diff --git a/libcontainer/mount_linux.go b/libcontainer/mount_linux.go
index 82ef0fdf1b5..c51d60ce4c5 100644
--- a/libcontainer/mount_linux.go
+++ b/libcontainer/mount_linux.go
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ func (e *mountError) Unwrap() error {
 
 // mount is a simple unix.Mount wrapper, returning an error with more context
 // in case it failed.
-func mount(source, target, fstype string, flags uintptr, data string) error {
+func mount(source, target, fstype string, flags uintptr, data string) error { //nolint:unparam // mount(2) wrapper
 	return mountViaFds(source, nil, target, "", fstype, flags, data)
 }
 
diff --git a/libcontainer/rootfs_linux.go b/libcontainer/rootfs_linux.go
index ef764df5f90..720b3dbdf13 100644
--- a/libcontainer/rootfs_linux.go
+++ b/libcontainer/rootfs_linux.go
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ func mountCgroupV2(m mountEntry, c *mountConfig) error {
 		// Mask `/sys/fs/cgroup` to ensure it is read-only, even when `/sys` is mounted
 		// with `rbind,ro` (`runc spec --rootless` produces `rbind,ro` for `/sys`).
 		err = utils.WithProcfdFile(m.dstFile, func(procfd string) error {
-			return maskPaths([]string{procfd}, c.label)
+			return maskPaths(c.root, []string{procfd}, c.label)
 		})
 	}
 	return err
@@ -1328,12 +1328,64 @@ func verifyDevNull(f *os.File) error {
 	})
 }
 
+// mountFunc matches mountViaFds; tests replace it with a recorder.
+type mountFunc func(source string, srcFile *mountSource, target, dstFd, fstype string, flags uintptr, data string) error
+
+// isProcFdPath reports whether path is one of the procfs fd aliases runc uses
+// for mount targets. These aliases should not be kept as reusable sources.
+//
+// The accepted forms are (where <pid> and <tid> are decimal integers):
+//
+//	/proc/thread-self/fd/...
+//	/proc/self/fd/...
+//	/proc/<pid>/fd/...
+//	/proc/self/task/<tid>/fd/...
+//	/proc/<pid>/task/<tid>/fd/...
+func isProcFdPath(path string) bool {
+	parts := strings.Split(strings.Trim(pathrs.LexicallyCleanPath(path), "/"), "/")
+	if len(parts) < 3 || parts[0] != "proc" {
+		return false
+	}
+	if parts[1] == "thread-self" {
+		return parts[2] == "fd"
+	}
+	if parts[2] == "fd" && (parts[1] == "self" || isProcPidOrTid(parts[1])) {
+		return true
+	}
+	if len(parts) < 5 || parts[2] != "task" || parts[4] != "fd" {
+		return false
+	}
+	return isProcPidOrTid(parts[3]) && (parts[1] == "self" || isProcPidOrTid(parts[1]))
+}
+
+func isProcPidOrTid(value string) bool {
+	_, err := strconv.ParseUint(value, 10, 64)
+	return err == nil
+}
+
+func maskPathsAfterChroot(paths []string, mountLabel string) error {
+	if len(paths) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	rootFd, err := os.OpenFile("/", unix.O_DIRECTORY|unix.O_CLOEXEC|unix.O_PATH, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("open rootfs handle for masked paths: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer rootFd.Close()
+	return maskPaths(rootFd, paths, mountLabel)
+}
+
+func maskPaths(rootFd *os.File, paths []string, mountLabel string) error {
+	return maskPathsWithMount(rootFd, paths, mountLabel, mountViaFds)
+}
+
 // maskPaths masks the top of the specified paths inside a container to avoid
 // security issues from processes reading information from non-namespace aware
 // mounts ( proc/kcore ).
 // For files, maskPath bind mounts /dev/null over the top of the specified path.
-// For directories, maskPath mounts read-only tmpfs over the top of the specified path.
-func maskPaths(paths []string, mountLabel string) error {
+// For directories, maskPath uses a shared read-only tmpfs: the first directory
+// gets a tmpfs mount, and later directories bind-mount the same tmpfs.
+func maskPathsWithMount(rootFd *os.File, paths []string, mountLabel string, mountFn mountFunc) error {
 	devNull, err := os.OpenFile("/dev/null", unix.O_PATH, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("can't mask paths: %w", err)
@@ -1346,6 +1398,15 @@ func maskPaths(paths []string, mountLabel string) error {
 	procSelfFd, closer := utils.ProcThreadSelf("fd/")
 	defer closer()
 
+	var sharedDirMask *os.File
+	defer func() {
+		if sharedDirMask != nil {
+			_ = sharedDirMask.Close()
+		}
+	}()
+	var sharedDirMaskSrc *mountSource
+	maskedDirs := make(map[string]struct{})
+
 	for _, path := range paths {
 		// Open the target path; skip if it doesn't exist.
 		dstFh, err := os.OpenFile(path, unix.O_PATH|unix.O_CLOEXEC, 0)
@@ -1362,14 +1423,38 @@ func maskPaths(paths []string, mountLabel string) error {
 		}
 		var dstType string
 		if st.IsDir() {
-			// Destination is a directory: bind mount a ro tmpfs over it.
+			// Directory targets use a read-only tmpfs.
 			dstType = "dir"
-			err = mount("tmpfs", path, "tmpfs", unix.MS_RDONLY, label.FormatMountLabel("", mountLabel))
+			cleanPath := pathrs.LexicallyCleanPath(path)
+			if _, ok := maskedDirs[cleanPath]; ok {
+				dstFh.Close()
+				continue
+			}
+			maskedDirs[cleanPath] = struct{}{}
+
+			dstFd := filepath.Join(procSelfFd, strconv.Itoa(int(dstFh.Fd())))
+			if sharedDirMaskSrc == nil {
+				err = mountFn("tmpfs", nil, path, dstFd, "tmpfs", unix.MS_RDONLY, label.FormatMountLabel("", mountLabel))
+				// Procfs fd aliases are not durable rootfs paths; let the
+				// next ordinary directory become the reusable source.
+				if err == nil && !isProcFdPath(path) {
+					sharedDirMask, err = reopenAfterMount(rootFd, dstFh, unix.O_PATH|unix.O_CLOEXEC)
+					if err != nil {
+						err = fmt.Errorf("can't reopen shared directory mask: %w", err)
+					}
+					if err == nil {
+						sharedDirMaskSrc = &mountSource{Type: mountSourcePlain, file: sharedDirMask}
+					}
+				}
+			} else {
+				// clone_mnt copies MNT_READONLY from the source vfsmount.
+				err = mountFn("", sharedDirMaskSrc, path, dstFd, "", unix.MS_BIND, "")
+			}
 		} else {
 			// Destination is a file: mount it to /dev/null.
 			dstType = "path"
 			dstFd := filepath.Join(procSelfFd, strconv.Itoa(int(dstFh.Fd())))
-			err = mountViaFds("", devNullSrc, path, dstFd, "", unix.MS_BIND, "")
+			err = mountFn("", devNullSrc, path, dstFd, "", unix.MS_BIND, "")
 		}
 		dstFh.Close()
 		if err != nil {
diff --git a/libcontainer/rootfs_linux_test.go b/libcontainer/rootfs_linux_test.go
index 03bfbb8d121..16294b554e4 100644
--- a/libcontainer/rootfs_linux_test.go
+++ b/libcontainer/rootfs_linux_test.go
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 package libcontainer
 
 import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/opencontainers/runc/libcontainer/configs"
+	"github.com/opencontainers/runc/libcontainer/utils"
 
 	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 )
@@ -208,3 +211,152 @@ func TestNeedsSetupDevStrangeSourceDest(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatal("expected needsSetupDev to be true, got false")
 	}
 }
+
+type recordedMount struct {
+	source      string
+	srcFileName string
+	srcFileType mountSourceType
+	target      string
+	dstFd       string
+	fstype      string
+	flags       uintptr
+	data        string
+}
+
+func recordMounts(calls *[]recordedMount) mountFunc {
+	return func(source string, srcFile *mountSource, target, dstFd, fstype string, flags uintptr, data string) error {
+		call := recordedMount{
+			source: source,
+			target: target,
+			dstFd:  dstFd,
+			fstype: fstype,
+			flags:  flags,
+			data:   data,
+		}
+		if srcFile != nil {
+			call.srcFileName = srcFile.file.Name()
+			call.srcFileType = srcFile.Type
+		}
+		*calls = append(*calls, call)
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMaskPathsWithSharedDirMask(t *testing.T) {
+	root := t.TempDir()
+	dir1 := filepath.Join(root, "dir1")
+	dir2 := filepath.Join(root, "dir2")
+	file := filepath.Join(root, "file")
+	missing := filepath.Join(root, "missing")
+	rootFd, err := os.OpenFile(root, unix.O_DIRECTORY|unix.O_CLOEXEC|unix.O_PATH, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer rootFd.Close()
+	for _, dir := range []string{dir1, dir2} {
+		if err := os.Mkdir(dir, 0o755); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(file, []byte("secret"), 0o644); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	var calls []recordedMount
+	mountLabel := "system_u:object_r:container_file_t:s0"
+	if err := maskPathsWithMount(rootFd, []string{
+		missing,
+		dir1,
+		dir2,
+		filepath.Join(dir1, "."),
+		file,
+	}, mountLabel, recordMounts(&calls)); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if len(calls) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 3 mount calls, got %d: %#v", len(calls), calls)
+	}
+
+	if call := calls[0]; call.source != "tmpfs" || call.fstype != "tmpfs" || call.flags != unix.MS_RDONLY ||
+		call.target != dir1 || call.dstFd == "" || call.data != `context="system_u:object_r:container_file_t:s0"` {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected shared tmpfs mount call: %#v", call)
+	}
+	if call := calls[1]; call.srcFileType != mountSourcePlain ||
+		call.target != dir2 || call.dstFd == "" || call.fstype != "" || call.flags != unix.MS_BIND || call.data != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected shared tmpfs bind mount call: %#v", call)
+	}
+	if call := calls[2]; call.srcFileName != "/dev/null" || call.srcFileType != mountSourcePlain ||
+		call.target != file || call.dstFd == "" || call.fstype != "" || call.flags != unix.MS_BIND || call.data != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected file mask mount call: %#v", call)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsProcFdPath(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, path := range []string{
+		"/proc/thread-self/fd/7",
+		"/proc/self/fd/7",
+		"/proc/self/task/123/fd/7",
+		"/proc/self/task/123/fd/../fd/7",
+		"/proc/123/fd/7",
+		"/proc/123/task/456/fd/7",
+	} {
+		if !isProcFdPath(path) {
+			t.Errorf("expected %q to be a procfd path", path)
+		}
+	}
+	for _, path := range []string{
+		"/proc/acpi",
+		"/proc/self/fdinfo/7",
+		"/proc/self/task/123/fdinfo/7",
+		"/proc/self/task/foo/fd/7",
+		"/proc/foo/fd/7",
+		"/proc/123/task/foo/fd/7",
+		"/sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/thermal_throttle",
+	} {
+		if isProcFdPath(path) {
+			t.Errorf("expected %q not to be a procfd path", path)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMaskPathsDoesNotReuseProcFdMaskAsSharedSource(t *testing.T) {
+	root := t.TempDir()
+	dir1 := filepath.Join(root, "dir1")
+	dir2 := filepath.Join(root, "dir2")
+	dir3 := filepath.Join(root, "dir3")
+	rootFd, err := os.OpenFile(root, unix.O_DIRECTORY|unix.O_CLOEXEC|unix.O_PATH, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer rootFd.Close()
+	for _, dir := range []string{dir1, dir2, dir3} {
+		if err := os.Mkdir(dir, 0o755); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	dir1File, err := os.OpenFile(dir1, unix.O_PATH|unix.O_CLOEXEC, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer dir1File.Close()
+	procFd, closer := utils.ProcThreadSelfFd(dir1File.Fd())
+	defer closer()
+
+	var calls []recordedMount
+	if err := maskPathsWithMount(rootFd, []string{procFd, dir2, dir3}, "", recordMounts(&calls)); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if len(calls) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 3 mount calls, got %d: %#v", len(calls), calls)
+	}
+	for _, call := range calls[:2] {
+		if call.fstype != "tmpfs" || call.flags != unix.MS_RDONLY {
+			t.Fatalf("expected procfd source to force separate tmpfs mounts, got %#v", calls)
+		}
+	}
+	if call := calls[2]; call.srcFileType != mountSourcePlain ||
+		call.target != dir3 || call.fstype != "" || call.flags != unix.MS_BIND {
+		t.Fatalf("expected third directory to bind mount from second directory, got %#v", call)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/libcontainer/standard_init_linux.go b/libcontainer/standard_init_linux.go
index 570472bd41f..2e4a3ced008 100644
--- a/libcontainer/standard_init_linux.go
+++ b/libcontainer/standard_init_linux.go
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ func (l *linuxStandardInit) Init() error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	if err := maskPaths(l.config.Config.MaskPaths, l.config.Config.MountLabel); err != nil {
+	if err := maskPathsAfterChroot(l.config.Config.MaskPaths, l.config.Config.MountLabel); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	pdeath, err := system.GetParentDeathSignal()
diff --git a/tests/integration/mask.bats b/tests/integration/mask.bats
index 5783332ea18..b83c26547ba 100644
--- a/tests/integration/mask.bats
+++ b/tests/integration/mask.bats
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ function setup() {
 	setup_busybox
 
 	# Create fake rootfs.
-	mkdir rootfs/testdir
+	mkdir rootfs/testdir rootfs/testdir2 rootfs/testdir3
 	echo "Forbidden information!" >rootfs/testfile
 
 	# add extra masked paths
-	update_config '(.. | select(.maskedPaths? != null)) .maskedPaths += ["/testdir", "/testfile"]'
+	update_config '(.. | select(.maskedPaths? != null)) .maskedPaths += ["/testdir", "/testdir2", "/testdir3", "/testfile"]'
 }
 
 function teardown() {
@@ -55,6 +55,34 @@ function teardown() {
 	[[ "${output}" == *"Operation not permitted"* ]]
 }
 
+@test "mask paths [directories share tmpfs]" {
+	runc run -d --console-socket "$CONSOLE_SOCKET" test_busybox
+	[ "$status" -eq 0 ]
+
+	# shellcheck disable=SC2016
+	runc exec test_busybox sh -euc '
+		set -- $(stat -c %d /testdir /testdir2 /testdir3)
+		[ "$1" = "$2" ]
+		[ "$2" = "$3" ]
+	'
+	[ "$status" -eq 0 ]
+
+	runc exec test_busybox touch /testdir2/foo
+	[ "$status" -eq 1 ]
+	[[ "${output}" == *"Read-only file system"* ]]
+}
+
+@test "mask paths [directory with read-only rootfs]" {
+	update_config '.root.readonly = true'
+
+	runc run -d --console-socket "$CONSOLE_SOCKET" test_busybox
+	[ "$status" -eq 0 ]
+
+	runc exec test_busybox ls /testdir
+	[ "$status" -eq 0 ]
+	[ -z "$output" ]
+}
+
 @test "mask paths [prohibit symlink /proc]" {
 	ln -s /symlink rootfs/proc
 	runc run -d --console-socket "$CONSOLE_SOCKET" test_busybox