diff --git a/src/domFacade/ConcreteNode.ts b/src/domFacade/ConcreteNode.ts
index 7ed111748..8b434820e 100644
--- a/src/domFacade/ConcreteNode.ts
+++ b/src/domFacade/ConcreteNode.ts
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ export type ConcreteDocumentFragmentNode = DocumentFragment & {
 export type ConcreteProcessingInstructionNode = ProcessingInstruction & {
 	nodeType: NODE_TYPES.PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION_NODE;
 };
-export type ConcreteParentNode = ConcreteElementNode | ConcreteDocumentNode;
+export type ConcreteParentNode = ConcreteElementNode | ConcreteDocumentNode | ConcreteDocumentFragmentNode;
 export type ConcreteChildNode =
 	| ConcreteElementNode
 	| ConcreteTextNode
diff --git a/src/domFacade/DomFacade.ts b/src/domFacade/DomFacade.ts
index 312fb1a4a..bad41a659 100644
--- a/src/domFacade/DomFacade.ts
+++ b/src/domFacade/DomFacade.ts
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class DomFacade {
 			? parentNode.childNodes
 			: this._domFacade['getChildNodes'](parentNode, bucket);
 
-		if (parentNode.nodeType === NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE) {
+		if (parentNode.nodeType === NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE || parentNode.nodeType === NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE) {
 			return childNodes.filter(
 				(childNode) => childNode['nodeType'] !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE,
 			);
diff --git a/src/evaluationUtils/buildEvaluationContext.ts b/src/evaluationUtils/buildEvaluationContext.ts
index 19d63d12d..c17c02a3b 100644
--- a/src/evaluationUtils/buildEvaluationContext.ts
+++ b/src/evaluationUtils/buildEvaluationContext.ts
@@ -42,6 +42,26 @@ export function createDefaultNamespaceResolver(contextItem: any): (s: string) =>
 	if (!contextItem || typeof contextItem !== 'object' || !('lookupNamespaceURI' in contextItem)) {
 		return (_prefix) => null;
 	}
+
+	// For DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE (e.g., ShadowRoot), use special handling
+	// ShadowRoot may have lookupNamespaceURI but it returns null for the default namespace
+	// Instead, we should use the host element or first element child for namespace resolution
+	if (contextItem.nodeType === 11) { // DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE
+		// For ShadowRoot, try to use the host element
+		if ('host' in contextItem && contextItem.host && 'lookupNamespaceURI' in contextItem.host) {
+			return (prefix) => contextItem.host['lookupNamespaceURI'](prefix || null);
+		}
+		
+		// Otherwise, try the first element child
+		const firstElementChild = contextItem.firstElementChild;
+		if (firstElementChild && 'lookupNamespaceURI' in firstElementChild) {
+			return (prefix) => firstElementChild['lookupNamespaceURI'](prefix || null);
+		}
+		
+		// Last resort: return null
+		return (_prefix) => null;
+	}
+
 	return (prefix) => contextItem['lookupNamespaceURI'](prefix || null);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/expressions/axes/ChildAxis.ts b/src/expressions/axes/ChildAxis.ts
index a97515a62..c7a2bd3e9 100644
--- a/src/expressions/axes/ChildAxis.ts
+++ b/src/expressions/axes/ChildAxis.ts
@@ -30,7 +30,11 @@ class ChildAxis extends Expression {
 		const domFacade = executionParameters.domFacade;
 		const contextNode = validateContextNode(dynamicContext.contextItem);
 		const nodeType = domFacade.getNodeType(contextNode);
-		if (nodeType !== NODE_TYPES.ELEMENT_NODE && nodeType !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE) {
+		if (
+			nodeType !== NODE_TYPES.ELEMENT_NODE &&
+			nodeType !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE &&
+			nodeType !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE
+		) {
 			return sequenceFactory.empty();
 		}
 
diff --git a/src/expressions/axes/FollowingAxis.ts b/src/expressions/axes/FollowingAxis.ts
index f331d4fee..a7efc8de5 100644
--- a/src/expressions/axes/FollowingAxis.ts
+++ b/src/expressions/axes/FollowingAxis.ts
@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ function createFollowingGenerator(
 
 	for (
 		let ancestorNode = node as ParentNodePointer;
-		ancestorNode && domFacade.getNodeType(ancestorNode) !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE;
+		ancestorNode &&
+			domFacade.getNodeType(ancestorNode) !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE &&
+			domFacade.getNodeType(ancestorNode) !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE;
 		// Any parent can contain the node we want
 		ancestorNode = domFacade.getParentNodePointer(ancestorNode as ChildNodePointer, null)
 	) {
diff --git a/src/expressions/axes/PrecedingAxis.ts b/src/expressions/axes/PrecedingAxis.ts
index edb71ecbf..3c6c2fa3a 100644
--- a/src/expressions/axes/PrecedingAxis.ts
+++ b/src/expressions/axes/PrecedingAxis.ts
@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ function createPrecedingGenerator(
 
 	for (
 		let ancestorNode = node;
-		ancestorNode && domFacade.getNodeType(ancestorNode) !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE;
+		ancestorNode &&
+			domFacade.getNodeType(ancestorNode) !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE &&
+			domFacade.getNodeType(ancestorNode) !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE;
 		// Any parent can contain the node we want. documents AND elements
 		ancestorNode = domFacade.getParentNodePointer(ancestorNode, null) as ChildNodePointer
 	) {
diff --git a/src/expressions/functions/builtInFunctions_identifiers.ts b/src/expressions/functions/builtInFunctions_identifiers.ts
index d0cf94659..40d22900f 100644
--- a/src/expressions/functions/builtInFunctions_identifiers.ts
+++ b/src/expressions/functions/builtInFunctions_identifiers.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ function findDescendants(
 ): Node[] {
 	if (
 		node.node.nodeType !== NODE_TYPES.ELEMENT_NODE &&
-		node.node.nodeType !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE
+		node.node.nodeType !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE &&
+		node.node.nodeType !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE
 	) {
 		return [];
 	}
@@ -65,7 +66,10 @@ const fnId: FunctionDefinitionType = (
 		}, Object.create(null));
 
 	let documentNode = targetNodeValue.value;
-	while (domFacade.getNodeType(documentNode) !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE) {
+	while (
+		domFacade.getNodeType(documentNode) !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE &&
+		domFacade.getNodeType(documentNode) !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE
+	) {
 		documentNode = domFacade.getParentNodePointer(documentNode);
 		if (documentNode === null) {
 			throw new Error('FODC0001: the root node of the target node is not a document node.');
@@ -118,7 +122,10 @@ const fnIdref: FunctionDefinitionType = (
 	}, Object.create(null));
 
 	let documentNode = targetNodeValue.value;
-	while (domFacade.getNodeType(documentNode) !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE) {
+	while (
+		domFacade.getNodeType(documentNode) !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE &&
+		domFacade.getNodeType(documentNode) !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE
+	) {
 		documentNode = domFacade.getParentNodePointer(documentNode);
 		if (documentNode === null) {
 			throw new Error('FODC0001: the root node of the context node is not a document node.');
diff --git a/src/expressions/functions/builtInFunctions_node.ts b/src/expressions/functions/builtInFunctions_node.ts
index 8f4be779e..dd7bb9947 100644
--- a/src/expressions/functions/builtInFunctions_node.ts
+++ b/src/expressions/functions/builtInFunctions_node.ts
@@ -310,7 +310,10 @@ const fnPath: FunctionDefinitionType = (
 				}
 			}
 		}
-		if (domFacade.getNodeType(ancestor) === NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE) {
+		if (
+			domFacade.getNodeType(ancestor) === NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE ||
+			domFacade.getNodeType(ancestor) === NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE
+		) {
 			return sequenceFactory.create(createAtomicValue(result || '/', ValueType.XSSTRING));
 		}
 		result = 'Q{http://www.w3.org/2005/xpath-functions}root()' + result;
diff --git a/src/expressions/path/AbsolutePathExpression.ts b/src/expressions/path/AbsolutePathExpression.ts
index 33ea38b0e..f8cbaa6e1 100644
--- a/src/expressions/path/AbsolutePathExpression.ts
+++ b/src/expressions/path/AbsolutePathExpression.ts
@@ -32,7 +32,10 @@ class AbsolutePathExpression extends Expression {
 		const domFacade = executionParameters.domFacade;
 
 		let documentNode = node;
-		while (domFacade.getNodeType(documentNode) !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE) {
+		while (
+			domFacade.getNodeType(documentNode) !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE &&
+			domFacade.getNodeType(documentNode) !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE
+		) {
 			documentNode = domFacade.getParentNodePointer(documentNode);
 			if (documentNode === null) {
 				throw new Error(
diff --git a/src/expressions/util/createChildGenerator.ts b/src/expressions/util/createChildGenerator.ts
index ac743c6dd..1209634d5 100644
--- a/src/expressions/util/createChildGenerator.ts
+++ b/src/expressions/util/createChildGenerator.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,11 @@ export default function createChildGenerator(
 	bucket: Bucket | null,
 ): IIterator<ChildNodePointer> {
 	const nodeType = domFacade.getNodeType(pointer);
-	if (nodeType !== NODE_TYPES.ELEMENT_NODE && nodeType !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE) {
+	if (
+		nodeType !== NODE_TYPES.ELEMENT_NODE &&
+		nodeType !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE &&
+		nodeType !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE
+	) {
 		return {
 			next: () => {
 				return DONE_TOKEN;
diff --git a/src/expressions/util/createDescendantGenerator.ts b/src/expressions/util/createDescendantGenerator.ts
index 3a9b43eaf..5b1e0ec81 100644
--- a/src/expressions/util/createDescendantGenerator.ts
+++ b/src/expressions/util/createDescendantGenerator.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,11 @@ function findDeepestLastDescendant(
 	bucket: Bucket | null,
 ): NodePointer {
 	const nodeType = domFacade.getNodeType(pointer);
-	if (nodeType !== NODE_TYPES.ELEMENT_NODE && nodeType !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE) {
+	if (
+		nodeType !== NODE_TYPES.ELEMENT_NODE &&
+		nodeType !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE &&
+		nodeType !== NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE
+	) {
 		return pointer;
 	}
 
@@ -55,7 +59,9 @@ export default function createDescendantGenerator(
 
 				const nodeType = domFacade.getNodeType(currentPointer);
 				const previousSibling =
-					nodeType === NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE || nodeType === NODE_TYPES.ATTRIBUTE_NODE
+					nodeType === NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE ||
+					nodeType === NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE ||
+					nodeType === NODE_TYPES.ATTRIBUTE_NODE
 						? null
 						: domFacade.getPreviousSiblingPointer(
 								currentPointer as ChildNodePointer,
@@ -67,7 +73,8 @@ export default function createDescendantGenerator(
 				}
 
 				currentPointer =
-					nodeType === NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE
+					nodeType === NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE ||
+					nodeType === NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE
 						? null
 						: domFacade.getParentNodePointer(
 								currentPointer as ChildNodePointer,
diff --git a/src/jsCodegen/emitPathExpr.ts b/src/jsCodegen/emitPathExpr.ts
index 0f8f9d6e2..a7028e40f 100644
--- a/src/jsCodegen/emitPathExpr.ts
+++ b/src/jsCodegen/emitPathExpr.ts
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ function emitRootExpr(
 		acceptAst(
 			`(function () {
 				let n = ${contextItemExpr.code};
-				while (n.nodeType !== /*DOCUMENT_NODE*/${NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE}) {
+				while (n.nodeType !== /*DOCUMENT_NODE*/${NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_NODE} && n.nodeType !== /*DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE*/${NODE_TYPES.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE}) {
 					n = domFacade.getParentNode(n);
 					if (n === null) {
 						throw new Error('XPDY0050: the root node of the context node is not a document node.');
diff --git a/test/specs/parsing/axes/FollowingSiblingAxis.tests.ts b/test/specs/parsing/axes/FollowingSiblingAxis.tests.ts
index 5b34f5d74..a5855b6d9 100644
--- a/test/specs/parsing/axes/FollowingSiblingAxis.tests.ts
+++ b/test/specs/parsing/axes/FollowingSiblingAxis.tests.ts
@@ -38,6 +38,16 @@ describe('following-sibling', () => {
 		);
 	});
 
+	it('supports document fragments with multiple children', () => {
+		const fragment = documentNode.createDocumentFragment();
+		const first = fragment.appendChild(documentNode.createElement('first'));
+		const second = fragment.appendChild(documentNode.createElement('second'));
+
+		chai.assert.deepEqual(evaluateXPathToNodes('following-sibling::element()', first), [
+			second,
+		]);
+	});
+
 	it('passes buckets for followingSibling', () => {
 		jsonMlMapper.parse(
 			['parentElement', ['firstChildElement'], ['secondChildElement']],
diff --git a/test/specs/parsing/axes/PrecedingSibling.tests.ts b/test/specs/parsing/axes/PrecedingSibling.tests.ts
index 230f39e81..2b3adaf7a 100644
--- a/test/specs/parsing/axes/PrecedingSibling.tests.ts
+++ b/test/specs/parsing/axes/PrecedingSibling.tests.ts
@@ -38,6 +38,16 @@ describe('preceding-sibling', () => {
 		);
 	});
 
+	it('supports document fragments with multiple children', () => {
+		const fragment = documentNode.createDocumentFragment();
+		const first = fragment.appendChild(documentNode.createElement('first'));
+		const second = fragment.appendChild(documentNode.createElement('second'));
+
+		chai.assert.deepEqual(evaluateXPathToNodes('preceding-sibling::element()', second), [
+			first,
+		]);
+	});
+
 	it('passes buckets for preceding-sibling', () => {
 		jsonMlMapper.parse(
 			['parentElement', ['firstChildElement'], ['secondChildElement']],
diff --git a/test/specs/parsing/evaluateXPath.tests.ts b/test/specs/parsing/evaluateXPath.tests.ts
index 0d7856b36..b585a93cb 100644
--- a/test/specs/parsing/evaluateXPath.tests.ts
+++ b/test/specs/parsing/evaluateXPath.tests.ts
@@ -26,6 +26,67 @@ describe('evaluateXPath', () => {
 		documentNode = new slimdom.Document();
 	});
 
+	describe('document fragments as roots', () => {
+		it('supports descendant queries on document fragments', () => {
+			const fragment = documentNode.createDocumentFragment();
+			const first = fragment.appendChild(documentNode.createElement('item'));
+			first.setAttribute('id', 'first');
+			fragment.appendChild(documentNode.createElement('item'));
+
+			chai.assert.deepEqual(
+				evaluateXPathToNodes('//item', fragment, domFacade),
+				[fragment.firstChild, fragment.lastChild],
+			);
+		});
+
+		it('supports predicates on document fragments', () => {
+			const fragment = documentNode.createDocumentFragment();
+			const first = fragment.appendChild(documentNode.createElement('item'));
+			first.setAttribute('id', 'first');
+			fragment.appendChild(documentNode.createElement('item'));
+
+			chai.assert.deepEqual(
+				evaluateXPathToNodes('//item[@id="first"]', fragment, domFacade),
+				[first],
+			);
+		});
+
+		it('supports more complex expressions on document fragments', () => {
+			const fragment = documentNode.createDocumentFragment();
+			const first = fragment.appendChild(documentNode.createElement('item'));
+			first.setAttribute('id', 'first');
+			const second = fragment.appendChild(documentNode.createElement('item'));
+			second.setAttribute('id', 'second');
+
+			chai.assert.equal(
+				evaluateXPathToString('string-join(//item/@id, ",")', fragment, domFacade),
+				'first,second',
+			);
+		});
+
+		it('supports functions on document fragments', () => {
+			const fragment = documentNode.createDocumentFragment();
+			const child = fragment.appendChild(documentNode.createElement('item'));
+
+			chai.assert.isTrue(
+				evaluateXPathToBoolean('root(.) is .', fragment, domFacade),
+				'root(.) should be the fragment',
+			);
+			chai.assert.equal(
+				evaluateXPathToString('name(//item)', fragment, domFacade),
+				'item',
+			);
+			chai.assert.isTrue(
+				evaluateXPathToBoolean('has-children(.)', fragment, domFacade),
+				'has-children() should work on fragments',
+			);
+			chai.assert.equal(
+				evaluateXPathToFirstNode('root(.)', child, domFacade),
+				fragment,
+			);
+		});
+	});
+
 	describe('ANY_TYPE', () => {
 		it('Keeps booleans booleans', () =>
 			chai.assert.equal(evaluateXPath('true()', documentNode, domFacade), true));
@@ -303,6 +364,17 @@ describe('evaluateXPath', () => {
 				documentNode,
 			]));
 
+		it('supports document fragments with multiple children', () => {
+			const fragment = documentNode.createDocumentFragment();
+			const first = fragment.appendChild(documentNode.createElement('first'));
+			const second = fragment.appendChild(documentNode.createElement('second'));
+
+			chai.assert.deepEqual(
+				evaluateXPathToNodes('following-sibling::element()', first, domFacade),
+				[second],
+			);
+		});
+
 		it('Returns all nodes', () =>
 			chai.assert.deepEqual(evaluateXPathToNodes('(., ., .)', documentNode, domFacade), [
 				documentNode,