From bc4ededa60c26f1ee20c319e71ab3ffba4a6e2cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sonypradana <sonypradana@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 7 Mar 2026 22:27:21 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 1/8] feat: add PDO cache storage driver with unit and
 integration tests

- Implement PdoStorage with raw SQL for portability
- Add PdoStorageTest for unit testing (SQLite memory)
- Add PdoStorageRealConnectionTest for integration testing
- Apply project-wide coding standard fixes via php-cs-fixer
---
 src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php       | 172 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php  |  84 +++++++++
 tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageTest.php        |  98 ++++++++++
 3 files changed, 354 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php
 create mode 100644 tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php
 create mode 100644 tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageTest.php

diff --git a/src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php b/src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d79c517b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace System\Cache\Storage;
+
+use System\Cache\CacheInterface;
+
+class PdoStorage implements CacheInterface
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private \PDO $pdo,
+        private string $table = 'cache',
+        private int $defaultTTL = 3_600,
+    ) {
+    }
+
+    public function get(string $key, mixed $default = null): mixed
+    {
+        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("SELECT value, expiration FROM {$this->table} WHERE key = :key");
+        $stmt->execute(['key' => $key]);
+        $row = $stmt->fetch(\PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
+
+        if (false === $row) {
+            return $default;
+        }
+
+        if (time() >= (int) $row['expiration']) {
+            $this->delete($key);
+
+            return $default;
+        }
+
+        return unserialize($row['value']);
+    }
+
+    public function set(string $key, mixed $value, int|\DateInterval|null $ttl = null): bool
+    {
+        $expiration = $this->calculateExpirationTimestamp($ttl);
+        $serialized = serialize($value);
+
+        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("DELETE FROM {$this->table} WHERE key = :key");
+        $stmt->execute(['key' => $key]);
+
+        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("INSERT INTO {$this->table} (key, value, expiration) VALUES (:key, :value, :expiration)");
+
+        return $stmt->execute([
+            'key'        => $key,
+            'value'      => $serialized,
+            'expiration' => $expiration,
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    public function delete(string $key): bool
+    {
+        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("DELETE FROM {$this->table} WHERE key = :key");
+
+        return $stmt->execute(['key' => $key]);
+    }
+
+    public function clear(): bool
+    {
+        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("DELETE FROM {$this->table}");
+
+        return $stmt->execute();
+    }
+
+    public function getMultiple(iterable $keys, mixed $default = null): iterable
+    {
+        $result = [];
+        foreach ($keys as $key) {
+            $result[$key] = $this->get($key, $default);
+        }
+
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    public function setMultiple(iterable $values, int|\DateInterval|null $ttl = null): bool
+    {
+        $success = true;
+        foreach ($values as $key => $value) {
+            if (false === $this->set($key, $value, $ttl)) {
+                $success = false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $success;
+    }
+
+    public function deleteMultiple(iterable $keys): bool
+    {
+        $success = true;
+        foreach ($keys as $key) {
+            if (false === $this->delete($key)) {
+                $success = false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $success;
+    }
+
+    public function has(string $key): bool
+    {
+        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("SELECT 1 FROM {$this->table} WHERE key = :key AND expiration > :now");
+        $stmt->execute([
+            'key' => $key,
+            'now' => time(),
+        ]);
+
+        return false !== $stmt->fetchColumn();
+    }
+
+    public function increment(string $key, int $value): int
+    {
+        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("SELECT value, expiration FROM {$this->table} WHERE key = :key");
+        $stmt->execute(['key' => $key]);
+        $row = $stmt->fetch(\PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
+
+        if (false === $row || time() >= (int) $row['expiration']) {
+            $this->set($key, $value);
+
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        $current    = unserialize($row['value']);
+        $expiration = (int) $row['expiration'];
+
+        if (false === is_int($current)) {
+            throw new \InvalidArgumentException('Value increment must be integer.');
+        }
+
+        $new = $current + $value;
+        $ttl = $expiration - time();
+
+        $this->set($key, $new, max(0, $ttl));
+
+        return $new;
+    }
+
+    public function decrement(string $key, int $value): int
+    {
+        return $this->increment($key, $value * -1);
+    }
+
+    public function remember(string $key, int|\DateInterval|null $ttl, \Closure $callback): mixed
+    {
+        $value = $this->get($key);
+
+        if (null !== $value) {
+            return $value;
+        }
+
+        $this->set($key, $value = $callback(), $ttl);
+
+        return $value;
+    }
+
+    private function calculateExpirationTimestamp(int|\DateInterval|\DateTimeInterface|null $ttl): int
+    {
+        if ($ttl instanceof \DateInterval) {
+            return (new \DateTimeImmutable())->add($ttl)->getTimestamp();
+        }
+
+        if ($ttl instanceof \DateTimeInterface) {
+            return $ttl->getTimestamp();
+        }
+
+        $ttl ??= $this->defaultTTL;
+
+        return time() + $ttl;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php b/tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..df5cac69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace System\Test\Cache\Storage;
+
+use System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage;
+use System\Test\Database\TestDatabase;
+
+class PdoStorageRealConnectionTest extends TestDatabase
+{
+    private PdoStorage $storage;
+
+    protected function setUp(): void
+    {
+        $this->createConnection();
+        $this->createCacheTable();
+
+        $reflection = new \ReflectionClass($this->pdo);
+        $property   = $reflection->getProperty('dbh');
+        $property->setAccessible(true);
+        $dbh = $property->getValue($this->pdo);
+
+        $this->storage = new PdoStorage($dbh, 'cache', 60);
+    }
+
+    protected function tearDown(): void
+    {
+        $this->dropCacheTable();
+    }
+
+    private function createCacheTable(): void
+    {
+        $this->pdo->query('
+            CREATE TABLE cache (
+                key VARCHAR(255) PRIMARY KEY,
+                value TEXT,
+                expiration INT
+            )
+        ')->execute();
+    }
+
+    private function dropCacheTable(): void
+    {
+        $this->pdo->query('DROP TABLE IF EXISTS cache')->execute();
+    }
+
+    public function testRealConnectionGetAndSet()
+    {
+        $this->assertTrue($this->storage->set('real_key', ['complex' => 'data', 'number' => 123]));
+        $result = $this->storage->get('real_key');
+
+        $this->assertIsArray($result);
+        $this->assertEquals('data', $result['complex']);
+        $this->assertEquals(123, $result['number']);
+    }
+
+    public function testRealConnectionExpiration()
+    {
+        $this->storage->set('expired_soon', 'bye', 1);
+        $this->assertEquals('bye', $this->storage->get('expired_soon'));
+
+        // Wait for expiration
+        sleep(2);
+
+        $this->assertNull($this->storage->get('expired_soon'));
+    }
+
+    public function testRealConnectionIncrement()
+    {
+        $this->storage->set('counter', 10, 10);
+        $this->assertEquals(15, $this->storage->increment('counter', 5));
+        $this->assertEquals(15, $this->storage->get('counter'));
+    }
+
+    public function testRealConnectionClear()
+    {
+        $this->storage->set('a', 1);
+        $this->storage->set('b', 2);
+        $this->assertTrue($this->storage->clear());
+        $this->assertFalse($this->storage->has('a'));
+        $this->assertFalse($this->storage->has('b'));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageTest.php b/tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8b26cf04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace System\Test\Cache\Storage;
+
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
+use System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage;
+
+class PdoStorageTest extends TestCase
+{
+    private \PDO $pdo;
+    private PdoStorage $storage;
+
+    protected function setUp(): void
+    {
+        $this->pdo = new \PDO('sqlite::memory:');
+        $this->pdo->exec('
+            CREATE TABLE cache (
+                key VARCHAR(255) PRIMARY KEY,
+                value TEXT,
+                expiration INT
+            )
+        ');
+
+        $this->storage = new PdoStorage($this->pdo, 'cache', 60);
+    }
+
+    public function testGetAndSet()
+    {
+        $this->assertTrue($this->storage->set('foo', 'bar'));
+        $this->assertEquals('bar', $this->storage->get('foo'));
+    }
+
+    public function testGetExpired()
+    {
+        $this->storage->set('foo', 'bar', -1);
+        $this->assertNull($this->storage->get('foo'));
+    }
+
+    public function testDelete()
+    {
+        $this->storage->set('foo', 'bar');
+        $this->assertTrue($this->storage->delete('foo'));
+        $this->assertNull($this->storage->get('foo'));
+    }
+
+    public function testClear()
+    {
+        $this->storage->set('foo', 'bar');
+        $this->storage->set('baz', 'qux');
+        $this->assertTrue($this->storage->clear());
+        $this->assertNull($this->storage->get('foo'));
+        $this->assertNull($this->storage->get('baz'));
+    }
+
+    public function testHas()
+    {
+        $this->storage->set('foo', 'bar');
+        $this->assertTrue($this->storage->has('foo'));
+        $this->assertFalse($this->storage->has('not_found'));
+    }
+
+    public function testIncrement()
+    {
+        $this->storage->set('num', 1);
+        $this->assertEquals(2, $this->storage->increment('num', 1));
+        $this->assertEquals(2, $this->storage->get('num'));
+    }
+
+    public function testDecrement()
+    {
+        $this->storage->set('num', 10);
+        $this->assertEquals(7, $this->storage->decrement('num', 3));
+        $this->assertEquals(7, $this->storage->get('num'));
+    }
+
+    public function testRemember()
+    {
+        $this->assertNull($this->storage->get('rem'));
+        $value = $this->storage->remember('rem', 60, fn () => 'remembered');
+        $this->assertEquals('remembered', $value);
+        $this->assertEquals('remembered', $this->storage->get('rem'));
+    }
+
+    public function testMultiple()
+    {
+        $values = ['a' => 1, 'b' => 2];
+        $this->assertTrue($this->storage->setMultiple($values));
+
+        $get = $this->storage->getMultiple(['a', 'b', 'c'], 'default');
+        $this->assertEquals(['a' => 1, 'b' => 2, 'c' => 'default'], (array) $get);
+
+        $this->assertTrue($this->storage->deleteMultiple(['a', 'b']));
+        $this->assertNull($this->storage->get('a'));
+        $this->assertNull($this->storage->get('b'));
+    }
+}

From cf64bd8307f2b31ce6b147578d385a6b2c88136d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: SonyPradana <sonypradana@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Mar 2026 14:27:13 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 2/8] test

---
 .github/workflows/database.yml                |  6 +-
 src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php       | 44 ++++++++--
 .../Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php  | 87 ++++++++++++++-----
 tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageTest.php        | 77 +++++++++++++---
 4 files changed, 170 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/database.yml b/.github/workflows/database.yml
index 96b7a616..47500005 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/database.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/database.yml
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ jobs:
           command: composer update --prefer-stable --prefer-dist --no-interaction --no-progress
 
       - name: Execute tests
-        run: vendor/bin/phpunit tests/DataBase --exclude-group not-for-mysql5.7
+        run: vendor/bin/phpunit tests/DataBase tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php --exclude-group not-for-mysql5.7
         env:
           DB_CONNECTION: mysql
           DB_USERNAME: root
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ jobs:
           command: composer update --prefer-stable --prefer-dist --no-interaction --no-progress
 
       - name: Execute tests
-        run: vendor/bin/phpunit tests/DataBase
+        run: vendor/bin/phpunit tests/DataBase tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php
         env:
           DB_CONNECTION: mysql
           DB_USERNAME: root
@@ -139,6 +139,6 @@ jobs:
           command: composer update --prefer-stable --prefer-dist --no-interaction --no-progress
 
       - name: Execute tests
-        run: vendor/bin/phpunit tests/DataBase
+        run: vendor/bin/phpunit tests/DataBase tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php
         env:
           DB_CONNECTION: mariadb
diff --git a/src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php b/src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php
index d79c517b..f3ca7a18 100644
--- a/src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php
+++ b/src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php
@@ -17,7 +17,10 @@ public function __construct(
 
     public function get(string $key, mixed $default = null): mixed
     {
-        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("SELECT value, expiration FROM {$this->table} WHERE key = :key");
+        $table = $this->quoteIdentifier($this->table);
+        $key_column = $this->quoteIdentifier('key');
+        
+        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("SELECT value, expiration FROM {$table} WHERE {$key_column} = :key");
         $stmt->execute(['key' => $key]);
         $row = $stmt->fetch(\PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
 
@@ -39,10 +42,16 @@ public function set(string $key, mixed $value, int|\DateInterval|null $ttl = nul
         $expiration = $this->calculateExpirationTimestamp($ttl);
         $serialized = serialize($value);
 
-        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("DELETE FROM {$this->table} WHERE key = :key");
+        $table = $this->quoteIdentifier($this->table);
+        $key_column = $this->quoteIdentifier('key');
+
+        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("DELETE FROM {$table} WHERE {$key_column} = :key");
         $stmt->execute(['key' => $key]);
 
-        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("INSERT INTO {$this->table} (key, value, expiration) VALUES (:key, :value, :expiration)");
+        $value_column = $this->quoteIdentifier('value');
+        $exp_column = $this->quoteIdentifier('expiration');
+        
+        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("INSERT INTO {$table} ({$key_column}, {$value_column}, {$exp_column}) VALUES (:key, :value, :expiration)");
 
         return $stmt->execute([
             'key'        => $key,
@@ -53,14 +62,18 @@ public function set(string $key, mixed $value, int|\DateInterval|null $ttl = nul
 
     public function delete(string $key): bool
     {
-        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("DELETE FROM {$this->table} WHERE key = :key");
+        $table = $this->quoteIdentifier($this->table);
+        $key_column = $this->quoteIdentifier('key');
+        
+        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("DELETE FROM {$table} WHERE {$key_column} = :key");
 
         return $stmt->execute(['key' => $key]);
     }
 
     public function clear(): bool
     {
-        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("DELETE FROM {$this->table}");
+        $table = $this->quoteIdentifier($this->table);
+        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("DELETE FROM {$table}");
 
         return $stmt->execute();
     }
@@ -101,7 +114,11 @@ public function deleteMultiple(iterable $keys): bool
 
     public function has(string $key): bool
     {
-        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("SELECT 1 FROM {$this->table} WHERE key = :key AND expiration > :now");
+        $table = $this->quoteIdentifier($this->table);
+        $key_column = $this->quoteIdentifier('key');
+        $exp_column = $this->quoteIdentifier('expiration');
+
+        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("SELECT 1 FROM {$table} WHERE {$key_column} = :key AND {$exp_column} > :now");
         $stmt->execute([
             'key' => $key,
             'now' => time(),
@@ -112,7 +129,10 @@ public function has(string $key): bool
 
     public function increment(string $key, int $value): int
     {
-        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("SELECT value, expiration FROM {$this->table} WHERE key = :key");
+        $table = $this->quoteIdentifier($this->table);
+        $key_column = $this->quoteIdentifier('key');
+
+        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("SELECT value, expiration FROM {$table} WHERE {$key_column} = :key");
         $stmt->execute(['key' => $key]);
         $row = $stmt->fetch(\PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
 
@@ -155,6 +175,16 @@ public function remember(string $key, int|\DateInterval|null $ttl, \Closure $cal
         return $value;
     }
 
+    private function quoteIdentifier(string $identifier): string
+    {
+        $driver = $this->pdo->getAttribute(\PDO::ATTR_DRIVER_NAME);
+
+        return match ($driver) {
+            'mysql', 'mariadb' => "`{$identifier}`",
+            default            => "\"{$identifier}\"",
+        };
+    }
+
     private function calculateExpirationTimestamp(int|\DateInterval|\DateTimeInterface|null $ttl): int
     {
         if ($ttl instanceof \DateInterval) {
diff --git a/tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php b/tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php
index df5cac69..20c8cafe 100644
--- a/tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php
+++ b/tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php
@@ -4,48 +4,76 @@
 
 namespace System\Test\Cache\Storage;
 
+use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
 use System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage;
-use System\Test\Database\TestDatabase;
 
-class PdoStorageRealConnectionTest extends TestDatabase
+/**
+ * @group database
+ * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage
+ */
+class PdoStorageRealConnectionTest extends TestCase
 {
+    private \PDO $pdo;
     private PdoStorage $storage;
+    private string $driver;
 
     protected function setUp(): void
     {
-        $this->createConnection();
-        $this->createCacheTable();
-
-        $reflection = new \ReflectionClass($this->pdo);
-        $property   = $reflection->getProperty('dbh');
-        $property->setAccessible(true);
-        $dbh = $property->getValue($this->pdo);
+        $this->driver = $_ENV['DB_CONNECTION'] ?? 'mysql';
+        $host         = $_ENV['DB_HOST'] ?? '127.0.0.1';
+        $db           = $_ENV['DB_DATABASE'] ?? 'forge';
+        $user         = $_ENV['DB_USERNAME'] ?? 'root';
+        $pass         = $_ENV['DB_PASSWORD'] ?? '';
+        $port         = $_ENV['DB_PORT'] ?? '3306';
+
+        try {
+            $dsn = "{$this->driver}:host={$host};port={$port};dbname={$db};charset=utf8mb4";
+            $this->pdo = new \PDO($dsn, $user, $pass, [
+                \PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE => \PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION,
+            ]);
+        } catch (\PDOException $e) {
+            $this->markTestSkipped('Database connection failed: ' . $e->getMessage());
+        }
 
-        $this->storage = new PdoStorage($dbh, 'cache', 60);
+        $this->createCacheTable();
+        $this->storage = new PdoStorage($this->pdo, 'cache', 60);
     }
 
     protected function tearDown(): void
     {
-        $this->dropCacheTable();
+        if (isset($this->pdo)) {
+            $this->dropCacheTable();
+        }
     }
 
     private function createCacheTable(): void
     {
-        $this->pdo->query('
-            CREATE TABLE cache (
-                key VARCHAR(255) PRIMARY KEY,
-                value TEXT,
-                expiration INT
+        $quote = match ($this->driver) {
+            'mysql', 'mariadb' => '`',
+            default            => '"',
+        };
+
+        $this->pdo->exec("
+            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS cache (
+                {$quote}key{$quote} VARCHAR(255) PRIMARY KEY,
+                {$quote}value{$quote} TEXT,
+                {$quote}expiration{$quote} INT
             )
-        ')->execute();
+        ");
     }
 
     private function dropCacheTable(): void
     {
-        $this->pdo->query('DROP TABLE IF EXISTS cache')->execute();
+        $this->pdo->exec('DROP TABLE IF EXISTS cache');
     }
 
-    public function testRealConnectionGetAndSet()
+    /**
+     * @test
+     * @testdox it can get and set cache on real connection
+     * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::get
+     * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::set
+     */
+    public function it_can_get_and_set_cache_on_real_connection()
     {
         $this->assertTrue($this->storage->set('real_key', ['complex' => 'data', 'number' => 123]));
         $result = $this->storage->get('real_key');
@@ -55,7 +83,12 @@ public function testRealConnectionGetAndSet()
         $this->assertEquals(123, $result['number']);
     }
 
-    public function testRealConnectionExpiration()
+    /**
+     * @test
+     * @testdox it should handle cache expiration on real connection
+     * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::get
+     */
+    public function it_should_handle_cache_expiration_on_real_connection()
     {
         $this->storage->set('expired_soon', 'bye', 1);
         $this->assertEquals('bye', $this->storage->get('expired_soon'));
@@ -66,14 +99,24 @@ public function testRealConnectionExpiration()
         $this->assertNull($this->storage->get('expired_soon'));
     }
 
-    public function testRealConnectionIncrement()
+    /**
+     * @test
+     * @testdox it can increment cache on real connection
+     * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::increment
+     */
+    public function it_can_increment_cache_on_real_connection()
     {
         $this->storage->set('counter', 10, 10);
         $this->assertEquals(15, $this->storage->increment('counter', 5));
         $this->assertEquals(15, $this->storage->get('counter'));
     }
 
-    public function testRealConnectionClear()
+    /**
+     * @test
+     * @testdox it can clear cache on real connection
+     * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::clear
+     */
+    public function it_can_clear_cache_on_real_connection()
     {
         $this->storage->set('a', 1);
         $this->storage->set('b', 2);
diff --git a/tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageTest.php b/tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageTest.php
index 8b26cf04..17e62ade 100644
--- a/tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageTest.php
+++ b/tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageTest.php
@@ -7,6 +7,10 @@
 use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
 use System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage;
 
+/**
+ * @group database
+ * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage
+ */
 class PdoStorageTest extends TestCase
 {
     private \PDO $pdo;
@@ -17,35 +21,57 @@ protected function setUp(): void
         $this->pdo = new \PDO('sqlite::memory:');
         $this->pdo->exec('
             CREATE TABLE cache (
-                key VARCHAR(255) PRIMARY KEY,
-                value TEXT,
-                expiration INT
+                "key" VARCHAR(255) PRIMARY KEY,
+                "value" TEXT,
+                "expiration" INT
             )
         ');
 
         $this->storage = new PdoStorage($this->pdo, 'cache', 60);
     }
 
-    public function testGetAndSet()
+    /**
+     * @test
+     * @testdox it can get and set cache
+     * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::get
+     * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::set
+     * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::quoteIdentifier
+     */
+    public function it_can_get_and_set_cache()
     {
         $this->assertTrue($this->storage->set('foo', 'bar'));
         $this->assertEquals('bar', $this->storage->get('foo'));
     }
 
-    public function testGetExpired()
+    /**
+     * @test
+     * @testdox it should return null if cache expired
+     * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::get
+     */
+    public function it_should_return_null_if_cache_expired()
     {
         $this->storage->set('foo', 'bar', -1);
         $this->assertNull($this->storage->get('foo'));
     }
 
-    public function testDelete()
+    /**
+     * @test
+     * @testdox it can delete cache
+     * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::delete
+     */
+    public function it_can_delete_cache()
     {
         $this->storage->set('foo', 'bar');
         $this->assertTrue($this->storage->delete('foo'));
         $this->assertNull($this->storage->get('foo'));
     }
 
-    public function testClear()
+    /**
+     * @test
+     * @testdox it can clear all cache
+     * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::clear
+     */
+    public function it_can_clear_all_cache()
     {
         $this->storage->set('foo', 'bar');
         $this->storage->set('baz', 'qux');
@@ -54,28 +80,48 @@ public function testClear()
         $this->assertNull($this->storage->get('baz'));
     }
 
-    public function testHas()
+    /**
+     * @test
+     * @testdox it can check if cache exists
+     * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::has
+     */
+    public function it_can_check_if_cache_exists()
     {
         $this->storage->set('foo', 'bar');
         $this->assertTrue($this->storage->has('foo'));
         $this->assertFalse($this->storage->has('not_found'));
     }
 
-    public function testIncrement()
+    /**
+     * @test
+     * @testdox it can increment cache value
+     * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::increment
+     */
+    public function it_can_increment_cache_value()
     {
         $this->storage->set('num', 1);
         $this->assertEquals(2, $this->storage->increment('num', 1));
         $this->assertEquals(2, $this->storage->get('num'));
     }
 
-    public function testDecrement()
+    /**
+     * @test
+     * @testdox it can decrement cache value
+     * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::decrement
+     */
+    public function it_can_decrement_cache_value()
     {
         $this->storage->set('num', 10);
         $this->assertEquals(7, $this->storage->decrement('num', 3));
         $this->assertEquals(7, $this->storage->get('num'));
     }
 
-    public function testRemember()
+    /**
+     * @test
+     * @testdox it can remember cache value
+     * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::remember
+     */
+    public function it_can_remember_cache_value()
     {
         $this->assertNull($this->storage->get('rem'));
         $value = $this->storage->remember('rem', 60, fn () => 'remembered');
@@ -83,7 +129,14 @@ public function testRemember()
         $this->assertEquals('remembered', $this->storage->get('rem'));
     }
 
-    public function testMultiple()
+    /**
+     * @test
+     * @testdox it can handle multiple cache operations
+     * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::getMultiple
+     * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::setMultiple
+     * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::deleteMultiple
+     */
+    public function it_can_handle_multiple_cache_operations()
     {
         $values = ['a' => 1, 'b' => 2];
         $this->assertTrue($this->storage->setMultiple($values));

From f689f1b0d0de155c86919b6a4deb158d6fca64ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: SonyPradana <sonypradana@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Mar 2026 14:27:56 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 3/8] formatting

---
 src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php       | 20 +++++-----
 .../Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php  | 19 +++++++---
 tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageTest.php        | 37 ++++++++++++++-----
 3 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php b/src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php
index f3ca7a18..b6f5bf48 100644
--- a/src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php
+++ b/src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ public function __construct(
 
     public function get(string $key, mixed $default = null): mixed
     {
-        $table = $this->quoteIdentifier($this->table);
+        $table      = $this->quoteIdentifier($this->table);
         $key_column = $this->quoteIdentifier('key');
-        
+
         $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("SELECT value, expiration FROM {$table} WHERE {$key_column} = :key");
         $stmt->execute(['key' => $key]);
         $row = $stmt->fetch(\PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
@@ -42,15 +42,15 @@ public function set(string $key, mixed $value, int|\DateInterval|null $ttl = nul
         $expiration = $this->calculateExpirationTimestamp($ttl);
         $serialized = serialize($value);
 
-        $table = $this->quoteIdentifier($this->table);
+        $table      = $this->quoteIdentifier($this->table);
         $key_column = $this->quoteIdentifier('key');
 
         $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("DELETE FROM {$table} WHERE {$key_column} = :key");
         $stmt->execute(['key' => $key]);
 
         $value_column = $this->quoteIdentifier('value');
-        $exp_column = $this->quoteIdentifier('expiration');
-        
+        $exp_column   = $this->quoteIdentifier('expiration');
+
         $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("INSERT INTO {$table} ({$key_column}, {$value_column}, {$exp_column}) VALUES (:key, :value, :expiration)");
 
         return $stmt->execute([
@@ -62,9 +62,9 @@ public function set(string $key, mixed $value, int|\DateInterval|null $ttl = nul
 
     public function delete(string $key): bool
     {
-        $table = $this->quoteIdentifier($this->table);
+        $table      = $this->quoteIdentifier($this->table);
         $key_column = $this->quoteIdentifier('key');
-        
+
         $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("DELETE FROM {$table} WHERE {$key_column} = :key");
 
         return $stmt->execute(['key' => $key]);
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ public function delete(string $key): bool
     public function clear(): bool
     {
         $table = $this->quoteIdentifier($this->table);
-        $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("DELETE FROM {$table}");
+        $stmt  = $this->pdo->prepare("DELETE FROM {$table}");
 
         return $stmt->execute();
     }
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ public function deleteMultiple(iterable $keys): bool
 
     public function has(string $key): bool
     {
-        $table = $this->quoteIdentifier($this->table);
+        $table      = $this->quoteIdentifier($this->table);
         $key_column = $this->quoteIdentifier('key');
         $exp_column = $this->quoteIdentifier('expiration');
 
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ public function has(string $key): bool
 
     public function increment(string $key, int $value): int
     {
-        $table = $this->quoteIdentifier($this->table);
+        $table      = $this->quoteIdentifier($this->table);
         $key_column = $this->quoteIdentifier('key');
 
         $stmt = $this->pdo->prepare("SELECT value, expiration FROM {$table} WHERE {$key_column} = :key");
diff --git a/tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php b/tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php
index 20c8cafe..a3b45bb8 100644
--- a/tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php
+++ b/tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
 /**
  * @group database
+ *
  * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage
  */
 class PdoStorageRealConnectionTest extends TestCase
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ protected function setUp(): void
         $port         = $_ENV['DB_PORT'] ?? '3306';
 
         try {
-            $dsn = "{$this->driver}:host={$host};port={$port};dbname={$db};charset=utf8mb4";
+            $dsn       = "{$this->driver}:host={$host};port={$port};dbname={$db};charset=utf8mb4";
             $this->pdo = new \PDO($dsn, $user, $pass, [
                 \PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE => \PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION,
             ]);
@@ -69,11 +70,13 @@ private function dropCacheTable(): void
 
     /**
      * @test
+     *
      * @testdox it can get and set cache on real connection
+     *
      * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::get
      * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::set
      */
-    public function it_can_get_and_set_cache_on_real_connection()
+    public function itCanGetAndSetCacheOnRealConnection()
     {
         $this->assertTrue($this->storage->set('real_key', ['complex' => 'data', 'number' => 123]));
         $result = $this->storage->get('real_key');
@@ -85,10 +88,12 @@ public function it_can_get_and_set_cache_on_real_connection()
 
     /**
      * @test
+     *
      * @testdox it should handle cache expiration on real connection
+     *
      * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::get
      */
-    public function it_should_handle_cache_expiration_on_real_connection()
+    public function itShouldHandleCacheExpirationOnRealConnection()
     {
         $this->storage->set('expired_soon', 'bye', 1);
         $this->assertEquals('bye', $this->storage->get('expired_soon'));
@@ -101,10 +106,12 @@ public function it_should_handle_cache_expiration_on_real_connection()
 
     /**
      * @test
+     *
      * @testdox it can increment cache on real connection
+     *
      * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::increment
      */
-    public function it_can_increment_cache_on_real_connection()
+    public function itCanIncrementCacheOnRealConnection()
     {
         $this->storage->set('counter', 10, 10);
         $this->assertEquals(15, $this->storage->increment('counter', 5));
@@ -113,10 +120,12 @@ public function it_can_increment_cache_on_real_connection()
 
     /**
      * @test
+     *
      * @testdox it can clear cache on real connection
+     *
      * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::clear
      */
-    public function it_can_clear_cache_on_real_connection()
+    public function itCanClearCacheOnRealConnection()
     {
         $this->storage->set('a', 1);
         $this->storage->set('b', 2);
diff --git a/tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageTest.php b/tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageTest.php
index 17e62ade..a7ee8d60 100644
--- a/tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageTest.php
+++ b/tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
 /**
  * @group database
+ *
  * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage
  */
 class PdoStorageTest extends TestCase
@@ -32,12 +33,14 @@ protected function setUp(): void
 
     /**
      * @test
+     *
      * @testdox it can get and set cache
+     *
      * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::get
      * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::set
      * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::quoteIdentifier
      */
-    public function it_can_get_and_set_cache()
+    public function itCanGetAndSetCache()
     {
         $this->assertTrue($this->storage->set('foo', 'bar'));
         $this->assertEquals('bar', $this->storage->get('foo'));
@@ -45,10 +48,12 @@ public function it_can_get_and_set_cache()
 
     /**
      * @test
+     *
      * @testdox it should return null if cache expired
+     *
      * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::get
      */
-    public function it_should_return_null_if_cache_expired()
+    public function itShouldReturnNullIfCacheExpired()
     {
         $this->storage->set('foo', 'bar', -1);
         $this->assertNull($this->storage->get('foo'));
@@ -56,10 +61,12 @@ public function it_should_return_null_if_cache_expired()
 
     /**
      * @test
+     *
      * @testdox it can delete cache
+     *
      * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::delete
      */
-    public function it_can_delete_cache()
+    public function itCanDeleteCache()
     {
         $this->storage->set('foo', 'bar');
         $this->assertTrue($this->storage->delete('foo'));
@@ -68,10 +75,12 @@ public function it_can_delete_cache()
 
     /**
      * @test
+     *
      * @testdox it can clear all cache
+     *
      * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::clear
      */
-    public function it_can_clear_all_cache()
+    public function itCanClearAllCache()
     {
         $this->storage->set('foo', 'bar');
         $this->storage->set('baz', 'qux');
@@ -82,10 +91,12 @@ public function it_can_clear_all_cache()
 
     /**
      * @test
+     *
      * @testdox it can check if cache exists
+     *
      * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::has
      */
-    public function it_can_check_if_cache_exists()
+    public function itCanCheckIfCacheExists()
     {
         $this->storage->set('foo', 'bar');
         $this->assertTrue($this->storage->has('foo'));
@@ -94,10 +105,12 @@ public function it_can_check_if_cache_exists()
 
     /**
      * @test
+     *
      * @testdox it can increment cache value
+     *
      * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::increment
      */
-    public function it_can_increment_cache_value()
+    public function itCanIncrementCacheValue()
     {
         $this->storage->set('num', 1);
         $this->assertEquals(2, $this->storage->increment('num', 1));
@@ -106,10 +119,12 @@ public function it_can_increment_cache_value()
 
     /**
      * @test
+     *
      * @testdox it can decrement cache value
+     *
      * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::decrement
      */
-    public function it_can_decrement_cache_value()
+    public function itCanDecrementCacheValue()
     {
         $this->storage->set('num', 10);
         $this->assertEquals(7, $this->storage->decrement('num', 3));
@@ -118,10 +133,12 @@ public function it_can_decrement_cache_value()
 
     /**
      * @test
+     *
      * @testdox it can remember cache value
+     *
      * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::remember
      */
-    public function it_can_remember_cache_value()
+    public function itCanRememberCacheValue()
     {
         $this->assertNull($this->storage->get('rem'));
         $value = $this->storage->remember('rem', 60, fn () => 'remembered');
@@ -131,12 +148,14 @@ public function it_can_remember_cache_value()
 
     /**
      * @test
+     *
      * @testdox it can handle multiple cache operations
+     *
      * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::getMultiple
      * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::setMultiple
      * @covers \System\Cache\Storage\PdoStorage::deleteMultiple
      */
-    public function it_can_handle_multiple_cache_operations()
+    public function itCanHandleMultipleCacheOperations()
     {
         $values = ['a' => 1, 'b' => 2];
         $this->assertTrue($this->storage->setMultiple($values));

From 60dd9cf6fcafa5bf61be414c2a08c818524a020d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: SonyPradana <sonypradana@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Mar 2026 14:47:07 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 4/8] use group test "database"

---
 .github/workflows/database.yml | 10 +++++++---
 .phpactor.json                 |  5 +++++
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 .phpactor.json

diff --git a/.github/workflows/database.yml b/.github/workflows/database.yml
index 47500005..2f65797e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/database.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/database.yml
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ on:
       - ".github/workflows/database.yml"
       - "src/System/Database/**"
       - "tests/DataBase/**"
+      - "src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php"
+      - "tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php"
     branches:
       - master
   pull_request:
@@ -13,6 +15,8 @@ on:
       - ".github/workflows/database.yml"
       - "src/System/Database/**"
       - "tests/DataBase/**"
+      - "src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php"
+      - "tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php"
 
 jobs:
   mysql_57:
@@ -53,7 +57,7 @@ jobs:
           command: composer update --prefer-stable --prefer-dist --no-interaction --no-progress
 
       - name: Execute tests
-        run: vendor/bin/phpunit tests/DataBase tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php --exclude-group not-for-mysql5.7
+        run: vendor/bin/phpunit --group database --exclude-group not-for-mysql5.7
         env:
           DB_CONNECTION: mysql
           DB_USERNAME: root
@@ -96,7 +100,7 @@ jobs:
           command: composer update --prefer-stable --prefer-dist --no-interaction --no-progress
 
       - name: Execute tests
-        run: vendor/bin/phpunit tests/DataBase tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php
+        run: vendor/bin/phpunit --group database
         env:
           DB_CONNECTION: mysql
           DB_USERNAME: root
@@ -139,6 +143,6 @@ jobs:
           command: composer update --prefer-stable --prefer-dist --no-interaction --no-progress
 
       - name: Execute tests
-        run: vendor/bin/phpunit tests/DataBase tests/Cache/Storage/PdoStorageRealConnectionTest.php
+        run: vendor/bin/phpunit --group database
         env:
           DB_CONNECTION: mariadb
diff --git a/.phpactor.json b/.phpactor.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c38fd493
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.phpactor.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+    "$schema": "/phpactor.schema.json",
+    "language_server_phpstan.enabled": true,
+    "language_server_php_cs_fixer.enabled": true
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From d7148ffc3b7575dbad5c4afa6172ca07dc0f1212 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: SonyPradana <sonypradana@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Mar 2026 15:00:26 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 5/8] refactor: use optional dependency

---
 composer.json                           |  1 +
 src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php | 12 +++++++++++-
 src/System/Cache/composer.json          |  3 +++
 3 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/composer.json b/composer.json
index c6a9b1d6..fddf29d3 100644
--- a/composer.json
+++ b/composer.json
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
         "rector/rector": "^1.2"
     },
     "suggest": {
+        "ext-pdo": "Required to use the PDO cache driver.",
         "ext-redis": "Required to use the phpredis connector."
     },
     "autoload": {
diff --git a/src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php b/src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php
index b6f5bf48..d4a58876 100644
--- a/src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php
+++ b/src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php
@@ -8,11 +8,21 @@
 
 class PdoStorage implements CacheInterface
 {
+    /**
+     * @param \PDO   $pdo PDO instance
+     */
     public function __construct(
-        private \PDO $pdo,
+        private $pdo,
         private string $table = 'cache',
         private int $defaultTTL = 3_600,
     ) {
+        if (false === extension_loaded('pdo') || !class_exists('\PDO')) {
+            throw new \RuntimeException('The PDO extension is required to use PdoStorage.');
+        }
+
+        if (false === ($this->pdo instanceof \PDO)) {
+            throw new \InvalidArgumentException('The pdo must be an instance of \PDO.');
+        }
     }
 
     public function get(string $key, mixed $default = null): mixed
diff --git a/src/System/Cache/composer.json b/src/System/Cache/composer.json
index 480a44fc..ee4881ac 100644
--- a/src/System/Cache/composer.json
+++ b/src/System/Cache/composer.json
@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@
     "require": {
         "php": "^8.0"
     },
+    "suggest": {
+        "ext-pdo": "Required to use the PDO cache driver.",
+    },
     "autoload": {
         "psr-4": {
             "System\\Cache\\": ""

From bfa11f0cbff04528ea7484115e3d9ee36f963cfb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: SonyPradana <sonypradana@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Mar 2026 15:02:27 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 6/8] revert

---
 .phpactor.json | 5 -----
 1 file changed, 5 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 .phpactor.json

diff --git a/.phpactor.json b/.phpactor.json
deleted file mode 100644
index c38fd493..00000000
--- a/.phpactor.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "$schema": "/phpactor.schema.json",
-    "language_server_phpstan.enabled": true,
-    "language_server_php_cs_fixer.enabled": true
-}
\ No newline at end of file

From 72a112b033f64d0d5852a0d79178a0bfecaa9c54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: SonyPradana <sonypradana@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Mar 2026 16:38:46 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 7/8] formatting

---
 src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php | 10 ++++++----
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php b/src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php
index d4a58876..1fd2a817 100644
--- a/src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php
+++ b/src/System/Cache/Storage/PdoStorage.php
@@ -9,18 +9,20 @@
 class PdoStorage implements CacheInterface
 {
     /**
-     * @param \PDO   $pdo PDO instance
+     * @param \PDO $pdo PDO instance
      */
     public function __construct(
-        private $pdo,
+        private object $pdo,
         private string $table = 'cache',
         private int $defaultTTL = 3_600,
     ) {
-        if (false === extension_loaded('pdo') || !class_exists('\PDO')) {
+        /** @var class-string $class */
+        $class = '\PDO';
+        if (false === extension_loaded('pdo') || false === class_exists($class)) {
             throw new \RuntimeException('The PDO extension is required to use PdoStorage.');
         }
 
-        if (false === ($this->pdo instanceof \PDO)) {
+        if (false === ($this->pdo instanceof $class)) {
             throw new \InvalidArgumentException('The pdo must be an instance of \PDO.');
         }
     }

From 5287bf21b8632c1f7511701f421124e4a4fdc9db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Angger Pradana <sonypradana@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Mar 2026 16:23:37 +0700
Subject: [PATCH 8/8] formatting

---
 src/System/Cache/composer.json | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/System/Cache/composer.json b/src/System/Cache/composer.json
index ee4881ac..6a303c11 100644
--- a/src/System/Cache/composer.json
+++ b/src/System/Cache/composer.json
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
         "php": "^8.0"
     },
     "suggest": {
-        "ext-pdo": "Required to use the PDO cache driver.",
+        "ext-pdo": "Required to use the PDO cache driver."
     },
     "autoload": {
         "psr-4": {