-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
Expand file tree
/
Copy pathbasic.html
More file actions
10774 lines (10733 loc) · 799 KB
/
basic.html
File metadata and controls
10774 lines (10733 loc) · 799 KB
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="" xml:lang="">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
<title>Chapter 2 Using R | R for Data Journalism</title>
<meta name="description" content="For my Class teaching how to make data news reports" />
<meta name="generator" content="bookdown 0.42 and GitBook 2.6.7" />
<meta property="og:title" content="Chapter 2 Using R | R for Data Journalism" />
<meta property="og:type" content="book" />
<meta property="og:description" content="For my Class teaching how to make data news reports" />
<meta name="github-repo" content="rstudio/bookdown-demo" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" />
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Chapter 2 Using R | R for Data Journalism" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="For my Class teaching how to make data news reports" />
<meta name="author" content="HSIEH, JI-LUNG" />
<meta name="date" content="2025-04-14" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" />
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black" />
<link rel="prev" href="introduction.html"/>
<link rel="next" href="r-basic.html"/>
<script src="libs/jquery-3.6.0/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/fuse.js@6.4.6/dist/fuse.min.js"></script>
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/style.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-table.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-bookdown.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-highlight.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-search.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-fontsettings.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/gitbook-2.6.7/css/plugin-clipboard.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/anchor-sections-1.1.0/anchor-sections.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="libs/anchor-sections-1.1.0/anchor-sections-hash.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<script src="libs/anchor-sections-1.1.0/anchor-sections.js"></script>
<link href="libs/htmltools-fill-0.5.8.1/fill.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<script src="libs/htmlwidgets-1.6.4/htmlwidgets.js"></script>
<script src="libs/viz-1.8.2/viz.js"></script>
<link href="libs/DiagrammeR-styles-0.2/styles.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<script src="libs/grViz-binding-1.0.11/grViz.js"></script>
<script src="libs/plotly-binding-4.10.4/plotly.js"></script>
<script src="libs/typedarray-0.1/typedarray.min.js"></script>
<link href="libs/crosstalk-1.2.1/css/crosstalk.min.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<script src="libs/crosstalk-1.2.1/js/crosstalk.min.js"></script>
<link href="libs/plotly-htmlwidgets-css-2.11.1/plotly-htmlwidgets.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<script src="libs/plotly-main-2.11.1/plotly-latest.min.js"></script>
<style type="text/css">
pre > code.sourceCode { white-space: pre; position: relative; }
pre > code.sourceCode > span { line-height: 1.25; }
pre > code.sourceCode > span:empty { height: 1.2em; }
.sourceCode { overflow: visible; }
code.sourceCode > span { color: inherit; text-decoration: inherit; }
pre.sourceCode { margin: 0; }
@media screen {
div.sourceCode { overflow: auto; }
}
@media print {
pre > code.sourceCode { white-space: pre-wrap; }
pre > code.sourceCode > span { display: inline-block; text-indent: -5em; padding-left: 5em; }
}
pre.numberSource code
{ counter-reset: source-line 0; }
pre.numberSource code > span
{ position: relative; left: -4em; counter-increment: source-line; }
pre.numberSource code > span > a:first-child::before
{ content: counter(source-line);
position: relative; left: -1em; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline;
border: none; display: inline-block;
-webkit-touch-callout: none; -webkit-user-select: none;
-khtml-user-select: none; -moz-user-select: none;
-ms-user-select: none; user-select: none;
padding: 0 4px; width: 4em;
color: #aaaaaa;
}
pre.numberSource { margin-left: 3em; border-left: 1px solid #aaaaaa; padding-left: 4px; }
div.sourceCode
{ }
@media screen {
pre > code.sourceCode > span > a:first-child::before { text-decoration: underline; }
}
code span.al { color: #ff0000; font-weight: bold; } /* Alert */
code span.an { color: #60a0b0; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; } /* Annotation */
code span.at { color: #7d9029; } /* Attribute */
code span.bn { color: #40a070; } /* BaseN */
code span.bu { color: #008000; } /* BuiltIn */
code span.cf { color: #007020; font-weight: bold; } /* ControlFlow */
code span.ch { color: #4070a0; } /* Char */
code span.cn { color: #880000; } /* Constant */
code span.co { color: #60a0b0; font-style: italic; } /* Comment */
code span.cv { color: #60a0b0; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; } /* CommentVar */
code span.do { color: #ba2121; font-style: italic; } /* Documentation */
code span.dt { color: #902000; } /* DataType */
code span.dv { color: #40a070; } /* DecVal */
code span.er { color: #ff0000; font-weight: bold; } /* Error */
code span.ex { } /* Extension */
code span.fl { color: #40a070; } /* Float */
code span.fu { color: #06287e; } /* Function */
code span.im { color: #008000; font-weight: bold; } /* Import */
code span.in { color: #60a0b0; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; } /* Information */
code span.kw { color: #007020; font-weight: bold; } /* Keyword */
code span.op { color: #666666; } /* Operator */
code span.ot { color: #007020; } /* Other */
code span.pp { color: #bc7a00; } /* Preprocessor */
code span.sc { color: #4070a0; } /* SpecialChar */
code span.ss { color: #bb6688; } /* SpecialString */
code span.st { color: #4070a0; } /* String */
code span.va { color: #19177c; } /* Variable */
code span.vs { color: #4070a0; } /* VerbatimString */
code span.wa { color: #60a0b0; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; } /* Warning */
</style>
<style type="text/css">
div.hanging-indent{margin-left: 1.5em; text-indent: -1.5em;}
</style>
<style type="text/css">
/* Used with Pandoc 2.11+ new --citeproc when CSL is used */
div.csl-bib-body { }
div.csl-entry {
clear: both;
margin-bottom: 0em;
}
.hanging div.csl-entry {
margin-left:2em;
text-indent:-2em;
}
div.csl-left-margin {
min-width:2em;
float:left;
}
div.csl-right-inline {
margin-left:2em;
padding-left:1em;
}
div.csl-indent {
margin-left: 2em;
}
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" type="text/css" />
</head>
<body>
<div class="book without-animation with-summary font-size-2 font-family-1" data-basepath=".">
<div class="book-summary">
<nav role="navigation">
<ul class="summary">
<li><a href="./">R for Data Journalism</a></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>About</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> Introduction</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.0.1" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#書中數據集"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.0.1</b> <strong>書中數據集</strong></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.0.2" data-path="introduction.html"><a href="introduction.html#案例介紹"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.0.2</b> <strong>案例介紹</strong></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>I R BASIC</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> Using R</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#using-rstudio"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1</b> Using RStudio</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#介面概覽"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.1</b> 介面概覽</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#撰寫r-markdown"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.2</b> 撰寫R Markdown</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#常用快捷鍵"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.3</b> 常用快捷鍵</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.4" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#安裝與載入第三方套件"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.4</b> 安裝與載入第三方套件</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.5" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#r-預載套件介紹"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.5</b> R 預載套件介紹</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.1.6" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#程式碼註解技巧"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.1.6</b> 程式碼註解技巧</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#practical-examples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2</b> Practical Examples</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#從內政部開放資料讀取資料"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.1</b> 從內政部開放資料讀取資料</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#取得臺北-youbike-v2-即時資料"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.2</b> 取得臺北 YouBike (v2) 即時資料</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.2.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#讀取臺北住宅竊盜點位資訊"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.2.3</b> 讀取臺北住宅竊盜點位資訊</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#qa"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3</b> Q&A</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.1" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#編碼與語系設定"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.1</b> 編碼與語系設定</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2.3.2" data-path="basic.html"><a href="basic.html#rmdr-notebook無法儲存"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2.3.2</b> RMD/R Notebook無法儲存</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="r-basic.html"><a href="r-basic.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> R Basic</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="r-basic.html"><a href="r-basic.html#r-syntax"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> R Syntax</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1.1" data-path="r-basic.html"><a href="r-basic.html#assignment"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1.1</b> Assignment</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1.2" data-path="r-basic.html"><a href="r-basic.html#comments-註解"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1.2</b> Comments 註解</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="r-basic.html"><a href="r-basic.html#vector"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> Vector</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.1" data-path="r-basic.html"><a href="r-basic.html#creating-vectors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.1</b> Creating vectors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.2" data-path="r-basic.html"><a href="r-basic.html#creating-a-fake-data-with-chatgpt"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.2</b> Creating a fake data with ChatGPT</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.3" data-path="r-basic.html"><a href="r-basic.html#viewing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.3</b> Viewing</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.4" data-path="r-basic.html"><a href="r-basic.html#subsetting-filtering"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.4</b> Subsetting, filtering</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.5" data-path="r-basic.html"><a href="r-basic.html#deleting"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.5</b> Deleting</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.6" data-path="r-basic.html"><a href="r-basic.html#concatenating"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.6</b> Concatenating</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="r-basic.html"><a href="r-basic.html#calculating-with-vectors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> Calculating with vectors</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.1" data-path="r-basic.html"><a href="r-basic.html#arithmetic-operations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.1</b> Arithmetic operations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.2" data-path="r-basic.html"><a href="r-basic.html#logic-comparisons"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.2</b> Logic comparisons</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.3" data-path="r-basic.html"><a href="r-basic.html#subsetting-by-logic-comparisons"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.3</b> Subsetting by logic comparisons</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.4" data-path="r-basic.html"><a href="r-basic.html#sorting-and-ordering"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.4</b> Sorting and ordering</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.5" data-path="r-basic.html"><a href="r-basic.html#built-in-math-functions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.5</b> Built-in math functions</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4" data-path="r-basic.html"><a href="r-basic.html#data-types"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4</b> Data types</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.1" data-path="r-basic.html"><a href="r-basic.html#checking-data-type"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.1</b> Checking data type</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.2" data-path="r-basic.html"><a href="r-basic.html#converting-data-type"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.2</b> Converting data type</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.5" data-path="r-basic.html"><a href="r-basic.html#character-operations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.5</b> Character operations</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="dataframe.html"><a href="dataframe.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> DataFrame</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="dataframe.html"><a href="dataframe.html#基本操作"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> 基本操作</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.1" data-path="dataframe.html"><a href="dataframe.html#產生新的dataframe"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.1</b> 產生新的Dataframe</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.2" data-path="dataframe.html"><a href="dataframe.html#觀察dataframe"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.2</b> 觀察dataframe</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1.3" data-path="dataframe.html"><a href="dataframe.html#操作dataframe"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1.3</b> 操作dataframe</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2" data-path="dataframe.html"><a href="dataframe.html#簡易繪圖"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2</b> 簡易繪圖</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3" data-path="dataframe.html"><a href="dataframe.html#延伸學習"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3</b> 延伸學習</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3.1" data-path="dataframe.html"><a href="dataframe.html#預覽dplyr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3.1</b> 預覽dplyr</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3.2" data-path="dataframe.html"><a href="dataframe.html#比較tibble-data_frame-data.frame"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3.2</b> 比較tibble, data_frame, data.frame</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4" data-path="dataframe.html"><a href="dataframe.html#maternity"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4</b> Paid Maternity Leave</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.1" data-path="dataframe.html"><a href="dataframe.html#the-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.1</b> The Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.2" data-path="dataframe.html"><a href="dataframe.html#visual-strategies"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.2</b> Visual Strategies</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.3" data-path="dataframe.html"><a href="dataframe.html#cleaning"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.3</b> Cleaning</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.4" data-path="dataframe.html"><a href="dataframe.html#plotting"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.4</b> Plotting</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.5" data-path="dataframe.html"><a href="dataframe.html#practice.-plotting-more"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.5</b> Practice. Plotting more</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.6" data-path="dataframe.html"><a href="dataframe.html#practice.-selecting-and-filtering-by-dplyr-i"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.6</b> Practice. Selecting and filtering by dplyr I</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.7" data-path="dataframe.html"><a href="dataframe.html#more-clean-version"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.7</b> (More) Clean version</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.8" data-path="dataframe.html"><a href="dataframe.html#more-the-fittest-version-to-compute-staysame"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.8</b> (More) The fittest version to compute staySame</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="crosstab.html"><a href="crosstab.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> Counting and Cross-tabulation</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="crosstab.html"><a href="crosstab.html#tptheft"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> Taipei Residential Burglary</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.1" data-path="crosstab.html"><a href="crosstab.html#tptheft_read_file"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.1</b> 讀取檔案</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.2" data-path="crosstab.html"><a href="crosstab.html#tptheft_mutate_new_var"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.2</b> 萃取所需新變項</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.3" data-path="crosstab.html"><a href="crosstab.html#tptheft_counting"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.3</b> 使用<code>table()</code>計數</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.4" data-path="crosstab.html"><a href="crosstab.html#tptheft_filtering"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.4</b> 依變數值篩選資料</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.5" data-path="crosstab.html"><a href="crosstab.html#tptheft_table"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.5</b> 做雙變數樞紐分析:<code>table()</code></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.6" data-path="crosstab.html"><a href="crosstab.html#tptheft_plot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.6</b> 繪圖</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1.7" data-path="crosstab.html"><a href="crosstab.html#practices"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1.7</b> Practices</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="crosstab.html"><a href="crosstab.html#tptheft_review_read_file"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> Read online files</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3" data-path="crosstab.html"><a href="crosstab.html#tptheft_review_counting"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3</b> Counting Review</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.1" data-path="crosstab.html"><a href="crosstab.html#tapply"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.1</b> <code>tapply()</code></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.2" data-path="crosstab.html"><a href="crosstab.html#tptheft_review_tapply"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.2</b> <code>tapply()</code> two variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3.3" data-path="crosstab.html"><a href="crosstab.html#tptheft_review_count"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3.3</b> <code>dplyr::count()</code> two variables</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4" data-path="crosstab.html"><a href="crosstab.html#tptheft_pivot_table"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4</b> Pivoting long-wide tables</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.1" data-path="crosstab.html"><a href="crosstab.html#tptheft_pivot_wider"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.1</b> long-to-wide</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.2" data-path="crosstab.html"><a href="crosstab.html#tptheft_pivot_longer"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.2</b> Wide-to-long</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.5" data-path="crosstab.html"><a href="crosstab.html#tptheft_residual"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.5</b> Residuals analysis</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>II DATA MANIPULATION</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="base2dplyr.html"><a href="base2dplyr.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> From base R to dplyr</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="base2dplyr.html"><a href="base2dplyr.html#dplyr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> dplyr</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="base2dplyr.html"><a href="base2dplyr.html#tptheft_dplyr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> Taipie Theft Count (base to dplyr)</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.1" data-path="base2dplyr.html"><a href="base2dplyr.html#reading-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.1</b> Reading data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.2" data-path="base2dplyr.html"><a href="base2dplyr.html#cleaning-data-i"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.2</b> Cleaning data I</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.3" data-path="base2dplyr.html"><a href="base2dplyr.html#cleaning-data-ii"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.3</b> Cleaning data II</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.4" data-path="base2dplyr.html"><a href="base2dplyr.html#long-to-wide-table"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.4</b> Long to wide table</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.5" data-path="base2dplyr.html"><a href="base2dplyr.html#plot-with-long-table"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.5</b> Plot with long table</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.6" data-path="base2dplyr.html"><a href="base2dplyr.html#clean-version"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.6</b> Clean version</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3" data-path="base2dplyr.html"><a href="base2dplyr.html#maternity_dplyr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3</b> Paid Maternity Leave</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3.1" data-path="base2dplyr.html"><a href="base2dplyr.html#the-data-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3.1</b> The Data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3.2" data-path="base2dplyr.html"><a href="base2dplyr.html#advanced-visual-strategies"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3.2</b> Advanced Visual Strategies</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3.3" data-path="base2dplyr.html"><a href="base2dplyr.html#code-by-base-r"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3.3</b> Code by base R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3.4" data-path="base2dplyr.html"><a href="base2dplyr.html#code-by-dplyr"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3.4</b> Code by dplyr</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3.5" data-path="base2dplyr.html"><a href="base2dplyr.html#generating-each"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3.5</b> Generating each</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3.6" data-path="base2dplyr.html"><a href="base2dplyr.html#gathering-subplots-by-cowplot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3.6</b> Gathering subplots by cowplot</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="joindata.html"><a href="joindata.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7</b> Data manipultaiton: Join data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1" data-path="joindata.html"><a href="joindata.html#simple"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1</b> An Example: Joining Two Data Frames</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.1" data-path="joindata.html"><a href="joindata.html#left_join-right_join"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.1</b> <code>left_join()</code> & <code>right_join()</code></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.2" data-path="joindata.html"><a href="joindata.html#inner_join-and-full_join"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.2</b> <code>inner_join()</code> and <code>full_join()</code></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1.3" data-path="joindata.html"><a href="joindata.html#join-by-different-keys"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1.3</b> <code>join()</code> by different keys</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2" data-path="joindata.html"><a href="joindata.html#案例說明-公投案與人口資料"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2</b> 1. 案例說明-公投案與人口資料</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.1" data-path="joindata.html"><a href="joindata.html#資料來源"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.1</b> 1.1 資料來源</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2.2" data-path="joindata.html"><a href="joindata.html#處理策略"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2.2</b> 1.2 處理策略</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3" data-path="joindata.html"><a href="joindata.html#moi"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3</b> 2. 讀取內政部人口統計資料</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4" data-path="joindata.html"><a href="joindata.html#觀察資料"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4</b> 3. 觀察資料</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.5" data-path="joindata.html"><a href="joindata.html#彙整列數據為新的變項使用rowwise"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.5</b> 4. 彙整列數據為新的變項:使用Rowwise()</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.5.1" data-path="joindata.html"><a href="joindata.html#補充c_across的應用時機"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.5.1</b> 補充:<code>c_across()</code>的應用時機</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6" data-path="joindata.html"><a href="joindata.html#moi_town_groupby"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6</b> 5. 將村里指標匯總為鄉鎮市區指標</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.7" data-path="joindata.html"><a href="joindata.html#moi_visual_popul"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.7</b> 6. 視覺化測試(老年人口數 x 曾婚人口數)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.8" data-path="joindata.html"><a href="joindata.html#referendum"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.8</b> 7. 合併公投資料</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.8.1" data-path="joindata.html"><a href="joindata.html#讀取公投資料"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.8.1</b> 7.1. 讀取公投資料</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.8.2" data-path="joindata.html"><a href="joindata.html#moi_join_ref"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.8.2</b> 7.2. 合併公投資料並視覺化</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.9" data-path="joindata.html"><a href="joindata.html#補充不用rowwise的做法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.9</b> 8. 補充:不用<code>rowwise()</code>的做法</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.9.1" data-path="joindata.html"><a href="joindata.html#寬表轉長表"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.9.1</b> <strong>8.1. 寬表轉長表</strong></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.9.2" data-path="joindata.html"><a href="joindata.html#切分變項"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.9.2</b> 8.2. 切分變項</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.9.3" data-path="joindata.html"><a href="joindata.html#moi_vil_groupby"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.9.3</b> 8.3. 使用<code>group_by()</code>建立村里指標</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8" data-path="categorical.html"><a href="categorical.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8</b> Categorical Data Analysis</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1" data-path="categorical.html"><a href="categorical.html#survey-analysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1</b> Survey Analysis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2" data-path="categorical.html"><a href="categorical.html#the-case-misinformation-perception"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2</b> The Case: Misinformation Perception</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3" data-path="categorical.html"><a href="categorical.html#factorize"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3</b> Ordered-factor</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3.1" data-path="categorical.html"><a href="categorical.html#factor2order"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3.1</b> Covert to ordered-factor</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3.2" data-path="categorical.html"><a href="categorical.html#excluding"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3.2</b> Excluding</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3.3" data-path="categorical.html"><a href="categorical.html#groupup"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3.3</b> Grouping-up</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4" data-path="categorical.html"><a href="categorical.html#order2factor"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4</b> Order-to-factor</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.5" data-path="categorical.html"><a href="categorical.html#crosstabing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.5</b> Cross-tabulating</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6" data-path="categorical.html"><a href="categorical.html#plot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6</b> Plot</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6.1" data-path="categorical.html"><a href="categorical.html#plot-by-ggplot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6.1</b> Plot by ggplot()</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9" data-path="timeline.html"><a href="timeline.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9</b> Processing Timeline</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1" data-path="timeline.html"><a href="timeline.html#time-object"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1</b> Time object</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2" data-path="timeline.html"><a href="timeline.html#example-processing-time-object-in-social-opinions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2</b> Example: Processing time object in social opinions</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.1" data-path="timeline.html"><a href="timeline.html#char-to-time"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.1</b> Char-to-Time</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.2" data-path="timeline.html"><a href="timeline.html#density-plot-along-time"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.2</b> Density plot along time</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.3" data-path="timeline.html"><a href="timeline.html#freq-by-month"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.3</b> Freq by month</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.4" data-path="timeline.html"><a href="timeline.html#freq-by-date-good"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.4</b> Freq-by-date (good)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.5" data-path="timeline.html"><a href="timeline.html#freq-by-hour"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.5</b> Freq-by-hour</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10" data-path="na.html"><a href="na.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10</b> NA Processing</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1" data-path="na.html"><a href="na.html#cleaning-gov-annual-budget"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1</b> Cleaning Gov Annual Budget</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.1" data-path="na.html"><a href="na.html#basic-cleaning"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.1</b> Basic Cleaning</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.2" data-path="na.html"><a href="na.html#processing-na"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.2</b> Processing NA</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.3" data-path="na.html"><a href="na.html#complete-code"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.3</b> Complete Code</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2" data-path="na.html"><a href="na.html#cleaning-covid-vaccinating-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2</b> Cleaning Covid Vaccinating data</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.1" data-path="na.html"><a href="na.html#觀察並評估資料概況"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.1</b> 觀察並評估資料概況</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.2" data-path="na.html"><a href="na.html#按月對齊資料"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.2</b> 按月對齊資料</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.3" data-path="na.html"><a href="na.html#處理遺漏資料的月份"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.3</b> 處理遺漏資料的月份</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.4" data-path="na.html"><a href="na.html#完整程式碼"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.4</b> 完整程式碼</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>III TEXT PROCESSING</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="11" data-path="tm.html"><a href="tm.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11</b> Text Processing</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12" data-path="trump.html"><a href="trump.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12</b> Trump’s tweets</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.1" data-path="trump.html"><a href="trump.html#loading-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.1</b> Loading data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.2" data-path="trump.html"><a href="trump.html#cleaning-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.2</b> Cleaning data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.3" data-path="trump.html"><a href="trump.html#visual-exploring"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.3</b> Visual Exploring</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.3.1" data-path="trump.html"><a href="trump.html#productivity-by-time"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.3.1</b> Productivity by time</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.3.2" data-path="trump.html"><a href="trump.html#tweeting-with-figures"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.3.2</b> Tweeting with figures</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.4" data-path="trump.html"><a href="trump.html#keyness"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.4</b> Keyness</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.4.1" data-path="trump.html"><a href="trump.html#log-likelihood-ratio"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.4.1</b> Log-likelihood ratio</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12.4.2" data-path="trump.html"><a href="trump.html#plotting-keyness"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12.4.2</b> Plotting keyness</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13" data-path="re.html"><a href="re.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13</b> Regular expression</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.1" data-path="re.html"><a href="re.html#re-applications-on-string-operations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.1</b> <strong>RE applications on string operations</strong></a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.1.1" data-path="re.html"><a href="re.html#extracting"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.1.1</b> Extracting</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.1.2" data-path="re.html"><a href="re.html#detecting-with-non-greedy"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.1.2</b> Detecting with non-greedy</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.1.3" data-path="re.html"><a href="re.html#detecting-multiple-patterns"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.1.3</b> Detecting multiple patterns</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.1.4" data-path="re.html"><a href="re.html#extracting-nearby-words"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.1.4</b> Extracting nearby words</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2" data-path="re.html"><a href="re.html#re-case-studies"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2</b> RE Case studies</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.1" data-path="re.html"><a href="re.html#getting-the-last-page-of-ptt-hatepolitics"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.1</b> Getting the last page of PTT HatePolitics</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.2.2" data-path="re.html"><a href="re.html#practice.-ask-chatgpt"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.2.2</b> Practice. Ask CHATGPT</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3" data-path="re.html"><a href="re.html#useful-cases"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3</b> Useful cases</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3.1" data-path="re.html"><a href="re.html#matching-url"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3.1</b> Matching URL</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3.2" data-path="re.html"><a href="re.html#removing-all-html-tags-but-keeping-comment-content"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3.2</b> Removing all html tags but keeping comment content</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3.3" data-path="re.html"><a href="re.html#removing-space"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3.3</b> Removing space</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="13.3.4" data-path="re.html"><a href="re.html#testing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>13.3.4</b> Testing</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14" data-path="tmchi.html"><a href="tmchi.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14</b> Text processing in Chinese</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1" data-path="tmchi.html"><a href="tmchi.html#preprocessing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1</b> Preprocessing</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.1.1" data-path="tmchi.html"><a href="tmchi.html#assigning-unique-id-to-each-doc"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.1.1</b> Assigning unique id to each doc</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2" data-path="tmchi.html"><a href="tmchi.html#tokenization"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2</b> Tokenization</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2.1" data-path="tmchi.html"><a href="tmchi.html#initializer-tokenizer"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2.1</b> Initializer tokenizer</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.2.2" data-path="tmchi.html"><a href="tmchi.html#tokenization-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.2.2</b> Tokenization</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.3" data-path="tmchi.html"><a href="tmchi.html#exploring-wording-features"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.3</b> Exploring wording features</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.3.1" data-path="tmchi.html"><a href="tmchi.html#word-frequency-distribution"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.3.1</b> Word frequency distribution</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.3.2" data-path="tmchi.html"><a href="tmchi.html#keyness-by-logratio"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.3.2</b> Keyness by logratio</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.3.3" data-path="tmchi.html"><a href="tmchi.html#keyness-by-scatter"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.3.3</b> Keyness by scatter</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.4" data-path="tmchi.html"><a href="tmchi.html#tf-idf"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.4</b> TF-IDF</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.4.1" data-path="tmchi.html"><a href="tmchi.html#term-frequency"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.4.1</b> Term-frequency</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.4.2" data-path="tmchi.html"><a href="tmchi.html#tf-idf-to-filter-significant-words"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.4.2</b> TF-IDF to filter significant words</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="14.4.3" data-path="tmchi.html"><a href="tmchi.html#practice.-understanding-tf-idf"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>14.4.3</b> Practice. Understanding TF-IDF</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>IV CRAWLER</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15" data-path="crawler-overview.html"><a href="crawler-overview.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15</b> Introduction to Web Scraping</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.1" data-path="crawler-overview.html"><a href="crawler-overview.html#webpage-browsing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.1</b> Webpage Browsing</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.2" data-path="crawler-overview.html"><a href="crawler-overview.html#scraper"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.2</b> Scraper</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.3" data-path="crawler-overview.html"><a href="crawler-overview.html#type-of-scraper"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.3</b> Type of Scraper</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.3.1" data-path="crawler-overview.html"><a href="crawler-overview.html#type-1.-response-with-json"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.3.1</b> <strong>Type 1. Response with JSON</strong></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.3.2" data-path="crawler-overview.html"><a href="crawler-overview.html#craw_scraping"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.3.2</b> Type 2. HTML Parsing</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.4" data-path="crawler-overview.html"><a href="crawler-overview.html#supplementary-materials"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.4</b> Supplementary Materials</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.4.1" data-path="crawler-overview.html"><a href="crawler-overview.html#status_code"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.4.1</b> HTTP Status Code</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.4.2" data-path="crawler-overview.html"><a href="crawler-overview.html#using-chrome-devtools"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.4.2</b> Using Chrome DevTools</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="15.4.3" data-path="crawler-overview.html"><a href="crawler-overview.html#observing-web-request"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>15.4.3</b> Observing web request</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16" data-path="scraping-104.html"><a href="scraping-104.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16</b> Scraping 104.com</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.1" data-path="scraping-104.html"><a href="scraping-104.html#complete-code-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.1</b> Complete Code</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2" data-path="scraping-104.html"><a href="scraping-104.html#step-by-step"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2</b> Step-by-Step</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2.1" data-path="scraping-104.html"><a href="scraping-104.html#get-the-first-pages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2.1</b> Get the first pages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2.2" data-path="scraping-104.html"><a href="scraping-104.html#get-the-first-page-by-modifying-url"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2.2</b> Get the first page by modifying url</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2.3" data-path="scraping-104.html"><a href="scraping-104.html#combine-two-data-with-the-same-variables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2.3</b> Combine two data with the same variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2.4" data-path="scraping-104.html"><a href="scraping-104.html#drop-out-hierarchical-variables"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2.4</b> Drop out hierarchical variables</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2.5" data-path="scraping-104.html"><a href="scraping-104.html#dropping-hierarchical-variables-by-dplyr-way"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2.5</b> Dropping hierarchical variables by dplyr way</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2.6" data-path="scraping-104.html"><a href="scraping-104.html#finding-out-the-last-page-number"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2.6</b> Finding out the last page number</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2.7" data-path="scraping-104.html"><a href="scraping-104.html#using-for-loop-to-get-all-pages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2.7</b> Using for-loop to get all pages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="16.2.8" data-path="scraping-104.html"><a href="scraping-104.html#combine-all-data.frame"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>16.2.8</b> combine all data.frame</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17" data-path="read_json.html"><a href="read_json.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17</b> Read JSON</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.1" data-path="read_json.html"><a href="read_json.html#reading-json"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.1</b> Reading JSON</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.1.1" data-path="read_json.html"><a href="read_json.html#json-as-a-string"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.1.1</b> JSON as a string</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.1.2" data-path="read_json.html"><a href="read_json.html#json-as-a-local-file"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.1.2</b> JSON as a local file</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.1.3" data-path="read_json.html"><a href="read_json.html#json-as-a-web-file"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.1.3</b> JSON as a web file</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.1.4" data-path="read_json.html"><a href="read_json.html#practice.-convert-ubike-json-to-data.frame"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.1.4</b> Practice. Convert ubike json to data.frame</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.2" data-path="read_json.html"><a href="read_json.html#case-1-air-quality-well-formatted"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.2</b> Case 1: Air-Quality (well-formatted )</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.2.1" data-path="read_json.html"><a href="read_json.html#using-knitrkable-for-better-printing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.2.1</b> Using knitr::kable() for better printing</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.2.2" data-path="read_json.html"><a href="read_json.html#step-by-step-parse-json-format-string-to-r-objects"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.2.2</b> Step-by-step: Parse JSON format string to R objects</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.2.3" data-path="read_json.html"><a href="read_json.html#combining-all"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.2.3</b> Combining all</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.3" data-path="read_json.html"><a href="read_json.html#practices-traversing-json-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.3</b> <strong>Practices: traversing json data</strong></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.4" data-path="read_json.html"><a href="read_json.html#case-2-cnyes-news-well-formatted"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.4</b> Case 2: cnyes news (well-formatted)</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.4.1" data-path="read_json.html"><a href="read_json.html#option-取回資料並寫在硬碟"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.4.1</b> (option) 取回資料並寫在硬碟</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.5" data-path="read_json.html"><a href="read_json.html#case-3-footrumor-ill-formatted"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.5</b> Case 3: footRumor (ill-formatted)</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="17.5.1" data-path="read_json.html"><a href="read_json.html#處理非典型的json檔"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>17.5.1</b> 處理非典型的JSON檔</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18" data-path="html-parser.html"><a href="html-parser.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18</b> HTML Parser</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.1" data-path="html-parser.html"><a href="html-parser.html#html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.1</b> HTML</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.2" data-path="html-parser.html"><a href="html-parser.html#detecting-element-path"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.2</b> Detecting Element Path</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.2.1" data-path="html-parser.html"><a href="html-parser.html#xpath"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.2.1</b> XPath</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="18.2.2" data-path="html-parser.html"><a href="html-parser.html#css-selector"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>18.2.2</b> CSS Selector</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19" data-path="ptt-scrape.html"><a href="ptt-scrape.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19</b> Scraping PTT</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.1" data-path="ptt-scrape.html"><a href="ptt-scrape.html#ptt_load_pkgs"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.1</b> Step 1. 載入所需套件</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2" data-path="ptt-scrape.html"><a href="ptt-scrape.html#ptt_parsehtml"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2</b> Step 2. 取回並剖析HTML檔案</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2.1" data-path="ptt-scrape.html"><a href="ptt-scrape.html#ptt_read_html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2.1</b> <strong>Step 2-1. <code>read_html()</code> 將網頁取回並轉為xml_document</strong></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2.2" data-path="ptt-scrape.html"><a href="ptt-scrape.html#ptt_html_nodes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2.2</b> <strong>Step 2-2 以<code>html_nodes()</code> 以選擇所需的資料節點</strong></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2.3" data-path="ptt-scrape.html"><a href="ptt-scrape.html#ptt_xpath_css"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2.3</b> <strong>Step 2-2 補充說明與XPath、CSS Selector的最佳化</strong></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.2.4" data-path="ptt-scrape.html"><a href="ptt-scrape.html#ptt_html_text"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.2.4</b> <strong>Step 2-3 <code>html_text()</code>或<code>html_attr()</code>轉出所要的資料</strong></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.3" data-path="ptt-scrape.html"><a href="ptt-scrape.html#ptt_for"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.3</b> Step 3. 用for迴圈打撈多頁的連結</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.4" data-path="ptt-scrape.html"><a href="ptt-scrape.html#ptt_scrape_post"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.4</b> Step 4. 根據連結取回所有貼文</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.5" data-path="ptt-scrape.html"><a href="ptt-scrape.html#ptt_method2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.5</b> 補充(1) 較好的寫法</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="19.6" data-path="ptt-scrape.html"><a href="ptt-scrape.html#ptt_best"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>19.6</b> 補充(2) 最佳的寫法</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20" data-path="lebron.html"><a href="lebron.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20</b> NYT: LeBron James Achievement</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.1" data-path="lebron.html"><a href="lebron.html#get-top250-players"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.1</b> Get top250 players</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.2" data-path="lebron.html"><a href="lebron.html#scraping-live-scores"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.2</b> Scraping live scores</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.2.1" data-path="lebron.html"><a href="lebron.html#testing-scrape-one"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.2.1</b> Testing: Scrape one</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.2.2" data-path="lebron.html"><a href="lebron.html#scrape-life-time-scores-of-all-top-250-players"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.2.2</b> Scrape life time scores of all top-250 players</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.3" data-path="lebron.html"><a href="lebron.html#cleaning-data-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.3</b> Cleaning data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.4" data-path="lebron.html"><a href="lebron.html#visualization"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.4</b> Visualization</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.4.1" data-path="lebron.html"><a href="lebron.html#line-age-x-cumpts"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.4.1</b> Line: Age x cumPTS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.4.2" data-path="lebron.html"><a href="lebron.html#line-year-x-cumpts"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.4.2</b> Line: year x cumPTS</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.4.3" data-path="lebron.html"><a href="lebron.html#line-age-x-per_by_year"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.4.3</b> Line: Age x PER_by_year</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.4.4" data-path="lebron.html"><a href="lebron.html#comparing-lebron-james-and-jabbar"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.4.4</b> Comparing LeBron James and Jabbar</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.5" data-path="lebron.html"><a href="lebron.html#scraping-and-cleaning"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.5</b> Scraping and cleaning</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.5.1" data-path="lebron.html"><a href="lebron.html#vis-ljames-and-jabbar"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.5.1</b> VIS LJames and jabbar</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.6" data-path="lebron.html"><a href="lebron.html#more-scraping-all-players"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.6</b> (More) Scraping all players</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.6.1" data-path="lebron.html"><a href="lebron.html#testing-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.6.1</b> Testing</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="20.6.2" data-path="lebron.html"><a href="lebron.html#scrape-from-a-z-except-xno-x"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>20.6.2</b> Scrape from a-z except x(no x)</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>V VISUALIZATION</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21" data-path="visualization-1.html"><a href="visualization-1.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21</b> Visualization</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.1" data-path="visualization-1.html"><a href="visualization-1.html#ggplot2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.1</b> ggplot2</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.2" data-path="visualization-1.html"><a href="visualization-1.html#vis-packages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.2</b> VIS packages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.3" data-path="visualization-1.html"><a href="visualization-1.html#case-gallery"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.3</b> Case Gallery</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.3.1" data-path="visualization-1.html"><a href="visualization-1.html#wp-paid-maternity-leave-產假支薪-barplot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.3.1</b> WP: Paid Maternity Leave (產假支薪): barplot</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.3.2" data-path="visualization-1.html"><a href="visualization-1.html#nyt-population-changes-over-more-than-20000-years-coordinate-lineplot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.3.2</b> NYT: Population Changes Over More Than 20,000 Years: Coordinate, lineplot</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.3.3" data-path="visualization-1.html"><a href="visualization-1.html#nyt-lebron-james-achievement-coordinate-lineplot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.3.3</b> NYT: LeBron James’ Achievement: Coordinate, lineplot</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.3.4" data-path="visualization-1.html"><a href="visualization-1.html#taiwan-village-population-distribution-coordinate-lineplot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.3.4</b> Taiwan Village Population Distribution: Coordinate, lineplot</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.3.5" data-path="visualization-1.html"><a href="visualization-1.html#nyt-net-worth-by-age-group-coordinate-barplot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.3.5</b> NYT: Net Worth by Age Group: Coordinate, barplot</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.3.6" data-path="visualization-1.html"><a href="visualization-1.html#nyt-optimistic-of-different-generation-association-scatter"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.3.6</b> NYT: Optimistic of different generation: Association, scatter</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.3.7" data-path="visualization-1.html"><a href="visualization-1.html#vaccinating-proportion-by-countries-amount-heatmap"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.3.7</b> Vaccinating Proportion by countries: Amount, heatmap</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.3.8" data-path="visualization-1.html"><a href="visualization-1.html#taiwan-salary-distribution-distribution-boxmap"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.3.8</b> Taiwan salary distribution: Distribution, boxmap</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.3.9" data-path="visualization-1.html"><a href="visualization-1.html#taiwan-income-distribution-by-each-town-distribution-boxmap"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.3.9</b> Taiwan income distribution by each town: Distribution, boxmap</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.3.10" data-path="visualization-1.html"><a href="visualization-1.html#nyt-carbon-by-countries-proportion-treemap"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.3.10</b> NYT: Carbon by countries: Proportion, Treemap</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="21.3.11" data-path="visualization-1.html"><a href="visualization-1.html#taiwan-annual-expenditure-proportion-treemap"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>21.3.11</b> Taiwan Annual Expenditure: Proportion, Treemap</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22" data-path="ggplot.html"><a href="ggplot.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22</b> ggplot</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.1" data-path="ggplot.html"><a href="ggplot.html#essentials-of-ggplot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.1</b> Essentials of ggplot</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.1.1" data-path="ggplot.html"><a href="ggplot.html#ggplot-秀出預備要繪製的繪圖區"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.1.1</b> (1) <code>ggplot()</code> 秀出預備要繪製的繪圖區</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.1.2" data-path="ggplot.html"><a href="ggplot.html#aes-指定xy軸與群組因子"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.1.2</b> <strong>(2) <code>aes()</code> 指定X/Y軸與群組因子</strong></a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.1.3" data-path="ggplot.html"><a href="ggplot.html#geom_-指定要繪製的圖表類型"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.1.3</b> <strong>(3) <code>geom_???()</code> 指定要繪製的圖表類型</strong>。</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.2" data-path="ggplot.html"><a href="ggplot.html#nyt-inequality"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.2</b> NYT: Inequality</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.2.1" data-path="ggplot.html"><a href="ggplot.html#loading-data-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.2.1</b> (1) Loading data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.2.2" data-path="ggplot.html"><a href="ggplot.html#visualizing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.2.2</b> (2) Visualizing</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.3" data-path="ggplot.html"><a href="ggplot.html#adjusting-chart"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.3</b> Adjusting Chart</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.3.1" data-path="ggplot.html"><a href="ggplot.html#type-of-points-and-lines"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.3.1</b> Type of Points and Lines</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.3.2" data-path="ggplot.html"><a href="ggplot.html#line-types"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.3.2</b> Line Types</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.3.3" data-path="ggplot.html"><a href="ggplot.html#title-labels-and-legends"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.3.3</b> Title, Labels and Legends</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.3.4" data-path="ggplot.html"><a href="ggplot.html#font"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.3.4</b> Font</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.3.5" data-path="ggplot.html"><a href="ggplot.html#color-themes"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.3.5</b> Color Themes</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.3.6" data-path="ggplot.html"><a href="ggplot.html#set-up-default-theme"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.3.6</b> Set-up Default Theme</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.3.7" data-path="ggplot.html"><a href="ggplot.html#show-chinese-text"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.3.7</b> Show Chinese Text</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.3.8" data-path="ggplot.html"><a href="ggplot.html#xy-axis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.3.8</b> X/Y axis</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.4" data-path="ggplot.html"><a href="ggplot.html#highlighting-storytelling"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.4</b> Highlighting & Storytelling</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.4.1" data-path="ggplot.html"><a href="ggplot.html#依群組指定顏色"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.4.1</b> 依群組指定顏色</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.4.2" data-path="ggplot.html"><a href="ggplot.html#使用gghighlight套件"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.4.2</b> 使用gghighlight套件</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="22.4.3" data-path="ggplot.html"><a href="ggplot.html#為視覺化建立群組"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>22.4.3</b> 為視覺化建立群組</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="23" data-path="coordinate.html"><a href="coordinate.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>23</b> Coordinate</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="23.1" data-path="coordinate.html"><a href="coordinate.html#population_growth"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>23.1</b> NYT: Population Growth</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="23.1.1" data-path="coordinate.html"><a href="coordinate.html#parsing-table-from-pdf"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>23.1.1</b> Parsing table from pdf</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="23.1.2" data-path="coordinate.html"><a href="coordinate.html#x-and-y-with-log-scale"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>23.1.2</b> X and Y with log-scale</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="23.2" data-path="coordinate.html"><a href="coordinate.html#vilpopulation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>23.2</b> Order as axis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="23.3" data-path="coordinate.html"><a href="coordinate.html#log-scale"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>23.3</b> Log-scale</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="23.4" data-path="coordinate.html"><a href="coordinate.html#section"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>23.4</b> </a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="23.5" data-path="coordinate.html"><a href="coordinate.html#square-root-scale"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>23.5</b> Square-root scale</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="23.6" data-path="coordinate.html"><a href="coordinate.html#increasing-percentage-as-y"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>23.6</b> Increasing percentage as Y</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="23.6.1" data-path="coordinate.html"><a href="coordinate.html#networth"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>23.6.1</b> NYT: Net Worth by Age Group</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="23.6.2" data-path="coordinate.html"><a href="coordinate.html#read-and-sort-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>23.6.2</b> Read and sort data</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="23.7" data-path="coordinate.html"><a href="coordinate.html#xy-aspect-ratio"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>23.7</b> X/Y aspect ratio</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="23.7.1" data-path="coordinate.html"><a href="coordinate.html#optimistic"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>23.7.1</b> UNICEF-Optimistic (WGOITH)</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24" data-path="amount.html"><a href="amount.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24</b> AMOUNT</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.1" data-path="amount.html"><a href="amount.html#bar-chart"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.1</b> Bar chart</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.2" data-path="amount.html"><a href="amount.html#vaccinating"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.2</b> Heatmap: Vaccination</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.2.1" data-path="amount.html"><a href="amount.html#the-case-vaccinating-coverage-by-month"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.2.1</b> The case: Vaccinating coverage by month</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.2.2" data-path="amount.html"><a href="amount.html#data-cleaning"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.2.2</b> Data cleaning</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="24.2.3" data-path="amount.html"><a href="amount.html#visualization-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>24.2.3</b> Visualization</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25" data-path="distribution-histogram-density.html"><a href="distribution-histogram-density.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25</b> DISTRIBUTION: Histogram & Density</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.1" data-path="distribution-histogram-density.html"><a href="distribution-histogram-density.html#density-plot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.1</b> Density plot</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.1.1" data-path="distribution-histogram-density.html"><a href="distribution-histogram-density.html#density-with-different-bandwidth"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.1.1</b> Density with different bandwidth</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.2" data-path="distribution-histogram-density.html"><a href="distribution-histogram-density.html#histogram"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.2</b> Histogram</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.2.1" data-path="distribution-histogram-density.html"><a href="distribution-histogram-density.html#histogram-with-different-number-of-bins"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.2.1</b> Histogram with different number of bins</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.2.2" data-path="distribution-histogram-density.html"><a href="distribution-histogram-density.html#density-vs-histogram"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.2.2</b> Density vs histogram</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.2.3" data-path="distribution-histogram-density.html"><a href="distribution-histogram-density.html#positions-of-bar-chart"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.2.3</b> Positions of bar chart</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.2.4" data-path="distribution-histogram-density.html"><a href="distribution-histogram-density.html#display-two-groups-histogram-by-facet_wrap"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.2.4</b> Display two groups histogram by facet_wrap()</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.3" data-path="distribution-histogram-density.html"><a href="distribution-histogram-density.html#pyramid"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.3</b> Pyramid Plot</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.3.1" data-path="distribution-histogram-density.html"><a href="distribution-histogram-density.html#modify-geom_col-to-pyramid-plot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.3.1</b> Modify geom_col() to pyramid plot</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.4" data-path="distribution-histogram-density.html"><a href="distribution-histogram-density.html#box-plot-muitiple-distrubution"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.4</b> Box plot: Muitiple Distrubution</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.4.1" data-path="distribution-histogram-density.html"><a href="distribution-histogram-density.html#twsalary"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.4.1</b> TW-Salary (boxplot)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.4.2" data-path="distribution-histogram-density.html"><a href="distribution-histogram-density.html#twincome"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.4.2</b> TW-Income (boxplot)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.5" data-path="distribution-histogram-density.html"><a href="distribution-histogram-density.html#likert-plot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.5</b> Likert plot</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.5.1" data-path="distribution-histogram-density.html"><a href="distribution-histogram-density.html#stacked-or-dodged-bar"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.5.1</b> Stacked or dodged bar</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="25.5.2" data-path="distribution-histogram-density.html"><a href="distribution-histogram-density.html#likert-graph"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>25.5.2</b> Likert Graph</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26" data-path="proportion.html"><a href="proportion.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26</b> PROPORTION</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.1" data-path="proportion.html"><a href="proportion.html#pie-chart"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.1</b> Pie Chart</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.2" data-path="proportion.html"><a href="proportion.html#dodged-bar-chart"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.2</b> Dodged Bar Chart</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.3" data-path="proportion.html"><a href="proportion.html#treemap-nested-proportion"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.3</b> Treemap: Nested Proportion</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.3.1" data-path="proportion.html"><a href="proportion.html#carbon"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.3.1</b> NYT: Carbon by countries</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="26.3.2" data-path="proportion.html"><a href="proportion.html#twbudget"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>26.3.2</b> TW: Taiwan Annual Expenditure</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="27" data-path="association.html"><a href="association.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>27</b> ASSOCIATION</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="27.1" data-path="association.html"><a href="association.html#等比例座標軸"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>27.1</b> 等比例座標軸</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="27.1.1" data-path="association.html"><a href="association.html#unicef-optimistic-wgoith"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>27.1.1</b> UNICEF-Optimistic (WGOITH)</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28" data-path="time-trends.html"><a href="time-trends.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28</b> TIME & TRENDS</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.1" data-path="time-trends.html"><a href="time-trends.html#highlighting-unemployed-population"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.1</b> Highlighting: Unemployed Population</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.1.1" data-path="time-trends.html"><a href="time-trends.html#the-econimics-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.1.1</b> The econimics data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.1.2" data-path="time-trends.html"><a href="time-trends.html#setting-marking-area"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.1.2</b> Setting marking area</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.2" data-path="time-trends.html"><a href="time-trends.html#smoothing-unemployed"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.2</b> Smoothing: Unemployed</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="28.2.1" data-path="time-trends.html"><a href="time-trends.html#polls_2008"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>28.2.1</b> Polls_2008</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29</b> GEOSPATIAL</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.1" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#world-map"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.1</b> World Map</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.1.1" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#bind-data-to-map-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.1.1</b> Bind data to map data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.1.2" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#drawing-map"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.1.2</b> Drawing Map</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.1.3" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#drawing-map-by-specific-colors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.1.3</b> Drawing map by specific colors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.1.4" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#practice.-drawing-map-for-every-years"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.1.4</b> Practice. Drawing map for every years</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.2" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#read-spatial-data-from-segis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.2</b> Read Spatial Data from SEGIS</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.2.1" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#the-case-population-and-density-of-taipei"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.2.1</b> The case: Population and Density of Taipei</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.2.2" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#projection-投影的概念"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.2.2</b> Projection 投影的概念</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.3" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#town-level-taipei-income"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.3</b> Town-level: Taipei income</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.3.1" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#reading-income-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.3.1</b> Reading income data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.3.2" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#read-taipei-zip-code"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.3.2</b> Read Taipei zip code</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.4" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#twmap"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.4</b> Voting map - County level</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.4.1" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#loading-county-level-president-voting-rate"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.4.1</b> Loading county-level president voting rate</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.4.2" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#sf-to-load-county-level-shp"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.4.2</b> sf to load county level shp</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.4.3" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#simplfying-map-polygon"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.4.3</b> Simplfying map polygon</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.4.4" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#practice.-drawing-taiwan-county-scale-map-from-segis-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.4.4</b> Practice. Drawing Taiwan county-scale map from SEGIS data</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.5" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#mapping-data-with-grid"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.5</b> Mapping data with grid</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.5.1" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#loading-taiwan-map"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.5.1</b> Loading Taiwan map</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.5.2" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#building-grid"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.5.2</b> Building grid</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.5.3" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#loading-data-2"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.5.3</b> loading data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.5.4" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#merging-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.5.4</b> Merging data</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.6" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#mapping-youbike-location"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.6</b> Mapping Youbike Location</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.6.1" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#creating-a-new-variable"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.6.1</b> Creating a new variable</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.6.2" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#mapping-with-sf"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.6.2</b> Mapping with sf</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="29.6.3" data-path="geospatial.html"><a href="geospatial.html#using-ggmap-deprecated"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>29.6.3</b> Using ggmap (Deprecated)</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30" data-path="network-vis.html"><a href="network-vis.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30</b> NETWORK VIS</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.1" data-path="network-vis.html"><a href="network-vis.html#generating-networks"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.1</b> Generating networks</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.1.1" data-path="network-vis.html"><a href="network-vis.html#random-network"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.1.1</b> Random network</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.1.2" data-path="network-vis.html"><a href="network-vis.html#random-network-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.1.2</b> Random network</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.2" data-path="network-vis.html"><a href="network-vis.html#retrieve-top3-components"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.2</b> Retrieve Top3 Components</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.2.1" data-path="network-vis.html"><a href="network-vis.html#visualize-again"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.2.1</b> Visualize again</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.3" data-path="network-vis.html"><a href="network-vis.html#motif-visualization-and-analysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.3</b> Motif visualization and analysis</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.3.1" data-path="network-vis.html"><a href="network-vis.html#motif-type"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.3.1</b> Motif type</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.3.2" data-path="network-vis.html"><a href="network-vis.html#motif-analysis"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.3.2</b> Motif analysis</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="30.3.3" data-path="network-vis.html"><a href="network-vis.html#generate-motives"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>30.3.3</b> Generate motives</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31" data-path="interactivity.html"><a href="interactivity.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31</b> Interactivity</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.1" data-path="interactivity.html"><a href="interactivity.html#ggplotly"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.1</b> ggplotly</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.1.1" data-path="interactivity.html"><a href="interactivity.html#line-chart"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.1.1</b> LINE CHART</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.1.2" data-path="interactivity.html"><a href="interactivity.html#scatter"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.1.2</b> SCATTER</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.1.3" data-path="interactivity.html"><a href="interactivity.html#barplot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.1.3</b> Barplot</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.1.4" data-path="interactivity.html"><a href="interactivity.html#boxplot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.1.4</b> Boxplot</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.1.5" data-path="interactivity.html"><a href="interactivity.html#treemap-global-carbon"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.1.5</b> Treemap (Global Carbon)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.2" data-path="interactivity.html"><a href="interactivity.html#產製圖表動畫"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.2</b> 產製圖表動畫</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.2.1" data-path="interactivity.html"><a href="interactivity.html#地圖下載與轉換投影方法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.2.1</b> 地圖下載與轉換投影方法</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="31.2.2" data-path="interactivity.html"><a href="interactivity.html#靜態繪圖測試"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>31.2.2</b> 靜態繪圖測試</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>VI CASE STUDIES</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="32" data-path="wgoitg.html"><a href="wgoitg.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>32</b> WGOITG of NyTimes</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="33" data-path="inequality-net-worth-by-age-group.html"><a href="inequality-net-worth-by-age-group.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>33</b> Inequality: Net Worth by Age Group</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="34" data-path="optimism-survey-by-countries.html"><a href="optimism-survey-by-countries.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>34</b> Optimism Survey by Countries</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35" data-path="taiwan.html"><a href="taiwan.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35</b> Case Studies (Taiwan)</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.1" data-path="taiwan.html"><a href="taiwan.html#tw-aqi-visual-studies"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.1</b> TW AQI Visual Studies</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.1.1" data-path="taiwan.html"><a href="taiwan.html#eda-load-data-from-github"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.1.1</b> eda-load-data-from-github</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.1.2" data-path="taiwan.html"><a href="taiwan.html#trending-central-tendency"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.1.2</b> Trending: Central tendency</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="35.1.3" data-path="taiwan.html"><a href="taiwan.html#trending-extreme-value"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>35.1.3</b> Trending: Extreme value</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="36" data-path="appendix.html"><a href="appendix.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>36</b> Appendix</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="36.1" data-path="appendix.html"><a href="appendix.html#dataset"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>36.1</b> Dataset</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/rstudio/bookdown" target="blank">Published with bookdown</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</div>
<div class="book-body">
<div class="body-inner">
<div class="book-header" role="navigation">
<h1>
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i><a href="./">R for Data Journalism</a>
</h1>
</div>
<div class="page-wrapper" tabindex="-1" role="main">
<div class="page-inner">
<section class="normal" id="section-">
<div id="basic" class="section level1 hasAnchor" number="2">
<h1><span class="header-section-number">Chapter 2</span> Using R<a href="basic.html#basic" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h1>
<p>本章介紹如何使用 RStudio 編寫和執行 R 程式語言、R語言的基本語法、以及Vector和data.frame資料型態。</p>
<div id="using-rstudio" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="2.1">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">2.1</span> Using RStudio<a href="basic.html#using-rstudio" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<div id="介面概覽" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="2.1.1">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">2.1.1</span> 介面概覽<a href="basic.html#介面概覽" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>RStudio 的介面主要劃分為四大區塊,各自負責不同功能:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>左上區(Source/Visual):</strong> 撰寫程式碼及 R Markdown 文件的區域。</p></li>
<li><p><strong>左下區(Console):</strong> 顯示程式碼執行的即時結果,可直接輸入命令進行互動式操作。</p></li>
<li><p><strong>右上區(Environment):</strong> 呈現執行過程中產生的變數與資料物件,方便檢查數據內容。</p></li>
<li><p><strong>右下區(Files/Packages/Help):</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>Files:</strong> 顯示本機檔案目錄,便於瀏覽資料。</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Packages:</strong> 列出目前已載入與可用的套件。</p></li>
<li><p><strong>Help:</strong> 查詢函式與套件說明,方便尋求技術支援。</p></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<p><img src="images/image-1886736556.png" /></p>
</div>
<div id="撰寫r-markdown" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="2.1.2">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">2.1.2</span> 撰寫R Markdown<a href="basic.html#撰寫r-markdown" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>R Markdown 格式允許作者在同一份文件中同時混合撰寫程式碼與敘述性文字,非常適合用來撰寫技術文件與學術報告。文件中常見的區塊包括:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>內容區塊(Text Cell):</strong> 使用 Markdown 語法撰寫標題、段落、點列等格式化文字。詳細指令可以參考<a href="https://www.rstudio.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/rmarkdown-cheatsheet.pdf">rmarkdown-cheatsheet (rstudio.com)</a>。這種格式的靈活性和強大功能,使得 R Markdown 成為撰寫技術文檔和學術報告的理想選擇,能夠有效地將敘述性文本與程式碼結果結合,提升文檔的互動性和表達力。</p></li>
<li><p><strong>程式碼區塊(Code Cell):</strong> 撰寫 R 程式碼,並可直接執行以呈現結果。</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="常用快捷鍵" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="2.1.3">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">2.1.3</span> 常用快捷鍵<a href="basic.html#常用快捷鍵" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p><strong>程式碼區塊</strong>可以用下列鍵盤指令來新增和執行。</p>
<ul>
<li><code>Cmd(Ctrl)+Option(Alt)+i</code> 新增一個程式碼區塊</li>
<li><code>Cmd+Enter</code> (<code>Ctrl+Enter</code> in Window) 執行程式碼區塊中游標所在的那一行指令。</li>
<li><code>Cmd(Ctrl)+Shift+Enter</code> 執行游標所在的整個程式碼區塊</li>
<li>其他常用鍵盤指令 - <strong>註解</strong>:用滑鼠或鍵盤圈選某幾行程式碼後,可用<code>Cmd(Ctrl)+Shift+c</code>來將這幾行標記為註解或將其去除註解標記。</li>
</ul>
<div class="practice">
<p>Practice. 用鍵盤快速鍵新增一個程式碼區塊、輸入以下程式碼並嘗試用鍵盤快速鍵執行。</p>
<p><code>a <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)</code><br />
<code>b <- 4</code><br />
<code>a*b</code></p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="安裝與載入第三方套件" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="2.1.4">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">2.1.4</span> 安裝與載入第三方套件<a href="basic.html#安裝與載入第三方套件" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<ul>
<li>套件的使用分為「<strong>安裝(<code>install.packages("pkg_name")</code>)」</strong>和「<strong>載入(<code>library(pkg_name)</code>)」</strong>兩個步驟。</li>
<li>通常安裝好R的時候就已經安裝好基本<code>base</code>套件。當執行R時便會將base套件<strong>預載</strong>入程式的執行環境中。</li>
<li>熱心的R使用者會編寫第三方套件,而第三方套件則可透過 R CRAN 自動安裝。。而<strong>R cran</strong>上的套件我們可以使用<code>install.packages("package_name")</code>來自動安裝到我們的電腦中。</li>
</ul>
<p><strong><em>Practice 1.</em></strong> 執行以下程式碼</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="basic.html#cb1-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">install.packages</span>(<span class="st">"tidyverse"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="basic.html#cb1-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">install.packages</span>(<span class="st">"jsonlite"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="basic.html#cb1-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">install.packages</span>(<span class="st">"httr"</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<p><strong>載入套件。</strong>在安裝這些第三方套件之後,需要將它們載入到程式的運行環境中,然後才能使用。因此,需要使用 <strong><code>library(package_name)</code></strong> 命令來載入它們。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="basic.html#cb2-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(tidyverse)</span>
<span id="cb2-2"><a href="basic.html#cb2-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(jsonlite)</span>
<span id="cb2-3"><a href="basic.html#cb2-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(httr)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="r-預載套件介紹" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="2.1.5">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">2.1.5</span> R 預載套件介紹<a href="basic.html#r-預載套件介紹" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>當 R 的程式開始執行時,會預載入一些基本的套件,包括 <strong><code>stats</code></strong>、<strong><code>graphics</code></strong>、<strong><code>grDevices</code></strong>、<strong><code>utils</code></strong> 和 <strong><code>datasets</code></strong>。這些套件為 R 提供了基本的數據處理、統計分析、圖形顯示和檔案處理等功能。以下是這些套件的重要函式:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong><code>stats</code></strong>:這個套件包含了許多統計分析相關的函式,例如假設檢定、方差分析、線性迴歸和時間序列分析等。其中,比較常用的函式有 <strong><code>t.test()</code></strong>、<strong><code>lm()</code></strong>、<strong><code>glm()</code></strong>、<strong><code>anova()</code></strong>、<strong><code>cor()</code></strong> 等。</p></li>
<li><p><strong><code>graphics</code></strong>:這個套件提供了用於繪製各種圖形的函式,例如散佈圖、直方圖、盒鬚圖、線圖、散點矩陣等。其中,常用的函式有 <strong><code>plot()</code></strong>、<strong><code>hist()</code></strong>、<strong><code>boxplot()</code></strong>、<strong><code>lines()</code></strong>、<strong><code>points()</code></strong> 等。</p></li>
<li><p><strong><code>grDevices</code></strong>:這個套件包含了用於輸出圖形的函式,例如 <strong><code>pdf()</code></strong>、<strong><code>png()</code></strong>、<strong><code>jpeg()</code></strong> 和 <strong><code>tiff()</code></strong> 等。</p></li>
<li><p><strong><code>utils</code></strong>:這個套件包含了一些實用的函式,例如 <strong><code>install.packages()</code></strong>、<strong><code>help()</code></strong>、<strong><code>data()</code></strong> 等。</p></li>
<li><p><strong><code>datasets</code></strong>:這個套件包含了一些內建的數據集,可以用來進行測試和練習,例如 <strong><code>iris</code></strong>、<strong><code>mtcars</code></strong>、<strong><code>CO2</code></strong> 等。可以使用 <strong><code>data()</code></strong> 函式載入這些數據集。</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="程式碼註解技巧" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="2.1.6">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">2.1.6</span> 程式碼註解技巧<a href="basic.html#程式碼註解技巧" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>下列程式碼中開頭有<code>#</code>符號者為註解,程式設計師用這種註解來為程式碼做說明,便於自己日後閱讀或與他人溝通。程式在執行時會自動忽略前面有<code>#</code>符號的程式碼。如果要執行以下程式碼,要把前面的<code>#</code>記號給拿掉。在RStudio中你可以用滑鼠或鍵盤圈選下三行,然後用快速鍵<code>command(ctrl)+shift+c</code>就可以開關(Comment/Un-comment)這幾行程式碼。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="basic.html#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># a <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)</span></span>
<span id="cb3-2"><a href="basic.html#cb3-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># b <- 4</span></span>
<span id="cb3-3"><a href="basic.html#cb3-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># a*b</span></span></code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="practical-examples" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="2.2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">2.2</span> Practical Examples<a href="basic.html#practical-examples" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p>本節將透過實作範例,展示如何使用 R 讀取線上資料並進行基本資料操作。</p>
<div id="從內政部開放資料讀取資料" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="2.2.1">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">2.2.1</span> 從內政部開放資料讀取資料<a href="basic.html#從內政部開放資料讀取資料" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>MOS(Ministry of the Interior): 中華民國行政院內政部</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="basic.html#cb4-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(httr)</span>
<span id="cb4-2"><a href="basic.html#cb4-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(jsonlite)</span>
<span id="cb4-3"><a href="basic.html#cb4-3" tabindex="-1"></a>url <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"https://www.ris.gov.tw/rs-opendata/api/v1/datastore/ODRP024/107?page=1"</span></span>
<span id="cb4-4"><a href="basic.html#cb4-4" tabindex="-1"></a>first_page <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">fromJSON</span>(<span class="fu">content</span>(<span class="fu">GET</span>(url), <span class="st">"text"</span>))</span>
<span id="cb4-5"><a href="basic.html#cb4-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># head(first_page$responseData)</span></span>
<span id="cb4-6"><a href="basic.html#cb4-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span>(first_page<span class="sc">$</span>responseData) <span class="sc">%>%</span> <span class="fu">rename</span>(戶長<span class="ot">=</span>headhousehold_count)</span></code></pre></div>
<pre class="output"><code>## statistic_yyy district_code site_id village edu sex 戶長
## 1 107 65000010001 新北市板橋區 留侯里 博畢 男 3
## 2 107 65000010001 新北市板橋區 留侯里 碩畢 男 26
## 3 107 65000010001 新北市板橋區 留侯里 大畢 男 71
## 4 107 65000010001 新北市板橋區 留侯里 專畢 男 52
## 5 107 65000010001 新北市板橋區 留侯里 高中畢 男 122
## 6 107 65000010001 新北市板橋區 留侯里 國中畢 男 40</code></pre>
</div>
<div id="取得臺北-youbike-v2-即時資料" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="2.2.2">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">2.2.2</span> 取得臺北 YouBike (v2) 即時資料<a href="basic.html#取得臺北-youbike-v2-即時資料" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>以下範例從臺北市資料大平臺下載 YouBike 即時資訊,並檢視前六欄資料</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="basic.html#cb6-1" tabindex="-1"></a>url <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"https://tcgbusfs.blob.core.windows.net/dotapp/youbike/v2/youbike_immediate.json"</span></span>
<span id="cb6-2"><a href="basic.html#cb6-2" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb6-3"><a href="basic.html#cb6-3" tabindex="-1"></a>ubike.df <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">fromJSON</span>(<span class="fu">content</span>(<span class="fu">GET</span>(url),<span class="st">"text"</span>, <span class="at">encoding =</span> <span class="st">"utf-8"</span>))</span>
<span id="cb6-4"><a href="basic.html#cb6-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span>(ubike.df) <span class="sc">%>%</span> <span class="fu">select</span>(<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">6</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<pre class="output"><code>## sno sna tot sbi sarea mday
## 1 500101001 YouBike2.0_捷運科技大樓站 28 1 大安區 2024-03-31 23:09:14
## 2 500101002 YouBike2.0_復興南路二段273號前 21 1 大安區 2024-03-31 23:02:18
## 3 500101003 YouBike2.0_國北教大實小東側門 16 14 大安區 2024-03-31 22:26:18
## 4 500101004 YouBike2.0_和平公園東側 11 11 大安區 2024-03-31 23:01:14
## 5 500101005 YouBike2.0_辛亥復興路口西北側 16 11 大安區 2024-03-31 22:50:25
## 6 500101006 YouBike2.0_復興南路二段280號前 11 8 大安區 2024-03-31 22:46:18</code></pre>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="basic.html#cb8-1" tabindex="-1"></a>ubike.df <span class="co"># %>% View</span></span></code></pre></div>
<pre class="output"><code>## sno sna tot sbi
## 1 500101001 YouBike2.0_捷運科技大樓站 28 1
## 2 500101002 YouBike2.0_復興南路二段273號前 21 1
## 3 500101003 YouBike2.0_國北教大實小東側門 16 14
## 4 500101004 YouBike2.0_和平公園東側 11 11
## 5 500101005 YouBike2.0_辛亥復興路口西北側 16 11
## 6 500101006 YouBike2.0_復興南路二段280號前 11 8
## 7 500101007 YouBike2.0_復興南路二段340巷口 11 6
## 8 500101008 YouBike2.0_新生南路三段52號前 17 5
## 9 500101009 YouBike2.0_新生南路三段66號前 16 0
## 10 500101010 YouBike2.0_新生南路三段82號前 20 10
## 11 500101012 YouBike2.0_辛亥路一段30號前 8 0
## 12 500101013 YouBike2.0_和平復興路口西北側 9 4
## 13 500101014 YouBike2.0_羅斯福路三段311號前 11 2
## 14 500101015 YouBike2.0_大安運動中心停車場 14 12
## 15 500101016 YouBike2.0_羅斯福路三段245號前 8 2
## 16 500101018 YouBike2.0_溫州公園 5 2
## 17 500101019 YouBike2.0_和平臥龍街口 15 15
## 18 500101020 YouBike2.0_溫州停車場 5 0
## 19 500101021 YouBike2.0_銘傳國小側門 7 1
## 20 500101022 YouBike2.0_捷運公館站(2號出口) 99 0
## 21 500101023 YouBike2.0_第二學生活動中心 25 1
## 22 500101024 YouBike2.0_臺灣科技大學正門 30 9
## 23 500101025 YouBike2.0_臺灣科技大學側門 99 24
## 24 500101026 YouBike2.0_公館公園 15 14
## 25 500101027 YouBike2.0_臺灣科技大學後門 39 12
## 26 500101028 YouBike2.0_臺大醫學院附設癌醫中心 20 8
## 27 500101029 YouBike2.0_臺大環研大樓 15 9
## 28 500101030 YouBike2.0_臺大永齡生醫工程館 34 3
## 29 500101031 YouBike2.0_臺大男七舍前 20 19
## 30 500101032 YouBike2.0_臺大男一舍前 61 60
## 31 500101033 YouBike2.0_臺大男六舍前 46 39
## 32 500101034 YouBike2.0_臺大動物醫院前 18 6
## 33 500101035 YouBike2.0_臺大土木研究大樓前 24 8
## 34 500101036 YouBike2.0_臺大萬才館前 20 8
## 35 500101037 YouBike2.0_臺大國青大樓宿舍前 20 19
## 36 500101038 YouBike2.0_臺大社科院圖書館前 27 0
## 37 500101039 YouBike2.0_臺大法人語言訓練中心前 28 11
## 38 500101040 YouBike2.0_臺大綜合體育館停車場前 25 7
## 39 500101041 YouBike2.0_辛亥新生路口東南側 41 24
## 40 500101042 YouBike2.0_基隆長興路口東側 15 15
## 41 500101091 YouBike2.0_國北教大側門南側 25 20
## 42 500101092 YouBike2.0_和平實小東北側 13 11
## 43 500101093 YouBike2.0_大安區健康服務中心 15 4
## 44 500101094 YouBike2.0_辛亥泰順街口 20 12
## 45 500101095 YouBike2.0_芳和國中 37 32
## 46 500101097 YouBike2.0_臥龍樂業街口 41 36
## 47 500101098 YouBike2.0_臥龍公園 14 13
## 48 500101099 YouBike2.0_嘉興公園 44 33
## 49 500101100 YouBike2.0_捷運麟光站(2號出口) 50 12
## 50 500101101 YouBike2.0_捷運六張犁站 64 12
## 51 500101102 YouBike2.0_喬治工商 24 14
## 52 500101103 YouBike2.0_法治公園 15 7
## 53 500101104 YouBike2.0_捷運臺電大樓站(2號出口) 18 3
## 54 500101105 YouBike2.0_和平金山路口 45 17
## 55 500101107 YouBike2.0_和平龍泉街口 34 34
## 56 500101108 YouBike2.0_和平泰順街口 9 9
## 57 500101109 YouBike2.0_臺灣師範大學(圖書館) 40 29
## 58 500101110 YouBike2.0_捷運古亭站(6號出口) 60 5
## 59 500101111 YouBike2.0_捷運古亭站(5號出口) 14 1
## 60 500101113 YouBike2.0_臺北市立圖書館(總館) 51 50
## 61 500101114 YouBike2.0_新生和平路口東北側 51 7
## 62 500101115 YouBike2.0_建國和平路口西北側 50 45
## 63 500101116 YouBike2.0_金華公園 46 40
## 64 500101117 YouBike2.0_捷運東門站(3號出口) 15 3
## 65 500101118 YouBike2.0_金甌女中 12 1
## 66 500101119 YouBike2.0_金杭公園 20 11
## 67 500101120 YouBike2.0_愛國金山路口 43 6
## 68 500101122 YouBike2.0_敦化南路二段293巷口南側 14 7
## 69 500101123 YouBike2.0_敦化基隆路口 38 7
## 70 500101124 YouBike2.0_安和路二段181巷口 17 8
## 71 500101125 YouBike2.0_臨江街夜市(通化街101巷口) 30 25
## 72 500101126 YouBike2.0_臨江街夜市(基隆路) 29 6
## 73 500101127 YouBike2.0_台北科技大學億光大樓 46 0
## 74 500101128 YouBike2.0_新生南路一段119巷口 33 24