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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/hint.css/2.4.1/hint.min.css"><p>最近在用<code>matplotlib</code>作图，应用到<code>ppt</code>上是时候，总是不方便，有各种问题，在网上搜寻了一番，为自己总结一番。<br><a id="more"></a></p>
<h2 id="matplotlib输出图片"><a href="#matplotlib输出图片" class="headerlink" title="matplotlib输出图片"></a><code>matplotlib</code>输出图片</h2><h3 id="输出格式"><a href="#输出格式" class="headerlink" title="输出格式"></a>输出格式</h3><p>支持输出的格式有<code>eps, jpeg, jpg, pdf, pgf, png, ps, raw, rgba, svg, svgz, tif, tiff</code>。</p>
<h3 id="输出方式"><a href="#输出方式" class="headerlink" title="输出方式"></a>输出方式</h3><h4 id="直接保存"><a href="#直接保存" class="headerlink" title="直接保存"></a>直接保存</h4><p>通过作图导入的<code>import matplotlib.pyplot as plt</code>模块，我们在使用<code>plt.show()</code>方法查看图片时，右下角有保存图标，直接点击保存图标，填写图片名称，选择图片格式和位置，保存即可。</p>
<h4 id="代码保存"><a href="#代码保存" class="headerlink" title="代码保存"></a>代码保存</h4><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> matplotlib.pyplot <span class="keyword">as</span> plt</span><br><span class="line">...</span><br><span class="line">plt.savefig(<span class="string">'***.svg'</span>,format=<span class="string">'svg'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>通过<code>plt.savefig()</code>方法，选择格式，填写位置和名称，运行即可。</p>
<h2 id="应用ppt"><a href="#应用ppt" class="headerlink" title="应用ppt"></a>应用<code>ppt</code></h2><p>图片放在<code>ppt</code>上展示的时候，不太清晰，就想选择矢量图。<code>matplotlib</code>输出的<code>eps, svg, pdf</code>等都有矢量效果，但能让<code>ppt</code>支持的只有一个<code>eps</code>，可惜<code>eps</code>格式<code>ppt</code>现在也有问题，导入进去不显示图片，我在网上找到了这篇文章<a href="http://www.pptfaq.com/FAQ01250-I-can-no-longer-insert-EPS-graphics-into-PowerPoint.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">I can no longer insert EPS graphics into PowerPoint</a>来解决，但我试了没成功，有兴趣的可以点开，按照里面的方法试试。<br>但是<code>ppt</code>对<code>emf</code>支持效果还不错，可以通过<code>Inkscape</code><sup id="fnref:1"><a href="#fn:1" rel="footnote"><span class="hint--top-right hint--error hint--large" aria-label="[官网下载界面](https://inkscape.org/en/release/0.92.3/)
">[1]</span></a></sup>软件转换<code>svg</code>格式为<code>emf</code>格式。</p>
<h2 id="Inkscape"><a href="#Inkscape" class="headerlink" title="Inkscape"></a><code>Inkscape</code></h2><h3 id="命令"><a href="#命令" class="headerlink" title="命令"></a>命令</h3><p><code>Inkscape</code>可以支持命令行功能，所以可以直接在<code>python</code>中调用，也可以打开<code>inkscape</code>程序，手动把<code>svg</code>格式转为<code>emf</code>格式。下面简单的介绍几个用法和命令<sup id="fnref:2"><a href="#fn:2" rel="footnote"><span class="hint--top-right hint--error hint--large" aria-label="[详情参考官网](https://inkscape.org/en/doc/inkscape-man.html)
">[2]</span></a></sup>。</p>
<p><code>inkscape [options] [filename ...]</code></p>
<p><code>options:</code><br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">-?, --help</span><br><span class="line"> --usage</span><br><span class="line">-V, --version</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">-f, --file=FILENAME</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">-e, --export-png=FILENAME</span><br><span class="line">-P, --export-ps=FILENAME</span><br><span class="line">-E, --export-eps=FILENAME</span><br><span class="line">-d, --export-dpi=DPI</span><br><span class="line">-w, --export-width=WIDTH</span><br><span class="line">-h, --export-height=HEIGHT</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h3 id="示例"><a href="#示例" class="headerlink" title="示例"></a>示例</h3><figure class="highlight cmd"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">Microsoft Windows [版本 <span class="number">6</span>.<span class="number">1</span>.<span class="number">7601</span>]</span><br><span class="line">版权所有 (c) <span class="number">2009</span> Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">C:\<span class="title">Users</span>\<span class="title">Administrator</span>><span class="title">cd</span> <span class="title">desktop</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">C</span>:\<span class="title">Users</span>\<span class="title">Administrator</span>\<span class="title">Desktop</span>><span class="title">inkscape</span> <span class="title">test.svg</span> --<span class="title">export</span>-<span class="title">emf</span>=<span class="title">test.emf</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">C</span>:\<span class="title">Users</span>\<span class="title">Administrator</span>\<span class="title">Desktop</span>></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><code>inkscape</code>如果没有文件具体路径，默认在当前路径下寻找文件。<br>需要注意的是，安装<code>Inkscape</code>不会自动加入到环境变量，所以要想在命令行中调用<code>inkscape</code>，必须自己手动将安装路径加入到环境变量，用管理员权限运行<code>cmd</code></p>
<h3 id="批处理文件"><a href="#批处理文件" class="headerlink" title="批处理文件"></a>批处理文件</h3><p>运用批处理文件，一样可以实现。用记事本保存下面代码，后缀名为<code>.bat</code>，放在待转换文件的文件夹内，双击运行。<br><figure class="highlight bat"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">@<span class="built_in">echo</span> off</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="variable">%%i</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> (*.svg) <span class="keyword">do</span> (</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">echo</span> <span class="variable">%%i</span></span><br><span class="line"> inkscape -f <span class="variable">%%i</span> -M <span class="variable">%%~</span>ni.emf</span><br><span class="line"> )</span><br><span class="line"> @<span class="built_in">echo</span> Finished</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<h2 id="python实现"><a href="#python实现" class="headerlink" title="python实现"></a><code>python</code>实现</h2><p>主要问题是如何通过<code>python</code>实现命令行输入。</p>
<h3 id="os-system"><a href="#os-system" class="headerlink" title="os.system()"></a><code>os.system()</code></h3><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> os</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">os.system(<span class="string">'python -V'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>利用<code>os.system()</code>方法，直接输入代码，中间会打开<code>cmd</code>界面，不能获得返回值。</p>
<h3 id="subprocess-Popen"><a href="#subprocess-Popen" class="headerlink" title="subprocess.Popen()"></a><code>subprocess.Popen()</code></h3><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> subprocess</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">subprocess.Popen(<span class="string">'python -V'</span>, shell=<span class="keyword">True</span>, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=<span class="keyword">True</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><code>subprocess.Popen()</code>参数比较多，常用的也就两三个。<code>shell=True</code>不会打开<code>cmd</code>界面，<code>stdout</code>是输出缓存，用<code>read</code>或者<code>print</code>方法读出。<code>universal_newlines=True</code>表明子进程的<code>stdout</code>和<code>stderr</code>被视为文本对象，并且不管是<code>unix</code>的行结束符<code>'/n'</code>，还是老<code>mac</code>格式的行结束符<code>'/r'</code>，还是<code>windows</code>格式的行结束符<code>'/r/n'</code>都将被视为 <code>'/n'</code> 。</p>
<h3 id="subprocess其他方法"><a href="#subprocess其他方法" class="headerlink" title="subprocess其他方法"></a><code>subprocess</code>其他方法</h3><h4 id="subprocess-call"><a href="#subprocess-call" class="headerlink" title="subprocess.call()"></a><code>subprocess.call()</code></h4><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">subprocess.call(args, *, stdin=<span class="keyword">None</span>, stdout=<span class="keyword">None</span>, stderr=<span class="keyword">None</span>, shell=<span class="keyword">False</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="subprocess-check-call"><a href="#subprocess-check-call" class="headerlink" title="subprocess.check_call()"></a><code>subprocess.check_call()</code></h4><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">subprocess.check_call(args, *, stdin=<span class="keyword">None</span>, stdout=<span class="keyword">None</span>, stderr=<span class="keyword">None</span>, shell=<span class="keyword">False</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="subprocess-check-output"><a href="#subprocess-check-output" class="headerlink" title="subprocess.check_output()"></a><code>subprocess.check_output()</code></h4><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">subprocess.check_output(args, *, stdin=<span class="keyword">None</span>, stderr=<span class="keyword">None</span>, shell=<span class="keyword">False</span>, universal_newlines=<span class="keyword">False</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="示例-1"><a href="#示例-1" class="headerlink" title="示例"></a>示例</h3><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">#!/usr/bin/env python3</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> matplotlib.pyplot <span class="keyword">as</span> plt</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> numpy <span class="keyword">as</span> np</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> math</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> pylab <span class="keyword">import</span> *</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> subprocess</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">plt.style.use(<span class="string">'ggplot'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">a=<span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line">b=<span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line">c=<span class="number">0.25</span></span><br><span class="line">D=<span class="number">1.7</span></span><br><span class="line">x=np.arange(<span class="number">-2</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">0.01</span>)</span><br><span class="line">y=[c+(<span class="number">1</span>-c)/(<span class="number">1</span>+math.exp(-D*a*(n-b))) <span class="keyword">for</span> n <span class="keyword">in</span> x]</span><br><span class="line">plot([<span class="number">-2.5</span>,<span class="number">-2</span>],[<span class="number">0.25</span>,<span class="number">0.25</span>], color =<span class="string">'red'</span>,linestyle=<span class="string">"--"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">xticks([<span class="number">-2</span>,<span class="number">-1.5</span>,<span class="number">-1</span>,<span class="number">-0.5</span>,<span class="number">0</span>,<span class="number">0.5</span>,<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="number">1.5</span>,<span class="number">2</span>])</span><br><span class="line">yticks([<span class="number">0</span>,<span class="number">0.25</span>,<span class="number">0.5</span>,<span class="number">0.75</span>,<span class="number">1</span>])</span><br><span class="line">plt.title(<span class="string">'Item Characteristic Curve'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">plt.xlabel(<span class="string">'$\\theta$'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">plt.ylabel(<span class="string">'Probability'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">ylim(<span class="number">0</span>,<span class="number">1.2</span>)</span><br><span class="line">x1=np.arange(<span class="number">-2</span>,<span class="number">2</span>,<span class="number">0.01</span>)</span><br><span class="line">plt.text(<span class="number">-2</span>,<span class="number">1</span>,<span class="string">r'$a=2$'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">plt.text(<span class="number">-2</span>,<span class="number">0.95</span>,<span class="string">r'$b=0$'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">plt.text(<span class="number">-2</span>,<span class="number">0.9</span>,<span class="string">r'$c=0.25$'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">plt.plot(x,y)</span><br><span class="line">plt.savefig(<span class="string">'IRT.svg'</span>, format=<span class="string">'svg'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">subprocess.Popen(<span class="string">'inkscape IRT.svg --export-emf=IRT.emf'</span>, shell=<span class="keyword">True</span>) <span class="comment">#不需要获得返回值</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>因为不需要获得返回值，处理的只有一张图片，所以写的比较简单。经处理的图片，可以直接在ppt中使用，效果还行。</p>
<h2 id="参考资料"><a href="#参考资料" class="headerlink" title="参考资料"></a>参考资料</h2><p>[1] : <a href="https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/32680932" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Word中插入Python“生成”的矢量图</a><br>[2] : <a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/Security-Darren/p/4733368.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Python多进程（1）——subprocess与Popen()</a><br>[3] : <a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/zhoug2020/p/5079407.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">python中的subprocess.Popen（）使用</a></p>
<div id="footnotes"><hr><div id="footnotelist"><ol style="list-style: none; padding-left: 0; margin-left: 40px"><li id="fn:1"><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; padding-right: 10px; margin-left: -40px">1.</span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://inkscape.org/en/release/0.92.3/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">官网下载界面</a><a href="#fnref:1" rev="footnote"> ↩</a></span></li><li id="fn:2"><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; padding-right: 10px; margin-left: -40px">2.</span><span style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://inkscape.org/en/doc/inkscape-man.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">详情参考官网</a><a href="#fnref:2" rev="footnote"> ↩</a></span></li></ol></div></div>
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<div class="post-toc-content"><ol class="nav"><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#matplotlib输出图片"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">matplotlib输出图片</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#输出格式"><span class="nav-number">1.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">输出格式</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#输出方式"><span class="nav-number">1.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">输出方式</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#直接保存"><span class="nav-number">1.2.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">直接保存</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#代码保存"><span class="nav-number">1.2.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">代码保存</span></a></li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#应用ppt"><span class="nav-number">2.</span> <span class="nav-text">应用ppt</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#Inkscape"><span class="nav-number">3.</span> <span class="nav-text">Inkscape</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#命令"><span class="nav-number">3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">命令</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#示例"><span class="nav-number">3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">示例</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#批处理文件"><span class="nav-number">3.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">批处理文件</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#python实现"><span class="nav-number">4.</span> <span class="nav-text">python实现</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#os-system"><span class="nav-number">4.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">os.system()</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#subprocess-Popen"><span class="nav-number">4.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">subprocess.Popen()</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#subprocess其他方法"><span class="nav-number">4.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">subprocess其他方法</span></a><ol class="nav-child"><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#subprocess-call"><span class="nav-number">4.3.1.</span> <span class="nav-text">subprocess.call()</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#subprocess-check-call"><span class="nav-number">4.3.2.</span> <span class="nav-text">subprocess.check_call()</span></a></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-4"><a class="nav-link" href="#subprocess-check-output"><span class="nav-number">4.3.3.</span> <span class="nav-text">subprocess.check_output()</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-3"><a class="nav-link" href="#示例-1"><span class="nav-number">4.4.</span> <span class="nav-text">示例</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#参考资料"><span class="nav-number">5.</span> <span class="nav-text">参考资料</span></a></li></ol></div>
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