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<body>
<p><strong>Chapter 1: Temperature And Heat</strong></p>
<p></p>
<br></br>
<p><strong>Introduction</strong></p>
<br></br>
<p>-What is thermonynamics?<span id="ans">study of heat and
temperature</span>.</p>
<p></p>
<br></br>
<p><strong>1.1 Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium:</strong></p>
<br></br>
<p><ins>-What is heat transfer?<span id="ans">movement of energy from one to
another as a result of temperature difference.</span></ins></p>
<p>-When are the two objects in thermal equilibrium? <span id="ans">If there is
no net enrgy transferred between them even if they allow either to gain energy
from other.</span></p>
<p>-What is Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics? <span id="ans">If "A" is thermal
equilibrium with "B" and "B" is thermal equilibrium with "C" then "A" and "B"
are also thermal equlibrium with each other.</span></p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
<br></br>
<p><strong>1.2 Thermometers and Temperature Scales:</strong></p>
<br></br>
<p>-What can be used as the basis of a thermometer? <span id="ans">Any
physical property that depends consistently and reproducibly on
temperature.</span></p>
<p>-What are the three most common temperature scales? <span
id="ans">Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin.</span></p>
<p>-What is the freezing and boiling point of water in Celsius and Fehrenheit
scale? <span id="ans">Freezing: 0 <sup>o</sup>C, 32 <sup>o</sup>F . Boiling:
100 <sup>o</sup>C, 212 <sup>o</sup>F</span></p>
<p>-What is absolute zero? <span id="ans">Lowest possible temperature at which
the average kinetic energy of molecules become zero.</span></p>
<p>-What is absolute temperature scale?<span id="ans">one whose zero point is
absolute zero. Kelvin Scale.</span></p>
<p>-What is SI unit of tempreature? <span id="ans">Kelvin (K).</span></p>
<p>-Look at the Table (1.1) which shows the conversion relation between
different temperature scale.</p>
<p></p>
<br></br>
<p><strong>1.3 Thermal Expansion:</strong></p>
<br></br>
<p>-What is thermal expansion?<span id="ans">change in size or volume as a
result of temperature change.</span></p>
<p><ins>-How does the increase in kinetic energy expand substance? <span
id="ans">Linnard-Jones potential describing molecular force is asymmetric. So,
the distance moved by molecules away from eachother in a given kinetic energy
is greater than the distance they move towards eachother.</span></ins></p>
<p>-Is there any preferred direction of expansion? <span id="ans">No. It is
isotropic.</span></p>
<p>-What is the expression for the change in length due to change in
temperature? <span id="ans">Eqn. (1.2)</span></p>
<p>-Figure 1.6: Look how the curvature of the bimetallic strip changes with
increase in temperature.</p>
<p>-What is the expression for the change in area due to change in temperature?
<span id="ans">Eqn. (1.3)</span></p>
<p>-Figure 1.7: Look how the area of circular plug inside the cube increases as
the temperature increases.</p>
<p>-What is the expression for the change in volume due to change in
temperature? Eqn.(1.4)</p>
<p>-what is the temperature where density of water highest at?<span id="ans">4
degree celcius.</span></p>
<p>-How can aquatic life can survive in frozen lake? <span id="ans">The water
beneath ice is at 4 degree celcius.</span></p>
<p>-Firure 1.8: Look how does the density of water changes with temperature.</p>
<p>-What is thermal stress? <span id="ans">Stress due to change in
temperature.</span></p>
<p>-Why the gaps are left between blocks in highway? <span id="ans">To prevent
from developing thermal stress.</span></p>
<p></p>
<br></br>
<p><strong>1.4 Heat Transfer, Specific Heat, and Calorimetry:</strong></p>
<br></br>
<p>-What is heat? What is its unit? <span id="ans">Type of energy transfer that
is caused by temperature difference. Joule(J).</span></p>
<p>-What is internal energy? What is it proportional to? <span id="ans">Sum of
mechanical energies of constituent molecules. Temperature.</span></p>
<p>-What is mechanical equvalent of heat? What is its value? <span id="ans">The
work needed to produce the same effects as heat transfer. 1.0 Kcal = 4186
J</span></p>
<p>-What is state variable? <span id="ans">well defined quantity that depends
only on the current state of the system rather than the history of that
system.</span></p>
<p>-Give example of state variables. Are heat and work state variables? <span
id="ans">Temperature, Internal Energy. No, they are not.</span></p>
<p>-What is the relation between the heat transfer and temperature change?
<span id="ans">Eqn. (1.5)</span></p>
<p>-What is specific heat capacity? <span id="ans">amount of heat necessary to
change temperature of 1.0 kg mass by 1.0 degree celcius.</span></p>
<p>-What is calorimeter? <span id="ans">A container that prevents heat transfer
in or out.</span></p>
<p>-What is calorimetry? <span id="ans">Use of caloritmeter to make
measurements.</span></p>
<p>-What is most important idea about calorimetry problem? <span id="ans">Heat
lost by hotter object is equal to heat gained by colder object.</span></p>
<p>-Example 1.7: Look how the idea of the heat lost equal to heat gain is used
to calculate the final temperature of water and pan at equilibrium.</p>
<p></p>
<br></br>
<p><strong>1.5 Phase Changes:</strong></p>
<br></br>
<p>-What does the phase of a substance depend on? <span id="ans">Pressure and
temperature</span>.</p>
<p>-What is phase diagram? <span id="ans">Plot of pressure vs. temperature
showing the phase in each region.</span></p>
<p>-What is the ciritical temperataure in phase diagram of water? <span
id="ans">Temperature aboe which the liquid and gas phase can't be
distinguished. Water is called supercritical fluid.</span></p>
<p>-What is tripple point in the phase diagram of water? <span
id="ans">Combination of pressure and temperature at which liquid water, ice and
water vapor co-exist stably.</span></p>
<p>-What is sublimation? <span id="ans">Phase change from solid to
gas.</span></p>
<p>-When do we call gas phase a vapor? <span id="ans">When it exists at a
temperature below the boiling temperature.</span></p>
<p>-What is boiling point of a liquid at a given pressure? <span
id="ans">Temperature at which vapor pressure equals to ambient
pressure.</span></p>
<p>-When does the heat transfer doesn't cause any temperature change? <span
id="ans">In a phase transition.</span></p>
<p>-Figure 1.15: Look how the temperature changes with heat over the phase
change for water.</p>
<p>-What is heat of fusion? <span id="ans">The energy per unit mass required to
change a substance from the solid phase to the liquid phase.</span></p>
<p>-What is heat of vaporization? <span id="ans">The energy per unit mass
required to change a substance from liquid to vapor phase.</span></p>
<p>-What are the expressions for the heat absorbed or released in a phase
change? <span id="ans">Eqn. (1.7) and (1.8)</span></p>
<p></p>
<br></br>
<p><strong>1.6 Mechanism of Heat Transfer:</strong></p>
<br></br>
<p>-What is conduction? <span id="ans">Heat transfer through stationary matter
by physical contact.</span></p>
<p>-What is convection? <span id="ans">Heat transfer by the macroscopic
movement of a fluid.</span></p>
<p>-What is radiation? <span id="ans">Heat transfer by the electromagnetic
radiation.</span></p>
<p>-What is the rate of conductive heat transfer ? <span id="ans">Eqn.
(1.9)</span></p>
<p><ins>-What is the R factor? What is its significance? <span id="ans">ratio
of thickness to conductivity. Larger the R-value, better the
insulater.</span></ins></p>
<p>-How does the energy of electromagnetic radiation vary with wavelength?
<span id="ans">Shorter the wavelength, higher the energy.</span></p>
<p>-What is backbody?<span id="ans">An object with emissivity equal to
1.0</span></p>
<p>-What is Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation? <span id="ans">Gives rate of
heat transfer by emitted radiation. Eqn. (1.10)</span></p>
<p>-Figure 1.33: Look how the greenhouse effect causes the increase in
temperature of earth.</p>
</body>
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