diff --git a/.ci/cmake_ci_build.sh b/.ci/cmake_ci_build.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..db1efef91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.ci/cmake_ci_build.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+if [ "$#" -lt 1 ]; then
+    echo "usage: $0 <build-dir> [--] [cmake configure args...]" >&2
+    exit 2
+fi
+
+BUILD_DIR=$1
+shift
+
+if [ "${1:-}" = "--" ]; then
+    shift
+fi
+
+SOURCE_DIR=${DTVM_CI_SOURCE_DIR:-.}
+USE_NINJA=${DTVM_CI_USE_NINJA:-0}
+USE_SCCACHE=${DTVM_CI_USE_SCCACHE:-0}
+DRY_RUN=${DTVM_CI_DRY_RUN:-0}
+BUILD_JOBS=${DTVM_CI_BUILD_JOBS:-16}
+
+GENERATOR_ARGS=()
+GENERATOR_NAME=default
+if [ "$USE_NINJA" = "1" ]; then
+    GENERATOR_ARGS=(-G Ninja)
+    GENERATOR_NAME=Ninja
+fi
+
+LAUNCHER_ARGS=()
+LAUNCHER_NAME=none
+if [ "$USE_SCCACHE" = "1" ]; then
+    LAUNCHER_ARGS=(
+        -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER_LAUNCHER=sccache
+        -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_LAUNCHER=sccache
+    )
+    LAUNCHER_NAME=sccache
+fi
+
+CONFIGURE_CMD=(
+    cmake
+    -S "$SOURCE_DIR"
+    -B "$BUILD_DIR"
+    "${GENERATOR_ARGS[@]}"
+    "${LAUNCHER_ARGS[@]}"
+    "$@"
+)
+BUILD_CMD=(cmake --build "$BUILD_DIR" -j "$BUILD_JOBS")
+
+echo "DTVM CI CMake source dir: ${SOURCE_DIR}"
+echo "DTVM CI CMake generator: ${GENERATOR_NAME}"
+echo "DTVM CI CMake compiler launcher: ${LAUNCHER_NAME}"
+
+printf '+'
+printf ' %q' "${CONFIGURE_CMD[@]}"
+printf '\n'
+
+if [ "$DRY_RUN" = "1" ]; then
+    printf '+'
+    printf ' %q' "${BUILD_CMD[@]}"
+    printf '\n'
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+if [ "$USE_SCCACHE" = "1" ] && ! command -v sccache >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    echo "DTVM_CI_USE_SCCACHE=1 but sccache is not in PATH" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+"${CONFIGURE_CMD[@]}"
+
+printf '+'
+printf ' %q' "${BUILD_CMD[@]}"
+printf '\n'
+"${BUILD_CMD[@]}"
diff --git a/.ci/print_sccache_stats.py b/.ci/print_sccache_stats.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d10841a92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.ci/print_sccache_stats.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import argparse
+import json
+import numbers
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+
+
+def sum_numbers(value):
+    if isinstance(value, bool):
+        return 0
+    if isinstance(value, numbers.Number):
+        return int(value)
+    if isinstance(value, dict):
+        return sum(sum_numbers(item) for item in value.values())
+    if isinstance(value, list):
+        return sum(sum_numbers(item) for item in value)
+    return 0
+
+
+def count_bucket(stats, name):
+    value = stats.get(name, {})
+    if isinstance(value, dict) and "counts" in value:
+        value = value["counts"]
+    return sum_numbers(value)
+
+
+def main():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument("--require-requests", action="store_true")
+    parser.add_argument("--verbose", action="store_true")
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    if shutil.which("sccache") is None:
+        print("sccache is not in PATH", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1 if args.require_requests else 0
+
+    if args.verbose:
+        subprocess.run(["sccache", "--show-stats"], check=False)
+
+    stats_json = subprocess.check_output(
+        ["sccache", "--show-stats", "--stats-format=json"],
+        text=True,
+    )
+    data = json.loads(stats_json)
+    stats = data.get("stats", {})
+    compile_requests = int(stats.get("compile_requests") or 0)
+    cache_hits = count_bucket(stats, "cache_hits")
+    cache_misses = count_bucket(stats, "cache_misses")
+
+    print(f"sccache compile_requests={compile_requests}")
+    print(f"sccache aggregate_cache_hits={cache_hits}")
+    print(f"sccache aggregate_cache_misses={cache_misses}")
+
+    if args.require_requests and compile_requests <= 0:
+        print("sccache did not observe compiler requests", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/.ci/run_test_suite.sh b/.ci/run_test_suite.sh
index c0b45e430..dd253b0c4 100644
--- a/.ci/run_test_suite.sh
+++ b/.ci/run_test_suite.sh
@@ -21,6 +21,19 @@
 
 set -e
 
+SCRIPT_DIR=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" && pwd)
+
+print_sccache_stats() {
+    if [ "${DTVM_CI_USE_SCCACHE:-0}" = "1" ] && command -v sccache >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+        if [ -n "${1:-}" ]; then
+            echo "sccache stats checkpoint: $1"
+        fi
+        python3 "$SCRIPT_DIR/print_sccache_stats.py" || true
+    fi
+}
+
+trap print_sccache_stats EXIT
+
 # Convert INPUT_FORMAT to lowercase for case-insensitive comparison
 INPUT_FORMAT=${INPUT_FORMAT,,}
 
@@ -114,14 +127,28 @@ export PATH=$PATH:$PWD/build
 CMAKE_OPTIONS_ORIGIN="$CMAKE_OPTIONS"
 
 if [[ ${INPUT_FORMAT} == "evm" ]]; then
-    ./tools/easm2bytecode.sh ./tests/evm_asm ./tests/evm_asm
-    ./tools/solc_batch_compile.sh
+    if [ "${DTVM_CI_DRY_RUN:-0}" = "1" ]; then
+        echo "+ ./tools/easm2bytecode.sh ./tests/evm_asm ./tests/evm_asm"
+        echo "+ ./tools/solc_batch_compile.sh"
+    else
+        ./tools/easm2bytecode.sh ./tests/evm_asm ./tests/evm_asm
+        ./tools/solc_batch_compile.sh
+    fi
 fi
 
 for STACK_TYPE in ${STACK_TYPES[@]}; do
-    rm -rf build
-    cmake -S . -B build $CMAKE_OPTIONS_ORIGIN $STACK_TYPE
-    cmake --build build -j 16
+    if [ "${DTVM_CI_DRY_RUN:-0}" = "1" ]; then
+        echo "+ rm -rf build"
+    else
+        rm -rf build
+    fi
+    "$SCRIPT_DIR/cmake_ci_build.sh" build -- $CMAKE_OPTIONS_ORIGIN $STACK_TYPE
+    if [[ $TestSuite == "benchmarksuite" ]]; then
+        print_sccache_stats "after DTVM build"
+    fi
+    if [ "${DTVM_CI_DRY_RUN:-0}" = "1" ]; then
+        continue
+    fi
 
     case $TestSuite in
         "microsuite")
@@ -203,8 +230,7 @@ for STACK_TYPE in ${STACK_TYPES[@]}; do
                 fi
             fi
             cd "$EVMONE_DIR"
-            cmake -S . -B build -DEVMONE_TESTING=ON -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE="$CMAKE_BUILD_TARGET"
-            cmake --build build --parallel 16
+            "$SCRIPT_DIR/cmake_ci_build.sh" build -- -DEVMONE_TESTING=ON -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE="$CMAKE_BUILD_TARGET"
             EVMONE_STATETEST_BIN="$PWD/build/bin/evmone-statetest"
             cd "$WORKSPACE_ROOT"
 
@@ -305,9 +331,9 @@ for STACK_TYPE in ${STACK_TYPES[@]}; do
             cp ../tools/check_performance_regression.py ./
 
             if [ ! -f "build/bin/evmone-bench" ]; then
-                cmake -S . -B build -DEVMONE_TESTING=ON -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
-                cmake --build build --parallel -j 16
+                "$SCRIPT_DIR/cmake_ci_build.sh" build -- -DEVMONE_TESTING=ON -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
             fi
+            print_sccache_stats "before benchmarks"
 
             BASELINE_CACHE=${BENCHMARK_BASELINE_CACHE:-}
 
diff --git a/.github/workflows/dtvm_evm_test_x86.yml b/.github/workflows/dtvm_evm_test_x86.yml
index 70d8e8d71..b2815fbd0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/dtvm_evm_test_x86.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/dtvm_evm_test_x86.yml
@@ -18,11 +18,16 @@ permissions:
 
 # Shared FetchContent cache root for all container jobs. The hook in
 # CMakeLists.txt (commit 96707a2 lines 8-18) picks this up as the base
-# dir for FetchContent populations. Each container job adds an
-# `actions/cache` step keyed on `hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake')`
-# to persist this dir across CI runs.
+# dir for FetchContent populations. The cache key includes the generator
+# namespace because CMake writes generator-specific FetchContent subbuilds.
 env:
   FETCHCONTENT_BASE_DIR: /github/home/.fetchcontent
+  SCCACHE_GHA_ENABLED: "true"
+  SCCACHE_GHA_VERSION: dtvm-ci-sccache-v2-gcc11-llvm15-ninja
+  SCCACHE_BASEDIRS: ${{ github.workspace }}
+  SCCACHE_IDLE_TIMEOUT: "0"
+  DTVM_CI_USE_NINJA: "1"
+  DTVM_CI_USE_SCCACHE: "1"
 
 jobs:
   build_test_evm_interpreter_x86_ctest:
@@ -39,10 +44,12 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
           path: /github/home/.fetchcontent
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-v1-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-ninja-v2-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
       - name: Code Format Check
         run: |
           ./tools/format.sh check
+      - name: Setup sccache
+        uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.10
       - name: Clone asmjit
         run: |
           git clone https://github.com/asmjit/asmjit.git
@@ -78,10 +85,12 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
           path: /github/home/.fetchcontent
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-v1-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-ninja-v2-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
       - name: Code Format Check
         run: |
           ./tools/format.sh check
+      - name: Setup sccache
+        uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.10
       - name: Build and Test
         run: |
           echo "current home is $HOME"
@@ -114,10 +123,12 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
           path: /github/home/.fetchcontent
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-v1-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-ninja-v2-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
       - name: Code Format Check
         run: |
           ./tools/format.sh check
+      - name: Setup sccache
+        uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.10
       - name: Build and Test
         run: |
           echo "current home is $HOME"
@@ -161,10 +172,12 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
           path: /github/home/.fetchcontent
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-v1-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-ninja-v2-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
       - name: Code Format Check
         run: |
           ./tools/format.sh check
+      - name: Setup sccache
+        uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.10
       - name: Build and Test
         run: |
           echo "current home is $HOME"
@@ -197,10 +210,12 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
           path: /github/home/.fetchcontent
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-v1-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-ninja-v2-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
       - name: Code Format Check
         run: |
           ./tools/format.sh check
+      - name: Setup sccache
+        uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.10
       - name: Build and Test
         run: |
           echo "current home is $HOME"
@@ -234,10 +249,12 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
           path: /github/home/.fetchcontent
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-v1-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-ninja-v2-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
       - name: Code Format Check
         run: |
           ./tools/format.sh check
+      - name: Setup sccache
+        uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.10
       - name: Build and Test
         run: |
           echo "current home is $HOME"
@@ -271,10 +288,19 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
           path: /github/home/.fetchcontent
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-v1-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-ninja-v2-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
+      - name: Cache Hunter
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: /github/home/.hunter
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-hunter-evmone-v1-${{ hashFiles('.ci/run_test_suite.sh', '.github/workflows/dtvm_evm_test_x86.yml') }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ runner.os }}-hunter-evmone-v1-
       - name: Code Format Check
         run: |
           ./tools/format.sh check
+      - name: Setup sccache
+        uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.10
       - name: Build and Test
         env:
           LLVM_SYS_150_PREFIX: /opt/llvm15
@@ -306,7 +332,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
           path: /github/home/.fetchcontent
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-v1-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-ninja-v2-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
       - name: Cache Hunter
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
@@ -317,6 +343,8 @@ jobs:
       - name: Code Format Check
         run: |
           ./tools/format.sh check
+      - name: Setup sccache
+        uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.10
       - name: Build and Test
         env:
           LLVM_SYS_150_PREFIX: /opt/llvm15
@@ -352,10 +380,12 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
           path: /github/home/.fetchcontent
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-v1-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-ninja-v2-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
       - name: Code Format Check
         run: |
           ./tools/format.sh check
+      - name: Setup sccache
+        uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.10
       - name: Build and Test
         run: |
           echo "current home is $HOME"
@@ -399,7 +429,15 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
           path: /github/home/.fetchcontent
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-v1-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-ninja-v2-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
+
+      - name: Cache Hunter
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: /github/home/.hunter
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-hunter-evmone-v1-${{ hashFiles('.ci/run_test_suite.sh', '.github/workflows/dtvm_evm_test_x86.yml') }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ runner.os }}-hunter-evmone-v1-
 
       - name: Setup git safe directory
         run: |
@@ -409,6 +447,8 @@ jobs:
       - name: Code Format Check
         run: |
           ./tools/format.sh check
+      - name: Setup sccache
+        uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.10
 
       # Cache the BUILT baseline libdtvmapi.so (a deterministic function of
       # base.sha), not the bench output JSON (a function of source + host +
@@ -435,6 +475,9 @@ jobs:
           git checkout ${{ github.base_ref }}
 
           cmake -S . -B build \
+            -G Ninja \
+            -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER_LAUNCHER=sccache \
+            -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_LAUNCHER=sccache \
             -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release \
             -DZEN_ENABLE_SINGLEPASS_JIT=OFF \
             -DZEN_ENABLE_MULTIPASS_JIT=ON \
diff --git a/.github/workflows/dtvm_wasm_test_x86.yml b/.github/workflows/dtvm_wasm_test_x86.yml
index 0eda995d8..b27c5f700 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/dtvm_wasm_test_x86.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/dtvm_wasm_test_x86.yml
@@ -18,11 +18,16 @@ permissions:
 
 # Shared FetchContent cache root for all container jobs. The hook in
 # CMakeLists.txt (commit 96707a2 lines 8-18) picks this up as the base
-# dir for FetchContent populations. Each container job adds an
-# `actions/cache` step keyed on `hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake')`
-# to persist this dir across CI runs.
+# dir for FetchContent populations. The cache key includes the generator
+# namespace because CMake writes generator-specific FetchContent subbuilds.
 env:
   FETCHCONTENT_BASE_DIR: /github/home/.fetchcontent
+  SCCACHE_GHA_ENABLED: "true"
+  SCCACHE_GHA_VERSION: dtvm-ci-sccache-v2-gcc11-llvm15-ninja
+  SCCACHE_BASEDIRS: ${{ github.workspace }}
+  SCCACHE_IDLE_TIMEOUT: "0"
+  DTVM_CI_USE_NINJA: "1"
+  DTVM_CI_USE_SCCACHE: "1"
 
 jobs:
   build_test_interp_on_x86:
@@ -39,10 +44,12 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
           path: /github/home/.fetchcontent
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-v1-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-ninja-v2-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
       - name: Code Format Check
         run: |
           ./tools/format.sh check
+      - name: Setup sccache
+        uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.10
       - name: Test Git clone
         run: |
           git clone https://github.com/asmjit/asmjit.git
@@ -86,10 +93,12 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
           path: /github/home/.fetchcontent
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-v1-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-ninja-v2-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
       - name: Code Format Check
         run: |
           ./tools/format.sh check
+      - name: Setup sccache
+        uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.10
       - name: Test Git clone
         run: |
           git clone https://github.com/asmjit/asmjit.git
@@ -133,10 +142,12 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
           path: /github/home/.fetchcontent
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-v1-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-ninja-v2-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
       - name: Code Format Check
         run: |
           ./tools/format.sh check
+      - name: Setup sccache
+        uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.10
       - name: Test Git clone
         run: |
           git clone https://github.com/asmjit/asmjit.git
@@ -180,10 +191,12 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
           path: /github/home/.fetchcontent
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-v1-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-fc-${{ github.workflow }}-ninja-v2-${{ hashFiles('third_party/AddDeps.cmake') }}
       - name: Code Format Check
         run: |
           ./tools/format.sh check
+      - name: Setup sccache
+        uses: mozilla-actions/sccache-action@v0.0.10
       - name: Test Git clone
         run: |
           git clone https://github.com/asmjit/asmjit.git
@@ -202,7 +215,16 @@ jobs:
           git apply ../spec.patch
           cd $CUR_PROJECT
 
-          cmake -S . -B build -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug -DZEN_ENABLE_DWASM=ON -DZEN_ENABLE_SINGLEPASS_JIT=ON -DZEN_ENABLE_MULTIPASS_JIT=ON -DZEN_ENABLE_CHECKED_ARITHMETIC=ON -DZEN_ENABLE_CPU_EXCEPTION=OFF -DZEN_ENABLE_EVMABI_TEST=ON -DZEN_ENABLE_BUILTIN_LIBC=OFF -DZEN_ENABLE_BUILTIN_ENV=OFF
-          cmake --build build -j7
+          DTVM_CI_BUILD_JOBS=7 .ci/cmake_ci_build.sh build -- \
+            -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug \
+            -DZEN_ENABLE_DWASM=ON \
+            -DZEN_ENABLE_SINGLEPASS_JIT=ON \
+            -DZEN_ENABLE_MULTIPASS_JIT=ON \
+            -DZEN_ENABLE_CHECKED_ARITHMETIC=ON \
+            -DZEN_ENABLE_CPU_EXCEPTION=OFF \
+            -DZEN_ENABLE_EVMABI_TEST=ON \
+            -DZEN_ENABLE_BUILTIN_LIBC=OFF \
+            -DZEN_ENABLE_BUILTIN_ENV=OFF
+          python3 .ci/print_sccache_stats.py || true
           # use dtvm to test evm abi wasm files
           # ./build/dtvm -m 2 -f call counter.wasm