diff --git a/doc/api/errors.md b/doc/api/errors.md
index 65ef2ce7bf5d01..cca5bc051258aa 100644
--- a/doc/api/errors.md
+++ b/doc/api/errors.md
@@ -2707,6 +2707,19 @@ This error has been deprecated since `require()` now supports loading synchronou
 ES modules. When `require()` encounters an ES module that contains top-level
 `await`, it will throw [`ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE`][] instead.
 
+<a id="ERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION"></a>
+
+### `ERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION`
+
+<!-- YAML
+added: REPLACEME
+-->
+
+> Stability: 1 - Experimental.
+
+An attempt was made to `require()` an [ES Module][] while another `import()` call
+was already in progress to load it asynchronously.
+
 <a id="ERR_SCRIPT_EXECUTION_INTERRUPTED"></a>
 
 ### `ERR_SCRIPT_EXECUTION_INTERRUPTED`
diff --git a/lib/internal/errors.js b/lib/internal/errors.js
index 7c4728627731fe..94f073446db2a1 100644
--- a/lib/internal/errors.js
+++ b/lib/internal/errors.js
@@ -1730,6 +1730,15 @@ E('ERR_REQUIRE_ESM',
       'all ES modules instead).\n';
     return msg;
   }, Error);
+E('ERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION', (filename, parentFilename, isForAsyncLoaderHookWorker) => {
+  let raceMessage = `Cannot require() ES Module ${filename} because it is not yet fully loaded.\n`;
+  raceMessage += 'This may be caused by a race condition if the module is simultaneously dynamically ';
+  raceMessage += 'import()-ed via Promise.all().\n';
+  raceMessage += 'Try await-ing the import() sequentially in a loop instead.\n';
+  raceMessage += ` (From ${parentFilename ? `${parentFilename} in ` : ' '}`;
+  raceMessage += `${isForAsyncLoaderHookWorker ? 'loader hook worker thread' : 'non-loader-hook thread'})`;
+  return raceMessage;
+}, Error);
 E('ERR_SCRIPT_EXECUTION_INTERRUPTED',
   'Script execution was interrupted by `SIGINT`', Error);
 E('ERR_SERVER_ALREADY_LISTEN',
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js
index 04c374c00cfc3e..8243d895712151 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/loader.js
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ const {
   ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE,
   ERR_REQUIRE_CYCLE_MODULE,
   ERR_REQUIRE_ESM,
+  ERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION,
   ERR_UNKNOWN_MODULE_FORMAT,
 } = require('internal/errors').codes;
 const { getOptionValue } = require('internal/options');
@@ -49,6 +50,7 @@ const {
   kEvaluating,
   kEvaluationPhase,
   kInstantiated,
+  kUninstantiated,
   kErrored,
   kSourcePhase,
   throwIfPromiseRejected,
@@ -102,24 +104,6 @@ const { translators } = require('internal/modules/esm/translators');
 const { defaultResolve } = require('internal/modules/esm/resolve');
 const { defaultLoadSync, throwUnknownModuleFormat } = require('internal/modules/esm/load');
 
-/**
- * Generate message about potential race condition caused by requiring a cached module that has started
- * async linking.
- * @param {string} filename Filename of the module being required.
- * @param {string|undefined} parentFilename Filename of the module calling require().
- * @param {boolean} isForAsyncLoaderHookWorker Whether this is for the async loader hook worker.
- * @returns {string} Error message.
- */
-function getRaceMessage(filename, parentFilename, isForAsyncLoaderHookWorker) {
-  let raceMessage = `Cannot require() ES Module ${filename} because it is not yet fully loaded.\n`;
-  raceMessage += 'This may be caused by a race condition if the module is simultaneously dynamically ';
-  raceMessage += 'import()-ed via Promise.all().\n';
-  raceMessage += 'Try await-ing the import() sequentially in a loop instead.\n';
-  raceMessage += ` (From ${parentFilename ? `${parentFilename} in ` : ' '}`;
-  raceMessage += `${isForAsyncLoaderHookWorker ? 'loader hook worker thread' : 'non-loader-hook thread'})`;
-  return raceMessage;
-}
-
 /**
  * @typedef {import('../cjs/loader.js').Module} CJSModule
  */
@@ -306,7 +290,7 @@ class ModuleLoader {
       const parentFilename = urlToFilename(parent?.filename);
       // This race should only be possible on the loader hook thread. See https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/59666
       if (!job.module) {
-        assert.fail(getRaceMessage(filename, parentFilename), this.isForAsyncLoaderHookWorker);
+        throw new ERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION(filename, parentFilename, this.isForAsyncLoaderHookWorker);
       }
       const status = job.module.getStatus();
       debug('Module status', job, status);
@@ -339,8 +323,8 @@ class ModuleLoader {
         throwIfPromiseRejected(job.instantiated);
       }
       if (status !== kEvaluating) {
-        assert.fail(`Unexpected module status ${status}. ` +
-                    getRaceMessage(filename, parentFilename));
+        assert(status === kUninstantiated, `Unexpected module status ${status}`);
+        throw new ERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION(filename, parentFilename, false);
       }
       let message = `Cannot require() ES Module ${filename} in a cycle.`;
       if (parentFilename) {
@@ -376,7 +360,7 @@ class ModuleLoader {
   #checkCachedJobForRequireESM(specifier, url, parentURL, job) {
     // This race should only be possible on the loader hook thread. See https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/59666
     if (!job.module) {
-      assert.fail(getRaceMessage(url, parentURL, this.isForAsyncLoaderHookWorker));
+      throw new ERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION(url, parentURL, this.isForAsyncLoaderHookWorker);
     }
     // This module is being evaluated, which means it's imported in a previous link
     // in a cycle.
diff --git a/lib/internal/modules/esm/module_job.js b/lib/internal/modules/esm/module_job.js
index 22032f79e90d44..11d5b0a3cb66f9 100644
--- a/lib/internal/modules/esm/module_job.js
+++ b/lib/internal/modules/esm/module_job.js
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ const { getOptionValue } = require('internal/options');
 const noop = FunctionPrototype;
 const {
   ERR_REQUIRE_ASYNC_MODULE,
+  ERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION,
 } = require('internal/errors').codes;
 let hasPausedEntry = false;
 
@@ -420,7 +421,8 @@ class ModuleJob extends ModuleJobBase {
       // always handle CJS using the CJS loader to eliminate the quirks.
       return { __proto__: null, module: this.module, namespace: this.module.getNamespace() };
     }
-    assert.fail(`Unexpected module status ${status}.`);
+    assert(status === kUninstantiated, `Unexpected module status ${status}.`);
+    throw new ERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION();
   }
 
   async run(isEntryPoint = false) {
diff --git a/test/es-module/test-esm-require-race-condition.js b/test/es-module/test-esm-require-race-condition.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..db5f38e99ba19c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/es-module/test-esm-require-race-condition.js
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+'use strict';
+require('../common');
+const fixtures = require('../common/fixtures');
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+
+assert.throws(
+  () => require(fixtures.path('import-require-cycle/race-condition.cjs')),
+  { code: 'ERR_REQUIRE_ESM_RACE_CONDITION' },
+);
diff --git a/test/fixtures/import-require-cycle/node_modules/cjs-pkg/index.js b/test/fixtures/import-require-cycle/node_modules/cjs-pkg/index.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..fccd8bddaf294c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/import-require-cycle/node_modules/cjs-pkg/index.js
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+'use strict';
+require('dual-pkg');
diff --git a/test/fixtures/import-require-cycle/node_modules/dual-pkg/index.cjs b/test/fixtures/import-require-cycle/node_modules/dual-pkg/index.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..76ddafd134c797
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/import-require-cycle/node_modules/dual-pkg/index.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+'use strict';
+require('esm-pkg');
diff --git a/test/fixtures/import-require-cycle/node_modules/dual-pkg/index.mjs b/test/fixtures/import-require-cycle/node_modules/dual-pkg/index.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4a86e7b4154b3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/import-require-cycle/node_modules/dual-pkg/index.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+import "esm-pkg";
diff --git a/test/fixtures/import-require-cycle/node_modules/dual-pkg/package.json b/test/fixtures/import-require-cycle/node_modules/dual-pkg/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..46e082ade7d03a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/import-require-cycle/node_modules/dual-pkg/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+    "name": "dual-pkg",
+    "exports": {
+        "import": "./index.mjs",
+        "require": "./index.cjs"
+    }
+}
diff --git a/test/fixtures/import-require-cycle/node_modules/esm-pkg/index.mjs b/test/fixtures/import-require-cycle/node_modules/esm-pkg/index.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..336ce12bb9106a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/import-require-cycle/node_modules/esm-pkg/index.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export {}
diff --git a/test/fixtures/import-require-cycle/node_modules/esm-pkg/package.json b/test/fixtures/import-require-cycle/node_modules/esm-pkg/package.json
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..2e63a3959245f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/import-require-cycle/node_modules/esm-pkg/package.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+  "name": "esm-pkg",
+  "exports": "./index.mjs"
+}
diff --git a/test/fixtures/import-require-cycle/race-condition.cjs b/test/fixtures/import-require-cycle/race-condition.cjs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..d5d879b4a195e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/fixtures/import-require-cycle/race-condition.cjs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+import("dual-pkg");
+require("cjs-pkg");