diff --git a/internal/agent/loop.go b/internal/agent/loop.go
index 8e8fc6947..b8afc97f7 100644
--- a/internal/agent/loop.go
+++ b/internal/agent/loop.go
@@ -1617,9 +1617,15 @@ func sandboxRestrictedShellRetryCandidate(call ToolCall, args map[string]any, re
 
 func sandboxDeniedShellResult(result tools.Result) bool {
 	if result.ExecutionOutcome != nil {
-		// Typed denials must be handled by their exact capability path. Never
-		// turn a structured narrow denial into the legacy unrestricted retry.
-		return false
+		// Only a typed platform denial that explicitly requests unrestricted
+		// recovery may enter the legacy retry path. Narrow capability denials
+		// remain on their exact capability path.
+		denial := result.ExecutionOutcome.Denial
+		return denial != nil &&
+			denial.Source == execution.DenialSourcePlatformSandbox &&
+			denial.Capability.Kind == execution.CapabilityUnrestricted &&
+			denial.Recoverable &&
+			denial.NextAction == execution.DenialNextActionRequestApproval
 	}
 	return result.Status == tools.StatusError && result.Meta[tools.SandboxLikelyDeniedMeta] == "true"
 }
diff --git a/internal/agent/loop_test.go b/internal/agent/loop_test.go
index 86258f432..16e9234f6 100644
--- a/internal/agent/loop_test.go
+++ b/internal/agent/loop_test.go
@@ -64,6 +64,22 @@ func TestTypedExecutionOutcomeOverridesLegacySandboxHeuristics(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("narrow protected-metadata denial must not become an unrestricted retry")
 	}
 
+	nonRecoverableDenial := protectedDenial
+	nonRecoverableDenial.ExecutionOutcome = &execution.Outcome{
+		State: execution.StateDenied,
+		Kind:  execution.OutcomeEnforcementDenied,
+		Denial: &execution.Denial{
+			Capability:  execution.Capability{Kind: execution.CapabilityUnrestricted, Scope: "host"},
+			Source:      execution.DenialSourcePlatformSandbox,
+			Reason:      "sandbox enforcement failed closed",
+			Recoverable: false,
+			NextAction:  execution.DenialNextActionRequestApproval,
+		},
+	}
+	if sandboxRestrictedShellRetryCandidate(call, nil, nonRecoverableDenial, options) {
+		t.Fatal("non-recoverable sandbox denial must not become an unrestricted retry")
+	}
+
 	networkDenial := protectedDenial
 	networkDenial.ExecutionOutcome = &execution.Outcome{
 		State: execution.StateDenied,
@@ -288,6 +304,18 @@ func (tool *sandboxDeniedRetryTool) Run(_ context.Context, args map[string]any)
 	return tools.Result{
 		Status: tools.StatusError,
 		Output: "touch: cannot touch '/home/user/.npm/cache': Read-only file system",
+		ExecutionOutcome: &execution.Outcome{
+			State: execution.StateDenied,
+			Kind:  execution.OutcomeEnforcementDenied,
+			Exit:  &execution.Exit{Code: 1},
+			Denial: &execution.Denial{
+				Capability:  execution.Capability{Kind: execution.CapabilityUnrestricted, Scope: "host"},
+				Source:      execution.DenialSourcePlatformSandbox,
+				Reason:      "sandbox blocked command execution",
+				Recoverable: true,
+				NextAction:  execution.DenialNextActionRequestApproval,
+			},
+		},
 		Meta: map[string]string{
 			"exit_code":                    "1",
 			tools.SandboxLikelyDeniedMeta:  "true",
diff --git a/internal/sandbox/manager_test.go b/internal/sandbox/manager_test.go
index a2b8550f2..566bdf7c7 100644
--- a/internal/sandbox/manager_test.go
+++ b/internal/sandbox/manager_test.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"reflect"
 	"runtime"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 )
 
@@ -378,7 +379,31 @@ func TestCredentialDenyReadPathsIn(t *testing.T) {
 	home := t.TempDir()
 	awsDir := filepath.Join(home, ".aws")
 	gcloudDir := filepath.Join(home, ".config", "gcloud")
-	if err := mkdirAll(awsDir, gcloudDir); err != nil {
+	npmrc := filepath.Join(home, ".npmrc")
+	ghHosts := filepath.Join(home, ".config", "gh", "hosts.yml")
+	netrc := filepath.Join(home, ".netrc")
+	dockerConfig := filepath.Join(home, ".docker", "config.json")
+	kubeConfig := filepath.Join(home, ".kube", "config")
+	zeroConfig := filepath.Join(home, ".config", "zero")
+	if err := mkdirAll(
+		awsDir,
+		gcloudDir,
+		filepath.Dir(ghHosts),
+		filepath.Dir(dockerConfig),
+		filepath.Dir(kubeConfig),
+		filepath.Dir(zeroConfig),
+	); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	for _, path := range []string{npmrc, ghHosts, netrc, dockerConfig, kubeConfig, zeroConfig} {
+		if path == zeroConfig {
+			continue
+		}
+		if err := os.WriteFile(path, []byte("{}"), 0o600); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(zeroConfig, 0o755); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
 	keyFile := filepath.Join(home, "sa-key.json")
@@ -387,7 +412,17 @@ func TestCredentialDenyReadPathsIn(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	paths := credentialDenyReadPathsIn(home, keyFile, nil)
-	for _, want := range normalizeProfilePaths([]string{awsDir, gcloudDir, keyFile}) {
+	for _, want := range normalizeProfilePaths([]string{
+		awsDir,
+		gcloudDir,
+		keyFile,
+		npmrc,
+		ghHosts,
+		netrc,
+		dockerConfig,
+		kubeConfig,
+		zeroConfig,
+	}) {
 		if !stringSliceContains(paths, want) {
 			t.Errorf("credential deny paths = %#v, want %q included", paths, want)
 		}
@@ -418,3 +453,58 @@ func TestCredentialDenyReadPathsIn(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("credential deny paths without home = %#v, want key file included", homeless)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestCredentialDenyReadPathsForEnvironmentHonorsConfigOverrides(t *testing.T) {
+	root := t.TempDir()
+	configHome := filepath.Join(root, "xdg")
+	npmrc := filepath.Join(root, "npm", "userconfig")
+	ghConfigDir := filepath.Join(root, "gh")
+	cloudSDKConfig := filepath.Join(root, "gcloud")
+	netrc := filepath.Join(root, "netrc")
+	dockerConfigDir := filepath.Join(root, "docker")
+	kubeConfigA := filepath.Join(root, "kube", "a")
+	kubeConfigB := filepath.Join(root, "kube", "b")
+	zeroConfig := filepath.Join(configHome, "zero")
+	filePaths := []string{
+		npmrc,
+		filepath.Join(ghConfigDir, "hosts.yml"),
+		netrc,
+		filepath.Join(dockerConfigDir, "config.json"),
+		kubeConfigA,
+		kubeConfigB,
+		zeroConfig,
+	}
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(cloudSDKConfig, 0o755); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	for _, path := range filePaths {
+		if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(path), 0o755); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		if path == zeroConfig {
+			if err := os.MkdirAll(path, 0o755); err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		if err := os.WriteFile(path, []byte("{}"), 0o600); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	got := credentialDenyReadPathsForEnvironment(credentialPathEnvironment{
+		ConfigHome:      configHome,
+		CloudSDKConfig:  cloudSDKConfig,
+		NPMUserConfig:   npmrc,
+		GHConfigDir:     ghConfigDir,
+		Netrc:           netrc,
+		DockerConfigDir: dockerConfigDir,
+		KubeConfig:      strings.Join([]string{kubeConfigA, kubeConfigB}, string(filepath.ListSeparator)),
+	}, nil)
+	wantPaths := append(filePaths, cloudSDKConfig)
+	for _, want := range normalizeProfilePaths(wantPaths) {
+		if !stringSliceContains(got, want) {
+			t.Errorf("credential deny paths = %#v, want override %q included", got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/internal/sandbox/profile.go b/internal/sandbox/profile.go
index 2bd186719..8eca4c9d7 100644
--- a/internal/sandbox/profile.go
+++ b/internal/sandbox/profile.go
@@ -145,9 +145,10 @@ func permissionProfileReadRoots(workspaceRoot string, policy Policy, scope *Scop
 }
 
 // credentialDenyReadPaths returns default deny-read entries for well-known
-// credential stores (~/.aws, ~/.config/gcloud, ~/.azure, and the file
-// GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS points to) so sandboxed commands cannot read
-// cloud secrets under the read-all workspace posture. Two deliberate limits:
+// credential stores so sandboxed commands cannot read secrets under the
+// read-all workspace posture. This includes tool configuration files that can
+// carry credentials and are now discoverable through the preserved caller
+// environment. Two deliberate limits:
 //
 //   - Windows is skipped: a non-empty profile DenyRead switches the Windows
 //     runner onto the capability-SID/ACL deny path and away from the
@@ -166,23 +167,100 @@ func credentialDenyReadPaths(policy Policy) []string {
 	// A failed home lookup only drops the home-based candidates; the
 	// GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS target must be protected regardless.
 	home, _ := os.UserHomeDir()
-	return credentialDenyReadPathsIn(home, os.Getenv("GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS"), policy.AllowRead)
+	return credentialDenyReadPathsForEnvironment(credentialPathEnvironment{
+		Home:              home,
+		ConfigHome:        os.Getenv("XDG_CONFIG_HOME"),
+		CloudSDKConfig:    os.Getenv("CLOUDSDK_CONFIG"),
+		GoogleCredentials: os.Getenv("GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS"),
+		NPMUserConfig:     firstNonEmpty(os.Getenv("NPM_CONFIG_USERCONFIG"), os.Getenv("npm_config_userconfig")),
+		GHConfigDir:       os.Getenv("GH_CONFIG_DIR"),
+		Netrc:             os.Getenv("NETRC"),
+		DockerConfigDir:   os.Getenv("DOCKER_CONFIG"),
+		KubeConfig:        os.Getenv("KUBECONFIG"),
+	}, policy.AllowRead)
 }
 
 // credentialDenyReadPathsIn is the pure core of credentialDenyReadPaths,
 // separated so tests can exercise it against a synthetic home directory.
 func credentialDenyReadPathsIn(home string, googleCredentials string, allowRead []string) []string {
+	return credentialDenyReadPathsForEnvironment(credentialPathEnvironment{
+		Home:              home,
+		GoogleCredentials: googleCredentials,
+	}, allowRead)
+}
+
+type credentialPathEnvironment struct {
+	Home              string
+	ConfigHome        string
+	CloudSDKConfig    string
+	GoogleCredentials string
+	NPMUserConfig     string
+	GHConfigDir       string
+	Netrc             string
+	DockerConfigDir   string
+	KubeConfig        string
+}
+
+func credentialDenyReadPathsForEnvironment(env credentialPathEnvironment, allowRead []string) []string {
 	var candidates []string
-	if home = strings.TrimSpace(home); home != "" {
+	home := strings.TrimSpace(env.Home)
+	configHome := strings.TrimSpace(env.ConfigHome)
+	if configHome == "" && home != "" {
+		configHome = filepath.Join(home, ".config")
+	}
+	if home != "" {
 		candidates = append(candidates,
 			filepath.Join(home, ".aws"),
-			filepath.Join(home, ".config", "gcloud"),
 			filepath.Join(home, ".azure"),
 		)
 	}
-	if target := strings.TrimSpace(googleCredentials); target != "" {
+	npmUserConfig := strings.TrimSpace(env.NPMUserConfig)
+	if npmUserConfig == "" && home != "" {
+		npmUserConfig = filepath.Join(home, ".npmrc")
+	}
+	netrc := strings.TrimSpace(env.Netrc)
+	if netrc == "" && home != "" {
+		netrc = filepath.Join(home, ".netrc")
+	}
+	dockerConfigDir := strings.TrimSpace(env.DockerConfigDir)
+	if dockerConfigDir == "" && home != "" {
+		dockerConfigDir = filepath.Join(home, ".docker")
+	}
+	candidates = append(candidates, npmUserConfig, netrc)
+	if dockerConfigDir != "" {
+		candidates = append(candidates, filepath.Join(dockerConfigDir, "config.json"))
+	}
+	if configHome != "" {
+		candidates = append(candidates,
+			filepath.Join(configHome, "zero"),
+		)
+	}
+	cloudSDKConfig := strings.TrimSpace(env.CloudSDKConfig)
+	if cloudSDKConfig == "" && configHome != "" {
+		cloudSDKConfig = filepath.Join(configHome, "gcloud")
+	}
+	if cloudSDKConfig != "" {
+		candidates = append(candidates, cloudSDKConfig)
+	}
+	ghConfigDir := strings.TrimSpace(env.GHConfigDir)
+	if ghConfigDir == "" && configHome != "" {
+		ghConfigDir = filepath.Join(configHome, "gh")
+	}
+	if ghConfigDir != "" {
+		candidates = append(candidates, filepath.Join(ghConfigDir, "hosts.yml"))
+	}
+	if target := strings.TrimSpace(env.GoogleCredentials); target != "" {
 		candidates = append(candidates, target)
 	}
+	kubeConfig := strings.TrimSpace(env.KubeConfig)
+	if kubeConfig == "" && home != "" {
+		kubeConfig = filepath.Join(home, ".kube", "config")
+	}
+	for _, path := range filepath.SplitList(kubeConfig) {
+		if path = strings.TrimSpace(path); path != "" {
+			candidates = append(candidates, path)
+		}
+	}
 	allowRoots := normalizeProfilePaths(allowRead)
 	out := make([]string, 0, len(candidates))
 	for _, path := range normalizeProfilePaths(candidates) {
@@ -206,11 +284,12 @@ func credentialDenyReadPathsIn(home string, googleCredentials string, allowRead
 
 // userGitConfigReadPaths returns the user's global git config FILES so a
 // sandboxed git can read identity and config (user.name/email, aliases) instead
-// of failing with "unable to access ~/.gitconfig". It is deliberately the config
-// files only — not the ~/.config/git directory, which can hold an XDG credential
-// store — so credentials and the rest of HOME stay unreadable. Granted at the
-// macOS-seatbelt read rule (not the cross-platform PermissionProfile) so the
-// HOME-dependent paths don't leak into the platform-agnostic policy snapshot.
+// of failing with "unable to access ~/.gitconfig". On macOS, where reads are
+// allow-listed, granting only these files avoids exposing the surrounding
+// configuration directory. Linux uses a read-all profile with explicit
+// credential deny rules. The paths are granted at the macOS seatbelt read rule
+// rather than the cross-platform PermissionProfile so HOME-dependent paths
+// don't leak into the platform-agnostic policy snapshot.
 func userGitConfigReadPaths() []string {
 	home, err := os.UserHomeDir()
 	if err != nil || strings.TrimSpace(home) == "" {
diff --git a/internal/sandbox/runtime_state.go b/internal/sandbox/runtime_state.go
index a738396fc..4a5fdfc9a 100644
--- a/internal/sandbox/runtime_state.go
+++ b/internal/sandbox/runtime_state.go
@@ -27,13 +27,10 @@ var fallbackSandboxRuntimes = struct {
 }{roots: make(map[string]string)}
 
 type SandboxRuntime struct {
-	Root   string `json:"root,omitempty"`
-	Home   string `json:"home,omitempty"`
-	Cache  string `json:"cache,omitempty"`
-	Config string `json:"config,omitempty"`
-	Data   string `json:"data,omitempty"`
-	State  string `json:"state,omitempty"`
-	Temp   string `json:"temp,omitempty"`
+	Root  string `json:"root,omitempty"`
+	Cache string `json:"cache,omitempty"`
+	Data  string `json:"data,omitempty"`
+	Temp  string `json:"temp,omitempty"`
 }
 
 func prepareSandboxRuntime(workspaceRoot string) (SandboxRuntime, func(), error) {
@@ -75,21 +72,15 @@ func prepareSandboxRuntime(workspaceRoot string) (SandboxRuntime, func(), error)
 		}
 	}()
 	runtimeState := SandboxRuntime{
-		Root:   root,
-		Home:   filepath.Join(root, "home"),
-		Cache:  filepath.Join(root, "cache"),
-		Config: filepath.Join(root, "config"),
-		Data:   filepath.Join(root, "data"),
-		State:  filepath.Join(root, "state"),
-		Temp:   filepath.Join(root, "tmp"),
+		Root:  root,
+		Cache: filepath.Join(root, "cache"),
+		Data:  filepath.Join(root, "data"),
+		Temp:  filepath.Join(root, "tmp"),
 	}
 	directories := []string{
 		runtimeState.Root,
-		runtimeState.Home,
 		runtimeState.Cache,
-		runtimeState.Config,
 		runtimeState.Data,
-		runtimeState.State,
 		runtimeState.Temp,
 		filepath.Join(runtimeState.Cache, "npm"),
 		filepath.Join(runtimeState.Cache, "yarn"),
@@ -207,16 +198,11 @@ func sandboxRuntimeEnvironment(env []string, runtimeState *SandboxRuntime) []str
 		return env
 	}
 	overrides := []string{
-		"HOME=" + runtimeState.Home,
 		"XDG_CACHE_HOME=" + runtimeState.Cache,
-		"XDG_CONFIG_HOME=" + runtimeState.Config,
-		"XDG_DATA_HOME=" + runtimeState.Data,
-		"XDG_STATE_HOME=" + runtimeState.State,
 		"TMPDIR=" + runtimeState.Temp,
 		"TMP=" + runtimeState.Temp,
 		"TEMP=" + runtimeState.Temp,
 		"npm_config_cache=" + filepath.Join(runtimeState.Cache, "npm"),
-		"NPM_CONFIG_USERCONFIG=" + filepath.Join(runtimeState.Config, "npmrc"),
 		"YARN_CACHE_FOLDER=" + filepath.Join(runtimeState.Cache, "yarn"),
 		"COREPACK_HOME=" + filepath.Join(runtimeState.Cache, "corepack"),
 		"PIP_CACHE_DIR=" + filepath.Join(runtimeState.Cache, "pip"),
diff --git a/internal/sandbox/runtime_state_test.go b/internal/sandbox/runtime_state_test.go
index 999ad2fd3..b707f67f2 100644
--- a/internal/sandbox/runtime_state_test.go
+++ b/internal/sandbox/runtime_state_test.go
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@ package sandbox
 
 import (
 	"os"
+	"os/exec"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 )
@@ -22,12 +24,18 @@ func TestPrepareSandboxRuntimeStaysOutsideWorkspace(t *testing.T) {
 	if pathWithinRoot(workspace, runtimeState.Root) {
 		t.Fatalf("runtime root %q must stay outside workspace %q", runtimeState.Root, workspace)
 	}
-	for _, path := range []string{runtimeState.Home, runtimeState.Cache, runtimeState.Config, runtimeState.Data, runtimeState.State, runtimeState.Temp} {
+	for _, path := range []string{runtimeState.Cache, runtimeState.Data, runtimeState.Temp, filepath.Join(runtimeState.Data, "cargo")} {
 		info, err := os.Stat(path)
 		if err != nil || !info.IsDir() {
 			t.Fatalf("managed runtime directory %q was not prepared: %v", path, err)
 		}
 	}
+	for _, name := range []string{"home", "config", "state"} {
+		path := filepath.Join(runtimeState.Root, name)
+		if _, err := os.Stat(path); !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			t.Fatalf("obsolete synthetic runtime directory %q exists: %v", path, err)
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 func TestPrepareSandboxRuntimeCleansExpiredSibling(t *testing.T) {
@@ -116,34 +124,63 @@ func TestCleanupSandboxRuntimeSkipsActiveLease(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestSandboxRuntimeEnvironmentUsesManagedState(t *testing.T) {
+func TestSandboxRuntimeEnvironmentPreservesUserConfiguration(t *testing.T) {
 	root := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "runtime")
 	runtimeState := SandboxRuntime{
-		Root:   root,
-		Home:   filepath.Join(root, "home"),
-		Cache:  filepath.Join(root, "cache"),
-		Config: filepath.Join(root, "config"),
-		Data:   filepath.Join(root, "data"),
-		State:  filepath.Join(root, "state"),
-		Temp:   filepath.Join(root, "tmp"),
+		Root:  root,
+		Cache: filepath.Join(root, "cache"),
+		Data:  filepath.Join(root, "data"),
+		Temp:  filepath.Join(root, "tmp"),
 	}
 	env := sandboxRuntimeEnvironment([]string{
-		"HOME=/workspace",
+		"HOME=/home/user",
 		"XDG_CACHE_HOME=/host/cache",
+		"XDG_CONFIG_HOME=/home/user/.config",
+		"XDG_DATA_HOME=/home/user/.local/share",
+		"XDG_STATE_HOME=/home/user/.local/state",
+		"NPM_CONFIG_USERCONFIG=/home/user/.npmrc",
 		"PATH=/usr/bin",
 	}, &runtimeState)
 
 	for key, want := range map[string]string{
-		"HOME":                  runtimeState.Home,
-		"XDG_CACHE_HOME":        runtimeState.Cache,
-		"XDG_CONFIG_HOME":       runtimeState.Config,
-		"XDG_DATA_HOME":         runtimeState.Data,
-		"XDG_STATE_HOME":        runtimeState.State,
-		"TMPDIR":                runtimeState.Temp,
-		"npm_config_cache":      filepath.Join(runtimeState.Cache, "npm"),
-		"NPM_CONFIG_USERCONFIG": filepath.Join(runtimeState.Config, "npmrc"),
-		"YARN_CACHE_FOLDER":     filepath.Join(runtimeState.Cache, "yarn"),
-		"COREPACK_HOME":         filepath.Join(runtimeState.Cache, "corepack"),
+		"HOME":                  "/home/user",
+		"XDG_CONFIG_HOME":       "/home/user/.config",
+		"XDG_DATA_HOME":         "/home/user/.local/share",
+		"XDG_STATE_HOME":        "/home/user/.local/state",
+		"NPM_CONFIG_USERCONFIG": "/home/user/.npmrc",
+	} {
+		if got := envListValue(env, key, ""); got != want {
+			t.Fatalf("%s = %q, want %q; env=%#v", key, got, want, env)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSandboxRuntimeEnvironmentUsesManagedWritableState(t *testing.T) {
+	root := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "runtime")
+	runtimeState := SandboxRuntime{
+		Root:  root,
+		Cache: filepath.Join(root, "cache"),
+		Data:  filepath.Join(root, "data"),
+		Temp:  filepath.Join(root, "tmp"),
+	}
+	env := sandboxRuntimeEnvironment([]string{
+		"XDG_CACHE_HOME=/host/cache",
+		"TMPDIR=/host/tmp",
+		"PATH=/usr/bin",
+	}, &runtimeState)
+
+	for key, want := range map[string]string{
+		"XDG_CACHE_HOME":    runtimeState.Cache,
+		"TMPDIR":            runtimeState.Temp,
+		"TMP":               runtimeState.Temp,
+		"TEMP":              runtimeState.Temp,
+		"npm_config_cache":  filepath.Join(runtimeState.Cache, "npm"),
+		"YARN_CACHE_FOLDER": filepath.Join(runtimeState.Cache, "yarn"),
+		"COREPACK_HOME":     filepath.Join(runtimeState.Cache, "corepack"),
+		"PIP_CACHE_DIR":     filepath.Join(runtimeState.Cache, "pip"),
+		"GOCACHE":           filepath.Join(runtimeState.Cache, "go-build"),
+		"GOMODCACHE":        filepath.Join(runtimeState.Data, "go-mod"),
+		"CARGO_HOME":        filepath.Join(runtimeState.Data, "cargo"),
 	} {
 		if got := envListValue(env, key, ""); got != want {
 			t.Fatalf("%s = %q, want %q; env=%#v", key, got, want, env)
@@ -154,9 +191,93 @@ func TestSandboxRuntimeEnvironmentUsesManagedState(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestSandboxRuntimeEnvironmentPreservesGitGlobalIgnore(t *testing.T) {
+	git, err := exec.LookPath("git")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Skip("git is unavailable")
+	}
+	root := t.TempDir()
+	home := filepath.Join(root, "home")
+	configHome := filepath.Join(home, ".config")
+	repository := filepath.Join(root, "repository")
+	runtimeRoot := filepath.Join(root, "runtime")
+	for _, directory := range []string{
+		filepath.Join(configHome, "git"),
+		repository,
+		filepath.Join(runtimeRoot, "cache"),
+		filepath.Join(runtimeRoot, "data"),
+		filepath.Join(runtimeRoot, "tmp"),
+	} {
+		if err := os.MkdirAll(directory, 0o700); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(configHome, "git", "ignore"), []byte("ignored.txt\n"), 0o600); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(repository, "ignored.txt"), []byte("ignored\n"), 0o600); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(repository, "visible.txt"), []byte("visible\n"), 0o600); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	runtimeState := SandboxRuntime{
+		Root:  runtimeRoot,
+		Cache: filepath.Join(runtimeRoot, "cache"),
+		Data:  filepath.Join(runtimeRoot, "data"),
+		Temp:  filepath.Join(runtimeRoot, "tmp"),
+	}
+	inherited := append(os.Environ(),
+		"GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL="+filepath.Join(root, "missing-global-config"),
+		"GIT_DIR="+filepath.Join(root, "wrong-repository"),
+		"GIT_CONFIG_COUNT=1",
+		"GIT_CONFIG_KEY_0=core.excludesFile",
+		"GIT_CONFIG_VALUE_0="+filepath.Join(root, "missing-ignore"),
+	)
+	env := sandboxRuntimeEnvironment(upsertEnvList(withoutGitEnvironmentOverrides(inherited),
+		"HOME="+home,
+		"XDG_CONFIG_HOME="+configHome,
+		"GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM=1",
+		"GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT=0",
+	), &runtimeState)
+	runGit := func(args ...string) string {
+		t.Helper()
+		command := exec.Command(git, args...)
+		command.Dir = repository
+		command.Env = env
+		output, err := command.CombinedOutput()
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("git %s: %v\n%s", strings.Join(args, " "), err, output)
+		}
+		return string(output)
+	}
+	runGit("init", "--quiet")
+	status := runGit("status", "--short", "--untracked-files=all")
+	if strings.Contains(status, "ignored.txt") {
+		t.Fatalf("global ignore was not honored:\n%s", status)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(status, "visible.txt") {
+		t.Fatalf("non-ignored file is missing from status:\n%s", status)
+	}
+}
+
+func withoutGitEnvironmentOverrides(env []string) []string {
+	out := make([]string, 0, len(env))
+	for _, value := range env {
+		key, _, ok := strings.Cut(value, "=")
+		if ok && strings.HasPrefix(strings.ToUpper(key), "GIT_") {
+			continue
+		}
+		out = append(out, value)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
 func TestEngineCommandPlanCarriesManagedRuntime(t *testing.T) {
 	workspace := t.TempDir()
 	cacheRoot := t.TempDir()
+	t.Setenv("HOME", filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "home"))
 	original := sandboxUserCacheDir
 	sandboxUserCacheDir = func() (string, error) { return cacheRoot, nil }
 	t.Cleanup(func() { sandboxUserCacheDir = original })
@@ -189,8 +310,8 @@ func TestEngineCommandPlanCarriesManagedRuntime(t *testing.T) {
 	} else if !inUse {
 		t.Fatal("command plan runtime must be marked in use")
 	}
-	if got := envListValue(plan.Env, "HOME", ""); got != plan.PermissionProfile.Runtime.Home {
-		t.Fatalf("HOME = %q, want managed home %q", got, plan.PermissionProfile.Runtime.Home)
+	if got := envListValue(plan.Env, "HOME", ""); got != os.Getenv("HOME") {
+		t.Fatalf("HOME = %q, want caller home %q", got, os.Getenv("HOME"))
 	}
 	foundWriteRoot := false
 	for _, root := range plan.PermissionProfile.FileSystem.WriteRoots {
diff --git a/internal/tools/exec_command_test.go b/internal/tools/exec_command_test.go
index 8b4f11c8f..b2513b0db 100644
--- a/internal/tools/exec_command_test.go
+++ b/internal/tools/exec_command_test.go
@@ -316,6 +316,26 @@ func TestExecCommandUsesStructuredAdapterDenial(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestExecCommandDoesNotInferNativeSandboxDenialFromOutput(t *testing.T) {
+	result := execToolResult(execToolResultInput{
+		commandText: "touch \"$HOME/probe\"",
+		output:      "touch: cannot touch '/home/user/probe': Read-only file system",
+		exited:      true,
+		exitCode:    1,
+		enforcement: execution.Enforcement{Backend: string(sandbox.BackendLinuxBwrap), Level: string(sandbox.EnforcementNative)},
+	})
+
+	if result.ExecutionOutcome == nil || result.ExecutionOutcome.State != execution.StateFailed || result.ExecutionOutcome.Kind != execution.OutcomeApplicationFailure {
+		t.Fatalf("execution outcome = %#v, want failed/application_failure", result.ExecutionOutcome)
+	}
+	if result.ExecutionOutcome.Denial != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("command output created a typed denial: %#v", result.ExecutionOutcome.Denial)
+	}
+	if result.Meta[SandboxLikelyDeniedMeta] == "true" {
+		t.Fatalf("command output created sandbox-denial metadata: %#v", result.Meta)
+	}
+}
+
 func executionRequestHasCapability(request execution.Request, kind execution.CapabilityKind, scope string) bool {
 	for _, capability := range request.Capabilities {
 		if capability.Kind == kind && (scope == "" || capability.Scope == scope) {