diff --git a/src/reduce.js b/src/reduce.js
index 38be21c..b1260c8 100644
--- a/src/reduce.js
+++ b/src/reduce.js
@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ function reduce(callback, startValue) {
   let prev = startValue;
   let startIndex = 0;
 
+  if (this.length === 0 && arguments.length < 2) {
+    throw new TypeError('Reduce of empty array with no initial value');
+  }
+
   if (arguments.length < 2) {
     startIndex = 1;
     prev = this[0];
diff --git a/src/reduce.test.js b/src/reduce.test.js
index 47a892f..5b3f8d6 100644
--- a/src/reduce.test.js
+++ b/src/reduce.test.js
@@ -11,9 +11,73 @@ describe('reduce', () => {
     delete Array.prototype.reduce2;
   });
 
-  it('should ', () => {
+  it('should sum numbers with initial value', () => {
+    const arr = [1, 2, 3];
+    const result = arr.reduce2((acc, curr) => acc + curr, 10);
 
+    expect(result).toBe(16);
   });
 
-  // Add tests here
+  it('should sum numbers without initial value', () => {
+    const arr = [1, 2, 3];
+    const result = arr.reduce2((acc, curr) => acc + curr);
+
+    expect(result).toBe(6);
+  });
+
+  it('should handle a single-element array without initial value', () => {
+    const arr = [5];
+    const result = arr.reduce2((acc, curr) => acc + curr);
+
+    expect(result).toBe(5);
+  });
+
+  it('should work with an initial value different from number', () => {
+    const arr = ['a', 'b', 'c'];
+    const result = arr.reduce2((acc, curr) => acc + curr, '');
+
+    expect(result).toBe('abc');
+  });
+
+  it('should pass index and array as arguments to callback', () => {
+    const arr = [10, 20, 30];
+    const mockCallback = jest.fn((acc, curr) => acc + curr);
+
+    arr.reduce2(mockCallback);
+
+    expect(mockCallback.mock.calls.length).toBe(2);
+    expect(mockCallback).toHaveBeenCalledWith(10, 20, 1, arr);
+    expect(mockCallback).toHaveBeenCalledWith(30, 30, 2, arr);
+  });
+
+  it('should throw TypeError when called on empty array without initial value',
+    () => {
+      const arr = [];
+
+      expect(() => arr.reduce2((acc, curr) => acc + curr)).toThrow(TypeError);
+    });
+
+  it('should return initial value when array is empty', () => {
+    const arr = [];
+    const result = arr.reduce2((acc, curr) => acc + curr, 0);
+
+    expect(result).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it('should throw TypeError if callback is not a function', () => {
+    const arr = [1, 2, 3];
+
+    expect(() => arr.reduce2(null)).toThrow(TypeError);
+    expect(() => arr.reduce2(123)).toThrow(TypeError);
+    expect(() => arr.reduce2({})).toThrow(TypeError);
+    expect(() => arr.reduce2('callback')).toThrow(TypeError);
+  });
+
+  it('should skip empty slots in sparse arrays', () => {
+    const sparseArr = [1, , 3]; // eslint-disable-line no-sparse-arrays
+    const result = sparseArr.reduce2(
+      (acc, curr) => acc + (curr !== undefined && curr !== null ? curr : 0), 0);
+
+    expect(result).toBe(4);
+  });
 });