diff --git a/packages/host/tests/unit/loader-test.ts b/packages/host/tests/unit/loader-test.ts
index 6c14669b5d..36decb917d 100644
--- a/packages/host/tests/unit/loader-test.ts
+++ b/packages/host/tests/unit/loader-test.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,11 @@ import { getService } from '@universal-ember/test-support';
 
 import { module, test } from 'qunit';
 
-import { baseRealm, Loader } from '@cardstack/runtime-common';
+import {
+  baseRealm,
+  Loader,
+  registerCardReferencePrefix,
+} from '@cardstack/runtime-common';
 
 import {
   testRealmURL,
@@ -229,6 +233,27 @@ module('Unit | loader', function (hooks) {
     assert.strictEqual(myLoader(), loader, 'the loader instance is correct');
   });
 
+  // Regression test for CS-10498: after the import-maps change, module
+  // identifiers can be in registered prefix form (e.g. @cardstack/catalog/...).
+  // getConsumedModules passed these directly to new URL() which throws
+  // TypeError: Invalid URL. The fix uses resolveCardReference() first.
+  test('can determine consumed modules using prefix-form module identifier', async function (assert) {
+    registerCardReferencePrefix('@test-loader/', testRealmURL);
+
+    // Import the module using its regular URL so it's in the loader cache
+    await loader.import(`${testRealmURL}f`);
+
+    // Now call getConsumedModules with the prefix-form identifier.
+    // Without the fix, this throws TypeError: Invalid URL because
+    // new URL('@test-loader/f') is not a valid URL.
+    let consumed = await loader.getConsumedModules(`@test-loader/f`);
+    assert.deepEqual(
+      consumed,
+      [`${testRealmURL}b`, `${testRealmURL}c`, `${testRealmURL}g`],
+      'consumed modules resolved correctly from prefix-form identifier',
+    );
+  });
+
   test('identify preserves original module for reexports', function (assert) {
     let throwIfFetch = new Loader(async () => {
       throw new Error(
diff --git a/packages/runtime-common/loader.ts b/packages/runtime-common/loader.ts
index 9724e8b6c2..fab0338d91 100644
--- a/packages/runtime-common/loader.ts
+++ b/packages/runtime-common/loader.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,10 @@ import {
   trackRuntimeModuleDependency,
   type RuntimeDependencyTrackingContext,
 } from './dependency-tracker';
-import { unresolveCardReference } from './card-reference-resolver';
+import {
+  unresolveCardReference,
+  resolveCardReference,
+} from './card-reference-resolver';
 
 type FetchingModule = {
   state: 'fetching';
@@ -158,16 +161,25 @@ export class Loader {
     consumed: string[] = [],
     initialIdentifier = moduleIdentifier,
   ): Promise<string[]> {
-    if (consumed.includes(moduleIdentifier)) {
+    // Normalize to resolved URL href so that prefix-form identifiers
+    // (e.g. @cardstack/catalog/...) and their resolved URL equivalents
+    // are treated as the same module for cycle detection and self-exclusion.
+    let resolvedHref = new URL(
+      resolveCardReference(moduleIdentifier, undefined),
+    ).href;
+    let resolvedInitial = new URL(
+      resolveCardReference(initialIdentifier, undefined),
+    ).href;
+
+    if (consumed.includes(resolvedHref)) {
       return [];
     }
     // you can't consume yourself
-    if (moduleIdentifier !== initialIdentifier) {
-      consumed.push(moduleIdentifier);
+    if (resolvedHref !== resolvedInitial) {
+      consumed.push(resolvedHref);
     }
 
-    let resolvedModuleIdentifier = new URL(moduleIdentifier);
-    let module = this.getModule(resolvedModuleIdentifier.href);
+    let module = this.getModule(resolvedHref);
 
     if (!module || module.state === 'fetching') {
       // we haven't yet tried importing the module or we are still in the process of importing the module