diff --git a/src/routers/occupancy.py b/src/routers/occupancy.py
index 0015646..0c038c6 100644
--- a/src/routers/occupancy.py
+++ b/src/routers/occupancy.py
@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from datetime import datetime, timezone
-from typing import Annotated, Union, cast
 import ast
 import json
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from typing import Annotated, Any, Union, cast
 
 from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, Query, Request, status
 from pydantic import ValidationError
-
-from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, Query, status
-from sqlalchemy import text, func
+from sqlalchemy import func, text
+from sqlalchemy.exc import SQLAlchemyError
 from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
 
 from ..database import get_db
@@ -50,6 +48,23 @@ def _confidence_level(confidence: float) -> ConfidenceLevel | None:
         return ConfidenceLevel.very_low
 
 
+def _to_utc_naive(value: datetime) -> datetime:
+    if value.tzinfo is None or value.tzinfo.utcoffset(value) is None:
+        return value
+
+    return value.astimezone(timezone.utc).replace(tzinfo=None)
+
+
+def _is_newer_or_same_observation(
+    incoming_observed_at: datetime,
+    current_zone_updated_at: datetime | None,
+) -> bool:
+    if current_zone_updated_at is None:
+        return True
+
+    return _to_utc_naive(incoming_observed_at) >= _to_utc_naive(current_zone_updated_at)
+
+
 def _serialize_obs(obs: OccupancyObservation, db: Session) -> OccupancyObservationResponse:
     return OccupancyObservationResponse(
         observation_id=obs.observation_id,
@@ -315,12 +330,13 @@ async def create_observation(
     zone_occupancy_updated_at = cast(datetime | None, zone.occupancy_updated_at)
     current_user_id = cast(int | None, current_user.user_id)
 
-    capacity = body.capacity if body.capacity is not None else zone.capacity
+    zone_capacity = cast(int, zone.capacity)
 
-    if body.occupied > capacity:
-        body.occupied = capacity
+    capacity = body.capacity if body.capacity is not None else zone_capacity
+    occupied = min(body.occupied, capacity)
+    confidence = body.confidence
 
-    cl = _confidence_level(body.confidence)
+    cl = _confidence_level(confidence)
     now = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
 
     # Если источник прислал стабильный source_ref, то повторный запрос
@@ -342,8 +358,8 @@ async def create_observation(
             source_type=body.source_type,
             source_ref=body.source_ref,
             capacity=capacity,
-            occupied=body.occupied,
-            confidence=body.confidence,
+            occupied=occupied,
+            confidence=confidence,
             confidence_level=cl,
             observed_at=body.observed_at,
             ingested_at=now,
@@ -356,26 +372,40 @@ async def create_observation(
         obs.camera_id = zone_camera_id
         obs.partner_id = zone_partner_id
         obs.capacity = capacity
-        obs.occupied = body.occupied
-        obs.confidence = body.confidence
+        obs.occupied = occupied
+        obs.confidence = confidence
         obs.confidence_level = cl
         obs.observed_at = body.observed_at
         obs.ingested_at = now
         obs.metadata_json = body.metadata
 
         if obs.created_by_user_id is None:
-            obs.created_by_user_id = current_user.user_id
+            obs.created_by_user_id = current_user_id
 
     # Обновляем денормализованные поля parking_zones только если пришло
     # самое свежее наблюдение или наблюдение с тем же временем.
-    if zone_occupancy_updated_at is None or body.observed_at >= zone_occupancy_updated_at:
-        zone.occupied = body.occupied
-        zone.confidence = body.confidence
+    #
+    # Важно: body.observed_at может быть timezone-aware из-за "Z" в ISO-строке,
+    # а parking_zones.occupancy_updated_at в БД — TIMESTAMP без timezone.
+    # Поэтому напрямую их не сравниваем.
+    if _is_newer_or_same_observation(body.observed_at, zone_occupancy_updated_at):
+        zone.occupied = occupied
+        zone.confidence = confidence
         zone.confidence_level = cl
-        zone.occupancy_updated_at = body.observed_at
+        zone.occupancy_updated_at = _to_utc_naive(body.observed_at)
 
-    db.commit()
-    db.refresh(obs)
+    try:
+        db.commit()
+        db.refresh(obs)
+    except SQLAlchemyError as exc:
+        db.rollback()
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status.HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY,
+            detail={
+                "error_description": "Occupancy payload could not be saved",
+                "details": exc.__class__.__name__,
+            },
+        )
 
     return {"observation_id": obs.observation_id}