: ', inspectorIssue.code);
+        logger?.('No issue mapping for for the issue: ', inspectorIssue.code);
         return;
       }
 
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ class PageEventSubscriber {
         },
       );
     } catch (error) {
-      logger('Error creating a new issue', error);
+      logger?.('Error creating a new issue', error);
     }
   };
 }
diff --git a/src/TextSnapshot.ts b/src/TextSnapshot.ts
index eac0cb3ee..26bd68455 100644
--- a/src/TextSnapshot.ts
+++ b/src/TextSnapshot.ts
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ export class TextSnapshot {
           collect(node);
         }
       } catch (e) {
-        logger(
+        logger?.(
           `Failed to collect descendants for backend node ${backendNodeId}`,
           e,
         );
diff --git a/src/ToolHandler.ts b/src/ToolHandler.ts
index 01e07d2a5..042d6701f 100644
--- a/src/ToolHandler.ts
+++ b/src/ToolHandler.ts
@@ -208,11 +208,11 @@ export class ToolHandler {
     const startTime = Date.now();
     let success = false;
     try {
-      logger(
+      logger?.(
         `${this.tool.name} request: ${JSON.stringify(params, null, '  ')}`,
       );
       const context = await this.getContext();
-      logger(`${this.tool.name} context: resolved`);
+      logger?.(`${this.tool.name} context: resolved`);
       await context.detectOpenDevToolsWindows();
       const response = this.serverArgs.slim
         ? new SlimMcpResponse(this.serverArgs)
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ export class ToolHandler {
       }
       return result;
     } catch (err) {
-      logger(`${this.tool.name} error:`, err, err?.stack);
+      logger?.(`${this.tool.name} error:`, err, err?.stack);
       let errorText = err && 'message' in err ? err.message : String(err);
       if ('cause' in err && err.cause) {
         errorText += `\nCause: ${err.cause.message}`;
diff --git a/src/WaitForHelper.ts b/src/WaitForHelper.ts
index 7e0b7fce3..eeb6252ee 100644
--- a/src/WaitForHelper.ts
+++ b/src/WaitForHelper.ts
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ export class WaitForHelper {
         }
         return;
       })
-      .catch(error => logger(error));
+      .catch(error => logger?.(error));
 
     try {
       await action();
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ export class WaitForHelper {
       // the correct context
       await this.waitForStableDom();
     } catch (error) {
-      logger(error);
+      logger?.(error);
     } finally {
       this.#abortController.abort();
     }
diff --git a/src/bin/chrome-devtools-mcp-main.ts b/src/bin/chrome-devtools-mcp-main.ts
index 25fb69b19..1ceb9ec22 100644
--- a/src/bin/chrome-devtools-mcp-main.ts
+++ b/src/bin/chrome-devtools-mcp-main.ts
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ const logFile = args.logFile ? saveLogsToFile(args.logFile) : undefined;
 
 if (process.env['CHROME_DEVTOOLS_MCP_CRASH_ON_UNCAUGHT'] !== 'true') {
   process.on('unhandledRejection', (reason, promise) => {
-    logger('Unhandled promise rejection', promise, reason);
+    logger?.('Unhandled promise rejection', promise, reason);
   });
 }
 
@@ -43,13 +43,13 @@ async function shutdown(reason: string): Promise<void> {
     return;
   }
   shuttingDown = true;
-  logger(`Shutting down (${reason})`);
+  logger?.(`Shutting down (${reason})`);
   // Backstop in case browser teardown hangs (e.g. unresponsive Chrome,
   // slow beforeunload handlers, many tabs). Exits 0 because we still
   // honored the shutdown request; the log line preserves observability.
   // Unref'd so it doesn't keep the loop alive on the clean path.
   setTimeout(() => {
-    logger('Shutdown timeout exceeded, forcing exit');
+    logger?.('Shutdown timeout exceeded, forcing exit');
     process.exit(0);
   }, 10000).unref();
   await closeBrowser();
@@ -71,13 +71,13 @@ process.on('SIGHUP', () => {
   void shutdown('SIGHUP');
 });
 
-logger(`Starting Chrome DevTools MCP Server v${VERSION}`);
+logger?.(`Starting Chrome DevTools MCP Server v${VERSION}`);
 const {server} = await createMcpServer(args, {
   logFile,
 });
 const transport = new StdioServerTransport();
 await server.connect(transport);
-logger('Chrome DevTools MCP Server connected');
+logger?.('Chrome DevTools MCP Server connected');
 logDisclaimers(args);
 void ClearcutLogger.get()?.logDailyActiveIfNeeded();
 void ClearcutLogger.get()?.logServerStart(computeFlagUsage(args, cliOptions));
diff --git a/src/browser.ts b/src/browser.ts
index 20f254865..fbdf3ed6b 100644
--- a/src/browser.ts
+++ b/src/browser.ts
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ export async function ensureBrowserConnected(options: {
     );
   }
 
-  logger('Connecting Puppeteer to ', JSON.stringify(connectOptions));
+  logger?.('Connecting Puppeteer to ', JSON.stringify(connectOptions));
   try {
     // Assign mode before browser so a concurrent closeBrowser() never sees
     // `browser` set with `browserMode` still undefined (would fall through
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ export async function ensureBrowserConnected(options: {
       },
     );
   }
-  logger('Connected Puppeteer');
+  logger?.('Connected Puppeteer');
   return browser;
 }
 
@@ -296,12 +296,12 @@ export async function closeBrowser(): Promise<void> {
   }
   if (mode === 'launched') {
     await b.close().catch(err => {
-      logger('Failed to close browser', err);
+      logger?.('Failed to close browser', err);
     });
     return;
   }
   await b.disconnect().catch(err => {
-    logger('Failed to disconnect from browser', err);
+    logger?.('Failed to disconnect from browser', err);
   });
 }
 
diff --git a/src/daemon/client.ts b/src/daemon/client.ts
index 40ddf932c..a32253a1e 100644
--- a/src/daemon/client.ts
+++ b/src/daemon/client.ts
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ function waitForFile(filePath: string, removed = false) {
 
 export async function startDaemon(mcpArgs: string[] = [], sessionId: string) {
   if (isDaemonRunning(sessionId)) {
-    logger('Daemon is already running');
+    logger?.('Daemon is already running');
     return;
   }
 
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ export async function startDaemon(mcpArgs: string[] = [], sessionId: string) {
     fs.unlinkSync(pidFilePath);
   }
 
-  logger('Starting daemon...', ...mcpArgs);
+  logger?.('Starting daemon...', ...mcpArgs);
   const child = spawn(process.execPath, [DAEMON_SCRIPT_PATH, ...mcpArgs], {
     detached: true,
     stdio: 'ignore',
@@ -116,27 +116,27 @@ export async function sendCommand(
     const transport = new PipeTransport(socket, socket);
     transport.onmessage = async (message: string) => {
       clearTimeout(timer);
-      logger('onmessage', message);
+      logger?.('onmessage', message);
       resolve(JSON.parse(message));
     };
     socket.on('error', error => {
       clearTimeout(timer);
-      logger('Socket error:', error);
+      logger?.('Socket error:', error);
       reject(error);
     });
     socket.on('close', () => {
       clearTimeout(timer);
-      logger('Socket closed:');
+      logger?.('Socket closed:');
       reject(new Error('Socket closed'));
     });
-    logger('Sending message', command);
+    logger?.('Sending message', command);
     transport.send(JSON.stringify(command));
   });
 }
 
 export async function stopDaemon(sessionId: string) {
   if (!isDaemonRunning(sessionId)) {
-    logger('Daemon is not running');
+    logger?.('Daemon is not running');
     return;
   }
 
diff --git a/src/daemon/daemon.ts b/src/daemon/daemon.ts
index 6708f31f5..a818edc71 100644
--- a/src/daemon/daemon.ts
+++ b/src/daemon/daemon.ts
@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ import {
 } from './utils.js';
 
 const sessionId = process.env.CHROME_DEVTOOLS_MCP_SESSION_ID || '';
-logger(`Daemon sessionId: ${sessionId}`);
+logger?.(`Daemon sessionId: ${sessionId}`);
 if (isDaemonRunning(sessionId)) {
-  logger('Another daemon process is running.');
+  logger?.('Another daemon process is running.');
   process.exit(1);
 }
 const pidFilePath = getPidFilePath(sessionId);
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ try {
     }
   }
 }
-logger(`Writing ${process.pid.toString()} to ${pidFilePath}`);
+logger?.(`Writing ${process.pid.toString()} to ${pidFilePath}`);
 
 const socketPath = getSocketPath(sessionId);
 
@@ -225,13 +225,13 @@ async function startSocketServer() {
     server = createServer(socket => {
       const transport = new PipeTransport(socket, socket);
       transport.onmessage = async (message: string) => {
-        logger('onmessage', message);
+        logger?.('onmessage', message);
         const response = await handleRequest(JSON.parse(message));
         transport.send(JSON.stringify(response));
         socket.end();
       };
       socket.on('error', error => {
-        logger('Socket error:', error);
+        logger?.('Socket error:', error);
       });
     });
 
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ async function startSocketServer() {
     );
 
     server.on('error', error => {
-      logger('Server error:', error);
+      logger?.('Server error:', error);
       reject(error);
     });
   });
@@ -267,12 +267,12 @@ async function cleanup() {
   try {
     await mcpClient?.close();
   } catch (error) {
-    logger('Error closing MCP client:', error);
+    logger?.('Error closing MCP client:', error);
   }
   try {
     await mcpTransport?.close();
   } catch (error) {
-    logger('Error closing MCP transport:', error);
+    logger?.('Error closing MCP transport:', error);
   }
   if (server) {
     await new Promise<void>(resolve => {
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ async function cleanup() {
       // ignore errors
     }
   }
-  logger(`unlinking ${pidFilePath}`);
+  logger?.(`unlinking ${pidFilePath}`);
   if (fs.existsSync(pidFilePath)) {
     fs.unlinkSync(pidFilePath);
   }
@@ -306,14 +306,14 @@ process.on('SIGHUP', () => {
 
 // Handle uncaught errors
 process.on('uncaughtException', error => {
-  logger('Uncaught exception:', error);
+  logger?.('Uncaught exception:', error);
 });
 process.on('unhandledRejection', error => {
-  logger('Unhandled rejection:', error);
+  logger?.('Unhandled rejection:', error);
 });
 
 // Start the server
 const started = startSocketServer().catch(error => {
-  logger('Failed to start daemon server:', error);
+  logger?.('Failed to start daemon server:', error);
   process.exit(1);
 });
diff --git a/src/daemon/utils.ts b/src/daemon/utils.ts
index 83f69d265..d5f7ee47e 100644
--- a/src/daemon/utils.ts
+++ b/src/daemon/utils.ts
@@ -77,13 +77,13 @@ export function getPidFilePath(sessionId: string) {
 export function getDaemonPid(sessionId: string) {
   try {
     const pidFile = getPidFilePath(sessionId);
-    logger(`Daemon pid file ${pidFile} sessionId=${sessionId}`);
+    logger?.(`Daemon pid file ${pidFile} sessionId=${sessionId}`);
     if (!fs.existsSync(pidFile)) {
       return null;
     }
     const pidContent = fs.readFileSync(pidFile, 'utf-8');
     const pid = parseInt(pidContent.trim(), 10);
-    logger(`Daemon pid: ${pid}`);
+    logger?.(`Daemon pid: ${pid}`);
     if (isNaN(pid)) {
       return null;
     }
diff --git a/src/formatters/IssueFormatter.ts b/src/formatters/IssueFormatter.ts
index 4f1668c31..0c31447cd 100644
--- a/src/formatters/IssueFormatter.ts
+++ b/src/formatters/IssueFormatter.ts
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ export class IssueFormatter {
     const markdownDescription = this.#issue.getDescription();
     const filename = markdownDescription?.file;
     if (!filename) {
-      logger(`no description found for issue:` + this.#issue.code());
+      logger?.(`no description found for issue:` + this.#issue.code());
       return undefined;
     }
 
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ export class IssueFormatter {
 
     const rawMarkdown = ISSUE_UTILS.getIssueDescription(filename);
     if (!rawMarkdown) {
-      logger(`no markdown ${filename} found for issue:` + this.#issue.code());
+      logger?.(`no markdown ${filename} found for issue:` + this.#issue.code());
       return undefined;
     }
 
@@ -180,12 +180,12 @@ export class IssueFormatter {
       const title =
         DevTools.MarkdownIssueDescription.findTitleFromMarkdownAst(markdownAst);
       if (!title) {
-        logger('cannot read issue title from ' + filename);
+        logger?.('cannot read issue title from ' + filename);
         return undefined;
       }
       return title;
     } catch {
-      logger('error parsing markdown for issue ' + this.#issue.code());
+      logger?.('error parsing markdown for issue ' + this.#issue.code());
       return undefined;
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index d3c072fa4..fdd5790c1 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ export async function createMcpServer(
       );
       context?.setRoots(roots.roots);
     } catch (e) {
-      logger('Failed to list roots', e);
+      logger?.('Failed to list roots', e);
     }
   };
 
diff --git a/src/logger.ts b/src/logger.ts
index e86af2efc..d54038930 100644
--- a/src/logger.ts
+++ b/src/logger.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 import fs from 'node:fs';
 
 import {debug} from './third_party/index.js';
+import type {Logger} from './types.js';
 
 const mcpDebugNamespace = 'mcp:log';
 
@@ -44,4 +45,4 @@ export function flushLogs(
   });
 }
 
-export const logger = debug(mcpDebugNamespace);
+export const logger: Logger = debug(mcpDebugNamespace) as Logger;
diff --git a/src/telemetry/ClearcutLogger.ts b/src/telemetry/ClearcutLogger.ts
index 8586533e7..daa964603 100644
--- a/src/telemetry/ClearcutLogger.ts
+++ b/src/telemetry/ClearcutLogger.ts
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ export class ClearcutLogger {
         await this.#persistence.saveState(state);
       }
     } catch (err) {
-      logger('Error in logDailyActiveIfNeeded:', err);
+      logger?.('Error in logDailyActiveIfNeeded:', err);
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/src/telemetry/WatchdogClient.ts b/src/telemetry/WatchdogClient.ts
index 36090541f..46b196cf7 100644
--- a/src/telemetry/WatchdogClient.ts
+++ b/src/telemetry/WatchdogClient.ts
@@ -59,10 +59,10 @@ export class WatchdogClient {
     });
     this.#childProcess.unref();
     this.#childProcess.on('error', err => {
-      logger('Watchdog process error:', err);
+      logger?.('Watchdog process error:', err);
     });
     this.#childProcess.on('exit', (code, signal) => {
-      logger(`Watchdog exited with code ${code} and signal ${signal}`);
+      logger?.(`Watchdog exited with code ${code} and signal ${signal}`);
     });
   }
 
@@ -76,10 +76,10 @@ export class WatchdogClient {
         const line = JSON.stringify(message) + '\n';
         this.#childProcess.stdin.write(line);
       } catch (err) {
-        logger('Failed to write to watchdog stdin', err);
+        logger?.('Failed to write to watchdog stdin', err);
       }
     } else {
-      logger('Watchdog stdin not available, dropping message');
+      logger?.('Watchdog stdin not available, dropping message');
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/telemetry/persistence.ts b/src/telemetry/persistence.ts
index ba28a2a3c..e0c81610a 100644
--- a/src/telemetry/persistence.ts
+++ b/src/telemetry/persistence.ts
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ export class FilePersistence implements Persistence {
       const content = await fs.readFile(filePath, 'utf-8');
       return JSON.parse(content) as LocalState;
     } catch (error) {
-      logger(`Failed to read telemetry state from ${filePath}:`, error);
+      logger?.(`Failed to read telemetry state from ${filePath}:`, error);
       void ClearcutLogger.get()?.logServerError({
         errorCode: ErrorCode.ERROR_CODE_PERSISTENCE_FILE_READ_FAILED,
       });
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ export class FilePersistence implements Persistence {
       await fs.writeFile(filePath, JSON.stringify(state, null, 2), 'utf-8');
     } catch (error) {
       // Ignore errors during state saving to avoid crashing the server
-      logger(`Failed to save telemetry state to ${filePath}:`, error);
+      logger?.(`Failed to save telemetry state to ${filePath}:`, error);
       void ClearcutLogger.get()?.logServerError({
         errorCode: ErrorCode.ERROR_CODE_PERSISTENCE_FILE_SAVE_FAILED,
       });
diff --git a/src/telemetry/watchdog/ClearcutSender.ts b/src/telemetry/watchdog/ClearcutSender.ts
index 0a3678e02..6bf31745a 100644
--- a/src/telemetry/watchdog/ClearcutSender.ts
+++ b/src/telemetry/watchdog/ClearcutSender.ts
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ export class ClearcutSender {
       app_version: this.#appVersion,
       os_type: this.#osType,
     };
-    logger('Enqueing telemetry event', JSON.stringify(eventToSend, null, 2));
+    logger?.('Enqueing telemetry event', JSON.stringify(eventToSend, null, 2));
     this.#addToBuffer(eventToSend);
 
     if (!this.#timerStarted) {
@@ -101,9 +101,9 @@ export class ClearcutSender {
         this.#finalFlush(),
         new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT_MS)),
       ]);
-      logger('Final flush completed');
+      logger?.('Final flush completed');
     } catch (error) {
-      logger('Final flush failed:', error);
+      logger?.('Final flush failed:', error);
     }
   }
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ export class ClearcutSender {
           );
         }
       } else if (result.isPermanentError) {
-        logger(
+        logger?.(
           'Permanent error, dropped batch of',
           eventsToSend.length,
           'events',
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ export class ClearcutSender {
     } catch (error) {
       // Safety catch for unexpected errors, requeue events
       this.#buffer = [...eventsToSend, ...this.#buffer];
-      logger('Flush failed unexpectedly:', error);
+      logger?.('Flush failed unexpectedly:', error);
     } finally {
       this.#isFlushing = false;
       this.#scheduleFlush(nextDelayMs);
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ export class ClearcutSender {
   #addToBuffer(event: ChromeDevToolsMcpExtension): void {
     if (this.#buffer.length >= MAX_BUFFER_SIZE) {
       this.#buffer.shift();
-      logger('Telemetry buffer overflow: dropped oldest event');
+      logger?.('Telemetry buffer overflow: dropped oldest event');
     }
     this.#buffer.push({
       event,
@@ -168,13 +168,13 @@ export class ClearcutSender {
   }
 
   #scheduleFlush(delayMs: number): void {
-    logger(`Scheduling flush in ${delayMs}`);
+    logger?.(`Scheduling flush in ${delayMs}`);
     if (this.#flushTimer) {
       clearTimeout(this.#flushTimer);
     }
     this.#flushTimer = setTimeout(() => {
       this.#flush().catch(err => {
-        logger('Flush error:', err);
+        logger?.('Flush error:', err);
       });
     }, delayMs);
   }
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ export class ClearcutSender {
     isPermanentError?: boolean;
     nextRequestWaitMs?: number;
   }> {
-    logger(`Sending batch of ${events.length}`);
+    logger?.(`Sending batch of ${events.length}`);
     const requestBody: LogRequest = {
       log_source: LOG_SOURCE,
       request_time_ms: Date.now().toString(),
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ export class ClearcutSender {
         return {success: false};
       }
 
-      logger('Telemetry permanent error:', status);
+      logger?.('Telemetry permanent error:', status);
       return {success: false, isPermanentError: true};
     } catch {
       clearTimeout(timeoutId);
diff --git a/src/telemetry/watchdog/main.ts b/src/telemetry/watchdog/main.ts
index 21fbe8c36..97c38b1ef 100644
--- a/src/telemetry/watchdog/main.ts
+++ b/src/telemetry/watchdog/main.ts
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ function main() {
     });
   };
 
-  logger(
+  logger?.(
     'Watchdog started',
     JSON.stringify(
       {
@@ -129,15 +129,15 @@ function main() {
     }
 
     isShuttingDown = true;
-    logger(`Parent death detected (${reason}). Sending shutdown event...`);
+    logger?.(`Parent death detected (${reason}). Sending shutdown event...`);
     sender
       .sendShutdownEvent()
       .then(() => {
-        logger('Shutdown event sent. Exiting.');
+        logger?.('Shutdown event sent. Exiting.');
         exit(0);
       })
       .catch(err => {
-        logger('Failed to send shutdown event', err);
+        logger?.('Failed to send shutdown event', err);
         exit(1);
       });
   }
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ function main() {
         sender.enqueueEvent(msg.payload);
       }
     } catch (err) {
-      logger('Failed to parse IPC message', err);
+      logger?.('Failed to parse IPC message', err);
     }
   });
 }
diff --git a/src/tools/input.ts b/src/tools/input.ts
index ee4973437..248585634 100644
--- a/src/tools/input.ts
+++ b/src/tools/input.ts
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ const submitKeySchema = zod
   );
 
 function handleActionError(error: unknown, uid: string) {
-  logger('failed to act using a locator', error);
+  logger?.('failed to act using a locator', error);
   throw new Error(
     `Failed to interact with the element with uid ${uid}. The element did not become interactive within the configured timeout.`,
     {
diff --git a/src/tools/pages.ts b/src/tools/pages.ts
index 9c501414f..0a74aa228 100644
--- a/src/tools/pages.ts
+++ b/src/tools/pages.ts
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ async function navigateWithInterception(
     if (isAllowed) {
       void interceptedRequest.continue();
     } else {
-      logger(`Blocking request to: ${requestUrl}`);
+      logger?.(`Blocking request to: ${requestUrl}`);
       void interceptedRequest.abort('blockedbyclient');
     }
   };
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ async function navigateWithInterception(
     if (allowList) {
       page.pptrPage.off('request', requestHandler);
       await page.pptrPage.setRequestInterception(false).catch(error => {
-        logger(`Failed to disable request interception`, error);
+        logger?.(`Failed to disable request interception`, error);
       });
     }
   };
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ export const navigatePage = definePageTool(args => {
           await page.pptrPage
             .removeScriptToEvaluateOnNewDocument(initScriptId)
             .catch(error => {
-              logger(`Failed to remove init script`, error);
+              logger?.(`Failed to remove init script`, error);
             });
         }
       }
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ export const handleDialog = definePageTool({
           await dialog.accept(request.params.promptText);
         } catch (err) {
           // Likely already handled by the user outside of MCP.
-          logger(err);
+          logger?.(err);
         }
         response.appendResponseLine('Successfully accepted the dialog');
         break;
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ export const handleDialog = definePageTool({
           await dialog.dismiss();
         } catch (err) {
           // Likely already handled.
-          logger(err);
+          logger?.(err);
         }
         response.appendResponseLine('Successfully dismissed the dialog');
         break;
diff --git a/src/tools/performance.ts b/src/tools/performance.ts
index 3526fae96..1d3c527fb 100644
--- a/src/tools/performance.ts
+++ b/src/tools/performance.ts
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ async function stopTracingAndAppendOutput(
 
 /** We tell CrUXManager to fetch data so it's available when DevTools.PerformanceTraceFormatter is invoked */
 async function populateCruxData(result: TraceResult): Promise<void> {
-  logger('populateCruxData called');
+  logger?.('populateCruxData called');
   const cruxManager = DevTools.CrUXManager.CrUXManager.instance();
   // go/jtfbx. Yes, we're aware this API key is public. ;)
   cruxManager.setEndpointForTesting(
@@ -254,17 +254,17 @@ async function populateCruxData(result: TraceResult): Promise<void> {
   const urlSet = new Set(urls);
 
   if (urlSet.size === 0) {
-    logger('No URLs found for CrUX data');
+    logger?.('No URLs found for CrUX data');
     return;
   }
 
-  logger(
+  logger?.(
     `Fetching CrUX data for ${urlSet.size} URLs: ${Array.from(urlSet).join(', ')}`,
   );
   const cruxData = await Promise.all(
     Array.from(urlSet).map(async url => {
       const data = await cruxManager.getFieldDataForPage(url);
-      logger(`CrUX data for ${url}: ${data ? 'found' : 'not found'}`);
+      logger?.(`CrUX data for ${url}: ${data ? 'found' : 'not found'}`);
       return data;
     }),
   );
diff --git a/src/trace-processing/parse.ts b/src/trace-processing/parse.ts
index 277f4103b..6d864cce7 100644
--- a/src/trace-processing/parse.ts
+++ b/src/trace-processing/parse.ts
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ export async function parseRawTraceBuffer(
     };
   } catch (e) {
     const errorText = e instanceof Error ? e.message : JSON.stringify(e);
-    logger(`Unexpected error parsing trace: ${errorText}`);
+    logger?.(`Unexpected error parsing trace: ${errorText}`);
     return {
       error: errorText,
     };
diff --git a/src/types.ts b/src/types.ts
index 2107b558f..f2ce8ad54 100644
--- a/src/types.ts
+++ b/src/types.ts
@@ -33,3 +33,5 @@ export interface EmulationSettings {
   viewport?: Viewport;
   extraHttpHeaders?: Record<string, string>;
 }
+
+export type Logger = ((...args: unknown[]) => void) | undefined;