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-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "![agents](images/header.jpg)\n",
-    "# Análisis léxico: Colocaciones y $N$-Gramas\n",
-    "### Ramón Soto C. [(rsotoc@moviquest.com)](mailto:rsotoc@moviquest.com/)\n",
-    "[ver en nbviewer](http://nbviewer.ipython.org/github/rsotoc/nlp/blob/master/Introducción.ipynb)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "\n",
-    "\n",
-    "## Modelo de N-Gramas\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Una característica de los lenguajes naturales es que las frases que los componen no tienen una distribución uniforme. Por el contrario, existen construcciones que son más comunes que otras. De esta manera, aunque las frases $f_1 = \\textrm{\"el perro camina\"}$ y $f_2 = \\textrm{\"el perro vuela\"}$ son ambas correctas sintácticamente, es más probable encontrar la frase $f_1$ que la frase $f_2$ en un texto arbitrario. \n",
-    "\n",
-    "En la película \"*Take The Money And Run*\", Virgil Starkwell (Woody Allen) intenta asaltar un banco y entrega al cajero una nota con el mensaje \"*Please put fifty thousand dollars into this bag and act natural as I am pointing a gun at you*\" que es leída por los empleados del banco como \"*Please put fifty thousand dollars into this bag and ABT natural as I am pointing a GUB at you*\". \n",
-    "\n",
-    "[![](images/i_have_a_gub.jpg)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEm0zi8QrpA)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Sin embargo, es obvio que la frase \"*I am pointing a GUN at you*\" es más probable que la frase \"*I am pointing a GUB at you*\", por lo que en la vida real no nos cuesta trabajo reconocer la frase correcta. Para modelar esta capacidad de predecir la ocurrencia de una palabra en una frase se utilizan **Modelos de lenguajes** que asignan probabilidades a las secuencias de palabras que pueden conformar un texto. \n",
-    "\n",
-    "El modelo más simple es el **Modelo de N-Gramas**\". Este modelo asume que la probabiliad de ocurrencia de una palabra está determinada por las palabras recientes; lo que se conoce como la **suposición de Markov**. De manera que para el cálculo de estas probabilidades basta contabilizar la ocurrencia de secuencias de palabras de longitud definida. Un **$N$-Grama** es una secuencia de $N$ palabras. Así, por ejemplo, un 2-grama (o bigrama) es una secuencia de 2 palabras, como \"*el hombre*\", \"*hombre camina*\", \"*camina en*\", \"*en el*\", \"*el parque*\". Un 3-grama (trigrama) es una secuencia de tres palabras, como \"*el hombre camina*\", \"*hombre camina en*\", \"*camina en el*\", \"*en el parque*\". "
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 1,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Bigramas:\n",
-      " Counter({('.', 'el'): 2, ('el', 'perro'): 2, ('en', 'el'): 2, ('el', 'parque'): 2, ('los', 'amigos'): 1, ('amigos', 'toman'): 1, ('toman', 'cafe'): 1, ('cafe', '.'): 1, ('perro', 'duerme'): 1, ('duerme', 'en'): 1, ('parque', '.'): 1, ('el', 'hombre'): 1, ('hombre', 'con'): 1, ('con', 'el'): 1, ('perro', 'camina'): 1, ('camina', 'en'): 1, ('parque', 'con'): 1, ('con', 'amigos'): 1, ('amigos', '.'): 1})\n",
-      "\n",
-      "Trigramas:\n",
-      " Counter({('en', 'el', 'parque'): 2, ('los', 'amigos', 'toman'): 1, ('amigos', 'toman', 'cafe'): 1, ('toman', 'cafe', '.'): 1, ('cafe', '.', 'el'): 1, ('.', 'el', 'perro'): 1, ('el', 'perro', 'duerme'): 1, ('perro', 'duerme', 'en'): 1, ('duerme', 'en', 'el'): 1, ('el', 'parque', '.'): 1, ('parque', '.', 'el'): 1, ('.', 'el', 'hombre'): 1, ('el', 'hombre', 'con'): 1, ('hombre', 'con', 'el'): 1, ('con', 'el', 'perro'): 1, ('el', 'perro', 'camina'): 1, ('perro', 'camina', 'en'): 1, ('camina', 'en', 'el'): 1, ('el', 'parque', 'con'): 1, ('parque', 'con', 'amigos'): 1, ('con', 'amigos', '.'): 1})\n",
-      "\n",
-      "Tetragramas:\n",
-      " Counter({('los', 'amigos', 'toman', 'cafe'): 1, ('amigos', 'toman', 'cafe', '.'): 1, ('toman', 'cafe', '.', 'el'): 1, ('cafe', '.', 'el', 'perro'): 1, ('.', 'el', 'perro', 'duerme'): 1, ('el', 'perro', 'duerme', 'en'): 1, ('perro', 'duerme', 'en', 'el'): 1, ('duerme', 'en', 'el', 'parque'): 1, ('en', 'el', 'parque', '.'): 1, ('el', 'parque', '.', 'el'): 1, ('parque', '.', 'el', 'hombre'): 1, ('.', 'el', 'hombre', 'con'): 1, ('el', 'hombre', 'con', 'el'): 1, ('hombre', 'con', 'el', 'perro'): 1, ('con', 'el', 'perro', 'camina'): 1, ('el', 'perro', 'camina', 'en'): 1, ('perro', 'camina', 'en', 'el'): 1, ('camina', 'en', 'el', 'parque'): 1, ('en', 'el', 'parque', 'con'): 1, ('el', 'parque', 'con', 'amigos'): 1, ('parque', 'con', 'amigos', '.'): 1})\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "import nltk\n",
-    "from nltk import word_tokenize\n",
-    "from nltk.util import ngrams\n",
-    "from collections import Counter\n",
-    "\n",
-    "text = \"los amigos toman cafe. el perro duerme en el parque. el hombre con el perro \\\n",
-    "camina en el parque con amigos.\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "token = nltk.word_tokenize(text)\n",
-    "bigrams = ngrams(token,2)\n",
-    "trigrams = ngrams(token,3)\n",
-    "tetragrams = ngrams(token,4)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "bigrams_list = list(bigrams)\n",
-    "counter_bigrams = Counter(bigrams_list)\n",
-    "print (\"Bigramas:\\n\", counter_bigrams)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "trigrams_list = list(trigrams)\n",
-    "counter_trigrams = Counter(trigrams_list)\n",
-    "print (\"\\nTrigramas:\\n\", counter_trigrams)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "tetragrams_list = list(tetragrams)\n",
-    "counter_tetragrams = Counter(tetragrams_list)\n",
-    "print (\"\\nTetragramas:\\n\", counter_tetragrams)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "### $N$-Gramas en la base de datos de personajes de comics"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 2,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "from IPython.display import display\n",
-    "import pandas as pd\n",
-    "pd.options.display.max_colwidth = 150 "
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 3,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/html": [
-       "<div>\n",
-       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
-       "  <thead>\n",
-       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
-       "      <th></th>\n",
-       "      <th>description</th>\n",
-       "      <th>main_words</th>\n",
-       "      <th>name</th>\n",
-       "    </tr>\n",
-       "  </thead>\n",
-       "  <tbody>\n",
-       "    <tr>\n",
-       "      <th>0</th>\n",
-       "      <td>mazing man is the title character of a comic book series created by bob rozakis and stephen destefano and published by dc comics the series ran fo...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[man, title, character, comic, book, series, created, bob, rozakis, stephen, published, dc, comics, series, ran, twelve, issues, additional, speci...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>'Mazing Man</td>\n",
-       "    </tr>\n",
-       "  </tbody>\n",
-       "</table>\n",
-       "</div>"
-      ],
-      "text/plain": [
-       "                                                                                                                                             description  \\\n",
-       "0  mazing man is the title character of a comic book series created by bob rozakis and stephen destefano and published by dc comics the series ran fo...   \n",
-       "\n",
-       "                                                                                                                                              main_words  \\\n",
-       "0  [man, title, character, comic, book, series, created, bob, rozakis, stephen, published, dc, comics, series, ran, twelve, issues, additional, speci...   \n",
-       "\n",
-       "          name  \n",
-       "0  'Mazing Man  "
-      ]
-     },
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "display_data"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "import json\n",
-    "\n",
-    "file = 'Data Sets/Comics/clean_comics.json'\n",
-    "with open(file) as comics_file:\n",
-    "    dict_comics = json.load(comics_file)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "comicsDf = pd.DataFrame.from_dict(dict_comics)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "display(comicsDf.head(1))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 4,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/html": [
-       "<div>\n",
-       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
-       "  <thead>\n",
-       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
-       "      <th></th>\n",
-       "      <th>name</th>\n",
-       "      <th>description</th>\n",
-       "      <th>main_words</th>\n",
-       "    </tr>\n",
-       "  </thead>\n",
-       "  <tbody>\n",
-       "    <tr>\n",
-       "      <th>0</th>\n",
-       "      <td>'Mazing Man</td>\n",
-       "      <td>mazing man is the title character of a comic book series created by bob rozakis and stephen destefano and published by dc comics the series ran fo...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[man, title, character, comic, book, series, created, bob, rozakis, stephen, published, dc, comics, series, ran, twelve, issues, additional, speci...</td>\n",
-       "    </tr>\n",
-       "  </tbody>\n",
-       "</table>\n",
-       "</div>"
-      ],
-      "text/plain": [
-       "          name  \\\n",
-       "0  'Mazing Man   \n",
-       "\n",
-       "                                                                                                                                             description  \\\n",
-       "0  mazing man is the title character of a comic book series created by bob rozakis and stephen destefano and published by dc comics the series ran fo...   \n",
-       "\n",
-       "                                                                                                                                              main_words  \n",
-       "0  [man, title, character, comic, book, series, created, bob, rozakis, stephen, published, dc, comics, series, ran, twelve, issues, additional, speci...  "
-      ]
-     },
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "display_data"
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "#Sólo para reducir mi OCD\n",
-    "comicsDf = comicsDf.reindex_axis(['name',\"description\", \"main_words\"], axis=1)\n",
-    "display(comicsDf.head(1))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 5,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stderr",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "/Users/rsotoc/anaconda3/lib/python3.6/site-packages/ipykernel/__main__.py:1: DeprecationWarning: generator 'ngrams' raised StopIteration\n",
-      "  if __name__ == '__main__':\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "data": {
-      "text/html": [
-       "<div>\n",
-       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
-       "  <thead>\n",
-       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
-       "      <th></th>\n",
-       "      <th>name</th>\n",
-       "      <th>description</th>\n",
-       "      <th>main_words</th>\n",
-       "      <th>bigrams</th>\n",
-       "    </tr>\n",
-       "  </thead>\n",
-       "  <tbody>\n",
-       "    <tr>\n",
-       "      <th>0</th>\n",
-       "      <td>'Mazing Man</td>\n",
-       "      <td>mazing man is the title character of a comic book series created by bob rozakis and stephen destefano and published by dc comics the series ran fo...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[man, title, character, comic, book, series, created, bob, rozakis, stephen, published, dc, comics, series, ran, twelve, issues, additional, speci...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[(mazing, man), (man, is), (is, the), (the, title), (title, character), (character, of), (of, a), (a, comic), (comic, book), (book, series), (seri...</td>\n",
-       "    </tr>\n",
-       "    <tr>\n",
-       "      <th>1</th>\n",
-       "      <td>711 (Quality Comics)</td>\n",
-       "      <td>is a fictional superhero from the golden age of comics he was created by george brenner and published by quality comics first appeared in police c...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[fictional, superhero, golden, age, comics, created, george, published, quality, comics, first, appeared, police, comics, august, lasted, january,...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[(is, a), (a, fictional), (fictional, superhero), (superhero, from), (from, the), (the, golden), (golden, age), (age, of), (of, comics), (comics, ...</td>\n",
-       "    </tr>\n",
-       "    <tr>\n",
-       "      <th>2</th>\n",
-       "      <td>Abigail Brand</td>\n",
-       "      <td>special agent special agent abigail brand is a fictional character appearing in american comic book s published by marvel comics abigail brand s f...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[special, agent, special, agent, abigail, brand, fictional, character, appearing, american, comic, book, published, marvel, comics, abigail, brand...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[(special, agent), (agent, special), (special, agent), (agent, abigail), (abigail, brand), (brand, is), (is, a), (a, fictional), (fictional, chara...</td>\n",
-       "    </tr>\n",
-       "    <tr>\n",
-       "      <th>3</th>\n",
-       "      <td>Abin Sur</td>\n",
-       "      <td>abin sur is a fictional character and a superhero from the dc comics dc universe universe he was a member of the green lantern corps and is best k...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[abin, sur, fictional, character, superhero, dc, comics, dc, universe, universe, member, green, lantern, corps, best, known, predecessor, green, l...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[(abin, sur), (sur, is), (is, a), (a, fictional), (fictional, character), (character, and), (and, a), (a, superhero), (superhero, from), (from, th...</td>\n",
-       "    </tr>\n",
-       "    <tr>\n",
-       "      <th>4</th>\n",
-       "      <td>Abner Jenkins</td>\n",
-       "      <td>abner ronald jenkins formerly known as the beetle comics beetle mach mach mach mach iv mach v mach vii and currently known as mach x and is a fict...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[abner, ronald, jenkins, formerly, known, beetle, comics, beetle, mach, mach, mach, mach, mach, mach, vii, currently, known, mach, x, fictional, c...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[(abner, ronald), (ronald, jenkins), (jenkins, formerly), (formerly, known), (known, as), (as, the), (the, beetle), (beetle, comics), (comics, bee...</td>\n",
-       "    </tr>\n",
-       "  </tbody>\n",
-       "</table>\n",
-       "</div>"
-      ],
-      "text/plain": [
-       "                   name  \\\n",
-       "0           'Mazing Man   \n",
-       "1  711 (Quality Comics)   \n",
-       "2         Abigail Brand   \n",
-       "3              Abin Sur   \n",
-       "4         Abner Jenkins   \n",
-       "\n",
-       "                                                                                                                                             description  \\\n",
-       "0  mazing man is the title character of a comic book series created by bob rozakis and stephen destefano and published by dc comics the series ran fo...   \n",
-       "1  is a fictional superhero from the golden age of comics he was created by george brenner and published by quality comics first appeared in police c...   \n",
-       "2  special agent special agent abigail brand is a fictional character appearing in american comic book s published by marvel comics abigail brand s f...   \n",
-       "3  abin sur is a fictional character and a superhero from the dc comics dc universe universe he was a member of the green lantern corps and is best k...   \n",
-       "4  abner ronald jenkins formerly known as the beetle comics beetle mach mach mach mach iv mach v mach vii and currently known as mach x and is a fict...   \n",
-       "\n",
-       "                                                                                                                                              main_words  \\\n",
-       "0  [man, title, character, comic, book, series, created, bob, rozakis, stephen, published, dc, comics, series, ran, twelve, issues, additional, speci...   \n",
-       "1  [fictional, superhero, golden, age, comics, created, george, published, quality, comics, first, appeared, police, comics, august, lasted, january,...   \n",
-       "2  [special, agent, special, agent, abigail, brand, fictional, character, appearing, american, comic, book, published, marvel, comics, abigail, brand...   \n",
-       "3  [abin, sur, fictional, character, superhero, dc, comics, dc, universe, universe, member, green, lantern, corps, best, known, predecessor, green, l...   \n",
-       "4  [abner, ronald, jenkins, formerly, known, beetle, comics, beetle, mach, mach, mach, mach, mach, mach, vii, currently, known, mach, x, fictional, c...   \n",
-       "\n",
-       "                                                                                                                                                 bigrams  \n",
-       "0  [(mazing, man), (man, is), (is, the), (the, title), (title, character), (character, of), (of, a), (a, comic), (comic, book), (book, series), (seri...  \n",
-       "1  [(is, a), (a, fictional), (fictional, superhero), (superhero, from), (from, the), (the, golden), (golden, age), (age, of), (of, comics), (comics, ...  \n",
-       "2  [(special, agent), (agent, special), (special, agent), (agent, abigail), (abigail, brand), (brand, is), (is, a), (a, fictional), (fictional, chara...  \n",
-       "3  [(abin, sur), (sur, is), (is, a), (a, fictional), (fictional, character), (character, and), (and, a), (a, superhero), (superhero, from), (from, th...  \n",
-       "4  [(abner, ronald), (ronald, jenkins), (jenkins, formerly), (formerly, known), (known, as), (as, the), (the, beetle), (beetle, comics), (comics, bee...  "
-      ]
-     },
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "display_data"
-    },
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Cantidad de bigramas en el corpus:  3391034\n",
-      "\n",
-      "Bigramas más populares:\n",
-      " [(('of', 'the'), 26955), (('in', 'the'), 22292), (('x', 'men'), 8457), (('to', 'the'), 8214), (('and', 'the'), 7985), (('as', 'a'), 7543), (('with', 'the'), 6988), (('marvel', 'comics'), 6206), (('by', 'the'), 5661), (('he', 'is'), 5238), (('in', 'a'), 5209), (('spider', 'man'), 4942), (('to', 'be'), 4916), (('is', 'a'), 4811), (('from', 'the'), 4394), (('on', 'the'), 4182), (('as', 'the'), 4138), (('of', 'his'), 4031), (('dc', 'comics'), 3906), (('he', 'was'), 3862), (('at', 'the'), 3711), (('one', 'of'), 3458), (('during', 'the'), 3429), (('for', 'the'), 3412), (('the', 'character'), 3361), (('the', 'new'), 3318), (('comic', 'book'), 3280), (('that', 'he'), 3252), (('of', 'a'), 3147), (('the', 'x'), 3097), (('she', 'is'), 3048), (('justice', 'league'), 2992), (('the', 'team'), 2818), (('appeared', 'in'), 2806), (('member', 'of'), 2753), (('appears', 'in'), 2670), (('him', 'to'), 2460), (('version', 'of'), 2456), (('with', 'a'), 2449), (('able', 'to'), 2386), (('it', 'is'), 2381), (('that', 'the'), 2381), (('the', 'first'), 2291), (('green', 'lantern'), 2288), (('and', 'his'), 2258), (('part', 'of'), 2226), (('in', 'his'), 2193), (('she', 'was'), 2173), (('after', 'the'), 2116), (('a', 'member'), 2116)]\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "comicsDf[\"bigrams\"] = list(map(lambda row: list(ngrams(word_tokenize(row),2)), \n",
-    "                                   comicsDf.description))\n",
-    "display(comicsDf.head())\n",
-    "\n",
-    "comics_bigrams = []\n",
-    "for row in comicsDf.bigrams:\n",
-    "    comics_bigrams.extend(row)\n",
-    "most_common_comics_bigrams = nltk.FreqDist(comics_bigrams)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(\"Cantidad de bigramas en el corpus: \", most_common_comics_bigrams.N())\n",
-    "print(\"\\nBigramas más populares:\\n\", most_common_comics_bigrams.most_common(50))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Colocaciones\n",
-    "\n",
-    "En lexicología, una colocación es un término que designa combinaciones de unidades léxicas  que se distinguen por un frecuencia que resulta inesperadamente alta. En los bigramas anteriores destacan los siguientes:\n",
-    "\n",
-    "<code>[... (('x', 'men'), 8457), ... (('marvel', 'comics'), 6206), ... (('spider', 'man'), 4942), ... (('dc', 'comics'), 3906), ... (('comic', 'book'), 3280), ... (('justice', 'league'), 2991), ... (('green', 'lantern'), 2288), ...]\n",
-    "</code>\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Estos términos permiten hacer un análisis más inteligente del texto. Identificamos otras colocaciones importantes:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 6,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "data": {
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-       "  <thead>\n",
-       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
-       "      <th></th>\n",
-       "      <th>name</th>\n",
-       "      <th>description</th>\n",
-       "      <th>main_words</th>\n",
-       "      <th>bigrams</th>\n",
-       "      <th>clean_bigrams</th>\n",
-       "    </tr>\n",
-       "  </thead>\n",
-       "  <tbody>\n",
-       "    <tr>\n",
-       "      <th>0</th>\n",
-       "      <td>'Mazing Man</td>\n",
-       "      <td>mazing man is the title character of a comic book series created by bob rozakis and stephen destefano and published by dc comics the series ran fo...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[man, title, character, comic, book, series, created, bob, rozakis, stephen, published, dc, comics, series, ran, twelve, issues, additional, speci...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[(mazing, man), (man, is), (is, the), (the, title), (title, character), (character, of), (of, a), (a, comic), (comic, book), (book, series), (seri...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[(mazing, man), (title, character), (comic, book), (book, series), (series, created), (bob, rozakis), (stephen, destefano), (dc, comics), (series,...</td>\n",
-       "    </tr>\n",
-       "    <tr>\n",
-       "      <th>1</th>\n",
-       "      <td>711 (Quality Comics)</td>\n",
-       "      <td>is a fictional superhero from the golden age of comics he was created by george brenner and published by quality comics first appeared in police c...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[fictional, superhero, golden, age, comics, created, george, published, quality, comics, first, appeared, police, comics, august, lasted, january,...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[(is, a), (a, fictional), (fictional, superhero), (superhero, from), (from, the), (the, golden), (golden, age), (age, of), (of, comics), (comics, ...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[(fictional, superhero), (golden, age), (george, brenner), (quality, comics), (comics, first), (first, appeared), (police, comics), (comics, augus...</td>\n",
-       "    </tr>\n",
-       "    <tr>\n",
-       "      <th>2</th>\n",
-       "      <td>Abigail Brand</td>\n",
-       "      <td>special agent special agent abigail brand is a fictional character appearing in american comic book s published by marvel comics abigail brand s f...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[special, agent, special, agent, abigail, brand, fictional, character, appearing, american, comic, book, published, marvel, comics, abigail, brand...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[(special, agent), (agent, special), (special, agent), (agent, abigail), (abigail, brand), (brand, is), (is, a), (a, fictional), (fictional, chara...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[(special, agent), (agent, special), (special, agent), (agent, abigail), (abigail, brand), (fictional, character), (character, appearing), (americ...</td>\n",
-       "    </tr>\n",
-       "    <tr>\n",
-       "      <th>3</th>\n",
-       "      <td>Abin Sur</td>\n",
-       "      <td>abin sur is a fictional character and a superhero from the dc comics dc universe universe he was a member of the green lantern corps and is best k...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[abin, sur, fictional, character, superhero, dc, comics, dc, universe, universe, member, green, lantern, corps, best, known, predecessor, green, l...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[(abin, sur), (sur, is), (is, a), (a, fictional), (fictional, character), (character, and), (and, a), (a, superhero), (superhero, from), (from, th...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[(abin, sur), (fictional, character), (dc, comics), (comics, dc), (dc, universe), (universe, universe), (green, lantern), (lantern, corps), (best,...</td>\n",
-       "    </tr>\n",
-       "    <tr>\n",
-       "      <th>4</th>\n",
-       "      <td>Abner Jenkins</td>\n",
-       "      <td>abner ronald jenkins formerly known as the beetle comics beetle mach mach mach mach iv mach v mach vii and currently known as mach x and is a fict...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[abner, ronald, jenkins, formerly, known, beetle, comics, beetle, mach, mach, mach, mach, mach, mach, vii, currently, known, mach, x, fictional, c...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[(abner, ronald), (ronald, jenkins), (jenkins, formerly), (formerly, known), (known, as), (as, the), (the, beetle), (beetle, comics), (comics, bee...</td>\n",
-       "      <td>[(abner, ronald), (ronald, jenkins), (jenkins, formerly), (formerly, known), (beetle, comics), (comics, beetle), (beetle, mach), (mach, mach), (ma...</td>\n",
-       "    </tr>\n",
-       "  </tbody>\n",
-       "</table>\n",
-       "</div>"
-      ],
-      "text/plain": [
-       "                   name  \\\n",
-       "0           'Mazing Man   \n",
-       "1  711 (Quality Comics)   \n",
-       "2         Abigail Brand   \n",
-       "3              Abin Sur   \n",
-       "4         Abner Jenkins   \n",
-       "\n",
-       "                                                                                                                                             description  \\\n",
-       "0  mazing man is the title character of a comic book series created by bob rozakis and stephen destefano and published by dc comics the series ran fo...   \n",
-       "1  is a fictional superhero from the golden age of comics he was created by george brenner and published by quality comics first appeared in police c...   \n",
-       "2  special agent special agent abigail brand is a fictional character appearing in american comic book s published by marvel comics abigail brand s f...   \n",
-       "3  abin sur is a fictional character and a superhero from the dc comics dc universe universe he was a member of the green lantern corps and is best k...   \n",
-       "4  abner ronald jenkins formerly known as the beetle comics beetle mach mach mach mach iv mach v mach vii and currently known as mach x and is a fict...   \n",
-       "\n",
-       "                                                                                                                                              main_words  \\\n",
-       "0  [man, title, character, comic, book, series, created, bob, rozakis, stephen, published, dc, comics, series, ran, twelve, issues, additional, speci...   \n",
-       "1  [fictional, superhero, golden, age, comics, created, george, published, quality, comics, first, appeared, police, comics, august, lasted, january,...   \n",
-       "2  [special, agent, special, agent, abigail, brand, fictional, character, appearing, american, comic, book, published, marvel, comics, abigail, brand...   \n",
-       "3  [abin, sur, fictional, character, superhero, dc, comics, dc, universe, universe, member, green, lantern, corps, best, known, predecessor, green, l...   \n",
-       "4  [abner, ronald, jenkins, formerly, known, beetle, comics, beetle, mach, mach, mach, mach, mach, mach, vii, currently, known, mach, x, fictional, c...   \n",
-       "\n",
-       "                                                                                                                                                 bigrams  \\\n",
-       "0  [(mazing, man), (man, is), (is, the), (the, title), (title, character), (character, of), (of, a), (a, comic), (comic, book), (book, series), (seri...   \n",
-       "1  [(is, a), (a, fictional), (fictional, superhero), (superhero, from), (from, the), (the, golden), (golden, age), (age, of), (of, comics), (comics, ...   \n",
-       "2  [(special, agent), (agent, special), (special, agent), (agent, abigail), (abigail, brand), (brand, is), (is, a), (a, fictional), (fictional, chara...   \n",
-       "3  [(abin, sur), (sur, is), (is, a), (a, fictional), (fictional, character), (character, and), (and, a), (a, superhero), (superhero, from), (from, th...   \n",
-       "4  [(abner, ronald), (ronald, jenkins), (jenkins, formerly), (formerly, known), (known, as), (as, the), (the, beetle), (beetle, comics), (comics, bee...   \n",
-       "\n",
-       "                                                                                                                                           clean_bigrams  \n",
-       "0  [(mazing, man), (title, character), (comic, book), (book, series), (series, created), (bob, rozakis), (stephen, destefano), (dc, comics), (series,...  \n",
-       "1  [(fictional, superhero), (golden, age), (george, brenner), (quality, comics), (comics, first), (first, appeared), (police, comics), (comics, augus...  \n",
-       "2  [(special, agent), (agent, special), (special, agent), (agent, abigail), (abigail, brand), (fictional, character), (character, appearing), (americ...  \n",
-       "3  [(abin, sur), (fictional, character), (dc, comics), (comics, dc), (dc, universe), (universe, universe), (green, lantern), (lantern, corps), (best,...  \n",
-       "4  [(abner, ronald), (ronald, jenkins), (jenkins, formerly), (formerly, known), (beetle, comics), (comics, beetle), (beetle, mach), (mach, mach), (ma...  "
-      ]
-     },
-     "metadata": {},
-     "output_type": "display_data"
-    },
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Cantidad de bigramas en el corpus:  1093978\n",
-      "\n",
-      "Bigramas más populares:\n",
-      " [(('x', 'men'), 8457), (('marvel', 'comics'), 6206), (('spider', 'man'), 4942), (('dc', 'comics'), 3906), (('comic', 'book'), 3280), (('justice', 'league'), 2992), (('green', 'lantern'), 2288), (('captain', 'america'), 2008), (('first', 'appeared'), 1462), (('iron', 'man'), 1462), (('tv', 'series'), 1437), (('fantastic', 'four'), 1410), (('uncanny', 'x'), 1326), (('teen', 'titans'), 1235), (('wonder', 'woman'), 1179), (('super', 'heroes'), 1102), (('fictional', 'character'), 992), (('captain', 'marvel'), 986), (('marvel', 'universe'), 982), (('new', 'york'), 975), (('new', 'mutants'), 884), (('civil', 'war'), 853), (('x', 'factor'), 819), (('x', 'force'), 813), (('dc', 'universe'), 799), (('lantern', 'corps'), 787), (('american', 'comic'), 781), (('ghost', 'rider'), 765), (('playable', 'character'), 751), (('amazing', 'spider'), 741), (('justice', 'society'), 725), (('green', 'arrow'), 678), (('golden', 'age'), 649), (('world', 'war'), 633), (('united', 'states'), 616), (('alpha', 'flight'), 615), (('video', 'game'), 613), (('men', 'vol'), 601), (('black', 'panther'), 599), (('comic', 'books'), 592), (('limited', 'series'), 584), (('new', 'warriors'), 581), (('hal', 'jordan'), 572), (('infinite', 'crisis'), 569), (('animated', 'series'), 565), (('new', 'x'), 558), (('avengers', 'comics'), 536), (('first', 'appearance'), 528), (('new', 'avengers'), 526), (('one', 'shot'), 524)]\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "from nltk.corpus import stopwords \n",
-    "\n",
-    "stops_english = set(stopwords.words(\"english\"))\n",
-    "comicsDf[\"clean_bigrams\"] = list(map(lambda bigram: \n",
-    "                                     [b for b in bigram if b[0] not in stops_english and\n",
-    "                                     b[1] not in stops_english], \n",
-    "                                   comicsDf.bigrams))\n",
-    "display(comicsDf.head())\n",
-    "\n",
-    "comics_clean_bigrams = []\n",
-    "for row in comicsDf.clean_bigrams:\n",
-    "    comics_clean_bigrams.extend(row)\n",
-    "common_clean_bigrams = nltk.FreqDist(comics_clean_bigrams)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(\"Cantidad de bigramas en el corpus: \", common_clean_bigrams.N())\n",
-    "print(\"\\nBigramas más populares:\\n\", common_clean_bigrams.most_common(50))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "En estos resultados observamos que todos los bigramas presentados tienen significado útil y algunos como <code>'x', 'men'</code>, <code>'spider', 'man'</code> y muchos otros, pierden sentido si se les separa. En estos casos, puede ser conveniente reemplazar el bigrama por un token: <code>'x_men'</code>, <code>'spider_man'</code>, etc. "
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "all_collocations = []\n",
-    "for b in comics_clean_bigrams:\n",
-    "    s = b[0]+\" \"+b[1]\n",
-    "    all_collocations.append(s)\n",
-    "#all_collocations = list(set(all_collocations))\n",
-    "\n",
-    "from collections import Counter\n",
-    "c_all_collocations = Counter(all_collocations)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "nc = len(c_all_collocations.most_common())\n",
-    "print(len(all_collocations), \"bigramas\\n\", \n",
-    "      c_all_collocations.most_common(20),\n",
-    "      \"\\n...\\n\",\n",
-    "      list(c_all_collocations.most_common())[int(nc/2):int(nc/2)+20],\n",
-    "      \"\\n...\\n\",\n",
-    "      list(c_all_collocations.most_common())[nc-20:])\n"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "A partir de este listado, con las 20 colocaciones más frecuentes, las 20 colocaciones menos frecuentes y 20 colocaciones con frecuencia media, observamos que no todas pueden tomarse como tokens, e incluso, la mayoría no tienen sentido como unidades. Construimos entonces las colocaciones tomando en cuenta el diccionario preliminar, reflejado en la columna <code>main_words</code> y mantenemos el nombre del personaje:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "comicsDf[\"all_collocations\"] = list(map(lambda bigram, words: \n",
-    "                                     [b[0]+\" \"+b[1] for b in bigram \n",
-    "                                      if b[0] in words or b[1] in words], \n",
-    "                                   comicsDf[\"clean_bigrams\"], comicsDf[\"main_words\"]))\n",
-    "display(comicsDf.head())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "for row in comicsDf.main_words:\n",
-    "    for w in row:\n",
-    "        if(len(w) == 2):\n",
-    "            print(w)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "comics_all_collocations = []\n",
-    "for row in comicsDf.all_collocations:\n",
-    "    comics_all_collocations.extend(row)\n",
-    "common_all_collocations = nltk.FreqDist(comics_all_collocations)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(common_all_collocations.N(), common_clean_bigrams.N(), \n",
-    "      \"\\n\", common_all_collocations.most_common(50))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "ELIMINAR???\n",
-    "\n",
-    "dict_comics_clean_bigrams = dict(zip(all_collocations, [0]*len(all_collocations)))\n",
-    "for w in all_collocations:\n",
-    "    for d in comicsDf.description:\n",
-    "        if(w in d):\n",
-    "            dict_comics_clean_bigrams[w] += 1"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "comics_all_collocations = list(set(comics_all_collocations))\n",
-    "dict_all_collocations = dict(zip(comics_all_collocations, [0]*len(comics_all_collocations)))\n",
-    "for w in comics_all_collocations:\n",
-    "    for d in comicsDf.all_collocations:\n",
-    "        if(w in d):\n",
-    "            dict_all_collocations[w] += 1"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "from collections import Counter\n",
-    "cx_bigrams = Counter(dict_all_collocations)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(cx_bigrams.most_common(150))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import math\n",
-    "\n",
-    "top_collocations = []\n",
-    "numDocs_comics = len(comicsDf)\n",
-    "for d in comicsDf.description:\n",
-    "    N = len(d)\n",
-    "    for w in all_collocations:\n",
-    "        if(w in d):\n",
-    "            tfidf = d.count(w) / N * math.log(numDocs_comics/dict_comics_clean_bigrams[w], 2)\n",
-    "            if(tfidf > 0.001):\n",
-    "                top_collocations.append(w)\n",
-    "                all_collocations.remove(w)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "print(top_collocations[:50])"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "dict_top_collocations = dict(zip(top_collocations, [0]*len(top_collocations)))\n",
-    "for w in top_collocations:\n",
-    "    if(len(w) > 3):\n",
-    "        dict_top_collocations[w] = dict_comics_clean_bigrams[w]\n",
-    "top_bigrams = Counter(dict_top_collocations)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(top_bigrams.most_common(250))    "
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "from collections import Counter\n",
-    "c_bigrams = Counter(top_collocations)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(c_bigrams.most_common(50))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "print(dict_comics_clean_bigrams['revolve around'])"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "s = \" e e \"\n",
-    "for i, n, d in zip(range(numDocs_comics), comicsDf.name, comicsDf.description):\n",
-    "    if (d.find(s) > 0):\n",
-    "        print(s, n, d)\n",
-    "        break;"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "#for w in idf_dict_comics_clean_bigrams.keys():\n",
-    "#    if(idf_dict_comics_clean_bigrams.get(w) > 0):\n",
-    "#        v = numDocs_comics / idf_dict_comics_clean_bigrams.get(w)\n",
-    "#        idf_dict_comics_clean_bigrams[w] = math.log(v, 2)\n",
-    "    \n",
-    "\n",
-    "count=[0]*4\n",
-    "for w in idf_dict_comics_clean_bigrams.keys():\n",
-    "    if idf_dict_comics_clean_bigrams[w] < 1.0 :\n",
-    "        count[0] = count[0] + 1\n",
-    "    if idf_dict_comics_clean_bigrams[w] < 3.0 :\n",
-    "        count[1] = count[1] + 1\n",
-    "    if idf_dict_comics_clean_bigrams[w] < 5.0 :\n",
-    "        count[2] = count[2] + 1\n",
-    "    if idf_dict_comics_clean_bigrams[w] < 8.0 :\n",
-    "        count[3] = count[3] + 1\n",
-    "print (count)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "source": [
-    "Consideramos que las principales colocaciones 'x men', 'marvel comics', 'spider man', 'dc comics', etc., tienen significado propio, por lo que los transformamos en tokens:"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "comicsDf[\"description_ext\"] = list(map(lambda row: \n",
-    "                                       row.replace(b, b.replace(\" \", \"_\")) for b in c_bigrams:, \n",
-    "                                       comicsDf.description))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "stops_english = set(stopwords.words(\"english\"))\n",
-    "comicsDf[\"words_wsw\"] = list(map(lambda row: \n",
-    "                                 [w for w in row.split() \n",
-    "                                  if not w in stops_english and len(w)>0], \n",
-    "                                 comicsDf.description))\n",
-    "comicsDf[\"bigrams_wsw\"] = list(map(lambda row: list(ngrams(row,2)), comicsDf.words_wsw))\n",
-    "\n",
-    "display(comicsDf.head())\n",
-    "\n",
-    "comics_bigrams_wsw = []\n",
-    "for row in comicsDf.bigrams_wsw:\n",
-    "    comics_bigrams_wsw.extend(row)\n",
-    "most_common_comics_bigrams_wsw = nltk.FreqDist(comics_bigrams_wsw)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(\"Cantidad de bigramas en el corpus: \", most_common_comics_bigrams_wsw.N())\n",
-    "print(\"\\nBigramas más populares:\\n\", most_common_comics_bigrams_wsw.most_common(50))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "import math\n",
-    "\n",
-    "numDocs_comics = len(comicsDf)\n",
-    "all_words_comics = [w for w in all_words if not w in uselessWords]\n",
-    "words_comics = set(all_words_comics)\n",
-    "\n",
-    "idf_dict_comics = dict(zip(words_comics, [0]*len(words_comics)))\n",
-    "\n",
-    "for w in words_comics:\n",
-    "    for d in comicsDf.words_wsw:\n",
-    "        if w in d:\n",
-    "            idf_dict_comics[w] = idf_dict_comics.get(w) + 1\n",
-    "\n",
-    "for w in idf_dict_comics.keys():\n",
-    "    v = numDocs_comics / idf_dict_comics.get(w)\n",
-    "    idf_dict_comics[w] = math.log(v, 2)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "max_key = max(idf_dict_comics, key=lambda k: idf_dict_comics[k])\n",
-    "min_key = min(idf_dict_comics, key=lambda k: idf_dict_comics[k])\n",
-    "\n",
-    "print(max_key, idf_dict_comics.get(max_key))\n",
-    "print(min_key, idf_dict_comics.get(min_key))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": false
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "print(numDocs_comics, len(idf_dict_comics))\n",
-    "\n",
-    "count=[0]*3\n",
-    "for w in idf_dict_comics.keys():\n",
-    "    if idf_dict_comics[w] < 1.0 :\n",
-    "        count[0] = count[0] + 1\n",
-    "    if idf_dict_comics[w] < 3.0 :\n",
-    "        count[1] = count[1] + 1\n",
-    "    if idf_dict_comics[w] < 5.0 :\n",
-    "        count[2] = count[2] + 1\n",
-    "print (count)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "source": [
-    "## Conclusiones\n",
-    "\n",
-    "<hr style=\"border-width: 3px;\">\n",
-    "\n",
-    "### Tarea 1\n",
-    "\n",
-    "Describa un problema de reconocimiento de patrones de su interés y explique por qué un modelo tradicional sería inapropiado para resolverlo (utilice la celda siguiente, en esta libreta, para presentar su problema seleccionado).\n",
-    "\n",
-    "**Fecha de entrega**: Viernes 20 de enero."
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "metadata": {
-    "collapsed": true
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "celltoolbar": "Raw Cell Format",
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "Python 3",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "python3"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.6.0"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 0
-}
diff --git a/a b/a
deleted file mode 100644
index dd1bf4d..0000000
--- a/a
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
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customer the merriam webster dictionary suggests the termay be associated withe word nix nor a more general prohibition several possible origins of the term have been suggested all dated before the s united states navy decommissioning one possible origin is from the united states navy us navy s allowance type at coding system used for military logistics logistic purposes the allowance type code is a single digithat identifies the reason that materiel is being carried in stock throughouthe life cycle of a warship many pieces of equipment are upgraded oreplaced requiring onboard spare parts to be disposed of and the code is at for parts designated for disposal following world war ii there were a great number of warships being decommissioned sold scrapped or deactivated and placed in reserve commonly referred to as mothball eduring this process labor workers would bring up spare parts from the storerooms and the supply clerk would tell them the at code anything to be disposed of was referred to as at which sounds like file chumleys bedford st cloudy morn jehjpg thumb right px looking north at chumley s bedford st west village bedford street author jef klein theorizes thathe bar chumley s at bedford street in the west village of lower manhattan was the source klein s book the history and stories of the best bars of new york claims thathe police would call chumley s bar during prohibition in the united states prohibition before making a raid and tell the bartender to his customers meaning thathey should exit outhe bedford street door while the police would come to the pamela court entrance restaurant slang another notion of the term s origin claims that it came from a code supposedly used in some restaurants among restaurant workers in the s where meant we re all out of it walter winchell published examples of similarestaurant slang in his newspaper column in whiche presented as part of a glossary of soda fountain lingo documented use according to the oxford english dictionary the first verifiable use of in the sense of refuservice to dates to a book about john barrymore a movie star of the s famous for his acting and infamous for his drinking there was a bar in the belasco building but barrymore was known in that cubby as an eighty six an eighty six in the patois of western dispensers means don t serve him popular uses of term in the song boogie woogie blue plate by louis jordan one line is on the cherry pies as one of many examples of short orderestaurant lingo the main character in gore vidal s play visito a small planet new york times theatre visito a small planet vidal s foolish notion istaged at boothe cast by brooks atkinson february page uses the command numerous times to destroy things in the television series get smart agent maxwell smart was code named agenthomas pynchon used the term in gravity s rainbow they did finally him out of massachusetts bay colony david b feinberg published the novel eighty sixed contrasting life inew york 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decommissioned sold placed reserve commonly_referred process labor workers would bring spare parts supply clerk would tell code anything disposed referred sounds like file bedford st jehjpg thumb right px looking north chumley bedford st west village bedford street author klein thathe bar chumley bedford street west village lower manhattan source klein book history stories best bars new_york claims thathe police would call chumley bar prohibition united_states_prohibition making raid tell bartender customers meaning thathey exit outhe bedford street door police would come court entrance restaurant slang another notion term origin claims came code supposedly used restaurants among restaurant workers meant walter published examples slang newspaper column whiche presented part glossary soda_fountain lingo documented use according oxford_english_dictionary first use sense dates book john movie star famous acting infamous drinking bar building known eighty six eighty six western means serve 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across the border into turkey infuriated tsar nicholas i of russia nicholas i who threatened to confine pushkin to his estate once again pushkin s text challenged though did not entirely rejecthe orientalism orientalist romanticism of his earlier the prisoner of the caucasus poem prisoner of the caucasus as a result it was not popularly received by contemporary readers who expected a romantic epic poem abouthe caucasus a journey to arzrum was later adapted into a film during the soviet union soviet era produced by lenfilm and released on the th anniversary of pushkin s passing in it was directed by moisei levin and starredmitri zhuravlyov as pushkin puteshestvie v arzrum athe imdb internet movie databasenglish translations birgitta ingemanson ronald wilks inicholas pasternak slater in richard pevear and larissa volokhonsky in see also armenian oblast russian conquest of the caucasus externalinks the text of s ru a journey to arzrum at russian wikisource category works by aleksandr 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tourism","description":"image stamps of germany ddr minr jpg thumb px an east german stamp showing disabled persons in a museum image nehantic trail rhododentron sanctuary trail entrance signjpg thumb px nehantic trail rhododendron sanctuary trail entrance and wheelchair accessible sign accessible tourism is the ongoing endeavour to ensure tourist destinations products and services are accessible to all people regardless of their physicalimitations disabilities or age it encompasses publicly and privately owned tourist locations the term has been defined by darcy andickson p as accessible tourism enables people with access requirements including mobility vision hearing and cognitive dimensions of access to function independently and with equity andignity through the delivery of universally designed tourism productservices and environments this definition is inclusive of all people including those travelling with children in prams people with disabilities and seniors darcy s dickson t a whole of life approach tourism the case for accessible tourism experiences journal of hospitality and tourismanagement overview modern society is increasingly aware of the concept of integration of people with disabilities issuesuch as accessibility design for all design philosophy design for all and universal designpreiser w f e ostroff e universal design handbook new york mcgraw hill are featured in the international symposia of bodiesuch as theuropean commission europeand international associations atheuropean commission s enterprise and industry tourism web page steps have been taken to promote guidelines and best practice s and majoresources are now dedicated to this field a greater understanding of the accessible tourismarket has been promoted through research commissioned by theuropean commission where a stakeholder analysis has provided an insight into the complexities of accessible tourismbuhalis d michopoulou eichhorn v miller g accessibility market and stakeholder analysis one stop shop for accessible tourism in europe ossate surrey united kingdom university of surrey retrieved similarly the australian sustainable tourism cooperative research centre funded an accessible tourism research agendadarcy setting a research agenda for accessible tourism stcrc technical report series gold coast australiavailable from that soughtoutline a research base on which to develop the supply demand coordination regulation information required to develop the market segmenthe research agenda has now seen three other funded projects contribute towards a research base on which the tourism industry and government marketing authorities can make more informedecisionsdarcy s cameron b pegg s packer technical report developing business cases for accessible tourism stcrc technical report available from s cameron b dwyer l taylor t wong e thomson a technical report visitor accessibility in urban centrespp available from atpacker t small j darcy s technical reportourist experiences of individuals with vision impairment stcrc technical report available from as of there were more than million persons with disabilities in europe and more than million around the world when expanded to include all beneficiaries of accessible tourism as defined above the number grows to some million people affected in europe alone in addition to the social benefits the market represents an opportunity for new investment and new service requirements rarely provided by key players in the tourism sector according to enatheuropeanetwork for accessible tourism accessible tourism includes barrier free destinations infrastructure and facilities transport by air land sea suitable for all users high quality services delivered by trained staff activities exhibits attractions allowing participation in tourism by everyone marketing booking systems web siteservices information accessible to all specific needs and requirementspecific problems found by travellers or tourists with disabilities include inaccessible or only partly accessible web sites lack of accessible airportransfer lack of wheelchair accessible vehicles lack of well adapted hotel rooms lack of professional staff capable of dealing with accessibility issues lack of reliable information about a specific attraction s level of accessibility lack of accessible restaurants bars and other facilities lack of adapted toilets in restaurants and public places inaccessible streets and sidewalks lack of technical aids andisability equipment such as wheelchairs bath chairs and toilet raisers filextended picnic table campgroundjpg a campground picnic table made accessible to wheelchairs and walkers with its extended top file brookings oregon accessible coast ramp boardwalkjpg an accessible boardwalk ramp with landings for stopping to enjoy a panorama view harris beach state park brookings oregon file accessible beach ramp nzjpg kapitisland coast accessible beach wheelchairampaekakariki wellingtonew zealand file pinery prov park 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new_york hill featured international theuropean_commission europeand international_associations commission enterprise industry tourism web_page steps taken promote guidelines best practice dedicated field greater understanding accessible_tourismarket promoted research commissioned theuropean_commission stakeholder analysis provided insight accessible v miller g accessibility market stakeholder analysis one stop shop accessible_tourism europe surrey united_kingdom university surrey retrieved similarly australian sustainable_tourism cooperative research centre funded accessible_tourism research setting research agenda accessible_tourism stcrc technical report series gold_coast research base develop supply demand coordination regulation information required develop market research agenda seen three funded projects contribute towards research base tourism_industry government marketing authorities make cameron b technical report developing business cases accessible_tourism stcrc technical report available cameron b l taylor wong e thomson technical report visitor accessibility urban available small j technical experiences individuals vision stcrc technical report available million persons disabilities europe million around world expanded include beneficiaries accessible_tourism defined number grows million_people affected europe alone addition social benefits market represents opportunity new investment new service requirements rarely provided key players tourism_sector according accessible_tourism accessible_tourism includes barrier free destinations infrastructure facilities transport air land sea suitable users high_quality_services delivered trained staff activities exhibits attractions allowing participation tourism everyone marketing booking systems web information accessible specific needs problems found travellers tourists disabilities include partly accessible web_sites lack accessible lack wheelchair accessible vehicles lack well adapted hotel_rooms lack professional staff capable dealing accessibility issues lack reliable information specific attraction level accessibility lack accessible restaurants bars facilities lack adapted toilets restaurants public places streets lack technical aids equipment bath chairs toilet picnic table campground picnic table made accessible walkers extended top file brookings oregon accessible coast ramp accessible boardwalk ramp landings stopping enjoy panorama view harris beach state_park brookings oregon file accessible beach ramp coast accessible beach zealand file park accessible accessible yurt shelter provincial_park ontario_canada file accessible shower accessible shower stall state_park virginia file wonderland texas morgan wonderland accessible family amusement_park santonio_texas designed similar sensory garden interactive games file wheelchair adaptive tires travelling ski hill loaned users brief history europe united_states home majority thexisting companies niche however companies worldwide starting appear result growing need largely driven senior tourism due increasing developed_countries united_states requires ada ramp access virtually businesses public places portugal spain united_kingdom germany france northern european_countries increasingly prepared receive tourists provide disability equipment wheelchair accessible transport withe growth internet online_travel planning also becoming common leading rise online accessibility lonely_planet started offering online resources country references_externalinks accessible_tourism athe open directory project category accessibility category accessible transportation category_types tourism"},{"title":"Advance provisioning allowance","description":"advance provisioning allowance or apa is an advance payment required to be made to fund boarding costs typically amounting to of the charter price used to cover the costs of yacht preparation requested supplies port mooring and other legal charges and fees diesel and fuel 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travel","description":"imagexpedition shopjpg thumb right px an outdoor travel and adventure outfitter in ottawa ontario canada image tour to the quebrada de las conchasjpg thumb px rightrekking in quebrada de las conchas cafayate salta province argentinadventure travel is a type of niche market niche tourism involving exploration of travel in an unusual exotic remote or wilderness destination wwwtruca travelers are highly engaged involvement with activities that include perceived and possibly actual risk and potentially requiring specialized skills and physical exertion adventure tourism has grown in recent decades as touristseek out of the ordinary oroads less traveled types of vacations but measurement of market size and growth is hampered by the lack of a clear operationalization operational definition according to the us based adventure travel trade association adventure travel may be any tourist activity that includes the following three components a physical activity a culture cultural exchange and connection with nature thompson rivers university describes adventure tourists as explorers of both an outer world especially the unspoiled exotic parts of our planet and an inner world of personal challenge self perception and self mastery wwwtrucadventure tourists may be motivated to achieve mood psychology mental states characterized as rush psychology rush or flow psychology flow resulting from stepping outside of their comfort zone this may be from experiencing culture shock or through the performance of acts that require significant effort and involve some degree of risk real or perceived and or physical danger seextreme sport s this may include activitiesuch as mountaineering backpacking wilderness trekking bungee jumping mountain biking canoeing scuba diving rafting kayaking zip line zip lining paragliding hiking exploration exploring sandboarding caving and rock climbing some obscure forms of adventure travel include disaster tourism disaster and ghettourism otherising forms of adventure travel include jungle tourism access to inexpensive consumer technology with respecto global positioning system s backpacking travel flashpacking social networking service social networking and photography have increased the worldwide interest in adventure travel the development of social network analysis vancouver empirical press the interest independent adventure travel has also increased as more specialistravel websites emerge offering previously niche locations and sports types of adventure travel accessible tourism there is a trend for developing tourism specifically for the disabled adventure travel for the disabled has become a billion usd a year industry inorth america stan hagen tourisminister of british columbia some adventure travel destinations offer diverse programs and job opportunities developed specifically for the disability disabled thequity esprit rafting to be featured in commercial wednesday may th print edition cultural tourism cultural tourism is the act of travelling to a place to see that location s culture including the lifestyle sociology lifestyle of the people in that area the history of those people their art architectureligions and other factors that shaped their way of life disaster tourism disaster tourism is the act of traveling to a disaster areas a matter of curiosity the behavior can be a nuisance if it hinders rescue relief and recovery operations if not done because of pure curiosity it can be cataloged as disaster learning ecotourism is now defined as responsible travel to natural areas that conserves thenvironment sustains the well being of the local people and involves interpretation and education ties the objective of ecotourism is to protecthenvironment from detrimental impactsuch as human traffic and to provideducational information by promoting the unique qualities of thenvironment additionally ecotourism should attempto moveco tourists from a passive role where theirecreation isimply based on the natural environmento a more active role where their activities actually contribute to thealth and viability of thosenvironments orams pg ethno tourism ethno tourism refers to visiting a foreign location for the sake of observing the indigenous members of itsociety for the sake of non scientific gain somextreme forms of this include attempting to make first contact with tribes that are protected from outside visitors two controversial issues associated with ethno tourism include bringing natives into contact with diseases they do not have immunities for and the possible degradation or destruction of a unique culture and or languagextreme tourism extreme tourism involves travel to dangerous extreme locations or participation in dangerous events or activities this form of tourism can overlap with extreme sport ghettourism ghettourism includes all forms of entertainment gangsta rap video games movies tv and other forms that allow consumers to traffic in the inner city without leaving home jungle tourism jungle tourism is a rising subcategory of adventure travel defined by active multifaceted physical means of travel in the jungle regions of thearth although similar in many respects to adventure travel jungle tourism pertainspecifically to the context of region culture and activity according to the glossary of tourism terms jungle tours have become a major component of green tourism in tropical destinations and are a relatively recent phenomenon of western international tourism overland travel overland travel or overlanding refers to an overland journey perhaps originating with marco polo s first overland expedition in the th century from venice to the mongolian court of kublai khan today overlanding is a form of extended adventure holiday embarking on a long journey often in a group overland companies provide a converted truck or a bus plus a tour leader and the group travels together overland for a period of weeks or monthsince the s overlanding has been a popular means of travel between destinations across africa europe asia particularly india the americas and australia the hippie trail of the s and saw thousands of young westerners travelling through the middleasto indiand nepal many of the older traditional routes are still active along with neweroutes like iceland to south africa overland central asian post soviet states urban exploration urban exploration often shortened as urbex or ue is thexamination of the normally unseen or off limits parts of urban areas or industrial facilities urban exploration is also commonly referred to as infiltration although some people consider infiltration to be more closely associated withexploration of active or inhabited sites it may also be referred to as draining when exploring drains urban spelunking urban caving or building hacking the nature of this activity presents various risks including both physical danger and the possibility of arrest and punishment many but not all of the 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referspecifically to farm stay s as in italy elsewhere agritourism includes a wide variety of activities including buying produce direct from a farm stand navigating a corn maze slopping hogs picking fruit feeding animals or staying at a bed and breakfast b on a farm agritourism is a form of niche tourism that is considered a growth industry in many parts of the world including australia canada the united states and the philippines other terms associated with agritourism are agritainment value added products farm direct marketing and sustainable agriculture public awareness people have become more interested in how their food is produced they wanto meet farmers and processors and talk withem about what goes into food production for many people who visit farms especially children the visit marks the firstime they see the source of their food be it a dairy cattle dairy cow an ear of maize corn growing in a field or an apple they can pick right off a tree farmers and ranchers use this interesto develop traffic atheir farm oranch and interest in the quality of their products as well as awareness of their products volume issue accessdate february safety while revenue and education are often primary drivers for farmers to diversify their operations and invite guests onto their property safety is not always a topriority accidents involving tractors wagon rides trips falls and traffic occur at agritourism operations on a regular basis agritourism by country switzerland jucker farm in seegr ben a canton of z rich italy the country hotel scene has come on apace since when the michelin guide michelin guide to italy listed not a singlestablishment in the chianti area but even after the boom in rural accommodation in the s and s the choice wastillimited by and large to basic agriturismo farm holiday places orather stuffy country house hotels the past few years have seen the arrival of a handful of stylish luxury spa resorts and some mid range options where guests benefit from a hands on personal approach since agritourism in italy is formally regulated by a state law n year emended in law n year the law states basic requirements to claim the title of agriturismo andelegatesingle regions to furtheregulate the matter italian agritourism attract visitors from all around the globe in particular given the luxury nature of rural tourism international flows are demandriven india since agriculture tourism is operational it started in baramati agri tourism center under the guidance of pandurang taware he received the national tourism award from the president of india for the most innovative tourism product agri tourism indiatdc is pioneer in the development and marketing of agri tourism concept indiatdc as of has affiliated farmers and operates agri tourism center in theirespective villages in the state of maharashtra turkey in the province of hatay the village of vakifli has a small eco and cultural tourism industry as it is often touted as the last rural village in turkey where armenians live the small village has a guest house where visitors can buy organic products and see the life of the village there is potential for ecotourism in the aegean area of western turkey as well and is a growing industry there united states agritourism is widespread in the united states agritourists can choose from a wide range of activities that include fruit picking fruits and vegetable s riding horse s tasting honey learning about wine and cheese making or shopping in farm gift shops and farm stands for local and regional produce or hand crafted gift s according to the usda cooperative state research education and extension service cooperative stateducation and extension service tourism is becoming increasingly importanto the us economy a conservativestimate from the federal reserve board in kansas based on data shows that basic travel and tourism industries accounted for percent of all us employment even more telling data from the travel industry association of america indicate that out of every people in the us has a job directly resulting from travel expenditures economic research economic impact of travel and tourism travel industry association of america retrievedecember through the small farm center athe university of californiagricultural tourism or agritourism is one alternative for improving the incomes and potential economic viability of small farms and rural communitiesome forms of agritourism enterprises are well developed in california including fairs and festivals other possibilitiestill offer potential for developmenthe uc small farm center has developed a californiagritourism database that provides visitors and potential entrepreneurs with information about existing agritourism locations throughouthe state the publication promoting tourism in rural america explains the need for planning and marketing a rural community and weighing the pros and cons of tourism according to the publication local citizen participation is helpful and should be included in starting any kind of a tourism program citizen participation in planning tourism can contribute to building a successful program that enhances the community additional websites that promote and publicize agritourism in the united states include rural bounty founded by agritourism consultant janeckert farm stay us a nationwide directory ofarm stays and the farm stay project a blog that profiles farm stays and tracks agritourism news the agri tourism development corporation of pakistan atdcp is a non government not for profit organization aiming to connect people through food farms and education working to promote agritourism idea in pakistan atdcp educates consumers about an organic healthy life style raises awareness about food from farm to dining table and introduces agri tourism entertainment farming to explore the beauty of agri fields and farm fresh feelings atdcp also works as a training institute for agripreneurs where the latter are trained in consumer organic style needs atdcp introduces a new breed of agripreneurs to the business of agri tourism entertainment farming for agricultural students and the farming community it organises agricultural events agri themed festivals agri field trips and field activities agri field picnic parties for school kids and for the community to explore agritourism ideas in pakistan tariq tanveer is the ceo founder dude ranches guest ranch dude or guest ranches offer tourists the chance to work on cattle ranch es and sometimes participate in cattle drives the fact sheet promoting the farm and ranch recreation business gives farmers and ranchers information marketing andeveloping strategies to win tourism dollars dude ranches are common in the united states and australian outback see also agricultural show ecotourism farm stay geotourism rural tourism wwoof willing workers on organic farms references externalinks an online resource developed by the national children s center forural and 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clervoy during the show of jacques pradel on europe june is a suborbital spaceplane concept for carrying space tourist s proposed by eads astrium currently airbus defence and space the space subsidiary of theuropean consortium eads currently airbus group a full size mockup was officially unveiled in paris france on june and is now on display in the concorde hall of the mus e de l air et de l espace the project is the first space tourism entry by a major aerospace contractor it is a rocket plane with a large wingspan straight rearwards wing and a pair of canard aeronautics canards astrium d voile son projet d avion fus e le figaro june page propulsion is ensured by classical turbofan jet engine s for the atmospheric phase space jet s turbofans can cope with vacuum says eads rob coppinger flightglobalcom june and a methane oxygen rocket engine for the space tourism phase it can carry a pilot and four passengers the dimensions and looks are somewhat similar to those of a business jet eads astrium hoped to start development of this rocket plane by withe objective of a first flight in there was also a possibility thathe tunisian area of tozeur might be used for the initial flights demonstrator test flight regarding conditions encountered in thend oflight phase of a return from space occurred on juneads astrium plans to raise public and private money for its project origin of the projecthe origin of the project is a proposal by a group of young french german british and spanish engineers from eads astrium it wastudied in great secrecy for two years and finally approved by the chairman of eads astrium fran ois auque the design isimilar in concepto the rocketplane xp they looked athe main concepts under development and their studieshowed that rocketplane limited inc rocketplane s jet and rocket combination made the most senseeurope s tourist rocket popular science magazine october pg in the following months a core team came up with a detailed concept and assembled the required expertise from different areas of astrium and other eadsubsidiariesuch as eadsocata socatas well aseveral external industry partners australian designer marc newson the technical challenge of making space travel easy international herald tribune june by alice rawsthorn who earned his reputation in the field of aviation as creative director of qantas was also invited to join the project planet aerospace issueads astrium planspace tourism flight profile imageads astrium tbn flight profilesvg righthumb px a ignition of rocket engine followed by turbofan shutdown b shutdown of rocket engine acceleration g start of weightlessness phase culmination d beginning of atmospheric deceleration max acceleration g e turbofan ignition transition to aeronautical mode after takeoff the plane reaches an altitude of km this classical aeronautical phase can last for minutes the pilot shuts down the jets and starts the methane oxygen rocket engine athe rear of the vehicle the plane then raises along a vertical trajectory for seconds oflight with a top speed of mach number mach the plane is rocketed upwards the maximum acceleration is g m s at an altitude of km the rocket engine ishut down and the plane continues to climb up to a maximum altitude of km this the weightlessness phase then the plane gets down to km at a high angle of attack being progressively decelerated by the atmosphere athis altitude after transition to aeronautical mode the jets areignited to bring the plane back to a classicalanding strip description of the project presentation at iac hyderabad by christophe chavagnac flight profile provided on page imageads astrium space tourism interiorjpg thumb left interior layout of the vehicle at paris air show the total mass of the vehicle is metric tons lb atakeoff the plane has two jet engines and an oxygen methanengine with a thrust of tonseads astrium se lance dans le tourisme spatial air cosmos june n pages the rocket engine uses the technology of the vulcain the main engine of ariane but is reusable thirty times and burns methane instead of hydrogen would require too much tank volume as the density of methane is kg m and the density of hydrogen is kg m the cabin has a diameter of m ft in and provides m ft of cabin space to each passenger the seats are attached to a pendular system which allows the acceleration to be perpendicular to the back of the passengers they pivot around the attachment pointso thathe passengers are aligned rearside to the spacecraft x axis body aligned on gx axis during launch acceleration and they arearside on the negative z axis during weightlessness and reentry eads reinvents rocketplane the plane is designed for ten years of service at a flight rate of once a week industrial organisation the development will be led by eads astrium its technical responsibility currently resides withe cto robert lain development cost of billion was projected by some sources eads astrium plans to raise mostly private money for its project one of the possible public investors mentioned by fran ois auque is the southern german state of bavaria where thengines are to be produced astrium could produce up to planes a year and have a fleet of planes which would require a production of rocket engines a year they do not exclude selling models tother entrepreneursuch as richard branson sirichard branson from virgin galactic the final assembly would be in france while the other industrial facilities of astrium would provide the rocket engines ottobrunn germany or the carbon fiber structurespain other european industrial partners are associated withe projecthe target of astrium is to secure of the market of space tourism by passengers a year l entreprise veut associer capitaux publics et priv s pour le financement le figaro june page the ticket price will beuros including a round trip to the spaceportraining and luxury accommodation in a theme park resorthe closest concept is the rocketplane xp of rocketplane limited inc which shares the same overall rocket plane principle other competitors include the spaceshiptwo blue originew shepard new shepard xcor lynx andream chaser burt rutan founder of scaled composites a competitor in space tourism to eads expressed scepticism towards theads project see also dream chaser new shepard rocketplane xp spaceshiptwo xcor lynx zero emission hyper sonic transport references externalinks astrium web site brochure marc newson ltd presentation of the project athe iac in hyderabad analysis of the project by the space review popsci articleadspaceplane october video animation astrium spaceplane video presentation of the space tourism project at international astronautical congress iac min category space tourism category private spaceflight category proposed spacecraft category proposed reusable space launch systems category spaceplanes category airbus defence and 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airbus defence spaceplane also_called eads_astrium according sources radio interview ofrench jean fran_ois show jacques europe june suborbital spaceplane concept carrying space_tourist proposed eads_astrium currently airbus defence space space subsidiary theuropean consortium eads currently airbus group full size mockup officially unveiled paris_france june display concorde hall mus e de l air de l project first space_tourism entry major aerospace contractor rocket plane large wingspan straight wing pair aeronautics astrium son e june page propulsion ensured classical turbofan jet engine atmospheric phase space jet cope vacuum says eads rob june methane oxygen rocket_engine space_tourism phase carry pilot four passengers dimensions looks somewhat similar business jet eads_astrium hoped start development rocket plane withe objective first_flight also possibility thathe area might used initial flights test_flight regarding conditions encountered thend oflight phase return space occurred astrium plans raise public_private money project origin projecthe origin project proposal group young french german british spanish engineers eads_astrium great two_years finally approved chairman eads_astrium fran_ois design isimilar concepto rocketplane looked athe main concepts development rocketplane_limited inc rocketplane jet rocket combination made tourist rocket popular_science magazine october following months core team came detailed concept assembled required expertise different areas astrium well aseveral external industry partners australian designer marc technical challenge making space_travel easy international herald tribune june alice earned reputation field aviation creative director also invited join project planet aerospace astrium tourism flight profile astrium flight righthumb_px ignition rocket_engine followed turbofan shutdown b shutdown rocket_engine acceleration g start weightlessness phase beginning atmospheric max acceleration g e turbofan ignition transition aeronautical mode takeoff plane reaches altitude classical aeronautical phase last minutes pilot shuts jets starts methane oxygen rocket_engine athe rear vehicle plane raises along vertical trajectory seconds oflight top speed mach number mach plane upwards maximum acceleration g altitude rocket_engine plane continues climb maximum altitude weightlessness phase plane gets high angle attack progressively atmosphere athis altitude transition aeronautical mode jets bring plane back strip description project presentation hyderabad flight profile provided page astrium space_tourism interiorjpg thumb left interior layout vehicle paris air show total mass vehicle metric tons plane two jet engines oxygen thrust astrium lance dans tourisme spatial air cosmos june n pages rocket_engine uses technology main engine ariane reusable thirty times burns methane instead hydrogen would require much tank volume density methane density hydrogen cabin diameter provides cabin space passenger seats attached system allows acceleration back passengers around thathe passengers aligned spacecraft x axis body aligned axis launch acceleration negative axis weightlessness reentry eads rocketplane plane designed ten_years service flight rate week industrial organisation development led eads_astrium technical responsibility currently withe cto robert development cost billion projected sources eads_astrium plans raise mostly private money project one possible public investors mentioned fran_ois southern german state bavaria produced astrium could produce planes year fleet planes would require production rocket_engines year selling models tother richard_branson sirichard branson virgin_galactic final assembly would france industrial facilities astrium would provide rocket_engines germany carbon fiber european industrial partners associated_withe projecthe target astrium secure market space_tourism passengers year l pour june page ticket price including round trip luxury accommodation theme_park resorthe closest concept rocketplane rocketplane_limited inc shares overall rocket plane principle competitors include spaceshiptwo blue_originew shepard new_shepard xcor_lynx burt_rutan founder scaled_composites competitor space_tourism eads expressed towards project see_also dream new_shepard rocketplane spaceshiptwo xcor_lynx zero hyper sonic transport references_externalinks astrium web_site brochure marc ltd presentation project athe hyderabad analysis project space review october video animation astrium spaceplane video presentation space_tourism project international astronautical congress min category_space_tourism category_private_spaceflight category_proposed spacecraft category_proposed reusable space_launch_systems category_spaceplanes category_airbus defence space"},{"title":"Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion","description":"file aircraft reactors arco id jpg thumb rightre left and htre right on display athe idaho nationalaboratory nearco idaho the aircraft nuclear propulsion anprogram and the preceding nuclear energy for the propulsion of aircraft nepa project worked to develop a nuclear powered aircraft nuclear propulsion system for aircrafthe united states army air forces initiated project nepa on may after funding of million in a nuclear powered bomber url accessdate archiveurl archivedate november deadurl no nepa operated until may when the project was transferred to the joint united states atomic energy commission atomic energy commission aec usaf anp the usaf pursued two different systems for nuclear powered jet engines the direct air cycle concept which was developed by general electric and indirect air cycle which wassigned to pratt whitney the program was intended to develop and testhe convair x but was cancelled in before that aircraft was built direct air cycle image are buildingjpg righthumb aircraft reactor experiment building at ornl direct cycle nuclear engines would resemble a conventional jet enginexcepthathere would be no combustion chambers the air gained from the compressor section would be sento a plenum chamber plenum that directs the air into the nucleareactor core an exchange takes place where the reactor is cooled but ithen heats up the same air and sends ito another plenum the second plenum directs the air into a turbine which sends it outhexhausthend result is that instead of using jet fuel an aircraft could rely onucleareactions for power the general electric program which was based at evendale ohio was pursued because of its advantages in simplicity reliability suitability and quick start ability conventional jet engine gas compressor and turbine sections were used withe compressed airun through the reactor to be heated by it before being exhausted through the turbine the united states aircraft reactor experiment are was a mw thermal neutron reactor thermal nucleareactor experiment designed to attain a high power density for use as an engine in a nuclear powered bomber it used the molten fluoride salt sodium fluoride naf zirconium tetrafluoride zrf uranium tetrafluoride uf mol as nuclear fuel was neutron moderator moderated by beryllium oxide beo used liquid sodium as a secondary coolant and had a peak temperature of c it operated for a hour cycle in it was the first molten salt reactor work on this project in the united statestopped after intercontinental ballistic missile s made it obsolete the designs for its engines can currently be viewed athexperimental breedereactor i memorial building athe idaho nationalaboratory file htre jpg righthumb htre in this program produced the successful general electric j the nuclear powered x engine two modified general electric j s witheat supplied by theatransfereactor experiment htre the first full power test of the htre system onuclear power only took place in january a total of watt megawatt hours of operation was completeduring the test program the htre was replaced by the htre and eventually the htre unit powering the two j s the htre used a flightype shield system and would probably have gone on to power the x had that program been pursued on february anothereactor was made critical athe critical experiments facility of the oak ridge nationalaboratory ornl as part of the circulating fuel reactor program of the pratt and whitney aircraft company pwac this was called the pwar the pratt and whitney aircraft reactor the purpose of thexperiment was to experimentally verify theoretically predicted nuclear properties of a pwac reactor thexperiment was only run shortly by thend ofebruary all data had been taken andisassembly had begun thexperiment was run at essentially zero nuclear power the operating temperature was held constant at approximately f c which corresponds closely to the design operating temperature of the pwar l moderator this temperature was maintained by external heaters like the mwt are the pwar used naf zrf uf as the primary fuel and coolant indirect air cycle indirect cycling involves thermal exchange outside of the core the compressor air would be sento a heat exchanger the nucleareactor core would heat upressurized water or liquid metal and send ito theat exchanger as well that hot liquid would be cooled by the air the air would be heated by the liquid and sento the turbine the turbine would send the air outhexhaust providing thrusthe indirect air cycle program wassigned to pratt whitney at a facility near middletown connecticuthis concept would have produced far less radioactive pollutione or two loops of liquid metal would carry theat from the reactor to thengine this program involved a great deal of research andevelopment of many light weight systemsuitable for use in aircraft such as heat exchanger s liquid metal turbopump s and radiator s the indirect cycle program never came anywhere near producing flight ready hardware alvin m weinberg the first nuclear era the life and times of a technological fixer sprnger science business media isbn p mx project on september the usaf awarded convair a contracto fly a nucleareactor on board a modified convair b peacemaker under the mx project of the anprogram the convair nb h nb h nuclear test aircraft nta was to study shielding requirements for an airborne reactor to determine whether a nuclear aircraft was feasible this was the only known airborne reactor experiment by the us with an operational nucleareactor on board the nta flew a total of times testing the reactor over westexas and southernew mexico the reactor named the aircraft shield test reactor astr was operational but did not power the aircraft rather the primary purpose of the flight program washield testing based on the results of the nta the x and thentire nuclear aircraft program was abandoned in after numerous problems the project washut down in march only to be re opened a year later technological competition withe soviet union as represented by the launch of sputnik and continued strong support from the air force allowed the program to continue despite divided leadership between the dod and the aec thelection of john f kennedy as president changed the course kennedy wrote years and about billion have been devoted to the attemptedevelopment of a nuclear powered aircraft buthe possibility of achieving a militarily useful aircraft in the foreseeable future istill very remote in histatement officially ending the anp on march see also nuclear powered aircraft convair x georgia nuclear aircraft laboratory project pluto develop nuclear powered ramjet engines for use in cruise missiles north american xb valkyrie ws a ws a usaf requirement for supersonic bomber molten salt reactor project rover to develop a nuclear thermal rocket nerva externalinks links to a photography website with illustrations on the subject of using an atomic reactor to power an aircraft category nuclear powered aircraft category sciencexperiments category establishments in the united states category disestablishments category atomic tourism category projects of 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air nucleareactor core exchange takes_place reactor cooled ithen heats air sends ito another plenum second plenum directs air turbine sends result instead using jet fuel aircraft could rely power general electric program based ohio pursued advantages simplicity reliability quick start ability conventional jet engine gas turbine sections used withe compressed reactor heated turbine united_states aircraft reactor experiment thermal neutron reactor thermal nucleareactor experiment designed attain high power density use engine nuclear_powered bomber used salt sodium uranium nuclear fuel neutron moderator oxide used liquid sodium secondary coolant peak temperature c operated hour cycle first salt reactor work project united intercontinental ballistic missile made designs engines currently viewed memorial building athe idaho nationalaboratory file htre jpg_righthumb htre program produced successful general electric j nuclear_powered x engine two modified general electric j supplied experiment htre first full power test htre system power took_place january total hours operation test_program htre replaced htre eventually htre unit two j htre used shield system would probably gone power x program pursued february made critical athe critical experiments facility oak_ridge nationalaboratory part circulating fuel reactor program pratt_whitney aircraft company_called pratt_whitney aircraft reactor purpose thexperiment verify theoretically predicted nuclear properties reactor thexperiment run shortly thend ofebruary data taken begun thexperiment run essentially zero nuclear_power operating temperature held constant approximately f c closely design operating temperature l moderator temperature maintained external like mwt used primary fuel coolant indirect air cycle indirect cycling involves thermal exchange outside core air would sento heat nucleareactor core would heat water liquid metal send ito theat well hot liquid would cooled air air would heated liquid sento turbine turbine would send air providing indirect air cycle program wassigned pratt_whitney facility near concept would produced far less radioactive two loops liquid metal would carry theat reactor thengine program involved great_deal research_andevelopment many light weight use aircraft heat liquid metal radiator indirect cycle program never came anywhere near producing flight ready hardware alvin first nuclear era life times technological science business media isbn p project september usaf awarded convair contracto fly nucleareactor board modified convair b project convair h h nuclear_test aircraft study requirements airborne reactor determine whether nuclear aircraft feasible known airborne reactor experiment us operational nucleareactor board flew total times testing reactor westexas mexico reactor named aircraft shield test reactor operational power aircraft rather primary purpose flight program testing based results x thentire nuclear aircraft program abandoned numerous problems project washut march opened year_later technological competition withe soviet_union represented launch continued strong support air_force allowed program continue despite divided leadership aec thelection john_f kennedy president changed course kennedy wrote years billion devoted nuclear_powered aircraft buthe possibility achieving useful aircraft future istill remote officially ending march see_also nuclear_powered aircraft convair x georgia nuclear aircraft laboratory project pluto develop nuclear_powered engines use cruise missiles north_american valkyrie usaf requirement supersonic bomber salt reactor project rover develop nuclear thermal rocket nerva externalinks links photography website illustrations subject using atomic reactor power aircraft_category nuclear_powered aircraft_category category_establishments united_states category_disestablishments category_atomic_tourism_category projects united_states air_force"},{"title":"Alan Rogers Guides","description":"image alan rogers logojpg frame px right alan rogers logo the alan rogers guides were started in great britain in by camp enthusiast alan rogers camping alan rogers the guides place utmost importance on the quality of the campsite s campsite s cannot pay to be in the guide the range now has expanded to include six country guide titles covering countries four themed guides and ten miniguides covering regions ofrance how the campsites are chosen the guides rely on a dedicated team of site assessors all of whom arexperienced cottagers caravanners or motorcaravanners to visit and recommend parks the popularity of the guides is based their impartiality and supported by thenthusiasm diligence and integrity of the site assessors the most important criteria used when inspecting and selecting parks is quality the assessors consider and evaluate the welcome the pitches the sanitary facilities the cleanliness the general maintenance the location the guides try to cater for a wide variety of preferences from thoseeking a small peaceful campsite in theart of the countryside to visitors looking for an all singing all dancing park in a popular seaside resort history image ar guidesjpg frame px right alan rogers logo the first guide alan rogerselected sites for caravanning and camping in europe sold for four shillings p in the introduction to the first guide alan wrote i would like to stress thathe camps which are included in this book have been chosentirely on merit and no payment of any sort is made by them for their inclusion alan rogers continued to expand until when alan rogers camping alan rogers agedecided to seek retirementhe publishing company deneway guides and traveltd was purchased by clive and lois edwards until the mark hammerton group ltd mark hammerton group took over in shortly after alan rogers death just a yearlier clivedwards remembers the negotiations with alan rogers clearly the actual business negotiations were conducted quickly what alan was really concerned about was that we would maintain the philosophy and the impartiality of the guides following alan s retirement we found that he was always willing toffer us advice and guidance in the whole business moved to its current premises in the kent countryside originally there was just a single guide to campsites in europe featuring only sites a separate guide to britain followed in featuring just short of sites and in the same year a similar edition for france was introduced the first britain guide to include ireland was published in followed by all yearound and rented accommodation guides in and the first guide to be published in dutch in further editions including separate guides for italy croatia sloveniand spain portugal were launched in along with a guide for central europe in although this was dropped in a guide for the netherlands belgium luxembourg was added in but dropped for the season themed guides were put into motion in each featuring campsites covering one of nine specific hobbies pastimes and passions including best campsites for children fishingolf spas nature walking and cycling beach dogs and active families the series waslimmedown to just four core titles in withedition of two german titles before being phased out for the season the rented accommodation all yearound award winners and naturist guides continue to be published in the mark hammerton group was acquired by the caravan club under the brand alan rogers travel group along with itsubsidiary company belle france the guides continue to recommend campsites based on strict criteriand independent assessmentsites are added where appropriate and removed if standards have fallen after the acquisition the big selection guide was introduced featuring selected campsites in european countries an introduction to glampinguide was also produced also saw the launch of digital guides for use on tablets and mobile devicesuccess the guides have been influential in the rise in popularity of camping for example drawing attention to the number of overseasites that were providing mains electricity hook ups alan rogersuggested that british caravanners and motor caravannershould take advantage of this by having their units wired to take mains electricity ino standard british caravan wasupplied with mains electricity wiring one measure of the guidesuccess is that many of the things he called for in the original guide have now become reality mains electricity connections in caravans and motor caravans marked pitches of a minimum size hot water freely available in the amenity blocks british style toilets on french campsites the use of trees and bushes to mark pitches an end to the practice of over crowding of sites during the peak summer holiday times many of the sites like camping du pavillon at bidarte in the pyrenees recommended by him in are still recommended in the current guides although all the sites have developed along the lines originally recommended by alan rogers externalinks alanrogerscom official website for the guidesee also alan rogers camping alan rogers references amazon alan rogers guides for sale on amazon towsure alan rogers guides information cordee britain and ireland guide for sale category handbooks and manuals category travel guide books category books about 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guide range expanded include six country guide titles covering countries four themed guides ten covering regions ofrance campsites chosen guides rely dedicated team site caravanners visit recommend parks popularity guides based supported diligence integrity site important criteria used selecting parks quality consider evaluate welcome pitches sanitary facilities cleanliness general maintenance location guides try cater wide_variety preferences small peaceful campsite theart countryside visitors looking singing dancing park popular seaside_resort history image frame px right alan_rogers logo first guide alan sites caravanning camping europe sold four shillings p introduction first guide alan wrote would like stress thathe camps included book merit payment sort made inclusion alan_rogers continued expand alan_rogers camping alan_rogers seek publishing_company guides purchased clive edwards mark group ltd mark group took shortly alan_rogers death negotiations alan_rogers clearly actual business negotiations conducted quickly alan really concerned would maintain philosophy guides following alan retirement found always willing toffer us advice guidance whole business moved current premises kent countryside originally single guide campsites europe featuring sites separate guide britain followed featuring short sites year similar edition france introduced first britain guide include ireland published followed yearound rented accommodation guides first guide published dutch editions including separate guides italy croatia spain portugal launched along guide central_europe although dropped guide netherlands belgium luxembourg added dropped season themed guides put motion featuring campsites covering one nine specific including best campsites children spas nature walking cycling beach dogs active families series four core titles two german titles season rented accommodation yearound award winners guides continue published mark group acquired caravan club brand alan_rogers travel group along company belle france guides continue recommend campsites based strict independent added appropriate removed standards fallen acquisition big selection guide introduced featuring selected campsites european_countries introduction also produced also saw launch digital guides use tablets mobile guides influential rise popularity camping example drawing attention number providing mains electricity hook ups alan british caravanners motor take_advantage units wired take mains electricity standard british caravan wasupplied mains electricity one measure many things called original guide become reality mains electricity connections caravans motor caravans marked pitches minimum size hot water freely available amenity blocks british style toilets french campsites use trees mark pitches end practice sites peak summer holiday times many sites like camping recommended still recommended current guides although sites developed along lines originally recommended alan_rogers externalinks_official_website also alan_rogers camping alan_rogers references amazon alan_rogers guides sale amazon alan_rogers guides information britain ireland guide sale category handbooks category_travel_guide_books category_books camping"},{"title":"Alberta Culture and Tourism","description":"alberta culture and tourism is a ministry of thexecutive council of alberta executive council of alberta it was created on september and is responsible for alberta s cultural industries tourism the arts heritage and nonprofit voluntary sector as well asport and recreation administrative history the culture tourism and recreation functions of alberta s government have on several occasions in past been overseen by separate ministers they have also been more than once sections within the portfoliof the same minister they have also each been joined to still other government departments at various points a separate tourisministry goes back at leasto when allen r patrick was named minister of industry and tourism from tourism as an issue wassigned to a minister without a portfolio and there was no separate tourism department in tourism and small business became a separate ministry renamed simply tourism in the majorestructuring of tourism was reunited with economic development parks and recreation was added as well thisituation was mostly static for the nextwo decades the ministry was known as alberta tourism parks and recreation tpr from to culture and recreation were along with youth issues together under the purview of the ministry of culture youth and recreation from to after which recreation moved to alberta recreation parks and wildlife which was its own ministry from to before being merged intourism during the majorestructuring of that year the cultural affairs department was founded in by order in council under the authority of the public service administrative transfers acthe ministeresponsible for this was known as the ministeresponsible for culture minister of culture and minister of culture and multiculturalism agencies which reported to the minister included the alberta cultural heritage foundation alberta multiculturalism commission albertart foundation alberta foundation for the performing arts alberta foundation for the literary arts alberta foundation for the arts alberta library board and albertadvisory council on the status of women during this time the minister was responsible for implementing the following legislation albertacademy act albertart foundation act alberta emblems act alberta foundation for the arts act alberta heritage day act alberta historical resources act alberta order of excellence act alberta women s bureau act amusements act albertamusements act part cultural development act cultural foundations act department of culture act department of culture and multiculturalism act foreign cultural property immunity act glenbow alberta institute act government house act libraries act and registered music teachers association act during the restructuring the former department of culture and multiculturalism and former department of tourism parks and recreation were dissolved and replaced by the ministry of community developmenthis contained all of the current components of the ministry along with parks from to this ministry was renamed alberta tourism parks recreation and culture on march culture was broken out in a new ministry called alberta culture and community spirit was renamed simply alberta culture on may in culture was reunited with tourism including recreation buthis time without alberta parks which moved to the ministry of environment and parks ministry structure the ministry includes travel alberta the tourismarketing agency of the ministry the alberta sport recreation parks and wildlife foundation also known as alberta sport connection as a non profit crown corporations of canada crown corporation the alberta foundation for the arts alberta historical resources foundation and 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department founded order council authority public service administrative acthe known culture minister culture minister culture multiculturalism agencies reported minister included alberta cultural_heritage foundation alberta multiculturalism commission foundation alberta foundation performing arts alberta foundation literary arts alberta foundation arts alberta library board council status women time minister responsible implementing following legislation act foundation act alberta act alberta foundation arts act alberta heritage day act alberta historical resources act alberta order excellence act alberta women bureau act amusements act act part cultural development act cultural foundations act department culture act department culture multiculturalism act foreign cultural property immunity act alberta institute act government house act libraries act registered music teachers association act restructuring former department culture multiculturalism former department tourism parks recreation dissolved replaced ministry community contained current components ministry along parks ministry renamed alberta tourism parks recreation culture march culture broken new ministry called alberta culture community spirit renamed simply alberta culture may culture_tourism including recreation buthis time without alberta parks moved ministry environment parks ministry structure ministry includes travel alberta tourismarketing agency ministry alberta sport recreation parks wildlife foundation also_known alberta sport connection non_profit crown corporations canada crown corporation alberta foundation arts alberta historical resources foundation government house foundation tourism_regions travel alberta travel alberta divided province five tourism_regions canadian canadian_rockies northern alberta southern alberta see_also list alberta provincial_parks references_category alberta government_departments agencies culture_tourism category_culture_ministries category_tourisministries 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popularity of alcohol free bars has increased in the united kingdom and they are often funded by anti alcoholism charities file fitzpatricks temperance barjpg thumb right fitzpatrick s temperance barawtenstallancashirestablished temperance bar s werestablished in many places during the th century in support of the temperance movement among the drinks they offered were dandelion and burdock and sarsaparilla soft drink sarsaparilla fitzpatrick s in rawtenstallancashirestablished in is described as the uk s only remaining temperance bar and re opened in march after a closure of two months the first modern alcohol free bar in england opened in is named the brink and is located in liverpool the brink is also a drug free bar and is run by the charity action addiction with support from the big lottery fund it also serves food and hosts various eventsuch as live music and film showings an alcohol free bar named redemption is located athe base of the trellick tower inorth kensington london england it originated as a pop up restaurant and opened as a permanent establishment in july redemption also serves vegan food that is locally sourced and its menu is based upon providing nutritional foods and beverages its owners have stated that it is a sober and cruelty free baredemption also utilizes a zero waste policy the netil house is another alcohol free bar located in london sobar inottingham is an alcohol free bar operated by a charity double impact which works with both alcohol andrug addiction it received funding from the big lottery fund and employs people who have been addicts an alcohol free bar named universexists in coventry england near coventry university actor kevin kennedy actor kevin kennedy a recovering alcoholic stated in that he had plans topen an alcohol free bar in brighton england in leeds there are plans to develop an alcohol free bar and restaurant called inclucid pop up events of that brand have already taken place and a crowd funding appeal is in progress its promoters aim to create a bar in leeds free from alcohol which provides a safe and sociablenvironment for the increasing diverse customer baseeking new abstinent alternativenues united states the other side is an alcohol free bar located in crystalake illinois a chicago suburb that strives to provide a place that is exactly like a bar forecovering alcoholicsee also alcohol free zone non alcoholic mixedrink list of non alcoholicocktails list of non alcoholicocktails oxygen bar smart drinks index of drinking establishment related articles types of drinking establishmentypes of drinking establishments furthereading externalinks category types of drinking establishment category bartending category types of restaurants category non alcoholic 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united_kingdom often funded anti alcoholism charities file temperance barjpg thumb right fitzpatrick temperance temperance bar werestablished many places th_century support temperance movement among drinks offered soft_drink fitzpatrick described uk remaining temperance bar opened march closure two months first modern alcohol_free_bar england opened named located liverpool also drug free_bar run charity action addiction support big lottery fund also_serves food hosts various eventsuch live_music film alcohol_free_bar named redemption located_athe base tower inorth kensington london_england originated pop restaurant opened permanent establishment july redemption also_serves vegan food locally sourced menu based_upon providing nutritional foods beverages owners stated cruelty free also utilizes zero waste policy house another alcohol_free_bar_located london inottingham alcohol_free_bar operated charity double impact works alcohol andrug addiction received funding big lottery fund employs people alcohol_free_bar named coventry england near coventry university actor kevin kennedy actor kevin kennedy recovering alcoholic stated plans topen alcohol_free_bar brighton england leeds plans develop alcohol_free_bar restaurant called pop events brand already taken_place crowd funding appeal progress promoters aim create bar leeds free alcohol provides safe increasing diverse customer new united_states side alcohol_free_bar_located illinois chicago suburb strives provide place exactly like bar_also alcohol_free zone non_alcoholic list non list non oxygen bar smart drinks index drinking_establishment related_articles types drinking drinking_establishments furthereading_externalinks category_types drinking_establishment_category bartending category_types restaurants_category_non_alcoholic drinks"},{"title":"Allegro (restaurant)","description":"michelin guide country seating capacity reservations website allegro was a top restaurant in prague four seasons hotel prague four seasons 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rural tourism ecotourism cultural heritage cultural and historical heritage wine traditional cuisinethnography traditional music handicrafts committed tourism voluntary service overseas aid and assistance archeological digs international work camps justice tourism justice solidarity tourism religion terminology critiquesince the term alternative is ambiguous there are numerous critical remarkstating thathe concept is only a fashionable ideamong those who are dissatisfied withe nature of mass tourism cohen e alternative tourism a critique in singh t v theuns h l go f m towards appropriate tourism the case of developing countries frankfurt amain p the criticstate that alternative tourism lacks a clear definition of what is the tourism style alternative to the origins of the term can be found in two alternating concepts rejection of modern mass consumerism concern abouthe social impact in third world countries others express their critical opinions regarding the term as fetish adjective miracle word mythical term see also alternative tourism group in palestine region palestine references externalinks bulgarian association for alternative tourism green olive tours travel agency for alternative tourism in palestine israel arttours artists exploring alternative tourism in stuttgart category types of 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rural_tourism ecotourism cultural_heritage cultural historical heritage wine traditional traditional music handicrafts committed tourism voluntary service overseas aid assistance archeological international work camps justice tourism justice solidarity tourism religion terminology term alternative numerous critical thathe concept fashionable dissatisfied withe nature mass_tourism cohen e alternative_tourism critique singh v h l go f towards appropriate tourism case developing_countries frankfurt_amain p alternative_tourism lacks clear definition tourism style alternative origins term found two alternating concepts modern mass consumerism concern abouthe social impact third_world countries others express critical opinions regarding term fetish miracle word mythical term see_also alternative_tourism group palestine region palestine references_externalinks association alternative_tourism green olive tours travel_agency alternative_tourism palestine israel artists exploring 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divisionsubsid homepage arianespacecom footnotes intl foundation location city courcouronnes location country france locations caption arianespace sa is a multinational company founded in as the world s first commercialaunch service provider it undertakes the production operation and marketing of the ariane rocket family ariane programme the company offers a diverse portfoliof launch vehicle s theavy lift launch vehicle heavy lift ariane for dualaunches to geostationary transfer orbithe soyuz as a medium lift launch vehicle medium lift alternative and the solid fuel rocket solid fueled vega rocket vega for lighter payloads arianespace has launched more than satellites in launches over years ariane missions minus the first flights handled by cnesoyuz missions and vega missions the first commercial flight managed by the new entity waspacenet f launched on may arianespace uses the guiana spacenter in french guianas its main launch site through shareholding in starsem it can alsoffer commercial soyuz launches from the baikonur spaceport in kazakhstan it has its headquarters in courcouronnessonne france russians french sign space contract upi science report united press international april retrieved on september near vry essonne vry contact us arianespace retrieved on september on october arianespace soyuz athe guiana spacentre inaugural flight launched the first soyuz rocket ever from outside former soviet union sovieterritory the payload was two galileo satellite navigation galileo navigation satellites company and infrastructure arianespace primary shareholders are itsupply economicsuppliers in various europeanations arianespace currently hashareholders class wikitable sortable scope col country scope col data sortype number total share scope col shareholder scope col data sortype number capital rowspan sabca thales alenia space belgium techspace aero sa christian rovsing a s rowspan airbusafran launchers holding air liquide sa clemessy cie deutsche rowspan airbusafran launchers gmbh mt aerospace ag avio spairbus defence and space bv kongsberg defence aerospace as rowspan airbus defence and space sau crisa rowspan ruag space ab gkn aerospace sweden ab ruag space company structure ruag schweiz ag arianespace shareholding has been restructured withe creation of an airbusafran launchers company that will develop and manufacture the ariane launcher airbus and safran shareholdings were pooled along withe purchase of the french governments cnestake to form a partnership company holding just under of arianespace shares while the remaining ispread across companies in ten countries including further airbusubsidiaries corporate management class wikitable positioname ceo chairman st phane isra l senior vice president programs louis laurent senior vice president sales customers jacques breton senior vice president chiefinancial officer thomas hundt vice president corporate communication isabelle veillon class wikitable location office head of branch french guiana patrick loire usa clayton mowry japan kiyoshi takamatsu singapore richard bowles arianespace inc usubsidiary arianespace singapore pte ltd asian subsidiary starsem sa european russian soyuz commercialization competition and pricing in arianespace held more than percent of the world market for boosting satellites to geostationary transfer orbit gto the disruptive force represented by new sector entrant spacex forced arianespace to cut workforce and focus on cost cutting to decrease costs to remain competitive againsthe new low cost entrant in the launch sector according to an arianespace managing director it s quite clear there is a very significant challenge coming from spacex he said therefore things have to change and the wholeuropean industry is being restructured consolidated rationalised and streamlined in the midst of competition economics pricing pressure from us company spacex arianespace made a november announcement of pricing flexibility for the lighter satellites it carries to geostationary transfer orbit geostationary orbits aboard its ariane in early arianespace requested additional subsidies from european governments to face the competition from spacex and unfavorable changes in theuro dollar exchange rate reducing pricing allowed arianespace to sign four additional contracts in september for a lower slots on an ariane sylda dispenser for the satellites that otherwise could be flown on spacex launch vehicle overall arianespace signed contracts in until september with two additional being in a late stage of negotiations arianespace has a backlog of launches worth billion with satellites to be launched on ariane on soyuz athe guiana spacentre soyuz and on vega rocket vega claiming of the global satellite launch market by november spacex had already begun to take market share from arianespace and eutelsat ceo michel de rosen a major customer of arianespace said that each year that passes will see spacex advance gain market share and furthereduce its costs through economies of scale launch vehicles currently arianespace operates launch vehicles including two versions of ariane class wikitable sortable scope col name scope col payload to low earth orbit leo including sun synchronous orbit sso scope col payload to geostationary transfer orbit gto vega rocket vega soyuz athe guiana spacentre soyuz arianecarianes additionally arianespace offers optional back up launch service on h iia through launch services alliance ariane launch vehiclesince the first launch in there have been several versions of the ariane launch vehicle ariane first successfulaunch on december ariane first successfulaunch onovember the first launch on may failed ariane first successfulaunch on august ariane first successfulaunch on june ariane first successfulaunch on october the first launch on june failed new ariane vehicle is in development it would be payload wise in league of ariane and has tentatively its firstest flight in as of see also europa rocket newspace other launch service providers united launch alliance internationalaunch servicespacex antrix corporation category aerospace companies category arianespace category space tourism category companiestablished 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col country scope col data number total share scope col shareholder scope col data number capital rowspan space belgium aero christian rowspan holding air cie deutsche rowspan gmbh aerospace defence space defence aerospace rowspan airbus defence space rowspan space aerospace sweden space company structure schweiz arianespace restructured withe creation company develop manufacture ariane launcher airbus along_withe purchase french governments form partnership company holding arianespace shares remaining across companies ten countries_including corporate management class wikitable ceo chairman st l senior vice_president programs louis senior vice_president sales customers jacques breton senior vice_president officer thomas vice_president corporate communication class wikitable location office head branch french guiana patrick usa clayton japan singapore richard arianespace inc arianespace singapore ltd asian subsidiary european russian soyuz commercialization competition pricing 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since time magazine become known photography today arizona highways monthly circulation copies readers ustates two_thirds world countries although known primarily magazine arizona highways also publishes books arizona related products arizona highways tv began production arizona highways good business externalinks arizona highways homepage arizona highways television show homepage category advertising free_magazines category_american monthly_magazines_category arizona culture_category geographic magazines_category government publications category_local_interest_magazines category_magazinestablished category_magazines_published arizona category_media phoenix_arizona category_tourismagazines"},{"title":"Arizona Sports and Tourism Authority","description":"the arizona sports and tourism authority azsta is a corporate and political body having the rights powers and immunities of a municipal corporation it was created on april by arizona senate bill the mission of the azsta is to build and operate a university of phoenix stadiumultipurpose facility to provide funding for tourism promotion in maricopa county to improve cactus league cactus league official website spring training facilities and to build communityouth sports youth and amateur sports and recreational facilities the azsta board of directors consists of nine citizens of maricopa co who volunteer their time and accept no compensation or per diem the board members are appointed to five year terms by the governor the president of the senate and the speaker of the house and areligible to serve two terms board appointees are appointed to achieve a balanced representation of the valley s regions as well as the tourism industry cactus league and youth sports the daily operation of the azsta is overseen by thexecutive staff members file azsta entrancejpg thumb px right arizona sports and tourism authority officentrance located at university of phoenix stadium on april arizona governor jane dee hull signed arizona senate bill which created the arizona tourism and sports authority initially known as the tsa later in april the arizona tourism and sports authority was renamed to the arizona sports and tourism authority in order to avoid confusion withe similarly abbreviated transportation security administration file aztsa logopng thumb px righthe original arizona tourism and sports authority logo the first order of business for the tsa was to bring a stadium financing package to voters in maricopa county arizona maricopa county which took the form of arizona initiative proposition november voters approved the ballot initiative with a to vote for more information and history on the azsta s involvement with university of phoenix stadium see university of phoenix stadium youth sports in may the tsapproved its first youth sports project in late september the tsapproved the avondale arizona city of avondale s youth sports complex proposal the tsa hosted a youth and amateur sports town hall in april during the town hall the tsa formed an advisory committee and announced plans to develop existing youth and amateur sports facilities the advisory committee held its first meeting in may in december the tsapproved an intergovernmental agreement withe city of avondale for a field complex to be completed by december in february the tsa hosted the first annual youth and amateur sportsummit in june the tsa broke ground for the avondale regional youth sports complex the youth and amateur sports committee provided the tsa with recommendations and in february the tsapproved million for projects and programspring training in february azsta made its first spring training decision when it voted to increase the funding commitment for the surprise arizona city of surprise spring training facility in december the city of surprise held the grand opening of billy parker field in february azsta sold million of cactus league bond finance bonds andirected million to a million upgrade project for phoenix municipal stadium the million was presented in a commemorative check on march during an oakland athletics vs arizona diamondbacks game the phoenix municipal stadium project was completed in february azsta has committed million in funding forenovations to cactus league facilities in scottsdale arizona scottsdale tempe arizona tempe phoenix arizona phoenix and surprise arizona surprise it is estimated that over years azsta will contribute million to the refurbishment of cactus league facilities in maricopa county arizona maricopa county azsta has funded million to the surprise stadium kansas city royals texas rangers baseball texas rangers million to phoenix municipal stadium oakland athletics million to tempe diablo stadium los angeles angels of anaheimillion to scottsdale stadium san francisco giants upcoming cactus league projects include a stadium in goodyearizona goodyear for the cleveland indians and a stadium in glendale arizona glendale for the los angeles dodgers and the chicago white sox newspecial stadium kickoff aired pm nbc kpnx phoenix august arizona senate bill notes category sports in maricopa county arizona category tourist attractions in maricopa county arizona category cactus league category tourism agencies category state agencies of arizona category government agenciestablished 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million presented check march oakland arizona game phoenix municipal stadium project completed february azsta committed million funding cactus league facilities scottsdale arizona scottsdale tempe arizona tempe phoenix_arizona phoenix surprise arizona surprise estimated years azsta contribute million refurbishment cactus league facilities maricopa county arizona maricopa county azsta funded million surprise stadium kansas_city royals texas rangers baseball texas rangers million phoenix municipal stadium oakland million tempe stadium los_angeles angels scottsdale stadium san_francisco giants upcoming cactus league projects include stadium cleveland indians stadium glendale arizona glendale los_angeles chicago white stadium aired nbc phoenix august arizona senate bill notes category_sports maricopa county arizona category_tourist attractions maricopa county arizona category cactus league category_tourism agencies_category state agencies arizona category_government 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involved in promoting american trade and investment in koreand china since the turn of the century and his wife dorothy payne whitney dorothy payne whitney straight boughthe magazine and renamed it asiand continued its publication as a popular journal of commerce and travel the straights also were co founders of the new republic magazine records of asia magazine rg ppapers of pearl s buck when willard straight died of influenza in his widow took over publication of the magazine she married leonard k elmhirst in theditors included louis d froelick and john foord and associateditors gertrudemerson sen gertrudemerson and marietta neff elsie weil who joined the staff about was the long time managing editor frank h mcintosh artist frank h mcintosh painted many of the covers ask art underichard walsh and pearl s buck in january although ownership remained unchanged richard j walshead of john day company john day publishers published his first issue as editor he announced thathe magazine would no longer be a tourist handbook andespite objections from some readers the magazine washifted from advertising luxury goods travel and promotion of american commerce in the oriento discussion of international affairs and current asian culture and literature in the first editorial walsh promised readers a wide range of topics and views the magazine s political stance changed as well walsh wrote that it would look upon communism as objectively as upon art and bring to religious concepts as open a mind as we bring to economic problems walsh soon brought his newife pearl s buck into theditorial process in the following years asia underwent revolution and war walsh as publisher of john day and buck as america s most influential writer about asiattracted and recruited a new range of asiand american writers many of whom promoted anti colonial agenda such asupport for indian independence and anti racist program subscriptions rose as americans become more worried abouthe oncoming second sino japanese war writers included william ernest hocking the harvard liberal theologian hu shih leader of china s new culture movement owen lattimore themerging authority on central asia lin yutang jawaharlal nehru the indian independence leader and reportersuch as nathaniel peffer edgar snow nym wales and theodore h white who reported from the front line on china before world war ii buck wrote a regular book review column titled asia book shelf the magazine recruited corresponding editors to gather articles includingertrudemerson sen indiand harold john timperley hj timperley an australian journalist in china in walsh and buck boughthe magazine from thelmhirsts they changed the name to asiand the americas inovember and buck assumed theditorship she continued her attacks on imperialism particularly british and offered strong support for colonial independence movements withend of the war in however americans lost interest in asiand the magazine suffered a financial crisis buck resigned 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american psyche landmarks that manifesthe rich ambiguities of the nation s cultural history a bureau of atomic tourism was proposed by american photographerichard misrach and writer myriam weisang misrach in file tri cities visitor and convention bureau tour of the hanford site jpg thumb tri cities visitor and convention bureau tour of the hanford site file boarding the bus fro chernobyl jpg thumboarding the bus for chernobyl file nnsa nso jpg thumb nnsa nso atomic museums research and production los alamos historical museum los alamos new mexico items from the manhattan project bradbury science museum los alamos new mexico history of the manhattan project x graphite reactor oak ridge tennessee first nucleareactor to produce plutonium savannah river site south carolina production site of plutonium and tritium experimental breedereactor i arco idaho first nucleareactor to producelectrical power first breedereactor and first reactor to use plutonium as fuel hanford site washington state washington location of the b reactor which produced some of the plutonium for the trinity nuclear testrinity test and the fat man bomb george herbert jones laboratory chicago illinois where plutonium was first isolated and characterized american museum of science and energy oak ridge tennessee bomb casings national atomic testing museum paradise nevada test site strategic missile forces museum ukraine national museum of nuclear science history albuquerque delivery vehicles tinian airfield northern mariana islands launch site for the atomic bombings of hiroshimand nagasaki japan during world war ii titan missile museum sahuaritarizona public underground missile museum nike missile site sf marin county california fully restored nike missile complex ronald reagan minuteman missile state historic site cooperstownorth dakota last surviving complete facilities from usaf st missile wing nov sep namely oscar zero missile alert facility mi n of cooperstown and november launch facility missile silo mi e of cooperstownational museum of nuclear science history albuquerque new mexico missiles and rockets national museum of the united states air force dayton ohio the nagasaki bomber bockscar and missiles national air and space museum washington dc the hiroshima bomber enola gay white sands missile range new mexico air force space missile museum cape canaveral air force station floridair force armament museum eglin air force base florida minuteman missile national historic site wall south dakota launch control facility delta with its corresponding underground launch control center and launch facility missile silo delta south dakotair and space museum ellsworth air force base box elder south dakota minuteman missile transporter truck th missile wing training launch facility training missile silo strategic air command aerospace museum ashland nebraska museum focusing on aircraft and nuclear missiles of the united states air force the greenbrier bunker greenbrier county west virginia underground bunker for the united states congress hiroshima peace memorial park hiroshima contains the hiroshima peace memorial hiroshima peace memorial museum and related memorials nagasaki peace park and nagasaki atomic bomb museum nagasaki the daigo fukury maru ship a japanese fishing boathat was contaminated after the castle bravo detonation in it is now on display in tokyo athe tokyo metropolitan daigo fukury maru exhibition hall official site cfs carp also known as the diefenbunker a cold war nuclear museum in a former underground canadian military facility outside of ottawa chernobyl museum kiev hack greenuclear bunker cheshire countryside near the town onantwich uk explosion sites trinity site socorro county new mexico socorro county new mexico site of the first artificial nuclear explosionevada test site nye county nevada us nuclear test site pacific provingrounds us nuclear test site carsonational forest rio arriba county new mexico site of project gasbuggy carlsbad new mexico site of project gnome hiroshima first wartime use of an atomic bomb nagasaki last wartime use of an atomic bombritish nuclear tests at maralinga south australia site of british nuclear tests at maralinga operation buffaloperation buffalo and british nuclear tests at maralinga operation antler operation antler pokhran rajasthan site of the pokhran ii test atomic accidents the chernobyl disaster was the worst nuclear power plant accident in history tourists can access the chernobyl nuclear power plant exclusion zonexclusion zone surrounding the plant and in particular the abandoned city of prypiat city prypiat sight in chernobyl s dead zone tourists new york times bleak o tourism welcome to chernobylonely planetravel three mile island accidenthree mile island was the site of a well publicized accidenthe most significant in the history of american commercial nuclear power the three mile island visitor center in middletown pa educates the public through exhibitions and video displays windscale fire on october the graphite core of a british nucleareactor at windscale cumbria caught fireleasing substantial amounts of radioactive contamination into the surrounding area thevent known as the windscale fire was considered the world s worst reactor accident until the three mile island accident in both incidents were dwarfed by the magnitude of the chernobyl disaster in the visitor center was closed in and the public may no longer visit has been turned into a center for supplier conferences and business events file chornobyl dsc jpg thumb chornobyl dsc literary and cinematic works on atomic tourism the novel o zone novel o zone by paul theroux involves a group of wealthy new york tourists who enter and party in a post nuclear disaster zone in the ozarks references externalinks my radioactive vacation by phil stuart hanford site tours taylor s nuke site nuclear tourism adventures in atomic tourism de atomkeller museum atomkeller museum de haigerloch germany atomic 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China","description":"attract china llc is an american tourism company that helps us businesses promote their hotel s restaurant s retail store s attractions andeals to chinese tourists the fastest growing and highest spending tourism tourist segment in the us through web portal digital platforms and printed map guides attract chinalso markets to chinese college students who comprised the largest segment oforeign students attending the top uschools hosting international student s during the academic term academic year attract china is headquartered in boston massachusetts and operates a chinese language chinese language website in beijing china history attract china headquartered in boston mand with operations in beijing china was co founded by evan saunders and sam goodman in saunderserves as the attract china s ceo and goodman is president of the company operations attract china is focused on connecting american businesses including hotels restaurants retailers and attractions with 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carlton hotel the ritz carlton mandarin oriental hotel group sonesta collection westin hotels westin hotels and resortstuart weitzman samsonite and premium outlets products xiao yao daonline portal xiao yao dao which translates to the gateway for getaway is a china based chinese language chinese language destination web portal operated by attract china the portal provides chinese tourists with travel information about hotels restaurants retailers attractions and special deals in the us chinese language maps attract china creates and provides maps in chinese language chinese for each american city in which it operates the passport sized foldout maps featurestaurants tours attractionshopservices and more along with a map of the city and its public transit system category american companiestablished in category retail companiestablished in category travel and holiday companies of the united states category companies based in boston category city 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american businesses including hotels_restaurants retailers attractions independent chinese travelers fastest_growing highest spending tourist segment us digital platforms guides standard chinese mandarin attract markets chinese college_students comprised largest segment oforeign students attending top hosting international students academic year attract china initially operated seven us markets including new_york boston las_vegas los_angeles california los_angeles cand san_francisco_california san_francisco company expanded seattle_washington seattle chicago_illinois chicago hawaii also company_announced_plans add five markets thend year attract chinese_language website beijing china company generates revenue advertising advertisements placed various marketing vehicles client brand clients attract china currently works clients inorth_america including ritz carlton hotel ritz carlton mandarin oriental hotel_group collection westin hotels westin hotels premium outlets products portal translates gateway getaway china based chinese_language chinese_language destination web portal operated attract china portal provides chinese tourists travel_information hotels_restaurants retailers attractions special deals us chinese_language maps attract china creates provides maps chinese_language chinese american city operates passport sized maps tours along map city public transit system category_american companiestablished category retail companiestablished category_travel holiday_companies united_states category_companies_based boston category_city_guides"},{"title":"Automat","description":"file stollwerckautomatenrestaurant jpg thumb right px the first automat leipziger strasse berlin germany max sielaff bernardo friese grandson of max sielaff an automat is a fast food restaurant where simple foods andrink are served by vending machines the world s first automat was named quisisana which opened in berlin germany in by country the first automat in the world was the quisisanautomat which opened in berlin germany file bundesarchiv bild berlin alexanderplatz automatenrestaurant nachtjpg an automat in berlin germany japan in japan in addition to regular vending machines japan vending machines which sell prepared food many restaurants also use food ticket machineshokkenki where one purchases a meal ticket from a vending machine then presents the ticketo a server who then prepares and serves the meal see ja file ikea bistro ticket vending machine alljpg wikipedia in japanese for an example conveyor belt sushi restaurants are also popular netherlands file automat jpg thumb a febo snack bar in amsterdam the netherlands dutch automats provide a variety of dutch cuisine fast food typical dutch fried fast food such as frikandelen and croquette s but also hamburgers and sandwiches in vending machines that are back loaded from a kitchen their automat is called an vending machinetherlands automatiek febo is the best known chain of dutch automat snackbarsome outlets are open hours a day and are popular with locals and those leaving clubs and bars late at nighthe dutch concept has been successfully exported overseaspain file snackomatic walljpg thumb left automatic restaurant with automats in university jaume i of castell n in spain spain one can also find the typical dutch automat machines for example a complete automatic restaurant is installed in a university jaume i of castell n freshealthy hot plates are sold from the hot food vending machines the cold versions provide freshly made salads united states concept file horn hardart automatjpg thumb px a horn hardart postcard explaining how food waserved in an automat c s originally the machines in us automats took only nickel united states coinickels in the original format a cashier sat in a change booth in the center of the restaurant behind a wide marble counter with five to eight roundedepressions the diner would inserthe required number of coins in a machine and then lift a window hinged athe top and remove the meal usually wrapped in waxed paper the machines wereplenished from the kitchen behind all or most new york automats had a cafeteria style steam table where patrons could slide a tray along rails and choose foods which were ladle spoon ladled from tureen s the first automat in the us was opened june at chestnut st in philadelphia by horn hardart horn hardart became the most prominent american automat chain horn hardart automath ave between th sts th street new york city signs th to nd street inspired by automat restaurants in berlin they became among the first restaurants and the first non europeans to receive patented vending machines fromax sielaff s automat gesellschaft mit beschr nkter haftungmbh berlin factory creators of the first chocolate bar vending machine automat restaurants automat gmbh spenerstrasse berlinw trade catalogs and pamphlets oclc the automat was broughto new york city in and gradually became part of popular culture inorthern industrial cities the automats were popular with a wide variety of patrons including walter winchell irving berlin and other celebrities of thera the new york automats were popular with unemployed songwriters and actors playwright neil simon called automats the maxim s paris maxim s of the disenfranchised in article decline the format was threatened by the arrival ofast food served over the counter and with more payment flexibility than traditional automats in the s the automats remaining appeal in their core urban markets wastrictly nostalgia nostalgic another contributing factor to their demise was inflation of the s making the food too expensive to be bought conveniently with coins in a time before bill acceptors commonly appeared on vending equipment at one time there were horn hardart automats inew york city alone the last one closed in horn and hardart converted most of its new york city locations to burger king s athe time the quality of the food was described by some customers as on the decline in an attempto bring back automats inew york city a company called bamn opened a new east village manhattan east village dutch style automat store in but it closed in the shutter felled bamn to become baoguetteater ny a second attempto bring back automats to the united states is eatsa which offers quinoa basedishes file automat by berenice abbott in jpg an automat in manhattanew york city in file bamn automatpng a modern automat in manhattan s east village manhattan east village file horn hardart automat new york city th streetjpg automat sixth avenue new york city showing areas for beverages and pies at right of dining area rail transport a form of the automat was used on some passenger train s the great western railway in the united kingdom announced plans in december to introduce automat buffet car s plans were delayed by impending british rail nationalisation inationalisation and an automat was finally introduced on the cambrian coast express in the united states the pennsylvania railroad introduced an automat between pennsylvania stationew york city pennsylvania stationew york city and union station washington dc union station washington dc in southern pacific transportation company southern pacific railroad introduced automat buffet car s on the coast daylight sp train coast daylight and sunset limited in amtrak converted four buffet cars to automats in for use on the auto train the last one in use in the united states was on the short lived lake country limited in switzerland bodensee toggenburg railway bodensee toggenburg bahn introduced automat buffet cars in see also automated retail automated retailing conveyor belt sushi eatsa febo fulline vending references furthereading the last automat by james t farrell new york magazinew york may automatenrestaurant qusisana mariahilfer stra e im viennaustria from pohanka reinhard sinalco epoche kenne ich externalinks in praise of the automat slideshow by life magazine sielaff automaten berlin max 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locals leaving clubs bars late_nighthe dutch concept successfully file thumb left automatic restaurant automats university n spain spain one also find typical dutch automat machines example complete automatic restaurant installed university n hot plates sold hot food vending_machines cold versions provide freshly made salads united_states concept file horn_hardart thumb px horn_hardart postcard explaining food waserved automat c originally machines us automats took united_states original format sat change booth center restaurant behind wide marble counter five eight diner would required number coins machine lift window athe_top remove meal usually wrapped paper machines kitchen behind new_york automats cafeteria style steam table patrons could slide tray along choose foods spoon first automat us opened june chestnut st philadelphia horn_hardart horn_hardart became prominent american automat chain horn_hardart ave th sts th_street new_york city signs th_street inspired automat restaurants berlin became among first restaurants first non europeans receive patented vending_machines sielaff automat gesellschaft mit berlin factory creators first chocolate bar vending machine automat restaurants automat gmbh trade pamphlets oclc automat broughto new_york city gradually became part popular_culture inorthern industrial cities automats popular wide_variety patrons including walter irving berlin celebrities thera new_york automats popular unemployed actors playwright neil simon called automats paris article decline format threatened arrival ofast_food_served counter payment flexibility traditional automats automats remaining appeal core urban markets nostalgia nostalgic another contributing factor inflation making food expensive bought coins time bill commonly appeared vending equipment one_time horn_hardart automats inew_york_city alone last one closed horn_hardart converted new_york city locations burger_king athe_time quality food described customers decline attempto bring back automats inew_york_city company_called opened new east village manhattan east village dutch style automat store closed become second attempto bring back automats united_states offers file automat abbott jpg automat manhattanew york_city file modern automat manhattan east village manhattan east village file horn_hardart automat new_york city th_streetjpg automat sixth avenue new_york city showing areas beverages pies right dining area rail_transport form automat used passenger train great western railway united_kingdom announced_plans december introduce automat buffet car plans delayed british rail automat finally introduced coast express united_states pennsylvania railroad introduced automat pennsylvania york_city pennsylvania york_city union station washington union station washington southern pacific transportation company southern pacific railroad introduced automat buffet car coast daylight train coast daylight sunset limited converted four buffet cars automats use auto train last one use united_states short_lived lake country limited switzerland bodensee railway bodensee bahn introduced automat buffet cars see_also automated retail automated retailing belt sushi vending references_furthereading last automat james farrell new_york magazinew york may stra e viennaustria externalinks praise automat life_magazine sielaff berlin max sielaff automat inventor website used new automats united_states day athe automat horn_hardart european automats token k street restaurants trade pamphlets oclc automat restaurants years_ago stockholm blog category_fast_food_restaurants_category_types restaurants_category vending de"},{"title":"Automated restaurant","description":"automated restaurant orobotic restaurant is a restauranthat uses robot s to do tasksuch as delivering food andrinks to the tables and or to cook the food restaurant automation means the use of restaurant management system to automate the major operations of a restaurant establishment even in thearly s a number of restaurantserved foodsolely through vending machines called automats or in japan shokkenki customers ordered their foods directly through the machines morecently restaurants are opening that have completely or partially automated their services these may include taking of orders preparing ofood serving and billing a few fully automated restaurants operate without any human intervention whatsoeverobots are designed to help and sometimes replacemployment human labour such as waiter s and chef s automation of restaurants also allows the option for greater customization of an order automated restaurants have been opening in many countries examples include fritz s railroad restaurant in kansas city missouri fritz s railroad restaurant v topna railway restaurant a franchise of various restaurants and coffeehouses in czech republic model train delivers restaurant drinks bagger s restaurant inurembergermany fully automated restaurant opens in germany fua men restaurant a 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post natal time period that ispent with parent and child the term has evolved with time to indicate a vacation period sheila kitzinger was the first person to printhe term babymoon in describing the honeymoon like phase of parenting immediately after giving birthe term took on a separate cultural meaning in thearly s when celebrity couples trips during their pregnancies were dubbed babymoons by pop culture pop culture magazines the term was picked up by travel agencies and bloggers to describe the lastriparents will take sans child in the term wasolidified as a cultural phenomenon when the babymoon film the babymoon was written andeveloped by bailey kobe as a feature length film and iseto be released february the portmanteau of honeymoon and baby has been around since thearly s its first print is traced to and it began to gain slightraction when used as a marketing tool in for a luxury resort pop culture many celebrities are indulging in the babymoon vacation taking both luxurious and low key trips to far off destinations all over the world pop culture icons william duke of cambridge catherine duchess of cambridge took a babymoon vacation to mustique in and once again babymooneduring their second pregnancy with a trip to scotland at balmoral castle celebrity couples kim kardashiand kanye west went on their first babymoon to paris in followed by several mini vacations in the babymoon trend expanded in bollywood when several celebrity couples including saif ali khand kareena kapoor khan publicly took babymoon vacations and shared them with entertainment newsources a film abouthe trend islated forelease in the babymoon is the first fullength feature film about babymoon cultural phenomena written andirected by bailey kobe it is the first film that explored the idea of taking a romantic vacation in the middle of pregnancy and whathe impact of that vacation is on the relationship of the parents unplanned birth in kim and fred spratt of jacksonew jersey took a babymoon vacation to portugal withe full medical clearance of their physician tragedy struck when kim pre maturely gave birth to twins hudson and hayden spratt only one twin survived and kim and fred were stranded in portugal until hayden spratthe surviving twin was able to be flown back to the united states on a medical flight withe outbreak of zika in the center for disease control cdc released a statement in january cautioning potential babymoon travelers the threat is continuing to be monitored by the cdc with updates being posted on their website references category types of tourism category types of 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since_thearly first print traced began gain used marketing tool luxury resort pop_culture many celebrities babymoon vacation taking luxurious low key trips far destinations world pop_culture william duke cambridge catherine cambridge took babymoon vacation second pregnancy trip scotland castle celebrity couples kim west went first babymoon paris followed several mini vacations babymoon trend expanded several celebrity couples including ali khand khan publicly took babymoon vacations shared entertainment film abouthe trend babymoon first fullength feature film babymoon cultural phenomena written andirected bailey kobe first film explored idea taking romantic vacation middle pregnancy whathe impact vacation relationship parents birth kim fred jersey took babymoon vacation portugal withe full medical clearance physician tragedy struck kim pre gave birth twins hudson hayden one twin survived kim fred stranded portugal hayden surviving twin able flown back united_states medical flight withe outbreak center disease control cdc released statement january potential babymoon travelers threat continuing monitored cdc updates posted website references_category types tourism_category_types travel"},{"title":"Backpacking (travel)","description":"backpacker file urban backpackingjpg thumb px two denmark danish backpackers in front of the vienna state opera in july file berghaus vulcanjpg thumb px a large internal frame backpacks for outdoor activities backpacking is a form of low cost independentravel it includes the use of a backpack that is easily carried for long distances or long periods of time the use of public transport inexpensive lodging such as youthostel s often a longer duration of the trip when compared with conventional vacations and often an interest in meeting locals as well aseeing sights backpacking may include backpacking wilderness adventures local travel and travel to nearby countries while working from the country in which they are based the definition of a backpacker has evolved as travellers from different culture s and regions participate a paper said backpackers constituted a heterogeneous group with respecto the diversity of rationales and meanings attached to their travel experiences they also displayed a common commitmento a non institutionalised form of travel which was central to their self identification as backpackers backpacking as a lifestyle and as a business has grown considerably in the s as a result of low cost airlines and hostels or budget accommodations in many parts of the world visa laws in many countriesuch as ireland australia canada new zealand the united kingdom enable backpackers with restricted visas to work and supporthemselves while they are in those countrieseventeenth century italian adventurer gemelli careri giovanni francesco gemelli careri has been suggested as one of the world s first backpackers while people have travelled for hundreds of years witheir possessions on their backs the modern concept of backpacking can be traced at least partially to the hippie trail of the s and s which in turn followed sections of the old silk road some backpackers follow the same trail today over the past few decades backpackers have descended on south east asia in huge numbers with popular thaislands and several previously sleepy towns in thailand cambodiand laos being transformed by the influx of travellers backpacking in europe south america central americaustraliand new zealand has also become more popular and there are several well trodden routes around the world that backpackers tend to stick to technological developments and improvements have contributed to changes in backpacking traditionally backpackers did notravel with expensivelectronic equipment like laptop computers digital cameras and pda s because of concerns aboutheft damage and additionaluggage weight however the desire to stay connected coupled with breakthroughs in lightweight electronics has given rise to a trend that has been termed flashpacking backpackers have traditionally hauled their possessions in litre to litre backpacks but roller wheeled suitcases and some less traditional carrying methods have become more common and there has been a trend towards keeping pack weights under the kg carry on limit of most airlines of importance to some backpackers is a sense of authenticity philosophy authenticity backpacking is perceived as being more than a tourism holiday but a means of education backpackers wanto experience the real destination rather than the packaged version often associated with mass tourism whichas led to the assertion that backpackers are anti tourist for manyoung people inorthern europe australia new zealand israel backpacking is a rite of passage in canada it is quite common for gap year students to visit europe backpackers are less commonly from china india the united states japand south korea particularly when taking into accountheir large populations accounted for by visa restrictions but it is also gradually becoming more popular among affluent people from those countries backpacking trips were traditionally undertaken either in a gap year between high school and university or between the latter and the commencement of work however the average of backpackers has gradually increased over time and it is common for people in their s and older to backpack during an extended career break some retirees enjoy backpacking criticism backpacking has been criticised with some criticism dating back to travellers behaviour along the hippie trail for example the host countries and other travellers may disagree withe actions of backpackers however the perception of backpackerseems to have improved as backpacking has become more mainstream another criticism is that even though one of the primary aims of backpacking is to seek the authentic the majority of backpackerspend most of their time interacting with other backpackers and interactions with locals are of secondary importance planning and research planning and research can be an important part of backpacking aided by such guides from companies like lonely planet and rough guides books by travel authorsuch as rick steves and various digital and online resourcesuch as wikivoyage resources provide information about such topics as the language culture food and history provide listings of accommodation and places to eatogether with maps of key locations digital format guidebooks are becoming more popular especially since the advent of smart phones and lightweight netbooks and laptops terms used to describe backpacking with more money and resources include flashpacking a combination oflash as in fancy with backpacking and poshpacking a combination of posh an informal adjective for upper class and backpacking a trendubbed begpacking combining begging and backpacking arose in the mid s where travelersupportheir travels by begging on the street and fundraising online the trend has drawn criticism for taking money away from people in actual need see also adventure travel grand tour hostelling international walking tour travel pack externalinks category backpacking categoryouthostelling category 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different culture regions participate paper said backpackers constituted group respecto diversity meanings attached travel experiences also displayed common commitmento non form travel central self identification backpackers backpacking lifestyle business grown considerably result low_cost airlines hostels budget accommodations many_parts world visa laws many_countriesuch ireland australia canada new_zealand united_kingdom enable backpackers restricted visas work century italian adventurer giovanni francesco suggested one world first backpackers people travelled hundreds years witheir backs modern concept backpacking traced least partially hippie_trail turn followed sections old silk road backpackers follow trail today past decades backpackers descended south_east_asia huge numbers popular several previously towns thailand cambodiand laos transformed influx travellers backpacking europe south_america central new_zealand also become_popular several well routes around world backpackers tend stick technological developments improvements contributed changes backpacking traditionally backpackers equipment like laptop computers digital cameras concerns damage weight however desire stay connected coupled lightweight given rise trend termed flashpacking backpackers traditionally roller less traditional carrying methods become common trend towards keeping pack carry limit airlines importance backpackers sense authenticity philosophy authenticity backpacking perceived tourism holiday means education backpackers wanto experience real destination rather packaged version often associated mass_tourism whichas led backpackers anti tourist people inorthern europe australia new_zealand israel backpacking rite passage canada quite common gap year students visit europe backpackers less_commonly china india united_states japand south_korea particularly taking large populations accounted visa restrictions also gradually becoming popular_among affluent people countries backpacking trips traditionally undertaken either gap year high_school university latter work however average backpackers gradually increased time common people older backpack extended career break enjoy backpacking criticism backpacking criticised criticism dating_back travellers behaviour along hippie_trail example host countries travellers may disagree withe actions backpackers however perception improved backpacking become mainstream another criticism even_though one primary aims backpacking seek authentic majority time interacting backpackers interactions locals secondary importance planning research planning research important_part backpacking aided guides companies like lonely_planet rough_guides books travel authorsuch rick steves various digital online wikivoyage resources provide_information topics language culture food history provide listings accommodation places maps key locations digital format guidebooks becoming popular especially since advent smart phones lightweight terms used describe backpacking money resources include flashpacking combination fancy backpacking combination informal upper_class backpacking combining backpacking arose mid travels street fundraising online trend drawn criticism taking money away people actual need see_also adventure_travel grand_tour hostelling_international walking_tour travel pack externalinks_category_backpacking categoryouthostelling_category hitchhiking"},{"title":"Baedeker","description":"image baedekergb png thumb right upright baedeker s great britain guide for is typical of most of the different country guides produced verlag karl baedeker founded by karl baedeker on july is a german publisher and pioneer in the business of worldwide travel guide s the guides often referred to simply as baedeker guides baedekers a term sometimes used to refer to similar works from other publishers or travel guides in general contain among other things maps and introductions information about routes and travel facilities andescriptions of noteworthy buildingsights attractions and museums written by specialists history karl baedeker karl baedeker see article had three sons ernst karl and fritz and after his death each in turn dictated by events took over the running of the firm ernst baedeker following the death of karl baedeker his eldest son ernst baedeker became thead of the firm after his training as a bookseller in braunschweig leipzig and stuttgart he had spent some time athenglish publishing house williams norgate in london new year s day he had joined his father s publishing firm as a partner and justen months later he was running it on his own his tenure athelm of the firm saw the publication of three new travel guides in viz the first baedeker travel guide in english the handbook on the rhine from switzerland to holland a guide in german on italy ober italien the first of a series on italy whichis father had planned and one in french alson italy italie septentrionalernst baedeker died unexpectedly on july of sunstroke in egypt and his younger brother karl assumed charge of the publishing house karl baedeker ii karl baedeker ii continued the work started by his brothernst in addition to the ongoing revision of existinguides he published new guides four in german seven in english and three in french viz new german titles london italien zweiter teil mittel italien und rom italien dritter teil unter italien sizilien undie liparischen inselnew english titleswitzerland paris central italy and rome southern italy including sicily the lipary islandsouthern germany and the austrian empire northern italy as far as leghorn florence and anconand the island of corsica new french titles paris londres l itale deuxi me partie l italie centralet rome l italie troisi me partie l italie du sud la sicillet les lipari karl baedeker ii worked withis younger brother fritz who joined the firm in as a partner and became the general manager in according to the source cited here karl afflicted with an incurable mental condition moved to a sanatorium near esslingen am neckar where he remained for the rest of his life fritz baedeker under fritz baedeker the company grew rapidly in the baedeker bookselling business wasold in he moved the company s headquarters from koblenz to leipzig a major move forward as most of the reputable major german publishing houses were located there he also persuadeduard wagner the baedeker cartographer in darmstadto move to leipzig and establish a new company with ernst debes a talented cartographer from justus perthes a leading cartography firm in gotha the new company was named wagner andebes with offices adjacento the new baedeker address herbert warren wind the author of the house of baedeker wrote file schweiz karte baedeker jpg thumb right map of switzerland published in a baedeker travel guide he added michael wild the baedeker chroniclerefers to the baedeker maps as a feast for theye thexpansion was fast and furious new editions were now printed by severaleipzig printers buthe bulk of the reviseditions of pre guides continued to be printed where all baedeker guides had been produced before the gd baedeker printing works in essen fritz ventured into territory none of his predecessors had covered before inside and outsideuropeg russia swedenorway palestine syria egypt greece the mediterranean usa canada indiand south east asia plans to publish guides on chinand japan had to be abandoned when war broke out in at home the list of guides on german regions and cities continued to grow his was the golden age of baedeker travel guides fritz also had the good fortune to have three of his four sons hans ernst andietrich beside him in the firm as editors and writers karl baedeker scientist karl baedeker iii the fourth son entered academiand rose to become a professor of physics athe university of jena but he was killed in action athe battle of li ge in august it was hison karl friedrich who revived verlag karl baedeker after the second world war during his reign which lasted over years fritz produced new baedekers as they came to be known universally the baedeker travel guides became so popular that baedekering became an english language term for the purpose of traveling in a country to write a travel guide or travelogue about it fritz baedeker became the most successful travel guide publisher of all time and turned the publishing house into the most famous and reputable publisher of travel guides in the world in leipzig university conferred an honorary phd a rare honour athe time on him at its th anniversary convocation this era in its history was broughto an end by the outbreak of world war i after which the house of baedeker went into decline the victim of the post war international geopolitical and economiconditions consequently in fritz broke with tradition and for some time thereafter baedeker guides to german cities and regions carried a limited amount of advertising fritz baedeker s released guidebooks in german from to and in english from to twelve french titles were published between and hans baedeker hans baedeker theldest son ofritz baedeker took charge of the company in difficultimes his two brothers ernst andietrich were withim running the company the firm had lost heavily by investing in government bonds during the first world war the war had not only wreaked havoc on tourism it had also resulted in anti german sentiments around the world particularly in americand france where the guidebooks had been very popular and from where tourists had come in droves rising inflation too played its part in affecting tourism and the balance sheet of the publishing house the great depression put paid to any hopes of an early recovery in its fortunes the arrival of nazismade things even worse for anything connected with tourism for the baedeker publishing house it culminated in the destruction of their headquarters in leipzig with totaloss of the firm s archives in thearly hours of december when britain s royal air force bombarded the city see also baedeker blitz for baedekeraids hans was extremely proud of whathe baedeker clan had achieved and not one to give up trying to revive the firm he received a loan from allen unwin the london publishing house which represented baedeker in britain and continued to do whatever he could to rejuvenate the firm at home on july hans celebrated the centenary of its foundation by holding a reception athe leipzig harmonie a popular venue for such events the firm did make some progress and he managed to produce twelve new titles in germand five in english though these included those commissioned by the nazi regime he also published the one volumeighth and revised german edition of egypt and in its eighth english edition which many travel guidebooks connoisseurs and collectors consider to be the two finest baedeker travel guides ever published hans baedeker s released guidebooks in german between and several were commissioned by the nazis who had been vetting baedeker guides proposing and effecting changes in the text as they saw fit and laying down to whom certain guides could be sold baedeker wasked to publish a guidebook for the german army of occupation in poland withistory written as the nazis wished ito be written as the introduction to the book das generalgouvernement reveals the leipzig was the first post world war ii baedeker and the last one to be published in leipzig which was now in the russian zone the russians had not granted baedeker a publishing licence hans got round this by having copies printed by the bibliographisches institut however after some copies had been sold the russiansaid the guidebook contained military secrets in the form of a map showing the site of their kommandant urand confiscated the remaining copies new english titles during this time were s tyrol and the dolomites the riviera including south eastern france and corsican edition of germany for the summer olympics olympic games and s madeira canary islands azores western morocco history since karl friedrich baedeker karl friedrich baedeker was the son of karl baedeker scientist karl baedeker iii who was killed in action athe battle of li ge in he had worked as an editor athe firm before the outbreak of the second world war during the war he saw active service and rose to the rank of captain towards the closing stages of the war he was taken prisoner in austria by the americans after the war he moved to malente gremsm hlen in schleswig holstein where his wife and sister were living and which was in the british zone here he worked in local government untilatterly sorting outhe schleswig holstein archives when he decided to revive the family publishing business under the name of karl baedeker his uncle hans hadecided to stay on in leipzig which was now under the jurisdiction of the russians who had not granted him a publishing licence however they were very close and karl couldraw on his uncle s experience to gethings going even before the outbreak of war hans used to tell him some american british and german publishers had tried hard to buy the baedeker name which wastill a world brand thinking that karl friedrich would be only too pleased to sell however as he said to herbert warren wind in december he published his first offering copies of schleswig holstein this was printed in gl ckstadt near hamburg and contained some advertising to balance the books as did some of his other contemperaneous titles allen unwin the london publisher once again helped the baedeker firm with another loand he published more city and regional guides in the years that followed in karl friedrich and oskar steinheil a pre war baedeker editor signed an agreement with shell ag the subsidiary of royal dutch shell and kurt mair the german printer and publisher based in stuttgarto produce a series of motoringuides baedeker would provide the text and mair the finished producthe baedeker autof hrer verlag stuttgart was born the slim guides called baedeker shell guides were designed to fit into a man s jacket pocket or in the glove compartment of a car the first ones covered germany and were a huge success guides on other european countries followed in both germand english karl friedrich was now operating on two fronts he continued to produce city and regional guides fromalente and withe publication of his berlin guide in german english and french the baedeker brand had been well and truly restablished florian his only son was by hiside and his cousin hans the son of his uncle dietrich was engaged in producing the motoringuides from stuttgart dietrich s other son otto also helped run the firm until when he lefto join another publishing house in karl friedrich moved his field of operations fromalente to freiburg im breisgau in the stuttgart operation moved tostfildern kemnat in thesslingen district of esslingen where volkmar mair the son of kurt mair was now in charge withe rise of air travel in the s and s baedeker entered a new era in the first post war international guidebook appeared financed largely by the german airline lufthansa the voluminous page baedekers usa in german whichad the look of traditional pre war baedekers florian baedeker florian baedeker the only son of karl friedrich baedeker succeeded him when he died in after completing histudies in munich in he hadevoted himself to matters relating to book publishing under the guidance of his father and had helped him withe preparation of the munich guide released for the munich olympic games florian also carried out most of the work involved in preparing the city guides titled baden constance strasbourg and wiesbaden published in the mid s he also produced several short city guides basel the switzerland swiss city which was first covered in a baedeker guidebook by karl baedeker himself in his most celebrated guidebook schweiz first published in was the title oflorian s own guide published in it is considered by many to be one of his best city guides florian baedeker a keen parachute jumper was killed in a parachuting accident on october he was eva baedeker following the death oflorian his mother karl friedrich s widow eva baedeker n e konitz piloted the firm until she died in she was the last baedeker to play an active role in running the baedeker publishing house founded in and negotiated the sale of the freiburg branch to langenscheidt before she died however the karl baedeker brand name has been retained by all subsequent owners of the company in one form or another since baedeker travel guides have appeared as baedeker allianz reisef hrer travel guides published in collaboration withe german insurance group allianz multi coloured with copious illustrations and in many languages they now cover most of the popular tourist destinations in the world over guides have been published already and the list keeps growing as well as the number of languages in which they are published in britain the guides have been published in collaboration withe british automobile association the aand in the usa by macmillan travel a simon schuster macmillan company the freiburg baedeker branch was acquired by the german publisher langenscheidt following the death of eva baedeker in both baedeker branches the langenscheidt operation in freiburg and the baedeker autof hrer verlag in stuttgart operated by the mairs publishingroup were merged and housed together in ostfildern kemnat as karl baedeker gmbh with a branch in munich the ownership of the new venture wasplit down the middle between langenscheidt and mairs in mairs geographischer verlag now known as became the owner of verlag karl baedeker along with all rights attached to karl baedeker s name and firm the new english baedekers produced by mairdumont dispensed withe allianz logo in the title withe german editions doing the same in this marked the beginning of a new era in the appearance and content of modern baedekers under the catchphrase wissen ffnet welten knowledge opens worlds the previous german editions had four main sections background tours destinations from a to z and practical information from a to z mairdumont added a fifth section in each guidebook entitled erleben und geniessen experience and enjoy these new baedeker guides were the first such guidebooks to incorporate infographic s baedeker english editions from the outset karl baedekerecognised the importance of publishing his guides in english as well hison ernst had worked in london before joining verlag baedeker in and was entrusted withe task of preparing the first baedeker in english the rhine appeared in james and findlay muirhead the scottish brothers james francis muirhead and findlay muirhead played a significant role in popularising thenglish guidebooks worldwide james thelder brother had been taken on as editor of thenglish editions by fritz baedeker in at age findlay joined him later as joint editor they weresponsible for all the baedeker editions in english for almost fortyears james findlay is given the credit for two thirds of the content in the canada guidebook first published in the canada guide is the sole classic baedeker to have been published only in english james muirhead s worked on thedition of the united states which ran to four editions while he was withe firm herbert warren wind wrote it had taken james muirhead two and a half years to research and write the united states in the preface to the united states the publishers acknowledged muirhead s work in producing the travel guide the page fourth edition published included excursions to cuba puerto rico and alaska in addition to mexico after the first world war findlay launched his own series of the famous blue guide s published in london by ernest benn his brother joined him in the venture shortly afterwards hermann augustine piehler hermann augustine piehler better known as ha piehler in the publishing world was an englishman of german descent who became the chief editor of thenglish editions after the muirheads left during histudent days karl friedrich baedeker had spent a year in england had lived with piehler at his london residence in when karl friedrich decided to restablish the baedeker firm in malente british zone in germany his publishing licence was endorsed by piehler who was then a colonel in british intelligence and thead of the books and publications division in the district upon his return to england piehler continuediting thenglish guides well into his eighties in the meantime his brother had been editing the new baedeker london guide the baedekers acknowledged the commitment of the muirheads and piehler to their firm and the contribution they had made to the success of verlag karl baedeker see also karl baedeker list of baedeker guides furthereading externalinks baedeker bdkrcom a resource for collectors category book publishing companies of germany category publishing companies of germany category travel guide 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publishers travel_guides general contain among things maps introductions information routes travel facilities noteworthy attractions museums written specialists history karl_baedeker karl_baedeker see article three sons ernst karl fritz death turn events took running firm ernst baedeker following death karl_baedeker son ernst baedeker became thead firm training leipzig stuttgart spent time publishing_house williams london new year day joined father publishing firm partner months_later running tenure firm saw publication three new travel_guides viz first baedeker travel_guide english handbook rhine switzerland holland guide german italy italien first series italy father planned one french alson italy italie baedeker died unexpectedly july egypt younger brother karl assumed charge publishing_house karl_baedeker ii karl_baedeker ii continued work started addition ongoing revision published new guides four german seven english three french viz new german titles london italien italien und rom italien italien undie english paris central italy rome southern italy including sicily germany austrian empire northern_italy far florence island corsica new french titles paris londres l partie l italie rome l italie partie l italie sud la les karl_baedeker ii worked withis younger brother fritz joined firm partner became general_manager according source cited karl mental condition moved near remained rest life fritz baedeker fritz baedeker company grew rapidly baedeker business wasold moved company headquarters leipzig major move forward major german publishing_houses located also wagner baedeker cartographer move leipzig establish new_company ernst talented cartographer leading firm new_company named wagner offices adjacento new baedeker address herbert warren wind author house baedeker wrote file schweiz baedeker jpg thumb right map switzerland published baedeker travel_guide added michael wild baedeker baedeker maps feast thexpansion fast new editions printed printers buthe bulk reviseditions pre guides continued printed baedeker_guides produced baedeker printing works fritz ventured territory none predecessors covered inside russia palestine syria egypt greece mediterranean usa canada indiand south_east_asia plans publish guides chinand japan abandoned war broke home list guides german regions cities continued grow golden_age baedeker travel_guides fritz also good fortune three four sons hans ernst beside firm editors writers karl_baedeker scientist karl_baedeker iii fourth son entered rose become professor physics athe_university killed action athe battle august hison karl_friedrich revived verlag karl_baedeker second_world_war reign lasted years fritz produced new baedekers came known universally baedeker travel_guides became_popular became english_language term purpose traveling country write travel_guide travelogue fritz baedeker became successful travel_guide publisher time turned publishing_house famous publisher travel_guides world leipzig university conferred honorary phd rare honour athe_time th_anniversary era history broughto end outbreak world_war house baedeker went decline victim post_war international economiconditions consequently fritz broke tradition time thereafter baedeker_guides german cities regions carried limited amount advertising fritz baedeker released guidebooks german english twelve french titles published hans baedeker hans baedeker son baedeker took charge company two brothers ernst withim running company firm lost heavily investing government bonds first_world_war war_tourism_also resulted anti german around world particularly americand france guidebooks popular_tourists come rising inflation played part affecting tourism balance sheet publishing_house great_depression put paid hopes early recovery arrival things even worse anything connected tourism baedeker publishing_house destruction headquarters leipzig firm archives thearly hours december britain royal air_force city see_also baedeker blitz hans extremely proud whathe baedeker achieved one give trying revive firm received loan allen unwin london publishing_house represented baedeker britain continued whatever could firm home july hans celebrated centenary foundation holding reception athe leipzig popular venue events firm make progress managed produce twelve new titles germand five english though included commissioned nazi regime also_published one revised german edition egypt eighth english edition many travel_guidebooks collectors consider two finest baedeker travel_guides ever published hans baedeker released guidebooks german several commissioned nazis baedeker_guides proposing changes text saw fit laying certain guides could sold baedeker wasked publish guidebook german army occupation poland written nazis wished ito written introduction book das reveals leipzig first post world_war ii baedeker last one published leipzig russian zone russians granted baedeker publishing licence hans got round copies printed institut however copies sold guidebook contained military secrets form map showing site confiscated remaining copies new english titles time tyrol riviera including south_eastern france edition germany summer olympics olympic games madeira canary islands azores western morocco history since karl_friedrich baedeker karl_friedrich baedeker son karl_baedeker scientist karl_baedeker iii killed action athe battle worked editor athe firm outbreak second_world_war war saw active service rose rank captain towards closing stages war taken prisoner austria americans war moved holstein wife sister living british zone worked local_government outhe holstein archives decided revive family publishing business name karl_baedeker uncle hans stay leipzig jurisdiction russians granted publishing licence however close karl uncle experience going even outbreak war hans used tell american british german publishers tried hard buy baedeker name wastill world brand thinking karl_friedrich would pleased sell however said herbert warren wind december published first offering copies holstein printed near hamburg contained advertising balance books titles allen unwin london publisher helped baedeker firm another published city regional guides years followed karl_friedrich pre_war baedeker editor signed agreement shell subsidiary royal dutch shell kurt mair german printer publisher based produce series baedeker would provide text mair finished baedeker hrer verlag stuttgart born guides called baedeker shell guides designed fit man jacket pocket compartment car first ones covered germany huge success guides european_countries followed germand english karl_friedrich operating two fronts continued produce city regional guides withe publication berlin guide german english french baedeker brand well truly florian son cousin hans son uncle dietrich engaged producing stuttgart dietrich son otto also helped run firm lefto join another publishing_house karl_friedrich moved field operations freiburg breisgau stuttgart operation moved district mair son kurt mair charge withe rise air_travel baedeker entered new era first post_war international guidebook appeared financed largely german airline page baedekers usa german whichad look traditional pre_war baedekers florian baedeker florian baedeker son karl_friedrich baedeker succeeded died completing histudies munich matters relating book_publishing guidance father helped withe preparation munich guide released munich olympic games florian also carried work involved preparing city_guides titled baden constance published mid also produced several short city_guides basel switzerland swiss city first covered baedeker guidebook karl_baedeker celebrated guidebook schweiz first_published title guide published considered many one best city_guides florian baedeker keen parachute killed parachuting accident october eva baedeker following death mother karl_friedrich widow eva baedeker n e firm died last baedeker play active role running baedeker publishing_house founded negotiated sale freiburg branch langenscheidt died however karl_baedeker brand_name retained subsequent owners company one form another since baedeker travel_guides appeared baedeker hrer travel_guides published collaboration withe german insurance group multi coloured illustrations many languages cover popular_tourist_destinations world guides published already list keeps growing well number languages published britain guides published collaboration withe british automobile_association usa macmillan travel simon schuster macmillan company freiburg baedeker branch acquired german publisher langenscheidt following death eva baedeker baedeker branches langenscheidt operation freiburg baedeker hrer verlag stuttgart operated publishingroup merged housed together karl_baedeker gmbh branch munich ownership new venture middle langenscheidt verlag known became owner verlag karl_baedeker along rights attached karl_baedeker name firm new english baedekers produced withe logo title withe german editions marked beginning new era appearance content modern baedekers knowledge opens worlds previous german editions four main sections background tours destinations practical_information added fifth section guidebook entitled und experience enjoy new baedeker_guides first guidebooks incorporate baedeker english editions outset karl importance publishing guides english well hison ernst worked london joining verlag baedeker withe task preparing first baedeker english rhine appeared james findlay muirhead scottish brothers james francis muirhead findlay muirhead played significant role thenglish guidebooks worldwide james brother taken editor thenglish editions fritz baedeker age findlay joined later joint editor weresponsible baedeker editions english almost fortyears james findlay given credit two_thirds content canada guidebook first_published canada guide sole classic baedeker published english james muirhead worked thedition united_states ran four editions withe firm herbert warren wind wrote taken james muirhead two half years research write united_states preface united_states publishers acknowledged muirhead work producing travel_guide page fourth_edition published included excursions cuba puerto_rico alaska addition mexico first_world_war findlay launched series famous blue_guide published london_ernest brother joined venture shortly afterwards augustine piehler augustine piehler better_known piehler publishing world englishman german descent became chief editor thenglish editions left days karl_friedrich baedeker spent year england lived piehler london residence karl_friedrich decided baedeker firm british zone germany publishing licence endorsed piehler colonel british intelligence thead books_publications division district upon return england piehler thenglish guides well brother editing new baedeker london guide baedekers acknowledged commitment piehler firm contribution made success verlag karl_baedeker see_also karl_baedeker 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ministry tourism offices new providence house george king_streets headquarters externalinks ministry tourism aviation category civil_aviation authorities inorth_america bahamas category_government ministries bahamas tourism_category_tourisministries"},{"title":"Baker","description":"file the baker circa by job adriaensz berckheyde img jpg thumb the baker c oil on canvas painting by job adriaensz berckheyde now held by the worcester art museum image uss john c stennis bakerjpg thumb a united states navy us navy baker aboard the uss john c stennis uss john c stennis aircraft carrier moves a tray of hot freshly baked bread rolls onto a cooling rack a baker isomeone who baking bakes and sometimesalesells bread s and other products made using an oven or other concentrated heat source the place where a baker employment work s is called a bakery since grain s have been a staple food for millennia the activity of baking is a very old one control of yeast however is relatively recentwayne gisslen professional baking th ed john wiley sons p by the fifth and sixth centuries bce the ancient greek civilization ancient greeks used enclosed oven s heated by wood fires communities usually baked bread in a large communal oven greeks bakedozens and possibly hundreds of types of bread athenaeus described seventy two varieties in ancient rome several centuries later the first mass production of breads occurred and the baking profession can be said to have started athatime ancient roman bakers used honey and oil in their products creating pastries rather than breads in ancient rome bakers latin pistor were sometimeslavery in ancient rome slaves who were like other slave artisan sometimes manumission manumitted sandra r joshel work identity and legal status at rome a study of the occupational inscriptions university of oklahoma press pp large households in rome normally had their own bakersjoshel p the gauls are credited with discovering thathe addition of beer froth to breadough made welleavened bread marking the use of controlled yeast for breadoughwayne gisslen professional baking th ed john wiley sons p in medieval europe baking ovens were often separated from other buildings and sometimes located outside city wall s to mitigate the risk ofire because bread was an important staple food bakers production factor such as bolting yields ingredients and loaf sizes were heavily regulated for example henry iii of england promulgated the assize of bread and ale in subjecting all commercial bakers and brewers to various fees in order to practice their trade and imposing various regulationsuch as inspection and verification of weights and measures quality control and price control sian spencer hornsey a history of beer and brewing royal society of chemistry p soon after thenactment of the assize baking became a very stable industry and was executed much more professionally than brewing resulting in towns and villages having fewer bakers than brewers because ovens werexpensive capital investment s and required careful operation specialized bakeries opened bakers were often part of the guild system which was well established by the sixteenth century master bakers instructed apprentices and were assisted by journeymen in amsterdam in for example the cake bakers pie bakers and rusk bakerseparated from an earlier bread bakers guild and formed their own guild regulating the tradejoop witteveen rye a daily bread and a daily treat in oxford symposium on food cookery staple foods prospect p a fraternity of bakers in london existed as early as according to records of payments to thexchequer the worshipful company of bakers was formed by charters dated and the guild still exists today with mostly ceremonial and charitable functions five bakers have served as lord mayor of london john kennedy melling london s guilds and liverieshire publications p the columbian exchange which began in had a profound influence on the baking occupation access to sugar greatly increased as a result of new cultivation in the caribbeand ingredientsuch as cocoa solids cocoand chocolate became available in the old world in theighteenth century processors learned how to refine sugar from sugar beet s allowing europeans to grow sugar locally these developments led to an increase in the sophistication of baking and pastries and the development of new productsuch as puff pastries andanish dough image lankckorona piekarniajpg thumb a traditional baker in poland removes fresh bread from an oven with a long wooden peel tool peel and places it on a cooling rack two important books on bread baking were published in the s paul jacques malaouin published l art du meinier du boulanger et du vermicellier the art of the miller the bread baker and the pasta maker in and antoine augustin parmentier published le parfair boulanger the perfect bread baker in a study of thenglish city of manchester from during the industrial revolution determined that baker and shopkeeper was the third most common occupation with male bakers female bakers and eight bakers of unknown sex in the city athatimejoyce burnette gender work and wages industrial revolution britain cambridge university press p table this occupation was less common thatextile manufacture during the industrial revolution cloth manufacturer and tavern public house worker but more common than cotton spinning machinery cotton spinner merchant calico printer or grocer in the new york state assembly passed a reformist bakeshop lawhich included protections for bakery workers the law banned employees from sleeping in the bakeriespecified the drainage plumbing and maintenance necessary to keep the bakeriesanitary cat s were specifically allowed to stay on the premise presumably to deal withe rats limited the daily and weekly maximum of hours worked and established an inspectorate to make sure these conditions were met maria balinska the bagel the surprising history of a modest bread yale university press p gary r hartman roy mersky cindy l tate landmark supreme court cases the most influential decisions of the supreme court of the united states infobase p the legislation wasoon replicated in other ustate states balinska p joseph lochner a bakery owner in utica new york wasubsequently convicted of violating the law forcing his employees to work more than sixty hours a week he appealed his case to the supreme court of the united states usupreme court which decided in the highly influential case of lochner v new york over a dissent from justice oliver wendell holmes jr oliver wendell holmes thathe labor law violated a constitutional righto freedom of contract balinska p this case marked the beginning of a pro employer laissez fairera later known as the lochnera lochnera which would cast a long shadow over american law society and politics until the late s when lochner was repudiatedbalinska p frustrated withe rapideterioration of working conditions bakery workers inew york went on strike in august balinska p in roman catholichurch roman catholic tradition the patron saint of bakers and pastry chefs is honoratus of amiens honor a sixth century bishop of amiens inorthern france for whom the st honor cake is nameddeena prichep thank the patron saint of bakers for this cake today npr may lazarus of bethany lazare was originally a competitor to honor for the title of patron saint of bakers but in the th century the french bakers guild settled in favor of honor as a surname baker is an easily recognizablenglish surname of medieval occupational origin baxster is the female formgregory clark the son also risesurnames and the history of social mobility princeton university press p elsdon colesmith american surnames genealogical publishing co p equivalent family names of occupational origin meaning baker exist in other languages boulanger bulinger dufour and fournier in french surname french pfister and becker in german surname germand piekarz in polish surname polish duties and occupational hazards according to the occupational outlook handbook ooh published by the bureau of labor statistics of the united states department of labor bakers encounter a number of occupational hazard s ooh reports that bakeriespecially large manufacturing facilities are filled with potential dangersuch as hot ovens mixing machines andough cutters as a result bakers have a higherate of injuries and illnesses than the national average although their work is generally safe bakers may endure back strains caused by lifting or moving heavy bags oflour or other products other common risks include cutscrapes and burns to reduce these risks bakers often wear back supports apron s and gloves baker s asthma commonly caused by flour allergen s and the microbial enzyme s often aspergillus derived used to facilitate breadmaking is one of the common causes of occupational asthma worldwidepaul cullinan torben sigsgaard rolf merget occupational asmtha in the baking industry in asthma in the workplaceds jean luc malo moira chan yeung david i bernstein th ed crc press p comparison with pastry chef both bakers and pastry chef s make desserts and breads in some restaurants and shops a single individual serves in both roles in other environments there is a distinction between the two positions with bakers making breads rolls and muffins and pastry chefs making dessertsuch as cakes pies tarts and cookies even when both bakers and pastry chefs work in the same place however there may be overlapsimone payment careers in restaurants rosen p file work doughjpg px thumb right a rolling pin is used to work dough a variety of equipment is used by bakers including baker s peel tool peel a large flat paddleither wood or metal used to slide loaves into and out of an ovenrose levy beranbaum the bread bible w norton p rolling pin used to roll dough flour scoops used to add remove or measure flour brushes used to brush off excess flour from dough and for glazing flour mills used to mill grains may beither hand cranked or mechanical employment statistics united states according to the occupational outlook handbook published by the bureau of labor statistics of the united states department of labor there were bakers in the us in with median pay of per year or per hour about of us bakers work in stand alone bakeries or in tortilla manufacturing work in grocery store s work in restaurant s and other eating places and were self employment self employed about of us bakers worked partime in file walraversijde jpg a bakery c also used for baking hardtack s or sea biscuits file baker oslojpg a baker shop in oslo norway with a variety ofresh baked goods on display file bakery in riyadhjpg bakery in riyadh with traditional afghan bread tameesee also bagel bakers local baker percentage baker s percentage baker s yeast what bakers commonly use to make doughs rise bakers food and allied workers union bakery confectionery tobacco workers and grain millers international union bread 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concentrated heat source place baker employment work called bakery since grain staple food activity baking old one control yeast however relatively professional baking th_ed john wiley sons p fifth sixth centuries bce ancient_greek civilization ancient_greeks used enclosed oven heated wood fires communities usually baked bread large communal oven greeks possibly hundreds types bread described two varieties ancient_rome several centuries later first mass production breads occurred baking profession said started athatime ancient roman bakers used honey oil products creating pastries rather breads ancient_rome bakers latin ancient_rome slaves like slave artisan sometimes sandra r work identity legal status rome study occupational university oklahoma press_pp large households rome normally p credited discovering thathe addition beer breadough made bread marking use controlled yeast professional baking th_ed john wiley sons p medieval_europe baking ovens often separated buildings sometimes located outside city wall mitigate risk ofire bread important staple food bakers production factor yields ingredients sizes heavily regulated example henry iii england bread ale commercial bakers brewers various fees order practice trade imposing various inspection verification measures quality control price control spencer hornsey history beer brewing royal society chemistry p soon baking became stable industry executed much professionally brewing resulting towns villages fewer bakers brewers ovens capital investment required careful operation specialized bakeries opened bakers often part guild system well_established sixteenth century master bakers instructed assisted amsterdam example cake bakers pie bakers earlier bread bakers guild formed guild regulating rye daily bread daily treat oxford symposium food cookery staple foods prospect p bakers london_existed early according records payments company bakers formed charters dated guild still exists today mostly ceremonial charitable functions five bakers served lord mayor london john kennedy london guilds publications p columbian exchange began profound influence baking occupation access sugar greatly increased result new cultivation caribbeand chocolate became available old world theighteenth century learned refine sugar sugar allowing europeans grow sugar locally developments led increase sophistication baking pastries development new_productsuch pastries dough image thumb traditional baker poland fresh bread oven long wooden peel tool peel places cooling two important books bread baking published paul jacques published l art boulanger art miller bread baker pasta maker antoine published boulanger perfect bread baker study thenglish city manchester industrial_revolution determined baker third common occupation male bakers female bakers eight bakers unknown sex city gender work wages industrial_revolution britain cambridge university_press_p table occupation less_common manufacture industrial_revolution cloth manufacturer tavern public_house worker common cotton spinning machinery cotton merchant calico printer new_york state assembly passed bakeshop included protections bakery workers law banned employees sleeping plumbing maintenance necessary keep cat specifically allowed stay premise presumably deal withe rats limited daily weekly maximum hours worked established make_sure conditions met maria balinska bagel surprising history modest bread yale_university_press_p gary r roy l tate landmark supreme_court cases influential decisions supreme_court united_states p legislation wasoon ustate states balinska p joseph bakery owner new_york wasubsequently convicted violating law forcing employees work sixty hours week appealed case supreme_court united_states court decided highly influential case v new_york justice oliver holmes oliver holmes thathe labor law violated constitutional righto freedom contract balinska p case marked beginning pro employer later known would cast long shadow american law society politics late p frustrated withe working conditions bakery workers inew_york went strike august balinska p roman catholichurch roman catholic tradition patron saint bakers pastry_chefs honor sixth century bishop inorthern france st honor cake patron saint bakers cake today npr may originally competitor honor title patron saint bakers th_century french bakers guild settled favor honor surname baker easily surname medieval occupational origin female clark son also history social mobility princeton university_press_p american publishing p equivalent family names occupational origin meaning baker exist languages boulanger french surname french german surname germand polish surname polish duties occupational hazards according occupational outlook handbook published bureau labor statistics united_states department labor bakers encounter number occupational hazard reports large manufacturing facilities filled potential hot ovens mixing machines result bakers injuries illnesses national average although work generally safe bakers may endure back strains caused lifting moving heavy bags products common risks include burns reduce risks bakers often wear back supports apron gloves baker asthma commonly caused flour often derived used facilitate one common causes occupational asthma occupational baking industry asthma jean chan david th_ed crc press_p comparison pastry_chef bakers pastry_chef make desserts breads restaurants shops single individual serves roles environments distinction two positions bakers making breads rolls pastry_chefs making cakes pies cookies even bakers pastry_chefs work place however may payment careers restaurants rosen p file work px_thumb right rolling pin used work dough variety equipment used bakers including baker peel tool peel large flat wood metal used slide levy bread bible w norton p rolling pin used roll dough flour used add remove measure flour used brush excess flour dough flour mills used mill grains may beither hand mechanical employment statistics united_states according occupational outlook handbook published bureau labor statistics united_states department labor bakers us median pay_per_year per_hour us bakers work stand alone bakeries tortilla manufacturing work grocery store work restaurant eating places self employment self employed us bakers worked partime file_jpg bakery c also_used baking sea biscuits file baker baker shop oslo norway variety ofresh baked_goods display file bakery bakery traditional afghan bread also bagel bakers local baker percentage baker percentage baker yeast bakers commonly use make rise bakers food allied workers union bakery confectionery tobacco workers grain international union bread machine home make single basic bread cake shop bread process process developed make breadough lower protein england coffee cake simple cakes made everyday use breakfast list baked_goods list bakers list restauranterminology pastry_chef someone specializes making baking pastries desserts elaborate sweets p bakery specializes pastries sweets countries legal distinction baking technique sliced bread involves industrial development bread machines vienna processes steps modernization bread production white bread august austrian soldier started bakery paris introduced steam ovens pastries category artisans category baking category chefs category_food_services occupations_category_restauranterminology category culinary terminology"},{"title":"Bakery","description":"image bake on mahne yehudajpg thumb right bakery in mahane yehuda market file bakery jpg thumb a woman working with a commercial oven at a bakery a bakery aka baker shop or bake shop is an business establishmenthat produces and sells flour based food baking baked in an oven such as bread cookie s cake s pastry pastries and pie some retail bakeries are also coffeehouse caf serving coffee and tea to customers who wish to consume the baked goods on the premises file braubach baker plaque jpg thumb pub for a bakery in germany since image city bakeries bridgeton jpg thumb right bakery windowith breads and cakes on display baked goods have been around for thousands of years the art of baking was developed early during the roman empire it was a highly famous art as roman citizens loved baked goods andemanded for them frequently for important occasionsuch as feasts and weddings etc due to the fame andesire thathe art of baking received around bc baking was introduced as an occupation and respectable profession foromans the bakers began to prepare bread at home in an oven using mills to grind grainto the flour for their breads the oncoming demand for baked goods vigorously continued and the first bakers guild was established in bc in rome this drastic appeal for baked goods promoted baking all throughout europe and expanded into theastern parts of asia bakerstarted baking breads and goods at home and selling them out on the streets this trend became common and soon baked products were getting sold in streets of rome germany london and many more this resulted in a system of delivering the goods to households as the demand for baked breads and goodsignificantly increased this provoked the bakers to establish a place where people could purchase baked goods for themselves therefore in paris the first open air bakery of baked goods was developed and since then bakeries became a common place to purchase delicious goods and getogether around the world by the colonial era bakeries were commonly viewed as places to gather and socialize world war ii directly affected bread industries in the uk baking schools closeduring this time so when the war did eventually end there was an absence of skilled bakers this resulted inew methods being developed to satisfy the world s desire for bread methods like adding chemicals to dough premixes and specialised machinery unfortunately these old methods of baking were almost completely eradicated when these new methods were introduced and became industrialised the old methods were seen as unnecessary and financially unsounduring this period there were not many traditional bakeries left products bread roll flatbread s bagel s muffin s pizza s bun s pastries pie s tart s chocolate brownie s cake s cupcake s cookie scone s barmbrack soda bread biscuit bread cracker food cracker s biscuit s pretzel s biscotti cornbread pandesal pumpkin bread pita sourdough potato bread specialitiesome bakeries provide services for special occasionsuch as wedding s birthday parties anniversaries or even business events or for people who have allergies or sensitivities to certain foodsuch as nut fruit nuts peanut s dairy product dairy or gluten bakeries can provide a wide range of cakes designsuch asheet cake s layer cake s tiered cakes and wedding cake s other bakeries may specialize in traditional or hand made types of bread made with locally gristmilled flour without flour bleaching agent s or flour treatment agent s baking what isometimes referred to as artisan bread grocery stores and supermarkets in many countriesell prepackaged or sliced bread pre sliced bread cakes and other pastries they can alsoffer in store baking and basicake decorationonetheless many people still prefer to getheir baked goods from a small artisanal bakery either out of tradition the availability of a greater variety of baked goods or due to the higher quality products characteristic of the trade of baking see also baker a person who produces baked goods baking cake decorating cake shop coffeehouse konditorei a german shop that makesells and serves cakes pastries coffee and tea in mornings and afternoons list of baked goods list of bakeries list of bakery caf s list of doughnut shops p tisserie a french or belgian establishmenthat specializes in pastriesliced bread before bread slicing machines were invented people would buy whole loaves of bread and cuthem at home tea house greggs a british fast food bakery externalinks category bakeries 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received around baking introduced occupation respectable profession bakers began prepare bread home oven using mills flour breads demand baked_goods continued first bakers guild established rome appeal baked_goods promoted baking throughout europe expanded theastern parts asia baking breads goods home selling streets trend became common soon baked products getting sold streets rome germany london many resulted system delivering goods households demand baked breads increased provoked bakers establish place people could purchase baked_goods therefore paris first open_air bakery baked_goods developed since bakeries became common place purchase delicious goods around world colonial era bakeries commonly viewed places gather socialize world_war ii directly affected bread industries uk baking schools time war eventually end absence skilled bakers resulted inew methods developed satisfy world desire bread methods like adding chemicals dough specialised machinery unfortunately old methods baking almost completely new methods introduced became old methods seen financially period many traditional bakeries left products bread roll flatbread bagel pizza bun pastries pie tart chocolate cake cookie soda bread bread cracker food cracker bread pita sourdough potato bread bakeries provide services special wedding birthday parties even business events people certain foodsuch nut fruit nuts peanut dairy product dairy bakeries provide wide_range cakes cake layer cake cakes wedding cake bakeries may specialize traditional hand made types bread made locally flour without flour bleaching agent flour treatment agent baking isometimes referred artisan bread grocery stores supermarkets many sliced bread pre sliced bread cakes pastries alsoffer store baking many_people still prefer getheir baked_goods small bakery either tradition availability greater variety baked_goods due higher quality products characteristic trade baking see_also baker person produces baked_goods baking cake cake shop coffeehouse german shop serves cakes pastries coffee tea mornings list baked_goods list bakeries list bakery caf list doughnut shops p french belgian establishmenthat specializes bread bread machines invented people would buy whole bread home tea_house british fast_food bakery externalinks_category bakeries category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Ballarat Regional Tourism","description":"ballarat regional tourism is the separate relatively autonomous tourism arm of the city of ballarathe board was created on january to enable the local tourism sector to take ownership of destination promotion of greater ballarathe new organisation commenced operations on february which is when itook over key tourismanagement responsibilities formerly handled by the ballarat city council responsibilities of the new tourism arm include promotion of ballarat and surrounding areas a tourist destination providing visitor information through the visitor information center andeveloping and attracting tourism and business events during its first year the organisation was managed by a private sector board withe city council retaining ownership on march the city council voted to transfer ballarat regional tourism s ownership to the private sector the council will still continue to fund the board contingent on it meeting key performance indicators ballarat s tourism industry generates million annually and accounts for approximately local jobs another million is created for other local businesses from the tourist activities generated in the city events promoted begonia festival victorian rowing masters championships ballarat heritage weekend organs of the ballarat goldfields mars cycling australia road national cycling championships ballarat beer festival ballarat spokes festival victorian pga golf championship ballarat antique fair clunes back to booktown royal south street eisteddfod ballarat festival of motoring jayco herald sun bike tour springfest market sunday ballarat by the glassee also tourism in australia externalinks official website city of ballarat category tourism in australia category ballarat category tourism 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another million created local_businesses tourist_activities generated city events promoted festival victorian rowing masters championships ballarat heritage weekend organs ballarat mars cycling australia road national cycling championships ballarat beer festival ballarat festival victorian golf championship ballarat antique fair back royal south street ballarat festival motoring herald sun bike tour market sunday ballarat also_tourism australia externalinks_official_website city ballarat category_tourism australia_category ballarat category_tourism agencies"},{"title":"Bangkok Girl","description":"narrator starring musicinematography editing studio distributoreleased novemberuntime minutes country cinema of canada languagenglish languagenglish budget gross bangkok girl is a documentary film that was both film producer produced and film director directed by jordan clark it is a low budget film having costo produce and takesex tourism in bangkok as itsubject bangkok girl is minutes long and focuses on pla bargirl who is years old and who guides clark through the city the film explores pla s background and how she came to be where she is pla began working as a bargirl athe age of and while she had managed to avoid being forced into prostitution up until the pointhathe documentary was filmed the film suggests that she will eventually be forced prostitution forcibly prostituted inovember the film aired on the lens a program on canada s cbc television sweden sveriges television also aired the film externalinks category films category canadian films category canadian biographical films category documentary films about women category s documentary films category documentary films about prostitution category canadian documentary television films category filmset in bangkok category filmshot in bangkok category english language films category canadian television films category documentary films about child abuse category directorial debut films category human rights in thailand category sex industry in thailand category films about child prostitution category forced prostitution category works about human trafficking category human trafficking in thailand category sex 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film director directed jordan clark low budget film costo produce tourism bangkok bangkok girl minutes long focuses pla years_old guides clark city film explores pla background came pla began working athe_age managed avoid forced prostitution documentary_filmed film suggests eventually forced prostitution inovember film aired lens program canada cbc television sweden television also aired film externalinks_category films_category_canadian films_category_canadian biographical films_category_documentary_films women category_documentary_films category_documentary_films prostitution category_canadian documentary television films_category_filmset bangkok category_filmshot bangkok category_english_language films_category_canadian television films_category_documentary_films child abuse category debut films_category_human_rights thailand_category sex industry thailand_category films child_prostitution category forced prostitution category_works human_trafficking category_human_trafficking thailand_category sex_tourism"},{"title":"Bar","description":"file bar p jpg thumb upright a bar in switzerland a bar also known as a saloon or a tavern or sometimes a pub or club referring to the actual establishment as in pubar or savage club etc is a retail business establishmenthat serves alcoholic beverage such as beer wine distilled beverage liquor cocktail s and other beveragesuch as mineral water and soft drink s and often sell snack foodsuch as crisps potato chipotato chips or peanut s for consumption premises cocktailounge definition from the free dictionary some types of barsuch as pubs may also serve food from a restaurant menu the term bar also refers to the countertop and area where drinks are served bars provide bar stools or chairs that are placed atables or counters for their patrons bars that offer entertainment or live music are often referred to as music bars livenues or nightclubs types of bars range from inexpensive dive bar stoddayton accessdate to elegant places of entertainment often accompanying restaurants for dining many bars have a discount periodesignated a happy hour to encourage off peak time patronage bars that fill to capacity sometimes implement a cover charge or a minimum drink purchase requirement during their peak hours bars may have bouncer doorman bouncers to ensure patrons are of legal age to eject drunk or belligerent patrons and to collect cover chargesuch bars often featurentertainment which may be a musical band live band vocalist comedian or disc jockey playing recorded music the term bar is derived from the bar counter specialized counter on which drinks are served patrons may sit or stand athe bar and be served by the bartender depending on the size of a bar and its approach alcohol may be served athe bar by bartenders atables by waiting staff server s or by a combination of the two the back bar is a set of shelves of glasses and bottles behind that counter in somestablishments the back bar is elaborately decorated with woodwork etched glass mirrors and lights file a cross roadstore bar juke joint and gastation in melrose louisiana jpg thumb left a great depression era bar in melrose louisiana there have been many different names for public drinking spaces throughout history in the colonial era of the united states taverns were an important meeting place as most other institutions were weak during the th century saloons were very importanto the leisure time of the working classjohn m kingsdale the poor man s club social functions of the urban working classaloon in american quarterly vol noctoday even when an establishment uses a different name such as tavern or saloon the area of thestablishment where the bartender pours or mixes beverages is normally called the bar the sale and or consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the first half of the th century in several countries including finland iceland norway and the united states in the united states illegal bars during prohibition in the united states prohibition were called speakeasy speakeasies blind pigs and blind tigers legal restrictions laws in many jurisdictions prohibit minor law minors from entering a bar if those under legal drinking age are allowed to enter as is the case with pubs that serve food they are not allowed to drink in some jurisdictions bars cannot serve a patron who is already intoxicated cities and towns usually have legal restrictions on where bars may be located and on the types of alcohol they may serve to their customersome bars may have a license to serve beer and wine but not hard liquor in some jurisdictions patrons buying alcohol must alsorder food in some jurisdictions bar owners have a legaliability for the conduct of patrons who they serve this liability may arise in cases of driving under the influence which cause injuries or deaths many islamicountries prohibit bars as well as the possession or sale of alcohol foreligious reasons while others including qatar and the united arab emirates allow bars in some specific areas but only permit non muslims to drink in them a bar s owners and managers choose the bar s name d cor drink menu lighting and other elements which they think will attract a certain kind of patron however they have only limited influence over who patronizes their establishmenthus a bar originally intended for one demographic profile can become popular with another for example a gay bar gay or lesbian bars lesbian bar with a dance or disco floor might over time attract an increasingly heterosexual clientele or a blues bar may become a biker bar if most its patrons are bikers a cocktailounge is an upscale bar that is typically located within a hotel restaurant or airport a full bar serves liquor cocktails wine and beer a wine bar is an elegant bar that focuses on wine rather than on beer or liquor patrons of these bars may wine tasting taste wines before deciding to buy them some wine bars also serve small plates ofood or other snacks a beer bar focuses on beer particularly craft beerather than on wine or liquor a brew pub has an on site brewery and serves craft beers fern bar is an american slang term for an upscale or preppy or yuppie bar a music bar is a bar that presents live music as an attraction a dive bar often referred to simply as a dive is a very informal bar which may be considered by some to be disreputable alcohol free bar non alcoholic bar is a bar that does not serve alcoholic beverages a bar and grill is also a restaurant some persons may designateither a room or an area of a room as a home bar furniture and arrangements vary from efficiento full bars that could be suited as businesses file home bar examplejpg thumb example of a typical home bar inew york city usa bars categorized by the kind of entertainmenthey offer blues barspecializing in the live bluestyle of musicomedy club comedy barspecializing in stand up comedy entertainment dance bar s whichave a dance floor where patrons dance to recorded music typically if a venue has a large dance floor focuses primarily on dancing rather than seatedrinking and hires professional dj s it is considered to be a nightclub or discoth que rather than a bar karaoke bars with nightly karaoke as entertainment music barspecializing in live music ie concerts drag bars which specialize in drag clothing drag performances as entertainment salsa bars where patrons dance to latin salsa music sports bars which are furnished with sports related memorabiliand theming and typically contain a large number of television s used to broadcast major sporting events for their patrons topless bars where toplessness topless femalemployees dance or serve drinks india these bars are calledance bar india dance bars which is distinct from the type of dance bar discussed above bars categorized by the kind of patrons who frequenthem bicycle messenger bars where bike messengers congregate these are found only in cities with large bike messenger communities biker bars which are bars frequented by motorcyclenthusiasts and in some regions motorcycle club members cop bars where off duty law enforcement agents gather college bars usually located in or near universities where most of the patrons are students gay bar s where gay men or women dance and socialize lesbian bars mixed gay straight bars mainly targeting bisexual s neighborhood bars a bar that most of the patrons know each other it is generally close to home and is frequented regularly old man bars whose clientele are mainly long time male patrons who know each other well since most patrons aretired they often begin drinking much earlier in the day consume inexpensive beer whisky and may spend much of the day chatting reading the newspaper and watching tv sailor bars usually located in waterfront areas near commercial docks or naval basesingles bars where mostly unmarried people of both sexes can meet and socialize sports bars where sports fans gather to cheer on their favoriteams with other like minded fans women s bars bar counter file bar hard rock cafe praguepng thumb right a row of distilled beverage liquor bottles behind a bar ie counter file liquor and wine bottles behind a bar in baden austriajpg thumb liquor and wine bottles behind a bar in baden austria the countertop counter at which drinks are served by a bartender is called the bar this term is applied as a synecdoche to drinking establishments called bars this counter typically stores a variety of beer s wine s distilled beverage liquors and non alcoholic ingredients and is organized to facilitate the bartender s work the word bar in this context was already in use in when robert greene dramatist robert greene a dramatist referred tone in his a notable discovery of coosnage counters for serving other types ofood andrink may also be called bars examples of this usage of the word include snack bar sushi bars juice bar juice barsalad bar s milk bar dairy bars and sundae bars in australia the major form of licensed commercialcohol outlet from the colonial period to the present was the pub a local variant of thenglish original until the s australian pubs were traditionally organised into gender segregatedrinking areas the public bar was only open to men while the lounge bar or saloon bar served both men and women ie mixedrinking this distinction was gradually eliminated as anti discrimination legislation and women s rights activism broke down the concept of a public drinking areaccessible tonly men where two barstill exist in the onestablishment one that derived from the public bar will be more downmarket while the other deriving from the lounge bar will be more upmarket over time withe introduction of slot machine gaming machines into hotels many lounge bars have or are being converted into gaming rooms beginning in the mid s the formerly strict state liquor licensing laws were progressively relaxed and reformed withe resulthat pub trading hours werextended this was in parto eliminate the social problems associated with early closing times notably the infamousix o clock swill and the thriving trade in sly grog illicit alcohol sales more licensed liquor outlets began to appear including retail bottle shops over the counter bottle sales were previously only available at pubs and were strictly controlled particularly in sydney a new class of licensed premises the wine bar appeared there alcohol could be served on the proviso that it was provided in tandem with a meal these venues became very popular in the late s and early s and many offered freentertainment becoming an important facet of the sydney music scene in that period in the major australian cities today there is a large andiverse bar scene with a range of ambiences modes and styles catering for every echelon of cosmopolitan society public drinking began withestablishment of colonial taverns in bothe us and canada while the term changed to public housespecially in the uk the term tavern continued to be used instead of pub in bothe us and canada public drinking establishments were banned by the prohibition of alcohol which was and is a provincial jurisdiction prohibition was repealed province by province in the s there was not a universal righto consume alcohol and only males of legal age were permitted to do so beer parlours were common in the wake of prohibition with localaws oftenot permitting entertainment such as the playing of games or music in thesestablishments which were set aside for the purpose solely of consuming alcohol since thend of the second world war and exposure by roughly one million canadians to the public house traditions common in the uk by servicemen and women serving there those traditions became more common in canada these traditions include the drinking of dark ales and stouts the pub as a social gathering place for both sexes and the playing of gamesuch as dartsnooker or pool tavern becamextremely popular during the s and s especially for working class people canadian taverns which can still be found in remote regions of northern canada have long tables with benches lining the sides patrons in these taverns often order beer in large quart bottles andrink inexpensive bar brand canadian rye whisky in some provinces taverns used to have separatentrances for men and women even in a large city like toronto the separatentrances existed into thearly s canada has adopted some of the newer us bar traditionsuch as the sports bar of the last decades as a resulthe term bar has come to be differentiated from the term pub in that bars are usually themed and sometimes have a dance floor bars with dance floors are usually relegated to small or suburban communities in larger cities bars with large dance floors are usually referred to as clubs and are strictly for dancing establishments which call themselves pubs are often much more similar to a british pub in style before the s most bars wereferred to simply as tavern often bars and pubs in canada will cater to supporters of a local sporting team usually a hockey team there is a difference between the sports bar and the pub sports bars focus on tv screenshowingames and showcasing uniforms equipment etc pubs will generally also show games but do not exclusively focus on them the tavern was popular until thearly s when american style bars as we know them today became popular in the s imitation british and irish style pubs become popular and adopted names like the fox and fiddle and the queen and beavereflect naming trends in britain tavern or pub style mixed food andrink establishment are generally more common than bars in canadalthough both can be found legal restrictions on bars are set by the canadian provinces and territories whichas led to a great deal of variety while some provinces have been very restrictive witheir baregulation setting strict closing times and banning the removal of alcohol from the premises other provinces have been more liberal closing times generally run from to am inova scotia particularly in city of halifax there was until the s a very distinct system of gender based laws were in effect for decades taverns bars halls and other classifications differentiated whether it was exclusively for men or women with invited women vice versa or mixed after this fell by the wayside there was the issue of water closet s this led to many taverns adding on powderoomsometimes they were constructed later or used parts of kitchens or upstairs halls if plumbing allowed this was also true of conversions in former sitting rooms for men s facilities file bar bus terminaljpg thumb the bar in the coach terminal at udine italy in italy a bar is a place more similar to a caf where people go during the morning or the afternoon usually to drink a coffee a cappuccinor a hot chocolate and eat some kind of snack such asandwiches panini sandwich panini or tramezzino tramezzini or pastries however any kind of alcoholic beverages are served opening hours vary somestablishments are open very early in the morning and close relatively early in thevening others especially if nexto a theater or a cinemay be open untilate at night many larger bars are also restaurants andisco clubs many italian bars have introduced a so called ap ritif andigestif aperitivo time in thevening in which everyone who purchases an alcoholic drink then has free access to a usually abundant buffet of coldishesuch as pasta salads vegetables and various appetizers file pasztecik szczeci ski barjpg thumb lefthe oldest bar serving pasztecik szczeci skin szczecin typical polish barserve alcoholic drink s bartender accepts orders most bars are open late in thevening bar mleczny literally milk bar is a bar with cafeteria where customers can have a wide range of dishes of everyday cuisine not only dairy dishes this a popular place for lunch in many cities in poland usually prices of meals are low in catering establishments of this type andecor of rooms is more modesthan in the restaurant another type of polish catering facilities is bar szybkiej obs ugi fast service bar also called from english language fast food bar with dinner dishes a special type of bar is one that serves only one type of meal thexample are barserving pasztecik szczeci ski a traditional specialty of the city of szczecin served as fast food customers can consume pasztecik szczeci skin a bar or take ito home or for a walk through the city bars are common in spain and form an important part in spanish culture in spain it is common for a town to have many bars and even to have severalined up in the same street most bars have a section of the street or plaza outside with tables and chairs with parasols if the weather allows it spanish bars are also known for serving a wide range of sandwiches bocadillos as well asnacks called tapas or pincho s tapas and pinchos may be offered to customers in two ways either complementary torder a drink or in some cases there are charged independently either case this usually clearly indicated to bar customers by display of wall information menus and price lists the anti smoking law has entered in effect january and since that date it is prohibited to smoke in bars and restaurants as well as all other indoor areas closed commercial and state owned facilities are now smoke free areaspain is the country withe highest ratiof bars population with almost bars per thousand inhabitants that is times uk s ratio and times germany s and it alone has double the number of bars than the oldest of the members of theuropean union the meaning of the word bar in spain however does not have the negative connotation inherent in the same word in many other languages for spanish people a bar is essentially a meeting place and not necessarily a place to engage in the consumption of alcoholic beverages as a result children are normally allowed into bars and it is common to see families in bars during week ends of thend of the day in small towns the bar may constitute the very center of socialife and it is customary that after social events people go to bars including seniors and children alike united kingdom file chapel bar tunbridge wells geographorguk jpg thumb uprighthe chapel bar in england in the uk bars areither areas that serve alcoholic drinks within establishmentsuch as hotels restaurants universities or are a particular type of establishment which serves alcoholic drinksuch as wine barstyle bars private membership only bars however the main type of establishment selling alcohol for consumption the premises is the public house or pub some bars are similar to nightclubs in thathey feature loud music subdued lighting or operate a dress code and admissions policy with inner city bars generally having door staff athentrance bar also designates a separate drinking area within a pub until recent years most pubs had twor more bars very often the public bar or tap room and the saloon bar or lounge where the decor was better and prices were sometimes higher the designations of the bars varied regionally in the lastwo decades many pub interiors have been opened up into single spaces which some people regret as it loses the flexibility intimacy and traditional feel of a multi roomed public house one of the last dive bar s in london was underneathe kings head pub in gerrard street soho united states file club moderne bar anaconda montanajpg thumb lefthe bar of the club moderne in anaconda montanaconda montana in the united states legal distinctions often exist between restaurants and bars and even between types of bars these distinctions vary from state to state and even among municipalities beer barsometimes called tavern s or pub s are legally restricted to selling only beer and possibly wine or cider liquor bars also simply called bars also sell distilled beverage hard liquor bars are sometimes exempt from smoking ban s that restaurants are subjecto even if those restaurants have liquor licenses the distinction between a restauranthat serves liquor and a bar is usually made by the percentage of revenuearned from selling liquor although increasingly smoking bans include bars too file bar inew haven ct march jpg thumb upright a bar named bar inew haven connecticut in most places bars are prohibited from selling alcoholic beverages to go and this makes them clearly different from liquor store some brewpubs and wineries can serve alcohol to go but under the rules applied to a liquor store in some areasuch as new orleans and parts of las vegas valley las vegas and savannah georgia open containers of alcohol may be prepared to go this kind of restriction is usually dependent on an open container law in pennsylvaniand ohio bars may sell six pack s of beer to go in original sealed containers by obtaining a take out license new jersey permits all forms of packaged goods to be sold at bars and permits packaged beer and wine to be sold at any time on premisesales of alcoholic beverages are alloweduring the th century drinking establishments were called saloons in the american old westhe most popular establishment in town was usually the western saloon many of these western saloonsurvive though their services and features have changed withe times newer establishments have sometimes been built in western saloon style for a nostalgic effect in american cities there were also numerousaloons which allowed only male patrons and were usually owned by one of the major breweries drunkenness fights and alcoholismade the saloon into a powerful symbol of all that was wrong with alcoholburns ken and novick lynn prohibition saloons were the primary target of the temperance movement and the anti saloon league founded in was the most powerfulobby in favor of prohibition in the united states prohibition when prohibition was repealed president franklin d roosevelt asked the states noto permithe return of saloons prohibition repeal is ratified at pm new york times december many irish or british themed pub s existhroughout united states and canadand in some continental european countries as of may pittsburgh pennsylvania had the most bars per capita in the united states former yugoslavia in bosniand herzegovina croatia montenegro and serbia modern bars overlap with coffeehouse s and larger ones are sometimes also nightclub since the s they have become similar in social function to the bars of italy spain and greece as meeting places for people in a city file kinmanbarjpg interior of seth kinman s table bluff hotel and saloon in table bluff california file chiang mai bars at night kayess jpeg touristsit outside a bar in chiang mai thailand file nightbar erfurtjpg night view of a bar located opposite to the central railroad station in erfurt germany file original drifter s reef bar wake islandjpg the original drifter s reef bar at wake island file bar in bristoljpg a bar in bristol england file bartender at marblejpg a bartender at work in a pub in jerusalem israel filet dire dawa ethiopia jpg a bar in dire dawa ethiopia see also alcohol free bar beer garden cellarette liquor cabinet dive bar drinking culture honky tonk hostess bar izakaya juke joint last call bar term list of bartenders list of public house topics pub shebeen speakeasy tavern tiki bar western saloon a humorous account of the drinking culture of madison avenue advertising industry madison avenue advertising executives during the s originally published in as the hour drink book a guide to executive survival externalinks bar database category types of drinking establishment category bartending category types of 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serves alcoholic_beverage beer wine distilled beverage liquor cocktail beveragesuch mineral water soft_drink often sell snack foodsuch potato chips peanut consumption premises cocktailounge definition free dictionary types pubs may_also serve_food_restaurant menu term bar_also refers area drinks served bars provide bar stools chairs placed atables counters patrons bars offer entertainment live_music often_referred music bars nightclubs types bars range inexpensive dive_bar accessdate elegant places entertainment often accompanying restaurants dining many bars discount happy_hour encourage peak time patronage bars fill capacity sometimes implement cover_charge minimum drink purchase requirement peak hours bars_may bouncer_doorman bouncers ensure patrons legal age drunk patrons collect cover bars often may musical band live band comedian disc jockey playing recorded music term bar derived bar counter specialized counter drinks served patrons may sit stand athe bar served bartender depending size bar approach alcohol may_served athe bar bartenders atables waiting_staff server combination two back bar set shelves glasses bottles behind counter somestablishments back bar decorated glass mirrors lights file cross bar juke_joint gastation melrose louisiana jpg thumb left great_depression era bar melrose louisiana many_different names public drinking spaces throughout history colonial era united_states taverns important meeting_place institutions weak th_century saloons importanto leisure time working poor man club social functions urban working american quarterly vol even establishment uses different name tavern saloon area thestablishment bartender beverages normally called bar sale consumption alcoholic_beverages prohibited first_half th_century several countries_including finland iceland norway united_states united_states illegal bars prohibition united_states_prohibition called speakeasy speakeasies blind pigs blind tigers legal restrictions laws many jurisdictions prohibit minor law minors entering bar legal drinking_age allowed enter case pubs serve_food allowed drink jurisdictions bars cannot serve patron already intoxicated cities towns usually legal restrictions bars_may located types alcohol may_serve bars_may license serve beer wine hard liquor jurisdictions patrons buying alcohol must food jurisdictions bar owners conduct patrons serve liability may arise cases driving influence cause injuries deaths many prohibit bars well possession sale alcohol reasons others including qatar united_arab_emirates allow bars specific areas permit non muslims drink bar owners managers choose bar name cor drink menu lighting elements think attract certain kind patron however limited influence bar originally_intended one demographic profile become_popular another example gay bar gay_lesbian bars lesbian bar dance disco floor might time attract increasingly clientele blues bar may become biker bar patrons bikers cocktailounge upscale bar typically located within hotel restaurant airport full bar serves liquor cocktails wine beer wine bar elegant bar focuses wine rather beer liquor patrons bars_may wine tasting taste wines buy wine bars_also_serve small plates ofood snacks beer bar focuses beer particularly craft wine liquor brew pub site brewery serves craft beers bar american slang_term upscale bar music bar bar presents live_music attraction dive_bar often_referred simply dive informal bar may considered disreputable alcohol_free_bar non_alcoholic bar bar serve_alcoholic_beverages bar grill also restaurant persons may room area room home bar furniture arrangements vary full bars could suited businesses file home bar thumb example typical home bar inew_york_city usa bars categorized kind offer blues live club comedy stand comedy entertainment dance_bar whichave dance_floor patrons dance recorded music typically venue large dance_floor focuses primarily dancing rather professional considered nightclub discoth_que rather bar karaoke bars nightly karaoke entertainment music live_music concerts drag bars specialize drag clothing drag performances entertainment salsa bars patrons dance latin salsa music sports bars furnished sports related theming typically contain large_number television used broadcast major sporting_events patrons topless bars topless dance serve drinks india bars bar india dance_bars distinct type dance_bar discussed bars categorized kind patrons bicycle bars bike congregate found cities large bike communities biker bars bars frequented regions motorcycle club members cop bars duty law_enforcement agents gather college bars usually_located near universities patrons students gay bar gay men women dance socialize lesbian bars mixed gay straight bars mainly targeting bisexual neighborhood bars bar patrons know generally close home frequented regularly old man bars whose clientele mainly long_time male patrons know well since patrons often begin drinking much earlier day consume inexpensive beer whisky may spend much day reading newspaper watching tv bars usually_located waterfront areas near commercial naval bars mostly people sexes meet socialize sports bars sports fans gather like minded fans women bars bar counter file bar hard rock cafe thumb right row distilled beverage liquor bottles behind bar counter file liquor wine bottles behind bar baden thumb liquor wine bottles behind bar baden austria counter drinks served bartender called bar term applied drinking_establishments called bars counter typically stores variety beer wine distilled beverage liquors non_alcoholic ingredients organized facilitate bartender work word bar context already use robert greene robert greene referred tone notable discovery counters serving types_ofood andrink may_also called bars examples usage word include snack_bar sushi bars juice bar juice bar milk_bar dairy bars bars australia major form licensed outlet colonial period present pub local variant thenglish original australian pubs traditionally organised gender areas public_bar open men lounge bar saloon bar served men women distinction gradually eliminated anti discrimination legislation women rights activism broke concept public drinking tonly men two exist one derived public_bar lounge bar upmarket time withe introduction machine gaming machines hotels many lounge bars converted gaming rooms beginning mid formerly strict state liquor licensing_laws progressively relaxed withe pub trading hours parto eliminate social problems associated early closing_times notably clock thriving trade illicit alcohol sales licensed liquor outlets began appear including retail bottle shops counter bottle sales previously available pubs strictly controlled particularly sydney new class licensed premises wine bar appeared alcohol could served provided tandem meal venues became_popular late early many offered becoming important sydney music scene period major australian cities today large bar scene range modes styles catering every cosmopolitan society public drinking began withestablishment colonial taverns bothe us canada term changed public uk term tavern continued used instead pub bothe us canada public drinking_establishments banned prohibition alcohol provincial jurisdiction prohibition repealed province province universal righto consume alcohol males legal age permitted beer parlours common wake prohibition oftenot entertainment playing games music thesestablishments set aside purpose solely consuming alcohol since thend second_world_war exposure roughly one_million canadians public_house traditions common uk servicemen women serving traditions became common canada traditions include drinking dark ales pub social gathering place sexes playing gamesuch pool tavern popular especially working_class people canadian taverns still found remote regions northern canada long tables benches lining sides patrons taverns often order beer large bottles andrink inexpensive bar brand canadian rye whisky provinces taverns used men women even large city like toronto existed thearly canada adopted newer us bar sports bar last decades resulthe term bar come term pub bars usually themed sometimes dance_floor bars dance_floors usually small suburban communities larger cities bars large dance_floors usually referred clubs strictly dancing establishments call pubs often much similar british pub style bars simply tavern often bars pubs canada cater supporters local sporting team usually hockey team difference sports bar pub sports bars focus tv showcasing uniforms equipment etc pubs generally also show games exclusively focus tavern popular thearly american style bars know today became_popular imitation british irish style pubs become_popular adopted names like fox fiddle queen naming trends britain tavern pub style mixed food_andrink establishment generally common bars found legal restrictions bars set canadian provinces territories whichas led great_deal variety provinces restrictive witheir setting strict closing_times banning removal alcohol premises provinces liberal closing_times generally run inova scotia particularly city halifax distinct system gender based laws effect decades taverns bars halls whether exclusively men women invited women vice versa mixed fell wayside issue water led many taverns adding constructed later used parts kitchens upstairs halls plumbing allowed also true former sitting rooms men facilities file bar bus thumb bar coach terminal italy italy bar place similar caf people go morning afternoon usually drink coffee hot chocolate eat kind snack sandwich pastries however kind alcoholic_beverages served opening hours vary somestablishments open early morning close relatively early_thevening others especially nexto theater open night many larger bars_also restaurants clubs many italian bars introduced called time thevening everyone purchases alcoholic drink free access usually abundant buffet pasta salads vegetables various appetizers file pasztecik szczeci ski barjpg thumb lefthe oldest bar serving pasztecik szczeci skin szczecin typical polish alcoholic drink bartender accepts orders bars open late_thevening bar mleczny literally milk_bar bar cafeteria customers wide_range dishes everyday cuisine dairy dishes popular place lunch many cities poland usually prices meals low catering establishments type rooms restaurant another type polish catering facilities bar fast service bar_also called english_language fast_food bar dinner dishes special type bar_one serves one type meal thexample pasztecik szczeci ski traditional specialty city szczecin served fast_food customers consume pasztecik szczeci skin bar take ito home walk city bars common spain form important_part spanish culture spain common town many bars even street bars section street plaza outside tables chairs weather allows spanish bars_also_known serving wide_range sandwiches well called tapas pincho tapas may_offered customers two ways either torder drink cases charged independently either case usually clearly indicated bar customers display wall information menus price lists anti smoking law entered effect january since date prohibited smoke bars restaurants well indoor areas closed commercial state_owned facilities smoke free country withe highest ratiof bars population almost bars per thousand inhabitants times uk ratio times germany alone double number bars oldest members theuropean_union meaning word bar spain however negative inherent word many languages spanish people bar essentially meeting_place necessarily place engage consumption alcoholic_beverages result children normally allowed bars common see families bars week ends thend day small_towns bar may constitute center socialife customary social events people go bars including seniors children alike united_kingdom file chapel bar wells geographorguk_jpg thumb_uprighthe chapel bar england uk bars areither areas serve_alcoholic_drinks within hotels_restaurants universities particular type establishment serves alcoholic_drinksuch wine bars private membership bars however main type establishment selling alcohol consumption premises public_house_pub bars similar nightclubs thathey feature loud music lighting operate dress_code admissions policy inner city bars generally door staff athentrance bar_also separate drinking area within pub recent_years pubs twor bars often public_bar tap room saloon bar lounge decor better prices sometimes higher designations bars varied decades many pub_interiors opened single spaces people loses flexibility traditional feel multi public_house one last dive_bar london underneathe kings head pub street soho united_states file club bar anaconda thumb lefthe bar club anaconda montana united_states legal distinctions often exist restaurants bars even types bars distinctions vary state state even among municipalities beer called tavern pub legally restricted selling beer possibly wine cider liquor bars_also simply called bars_also sell distilled beverage hard liquor bars sometimes smoking ban restaurants subjecto even restaurants liquor licenses distinction restauranthat serves liquor bar usually_made percentage selling liquor although increasingly smoking include bars file bar inew march jpg thumb upright bar named bar inew connecticut places bars prohibited selling alcoholic_beverages go makes clearly different liquor store wineries serve alcohol go rules applied liquor store areasuch new_orleans parts las_vegas valley las_vegas savannah georgia open containers alcohol may prepared go kind restriction usually dependent open container law pennsylvaniand ohio bars_may sell six pack beer go original sealed containers obtaining take license new_jersey permits forms packaged goods sold bars permits packaged beer wine sold time alcoholic_beverages th_century drinking_establishments called saloons american old westhe popular establishment town usually western saloon many western though services features changed withe times newer establishments sometimes built western saloon style nostalgic effect american cities also allowed male patrons usually owned one major breweries drunkenness fights saloon powerful symbol wrong ken lynn prohibition saloons primary target temperance movement anti saloon league founded favor prohibition united_states_prohibition prohibition repealed president franklin roosevelt asked states noto return saloons prohibition repeal ratified new_york times december many irish british themed pub united_states canadand continental_european_countries may pittsburgh pennsylvania bars per capita united_states former yugoslavia bosniand herzegovina croatia montenegro serbia modern bars overlap coffeehouse larger ones sometimes also nightclub since become similar social function bars italy spain greece meeting_places people city file interior seth table bluff hotel saloon table bluff california file chiang mai bars night outside bar chiang mai thailand file night view bar_located opposite central railroad station germany file original drifter reef bar wake original drifter reef bar wake island file bar bar bristol england file bartender bartender work pub jerusalem israel ethiopia jpg bar ethiopia see_also alcohol_free_bar beer_garden liquor cabinet dive_bar drinking_culture honky tonk hostess bar izakaya juke_joint last call bar term list bartenders list public_house_topics pub shebeen speakeasy tavern tiki bar western saloon humorous account drinking_culture madison avenue advertising industry madison avenue advertising executives originally_published hour drink book guide executive survival externalinks bar database category_types drinking_establishment_category bartending category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Bar Facal","description":"de julio centro montevideo uruguay seating capacity reservations no need other locations other information website bar facal bar facal is one of the mostraditional uruguay an coffeehouse located in the corner de julio avenue and y street centro montevideo uruguay founded in by galician manuel facal and his brothers it is the oldest uruguayan downtown bar file carlos gardel en bar facaljpg thumb px left statue of carlos gardel in bar facal file bar facal placajpg thumb px right bar facal the coffeehous which was originally a factory of chocolates and quince candy outside the bar is the sculpture of carlos gardel and a fountain where tourists leave love lock and an open tango show is performed fromonday to saturday at pm in the departmental board of montevideo recognizes the contribution of the bar facal to the national culture and the national gastronomy through a plaque that is in wall there is also a plaque of the mayor s office in medell n in a screen of led was installed the first curved screen of the country whichas mm between pixel and pixel advanced for the time references category organizations established in category coffee culture category drinking establishments category 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seating_capacity_reservations need locations information_website bar facal bar facal one uruguay coffeehouse located corner de julio avenue street centro montevideo uruguay founded manuel facal brothers oldest downtown bar file carlos bar thumb px left statue carlos bar facal file bar facal thumb px right bar facal originally factory candy outside bar sculpture carlos fountain tourists leave love lock open show performed saturday departmental board montevideo recognizes contribution bar facal national culture national gastronomy plaque wall also plaque mayor office n screen led installed first curved screen country whichas advanced time references_category organizations_established category coffee culture_category drinking_establishments category coffeehouses"},{"title":"Bar joke","description":"a bar joke is a very common and basic type of joke the basic syntax of this type of joke is a man walks into a bar and the initial perception of the joke is that a man is walking into a bar to have a drink buthis only lasts a few seconds as the punchline is quickly uttered this joke has gained an incredible amount of variants over the years it is often used by comedian s and people telling jokes to friends variants the bar joke has a large number of variations the types of variations include pun s or word play s the man walks into a bar and pulls out a tiny piano and a inch pianist followed by any number of different punchlines or man with dyslexia walked into a brassiere bra oreplace the man with woman a famous person people of various occupations animals a duck walks into a bar orders a drink and tells the bartender put it on my bill or inanimate objects a sandwich walks into a bar orders a beer and is told by the bartender we do not serve food here sometimes the unexpected happens a man walks into a bar ouch another major variant involveseveral men walking into the bar together often with related professionsuch as a priest a minister christianity minister and a rabbin effecthis a merger between the bar joke and jokes involving priests ministers and rabbis or buddhist monks etc in other settings this form has become so well known that it is the subject of at least one joke abouthe popularity of the joke itself a priest a minister and a rabbi walk into a bar the bartender looks athem and says what is this a joke according to scott mcneely in the ultimate book of jokes the first bar joke was published in category joke cycles category drinking 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poznan pomidorowka watrobkajpg thumb right px pig s liver with sauteed onion and tomato soup at a milk bar in pozna bar mleczny literally milk bar in polish language polish though noto be confused withe australian milk bar is a polish form of cafeteria the firstypical milk bar mleczarnia nad widrza ska was established in warsaw by stanis aw d u ewski a member of polish landed gentry although the typical bar mleczny had a menu based on dairy items thesestablishments generally also served other non dairy polish cuisine traditional polish dishes as well the commercial success of the first milk bars encouraged other businessmen to copy this type of restaurant as poland regained her independence after world war i milk bars appeared in most of the country they offered relatively cheap but nourishing food and asuch achieved even more prominence during theconomic depression in the s the role of cheap restaurants carried through world war ii after the fall of germanazi regime poland became a communistate and a satellite of the soviet union the majority of the population was poor contrary tofficial propagandand expensive and even moderately priced restaurants were derided as capitalist during the post war years most restaurants were nationalized and then closedown by the communist authorities in the mid s milk bars were common as a means offering cheap meals to people working in companies that had nofficial canteen place canteen they still served mostly dairy based and vegetarian meals especially during the period of martialaw in poland martialaw in thearly s when meat was rationed the prevalent ideathatime was to provide all people with cheap meals athe place of their work atimes the price of the mealserved in the workplace canteens was included in a worker salary however there was also a large number of people working in smaller firms that had no canteen atheir disposal because of this during the tenure of w adys aw gomu ka the authorities created a network of small self serviceateries the mealsubsidy subsidized by the state were cheap and easily available to anyone apart from raw or processedairy products milk bars also served egg omelet s or egg cutlet s cereal or flour based mealsuch as pierogi after the fall of the communist system and thend of shortageconomy the majority of milk bars went bankrupt as they were superseded by regularestaurant s however some of them were preserved as part of the relics of the welfare state so as to supporthe poorer members of the polish society in early milk bars were seen to make a comeback they became small inexpensive restaurants thatook advantage of welfare state nostalgia while providingood quality food and customer service due to their good locations milk bars often fall victim to gentrification processes and are defended by protest groupsome people prefer milk bars over fast food restaurants because of the homemade style food and low prices a typical three course lunch can cost as little as euro currently 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thesestablishments generally also_served non dairy polish cuisine traditional polish dishes well commercial success first milk_bars encouraged businessmen copy type restaurant poland independence world_war milk_bars appeared country offered relatively cheap food asuch achieved even prominence theconomic depression role cheap restaurants carried world_war ii fall regime poland became satellite soviet_union majority population poor contrary expensive even moderately priced restaurants capitalist post_war years restaurants closedown communist authorities mid milk_bars common means offering cheap meals people_working companies nofficial canteen place canteen still served mostly dairy based vegetarian meals especially period poland thearly meat prevalent provide people cheap meals athe place work atimes price workplace canteens included worker salary however also large_number people_working smaller firms canteen atheir disposal tenure w adys authorities created network small self subsidized state cheap easily available anyone apart raw products milk_bars also_served egg egg flour based mealsuch fall communist system thend majority milk_bars went bankrupt however preserved part relics welfare state supporthe poorer members polish society early milk_bars seen make comeback became small inexpensive restaurants thatook advantage welfare state nostalgia quality food customer_service due good locations milk_bars often fall victim processes defended protest people prefer milk_bars fast_food_restaurants homemade style food low prices typical three course lunch cost little euro currently every major polish city least_one milk_bar somewhere city center popular_among students working_class generally upon social also polish cuisine greasy_spoon externalinks list polish nostalgia polish milk_bar cnn bbc video report category cafeteria style_restaurants_category_restaurants poland category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Barista","description":"image wbc pouring splitjpg thumb competitor athe barista world championships a barista or from the italian for bartender is a person usually a coffeehousemployee who prepares and servespresso based coffee drinks etymology and inflection the word barista is an italian word and in italy a barista is a male or female bartender who typically works behind a counter serving hot drinksuch as espresso cold alcoholic beverage alcoholic and non alcoholic beverages and snacks the native plural in english is baristas while in italian the plural is baristi for masculine baristi barmen bartenders or bariste for feminine bariste barmaids application of the title file gwilym daviesjpg thumb left upright gwilym davies barista gwilym davies world barista championship wbchampion while the title is not regulated most coffee shops use the title to describe the preparer of coffee and operator of an espresso machine file linea doubleespressojpg thumb upright good espresso making is essential to a barista s role file latte at doppio ristretto chiang mai jpg thumb upright latte art is a visible sign of a trained baristand well frothed milk file barista ystad jpg thumb px a barista withis mobilespresso bar in ystad sweden baristas generally operate a commercial espresso machine and theirole is preparing and pulling the shothe degree to which this automated or done manually variesignificantly ranging from push button operation to an involved manual process espresso is a notoriously finicky beverage and good manual espresso making is considered a skilled task further preparation of other beverages particularly milk basedrinksuch as cappuccino s and latte s but also non espresso coffee such as drip or press pot requires additional work and skill for effective frothing pouring and most often latte arthe barista usually has been trained toperate the machine and to prepare the coffee based on the guidelines of the roaster or shop owner while morexperienced baristas may have discretion to vary preparation or experimento make the coffee well there is a series of steps needing attention includingrinding the beans extracting the coffee frothing the milk and pouring beyond the preparation of espresso and other beverages and general customer service skilled baristas acquire knowledge of thentire process of coffee to effectively prepare a desired cup of coffee including maintenance and programming of the machine grinding methods roasting and coffee plant cultivation similar to how a sommelier is familiar withentire process of wine making and consumption a barista can acquire these skills by attending training classes buthey are more commonly learned on the job formal barista competitions originated inorway wendelboe timay the future of the world barista championship coffeegeekcom retrieved on oct and today the most prestigious is the world barista championship s held annually at varied internationalocations baristas worldwide compete though they must first compete in a competition held in their own country to qualify to enter in the wbc these competitions focus on promoting and having peoplengage in the world of coffee preparation each barista representing their country prepares a series of espressos milk drinks and signature drinks and are judged based on the quality and taste preparation is also a very important part of these competitions and it can be most applied in the signature drinks portion of the competition here the baristas are able to show their skills in latte artraining there are schools providing barista training worldwide many of which belong to the specialty coffee association of europe scae proper training of a barista is important for several reasons and include anything from learning the proper technique for pulling espresso shots to customer service the barista guild of america for example is a popular source for american baristas to be properly trained in the art preparation and history of coffee they along with other institutes like it are focused on providing the public with good customer experiences as well as openingateways for new baristas to make connections with others andelve deeper into the world of coffee see also bikini barista soda jerk sommeliereferences category coffee culture category hospitality occupations category food services occupations category 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done manually ranging push operation involved manual process espresso notoriously beverage good manual espresso making considered skilled task preparation beverages particularly milk cappuccino latte also non espresso coffee press_pot requires additional work skill effective pouring often latte arthe barista usually trained toperate machine prepare coffee based guidelines shop owner baristas may discretion vary preparation make coffee well series steps needing attention beans coffee milk pouring beyond preparation espresso beverages general customer_service skilled baristas acquire knowledge thentire process coffee effectively prepare desired cup coffee including maintenance programming machine grinding methods roasting coffee plant cultivation similar sommelier familiar process wine making consumption barista acquire skills attending training classes buthey commonly learned job formal barista competitions originated inorway future world barista championship retrieved oct today prestigious world barista championship held annually varied baristas worldwide compete though must first compete competition held country qualify enter competitions focus promoting world coffee preparation barista representing country prepares series milk drinks signature drinks judged based quality taste preparation also important_part competitions applied signature drinks portion competition baristas able show skills latte schools providing barista training worldwide many belong specialty coffee association europe proper training barista important several reasons include anything learning proper technique pulling espresso shots customer_service barista guild america example popular source american baristas properly trained art preparation history coffee along institutes like focused providing public good customer experiences well new baristas make connections others deeper world coffee see_also barista soda jerk category coffee culture_category hospitality_occupations_category food_services occupations_category baristas"},{"title":"Bartender","description":"file robert gold bartenderjpg thumb right a bartender pouring some vodka in to the metal cup of a cocktail shaker file ada coleman small jpg righthumb px ada coleman bartending athe savoy hotel in london circa file bar tender making a classicocktailjpg thumbnail a bartender making a classicocktail a bartender also known as a barkeep barman barmaid bar chef tapster mixologist alcohol server flairman or alcohol chef is a person who formulates and serves alcoholic beverage s behind the bar usually in a licensed bar establishment bartenders also usually maintain the supplies and inventory for the bar a bartender can generally mix classicocktailsuch as a cosmopolitan cocktail cosmopolitan manhattan cocktail manhattan old fashioned and mojito the bartending profession was generally a second occupation used as transitional work for students to gain customer experience or to save money for university fees this however is changing around the world and bartending has become a profession by choice rather thanecessity cocktail competitionsuch as world class and bacardi legacy have recognised talented bartenders in the past decade and these bartenders and otherspread the love of cocktails and hospitality throughouthe world in america where gratuity tiping is a local custom bartenders depend on tips for most of their income bartenders are also usually responsible for confirming that customers meethe legal drinking age requirements before serving them alcoholic beverages in certain countriesuch as the united kingdom and sweden bartenders are legally required to refuse more alcohol to drunk customers united kingdom in the united kingdom bar work is oftenot regarded as a long term profession except if you are also a landlord but more often as a second occupation or transitional work for students to gain customer experience or to save money for university fees asuch it lacks traditional employment protections and therefore has a high turnover the high turnover of staff due to lowages and poor employee benefits results in a shortage of skilled bartenders whereas a career bartender would know drink recipeserving techniques alcohol contents correct gas mixes licensing law and would often have cordial relations with regular customershorterm staff may lack these skillsome pub s prefer experienced staff although pub chains tend to accept inexperienced staff and provide training tipping bartenders in the united kingdom is not considered mandatory but is greatly appreciated by the bartender the appropriate way to tip a bartender in the uk is to say have one for yourself encouraging the bartender to buy themselves a drink with one s money where a bartender may instead opto add a modest amounto a bill to take in cash athend of their shift united states the bureau of labor s data on occupations in the united states including that of bartender publishes a detailedescription of the bartender s typical duties and employment and earning statistics by those so employed with of a bartender s take home pay coming in the form of tips bartenders may attend special schools or learn while on the jobartenders in the united states may work in a large variety of bar establishment bars these include hotel bars restaurant barsports bars gay bars piano bar s andive bar s also growing in popularity is the portable bar which can be moved to different venues and special eventsee also bar back a bartender s assistant hospitality list of bartenders list of public house topics list of restauranterminology tavern references externalinks category bartending category food services occupations category 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bartenders love cocktails hospitality throughouthe_world america gratuity local custom bartenders depend tips income bartenders also usually responsible customers meethe legal drinking_age requirements serving alcoholic_beverages certain countriesuch united_kingdom sweden bartenders legally required refuse alcohol drunk customers united_kingdom united_kingdom bar work oftenot regarded long_term profession except also landlord often second occupation work students gain customer experience save money university fees asuch lacks traditional employment protections therefore high turnover high turnover staff due lowages poor employee benefits results shortage skilled bartenders whereas career bartender would know drink techniques alcohol contents correct gas licensing law would often relations regular staff may lack pub prefer experienced staff although pub_chains tend accept staff provide training tipping bartenders united_kingdom considered mandatory greatly appreciated bartender appropriate way tip bartender uk say one encouraging bartender buy drink one money bartender may instead add modest bill take cash athend shift united_states bureau labor data occupations united_states including bartender publishes bartender typical duties employment earning statistics employed bartender take home pay coming form tips bartenders may attend special schools learn united_states may work large variety bar_establishment_bars include hotel bars restaurant bars gay bars piano bar bar_also growing popularity portable bar moved different venues special also bar back bartender assistant hospitality list bartenders list public_house_topics list restauranterminology tavern references_externalinks category bartending category_food_services occupations_category_restauranterminology"},{"title":"Beach","description":"file man o war cove near lulworth dorset arpjpg thumb px right a beach is a landform along a body of water it usually consists of loose particles which are often composed of rock geology rock such asand gravel shingle beach shingle pebble s or cobblestone s the particles composing a beach are occasionally biological in origin such as mollusc shell s or coralline algae some beaches have man made infrastructure such as lifeguard posts changing rooms and showers they may also have hospitality venuesuch as resorts camps hotels and restaurants nearby wild beaches also known as undeveloped or undiscovered beaches are not developed in this manner wild beaches can be valued for their untouched beauty and preserved nature beaches typically occur in areas along the coast where wind wave or ocean current action deposition geology deposits and reworksediments file beach sectionsjpg thumb px the four sections of most beaches although the shore seashore is most commonly associated withe word beaches are also found by lakes and alongside large rivers beach may refer to small systems where rock material moves onshore offshore or alongshore by the forces of waves and currents or geological units of considerable size the former are described in detail below the larger geological units are discussed elsewhere under shoal bars there are several conspicuous parts to a beach that relate to the processes that form and shape ithe part mostly above water depending upon tide and more or less actively influenced by the waves at some point in the tide is termed the beach berm the berm is the deposit of material comprising the active shoreline the berm has a crestop and a face the latter being the slope leading down towards the water from the crest athe very bottom of the face there may be a trough and further seaward one or more long shore barslightly raised underwater embankments formed where the waves firstarto break the sandeposit may extend well inland from the berm crest where there may bevidence of one or more older crests the storm beach resulting from very large storm waves and beyond the influence of the normal waves at some pointhe influence of the waves even storm waves on the material comprising the beach stops and if the particles are small enough sand size or smaller windshape the feature where wind is the force distributing the grains inland the deposit behind the beach becomes a dune these geomorphic features compose what is called the beach profile the beach profile changeseasonally due to the change in wavenergy experienceduring summer and winter months in temperate areas where summer is characterised by calmer seas and longer periods between breaking wave crests the beach profile is higher in summer the gentle wave action during thiseason tends to transport sediment up the beach towards the berm where it is deposited and remains while the waterecedes onshore winds carry it further inland forming and enhancing dunes conversely the beach profile is lower in the storm season winter in temperate areas due to the increased wavenergy and the shorter periods between breaking wave crests higher energy waves breaking in quick succession tend to mobilisediment from the shallows keeping it in suspension where it is prone to be carried along the beach by longshore currents or carried outo sea to form longshore bars especially if the longshore current meets an outflow from a river or flooding stream the removal of sediment from the beach berm andune thus decreases the beach profile in tropics tropical areas the storm season tends to be during the summer months with calmer weather commonly associated withe winter season if storms coincide with unusually high tides or with a freak wavevent such as a tidal surge or tsunami which causesignificant coastal flooding substantial quantities of material may beroded from the coastal plain or dunes behind the berm by receding water this flow may alter the shape of the coastlinenlarge the mouths of rivers and create new deltas athe mouths of streams that had not been powerful enough tovercome longshore movement of sedimenthe line between beach andune is difficulto define in the field over any significant period of time sediment is always being exchanged between them the drift line the high point of material deposited by waves is one potential demarcation this would be the point at which significant wind movement of sand could occur since the normal waves do not wethe sand beyond this area however the drift line is likely to move inland under assault by storm wavesblair andawn witherington florida s living beaches a guide for the curious beachcomber pineapple press beaches and recreation file llandudnojpeg thumb left px a popular victorian seaside resort llandudno file brighton the front and the chain pier seen in the distancejpg thumb right brighton the front and the chain pier seen in the distancearly th century the development of the beach as a popular leisuresort from the mid th century was the first manifestation of what is now the global tourist industry the first seaside resorts were opened in the th century for the aristocracy who began to frequenthe seaside as well as then fashionable spa towns forecreation and health one of thearliest such seaside resorts wascarborough north yorkshire scarborough in yorkshire during the s it had been a fashionable spa town since a stream of acidic water was discovered running from one of the cliffs to the south of the town in the th century the first rolling bathing machine s were introduced by the opening of the resort in brighton and its reception of patronage royal patronage from kingeorge iv extended the seaside as a resort for health and pleasure to the much larger london market and the beach became a centre for upper class pleasure and frivolity this trend was praised and artistically elevated by the new romanticism romantic ideal of the picturesque landscape jane austen s unfinished novel sanditon is an example of that later victoria of the united kingdom queen victoria s long standing patronage of the isle of wight and ramsgate in kent ensured that a seaside residence was considered as a highly fashionable possession for those wealthy enough to afford more than one home seaside resorts for the working class file the promenade blackpoolancashirengland ca jpg thumblackpool promenade c thextension of this form of leisure to the middle and working class began withe development of the railway s in the s which offered cheap and affordable fares to fast growing resortowns in particular the completion of a blackpool branch line branch line to the small seaside town blackpool from poultron led to a sustained economic andemographic boom a sudden influx of visitors arriving by rail provided the motivation for entrepreneurs to build accommodation and create new attractions leading to more visitors and a rapid cycle of growthroughouthe s and s the growth was intensified by the practice among the lancashire cotton mill owners of closing the factories for a week everyear to service and repair machinery these became known as wakes week s each town s mills would close for a different week allowing blackpool to manage a steady and reliable stream of visitors over a prolonged period in the summer a prominent feature of the resort was the promenade and the pleasure pier s where an eclectic variety of performances vied for the people s attention in the north pier blackpool north pier in blackpool was completed rapidly becoming a centre of attraction for elite visitors central pier blackpool central pier was completed in with a theatre and a large open air dance floor many of the popular beach resorts werequipped with bathing machine s becauseven the all covering swimsuit beachwear of the period was considered immodest by thend of the century thenglish coastline had over large resortownsome with populations exceeding expansion around the world file monte carlo casino seaside facade before bonillo p jpg thumb right seaside facade at monte carlo s the development of the seaside resort abroad wastimulated by the well developed english love of the beach the french rivieralongside the mediterranean had already become a popular destination for the british upper class by thend of the th century in the first railway to nice was completed making the rivieraccessible to visitors from all over europe by residents oforeign enclaves inice most of whom were british numbered the coastline became renowned for attracting the royalty of europe including victoria of the united kingdom queen victoriand edward vii of the united kingdom king edward vii michael nelson queen victoriand the discovery of the riviera tauris parke paperbacks continental european attitudes towards gambling and nakedness tended to be more lax than in britain so british and french entrepreneurs were quick to exploithe possibilities in the prince of monaco charles iii prince of monaco charles iii and fran ois blanc a french businessman arranged for steamship s and carriages to take visitors from nice to monaco where large luxury hotels gardens and casinos were builthe place was renamed monte carlo commercial sea bathing spread to the united states and parts of the british empire by thend of the th century by the late s henry flagler developed the florida east coast railway which linked the coastal sea resorts developing at st augustine fl and miami beach fl to winter travelers from the northern united states and canada on theast coast railway by thearly th century surfing was developed in hawaii and australiand then moving to southern california by thearly s by the s cheap and affordable air travel was the catalyst for the growth of a truly global tourismarket which benefited areasuch as the mediterranean australia south africand the coastal sun belt regions of the united states file joaqu n sorolla verano jpg thumb summer joaqu n sorolla file cousins at lincoln city beachjpg thumb children walking on a beaches can be popular on warm sunny days in the victorian era many popular seaside resort beach resorts werequipped with bathing machine s becauseven the all covering swimsuit beachwear of the period was considered immodesthisocial standard still prevails in many muslim countries athe other end of the spectrum are toplessness topfree beaches and nude beach es where clothing is optional or not allowed in most countriesocial norms are significantly different on a beach in hot weather compared to adjacent areas where similar behavior might not be tolerated and might even be prosecuted in more than thirty countries in europe south africa new zealand canada costa rica south americand the caribbean the best recreational beaches are awarded blue flag beach blue flag status based on such criterias water quality and safety provision subsequent loss of thistatus can have a severeffect on tourism revenues beaches are often dumpingrounds for waste and litter necessitating the use of beach cleaner s and other cleanuprojects more significantly many beaches are a discharge zone for untreated sewage in most underdeveloped countries even in developed countries beach closure is an occasional circumstance due to sanitary sewer overflow in these cases of marine discharge waterborne disease from feces fecal pathogen s and contamination of certain marine species are a frequent outcome artificial beachesome beaches are artificial they areither permanent or temporary for examplesee monaco paris copenhagen rotterdam nottingham toronto beaches of hong kong hong kong list of beaches of singapore and port of tianjin dongjiang port area tianjin the soothing qualities of a beach and the pleasant environment offered to the beachgoer areplicated in artificial beachesuch as beach style pools with zero depth entry and wave pools that recreate the natural waves pounding upon a beach in a zero entry swimming pool zero depth entry pool the bottom surface slopes gradually from above water down to depth another approach involveso called urban beach es a form of public park becoming common in large cities urban beaches attempto mimic natural beaches with fountains that imitate surf and mask city noises and in some cases can be used as a play park beach nourishment involves pumping sand onto beaches to improve their health beach nourishment is common for major beach cities around the world however the beaches that have beenourished can still appear quite natural and often many visitors are unaware of the works undertaken to supporthealth of the beach such beaches are oftenot recognized by consumers as artificial the surfrider foundation has debated the merits of artificial reef s with members torn between their desire to support natural coastal environments and opportunities to enhance the quality of surfing wavesimilar debatesurround beach nourishment and snow cannon in sensitivenvironments restrictions on access public access to beaches is restricted in some parts of the world for example most beaches on the jersey shore arestricted to people who can purchase beach tag samodio aimee what are beach tags visitnjshorecom some beaches also restrict dogs for some periods of the year private beaches also private beachesuch as those along the shores may belong to the neighborhood associationearby signs are usually posted thentrance a permit or special use occasion event may be granted upon executing the proper channels to legally obtain one public beaches public access to beaches is protected by law in the ustate of oregon thanks to a state law the oregon beach bill which guaranteed public access from the columbia river to the california state line so thathe public may have the free and uninterrupted use beach formation beaches are the result of wave action by which wave s or ocean currents move sand or other loosediment s of which the beach is made as these particles are held in suspension chemistry suspension alternatively sand may be moved by saltation geology saltation a bouncing movement of large particles beach materials come from erosion of rocks offshore as well as from headland erosion and slumping producing deposits of scree some of the whitest sand in the world along florida s emerald coast comes from therosion of quartz in the appalachian mountains a reef coral reef offshore is a significant source of sand particlesome species ofish that feed on algae attached to coral outcrops and rocks can create substantial quantities of sand particles over their lifetime as they nibble during feeding digesting the organic matter andiscarding the rock and coral particles which pass through their digestive tracts the composition of the beach depends upon the nature and quantity of sediments upstream of the beach and the speed oflow and turbidity of water and wind sediments are moved by moving water and wind according to their particle size and state of compaction particles tend to settle and compact in still water once compacted they are moresistanto erosion established vegetation especially species with complex network root systems will resist erosion by slowing the fluid flow athe surface layer when affected by moving water or wind particles that areroded and held in suspension will increase therosive power of the fluid that holds them by increasing the average density viscosity and volume of the moving fluid the nature of sediments found on a beach tends to indicate thenergy of the waves and wind in the locality coastlines facing very energetic wind and wave systems will tend to hold only large rocks asmaller particles will be held in suspension in the turbid water column and carried to calmer areas by longshore currents and tides coastlines that are protected from waves and winds will tend to allow finer sedimentsuch as clays and mud to precipitate creating mud flats and mangrove forests the shape of a beach depends on whether the waves are constructive or destructive and whether the material isand or shingle waves are constructive if the period between their wave crests is long enough for the breaking water to recede and the sedimento settle before the succeeding wave arrives and breaks fine sedimentransported from lower down the beach profile will compact if the receding water percolates or soaks into the beach compacted sediment is moresistanto movement by turbulent water from succeeding waves conversely waves are destructive if the period between the wave crests ishort sedimenthat remains in suspension when the following wave crest arrives will not be able to settle and compact and will be more susceptible to erosion by longshore currents and receding tides constructive waves move material up the beach while destructive waves move the material down the beach during seasons when destructive waves are prevalenthe shallows will carry an increased load of sediment and organic matter in suspension sandy beaches the turbulent backwash of destructive waves removes material forming a gently sloping beach on pebble and shingle beaches the swash is dissipated more quickly because the large particle size allows greater percolation thereby reducing the power of the backwash and the beach remainsteep compacted fine sediments will form a smooth beach surface that resists wind and waterosion during hot calm seasons a crust may form on the surface of ocean beaches as theat of the sun evaporates the water leaving the salt which crystallises around the sand particles this crust forms an additional protective layer that resists wind erosion unless disturbed by animals or dissolved by the advancing tide beach cusps and horns form where incoming waves dividepositing sand as horns and scouring out sand to form cusps this forms the uneven face on some sand shoreline s beach erosion and accretionatural erosion and accretion beaches are changed in shape chiefly by the movement of water and wind any weather eventhat is associated with turbid or fast flowing water or high winds will erodexposed beaches longshore currents will tend to replenish beach sediments and repair storm damage tidal waterways generally change the shape of their adjacent beaches by small degrees with every tidal cycle over time these changes can become substantialeading to significant changes in the size and location of the beach effects on flora changes in the shape of the beach may undermine the roots of large trees and other flora many beach adapted speciesuch as coconut palms have a fine root system and large root ball which tends to withstand wave and wind action and tends to stabilize beaches better than other trees with a lesseroot ball effects on adjacent land erosion of beaches can expose less resilient soils and rocks to wind and wave action leading to undermining of coastal headlands eventually resulting in catastrophicollapse of large quantities of overburden into the shallows this material may be distributed along the beach front leading to a change in the habitat asea grasses and corals in the shallows may be buried or deprived of light and nutrients manmaderosion and accretion coastal areasettled by man inevitably become subjecto theffects of man made structures and processes over long periods of time these influences may substantially alter the shape of the coastline and the character of the beach destruction oflora beach front flora plays a majorole in stabilizing the foredunes and preventing beachead erosion and inland movement of dunes iflora with network root systems creepers grasses and palms are able to becomestablished they provide an effective coastal defense as they trap sand particles and rainwater and enrich the surface layer of the dunes allowing other plant species to becomestablished they also protecthe berm from erosion by high winds freak waves and subsiding flood waters over long periods of time well stabilized foreshore areas will tend to accrete while unstabilized foreshores will tend to erode leading to substantial changes in the shape of the coastline these changes usually occur over periods of manyears freak waveventsuch as tsunami tidal waves and storm surges may substantially alter the shape profile and location of a beach within hours destruction oflora on the berm by the use of herbicides excessive pedestrian or vehicular traffic or disruption to fresh water flows may lead to erosion of the berm andunes while the destruction oflora may be a gradual process that is imperceptible to regular beach users it often becomes immediately apparent after storms associated withigh winds and freak wavevents that can rapidly move large volumes of exposed and unstable sandepositing them further inland or carrying them out into the permanent water forming offshore bars lagoons or increasing the area of the beach exposed at low tide large and rapid movements of exposed sand can bury and smother flora in adjacent areas aggravating the loss of habitat for faunand enlarging the area of instability if there is an adequate supply of sand weather conditions do not allow vegetation to recover and stabilize the sediment wind blown sand can continue to advancengulfing and permanently altering downwind landscapesediment moved by waves oreceding flood waters can be deposited in coastal shallows engulfing reed beds and changing the character of underwater florand fauna in the coastal shallows file hidden beach jpg thumb right px hidden beach in southern croatia burning or clearance of vegetation the land adjacento the beachead for farming and residential development changes the surface wind patterns and exposes the surface of the beach to wind erosion farming and residential development are also commonly associated with changes in local surface water flows if these flows are concentrated in storm water drains emptying onto the beachead they may erode the beach creating a lagoon or delta dense vegetation tends to absorb rainfall reducing the speed of runoff and releasing it over longer periods of time destruction by burning or clearance of the natural vegetation tends to increase the speed and erosive power of runoffrom rainfall this runoff will tend to carry more silt and organic matter from the land onto the beach and into the sea if the flow is constant runoffrom cleared land arriving athe beachead will tend to deposithis material into the sand changing its color odor and fauna creation of beach access points the concentration of pedestriand vehicular traffic accessing the beach forecreational purposes may cause increased erosion athe access points if measures are notaken to stabilize the beach surface above high water mark recognition of the dangers of loss of beach front flora has caused many local authorities responsible for managing coastal areas to restrict beach access points by physical structures or legal sanctions and fence offoredunes in an efforto protecthe flora these measures are often associated withe construction of structures athese access points to allow traffic to pass over or through the dunes without causing further damage concentration of runoff beaches provide a filter forunoffrom the coastal plain if the runoff is naturally dispersed along the beach water borne silt and organic matter will be retained on the land will feed the flora in the coastal area runoff that is dispersed along the beach will tend to percolate through the beach and may emerge from the beach at low tide the retention of the fresh water may also help to maintain underground watereserves and will resist salt water incursion if the surface flow of the runoff is diverted and concentrated by drains that create constant flows over the beach above the sea oriver level the beach will beroded and ultimately form an inlet unless longshore flows deposit sediments to repair the breach onceroded an inlet may allow tidal inflows of salt water to pollute areas inland from the beach and may also affecthe quality of underground water supplies and theight of the water table deprivation of runoff some flora naturally occurring on the beachead requires fresh waterunoffrom the landiversion ofresh waterunoff into drains may deprive these plants of their water supplies and allow sea water incursion increasing the saltiness of the ground water species that are not able to survive in salt water may die and be replaced by mangroves or other species adapted to salty environments inappropriate beach nourishment beach nourishment is the importing andeposition of sand or other sediments in an efforto restore a beach that has been damaged by erosion beach nourishment often involves excavation of sediments from riverbeds or sand quarries this excavated sediment may be substantially different in size and appearance to the naturally occurring beach sand in extreme cases beach nourishment may involve placement of large pebbles orocks in an efforto permanently restore a shoreline subjecto constant erosion and loss oforeshore this often required where the flow of new sediment caused by the longshore current has been disrupted by construction of harbors breakwaters causeways or boat ramps creating new current flows that scour the sand from behind these structures andeprive the beach of restorative sediments if the causes of therosion are not addressed beach nourishment can become a necessary and permanent feature of beach maintenance during beach nourishment activities care must be taken to place new sedimentso thathe new sediments compact and stabilize before aggressive wave or wind action can erode thematerial that is concentrated too far down the beach may form a temporary groyne that will encourage scouring behind it sediments that are too fine or too light may beroded before they have compacted or been integrated into thestablished vegetation foreign unwashed sediments may introduce flora or fauna that are not usually found in that locality brighton beach on the south coast of england is a shingle beach that has beenourished with very large pebbles in an efforto withstand erosion of the upper area of the beach these large pebbles made the beach unwelcoming for pedestrians for a period of time until natural processes integrated the naturally occurring shingle into the pebble base beach access design file art ibizajpg thumb a siren mythology siren created with sand in the beach of santa eul ria des riu spain beach access is an important consideration where substantial numbers of pedestrians or vehicles require access to the beach allowing random access across delicate foredunes iseldom considered good practice as it is likely to lead to destruction oflorand consequent erosion of the fore dunes a well designed beach accesshould provide a durable surface able to withstand the traffic flow aesthetically complementhe surrounding structures and naturalandforms be located in an area that is convenient for users and consistent with safe traffic flows be scaled to match the traffic flow ie wide and strong enough to safely carry the size and quantity of pedestrians and vehicles intended to use it be maintained appropriately and be signed and lito discourage beach users from creating their own alternative crossings that may be more destructive to the beachhead concrete ramp or steps a concrete ramp should follow the natural profile of the beach to prevent it from changing the normal flow of waves longshore currents water and wind a ramp that is below the beach profile will tend to become buried and cease to provide a good surface for vehicular traffic a ramp or stair that protrudes above the beach profile will tend to disrupt longshore currents creating deposits in front of the ramp and scouring behind concrete ramps are the most expensivehicular beach accesses to construct requiring use of a quick drying concrete or a coffer dam to protecthem from tidal water during the concrete curing process concrete is favored where traffic flows are heavy and access is required by vehicles that are not adapted to soft sand eg road registered passenger vehicles and boatrailers concrete stairs are commonly favored on beaches adjacento population centers where beach users may arrive on the beach in street shoes or where the foreshore roadway isubstantially higher than the beachead and a ramp would be too steep for safe use by pedestrians a composite stairamp may incorporate a central or side stair with one or more ramps allowing pedestrians to lead buggies or small boat dollies onto the beach withouthe aid of a powered vehicle or winch concrete ramps and stepshould be maintained to prevent buildup of moss or algae that may make their wet surfaceslippery andangerous to pedestrians and vehicles corduroy beach ladder a corduroy or beach ladder or board and chain is an array of planks usually hardwood or treated timber laid close together and perpendicular to the direction of traffic flow and secured at each end by a chain or cable to form a pathway oramp over the sandune corduroys are cheap and easy to construct and quick to deploy orelocate they are commonly used for pedestrian access paths and light duty vehicular access ways they naturally conform to the shape of the underlying beach or dune profile and adjust well to moderaterosion especially longshore drift however they can cease to be an effective accessurface if they become buried or undermined by erosion by surface runoff coming from the beachead if the corduroy is not widenough for vehicles using ithe sediment on either side may be displaced creating a spoon drain that acceleratesurface run off and can quickly lead to serious erosion significant erosion of the sediment beside and under the corduroy can render it completely ineffective and make it dangerous to pedestrian users who may fall between the planks fabric ramp fabric ramps are commonly employed by the military for temporary purposes where the underlying sediment istable and hard enough to supporthe weight of the traffic a sheet of porous fabric is laid over the sand to stabilize the surface and prevent vehicles from bogging fabric ramps usually cease to be useful after one tidal cycle as they areasily washed away or buried in sediment foliage ramp a foliage ramp is formed by planting resilient species of hardy plantsuch as grasses over a well formed sediment ramp the plants may be supported while they becomestablished by placement of layers of mesh netting or coarse organic material such as vines or branches this type of ramp is ideally suited for intermittent use by vehicles with a lowheeloading such as dune buggies or agricultural vehicles with large tyres a foliage ramp should require minimal maintenance if initially formed to follow the beach profile and not overused gravel ramp a gravel ramp is formed by excavating the underlying loosediment and filling thexcavation with layers of gravel of graduated sizes as defined by macadam john loudon mcadam the gravel is compacted to form a solid surface according to the needs of the traffic gravel ramps are less expensive to constructhan concrete ramps and are able to carry heavy road traffic provided thexcavation is deep enough to reach solid subsoil gravel ramps are subjecto erosion by water if thedges aretained with boards or walls and the profile matches the surrounding beach profile a gravel ramp may become more stable as finer sediments are deposited by percolating water longest beaches amongsthe world s longest beaches are praia do cassino in brazil ninety mile beach victoria ninety mile beach in victoriaustralia cox s bazar cox s bazar bangladesh unbrokeninety mile beach new zealand mile beach inew zealand fraser island beach about in queensland australia troia sines beach in portugal the jersey shore kmiles and long beach washington which is about padre island beach about in gulf of mexico texas playa novillera beach about in mexico beach wildlife file kemp s ridley sea turtle nestingjpg thumb left a kemp s ridley sea turtle nesting on the berm section of the beach beyond can be seen wrack seaweed plant debris in the wrack line a beach is an unstablenvironmenthat exposes plants and animals to changeable and potentially harsh conditionsome animals burrow into the sand feed on material deposited by the waves crabs insects and shorebird s feed on these beach dwellers thendangered piping plover and some tern species rely on beaches for nesting sea turtle s also bury their eggs in ocean beacheseagrass es and other beach plants grow on undisturbed areas of the beach andunes ocean beaches are habitats with organisms adapted to salt spray tidal overwash and shifting sandsome of these organisms are found only on beaches examples of these beach organisms in the southeast us include plants like sea oatsea rocket beach elder beach morninglory ipomoea pes caprae and beach peanut and animalsuch as mole crabs hippoidea coquina clams donax bivalve donax ghost crab s and white beach tiger beetlesee also beach advisory beach cleaner beach evolution coast list of beachesand art and play shore strand plain urban beach polo furthereading bascom waves and beaches anchor press doubleday garden city new york p externalinks unesco beach erosion and formation world s largest beach database category beaches category coastal and oceanic landforms category oceanographical terminology category erosion landforms category tourist 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particles often composed rock geology rock gravel shingle beach shingle particles beach occasionally biological origin shell beaches man_made infrastructure posts changing rooms may_also hospitality venuesuch resorts camps hotels_restaurants nearby wild beaches also_known undeveloped undiscovered beaches developed manner wild beaches valued untouched beauty preserved nature beaches typically occur areas along coast wind wave ocean current action geology deposits file beach thumb px four sections beaches although shore commonly associated_withe word beaches also_found lakes alongside large rivers beach may refer small systems rock material moves offshore forces waves currents geological units considerable size former described detail larger geological units discussed elsewhere bars several parts beach relate processes form shape ithe part mostly water depending upon tide less actively influenced waves point tide termed beach berm berm deposit material comprising active shoreline berm face latter slope leading towards water crest athe_bottom face may one long shore raised underwater formed waves break may extend well inland berm crest may one older crests storm beach resulting large storm waves beyond influence normal waves pointhe influence waves even storm waves material comprising beach stops particles small enough sand size smaller feature wind force grains inland deposit behind beach becomes dune features called beach_profile beach_profile due change summer winter months temperate areas summer characterised calmer seas longer periods breaking wave crests beach_profile higher summer gentle wave action thiseason tends transport sediment beach towards berm deposited remains winds carry inland forming enhancing dunes conversely beach_profile lower storm season winter temperate areas due increased shorter periods breaking wave crests higher energy waves breaking quick succession tend shallows keeping suspension prone carried along beach longshore currents carried outo sea form longshore bars especially longshore current meets river flooding stream removal sediment beach berm thus beach_profile tropics tropical areas storm season tends summer months calmer weather commonly associated_withe winter season storms coincide unusually high tides freak tidal tsunami coastal flooding substantial quantities material may coastal plain dunes behind berm water flow may alter shape rivers create new athe streams powerful enough longshore movement line beach difficulto define field significant period time sediment always exchanged drift line high point material deposited waves one potential would point significant wind movement sand could occur since normal waves sand beyond area however drift line likely move inland assault storm florida living beaches guide curious pineapple press beaches recreation file thumb left_px popular victorian seaside_resort file brighton front chain pier seen thumb right brighton front chain pier seen th_century development beach popular mid_th century first manifestation global tourist_industry first seaside_resorts opened th_century aristocracy began frequenthe seaside well fashionable spa towns forecreation health one thearliest seaside_resorts north_yorkshire scarborough yorkshire fashionable spa town since stream water discovered running one cliffs south town th_century first rolling bathing machine introduced opening resort brighton reception patronage royal patronage kingeorge extended seaside_resort health pleasure much_larger london market beach became centre upper_class pleasure trend praised elevated new romanticism romantic ideal picturesque landscape jane novel example later victoria united_kingdom queen victoria long standing patronage isle wight kent ensured seaside residence considered highly fashionable possession wealthy enough afford one home seaside_resorts working_class file promenade jpg promenade c form leisure middle working_class began withe development railway offered cheap affordable fares fast_growing resortowns particular completion blackpool branch line branch line small seaside town blackpool led sustained economic boom sudden influx visitors arriving rail provided motivation entrepreneurs build accommodation create new attractions leading visitors rapid cycle growth intensified practice among lancashire cotton mill owners closing factories week everyear service repair machinery became_known week town mills would close different week allowing blackpool manage steady reliable stream visitors period summer prominent feature resort promenade pleasure pier eclectic variety performances people attention north pier blackpool north pier blackpool completed rapidly becoming centre attraction elite visitors central pier blackpool central pier completed theatre large open_air dance_floor many popular beach resorts werequipped bathing machine covering period considered thend century thenglish coastline large populations exceeding expansion around world file monte_carlo casino seaside facade p jpg thumb right seaside facade monte_carlo development seaside_resort abroad well developed english love beach french mediterranean already become_popular destination british upper_class thend th_century first railway nice completed making visitors europe residents oforeign british numbered coastline became renowned attracting royalty europe including victoria united_kingdom queen victoriand edward vii united_kingdom king edward vii michael nelson queen victoriand discovery riviera continental_european attitudes towards gambling tended lax britain british french entrepreneurs quick possibilities prince monaco charles iii prince monaco charles iii fran_ois blanc french businessman arranged steamship carriages take visitors nice monaco large luxury hotels gardens casinos builthe place renamed monte_carlo commercial sea bathing spread united_states parts british empire thend th_century late henry developed florida east_coast railway linked coastal sea resorts developing st_augustine miami beach winter travelers northern united_states canada theast_coast railway thearly_th century surfing developed hawaii australiand moving southern_california thearly cheap affordable air_travel catalyst growth truly global tourismarket benefited areasuch mediterranean australia south_africand coastal sun belt regions united_states file n jpg thumb summer n file cousins lincoln city thumb children walking beaches popular warm sunny days victorian_era many popular seaside_resort beach resorts werequipped bathing machine covering period considered standard still many muslim countries athe end spectrum beaches beach clothing optional allowed norms significantly different beach hot weather compared adjacent areas similar behavior might might even prosecuted thirty countries europe south_africa new_zealand canada costa_rica south_americand caribbean best recreational beaches awarded blue flag beach blue flag status based water quality safety provision subsequent loss tourism revenues beaches often waste litter use beach cleaner significantly many beaches discharge zone sewage underdeveloped countries even developed_countries beach closure occasional due sanitary sewer cases marine discharge disease contamination certain marine species frequent outcome artificial beaches artificial areither permanent temporary monaco paris copenhagen rotterdam nottingham toronto beaches hong_kong hong_kong list beaches singapore port tianjin port area tianjin qualities beach pleasant environment offered artificial beach style pools zero depth entry wave pools recreate natural waves upon beach zero entry swimming_pool zero depth entry pool bottom surface slopes gradually water depth another approach called urban beach form public park becoming common large_cities urban beaches attempto natural beaches fountains surf mask city cases used play park beach nourishment involves sand onto beaches improve health beach nourishment common major beach cities around world however beaches still appear quite natural often many visitors works undertaken beach beaches oftenot recognized consumers artificial foundation artificial reef members torn desire support natural coastal environments opportunities enhance quality surfing beach nourishment snow cannon restrictions access public access beaches restricted parts world example beaches jersey shore people purchase beach tag beach beaches also restrict dogs periods year private beaches also private along shores may belong neighborhood signs usually posted thentrance permit special use occasion event may granted upon proper channels legally obtain one public beaches public access beaches protected law ustate oregon thanks state law oregon beach bill guaranteed public access columbia_river california state line thathe public may free use beach formation beaches result wave action wave ocean currents move sand beach made particles held suspension chemistry suspension alternatively sand may moved geology bouncing movement large particles beach materials come erosion rocks offshore well erosion producing deposits sand world along florida emerald coast comes appalachian mountains reef coral reef offshore significant source sand species ofish feed attached coral rocks create substantial quantities sand particles lifetime feeding organic matter rock coral particles pass composition beach depends upon nature quantity sediments beach speed water wind sediments moved moving water wind according particle size state particles tend settle compact still water compacted erosion established vegetation especially species complex network root systems resist erosion fluid flow athe surface layer affected moving water wind particles held suspension increase power fluid holds increasing average density volume moving fluid nature sediments found beach tends indicate thenergy waves wind locality facing wind wave systems tend hold large rocks particles held suspension water column carried calmer areas longshore currents tides protected waves winds tend allow finer mud creating mud flats forests shape beach depends whether waves constructive destructive whether material shingle waves constructive period wave crests long enough breaking water settle wave arrives breaks fine lower beach_profile compact water beach compacted sediment movement turbulent water waves conversely waves destructive period wave crests remains suspension following wave crest arrives able settle compact susceptible erosion longshore currents tides constructive waves move material beach destructive waves move material beach seasons destructive waves shallows carry increased load sediment organic matter suspension sandy beaches turbulent destructive waves material forming beach shingle beaches quickly large particle size allows greater thereby reducing power beach compacted fine sediments form smooth beach surface wind hot seasons crust may form surface ocean beaches theat sun water leaving salt around sand particles crust forms additional protective layer wind erosion unless disturbed animals dissolved advancing tide beach horns form incoming waves sand horns sand form forms face sand shoreline beach erosion erosion beaches changed shape chiefly movement water wind weather eventhat associated fast flowing water high winds beaches longshore currents tend beach sediments repair storm damage tidal waterways generally change shape adjacent beaches small degrees every tidal cycle time changes become significant changes size location beach effects flora changes shape beach may undermine roots large trees flora many beach adapted speciesuch coconut palms fine root system large root ball tends withstand wave wind action tends stabilize beaches better trees ball effects adjacent land erosion beaches less rocks wind wave action leading coastal eventually resulting large quantities shallows material may distributed along beach front leading change habitat grasses shallows may buried deprived light coastal man inevitably become subjecto theffects man_made structures processes long_periods time influences may substantially alter shape coastline character beach destruction oflora beach front flora plays majorole stabilizing preventing beachead erosion inland movement dunes network root systems grasses palms able provide effective coastal defense trap sand particles surface layer dunes allowing plant species also protecthe berm erosion high winds freak waves flood waters long_periods time well stabilized areas tend tend erode leading substantial changes shape coastline changes usually occur periods manyears freak tsunami tidal waves storm may substantially alter shape profile location beach within hours destruction oflora berm use excessive pedestrian vehicular traffic disruption fresh water flows may lead erosion berm destruction oflora may gradual process regular beach users often becomes immediately apparent storms associated withigh winds freak rapidly move large volumes exposed unstable inland carrying permanent water forming offshore bars increasing area beach exposed low tide large rapid movements exposed sand bury flora adjacent areas loss habitat faunand area instability adequate supply sand weather conditions allow vegetation recover stabilize sediment wind blown sand continue permanently moved waves flood waters deposited coastal shallows reed beds changing character underwater florand fauna coastal shallows file hidden beach jpg thumb right px hidden beach southern croatia burning clearance vegetation land adjacento beachead farming residential development changes surface wind patterns surface beach wind erosion farming residential development also_commonly associated changes local surface water flows flows concentrated storm water drains onto beachead may erode beach creating lagoon delta dense vegetation tends absorb rainfall reducing speed runoff releasing longer periods time destruction burning clearance natural vegetation tends increase speed power rainfall runoff tend carry organic matter land onto beach sea flow constant cleared land arriving athe beachead tend material sand changing color fauna creation beach access points concentration vehicular traffic accessing beach forecreational purposes may cause increased erosion athe access points measures stabilize beach surface high water mark recognition dangers loss beach front flora caused many local_authorities responsible managing coastal areas restrict beach access points physical structures legal fence efforto protecthe flora measures often associated_withe construction structures access points allow traffic pass dunes without causing damage concentration runoff beaches provide filter coastal plain runoff naturally along beach water borne organic matter retained land feed flora coastal area runoff along beach tend beach may emerge beach low tide retention fresh water may_also help maintain underground resist salt water surface flow runoff diverted concentrated drains create constant flows beach sea_level beach ultimately form inlet unless longshore flows deposit sediments repair breach inlet may allow tidal salt water areas inland beach may_also affecthe quality underground water supplies theight water table deprivation runoff flora naturally occurring beachead requires fresh ofresh drains may plants water supplies allow sea water increasing ground water species able survive salt water may die replaced species adapted salty environments inappropriate beach nourishment beach nourishment sand sediments efforto restore beach damaged erosion beach nourishment often involves excavation sediments sand sediment may substantially different size appearance naturally occurring beach sand extreme cases beach nourishment may involve placement large efforto permanently restore shoreline subjecto constant erosion loss often required flow new sediment caused longshore current construction boat ramps creating new current flows sand behind structures beach sediments causes addressed beach nourishment become necessary permanent feature beach maintenance beach nourishment activities care must taken_place new thathe new sediments compact stabilize aggressive wave wind action erode concentrated far beach may form temporary encourage behind sediments fine light may compacted integrated vegetation foreign sediments may introduce flora fauna usually found locality brighton beach south coast england shingle beach large efforto withstand erosion upper area beach large made beach pedestrians period time natural processes integrated naturally occurring shingle base beach access design file art thumb mythology created sand beach santa des spain beach access important consideration substantial numbers pedestrians vehicles require access beach allowing random access across delicate considered good practice likely lead destruction erosion fore dunes well designed beach provide durable surface able withstand traffic flow aesthetically surrounding structures located area convenient users consistent safe traffic flows scaled match traffic flow wide strong enough safely carry size quantity pedestrians vehicles intended use maintained signed discourage beach users creating alternative may destructive concrete ramp steps concrete ramp follow natural profile beach prevent changing normal flow waves longshore currents water wind ramp beach_profile tend become buried cease provide good surface vehicular traffic ramp beach_profile tend longshore currents creating deposits front ramp behind concrete ramps beach construct requiring use quick drying concrete dam tidal water concrete curing process concrete favored traffic flows heavy access required vehicles adapted soft sand road registered passenger vehicles concrete stairs commonly favored beaches adjacento population centers beach users may arrive beach street shoes roadway higher beachead ramp would steep safe use pedestrians composite may incorporate central side one ramps allowing pedestrians lead small boat onto beach withouthe aid powered vehicle winch concrete ramps maintained prevent buildup moss may make wet pedestrians vehicles corduroy beach corduroy beach board chain array usually treated timber laid close together direction traffic flow secured end chain cable form pathway cheap easy construct quick deploy commonly_used pedestrian access paths light duty vehicular access ways naturally conform shape underlying beach dune profile well especially longshore drift however cease effective become buried erosion surface runoff coming beachead corduroy vehicles using ithe sediment either side may displaced creating spoon drain run quickly lead serious erosion significant erosion sediment beside corduroy completely make dangerous pedestrian users may fall fabric ramp fabric ramps commonly employed military temporary purposes underlying sediment hard enough supporthe weight traffic sheet fabric laid sand stabilize surface prevent vehicles fabric ramps usually cease useful one tidal cycle away buried sediment foliage ramp foliage ramp formed planting species hardy grasses well formed sediment ramp plants may supported placement layers organic material vines branches type ramp ideally suited use vehicles dune agricultural vehicles large foliage ramp require minimal maintenance initially formed follow beach_profile gravel ramp gravel ramp formed underlying filling thexcavation layers gravel graduated sizes defined john gravel compacted form solid surface according needs traffic gravel ramps less expensive concrete ramps able carry heavy road traffic provided thexcavation deep enough reach solid gravel ramps subjecto erosion water boards walls profile matches surrounding beach_profile gravel ramp may become stable finer sediments deposited water longest beaches amongsthe world longest beaches brazil ninety mile beach victoria ninety mile beach victoriaustralia cox cox bangladesh mile beach new_zealand mile beach inew_zealand fraser island beach queensland australia beach portugal jersey shore long_beach washington padre island beach gulf mexico texas playa beach mexico beach wildlife file kemp sea turtle thumb left kemp sea turtle nesting berm section beach beyond seen plant debris line beach plants animals potentially harsh animals sand feed material deposited waves insects feed beach dwellers thendangered species rely beaches nesting sea turtle also bury eggs ocean beach plants grow areas beach ocean beaches habitats organisms adapted salt spray tidal shifting organisms found beaches examples beach organisms southeast us include plants like sea rocket beach beach morninglory beach peanut animalsuch mole clams ghost crab white beach tiger also beach advisory beach cleaner beach evolution coast list art play shore strand plain urban beach polo furthereading waves beaches anchor press garden city_new_york p externalinks unesco beach erosion formation world largest beach database category beaches category coastal landforms category terminology category erosion landforms category_tourist attractions"},{"title":"Beach hut","description":"file cabines de bain berckjpg thumbeachuts in berck pas de calais france file badhytterjpg thumbeachuts by the baltic sea in h llviken sweden image wimereux beachutsjpg thumb right beachuts in front of modern housing development wimereux france file beachhousesmuizenbergbeachjpg thumb colourful beachuts at muizenberg beach in south africa beachut also known as a beach cabin or bathing box is a small usually wooden and often brightly coloured box above the high tide mark on popular bathing beaches they are generally used as a shelter from the sun or wind changing into and out of swimming costumes and for the safe storing of some personal belongingsome beachuts incorporate simple facilities for preparing food and hot drinks by either bottled gas or occasionally mains electricity bbc accessed february at many seaside resort s beachuts are arranged in one or more ranks along the top of the beach depending upon the location beachuts may be owned privately or may be owned by the local council or similar administrative body on popular beaches privately owned beachuts can command substantial prices due to their convenient location out of all proportion to their size and amenity a pre war wooden beachalet at west bexington dorset sold at auction for in and a beachut on mudeford spit sold for in however these werexceptional as in both cases overnight stays were possiblefrith maxine the tide turns against beachuts as charges erode seaside property prices the independent march accessed september prices in for typical huts around the uk started from in walton the naze and typically up to in january a beachut wasold in brighton victoriaustralia for a record today there are believed to be around beachuts in the uk locations where beachuts can be seen include lowestoft southwold walton the naze frinton seabersoch langland bay rotherslade rustington st helens isle of wight and mersea island locations in other countries include wimereux france cape town south africa nesodden norway and brighton victoria brighton and elsewhere around port philliport phillip australia holhiashi are small maldivians maldivian resting places usually found only in the maldives these small beachuts can be found near beaches or harbours image yarmouth jpg thumb right beachuts at great yarmouth norfolk the noted bathing boxes at brighton victoria brighton in australiare known to havexisted as far back as the bathing boxes are thoughto have been constructed and used largely as a response to the victorian morality of the age and are known to havexisted not only in australia but alson the beaches of england france and italy at around the same time they had evolved from the wheeled bathing machine s used by victorians to preserve their modesty george iii of the united kingdom george iii gave royal approval to the new fashion when he took a medicinal bath at weymouth to the musical accompaniment of god save the king while queen victoria installed one at osborne house osbourne house on the isle of wight in the s in thearly th century beachuts weregarded as holiday homes for the toiling classes but in the s their image revived george v and mary of teck queen mary spenthe day at a beachut in sussex and other owners have included the spencer family and laurence olivier during world war ii all uk beaches were closed the reopening in the late s and s led to resurgence of the british beacholiday and theyday of the beachut while many beachuts were former fishermen s huts boatsheds or converted bathing machinesome of thearliest purpose built beachuts in the uk werected at bournemouth either side of bournemouth pier in designed by f p dolamore bournemouth s borough engineer they were offered for hire for s per year huts or bungalows as they were styled were initially built before the world war i today bournemouth features around huts owned by the council there are in addition a further privately owned huts they vary in style from the traditional wooden shed like constructions to the ultra modern concreterrace style hutsuch as the s overstrand beachuts at boscombe these werenovated to designs by wayne and gerardine hemingway founders of the red or dead label as beach pods for the boscombe surf reef surf reef opened in autumnotable huts the queen s beachut inorfolk was destroyed by fire in the building had been owned by the royal family for years and was known to be much loved by the queen morecently the artistracey emin sold her whitstable beachuto the collector charlesaatchi for this hut was also destroyed by fire when the warehouse where it wastored burnt downhickman martin seaside scramble britain s beachut love affair the independent july accessed september in april bournemouth borough council bournemouth council obtained planning permission to site a beachut chapel on the sand to host wedding and civil partnership ceremonies the super beachut is located on bournemouth s beach under the west cliff lift file brighton beach vic pano jpg px center thumb the colourful bathing boxes in the melbourne suburb of brighton victoria brighton are a tourist icon of the city middle brighton pier and the city skyline are visible in the background see also bach new zealand bathing machine boatshed externalinks british seaside history bbc discovering southwold beachuts category huts category marine architecture category coastal construction category beaches hut category tourist 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tourist","tourist accommodations"],"new_description":"file de de calais france file baltic sea h sweden image thumb right beachuts front modern housing development france file thumb colourful beachuts beach south_africa beachut also_known beach cabin bathing box small usually wooden often coloured box high tide mark popular bathing beaches generally used shelter sun wind changing swimming costumes safe storing personal beachuts incorporate simple facilities preparing food hot drinks either gas occasionally mains electricity bbc accessed february many seaside_resort beachuts arranged one ranks along top beach depending upon location beachuts may owned privately may owned local council similar administrative body popular beaches privately_owned beachuts command substantial prices due convenient location proportion size amenity pre_war wooden west dorset sold auction beachut spit sold however cases overnight_stays tide turns beachuts charges erode seaside property prices independent march accessed september prices typical huts around uk started walton typically january beachut wasold brighton victoriaustralia record today believed around beachuts uk locations beachuts seen include walton bay st helens isle wight island locations countries include france cape_town south_africa norway brighton victoria brighton elsewhere around port phillip australia small resting places usually found maldives small beachuts found near beaches image yarmouth jpg thumb right beachuts great yarmouth norfolk noted bathing boxes brighton victoria brighton known havexisted far back bathing boxes thoughto constructed used largely response victorian age known havexisted australia alson beaches england france italy around time evolved bathing machine used preserve george iii united_kingdom george iii gave royal approval new fashion took bath musical god save king queen victoria installed one house house isle wight thearly_th century beachuts holiday homes classes image revived george v mary teck queen mary day beachut sussex owners included spencer family laurence world_war ii uk beaches closed late led resurgence british beachut many beachuts former huts converted bathing thearliest purpose_built beachuts uk bournemouth either side bournemouth pier designed f p bournemouth borough engineer offered hire per_year huts styled initially built world_war today bournemouth features around huts owned council addition privately_owned huts vary style traditional wooden shed like ultra modern style beachuts designs wayne hemingway founders red dead label beach pods surf reef surf reef opened huts queen beachut destroyed fire building owned royal family years known much loved queen morecently sold hut also destroyed fire warehouse burnt martin seaside britain beachut love affair independent july accessed september april bournemouth borough council bournemouth council obtained planning permission site beachut chapel sand host wedding civil partnership ceremonies super beachut located bournemouth beach west cliff lift file brighton beach vic pano jpg_px center thumb colourful bathing boxes melbourne suburb brighton victoria brighton tourist icon city middle brighton pier city skyline visible background see_also new_zealand bathing machine externalinks british seaside history bbc discovering beachuts category huts category marine architecture category coastal construction category beaches hut category_tourist accommodations"},{"title":"Beautiful England","description":"beautiful england was the title of a series of short illustrated travel guide books first published in britain by blackie and son limited blackie son around and continuing in print until the s each title featured a particularegion town or city in england was illustrated by watercolour landscape painter e w haslehust blackie son also published otherelated series beautiful scotland vols or pts in vol beautiful ireland leinster ulster munster connaught painted by alex williams described by stephen gwynn 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and responding to the guest s needs they must be able to escort guests into theirooms while carrying luggage or help move any baggage a customer needs in many countriesuch as the united states it is customary to gratuity tip such an employee for hiservice famous bellboys image bellhop in japanjpg thumb right upright px bellboy from a hotel in kyoto japan brandon flowers born june who is the american frontman keyboardist and primary lyricist of the las vegas based rock band the killerserved as a bellhop athe gold coast hotel and casino in las vegas ted serios was a chicago bellboy who gained notoriety in the s by producing thoughtographs on polaroid film whiche claimed were produced using psychic powers karl ernst was a sturmabteilungruppenf hrer who in early was the sturmabteilung leader in berlin before joining the nazi party he had been a hotel bellboy and a bouncer doorman bouncer at a gay nightclubellhops in popular culture the belgian comic strip character spirou comicspirou was 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free label free label free website name wwwbenedictch the benedict school german b n dict schule is the largest private school in switzerland it includes various types of schoolsuch as the language school the commercial school the business administration school the hotel management school health care and information technology is also a part of the benedict international education group the b n dict schools are located throughout switzerland with branches in zurich bern lucerne and st gallen young adults who have completed years oformal schooling can take up various courses here such as business administration and information technology classes are offered on adult further education language commerce medicine health and information technology history dr gaston b n dict a linguist and a former professor athe university of southern california established his first school in lausanne switzerland in the first benedict language manual appeared in the benedict school zurich was founded in the free system was introduced in the businesschool formal graduation was founded in the areas of medicine and health were added in partner schools of b n dict are bvs businesschool bhms business and hotel management schooluzern partner universities robert gordon university aberdeen uk city university of seattle wa usa languages the b n dict schools use the free system for the students language which involves the participantsetting their own content and speed of learning courseschool year the goal is to get young people to make independent career choices through deeper insight and consolidation of previous education that will allow an optimal integration into a job higher or graduateducation businesschool the businesschool offers to all b n dict schools a complete business curriculum the awards are accredited through the swiss association of commerce schools vsh with a recognized office and commerce diplomas well as a certified swiss confederate f higkeitszeugnis as businessman 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union in thenlargement of theuropean union would move to thexisting member states to benefit from their social welfare system s rather than to work this threat was in several countries used as a reason for creating temporary work or benefit restrictions for citizens from theight new member states the guardian january leader false figures retrieved the guardian february uk seto act against benefitourism retrieved criticism claims of benefitourism by eu citizens have been described as unfounded and misleading by research organisations a major study by the centre foresearch and migration at university college london published in demonstrated that eu emigration migrant s to united kingdom britain from the new member countries were better educated more likely to be in employment and much less likely to be claiming benefits than uk bornationals financial times july wave of eu immigrants pays its way retrieved centre foresearch and migration press release july the benefit of migrationew evidence of the fiscal costs and benefits of migration to the uk from central and eastern europe retrieved scare stories of benefits tourism propagated by somedia in the uk have been described as baseless by the migrants rights network which in march pointed outhat eu migrants must meethe usual habitual residence tests in order to register for british national insurance without a national insurance number you cannot receive any benefits and are in fact moving tother areas of theu wheremployment opportunities are better migrants rights network march the latest rumours of a benefitourism fromay are unfounded and misleading retrieved in theuropean commission ordered an eu wide study on the impact of mobileu citizens onational social security systems thistudy confirmed thathe vast majority of eu migrants move to find or take up employment no evidence was found thathe main motivation of eu citizens to migrate was benefit related on average immigrant s received less benefits thanationals of the member state where they aresiding dg employment social affairs and inclusion via dg justice framework contract final report submitted by icf ghk in association with milieu ltd a fact finding analysis on the impact on the member statesocial security systems of thentitlements of non active intra eu migrants to special non contributory cash benefits and healthcare granted on the basis of residence retrieved another study conducted in concentrated on the uk specifically thistudy showed that from to eu migrants that recently arrived in the uk had paid billion in taxes to the uk treasury after deduction of the benefits they received in that same period university college london press release retrieved c dustmann and t frattini the fiscal effects of immigration to the uk theconomic journal doi ecoj retrieved euobserver uk makes billion profit from eu migrants novemberetrieved the independent european union migrants add bn to the british economy in just a decade novemberetrieved see also economic results of migration category human migration category types of tourism category words coined in the 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member_states benefit social welfare system rather work threat several countries used reason creating temporary work benefit restrictions citizens theight new member_states guardian january leader false figures retrieved guardian february uk seto act benefitourism retrieved criticism claims benefitourism citizens described misleading research organisations major study centre foresearch migration university college london published demonstrated emigration migrant united_kingdom britain new member_countries better educated likely employment much less likely claiming benefits uk financial times july wave immigrants pays way retrieved centre foresearch migration press_release july benefit evidence fiscal costs benefits migration uk central eastern_europe retrieved stories benefits tourism uk described migrants rights network march pointed outhat migrants must meethe usual residence tests order register british national insurance without national insurance number cannot receive benefits fact moving tother areas opportunities better migrants rights network march latest benefitourism fromay misleading retrieved theuropean_commission ordered wide study impact citizens onational social security systems confirmed thathe vast_majority migrants move find take employment evidence found thathe main motivation citizens benefit related average immigrant received less benefits member state employment social affairs inclusion via justice framework contract final report submitted association ltd fact finding analysis impact member security systems non active migrants special non cash benefits healthcare granted basis residence retrieved another study conducted concentrated uk specifically showed migrants recently arrived uk paid billion taxes uk treasury deduction benefits received period university college london press_release retrieved c fiscal effects immigration uk theconomic journal retrieved uk makes billion profit migrants novemberetrieved independent european union migrants add british economy decade novemberetrieved see_also economic results migration category_human migration category_types tourism_category words coined"},{"title":"Bibliography of tourism","description":"this a bibliography of works related the subject of tourism is travel forecreation aleisure or business purposes the world tourism organization defines tourists as people traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure business and other purposes dictionary of travel tourism and hospitality s medik ed butterworth a dictionary of travel and tourism terminology a beaver cabi dictionary of concepts in recreation and leisure studies smith ed greenwood press dictionary of travel tourism and hospitality terms r harris and j howard hospitality press the tourism society s dictionary for tourism industry v r collins ed cabi the travel dictionary c deruaes ed solitaire publishing the traveler s world a dictionary of industry andestination literacy n starr and s norwood prenctice hall encyclopedia of leisure and outdoorecreation jenkins and j pigram eds routledge thencyclopedia of ecotourism d weaver ed cabinternational encyclopedia of hospitality management a pizam ed elsevier encyclopedia of tourism jafari ed routledgencyclopedia of social and cultural anthropology a barnard and j spencer eds routledge research methods altinay l paraskevas a planning research in hospitality and tourism butterwortheinemann brotherton b researching hospitality and tourism a student guide sage publications jennings g tourism research john wiley sons australia veal a j research methods for leisure and tourism a practical guide rd ed prentice hall smith s practical tourism research cabi cudny w gosik b piech m rouba r praca dyplomowa z turystyki podr cznik akademicki the rules of writing master s thesis in tourism ltn lodz tourism and technology buhalis d etourism information technology for strategic tourismanagement pearson buhalis d am tjoand jafarinformation and communication technologies in tourism enter conference proceedings istanbul springer verlag wienew york buhalis d and schertler w information and communication technologies in tourism enter springer verlag wienew york fesenmaier d klein s and buhalis d information communication technologies in tourism enter springer verlag wienew york fesenmaier d werthner h wober k destination recommendation systems behavioural foundations and applications hb cabi london frew a o connor p hitz m eds information and communication technologies in tourism springer verlag vienna frew a editor information and communication technologies in tourism springer verlag vienna frew a editor information and communication technologies in tourism proceedings of the international conference innsbruck austria springer verlag vienna gary inkpen information technology for travel and tourism longman mills m and rob law editors handbook of consumer behaviour tourism and the internet haworth press inc us k rcher k reinventing package holiday business deutscheruniversitsverlag berlin laudon k e commerce business technology society case book update prentice hallawrence newton s corbitt braithwaite r parker c technology of internet business wiley australia marcussen carl h internet distribution of european travel and tourism services research centre of bornholm denmark marcussen carl h internet andistribution of european travel updates centre foregional and tourism research denmark mills m and rob law editors handbook of consumer behaviour tourism and the internet haworth press inc us nyheim p mcfadden f connolly d technology strategies for the hospitality industry pearson prentice hall new jersey o connor p electronic information distribution in tourism and hospitality oxford cab o connor p using computers in hospitality thomson learning poon a tourism technology and competitive strategies oxford cab international porter m strategy and the internet harvard business review march pp sheldon p tourism information technology cab oxford sheldon pj w ber k fesenmaier dr eds information and communication technologies in tourism proceedings of the international conference in montreal canada springer verlag vienna sheldon p tourism information technology cabi publishing oxford england werthner h and klein s information technology and tourism a challenging relationship springer new york w ber kw aj frew m hitz editors information and communication technologies in tourism springer verlag vienna wto marketing tourism destinations online strategies for the information age world tourism organization madrid wto global distribution systems in the tourism industry world tourism organisation madrid wto ebusiness for tourism practical guidelines for destinations and businesses madrid world tourism organisation history of tourism kristen r ghodsee kristen r the red riviera gender tourism and postsocialism on the black sea duke university press gyr ueli the history of tourism structures on the path to modernity european history online mainz institute of european history retrieved june boyer m le tourisme pariseuil boyer m l invention du tourisme paris gallimard boyer m histoire de l invention du tourisme la tour d aigues l aube boyer m l invention de la c te d azur l hiver dans le midi la tour d aigues l aubexternalinks category bibliographies of subcultures tourism category tourism category tourism related lists category travel 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related subject tourism_travel forecreation business purposes world_tourism organization defines tourists people traveling staying places outside usual environment one consecutive year leisure business purposes dictionary travel_tourism hospitality ed dictionary travel_tourism terminology cabi dictionary concepts recreation leisure studies smith ed greenwood press dictionary travel_tourism hospitality terms r harris j howard hospitality press tourism society dictionary tourism_industry v r collins ed cabi travel dictionary c ed publishing traveler world dictionary industry andestination n hall encyclopedia leisure outdoorecreation jenkins j eds routledge thencyclopedia ecotourism weaver ed encyclopedia hospitality_management ed elsevier encyclopedia tourism jafari ed social cultural anthropology barnard j spencer eds routledge research methods l planning research hospitality_tourism b researching hospitality_tourism student guide sage publications jennings g tourism_research john wiley sons australia veal j research methods leisure tourism practical guide ed prentice hall smith practical tourism_research cabi w b r rules writing master thesis tourism tourism technology buhalis etourism information_technology strategic tourismanagement pearson buhalis communication technologies tourism enter conference proceedings istanbul springer_verlag york buhalis w information communication technologies tourism enter springer_verlag york klein buhalis information communication technologies tourism enter springer_verlag york h k destination recommendation systems behavioural foundations applications cabi london frew connor p eds information communication technologies tourism springer_verlag vienna frew editor information communication technologies tourism springer_verlag vienna frew editor information communication technologies tourism proceedings international conference austria springer_verlag vienna gary information_technology travel_tourism longman mills rob law editors handbook consumer behaviour tourism internet press inc us k rcher k package_holiday business berlin k e_commerce business technology society case book update prentice newton r parker c technology internet business wiley australia carl h internet distribution european_travel tourism_services research centre denmark carl h internet andistribution european_travel updates centre tourism_research denmark mills rob law editors handbook consumer behaviour tourism internet press inc us p f technology strategies hospitality_industry pearson prentice hall new_jersey connor p electronic information distribution tourism_hospitality oxford cab connor p using computers hospitality thomson learning tourism technology competitive strategies oxford cab international porter strategy internet harvard business review march pp sheldon p tourism information_technology cab oxford sheldon w ber k eds information communication technologies tourism proceedings international conference montreal canada springer_verlag vienna sheldon p tourism information_technology cabi publishing oxford england h klein information_technology tourism challenging relationship springer new_york w ber frew editors information communication technologies tourism springer_verlag vienna wto marketing tourism_destinations online strategies information age world_tourism organization madrid wto global distribution systems tourism_industry world_tourism_organisation madrid wto tourism practical guidelines destinations businesses madrid world_tourism_organisation history tourism r r red riviera gender tourism black sea duke university_press history tourism structures path modernity european history online institute european history retrieved june boyer tourisme boyer l invention tourisme paris boyer histoire de l invention tourisme la tour l boyer l invention de_la c l dans la tour l category subcultures tourism_category_tourism category_tourism related lists category_travel_books"},{"title":"Bicycle touring","description":"image cycling torres del painejpg thumb px expedition type bicycle touring cordillera del paine bicycle tourism touring meanself contained cycling trips for pleasure adventure and autonomy rather than sport commuting or exercise touring can range from single to multi day trips even years tours may be planned by the participant organised by a holiday business a club or a charity as a fund raising venture image bicycling ca bigwheelersjpg thumb px touring the countryside filen man och en kvinna i eleganta friluftskl der velocipeddr kt med p kn ppt kjol samturistdr kt nordiska museet nma jpg thumb woman in bicycle clothes and buttoned on skirthat also can be used as raincoat historian james mcgurn speaks of bets being taken in london in the th century foriders of dandy horse hobby horses machines pushed by the feet rather than pedaled outspeeding stagecoach es one practitioner beat a four horse coach to brighton by half an hour he says mcgurn james on your bicycle john murray uk there are various accounts of to year olds draisienne touring around france in the s on february john mayall charlespencer and rowley turnerode from trafalgar square london to brighton in hours for miles the times whichad sent a reporter to follow them in a coach and paireported an extraordinary velocipede feathree riderset offrom liverpool to london a journey of three days and so more akin to modern cycle touring in march that same year a newspapereport said their bicycles caused no little astonishment on the way and the remarks passed by the natives were almost amusing at some of the villages the boys clustered round the machines and where they could caught hold of them and ran behind until they were tired out many enquiries were made as to the name of them queer horsesome called them whirligigs menageries and valparaisons between wolverhampton and birmingham attempts were made to upsethe riders by throwing stones times london march enthusiasm extended tother countries the new york timespoke of quantities of velocipedes in the united states the word included what elsewhere were called hobby horses flying like shuttles hither and thither but while british interest had less frenzy than in the united states it lasted longer thexpansion from a machine that had to be pushed or propelled through pedals on a small front wheel made longer distances feasible a rider calling himself a light dragoon told in or of a ride from lewes to salisbury acrossouthern england the title of his book wheels and woesuggests a less than event free ride but mcgurn says it seems to have been a delightful adventure despite bad road surfaces dust and lack of signposts journeys grew more adventurous thomastevens cyclisthomastevens a writer for the san francisco chronicle set off around the world april on a inch columbia bicycles columbia with a money belt a revolver two shirts and a rain cape spending two years on the road and writing articles which became a two volume page book john foster fraser and two friendset off round the world on safety bicycles in july hedward lunn and f h lowe rode miles through countries in two years and two months fraser john abridged around the world on a wheel chatto and windus uk by recreational cycling was enough established in britain to lead to formation of the bicycle touring club laterenamed cyclists touring club it is the oldest national tourism organisation in the world members like those of other clubs often rode in uniform the ctc appointed an official tailor the uniform was a dark green devonshire serge jacket knickerbockers clothing knickerbockers and a stanley helmet with a small peak the colour changed to grey when green proved impractical because it showed the dirt cycling on ray hallett dinosaur publications groups often rode with a bugler atheir head to sound changes of direction or to bring the group to a halt confusion could be caused when groups met and mistook each other signals john pinkerton int wheels ofortune bbc radio membership of the ctc inspired the frenchman paul de vivie b april to found what became the f d ration fran aise de cyclotourisme the world s largest cycling association and to coin the french word cyclo tourisme the league of american wheelmen in the us was founded inewport rhode island on may it shared an interest in leisure cycling withe administration of cycle racing membershipeaked at in the primary national bicycle touring organization in the us is now adventure cycling association adventure cycling then called bikecentennial organised a mass ride in from one side of the country to the other to mark the nation s th anniversary the bikecentennial route istill in use as the transamerica bicycle trail social significance image h g wellsandgate project gutenberg etext png thumbnail right px h g wells in athe door of his house at sandgate kent sandgate the first cyclists often aristocratic orich flirted withe bicycle and then abandoned it for the new motor car it was the lower middle class which profited from cycling and the liberation that it broughthe cyclist of august said the two sections of the community which form the majority of wheelmen are the great clerk class and the great shop assistant class h g wells described this aspirant class liberated through cycling three of his heroes in the history of mr polly kipps and the wheels of chance buy bicycles the firstwork in drapery shops the third hoopdriver goes on a cycling holiday the authors roderick watson and martin gray say hoopdriver is certainly liberated by his machine it affords him not only a country holiday in itself a remarkablevent whichenjoys immensely however ignorant of the countryside he may be but also a brush with a society girl riding on pneumatics inflatable tyres many bicycles then still having solid tyres and wearing some kind of rational dress watson roderick and gray martin the penguin book of the bicycle penguin uk the book suggests the new social mobility created by the bike which breaks the boundaries of hoopdriver s world literally and figuratively hoopdriver sets off in a spirit ofreedom finally away from his job only those who toil six long days out of the seven and all the yearound save for one brief glorious fortnight or ten days in the summer time know thexquisite sensations of the first holiday morning all the dreary uninteresting routine drops from you suddenlyour chains fall about your feetthere were thrushes in the richmond road and a lark on putney heathe freshness of dewas in the air dew or the relics of an overnight shower glittered on the leaves and grasshe wheeled his machine uputney hill and his heart sang within himwells h g wheels of chance a bicycling idyll wells puts hoopdriver in a new brown cycling suito show the importance of the venture and the freedom on whiche is embarking hoopdriver finds the bicycle raises hisocial standing at least in his imagination and he calls to himself as he rides that he is a bloomin dook london pronunciation of duke the newoman that he pursues wears rational dress of a sorthat scandalised society but made cycling much easier the victorian dress reform rational dressociety was founded in london it said the rational dressociety protests against crinolines or crinolettes of any kind as ugly andeforming it requires all to be dressed healthily comfortably and beautifully to seek what conduces to birth comfort and beauty in our dress as a duty tourselves and each other bothoopdriver and the young lady in grey as he refers to her arescaping social restraints through bicycle touring hoopdriver falls in love and rescues her from a lover who says marrying him is the only way that she having left alone for a cycling holiday can save hereputation she lowers her social status he raises his mcgurn says the shift in social perspectives as exemplified by wells cyclists led john galsworthy to claim at a later date thathe bicycle had been responsible for more movement in manners and morals thanything since charles the second the bicycle gained from the outdoor movement of the s the cyclists touring club advertised a week s all in tour staying at hotels recommended by cyclists for s the youthostel movement started in germany and spread abroad and a cycling holiday staying at hostels in the s could be had foroderick watson and martin gray estimate there were ten million bicycles in britain tone million cars a decline set in across europe particularly in britain when millions of servicemen returned from world war ii having learned to drive trips away were now for the increasing number who had one by car the decline in the united states cameven sooner mcgurn says the story of inter war cycling was characterised by lack of interest and a steady decline cycling had lost outo the automobile and to somextento the new electric transport systems in the s cumbersome fatyred balloon bombers bulbously streamlined in imitation of motorcycles or aeroplanes appealed to american children the only mass market still open to cycle manufacturers wartime austerity gave cycling a short reprieve in the industrial world the post war peace was to lay the bicycle low however between and the usa experienced a bike boom in to celebrate the bicentennial of the founding of the united states greg siple his wife june andan lys burden organized a mass bike ride bikecentennial from the pacific to the atlantic siple said my original thought was to send out ads and flyersaying show up at golden gate park in san francisco at o clock on june with your bicycle and then were going to bicycle across the country i pictured thousands of people a sea of people witheir bikes and packs all ready to go and there would be old men and people with bicycle tire balloon tire bikes and frenchmen who flew over just for this nobody would shoot a gun off or anything at o clock everybody would justart moving it would be like this crowd of locust s crossing america the rideventually ran from astoria oregon to yorktown virginia site of the first british settlements rode with completing thentire route it defined a new start for cycle touring in the united states and led to the creation of adventure cycling association adventure cycling has adventure cycling route network mapped routes across americand into canada many of the rides taking up to three months to complete on a loaded bicycle in britain the cyclists touring club grew to members by about ctc wwwctcorguk retrieved and is now the biggest body campaigning for cycling and cyclists rights in the uk it continues torganise group touring events including day rides through its local groups and ctc holidays in many countries led by experienced ctc membersince sustrans has created a national cycle network of long distance cycle routes including back roads and traffic free tracks built signed and mapped in partnership with local organisations file gvbr on gor near port campbell vic jjron jpg righthumb supported bicycle touring holidaysuch as the nine day great victorian bike ride in australia can attracthousands of ridersince there has been a growth of organised cycling holidays provided by commercial organisations in many countriesome companies provide accommodation and route information to cyclists travelling independently others focus on a group experience includinguides and support for a large number of riders cycling together a variation this holidays often in exotic locations organised in partnership with a charity in which participants arexpected to raise donation as well as cover their costs the scale of bicycle touring and its economic effects are difficulto estimate given the activity s informal nature market research indicates that in british cyclistspent m on organised cycling holidays and a further million people included some cycling activity in their annual holiday that yearmintel brits go wheely mad for cycling holidays retrieved the total economic benefito communities visiteduring the nine day longreat victorian bike ride was estimated at about australian dollar au million in which does not include costs paidirectly to ride organisers and ongoing benefits townsustrans estimate thathe total value of cycle tourism in the uk in was m and they forecast bn for the wholeu by keeling a cycle tourism information pack tt sustrans retrieved among examples of current activity given by sustrans are m cyclists using the danube cycle routeach year and of holiday visitors in germany using bicycles during their visit bicycle touring can be of any distance and time the french tourist jacquesirat speaks in lectures of how he felt proud riding round the world for five years until he met an australian who had been on the road for yearsirat jacques cyclo nomade ditions du touergue france the german rider walter stolle lost his home and living in the sudetenland in the aftermath of world war ii settled in britain and set offrom essex on january to cycle round the world he rode through countries in years denied only those with sealed bordersstolle walter the world beneath my bicycle wheels pelham london he paid his way by giving slide shows in seven languages he gave at us each in he rode through nigeria dahomey republic of upper volta upper volta ghana sierra leone ivory coast liberiand guinea woodland les cycle racing and touring pelham uk he was robbed times wore out six bicycles and had five more stolen people usa january image heinzstueckeparisjpg thumb right heinz st cke in paris another german set off three years after stolle and istill riding heinz st cke left his job as a die maker inorth rhine westphalia in when he was he has never been home since by he had cycled more thand visited countries he pays his way by selling photographs to magazines from asia gua dahao left china in may to ride acrossiberia the middleasturkey western europe scandinavia then another km across africa latin americand australiameyeric l empiren danseuse rocher france buthere are many who attempt long voyages in exceptionally short amounts of time the current around the world cycling record circumnavigation record by bicycle is just days hours by mike hall some distinguished writers have combined cycling with travel writing such as dervla murphy who made her first documented journeymurphy d full tilt ireland to india with a bicycle in from london to india on a single speed bicycle with little more than a revolver and a change of underwear in she describedmurphy d silverland a winter journey beyond the urals how aged she was held up at gunpoint and robbed while cycling in russia eric newby e round ireland in low gear eric newby london collins bettina selby and anne mustoe have all used cycling as a means to a literary end valuing the way that cycling brings the traveller closer to people and placeselby said the bicycle makes me independent in a way nother form of transport can it needs no fuel no documents and very little maintenance most importantly it goes along athe right speed for seeing everything and as it does not cut me offromy surroundings it also makes me a lot ofriendselby b riding the desertrail by bicycle to the source of the nile london chatto and windus in morecent years british adventurers alastair humphreys moods ofuture joys mark beaumonthe man who cycled the world and rob lilwall cycling home from siberia have all been on epic bicyclexpeditions and written popular books aboutheir exploits but most bicycle tourists are ordinary people out of the spotlight one of the profound economic implications of bicycle use is that it liberates the user from oil consumption ballantine the bicycle is an inexpensive fast healthy and environmentally friendly mode of transport ivan illich stated that bicycle usextended the usable physical environment for people while alternativesuch as cars and motorways degraded and confined people s environment and mobilityillich i energy and equity new york harperow global players like zetsetgo bicycle tours organize affordable and well designed worldwide voyages globally ranging all types of challenging environmentypes file slovenia ruralandscape bicyclexpedition with panniersjpg thumb triof cyclists with panniers on a tour in slovenia file loaded touring bicyclejpg thumb a loaded touring bicycle with drop bars c wheels racks panniers and bar bag distances vary considerably depending on fitnesspeed and the number of stops the rider usually covers between kilometres mi per day a shortour over a few days may cover as little as and a long tour may go right across a country or around the world there are many differentypes of bicycle touring lightweightouring informally called credit card touring a rider carries a minimum of equipment and a lot of money overnight accommodation is in youthostel s hotel s pension lodging pension s or bed breakfast b s food is bought at cafes restaurants or markets ultralightouring differs from credit card touring in thathe rider iself sufficient but carries only the baressentials and no frills fully loaded touring also known aself supported touring cyclists carry everything they need including food cooking equipment and a tent for camping recreation camping some cyclists minimize their load carrying only basic supplies food and a bivouac shelter or lightweightent expedition touring cyclists travel extensively often through developing nations oremote areas the bicycle is loaded with food spares tools and camping equipment so thathe traveller is largely self supporting mixed terrain cycle touring bikepacking also called rough riding cyclists travel over a variety of surfaces and topography on a single route with a single bicycle focusing on freedom of travel and efficiency over varied surfaces cyclists often adopt an ultralight camping approach and carry their own minimal gear bikepacking supported touring cyclists are supported by a motor vehicle which carries most equipmenthis can be organized independently by groups of cyclists or commercial holiday companies these companiesell places on guided tours including booked lodging luggage transfers route planning and often meals and rental bikes day touring these rides vary highly in their size of the group length purpose and methods of supporthey may involve solo cyclists group rides or large organized rides withundreds to thousands of riders their length can range from a few miles to century ride s of or longer their purpose can range from riding for pleasure or fitness to raising money for a charitable organization methods of support can include self supporteday rides supported by friends or small groups and organized rides where cyclists pay for support and accommodation provided by event organizers including rest and refreshment stops marshalling to aid safety and bicycling terminology sag services o sub hour overnighthe sub hour overnight is focussed less on the cycling and more on the camping typically one wouldepart on their bicycle in the late afternoon or evening ride to a campsite in a few hours camp sleep and ride home the next morning this type can require very little planning or time commitment if one lives in a large urban metropolis thisort of trip might also bextended taking a train or coach to geto a more convenient starting point and may in factake a lot longer than hours making it a weekend tour but it otherwise still works on the same planning principles touring bike image canto at niagarajpg thumb fully loaded touring recumbent image brompton remorque furkapassjpg thumb two wheel trailer cycle touring beyond the range of a day trip may need a bike capable of carrying heavy loads although many different bicycles can be used specialistouring bicycle touring bike s are builto carry appropriate loads and to be ridden more comfortably over long distances a typical bicycle would have a longer wheelbase for stability and heel clearance frame fittings for low rider bicycle luggage carrier front and rear pannier luggage carrieracks additional water bottle mounts frame fittings for front and rear mudguards fenders a broaderange of gearing to cope withe increased weight and touring bicycle tires which are wider to provide more comfort on backroads ultralightourers choose traditional road bicycle s or audax cycling audax orandonneuring randonneur bicycles for speed and simplicity however these bikes are harder to ride on unmade roads which may limit route options for some the advantages of a recumbent bicycle are particularly relevanto touring to lessen the weight carried on the bicycle or increase luggage capacity touring cyclists may use bicycle trailer s for a supported rider luggage carrying is not important and a widerange of bicycle types may be suitable depending on the terrainoted bicycle tourists mark beaumont algirdas gurevius ian hibell rob lilwall dervla murphy anne mustoe thomastevens cyclist mikael strandberg heinz stucke in fiction examples ofictional works featuring bicycle tours include the bike tour mystery by carolyn keene nancy drew mystery stories the wheels of chance by hg wellsee also audax cycling bicycle ride across georgia bicycle safety challenge riding cycleway cyclists touring club eurovelo great victorian bike ride league of american bicyclists long distance cycling route mixed terrain cycle touring national cycling route network national route argentina pacificrest bicycle trail ragbrail trail riding utility cycling references externalinks try bike camping popular science october pp category bicycle tours category cycling touring category types of tourism category sustainable 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miles times whichad sent reporter follow coach extraordinary offrom liverpool london journey three_days akin modern cycle_touring march year said bicycles caused little way remarks passed natives almost villages boys round machines could caught hold ran behind tired many made name called menageries birmingham attempts made riders throwing stones times london march enthusiasm extended tother countries new_york quantities united_states word included elsewhere called hobby horses flying like british interest less frenzy united_states lasted longer thexpansion machine pushed propelled pedals small front wheel made longer distances feasible rider calling light told ride salisbury england title book wheels less event free ride mcgurn says seems adventure despite bad road surfaces dust lack journeys grew adventurous writer san_francisco chronicle set around world april inch columbia bicycles columbia money belt two shirts rain cape spending two_years road writing articles became two volume page book john_foster fraser two round world safety bicycles july f h lowe rode miles countries two_years two months fraser john around world wheel uk recreational cycling enough established britain lead formation bicycle_touring club laterenamed cyclists touring_club oldest national_tourism_organisation world members like clubs often rode uniform ctc appointed official tailor uniform dark green jacket clothing stanley helmet small peak colour changed grey green proved impractical showed dirt cycling ray dinosaur publications groups often rode atheir head sound changes direction bring group halt confusion could caused groups met signals john int wheels ofortune bbc radio membership ctc inspired paul de b april found became f ration fran aise de world largest cycling_association coin french word cyclo tourisme league american us founded inewport rhode_island may shared interest leisure cycling withe administration cycle racing primary national bicycle_touring organization us adventure_cycling association adventure_cycling called bikecentennial organised mass ride one_side country mark nation th_anniversary bikecentennial route istill use transamerica bicycle trail social significance image h g project png_thumbnail right px h g wells athe door house kent first cyclists often aristocratic withe bicycle abandoned new motor car lower middle_class cycling liberation broughthe cyclist august said two sections community form majority great clerk class great shop assistant class h g wells described class liberated cycling three heroes history polly wheels chance buy bicycles shops third hoopdriver goes cycling holiday authors watson martin gray say hoopdriver certainly liberated machine affords country holiday immensely however countryside may_also brush society girl riding inflatable many bicycles still solid wearing kind rational dress watson gray martin penguin book bicycle penguin uk book suggests new social mobility created bike breaks boundaries hoopdriver world literally hoopdriver sets spirit finally away job six long days seven yearound save one brief glorious ten days summer time know first holiday morning routine drops chains fall richmond road putney freshness air relics overnight shower leaves machine hill heart sang within h g wheels chance bicycling wells puts hoopdriver new brown cycling show importance venture freedom whiche hoopdriver finds bicycle raises standing least imagination calls rides london pronunciation duke rational dress society made cycling much easier victorian dress reform rational founded london said rational protests kind ugly requires dressed comfortably seek birth comfort beauty dress duty young lady grey refers social bicycle_touring hoopdriver falls love lover says way left alone cycling holiday save social status raises mcgurn says shift social perspectives wells cyclists led john_claim later date thathe bicycle responsible movement manners since charles second bicycle gained outdoor movement cyclists touring_club advertised week tour staying hotels recommended cyclists youthostel movement started germany spread abroad cycling holiday staying hostels could watson martin gray estimate ten million bicycles britain tone million cars decline set across_europe particularly britain millions servicemen returned world_war ii learned drive trips away increasing_number one car decline united_states mcgurn says story inter war cycling characterised lack interest steady decline cycling lost outo automobile new electric transport_systems balloon streamlined imitation appealed american children mass market still open cycle manufacturers wartime gave cycling short industrial world post_war peace lay bicycle low however usa experienced bike boom celebrate bicentennial founding united_states greg siple wife june lys burden organized mass bike_ride bikecentennial pacific atlantic siple said original thought send ads show golden_gate park san_francisco clock june bicycle going bicycle across country pictured thousands people sea people witheir bikes packs ready go would old men people bicycle tire balloon tire bikes flew nobody would shoot gun anything clock would moving would like crowd crossing america ran astoria oregon yorktown virginia site first british settlements rode completing thentire route defined new start cycle_touring united_states led creation adventure_cycling association adventure_cycling adventure_cycling route network mapped routes across americand canada many rides taking three_months complete loaded bicycle britain cyclists touring_club grew members ctc retrieved biggest body campaigning cycling cyclists rights uk continues group touring events including day_rides local groups ctc holidays many_countries led experienced ctc created national cycle network long_distance cycle routes including back roads traffic free tracks built signed mapped partnership local organisations file gvbr near port_campbell vic_jjron_jpg_righthumb supported bicycle_touring nine day great_victorian bike_ride australia growth organised cycling holidays provided commercial organisations many_countriesome companies provide accommodation route information cyclists travelling independently others focus group experience support large_number riders cycling together variation holidays often exotic locations organised partnership charity participants arexpected raise donation well cover costs scale bicycle_touring economic effects difficulto estimate given activity informal nature market research indicates british organised cycling holidays million_people included cycling activity annual holiday go mad cycling holidays retrieved total economic benefito communities nine day victorian bike_ride estimated australian dollar million include costs ride organisers ongoing benefits estimate thathe total value cycle tourism uk forecast cycle tourism information pack retrieved among examples current activity given cyclists using danube cycle year holiday visitors germany using bicycles visit bicycle_touring distance time french tourist speaks lectures felt proud riding round world five_years met australian road jacques cyclo france german rider walter lost home living aftermath world_war ii settled britain set offrom essex january cycle round world rode countries years denied sealed walter world beneath bicycle wheels london paid way giving slide shows seven languages gave us rode nigeria republic upper volta upper volta ghana sierra_leone coast guinea woodland les cycle racing touring uk robbed times wore six bicycles five stolen people usa january image thumb right heinz st cke paris another german set three_years istill riding heinz st cke left job die maker inorth rhine westphalia never home since thand visited countries pays way selling photographs magazines asia left china may ride western_europe scandinavia another across africa latin_americand l france buthere many attempt long voyages exceptionally short amounts time current around world cycling record record bicycle days hours mike hall distinguished writers combined cycling travel_writing murphy made first documented full tilt ireland india bicycle london india single speed bicycle little change winter journey beyond aged held robbed cycling russia eric newby e round ireland low gear eric newby london collins anne used cycling means literary end valuing way cycling brings traveller closer people said bicycle makes independent way nother form transport needs fuel documents little maintenance importantly goes along athe right speed seeing everything cut surroundings also makes lot b riding bicycle source nile london morecent years british adventurers ofuture mark man world rob cycling home epic written popular books aboutheir exploits bicycle_tourists ordinary people spotlight one profound economic implications bicycle use user oil consumption bicycle inexpensive fast healthy environmentally friendly mode transport ivan stated bicycle physical environment people cars motorways degraded confined people environment energy equity new_york global players like bicycle_tours organize affordable well designed worldwide voyages globally ranging types challenging file slovenia thumb cyclists tour slovenia file loaded touring thumb loaded touring bicycle drop bars c wheels bar bag distances vary considerably depending number stops rider usually covers kilometres per_day days may cover little long tour may go right across country around world many_differentypes bicycle_touring informally called credit_card touring rider carries minimum equipment lot money overnight accommodation youthostel hotel pension lodging pension bed breakfast b food bought cafes restaurants markets differs credit_card touring thathe rider iself sufficient carries fully loaded touring also_known supported touring cyclists carry everything need including food cooking equipment tent camping recreation camping cyclists minimize load carrying basic supplies food bivouac shelter expedition touring cyclists travel extensively often developing nations areas bicycle loaded food tools camping_equipment thathe traveller largely self supporting mixed_terrain cycle_touring bikepacking also_called rough riding cyclists travel variety surfaces topography single route single bicycle focusing freedom travel efficiency varied surfaces cyclists often adopt ultralight camping approach carry minimal gear bikepacking supported touring cyclists supported motor_vehicle carries organized independently groups cyclists commercial holiday_companies places guided_tours including booked lodging luggage route planning often meals rental bikes day touring rides vary highly size group length purpose methods may involve solo cyclists group rides large organized rides thousands riders length range miles century_ride longer purpose range riding pleasure fitness raising money charitable organization methods support include self rides supported friends small groups organized rides cyclists pay support accommodation provided event organizers including rest refreshment stops aid safety bicycling terminology sag services sub hour sub hour overnight less cycling camping typically one bicycle late afternoon evening ride campsite hours camp sleep ride home next morning type require little planning time commitment one lives large urban metropolis trip might also bextended taking train coach geto convenient starting_point may lot longer hours making weekend tour otherwise still works planning principles touring bike image thumb fully loaded touring image brompton thumb two wheel trailer cycle_touring beyond range day trip may need bike capable carrying heavy loads although_many different bicycles used bicycle_touring bike builto carry appropriate loads ridden comfortably long_distances typical bicycle would longer stability clearance frame fittings low rider bicycle luggage carrier front rear luggage additional water bottle frame fittings front rear cope withe increased weight touring bicycle tires wider provide comfort choose traditional road bicycle cycling bicycles speed simplicity however bikes harder ride roads may limit route options advantages bicycle particularly relevanto touring weight carried bicycle increase luggage capacity touring cyclists may use bicycle trailer supported rider luggage carrying important bicycle types may suitable depending bicycle_tourists mark ian rob murphy anne cyclist heinz fiction examples ofictional works featuring bicycle_tours include bike tour mystery carolyn nancy drew mystery stories wheels chance also cycling bicycle_ride_across georgia bicycle safety challenge riding cyclists touring_club great_victorian bike_ride league american bicyclists long_distance cycling route mixed_terrain cycle_touring national cycling route network national route argentina bicycle trail trail riding utility cycling references_externalinks try bike camping popular_science october pp category_bicycle_tours category_cycling touring category_types tourism_category sustainable transport"},{"title":"Big Onion Walking Tours","description":"big onion walking tours is the largest walking tour company inew york city the company has offered sidewalk tours of the city since big onion shows visitors tourists alike the diverse fabric of urbaneighborhoods using as guides current doctoral students orecent phd s who are studying history or closely related fields history big onion was founded by columbia university graduate studentseth kamil and ed o donnell in big onion walking tours founded by two columbia university graduate students in john brannon albrightravel q and a new york times may found atravel section of the new york times archives article of accessed april david k randall these tour guides know the history not found on plaques new york times june corrected as of july found atravel section of the new york times archives article of as amended accessed april they were initially encouraged by kenneth t jackson a columbia professor and prominent historian of new york city for decades jackson has required histudents at columbia to explore the city on foot and even to write walking tours as academic assignments kamil and o donnell initially gave walking tours on ad hoc basis for museums and school groups as a way to help to pay for graduate school what started as an informal enterprise gradually developed into a small company as they began giving public show up tours that were listed in the newspaper soon thereafter they hired colleagues at columbia new york university and cuny and other doctoral programs to help lead tours o donnellefthe company in to pursue an academicareer kamil continues to run the organization and lead tours himself in jackson wrote in the preface to the first published collection of big onion tours new york is fundamentally a walking city so what better way is there to see ithe reason big onion walking tours hasucceeded is that it makes the city s history accessible and understandable noto mention entertaining this no small feat givenew yorkers unforgiving nature and the difficulty of running any business here let alone founded by graduate students big onion began with only three tours immigrant new york the jewish lower east side and ellisland today there are almosthirty all of which peel back the layers like an onion to reveal what is beneath kenneth t jackson foreword to seth kamil and eric wakin the big onion guide to new york city new york nyu press viiix after big onion had a markedecrease in patrons while maintaining its public touroster no groups chose to take tours from september through october they have since recovered as has other tourism inew york city as of seth kamil continues to serve as president and big onion employs more than three dozen veteran guides from universities all over the region many retired guides have moved on to successful academicareers each year big onion offers hundreds of show up tours to the public and hundreds more to schools businesses law firms non profits and families it is a programming partner with both new york historical society and brooklyn historical society big onion also provides guide services for a number of non profit groups and local bids including pbsatan seat new york during prohibition tour and the union square partnership file big onion brooklyn bridge socialjpg thumb tours big onion provides primarily historical and literary walking tours glenn collins walking for themes not exercise tours reveal the city through a variety of prisms the new york timeseptember found at new york times archives article of accessed april to show the sites not shown on plaques they also focus oneighborhoodsuch as the lower east side often missed by other operators exploring a slice of manhattan s melting pothe lower east side provides a rich glimpse of the immigrant experience pittsburgh post gazette april found at newsbank archives accessed april big onion gives tours in more than two dozeneighborhoods and parks in manhattand brooklyn every day of the year buthanksgiving day rain or shine tours meet at or near a subway stop and are typically two hours long sinceach guide is encouraged to bring her own perspective and expertise to her tour no two tours are alike guides often incorporate their academic specialities into their tours and provide listeners withistorical context as well as running commentary on architecture immigration urban development and historic figureseveral tours concentrate on the history of specific ethnic groups and neighborhoods file bo jpg thumb the latest big onion creations include america s museum art history of the metropolitan historic tribecart sex and rock roll new york on the cultural edge big onion crafts a new tour once or twice a year awards accolades big onion has been written up in over publications worldwide the company has been wonumerous best of new york awards including best of new york new york magazine may new york magazine may annual best of new york issue the world s best city walks forbescom august best place to take out of town guests the village voice october the village voice best of new york october page books two collections of big onion tours have been published by nyu press the first is the big onion guide to new york city the big onion guide to new york city on amazon published in and the second is the big onion guide to brooklyn the big onion guide to brooklyn on amazon published inotes externalinks big onion official website category adventure 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began giving public show tours listed newspaper soon thereafter hired colleagues columbia new_york university doctoral programs help lead tours company pursue kamil continues run organization lead tours jackson wrote preface first_published collection big_onion tours new_york fundamentally walking city better way see ithe reason big_onion walking_tours makes city history accessible noto mention entertaining small feat nature difficulty running business let alone founded graduate students big_onion began three tours immigrant new_york jewish lower east side today peel back layers like onion reveal beneath kenneth jackson foreword seth kamil eric big_onion guide new_york city_new_york press big_onion patrons maintaining public groups chose take tours september october since recovered tourism_inew_york_city seth kamil continues serve president big_onion employs three dozen veteran guides universities region many retired guides moved successful year big_onion offers hundreds show tours public hundreds schools businesses law firms non_profits families programming partner new_york historical_society brooklyn historical_society big_onion also_provides guide services number non_profit groups local including seat new_york prohibition tour union square partnership file big_onion brooklyn bridge thumb tours big_onion provides primarily historical literary walking_tours glenn collins walking themes exercise tours reveal city variety new_york found new_york times archives article accessed april show sites shown also focus lower east side often missed operators exploring manhattan melting lower east side provides rich glimpse immigrant experience pittsburgh post gazette april found archives accessed april big_onion gives tours two parks brooklyn every_day year day rain tours meet near subway stop typically two hours long guide encouraged bring perspective expertise tour two tours alike guides often incorporate academic specialities tours provide context well running commentary architecture immigration urban development historic tours history specific ethnic_groups neighborhoods file_jpg thumb latest big_onion creations include america museum art history metropolitan historic sex rock roll new_york cultural edge big_onion crafts new tour twice year_awards accolades big_onion written publications worldwide company wonumerous best_new_york awards including best_new_york new_york magazine may new_york magazine may annual best_new_york issue world best city walks august best place take town guests village voice october village voice best_new_york october page books two collections big_onion tours published press first big_onion guide new_york city big_onion guide new_york city amazon published second big_onion guide brooklyn big_onion guide brooklyn amazon published externalinks big_onion official_website_category adventure_travel"},{"title":"Bigelow Aerospace","description":"founderobert bigelow founder and president location city north las vegas nevada location country united states key people industry aerospacengineering aerospace products orbital facilities commercial space stations revenue operating income net income num employees may slogan join the adventure homepage bigelowaerospacecom footnotes bigelow aerospace is an american space technology startup company based inorth las vegas nevada that manufactures andevelops inflatable space habitat expandable space station modules bigelow aerospace was founded by robert bigelow in and is funded in large part by the profit bigelow gained throughis ownership of the hotel chain budget suites of america by bigelow had invested us million in the company bigelow hastated on multiple occasions that he is prepared to fund bigelow aerospace with about us million through in order to achieve launch ofull scale hardware bigelow aerospace hastated they intend to create a modular set of space habitat s for creating or expanding space stations many journalists have commented that bigelow is taking risks by trying to compete in a capital intensive highly regulation regulated industry like spaceflight file transhab cutawayjpg px thumb right nasa s design for the now canceled transhab module bigelow originally licensed the multi layer expandable space module technology from nasa in after congress canceled the international space station iss transhab project following delays and budget constraints in the late s bigelow has three space act agreements whereby bigelow aerospace is the sole commercializer of several of nasa s key expandable module technologies bigelow continued to develop the technology for a decade redesigning the module fabric layers including adding proprietary extensions of vectran shield fabric a double strength variant of kevlar andeveloping a family of uncrewed and crewed expandable spacecraft in a variety of sizes bigelow invested us million in proprietary extensions to the nasa technology by mid and million into the technology by robert bigelow had invested us million in the company which by had grown to us million of his personal fortune bigelow stated on multiple occasions that he was prepared to fund bigelow aerospace with up to about us million through in order to achieve launch ofull scale hardware in early nasa came full circle tonce againvestigate making inflatable space station modules to make roomier lighter cheaper to launch spacecraft by announcing plans in its budget proposal released february nasa considered connecting a bigelow expandable crafto the iss for safety life support radiation shielding thermal control and communications validation and verification testing for the nexthree years and in december signed a million contract with bigelow to product development develop the bigelow expandable activity module beam then projected to fly in sincearly on bigelow has been intent on pursuing markets for a variety of users including biotech and pharmaceutical companies and university research entertainment applications and government military and civil users the business model includes leasing out small space stations or habitats made of one or more ba inflatable modules to different research communities or corporations despite these broad plans for space commercialization the space tourism destination and space hotel monikers were frequently used by many media outlets following the launches of genesis i and genesis ii robert bigelow has been explicithat he is aiming to do business in space in a neway with low cost and rapid turnaround contrary to traditional nasa iss and space shuttle operations and bureaucracy in october bigelow announced that it had agreements with six sovereign state sovereignation s to utilize on orbit facilities of the bigelow commercial space station commercial space station uk astronomy technology centre united kingdom netherlandspace office netherlands australia singapore japand swedish national space board sweden in february dubai of the united arab emirates became the seventh nation to have signed on in bigelow employed an in house team of model maker s coming from the film industry film and architecture industries to make detailed models of their space habitats and space stationscale models were sento potential customers includingovernments and corporations as a reminder of the possibilities reportedly due to delays in launch capability to transport humans to low earth orbit bigelow dramatically reduced staff in late september because crew transportation would become available years after the first ba could be ready laying off of their employees in late march bigelow began increasing staff levels once again by april bigelowasaying thathey would have ba modules ready to go to low earth orbit space by the time that commercial passenger spacecraft were available to ferry their customers to the dual balpha space station expected in and that bigelowas ready to enter into contracts with customers further staff reductions occurred athe start of estimated by industry sources to between and people of employed athe time of the layoffs this came after the company advertised more than jobs in at both its north las vegas headquarters and its newly established propulsion department in huntsville alabamas part of its reduction in workforce the company closed the huntsville facility module design and business plans file bigelow aerospace facilitiesjpg thumb a full scale mockup of bigelow aerospace space station alpha inside their facility inevada expandable module design overview file inside space station alphajpg thumb nasa deputy administrator lori garver views the inside of a full scale mockup of bigelow aerospace space station alpha bigelow aerospace anticipates that its inflatable modules will be more durable than rigid modules this partially due to the company s use of severalayers of vectran a material twice astrong as kevlar and also because in theory flexible wallshould be able to sustain micrometeoroid impacts better than rigid walls in ground based testing micrometeoroids capable of puncturing standard iss module materials penetrated only about halfway through the bigelow skin operations director mike gold commented that bigelow modules also would not suffer from the same local shattering problems likely with metallic modules this could provide as much as hours to remedy punctures in comparison to the more serious results of standard isskin micrometeoroidamagexpected uses for bigelow aerospace s expandable modules include microgravity research andevelopment and space manufacturing other potential uses include variable gravity research for gravity gradients above microgravity including moon g and mars gravity research a tether based variable gravity research facility concept kirk sorensenasa marshall space flight center jannaf journal retrievedecember space tourism such as modules forbital hotels and space transportation such as components in spaceships for moon or mars manned missions business plans the bigelow aerospace website showseveral pricing schemes including million for days on a ba space station that price covers everything including transportraining and consumables for million bigelow aerospace customers can lease a third of a b habitat roughly cubic meters for a period of days in bigelow proposed conceptual designs for expandable habitats that would be substantially larger than the ba previously its largest at habitat volume contingent onasa going forward with a comparison of orbitalaunch systemsuper heavy lifter the proposed concept would includexpandable habitats offering cubic meters cu ft of volume nearly twice the capacity available on the international space station and another providing in bigelow aerospace began building a large production facility inorth las vegas nevada to produce the space modules the facility will include three production line s for three distinct spacecraft doubling the amount ofloor space at bigelow and transitioning the focus from research andevelopment with an existing workforce of to manufacturing production bigelow expected to hire approximately new employees to staff the plant with production commencing in early in during execution of the contracto build the bigelow expandable activity module for the international space station robert bigelow indicated that his company manufactures about percent of product content in house while subcontracting outhe remainder in march bigelow signed an space act agreement with nasa to act as the centralink betweenasandozens of private spaceflight private companies that wanto play a role in the commercialization of space creation of a new economy a space civilization spaceconomy including proposals far more complex than mere space tourism research andevelopment research space manufacturing space medicine and space farming agriculture the agreement calls for bigelow to liaise betweenasand the private sector to see how federal government of the united states the us government and industry could help each other the first deliverable on that contract a report which identifies companies that wanto be a part of this effort as well as potential customers was delivered by bigelow to nasa in may module construction andeploymentimeline on july and june bigelow launched the genesis i and ii modules respectively in mid bigelow aerospace completed the galaxy spacecraft galaxy module but did not launch it due to rising launch costs and the ability to substantially validate the new galaxy technologies earth terrestrially particularly after the successful two genesis launches in and it was tested on the ground at its north las vegas facility instead as of bigelow had reserved a launch on spacex s falcon rocket but did not announce the payload the falcon would have been capable of launching a sundancer module but not a ba module bigelow also talked with lockheed martin regarding potentialaunches on the atlas v rocket no launch took place in although in april bigelow aerospace remained on spacex s list ofuture launch customers on april the spacex crs mission launched beam to the iss on april bigelow and united launch alliance announced that an atlas v rocket had been booked for a flight in to deliver a b habitato low earth orbit note dates of upcoming launches are proposed and are subjecto change cancelled projects are in italics class wikitable module type module names volume flight date launch vehicle status genesis pathfinder genesis i july utc dneprocket dnepr launch successful on orbit genesis pathfinder genesis ii june utc dneprocket dnepr launch successful on orbit galaxy spacecraft galaxy cancelled launch cancelled tests on ground sundancer cancelled launch cancelled replaced by ba bigelow expandable activity module beam bigelow expandable activity module beam april utc spacex dragon built under a millionasa contract ba nautilus in design mockup built by public goal was to have two completed and ready to launch by thend of ba olympus proposed mockup built by though too large for any rocket currently flying expandable habitat modules genesis imagenesisijpeg thumb genesis i the first bigelow aerospace module to be placed intorbit on july genesis i launched on a dneprocket dnepr booster from dombarovsky air base dombarovskiy cosmodrome in orenburg oblast russia the launch was conducted by bigelow and isc kosmotras despite ground side difficulties during launch the spacecraft performed as expected upon reaching orbit inflating deploying solarrays and starting internal systems the mission is planned to last for five years and includextensive observation of the craft s performance including testing packing deployment procedures and resistance to radiation and space debris among other space hazards and conditions michael gold attorney mike gold corporate counsel for bigelow aerospace stated in relation to this mission and the next our motto at bigelow aerospace is fly early and often regardless of the results of genesis we willaunch a follow up mission rapidly as of july the vehicle remains in orbit genesis ii on june genesis ii launched on another dnepr a converted ss icbm from dombarovsky air base dombarovskiy cosmodrome in orenburg oblast russia launched at am pdt genesis ii was inserted intorbit at am pdt at an inclination of degrees although genesis i and genesis ii are identical in size and similar in appearance there are several notable differences firstly genesis i contains video cameras whereas genesis ii containsecondly genesis iincludes a suite of additional sensors and avionics that are not present in genesis i the orbitalife is estimated to be years with a gradually decaying orbit resulting in rentry into earth s atmosphere and burn up expected as of july the vehicle remains in orbit flyour stuff program bigelow aerospace ran a flyour stuff program for the genesis ii launch the costo launch pictures or small items was around us bigelow photographed each item with internal cameras the items floated inside the craft displaying them on the company website the first image of the interior of genesis ii appeared on the company s website on june some of the pictures and other items placed aboard genesis ii as part of the flyour stuff program are clearly visible another interior image apparently taken with more of the spacecraft s internalights activated was posted on july articles from the flyour stuff program are also visible in this image test itemsupplied by bigelow aerospacemployees were sent intorbit on genesis i no new images of items floating inside genesis i have been released since shortly after the launch and initial activation of the spacecraft due to problems with a computer which controlseveral of the internal cameras the third planned bigelow launch sundancer was to bequipped with fullife support systems attitude control orbital maneuvering systems and would have been capable of reboost andeorbit burns like the genesis pathfindersundancer the outer surface would have been compacted around its central core with air expanding ito its full size after entering orbit after expansion the module would have measured in length and in diameter with of interior volume unlike previous bigelow craft it was planned to have three observation windowspacex had been contracted to provide a falcon vehicle for launch of a bigelow payload in july bigelow announced thathey will cease development on the sundancer and instead focus their efforts on the ba bigelow expandable activity module for the iss file beam press conference jpg thumb full scale mock up of an expanded beam january in december bigelow began product development work on bigelow expandable activity module beam under a millionasa contract after a number of delays beam was transported to iss arriving on april inside the unpressurized cargo trunk of a spacex dragon during the spacex crs cargo mission the spaceflight is intended to testhe beamodule structural integrity leak rate radiation dosage and temperature changes over a two year long mission athend of beam s mission the module is planned to be removed from the iss and burn up during atmospheric entry reentry the b is a full scale production module weighing approximately with dimensions of approximately in length and in diameter when expanded previous names for the b were the band the nautilus ba concept module the ba or olympus module is a concept module that would require a comparison of orbitalaunch systems heavy lift launcher and would place in orbithe complete infrastructure of a space habitat over six times as large as the ba initial estimates puthe vehicle mass between tonnes with a diameter of approximately the concept model shows docking ports at both ends delays in launch capability as a result of delays in launch capability to transport humans to the bigelow habitats bigelow laid off some of its employees in late september bigelow had expected human launch capability by or buthe prospect of domesticrew transportation of any kind is apparently going toccur years after the first ba could be ready for both business and technical reasons we cannot deploy a ba without a means of transporting crew to and from our station and the adjustmentour employment levels was necessary to reflecthis reality in april the first launch of a b habitat wascheduled for on an atlas v rocket bigelow commercial space station the bigelow next generation commercial space station is a private spaceflight private low earth orbital space complex currently under development by bigelow the space station will include both sundancer and ba expandable spacecraft modules and a central docking compartment docking node spacecraft propulsion solar panels on spacecraft solarrays and attached space capsule crew capsules initialaunch of space station components was planned for with portions of the station available for leased use as early as bigelow has publicly shown space station design configurations with up to nine ba modules containing of habitable space bigelow began to publicly refer to the initial configuration two sundancer modules and one ba module of the first bigelow station aspace complex alpha in october a second orbital station space complex bravo wascheduled to begin launches in launches will not commence until there are commercial crew transportation systems operational which will be or later bigelow announced in october that it has agreements with six sovereign state sovereignation s to utilize on orbit facilities of the commercial space station government of the united kingdom united kingdom prime minister of the netherlands government of australia government of singapore government of japan and government of sweden by february this number had risen to seven an earlier space station bigelow commercial space station csskywalker csskywalker commercial space station skywalker was bigelow s concept for the first space hotel the skywalker was to be composed of multiple ba nautilus habitat modules which would bexpanded and connected upon reaching orbit an mdpmulti directional propulsion module would allow the skywalker to be moved into interplanetary or lunar trajectories inovember bigelow indicated thathe company would like to constructen or more space stations and thathere is a substantial commercial marketo support such growth crew and passenger transport bigelow s business model requires a means of transporting humans to and from low earth orbit in bigelow established and funded a prize america space prize to stimulate development of manned vehicles the prizexpired without a winner in early in august bigelow aerospace announced the development of the orion lite orion lite spacecraft intended to be a lower cost and less capable version of the orion spacecraft orion spacecraft under development by nasa the intention would be forion lite to provide access to low earth orbit using either the atlas or falcon launch systems and carrying a crew of up to athe time bigelow aerospace s corporate counsel mike gold said we would be foolish to depend completely one capsule provider or any single launch system therefore it is vital from both a practical and business perspective to ensure that spacex andragon are nothe only options available to us hence the need for another capsule bigelow entered nasa s commercial crew development ccdev program withe cst capsule in collaboration with boeing since thenasa has awarded boeing million for initial development of a crew capsule as part of ccdev bigelow is working with boeing to refine requirements for the cst bigelow is actively pursuing bothe boeing cst united launch alliance ulatlas v and the spacex dragon falcon capsule launcher combinations for launch options bigelow offers boeing spacex and other vehicle developers the promise of a sustained large market for space transportation services withe initial bigelow commercial space station space complex alpha space complex alpha space station bigelowould need six flights a year withe launch of a second larger station that number would grow tor two a month boeing is expecting bigelow to be a customer for flights on the cst which received a contract from nasa for additional development andesign refinementhrough the critical design review phase via the ccicaprogram in may bigelow and spacex teamed up to do joint marketing to international customers of crew transport on spacex dragon falcon up to the bigelow ba space facility aspirations beyond earth orbit in february following the announcement of nasa s post review of united states human space flight plans committee augustine commission plans to reorient human torbit plans more in the direction of commercialaunch providers robert bigelow said we as a company have lunar ambitions and we also have mars ambitions as well in april bigelow suggested positioning a space station at lagrangian point he also said his proposed private moon base would consist of three ba s in march bigelow signed a space act agreement contract with nasa to look at ways for private spaceflight private ventures to contribute to human exploration missions perhaps including construction of a moon base and to act as a clearinghouse with other commercial companies to extend commercial activity at conceptualunar expeditionary bases in ways that are not a mainline part of nasa s current focus for human spaceflight which is asteroid exploration missions the bigelow report released later in identified an regime uncertainty uncertain regulatory environment as a major obstacle to commercial activities on the moon in december the faa office of commercial space transportation ast completed a review of the proposed bigelow lunar habitat and indicated that it was willing to use its authority to ensure bigelow could carry out its lunar activities without interference from other us companies licensed by the faand thathe faa would use its launch licensing authority as best it can to protect private sector assets on the moon and to provide a safenvironment for companies to conduct peaceful commercial activities without fear of harmful interference from other ast licensees bigelow aerospace has received several honors for itspaceflight efforts on october bigelow aerospace received the innovator award from the arthur clarke foundation the award recognizes initiatives or new inventions that have had recent impact on or hold particular promise for satellite communications and society and stand as distinguished examples of innovative thinking robert bigelowas presented the award athe arthur clarke awards in washington dc alongside walter cronkite who was honored on the same night withe arthur clarke lifetime achievement award on january the space foundation announced that bigelow aerospace would be the recipient of itspace achievement award bigelow aerospace joins a list of previous winners that include the titan rocket family titan launch vehicle team the inertial upper stage team the spaceshipone team the arianespace cnes ariane launch team thevolved expendable launch vehicleelv teams the nasa industry galileo spacecraft galileo space probe team the hubble space telescope team sea launch and the nasa boeing international space station team the award was presented to robert bigelow on april athe rd national space symposium in colorado springs colorado see also blue origin list of private spaceflight companies newspace adventurespace architecture virgin galactic externalinks inflatable poofs privately owned orbital facility space review article july bigelow aerospacefellowship archive space fellowship bigelow aerospace news archive us hotel tycoon reaches for the stars reuters article august holidays in space are on the horizonew scientist article september bigelow s gamble inside the bigelow inflatable module plant aviation week space technology article september the five billion star hotel popular science magazine popular science article march low earth orbit and beyond popular science magazine popular science article march showing plans for moon cruisers and space yachts progress made on inflatable private space module spacecom article march russians delay firstest flight of space hotel msnbccom article junexclusive bigelow orbital module launched into spacecom article july bigelow aerospace continues relationship with nasa jsc for space habitatechnology and private sector space development a history of the genesis i private space module space pragmatism july money backing the private space industry part robert bigelow the space monitor february newscientistcom simulation and bigelow released photographs of genesis i and genesis ii category bigelow aerospace category establishments inevada category aerospace companies of the united states category companies based inorth las vegas nevada category private spaceflight companies category privately held companies based in the las vegas valley category space tourism category transport companiestablished 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expanding space_stations many journalists commented bigelow taking risks trying compete capital intensive highly regulation regulated industry like spaceflight file transhab px_thumb right nasa design canceled transhab module bigelow originally licensed multi layer expandable space module technology nasa congress canceled international_space_station iss transhab project following delays budget constraints late bigelow three space act agreements whereby bigelow_aerospace sole several nasa key expandable module technologies bigelow continued develop technology decade module fabric layers including adding proprietary extensions shield fabric double strength variant andeveloping family uncrewed crewed expandable spacecraft variety sizes bigelow invested us_million proprietary extensions nasa technology mid million technology robert bigelow invested us_million company grown us_million personal fortune bigelow stated multiple occasions prepared fund bigelow_aerospace us_million order achieve launch ofull scale hardware early nasa came full circle making inflatable space_station modules make lighter cheaper launch spacecraft announcing plans budget proposal released february nasa considered connecting bigelow expandable iss safety life support radiation thermal control communications verification testing years december signed million contract bigelow product_development develop bigelow expandable activity module beam projected fly bigelow intent pursuing markets variety users including companies university research entertainment applications government military civil users business_model includes leasing small space_stations habitats made one inflatable modules different research communities corporations despite broad plans space commercialization space_tourism destination space hotel frequently used many media outlets following launches genesis genesis_ii robert bigelow aiming business space low_cost rapid contrary traditional nasa iss space_shuttle operations october bigelow announced agreements six sovereign state utilize orbit facilities bigelow commercial_space station commercial_space station uk astronomy technology centre united_kingdom office netherlands australia singapore japand swedish national space board sweden february dubai united_arab_emirates became seventh nation signed bigelow employed house team model maker coming film industry film architecture industries make detailed models space habitats space models sento potential customers corporations reminder possibilities reportedly due delays launch capability transport humans low_earth_orbit bigelow dramatically reduced staff late september crew transportation would_become available years first could ready laying employees late march bigelow began increasing staff levels april thathey_would modules ready go low_earth_orbit space time commercial passenger spacecraft available ferry customers dual space_station expected ready enter contracts customers staff occurred athe_start estimated industry sources people employed athe_time layoffs came company advertised jobs north las_vegas headquarters newly established propulsion department huntsville part reduction workforce company closed huntsville facility module design business plans file bigelow_aerospace thumb full_scale mockup bigelow_aerospace space_station alpha inside facility inevada expandable module design overview file inside space_station thumb nasa deputy administrator views inside full_scale mockup bigelow_aerospace space_station alpha bigelow_aerospace inflatable modules durable rigid modules partially due company use material twice also theory flexible able sustain impacts better rigid walls ground based testing capable standard iss module materials halfway bigelow skin operations director mike gold commented bigelow modules also would suffer local problems likely metallic modules could provide much hours comparison serious results standard uses bigelow_aerospace expandable modules include microgravity research_andevelopment space manufacturing potential uses include variable gravity research gravity microgravity including moon g mars gravity research based variable gravity research facility concept kirk marshall space flight center journal retrievedecember space_tourism modules forbital hotels space_transportation components spaceships moon mars manned missions business plans bigelow_aerospace website pricing schemes including million days space_station price covers everything including million bigelow_aerospace customers lease third b habitat roughly meters period days bigelow proposed conceptual designs expandable habitats would substantially larger previously largest habitat volume contingent going forward comparison orbitalaunch heavy proposed concept would habitats offering meters volume nearly twice capacity available international_space_station another providing bigelow_aerospace began building large production facility inorth las_vegas nevada produce space modules facility include three production line three distinct spacecraft doubling amount ofloor space bigelow focus research_andevelopment existing workforce manufacturing production bigelow expected hire approximately new employees staff plant production early execution contracto build bigelow expandable activity module international_space_station robert bigelow indicated company manufactures percent product content house outhe remainder march bigelow signed space act agreement nasa act private_spaceflight private companies wanto play role commercialization space creation new economy space civilization including proposals far complex mere space_tourism research_andevelopment research space manufacturing space medicine space farming agriculture agreement calls bigelow private_sector see federal_government united_states us_government industry could help first contract report identifies companies wanto part effort well potential customers delivered bigelow nasa may module construction july june bigelow launched genesis_ii modules respectively mid bigelow_aerospace completed galaxy spacecraft galaxy module launch due rising launch costs ability substantially validate new galaxy technologies earth particularly successful two genesis launches tested ground north las_vegas facility instead bigelow reserved launch spacex falcon_rocket announce payload falcon would capable launching sundancer module module bigelow also talked lockheed martin regarding atlas v rocket launch took_place although april bigelow_aerospace remained spacex list ofuture launch customers april spacex crs mission launched beam iss april bigelow united_launch_alliance announced atlas v rocket booked flight deliver b low_earth_orbit note dates upcoming launches proposed subjecto change cancelled projects class wikitable module type module names volume flight date launch_vehicle status genesis pathfinder genesis july utc dnepr launch successful orbit genesis pathfinder genesis_ii june utc dnepr launch successful orbit galaxy spacecraft galaxy cancelled launch cancelled tests ground sundancer cancelled launch cancelled replaced bigelow expandable activity module beam bigelow expandable activity module beam april utc spacex_dragon built contract design mockup built public goal two completed ready launch thend olympus proposed mockup built though large rocket currently flying expandable habitat modules genesis thumb genesis first bigelow_aerospace module placed intorbit july genesis launched dnepr booster air base cosmodrome oblast russia launch conducted bigelow despite ground side difficulties launch spacecraft performed expected upon reaching orbit starting internal systems mission planned last five_years observation craft performance including testing packing deployment procedures resistance radiation space debris among space hazards conditions michael gold attorney mike gold corporate counsel bigelow_aerospace stated relation mission next motto bigelow_aerospace fly early often regardless results genesis willaunch follow mission rapidly july vehicle remains orbit genesis_ii june genesis_ii launched another dnepr converted air base cosmodrome oblast russia launched genesis_ii inserted intorbit degrees although genesis genesis_ii identical size similar appearance several notable differences firstly genesis contains video cameras whereas genesis_ii genesis suite additional avionics present genesis estimated years gradually orbit resulting rentry earth atmosphere burn expected july vehicle remains orbit flyour stuff program bigelow_aerospace ran flyour stuff program genesis_ii launch costo launch pictures small items around us bigelow photographed item internal cameras items inside craft displaying company website first image interior genesis_ii appeared company website june pictures items placed aboard genesis_ii part flyour stuff program clearly visible another interior image apparently taken spacecraft activated posted july articles flyour stuff program also visible image test bigelow sent intorbit genesis new images items floating inside genesis released since shortly launch initial spacecraft due problems computer internal cameras third planned bigelow launch sundancer support systems attitude control orbital systems would capable burns like genesis outer surface would compacted around central core air expanding ito full size entering orbit expansion module would measured length diameter interior volume unlike previous bigelow craft planned three observation contracted provide falcon vehicle launch bigelow payload july bigelow announced_thathey cease development sundancer instead focus efforts bigelow expandable activity module iss file beam press conference jpg thumb full_scale mock expanded beam january december bigelow began product_development work bigelow expandable activity module beam contract number delays beam transported iss arriving april inside cargo trunk spacex_dragon spacex crs cargo mission spaceflight intended testhe structural integrity leak rate radiation temperature changes two_year long mission athend beam mission module planned removed iss burn atmospheric entry reentry b full_scale production module weighing approximately dimensions approximately length diameter expanded previous names b band concept module olympus module concept module would require comparison orbitalaunch systems heavy_lift launcher would place orbithe complete infrastructure space habitat six times large initial estimates puthe vehicle mass tonnes diameter approximately concept model shows docking ports ends delays launch capability result delays launch capability transport humans bigelow habitats bigelow laid employees late september bigelow expected human launch capability buthe prospect transportation kind apparently going years first could ready business technical reasons cannot deploy without means transporting crew station employment levels necessary reality april first_launch b habitat wascheduled atlas v rocket bigelow commercial_space station bigelow next_generation commercial_space station private_spaceflight private low_earth_orbital_space complex currently development bigelow space_station include sundancer expandable spacecraft modules central docking compartment docking spacecraft propulsion solar panels spacecraft attached space_capsule crew_capsules space_station components planned portions station available leased use early bigelow publicly shown space_station design configurations nine modules containing space bigelow began publicly refer initial configuration two sundancer modules one module first bigelow station complex alpha october second orbital station space complex wascheduled begin launches launches commence commercial_crew transportation systems operational later bigelow announced october agreements six sovereign state utilize orbit facilities commercial_space station government united_kingdom united_kingdom prime_minister netherlands government australia government singapore government japan government sweden february number risen seven earlier space_station bigelow commercial_space station commercial_space station bigelow concept first space hotel composed multiple habitat modules would connected upon reaching orbit propulsion_module would allow moved interplanetary lunar inovember bigelow indicated thathe_company would like space_stations thathere substantial commercial marketo support growth crew passenger transport bigelow business_model requires means transporting humans low_earth_orbit bigelow established funded prize america space prize stimulate development manned vehicles without winner early august bigelow_aerospace announced development orion lite orion lite spacecraft intended lower_cost less capable version orion spacecraft orion spacecraft development nasa intention would lite provide access low_earth_orbit using either atlas falcon launch_systems carrying crew athe_time bigelow_aerospace corporate counsel mike gold said would depend completely one capsule provider single launch_system therefore vital practical business perspective ensure spacex andragon nothe options available us hence need another capsule bigelow entered nasa commercial_crew_development ccdev program withe cst capsule collaboration boeing since awarded boeing million initial development crew_capsule part ccdev bigelow working boeing refine requirements cst bigelow actively pursuing bothe boeing cst united_launch_alliance v spacex_dragon falcon capsule launcher combinations launch options bigelow offers boeing spacex vehicle developers promise sustained large market space_transportation_services withe initial bigelow commercial_space station space complex alpha space complex alpha space_station need six flights year withe launch second larger station number would grow tor two month boeing expecting bigelow customer flights cst received contract nasa additional development andesign critical design review phase via may bigelow spacex teamed joint marketing international customers crew transport spacex_dragon falcon bigelow space facility beyond earth_orbit february following announcement nasa post review united_states human space flight plans committee augustine commission plans human torbit plans direction commercialaunch providers robert bigelow said company lunar also mars well april bigelow suggested positioning space_station point also said proposed private moon base would consist three march bigelow signed space act agreement contract nasa look ways private_spaceflight private ventures contribute human exploration missions perhaps including construction moon base act commercial companies extend commercial activity bases ways part nasa current focus human_spaceflight exploration missions bigelow report released later identified regime uncertain regulatory environment major obstacle commercial activities moon december faa office commercial_space transportation ast completed review proposed bigelow lunar habitat indicated willing use authority ensure bigelow could carry lunar activities without interference us companies licensed thathe faa would use launch licensing authority best protect private_sector assets moon provide companies conduct peaceful commercial activities without fear harmful interference ast licensees bigelow_aerospace received several honors efforts october bigelow_aerospace received award arthur clarke foundation award recognizes initiatives new inventions recent impact hold particular promise satellite communications society stand distinguished examples innovative thinking robert presented award athe arthur clarke awards washington alongside walter honored night withe arthur clarke lifetime achievement award january space foundation announced bigelow_aerospace would recipient achievement award bigelow_aerospace joins list previous winners include titan rocket_family titan launch_vehicle team upper_stage team spaceshipone team arianespace ariane launch team expendable launch teams nasa industry galileo spacecraft galileo space probe team hubble space telescope team sea launch nasa boeing international_space_station team award presented robert bigelow april athe_national space symposium colorado springs colorado see_also blue_origin list private_spaceflight companies newspace adventurespace architecture virgin_galactic externalinks inflatable privately_owned orbital facility space review article july bigelow archive space_fellowship bigelow_aerospace news archive us hotel reaches stars reuters article august holidays space scientist article september bigelow gamble inside bigelow inflatable module plant aviation week space technology article september five billion star hotel popular_science magazine popular_science article march low_earth_orbit beyond popular_science magazine popular_science article march showing plans moon cruisers space yachts progress made inflatable private_space module spacecom article march russians delay firstest flight space hotel article bigelow orbital module launched spacecom article july bigelow_aerospace continues relationship nasa space private_sector space development history genesis private_space module space july money private_space industry part robert bigelow space monitor february simulation bigelow released photographs genesis genesis_ii category bigelow_aerospace category_establishments inevada category aerospace_companies united_states category_companies_based inorth las_vegas nevada category_private_spaceflight companies_category privately held companies_based las_vegas valley category_space_tourism category_transport companiestablished"},{"title":"Birth tourism","description":"file jusoli worldsvg thumb px countries by jusoli birthright citizenship birth tourism is travel to another country for the purpose of childbirth giving birth in that country anchor baby is anotherelated term which can have negative connotations the main reason for birth tourism is tobtain citizenship for the child in a country with birthright citizenship jusoli othereasons include access to public schooling healthcare sponsorship for the parents in the future or even circumvention of china s two child policy china two child policy popular destinations include the united states and canadanother target for birth tourism is hong kong where mainland chinese citizens travel to give birth to gain right of abode in hong kong right of abode for their children to discourage birth tourism australia france germany ireland new zealand south africand the united kingdom have modified their citizenship laws at differentimes granting citizenship by birth only if at least one parent is a citizen of the country or a legal permanent resident who has lived in the country for several years germany has never granted unconditional birthright citizenship but has traditionally used jusanguiniso by giving up the requirement of at least one citizen parent germany hasoftened rather than tightened germanationality law its citizenship laws however unlike their children born and grown up in germany non eu and non swiss citizen parents born and grown up abroad usually cannot have dual citizenship themselves no european country presently grants unconditional birthright citizenship however most countries in the americas eg the united states canada mexico argentinand brazil do so in africa lesotho and tanzania grant unconditional birthright citizenship and so do in the asian pacific region fiji pakistand tuvalu birth tourism today north america the united states canadand mexico all grant unconditional birthright citizenship and allow dual citizenship the united states taxes its citizens and green card holders worldwideven if they have never lived in the country in mexiconly naturalized citizens can lose their mexican citizenship again eg by naturalizing in another country united states the fourteenth amendmento the united states constitution guarantees united states nationality law us citizenship to those born in the united states provided the person isubjecto the jurisdiction of the united states congress has further extended birthright citizenship to all inhabited us territories except american samoa people born in american samoa get us nationality without citizenship at birth once they reach years of age american born children as birthright citizens are able to sponsor their foreign families us citizenship and residency aj delgado instant citizens national review may there are no statistics about which countries have citizens who participate in birth tourism in the united states politically conservative lawyer and author aj delgado wrote in his article for the national review that an average of women travel from russia to florida to give birth in a single maternity hotel every monthe center for health care statistics estimates thathere were births to foreign residents in the united states in the most recent year for which statistics are available that is a small fraction of the roughly million total births that year the center for immigration studies a think tank that favors immigration reduction in the united states limits on immigration estimates thathere are approximately annual births to parents in the united states as birth tourists however total births to temporary immigrants in the united states eg touriststudents guest workers could be as high as one option for mainland chinese mothers to give birth isaipanorthern mariana islands where the cost is cheaper and travel does not require a us visa south china morning post mainland moms look west after hong kong backlash february more than of the newborns in saipan have birth tourist prc parents who take advantage of the day visa free visitation rules of the territory and the covenant of the northern mariana islands to ensure thatheir children can have american citizenship numerous maternity businesses advise pregnant mothers to hide their pregnancies from officials and even commit visa fraud lying to customs agents aboutheir true purpose in the us abby phillip inside the shadowy world of birth tourism at maternity hotels the washington post march once they give birth several birth tourism agencies aid the mothers in defrauding the us hospital taking advantage of discounts reserved for impoverished american mothersmatt sheehan born in the usa why chinese birth tourism is booming in california the world post may some mothers will refuse to pay the bill for the medical careceiveduring their hospital stay on october the north american chinese language daily world journal reported that for several weeks the immigration authorities at los angeles international airport lax had been closely questioning pregnant chinese women arriving there from chinand in many cases denying them entry to the united states and repatriating them within hours often on the same airplane on which they had flown to the united statespage world journal october in march federal agents conducted raids on a series of large scale maternity tourism operations bringing thousands of mainland chinese women intent on giving their children american citizenship congressional representativesuch as phil gingrey who have tried to put an end to birth tourism said these people are gaming the system in augusthe issue was discussed among us presidential candidates including donald trump and jebush worldwide taxation of us citizens and green card holders file individual taxation systemspng righthumb px systems of taxation personal income the united states and eritreare currently the only two countries in the world to tax their citizens worldwideven if they have never lived in the country and were born to citizens living abroad eritrea does not grant unconditional birthright citizenship at least one parent must be a citizen for a child to be granted automaticitizenship eritreans that hold citizenship from another country must first beritrean citizens from birth and second receive permission to hold citizenship from another country a baby born in the us is as a citizen automatically subjecto us taxation even if both parents are foreignerso the baby has multiple citizenships and the baby and the parents leave the us right after birth and nevereturn again the same is true for a baby born to us citizens living abroad even if he she never enters the us green card holders are also subjecto worldwide taxation to some people this worldwide taxation may be a reason for giving up their us citizenship or their green card fee forenunciation of us citizenship in the fee forenunciation of us citizenship was raised by it went from us to and is the highest fee for the renunciation of a citizenship worldwide canada s citizenship law hasince generally conferred canadian citizenship at birth to anyone born in canada regardless of the citizenship or immigration status of the parents the only exception is for children born in canada to representatives oforeign governments or international organizations the canadian government has considered limiting jusoli citizenship and continues to debate the issue but has not yet changed this part of canadian law somexpectant chinese parents who have already had one child travel to canada to give birth in order to circumvent china s one child policy additionally acquiring canadian citizenship for the child and applying for a passport beforeturning to china qu bec birth certificatentitles a student enrolled in that province to pay university tuition athe lower in province rate on average this was canadian dollar year in mexicans who are citizens by birth are individuals that were born in mexican territory regardless of parents nationality or immigration status in mexico individuals born on mexican merchant or navy ships or mexican registered aircraft regardless of parents nationality are still considered mexican citizens only naturalized mexicans can lose their mexican citizenship birth and abortion and other medical tourism between the united states canadand mexico in the canada united states border canada us borderegion the way to a hospital in the neighboring country isometimeshorter than to a hospital in the patient s own country so canadian women sometimes give birth to their children in us hospitals and us women in canadian hospitals these children sometimes called border babies are usually dual citizens of bothe country of their parents and their birth country canada has entered the medical tourism field in comparison to us health costs medical tourism patients can save to percent on health costs in canada mexican women sometimes engage in birth tourism to the united states or canada to give their children us or canadian citizenship while some non legal obstacles exist canada is one of only a few countries without legal restrictions on abortion regulations and accessibility vary between provinces in the united states different states have different abortion lawso that women in states with restrictive lawsometimes engage in abortion tourism either to the ustates with more liberalaws or to canada in mexico as in the united states abortion laws vary regionally so mexican women may sometimes engage in abortion tourism south america most south american countries grant unconditional birthright citizenship and allow dual citizenship butheir strict abortion laws make them risky birth tourism destinations in case of complications during the pregnancy in argentinabortion is restricted to cases of maternalife mental health orape in brazil abortion is restricted to cases of maternalife mental health rape or fetal defects in chile abortion is forbidden completely even if the pregnant woman s life is in danger some countries do not allow their citizens to renounce their citizenship or only if the citizenship was acquired by birthere to non citizen parents in argentina brazil ecuador peru and uruguay voting is compulsory for citizens in bolivia brazil chile colombia cuba guatemala paraguay and venezuela military service is mandatory any person born in argentine territory acquires argentine citizenship at birth excepting children of persons in the service of a foreign government eg foreign diplomats this can be also applied to people born in the falkland islands a disputed territory between argentinand the united kingdom argentine citizens cannot renounce their argentine citizenship a person born in brazil acquires brazilian citizenship at birth it isaid brazilian citizens cannot renounce their brazilian citizenship but it is possible to renounce ithrough a requirement made in the brazilian consulate if they already have acquired another citizenship voluntarily foreigners may be able tobtain a brazilian citizenship by expressing their interesto live in brazil any person born in chile acquires chilean citizenship at birthe only two exceptions apply to children of persons in the service of a foreign government like foreign diplomats and to the children oforeigners who do not reside in the country however these children can apply to acquire chileanationality hong kong as a non sovereign territory hong kong does not have its own citizenship the status akin to citizenship in hong kong is the right of abode in hong kong right of abode also known as hong kong residents permanent residence hong kong permanent residents regardless of citizenship are accorded all rights normally associated with citizenship with few exceptionsuch as the righto a hong kong special administrative region passport hksar passport and theligibility to belected as the chief executive of hong kong chief executive which are only available to chinese citizens with right of abode in hong kong according to the basic law of hong kong chinese citizens born in hong kong have the right of abode in the territory the court case director of immigration v chong fung yuen affirmed thathis right extends to the birth tourism in hong kong children of mainland chinese parents who themselves are not residents of hong kong as a resulthere has been an influx of mainland mothers giving birth in hong kong in order tobtain right of abode for the child in of babies born in hong kong were born to parents originating fromainland china this has resulted in backlash from some circles in hong kong to increased potential stress on the territory social welfare net and education system attempts to restrict benefits from such births have been struck down by the territory s courts a portion of the hong kong population has reacted negatively to the phenomenon whichas exacerbated social and cultural tensions between hong kong and mainland china the situation came to a boiling point in early hong kong protests early withong kongers taking to the streeto protesthe influx of birth tourism fromainland china birth tourism in the pastopped by changes in laws malta changed the principle of citizenship to jusanguinis on august in a move that also relaxed restrictions against multiple citizenships it joined theuropean union may because of an enormous population indiabolished jusoli on december jusoli had already been progressively weakened india since indiallows a form of overseas citizenship but no real dual citizenship irish nationality law included birth citizenship until the th amendment was passed by referendum in the amendment was preceded by media reports of heavily pregnant women right of asylum claiming political asylum who expected that even if their application was rejected they would be allowed to remain the country if their new baby was a citizen until ireland was the last european country to grant unconditional birthright citizenship dominican republic the constitutional court of the dominican republic reaffirmed in tc that children born in the republic from individuals that were in transit arexcluded from dominican citizenship as per the dominican republic s constitution the in transit clause includes those individuals residing in the country without legal documentation or with expiredocumentation tc also required the civil registry to be cleaned from anomalies going as far back as when the in transit clause was first put in place in the constitution the dominican government does not consider this a retroactive decisionly a reaffirmation of a clause that has been present in every revision of the dominican constitution as far back as birth tourism encouraged by jusoli countries in the past in former timesome countries latin american countries and canadadvertised their policy of unconditional birthright citizenship to become more attractive for immigrants despite wide acceptance of dual citizenship industrialized countries now try to protecthemselves from birth tourism and uncontrollable immigration waves birth and pregnancy tourism to non jusoli countries file maternidad subrogada situaci n legalpng px thumb legal regulation of surrogacy in the world some womengage in birth tourism noto give their children a foreign citizenship but because the other country has a better or cheaper medical system or allows procedures that are forbidden in the women s home countries eg in vitro fertilization special tests on fetuses and embryos or surrogacy buthis may lead to legal problems for the babies in the home country of their future parents for example germany like other eu countries forbidsurrogacy and a baby born abroad to a foreign surrogate mother has no righto german citizenship according to german law the woman who gives birth to a baby is its legal mother even if it is not her own baby and if the foreign surrogate mother is married her husband is regarded as the legal father many women travel abroad only for some procedures forbidden in their home countries buthen give birth to their children in their home countries pregnancy tourism see also anchor baby jusoli multiple citizenship economic results of migration category immigration category nationality law category childbirth category types of 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citizen parent germany rather law citizenship laws however unlike children born grown germany non non swiss citizen parents born grown abroad usually cannot dual citizenship european country presently grants unconditional birthright_citizenship however countries americas united_states canada mexico argentinand brazil africa tanzania grant unconditional birthright_citizenship asian pacific region fiji pakistand birth_tourism today north_america united_states canadand mexico grant unconditional birthright_citizenship allow dual citizenship united_states taxes citizens green card holders never lived country citizens lose mexican citizenship another_country_united states amendmento united_states constitution united_states nationality law us citizenship born united_states provided person isubjecto jurisdiction united_states congress extended birthright_citizenship inhabited us territories except american samoa people born american samoa get us_nationality without citizenship birth reach years age american born children birthright citizens able sponsor foreign families us citizenship instant citizens national review may statistics countries citizens participate birth_tourism united_states politically conservative lawyer author wrote article national review average women travel russia florida give birth single maternity hotel every monthe center health_care statistics estimates thathere births foreign residents united_states recent year statistics available small fraction roughly million total births year center immigration studies think_tank favors immigration reduction united_states limits immigration estimates thathere approximately annual births parents united_states birth tourists however total births temporary immigrants united_states guest workers could high one option mainland chinese mothers give birth islands cost cheaper travel require us visa south china morning post mainland look west hong_kong backlash february birth tourist parents take_advantage day visa free visitation rules territory northern islands ensure_thatheir children american citizenship numerous maternity businesses advise pregnant mothers hide officials even commit visa fraud lying customs agents aboutheir true purpose us phillip inside world birth_tourism maternity hotels washington_post march give birth several birth_tourism_agencies aid mothers us hospital taking advantage discounts reserved impoverished american born usa chinese birth_tourism booming california world post may mothers refuse pay bill medical hospital stay october north_american chinese_language daily world journal reported several weeks immigration authorities los_angeles international_airport lax closely pregnant chinese women arriving chinand many_cases entry united_states within hours often airplane flown united world journal october march federal agents conducted series large_scale maternity tourism operations bringing thousands mainland chinese women intent giving children american citizenship congressional phil tried put end birth_tourism said people gaming system augusthe issue discussed among us presidential candidates including donald trump worldwide taxation us citizens green card holders file individual taxation righthumb_px systems taxation personal income united_states currently two countries world tax citizens never lived country born citizens living abroad grant unconditional birthright_citizenship least_one parent must citizen child granted hold citizenship another_country must first citizens birth second receive permission hold citizenship another_country baby born us citizen automatically subjecto us taxation even parents baby multiple baby parents leave us right birth true baby born us citizens living abroad even never enters us green card holders also subjecto worldwide taxation people worldwide taxation may reason giving us citizenship green card fee us citizenship fee us citizenship raised went us highest fee citizenship worldwide canada citizenship law hasince generally conferred canadian citizenship birth anyone born canada regardless citizenship immigration status parents exception children born canada representatives oforeign governments international organizations canadian government considered limiting jusoli citizenship continues debate issue yet changed part canadian law chinese parents already one child travel canada give birth order china one child policy additionally acquiring canadian citizenship child applying passport beforeturning china bec birth student enrolled province pay university athe lower province rate average canadian dollar year mexicans citizens birth individuals born mexican territory regardless parents nationality immigration status mexico individuals born mexican merchant navy ships mexican registered aircraft regardless parents nationality still considered mexican citizens mexicans lose mexican citizenship birth abortion medical_tourism united_states canadand mexico canada united_states border canada us way hospital neighboring country hospital patient country canadian women sometimes give birth children us hospitals us women canadian hospitals children sometimes_called border babies usually dual citizens bothe country parents birth country canada entered medical_tourism field comparison us health costs medical_tourism patients save percent health costs canada mexican women sometimes engage birth_tourism united_states canada give children us canadian citizenship non legal obstacles exist canada one countries without legal restrictions abortion regulations accessibility vary provinces united_states different states different abortion women states restrictive engage abortion tourism either ustates canada mexico united_states abortion laws vary mexican women may sometimes engage abortion tourism south_america south_american countries grant unconditional birthright_citizenship allow dual citizenship butheir strict abortion laws make risky birth_tourism_destinations case complications pregnancy restricted cases mental health brazil abortion restricted cases mental health rape chile abortion forbidden completely even pregnant woman life danger countries allow citizens renounce citizenship citizenship acquired non citizen parents argentina brazil ecuador peru uruguay voting compulsory citizens bolivia brazil chile colombia cuba guatemala venezuela military service mandatory person born argentine territory acquires argentine citizenship birth children persons service foreign government foreign diplomats also applied people born falkland islands disputed territory argentinand united_kingdom argentine citizens cannot renounce argentine citizenship person born brazil acquires brazilian citizenship birth isaid brazilian citizens cannot renounce brazilian citizenship possible renounce requirement made brazilian already acquired another citizenship foreigners may able tobtain brazilian citizenship interesto live brazil person born chile acquires chilean citizenship two exceptions apply children persons service foreign government like foreign diplomats children reside country however children apply acquire hong_kong non sovereign territory hong_kong citizenship status akin citizenship hong_kong right abode hong_kong right abode also_known hong_kong residents permanent residence hong_kong permanent residents regardless citizenship rights normally associated citizenship righto hong_kong special administrative region passport passport chief_executive hong_kong chief_executive available chinese citizens right abode hong_kong according basic law hong_kong chinese citizens born hong_kong right abode territory court case director immigration v thathis right extends birth_tourism hong_kong children mainland chinese parents residents hong_kong influx mainland mothers giving birth hong_kong order tobtain right abode child babies born hong_kong born parents originating china resulted backlash circles hong_kong increased potential stress territory social welfare net education system attempts restrict benefits births struck territory courts portion hong_kong population negatively phenomenon whichas social cultural tensions hong_kong mainland china situation came boiling point early hong_kong protests early taking streeto influx birth_tourism china birth_tourism changes laws malta changed principle citizenship august move also relaxed restrictions multiple joined theuropean_union may enormous population jusoli december jusoli already progressively india since form overseas citizenship real dual citizenship irish nationality law included birth citizenship th amendment passed amendment preceded media reports heavily pregnant women right asylum claiming political asylum expected even application rejected would allowed remain country new baby citizen ireland last european country grant unconditional birthright_citizenship dominican republic constitutional court dominican republic children born republic individuals transit dominican citizenship per dominican republic constitution transit clause includes individuals residing country without legal documentation also required civil registry going far back transit clause first put place constitution dominican government consider clause present every revision dominican constitution far back birth_tourism encouraged jusoli countries past former countries latin_american countries policy unconditional birthright_citizenship become attractive immigrants despite wide acceptance dual citizenship countries try birth_tourism immigration waves birth pregnancy tourism non jusoli countries file n px_thumb legal regulation surrogacy world birth_tourism noto give children foreign citizenship country better cheaper medical system allows procedures forbidden women home_countries vitro fertilization special tests embryos surrogacy buthis may lead legal problems babies home_country future parents example germany like countries baby born abroad foreign surrogate mother righto german citizenship according german law woman gives birth baby legal mother even baby foreign surrogate mother married husband regarded legal father many women travel abroad procedures forbidden home_countries buthen give birth children home_countries pregnancy tourism see_also anchor baby jusoli multiple citizenship economic results migration category immigration category_nationality law category category_types tourism"},{"title":"Bistro","description":"file jean b raud au bistrojpg thumb athe bistro jean b raud a bistror bistrot is in its original paris ian incarnation a small restaurant serving moderately priced simple meals in a modest setting bistros are defined mostly by the foods they serve frenchome style cooking and slow cooked foods like cassoulet a bean stew are typical bistros likely developed out of the basement kitchens of parisian apartment s where tenants paid for both room and board landlords could supplementheir income by opening their kitchen to the paying public menus were built 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murray handbooks travellers handbooks established blue_guides century guide_book tradition karl_baedeker published first guidebook von c john_murray iii first handbook released handbook travellers first baedeker english rhine published jointly baedeker murray handbooks become standard english travellers remainder th_century james muirhead james muirhead began working baedeker preparing handbook travellers london findlay muirhead graduate edinburgh university left histudies leipzig join brother baedeker almosthe next years brothers weresponsible english_language baedekers including britain us canada following outbreak world_war muirhead brothers found job acquired rights murray handbooks publisher edward stanford years earlier john_murray publisher john_murray year established company muirhead guide_books limited blue_guides guides bleu agreement french publisher hachette publisher hachette allowed publication english french guidebooks names blue_guides guides respectively hachette blue covers baedeker_guides red covers first blue_guide blue_guide london_environs published two_years_later hachette published guide bleu londres ses environs hachette relationship withe blue_guides ended blue_guides acquired ernest limited russell muirhead findlay son became series editor retired remaining consulting editor muirhead family connection withe series ended stuart first edited guides compiled independent educated traveller wanting avoid international uniformity blue_guide greece compiled published blue_guide rome environs released italy titles thereafter become best selling blue_guides included sicily northern_italy florence venice tuscany frequently updated issued key blue_guide authors ian robertson writer ian robertson spain portugal ireland austria switzerland cyprus france paris versailles john writer john wales ian england paul blanchard travel_guide writer paul blanchard italy present w norton company norton new_york became united_states publisher selling blue_guides country two_years_later blue_guides acquired c black publishers limited later acquired bloomsbury publishing plc publishers harry_potter books among_others somerset books based family owned travel publisher known visible cities guides acquired blue_guides year_later published first original title blue_guide northern_italy history blue_guides official_website furthereading_externalinks blue_guides official_website list blue_guides published since category_travel_guide_books category book_publishing_companies united_kingdom category book_publishing_companies_based inew_york category_series books_category publishing_companiestablished guides"},{"title":"Blue Origin","description":"founder jeff bezos hq location hq location city kent washington hq location country united states key people jeff bezos rob meyerson products brandservices rocket engine manufacturing planning for human spaceflight as early as owner jeff bezosubsid blue origin florida llcblue origin texas llcblue originternational website num employeest revenue blue origin is an american private spaceflight privately funded aerospace manufacturer and spaceflight services company set up by amazoncom founder jeff bezos with its headquarters in kent washington the company is developing technologies to enable private human access to space withe goal to dramatically lower costs and increase reliability blue origin is employing an incremental approach from suborbital torbital flight with each developmental step building on its prior work the company motto is gradatim ferociter latin for step by step ferociously blue origin is developing a variety of technologies with a focus on rocket powered vertical takeoff and verticalanding vtvl vehicles for access to sub orbital spaceflight suborbital and orbital spaceflight orbital outer space the company s name refers to the blue planet earth as the point of originitially focused on sub orbital spaceflighthe company has built and flown a testbed of its new shepard spacecraft design atheir culberson county texas facility the first developmental test flight of the new shepard was april the uncrewed vehicle flew to its planned test altitude of more thand achieved a top speed of a second flight was performed onovember the vehicle went just beyond altitude reaching space for the firstime and bothe space capsule and its rocket boosterocketry booster successfully achieved a soft landing rocketry soft landing on january blue origin re flew the same new shepard booster that launched and landed vertically inovember demonstrating reuse this time new shepard reached an apogee ofeet km before both capsule and boostereturned to earth forecovery and reuse on april and june the same new shepard booster flew for its third and fourth flights each timexceeding in altitude beforeturning for successful soft landings the first crewed test flights are planned to take place in early withe start of commercial service shortly after blue origin moved into the orbital spaceflight orbital spaceflightechnology business initially as a rocket engine supplier for others when they entered into a contractual agreemento build a new large rocket engine the be for major us launch system operator united launch alliance ula is also considering the be blue origin smallerocket engine used onew shepard for use in a new second stage the advanced cryogenic evolved stage aces which will become the primary upper stage for ula s vulcan rocket vulcan orbital spaceflight orbitalaunch vehicle in the s by blue origin had announced plans to also manufacture and fly its own orbitalaunch vehicle from the florida space coast history file blue origincremental development spacecraft jpg lefthumblue origin s three vehicles as of late goddard subscale demonstrator flightested in early subscale version of the suborbital new shepard propulsion module as flown in variations existo the larger new shepard that actually flew in future space vehicle on top of a future orbitalaunch vehicle which when stacked is blue origin s future orbital transportation system blue origin founder jeff bezos had been interested in space from an early age a profile published in described a miami herald interview bezos gave after he was named valedictorian of his high school class the year old bezosaid he wanted to build space hotels amusement parks and colonies for million or million people who would be in orbithe whole idea is to preserve thearthe told the newspaper the goal was to be able to evacuate humans the planet would become a park blue origin was founded in kent washington and began developing both rocket propulsion systems and launch vehicle since the founding the company was very secretive about its plans and emerged from itself imposed silence only after while the company was formally incorporated in its existence became public only in when bezos began buying land in texas and interested parties followed up on the purchases this was a topic of some interest in local politics and bezos rapid aggregation of lots under a variety of whimsically named shell companies was called a land grab in january bezos told theditor of the van horn texas van horn advocate that blue origin was developing a sub orbital space vehicle that would vtvl take off and land vertically and carry three or more astronauts to the karman linedge of space the spacecraft would be based on technology like that used for the mcdonnell douglas dc x anderivative dc xa bezos told reuters inovember that his company hoped to progress torbital spaceflighthe company s website announced that it hoped to establish an space colonization enduring human presence in space buthe version wrote instead of aiming patiently and step by step to lower the cost of spaceflight so that many people can afford to go and so that we humans can better continuexploring the solar system science fiction author neal stephenson worked partime at blue originto late and credited blue origin employees for ideas andiscussions leading to his novel seveneves as of blue origin hadiscussed plans to place the new shepard in commercial suborbital tourist service in with flights about once per week by the publicized timetable indicated that blue origintended to fly unmanned in and manned in theventhe first developmental test flight of the new shepard occurred on april the uncrewed vehicle flew to its planned test altitude of more than feet meters and achieved a top speed of mach further test flights have and will continue to take place as of late blue origin projected that if all test flights operate ascheduled they could begin flying passengers to space on the new shepard in a interview bezos indicated that he founded blue origin to send customers intouter space by focusing on twobjectives to decrease the cost and to increase the safety of human spaceflight by july bezos had invested over of his money into blue origin september the company and united launch alliance ula entered into a partnership whereby blue origin would produce a large rocket engine the be for the vulcan rocket vulcan the successor to the atlas v whichas launched us national security payloadsince thearly s and will exit service in the late s the announcement added that blue origin had been working on thengine for three years prior to the public announcement and thathe first flight on the new rocket could occur as early as by april new product development and test of the be were progressing well and blue origin was expected to be selected for the ula vulcan launch vehicle vulcan rocket in april blue origin announced that it had completed acceptance testing of the bengine that would power the blue originew shepard new shepard space capsule to be used for blue origin suborbital spaceflight suborbital flights the completion of those testsets the stage for blue origin to begin test flights of the vehicle later this year at its facility in westexas where they expect a series oflightests withis vehicle flying in autonomous mode wexpect a series of dozens oflights over thextent of the test program taking a couple of years to complete following new shepard s maiden flight blue origin began accepting registration for early access to tickets and pricing information for suborbital spaceflights in july the company employed approximately people by may they had grown to approximately employees with of those working on engineering manufacturing and business operations in the kent location and approximately in texasupporting thengine test and suborbital test flight facility by april the company had more than employees in july nanoracks a provider of servicesuch as payloadesign andevelopment safety approvals and integration announced a partnership with blue origin to provide standardized payload accommodations for experiments flying on blue origin s blue originew shepard new shepard suborbital vehicle in september blue origin announcedetails of an unnamed planned orbital spaceflight orbitalaunch vehicle indicating thathe firstage would be powered by its bengine currently under development while the second stage would be powered by its recently completed be rocket engine in addition blue origin announced that it would both manufacture and launch the new rocket from the space coast florida space coast no payload or gross launch weight was given bezos noted interviews thathis new launch vehicle would not space launch market competition compete for us government national security of the united states national security missions leaving that marketo united launch alliance and spacex onovember blue origin launched the new shepard rocketo space to an altitude ofeet or kilometers and vertically landed the rocket booster less than from the center of the pad the capsule descended to the grounder parachutes minutes after blasting off and landed safely this marks the firstime a booster has flown to space and returned to earth marking a major step in the pursuit of a fully reusable rockethis flight validated the vehicle architecture andesign the ring fin shifted the center of pressure afto help control reentry andescent eight large drag brakes deployed and reduced the vehicle s terminal speed to hydraulically actuated finsteered the vehicle throughigh altitude crosswinds to a location precisely aligned with and above the landing pad then the highly throttleable bengine re ignited to slow the booster as the landingear deployed and the vehicle descended the last ato touchdown on the pad on january blue origin re flew the same new shepard booster that launched and landed vertically inovember demonstrating reuse this time new shepard reached an apogee ofeet kilometers before both capsule and boostereturned to earth forecovery and reuse on april the same new shepard booster again flew now for a third time reaching feet km before again returning successfully in march blue originvited journalists to see the inside of its kent washington headquarters and manufacturing facility for the firstime the company is planning for substantial growth in as it builds more crew capsules and propulsion modules for the new shepard program and ramps up bengine builds to support full scale developmentesting employment is expected to grow to in from in february bezos also articulated a long term vision for humans in space seeing the potential to move mucheavy industry completely off earth leaving our planet zoned strictly foresidential and light industrial use with an end state hundreds of years out where millions of people would be living and working in space by march manned test flights were planned to take place by with possible commercial service in also in march bezos discussed his plans toffer space tourism services to space pointing outhentertainment aspect of thearly barnstormers in really advancing aviation in thearly days when such rides were a big fraction of airplane flights in thosearly days he seespace tourism playing a similarole advancing space travel and rocket launches through tourism and entertainment on the other hand there are no current plans to pursue the niche market of us military launches bezos hasaid he is unsure where blue origin would add any value in that market on september blue announced thatheir orbital rocket would be named new glenn in honor of the first american astronautorbithearth john glenn and thathe firstage will be powered by seven blue origin bengines the firstage is reusable and will vtvland vertically just like the new shepard sub orbital spaceflight suborbitalaunch vehicle that preceded it athe time of the announcement of new glenn bezos revealed thathe next project beyond new glenn would be new armstrong without detailing whathat would be blue origin has continued to expand their seattle area office and rocket production facilities in purchasing an adjacent building and with permits filed to build a newarehouse complex and an additional office space as of blue origin waspending billion usd a year funded by jeff bezosales of amazon stock in march it was announced that blue origin acquired their first paying launch customer forbital satellite launches eutelsat is expected to start launching tv satellites in around on blue origin s new glenn orbitalaunch vehicle facilities blue origin has a development facility near seattle washington and an operationalaunch facility in westexas blue origin is developing a new orbitalaunch facility at cape canaveral air force station development facility and headquarters the company is headquartered on of industrialand in kent washington a suburb of seattle washington seattle where its research andevelopment is located the facility was in size in early growing to by march with blue origin leasing additional space in adjacent office buildings they plan to add more space by the kent facility housed engineering manufacturing and business operations and the majority of the person blue origin workforce which grew from about persons at kent in may they added an additional office manufacturing and warehouse space to their headquarters facilities in and florida facilities in september blue origin leased launch complex in cape canaveral florida to build a launch pad for their orbital spaceflight orbital blue origin orbitalaunch vehicle launch vehicle they also plan to manufacture their new be powered orbitalaunch vehicle athe nearby exploration park the first blue origin launch from lc is planned for an august estimate predicted that initialaunchappening earlier than groundbreaking for the facility to begin construction occurred in june accessed july westexasuborbitalaunch and engine test site blue origin has a suborbitalaunch facility located in westexas near the town of van horn texas van horn current launch license and experimental permits from the us government federal aviation administration authorize flights of blue origin s new shepard suborbital system blue origin has a staff of approximately supporting the westexas facility the launch pad is located at about miles km north of the check out building the landing pad is located at about miles km north of a check out building and miles km north of the launch pad in addition to the suborbitalaunch pads the westexasite includes a number of rocket engine test facility rocket engine testands engine test cells to support bothydrolox methalox and storable propellant storable propellant engines are present included are three test cells just for testing the methalox bengine alone two full test cells that can support full thrust and full duration burns as well as one that supportshort duration high pressure preburner tests to refine the rocket engine ignition sequence and understand the rocket engine transientstartransients launch vehicles early low altitude flightest platforms charon blue origin s first flightest vehicle called charon after pluto s moon was powered by four vertically mounted armstrong siddeley viperolls royce viper mk jet engines rather than rockets the low altitude vehicle was developed to test autonomous guidance and control technologies and the processes thathe company would use to develop its laterockets charon made its only test flight at moses lake washington march it flew to an altitude ofeet m beforeturning for a controlled landing near the liftoff point charon is currently on display athe museum oflight in seattle washington goddard the nextest vehicle named the blue origin goddard also known as pm first flew onovember the flight wasuccessful a test flight for december never launched according to federal aviation administration records two further flights were performed by goddard new shepard suborbital system file blue originew shepard launch april jpg thumb right new shepard launch on april blue origin s new shepard suborbital spaceflight system is composed of two vehicles a crew capsule accommodating three or more astronauts launched by a blue origin propulsion module rocket booster the two vehicles lift off together and are designed to separate during flight after separation the booster is designed to return to earth to perform a vtvl verticalanding while the crew capsule follows a separate trajectory returning under parachutes for a land touchdown both vehicles are intended forecovery and re use new shepard is controlled entirely by on board computers in addition to flying astronauts new shepard is intended to provide frequent opportunities foresearchers to fly experiments into suborbital space file blue origin test landing with parachutes april jpg thumb left new shepard landing with parachutes on april a federal aviation administrationotam indicated that a flightest of an early suborbital test vehicle pm wascheduled for augusthe flight in westexas failed when ground personnelost contact and control of the vehicle blue origin released its analysis of the failure on september as the vehicle reached a speed of mach number mach and altitude a flight instability drove angle of attack thatriggered the range safety and telemetry system range safety system to terminate thrust on the vehicle on october blue origin conducted a successful new shepherd pad escape test at its westexas launch site firing its pusher escape motor and launching a full scale crew capsule from a launch vehicle simulator the crew capsule traveled to an altitude of under active thrust vector control before descending safely by parachute to a soft landing rocketry soft landing downrange in april blue origin announced its intento begin autonomous robot autonomous flightesting test flights of new shepard in as frequently as monthly blue origin expected a series of dozens oflights over thextent of the test program taking a couple of years to complete on april new shepard made its firstest flighthe uncrewed vehicle flew to its planned test altitude of more thand achieved a top speed of mach the crew capsule separated from the booster beforeturning to earth for a landing under parachutes onovember new shepard made itsecond test flight reaching altitude with successful recovery of both crew capsule and booster the booster successfully soft landing rocketry performed a powered vtvl verticalanding on january blue origin re flew the same new shepard booster that launched and landed vertically inovember demonstrating reuse this time new shepard reached an apogee ofeet kilometers before both capsule and boostereturned to earth forecovery and reuse file new shepard booster and crew capsule afteretirementjpg thumb px new shepard booster and crew capsule afteretirement on april the same new shepard booster flew for a third time reaching feet km beforeturning successfully on june the same new shepard booster again flew now for a fourth time again reaching over feet before again returning successfully a fifth and final test flight of the second booster and test capsule took place in october blue origin plan to fly test astronaut s by early new glenn orbitalaunch vehicle the new glenn is a diameter multistage rocketwor three stage orbital spaceflight orbitalaunch vehicle that is expected to launch prior to the design work on the vehicle began in the high level specifications for the vehicle were publicly announced in september the firstage will be powered by seven bengines also designed and manufactured by blue origin the firstage is reusable launch vehicle reusable just like the new shepard suborbitalaunch vehicle that preceded ithe second stage and an optional third stage for some flights are both intended to bexpendable launch vehiclexpendable orbital space systems file blue origin orbital spacecraftjpg righthumblue origin s orbital space vehicle in flight rendering after beginning new product development of an orbital system prior to blue origin announced thexistence of their new orbitalaunch vehicle in september in january blue origindicated thathe new rocket will be many times larger thanew shepard even though it would be the smallest of the family of blue origin orbital vehicles blue origintends to make more details public later in orbitalaunch vehicle revealed in the blue origin orbital spaceflight orbitalaunch vehicle which began to be referred to by the placeholder name of very big brother in march is a tsto two stage torbit liquid propellant rockethe launcher is intended to be reusable launch vehicle reusable jeff bezos plans to boost humans into space from cape canaveral cbs news accessed september bezos you cannot afford to be a space fairing civilization if you throw the rocket away every time youse it we have to be focused on reusability we have to be focused on lowering the cost of space in january blue origin announced thathey plan to announce details abouthe launch vehicle later in and a few details wereleased in march when blue origindicated thathe first orbitalaunch was expected from the florida launch facility in the firstage is to be powered by blue origin s be single shaft oxygen rich staged combustion cycle staged combustion liquid methane liquid oxygen rocket engine while the second stage will be powered by the recently qualified be tap off cycle liquid hydrogen liquid oxygen rocket engine the number of engines powering each stage has not been released nor has the payload or gross launch weight specifications no details were publicly released as of september blue origintends to launch the rocket from the historic spaceport florida launch complex launch complex and manufacture the rockets at a new facility onearby land in exploration park acceptance testing of the bengines will also be done in florida orbital subsystems and earlier development work blue origin began developing systems forbital human spacecraft prior to a reusable firstage booster was projected to fly a suborbital trajectory taking off vertically like the booster stage of a conventional multistage rocket following stage separation the upper stage would continue to propel astronauts torbit while the firstage booster wouldescend to perform a powered verticalanding similar to the new shepard suborbital propulsion module the firstage booster would be refueled and launched again allowing improved reliability and lowering the cost of human access to space the boosterocket was projected to loft blue origin s biconic space vehicle torbit carrying astronauts and supplies after orbiting thearthe space vehicle will reenter earth s atmosphere to land on land under parachutes and then be reused on future missions to earth orbit blue origin successfully completed a system requirements review srr of its orbital space vehicle in may engine testing for the reusable booster system rbs vehicle began in a full power test of the thrust chamber for blue origin be liquid oxygen liquid hydrogen rocket engine was conducted at a john c stennispacenter nasa test facility in october the chamber successfully achieved full thrust of test flights class wikitable date vehicle notes marcharon reached altitude of m november blue origin goddard first rocket powered test flight march goddard april goddard may pm august pm failure loss of vehicle october new shepard space capsule only pad escape test flight april new shepard successful atmospheric flighto altitude km capsule soft landing rocketry recovered boosterocketry booster crashed on landing november new shepard successful sub orbital spaceflight and landing january new shepard successful sub orbital flight and landing of a reused booster april new shepard successful sub orbital flight and landing of a reused booster junew shepard successful sub orbital flight and landing of a reused booster the fourth launch and landing of the same rocket blue origin published a live webcast of the takeoff and landing october new shepard successful sub orbital flight and landing of a reused booster the fifth and finalaunch and landing of the same rocket ns rocket engine development be blue origin publicly announced the development of the bluengine or be in january buthengine had begunew product development in thearly s be is a new liquid hydrogen liquid oxygen lh lox cryogenic engine that can produce of thrust at full power and can be rocket engine throttling throttledown to as low as for use in controlled vtvl verticalandings early thrust chamber testing began at nasa stennis in by late the be had been successfully tested on a full duration suborbital burn with simulated coast phases and engine relights demonstrating deep throttle full power long duration and rocket engine restart reliable restart all in a single test sequence nasa has released a videof the testhengine hademonstrated more than starts and of operation at blue origin s test facility near van horn texas blue origin tests new engine aviation week accessed september bengine acceptance testing was completed by april with test firings of thengine and a cumulative run time of more than minutes the bengine powers the blue originew shepard new shepard space capsule that is being used for blue origin suborbital spaceflight suborbital flights that began in be u the be u engine is a modified be for use on upper stage s of blue origin orbital spaceflight orbitalaunch vehicle s thengine will include a rocket enginexpansionozzle better optimized for operation under vacuum outer space vacuum conditions as well as a number of other manufacturing differencesince it is an expendablengine whereas the be is designed foreusability be blue origin began work on a new and much largerocket engine in the new engine the bluengine or be is a change for blue origin that it is their first engine that will combust liquid oxygen and liquid methane rocket propellants thengine has been designed to produce of thrust and was initially planned to be used exclusively on a blue origin proprietary launch vehicle blue origin did not announce the new engine to the public until september in late blue origin signed an agreement with united launch alliance to co develop the bengine and to commito use the new engine on an atlas v replacement for the rd engine upgraded atlas v launch vehicle replacing the single rd russian madengine the atlas v successor new launch vehicle will use twof the bengines on each firstage rocketry firstage thengine development program began in ula expects the first flight of the new launch vehicle the vulcan rocket vulcano earlier than pusher escape motor blue originew product development developed a pusher escape motor for itsuborbital crew capsule in late blue origin performed a full scale flightest of thescape system on the full scale suborbital capsule funding by july jeff bezos had invested over into blue origin even by march the vast majority ofunding to support new product developmentechnology development and operations at blue origin has come from jeff bezos market capitalism private investment but bezos hadeclined to publicly state the amount prior to when annual amount wastated publicly blue origin has also completed work for nasa on several small development contracts receiving total funding of by bezos iselling approximately in amazoncom amazon stock each year to privatequity privately finance blue origin collaborations with nasa blue origin has contracted to do work for nasa on several development efforts the company was awarded in funding in by nasa via space act agreement under the ccdev first commercial crew development ccdev program for development of concepts and technologies to support future human spaceflight operations nasa co funded risk mitigation activities related to ground testing of an innovative pusher escape system that lowers cost by being reusable and enhancesafety by avoiding the jettison event of a traditional tractor launch escape system and an innovative composite pressure vessel cabin that both reduces weight and increasesafety of astronauts this was laterevealed to be a part of a larger system designed for a biconicapsule that would be launched atop an atlas v rocket onovember it was announced that blue origin had completed all milestones under its ccdev space act agreement in april blue origin received a commitment from nasa for ofunding under the ccdev phase programilestones included performing a mission concept review mcr and system requirements review srr on the orbital space vehicle which utilizes a biconic shape toptimize its launch profile and atmospheric reentry further maturing the pusher escape system includinground and flightests and accelerating development of its be lox lh lbf engine through full scale thrust chamber testing inasa s commercial crew program released its follow on ccicap solicitation for the development of crew delivery to iss by blue origin did not submit a proposal for ccicap but is reportedly continuing work on its development program with private funding blue origin had earlier attempted to lease a different part of the space coast when they submitted a bid in to lease kennedy spacenter launch complex launch complex a lc athe kennedy spacenter on land to the north of and adjacento cape canaveral afs following nasa s decision to lease the unused complex out as part of a bid to reduce annual operation and maintenance costs the blue origin bid was for shared and non exclusive use of the lc a complex such thathe launchpad was to have been able to interface with multiple launch vehicles and costs for using the launch pad were to have been shared across multiple companies over the term of the lease one potential shared user in the blue originotional plan was united launch alliance a competing bid for private spaceflight commercial use of the lc a launch complex wasubmitted by spacex which submitted a bid for exclusive use of the launch complex to supportheir human spaceflight crewed missions in september prior to completion of the bid period and prior to any public announcement by nasa of the results of the process blue origin filed a protest withe federal government of the united states us general accounting office gaover what it says is a plan by nasa to award an exclusive commercialease to spacex for use of mothballed space shuttle launch pad a nasa had planned to complete the bid award and have the pad transferred by october buthe protest will delay any decision until the gao reaches a decision expected by midecember spacex said thathey would be willing to support a multi user arrangement for pad a in december the gao denied the blue origin protest and sided with nasa which argued thathe solicitation contained no preference on the use of the facility as either multi use or single use the solicitation document merely asked bidders to explain theireasons for selecting one approach instead of the other and how they would manage the facility in thevent nasa selected the spacex proposal in late and signed a year lease contract for launch pad a to spacex in april with darpa blue origin cooperated with boeing in phase of the darpa xspacecraft xspaceplane program see also armadillo aerospace interorbital systems kankoh maru lockheed martin x lunar lander challenge masten space systems mcdonnell douglas dc x newspace quad rocket reusable vehicle testing program by jaxa spacex reusable launch system development program venturestar zarya spacecraft zarya references externalinks amazon enters the space race wired magazine july amazon ceo gives us peek into space plans a january article from the seattle times amazoncom founder space venture has westexas county abuzz seattle post intelligencer march blue origin westexas commercialaunch sitenvironmental assessment latest blue originews on the space fellowship internet billionaires face off in renewed texaspace race bownsville herald april category blue origin category private spaceflight companies category commercial spaceflight category rocket engine manufacturers category space tourism category aerospace companies of the united states category space act agreement companies category companies based in kent washington category culberson county texas category companiestablished 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companiestablished"],"new_description":"founder jeff_bezos location location_city kent washington location_country_united states key_people jeff_bezos rob products rocket_engine manufacturing planning human_spaceflight early owner jeff blue_origin florida origin texas website num revenue blue_origin american private_spaceflight privately_funded aerospace manufacturer spaceflight services company set amazoncom founder jeff_bezos headquarters kent washington company developing technologies enable private human access space withe_goal dramatically lower_costs increase reliability blue_origin employing approach suborbital flight developmental step building prior work company motto latin step step blue_origin developing variety technologies focus rocket_powered vertical takeoff verticalanding vtvl vehicles access sub_orbital_spaceflight suborbital orbital_spaceflight orbital outer_space company name refers blue planet earth point focused sub_orbital company built flown new_shepard spacecraft design atheir county texas facility first developmental test_flight new_shepard april uncrewed vehicle flew planned test altitude thand achieved top speed second flight performed onovember vehicle went beyond altitude reaching space firstime bothe space_capsule rocket booster successfully achieved soft_landing rocketry soft_landing january blue_origin flew new_shepard booster launched landed vertically inovember demonstrating reuse time new_shepard reached apogee ofeet capsule earth forecovery reuse april june new_shepard booster flew third fourth flights altitude beforeturning successful soft_landings first crewed test_flights planned take_place early withe start commercial service shortly blue_origin moved orbital_spaceflight orbital business initially rocket_engine supplier others entered build new large rocket_engine major us launch_system operator united_launch_alliance ula also considering blue_origin engine used onew shepard use new second_stage advanced cryogenic evolved stage become primary upper_stage ula vulcan rocket vulcan orbital_spaceflight orbitalaunch_vehicle blue_origin announced_plans also manufacture fly orbitalaunch_vehicle florida space coast history_file_blue development spacecraft jpg origin three vehicles late goddard subscale early subscale version suborbital new_shepard propulsion_module flown variations larger new_shepard actually flew future space_vehicle top future orbitalaunch_vehicle stacked blue_origin future orbital transportation system blue_origin founder jeff_bezos interested space early age profile published described miami herald interview bezos gave named high_school class year_old wanted build space hotels amusement_parks colonies million million_people would orbithe whole idea preserve told newspaper goal able humans planet would_become park blue_origin founded kent washington began developing rocket propulsion systems launch_vehicle since founding company secretive plans emerged imposed company formally incorporated existence became public bezos began buying land texas interested parties followed purchases topic interest local politics bezos rapid lots variety named shell companies called land grab january bezos told theditor van horn texas van horn advocate blue_origin developing sub_orbital_space vehicle would vtvl take land vertically carry three astronauts space spacecraft would based technology like used douglas x bezos told reuters inovember company hoped progress company website announced hoped establish space colonization enduring human presence space buthe version wrote instead aiming step step lower_cost spaceflight many_people afford go humans better solar_system science_fiction author neal worked partime blue late credited blue_origin employees ideas leading novel blue_origin plans place new_shepard commercial suborbital tourist service flights per week publicized timetable indicated blue fly unmanned manned theventhe first developmental test_flight new_shepard occurred april uncrewed vehicle flew planned test altitude feet meters achieved top speed mach test_flights continue take_place late blue_origin projected test_flights operate could begin flying passengers space new_shepard interview bezos indicated founded blue_origin send customers space focusing decrease cost increase safety human_spaceflight july bezos invested money blue_origin september company united_launch_alliance ula entered partnership whereby blue_origin would produce large rocket_engine vulcan rocket vulcan successor atlas v whichas launched us_national security thearly exit service late announcement added blue_origin working thengine three_years prior public announcement thathe_first_flight new rocket could occur early april new_product development test well blue_origin expected selected ula vulcan launch_vehicle vulcan rocket april blue_origin announced completed acceptance testing bengine would power blue_originew shepard new_shepard space_capsule used blue_origin suborbital_spaceflight suborbital flights completion stage blue_origin begin test_flights vehicle later year facility westexas expect series withis vehicle flying autonomous mode series dozens oflights thextent test_program taking couple years complete following new_shepard maiden flight blue_origin began accepting registration early access tickets pricing information suborbital_spaceflights july company employed approximately people may grown approximately employees working engineering manufacturing business operations kent location approximately thengine test suborbital test_flight facility april company employees july provider servicesuch andevelopment safety integration announced partnership blue_origin provide standardized payload accommodations experiments flying blue_origin blue_originew shepard new_shepard suborbital vehicle september blue_origin unnamed planned orbital_spaceflight orbitalaunch_vehicle indicating thathe_firstage would powered bengine currently development second_stage would powered recently completed rocket_engine addition blue_origin announced would manufacture launch new rocket space coast florida space coast payload gross launch weight given bezos noted interviews thathis new launch_vehicle would space_launch market competition compete us_government national security united_states national security missions leaving marketo united_launch_alliance spacex onovember blue_origin launched new_shepard rocketo space altitude ofeet kilometers vertically landed rocket booster less center pad capsule descended parachutes minutes landed safely marks firstime booster flown space returned earth marking major step pursuit fully reusable flight validated vehicle architecture andesign ring fin shifted center pressure help control reentry eight large drag brakes deployed reduced vehicle terminal speed vehicle altitude location aligned landing pad highly bengine slow booster deployed vehicle descended last touchdown pad january blue_origin flew new_shepard booster launched landed vertically inovember demonstrating reuse time new_shepard reached apogee ofeet kilometers capsule earth forecovery reuse april new_shepard booster flew third time reaching feet returning successfully march blue journalists see inside kent washington headquarters manufacturing facility firstime company planning substantial growth builds crew_capsules propulsion_modules new_shepard program ramps bengine builds support full_scale employment expected grow february bezos also articulated long_term vision humans space seeing potential move industry completely earth leaving planet strictly light industrial use end state hundreds years millions people would living working space march manned test_flights planned take_place possible commercial service also march bezos discussed plans toffer space_tourism services space pointing aspect thearly really advancing aviation thearly days rides big fraction airplane flights days tourism playing advancing space_travel rocket launches tourism entertainment hand current plans pursue niche market us military launches bezos hasaid blue_origin would add value market september blue announced_thatheir orbital_rocket would named new_glenn honor first_american john glenn thathe_firstage powered seven blue_origin bengines firstage reusable vertically like new_shepard sub_orbital_spaceflight suborbitalaunch vehicle preceded athe_time announcement new_glenn bezos revealed thathe next project beyond new_glenn would new armstrong without detailing would blue_origin continued expand seattle area office rocket production facilities purchasing adjacent building permits filed build complex additional office space blue_origin billion usd year funded jeff amazon stock march announced blue_origin acquired first paying launch customer forbital satellite launches expected start launching tv satellites around blue_origin new_glenn orbitalaunch_vehicle facilities blue_origin development facility near seattle_washington facility westexas blue_origin developing new orbitalaunch facility cape_canaveral air_force station development facility headquarters company headquartered kent washington suburb seattle_washington seattle research_andevelopment located facility size early growing march blue_origin leasing additional space adjacent office buildings plan add space kent facility housed engineering manufacturing business operations majority person blue_origin workforce grew persons kent may added additional office manufacturing warehouse space headquarters facilities florida facilities september blue_origin leased launch_complex cape_canaveral florida build launch_pad orbital_spaceflight orbital blue_origin orbitalaunch_vehicle launch_vehicle also plan manufacture new powered orbitalaunch_vehicle athe nearby exploration park first blue_origin launch planned august estimate predicted earlier groundbreaking facility begin construction occurred june accessed_july engine test_site blue_origin suborbitalaunch facility located westexas near town van horn texas van horn current launch license experimental permits us_government federal_aviation_administration flights blue_origin new_shepard suborbital system blue_origin staff approximately supporting westexas facility launch_pad located miles north check building landing pad located miles north check building miles north launch_pad addition suborbitalaunch pads includes number rocket_engine test facility rocket_engine engine test cells support methalox propellant propellant engines present included three test cells testing methalox bengine alone two full test cells support full thrust full duration burns well one duration high pressure tests refine rocket_engine ignition sequence understand rocket_engine launch_vehicles early low altitude flightest platforms charon blue_origin first_flightest vehicle called charon pluto moon powered four vertically mounted armstrong viper jet engines rather rockets low altitude vehicle developed test autonomous guidance control technologies processes thathe_company would use develop charon made test_flight moses lake washington march flew altitude ofeet beforeturning controlled landing near liftoff point charon currently display athe museum oflight seattle_washington goddard vehicle named blue_origin goddard also_known first flew onovember flight wasuccessful test_flight december never launched according federal_aviation_administration records two flights performed goddard new_shepard suborbital system file_blue_originew shepard launch april jpg thumb right new_shepard launch april blue_origin new_shepard suborbital_spaceflight system composed two vehicles crew_capsule accommodating three astronauts launched blue_origin propulsion_module rocket booster two vehicles lift together designed separate flight separation booster designed return earth perform vtvl verticalanding crew_capsule follows separate trajectory returning parachutes land touchdown vehicles intended forecovery use new_shepard controlled entirely board computers addition flying astronauts new_shepard intended provide frequent opportunities fly experiments suborbital space file_blue_origin test landing parachutes april jpg thumb left new_shepard landing parachutes april federal_aviation indicated flightest early suborbital test vehicle wascheduled augusthe flight westexas failed ground contact control vehicle blue_origin released analysis failure september vehicle reached speed mach number mach altitude flight instability drove angle attack range safety telemetry system range safety system thrust vehicle october blue_origin conducted successful new shepherd pad escape test westexas launch_site firing pusher escape motor launching full_scale crew_capsule launch_vehicle simulator crew_capsule traveled altitude active thrust control descending safely parachute soft_landing rocketry soft_landing april blue_origin announced begin autonomous robot autonomous flightesting test_flights new_shepard frequently monthly blue_origin expected series dozens oflights thextent test_program taking couple years complete april new_shepard made firstest flighthe uncrewed vehicle flew planned test altitude thand achieved top speed mach crew_capsule separated booster beforeturning earth landing parachutes onovember new_shepard made itsecond test_flight reaching altitude successful recovery crew_capsule booster booster successfully soft_landing rocketry performed powered vtvl verticalanding january blue_origin flew new_shepard booster launched landed vertically inovember demonstrating reuse time new_shepard reached apogee ofeet kilometers capsule earth forecovery reuse file new_shepard booster crew_capsule thumb px_new_shepard booster crew_capsule april new_shepard booster flew third time reaching feet beforeturning successfully june new_shepard booster flew fourth time reaching feet returning successfully fifth final test_flight second booster test capsule took_place october blue_origin plan fly test astronaut early new_glenn orbitalaunch_vehicle new_glenn diameter multistage three stage orbital_spaceflight orbitalaunch_vehicle expected launch prior design work vehicle began high_level specifications vehicle publicly_announced september firstage powered seven bengines also designed manufactured blue_origin firstage reusable_launch_vehicle reusable like new_shepard suborbitalaunch vehicle preceded ithe second_stage optional third stage flights intended launch orbital_space systems file_blue_origin orbital origin orbital_space vehicle flight rendering beginning new_product development orbital system prior blue_origin announced thexistence new orbitalaunch_vehicle september january blue_origindicated thathe new rocket many_times larger shepard even_though would smallest family blue_origin orbital vehicles blue make details public later orbitalaunch_vehicle revealed blue_origin orbital_spaceflight orbitalaunch_vehicle began referred name big brother march two_stage torbit liquid propellant rockethe launcher intended reusable_launch_vehicle reusable jeff_bezos plans boost humans space cape_canaveral cbs news accessed september bezos cannot afford space fairing civilization throw rocket away every time focused focused lowering cost space january blue_origin announced_thathey plan announce details abouthe launch_vehicle later details wereleased march blue_origindicated thathe_first orbitalaunch expected florida launch_facility firstage powered blue_origin single shaft oxygen rich staged combustion cycle staged combustion liquid methane liquid_oxygen rocket_engine second_stage powered recently qualified tap cycle liquid hydrogen liquid_oxygen rocket_engine number engines stage released payload gross launch weight specifications details publicly released september blue launch rocket historic spaceport florida launch_complex launch_complex manufacture rockets new facility land exploration park acceptance testing bengines also done florida orbital earlier development work blue_origin began developing systems forbital human spacecraft prior reusable firstage booster projected fly suborbital trajectory taking vertically like booster stage conventional multistage rocket following stage separation upper_stage would continue propel astronauts torbit firstage booster perform powered verticalanding similar new_shepard suborbital propulsion_module firstage booster would launched allowing improved reliability lowering cost human access space boosterocket projected loft blue_origin space_vehicle torbit carrying astronauts supplies space_vehicle earth atmosphere land land parachutes reused future missions earth_orbit blue_origin successfully completed system requirements review orbital_space vehicle may engine testing reusable booster system vehicle began full power test thrust chamber blue_origin liquid_oxygen liquid hydrogen rocket_engine conducted john_c nasa test facility october chamber successfully achieved full thrust test_flights class wikitable date vehicle notes reached altitude november blue_origin goddard first rocket_powered test_flight march goddard april goddard may august failure loss vehicle october new_shepard space_capsule pad escape test_flight april new_shepard successful atmospheric flighto altitude capsule soft_landing rocketry recovered booster landing november new_shepard successful sub_orbital_spaceflight landing january new_shepard successful sub_orbital flight landing reused booster april new_shepard successful sub_orbital flight landing reused booster shepard successful sub_orbital flight landing reused booster fourth launch landing rocket blue_origin published live takeoff landing october new_shepard successful sub_orbital flight landing reused booster fifth landing rocket rocket_engine development blue_origin publicly_announced development january product_development thearly new liquid hydrogen liquid_oxygen lox cryogenic engine produce thrust full power rocket_engine low use controlled vtvl early_thrust chamber testing began nasa stennis late successfully tested full duration suborbital burn simulated coast phases engine demonstrating deep full power long duration rocket_engine reliable single test sequence nasa released videof starts operation blue_origin test facility near van horn texas blue_origin tests new engine aviation week accessed september bengine acceptance testing completed april test firings thengine run time minutes bengine powers blue_originew shepard new_shepard space_capsule used blue_origin suborbital_spaceflight suborbital flights began engine modified use upper_stage blue_origin orbital_spaceflight orbitalaunch_vehicle thengine include rocket better optimized operation vacuum outer_space vacuum conditions well number manufacturing whereas designed blue_origin began work new much engine new engine change blue_origin first engine liquid_oxygen liquid methane rocket propellants thengine designed produce thrust initially planned used exclusively blue_origin proprietary launch_vehicle blue_origin announce new engine public september late blue_origin signed agreement united_launch_alliance develop bengine use new engine atlas v replacement engine upgraded atlas v launch_vehicle replacing single russian atlas v successor new launch_vehicle use twof bengines firstage rocketry firstage thengine development_program began ula expects first_flight new launch_vehicle vulcan rocket earlier pusher escape motor blue_originew product_development developed pusher escape motor crew_capsule late blue_origin performed full_scale flightest thescape system full_scale suborbital capsule funding july jeff_bezos invested blue_origin even march vast_majority ofunding support new_product development operations blue_origin come jeff_bezos market capitalism private investment bezos publicly state amount prior annual amount publicly blue_origin also completed work nasa several small development contracts receiving total funding bezos approximately amazoncom amazon stock year privatequity privately finance blue_origin nasa blue_origin contracted work nasa several development efforts company awarded funding nasa via space act agreement ccdev first_commercial crew_development ccdev program development concepts technologies support future human_spaceflight operations nasa funded risk mitigation activities related ground testing innovative pusher escape system cost reusable avoiding event traditional tractor launch escape system innovative composite pressure vessel cabin reduces weight astronauts part larger system designed would launched atop atlas v rocket onovember announced blue_origin completed milestones ccdev space act agreement april blue_origin received commitment nasa ofunding ccdev phase included performing mission concept review system requirements review orbital_space vehicle utilizes shape toptimize launch profile atmospheric reentry pusher escape system flightests development lox engine full_scale thrust chamber testing commercial_crew program released follow solicitation development crew delivery iss blue_origin submit proposal reportedly continuing work development_program private funding blue_origin earlier attempted lease different part space coast submitted bid lease kennedy spacenter launch_complex launch_complex athe kennedy spacenter land north adjacento cape_canaveral following nasa decision lease unused complex part bid reduce annual operation maintenance costs blue_origin bid shared non exclusive use complex thathe able interface multiple launch_vehicles costs using launch_pad shared across multiple companies term lease one potential shared user blue plan united_launch_alliance competing bid private_spaceflight commercial use launch_complex spacex submitted bid exclusive use launch_complex supportheir human_spaceflight crewed missions september prior completion bid period prior public announcement nasa results process blue_origin filed protest withe federal_government united_states us general accounting office says plan nasa award exclusive spacex use space_shuttle launch_pad nasa planned complete bid award pad transferred october buthe protest delay decision gao reaches decision expected spacex said thathey_would willing support multi user arrangement pad december gao denied blue_origin protest nasa argued thathe solicitation contained preference use facility either multi use single use solicitation document merely asked explain selecting one approach instead would manage facility thevent nasa selected spacex proposal late signed year lease contract launch_pad spacex april blue_origin boeing phase program see_also armadillo aerospace systems lockheed martin x lunar lander challenge space systems douglas x newspace quad rocket reusable vehicle testing program spacex_reusable launch_system development_program zarya spacecraft zarya references_externalinks amazon enters space race wired magazine july amazon ceo gives us space plans january article seattle times amazoncom founder space venture westexas county seattle post march blue_origin westexas commercialaunch assessment latest blue space_fellowship internet face renewed race herald april category blue_origin category_private_spaceflight companies_category_commercial_spaceflight category rocket_engine manufacturers category_space_tourism category aerospace_companies united_states category_space act agreement companies_category companies_based kent washington category county texas_category_companiestablished"},{"title":"Blue Origin Goddard","description":"blue origin goddard is the name of the first development vehicle in the blue originew shepard program which flew for the firstime onovember named afterocketry pioneerobert goddard the vehicle is a subscale demonstrator and flew at a ft altitude during its initial flighthe private spacecraft venture is being funded by the billionaire founder of amazoncom jeff bezos goddard gunter space page he hopes thathe private spacecraft could eventually bring space travel within the reach of the masses a videof the cone shaped goddard vehicle shows it climbing to about m ft beforeturning to earth in a remote part of texas the flight marks the firstime jeff bezos has broken hisilence on the work of hispace company blue origin on the company s website mr bezosaid we re working patiently and step by step to lower the cost of spaceflight so that many people can afford to go and so that we humans can better continuexploring the solar system accomplishing this mission will take a long time and we are working on it methodically mr bezos founded blue origin withe intention of developing a vertical take off and landing vehicle able to take passengers to thedge of space no timescale for commercial trips has been announced but documents released by the us federal aviation administration suggesthey could start as early as the video filmed onovember from a site about miles east of el paso texashows the first crafto launch under the new shepard program the vehicle climbed for approximately seconds reaching a height oft before starting to descend and making a controlled landing back on its feet approximately seconds after take off the launch described by mr bezos as both useful and fun was watched by friends family and a team of engineers bbc news january see also corona ssto corona kankoh maru lunar lander challenge project bproject morpheus nasa program to continue developing alhat and q landers reusable vehicle testing program by jaxa spaceshiptwo spacex reusable launch system development program xcor lynx zarya spacecraft zarya externalinks images of the vehicle and the launch category blue origin launch vehicles category space tourism category private spaceflight category united states experimental aircraft category vtvl 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approximately seconds reaching height starting making controlled landing back feet approximately seconds take launch described bezos useful fun watched friends family team engineers bbc_news january see_also lunar lander challenge project nasa program continue developing reusable vehicle testing program spaceshiptwo spacex_reusable launch_system development_program xcor_lynx zarya spacecraft zarya externalinks images vehicle launch category blue_origin launch_vehicles category_space_tourism category_private_spaceflight category_united_states experimental aircraft_category vtvl rockets"},{"title":"Blue-plate special","description":"file blue plate special signjpg thumb px a typical blue plate special board from the red arrow diner in manchester new hampshire blue plate special or blue plate special is a term used in the united states by restaurant s especially diner s and cafe s it refers to a low priced meal that usually changes daily the term was very common from the s through the s there are still a few restaurants andiners that offer blue plate specials under that name sometimes on blue plates but it is a vanishing tradition the phrase itself however istill a common american colloquialism a web collection of s prose gives this definition a blue plate special is a low pricedaily diner special a main course with all the fixins a daily combo a square for two bits the origin and explanation of the phrase are unclear kevin reed says that during the great depression a manufacturer started making plates with separate sections for each part of a mealike a frozen dinner tray it seems that for whatevereason they were only available in the color blue michael quinion cites a dictionary entry indicating thathe blue plates were more specifically inexpensive divided plates that were decorated with a willow pattern blue willow or similar blue pattern such as those popularized by spode and wedgwood one of his correspondentsays thathe first known use of the term is on an october fred harvey company restaurant menu and implies that blue plate specials weregular features at harvey houses the term became common starting in the late s a may advertisement in the new york times for the famous old sea grillobster and chop house at westh street promised a la carte all hours moderate prices and blue plate specials a december article lamenting the rise in prices that had made it difficulto dine on a dime praised ann street establishment where one could still get a steak and lots of onion sandwich for a dime and a big blue plate special with meat course and three vegetables is purchasable for a quarter just as it has been for the lasten years the first book publication of damon runyon story little miss marker was in a collection entitledamon runyon s blue plate special a hollywood columnist wrote in every time spencer tracy enters the metro commissary executives and minor geniuses look up from their blue plate specials to look athe actor and marvel in the honeymooners episode suspense ralph suspecting that alice plans to murder him with a carving knife says to norton did you hear that pal she wants to borrow a carving knife i never thought i d end up a blue plate special file diner blue platejpg thumb px right a typical blue divided plate used for a blue plate special no substitutions was a common policy on blue plate specials one candid microphonepisode features allen funt ordering a blue plate special and trying to talk the waiter into making various changesuch as replacing the vegetable soup with consomm while the polite but increasingly annoyed waiter tries in vain to explain to funthat no substitutions means what it says our man in havana by graham greene has the following exchange regarding an american blue plate lunch contemporary usage file blue plate special mullan idaho jpg thumb left blue plate special in mullan idaho in contemporary usage a blue plate special can be any inexpensive full meal any daily selection or merely a whimsical phrasing travel columnist wayne curtisays that a portland maineatery offers budget blue plate specials along with morefined fare in events boston children s museum presents a participatory theater show sponsored by health insurer blue cross blue shield association blue cross which teaches good nutrition the show is called blue plate special workman s blue plate special is a monthly ecookbook clubringing you specially discounted and freebooks from an award winning collection of cookbooks the wdvx blue plate special is an almost daily lunch time concert athe knoxville visitor s center broadcasting on theastennessee radio station wdvx in film and television the turner south cable channel calls a daily movie selection scheduled at lunchtime its blue plate special in print richard bernstein titled his new york times review of andrew hurley s book diners bowling alleys and trailer parks the red white and blue plate special mystery writer abigail padgett second novel about amateur sleuth blue 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square two bits origin explanation phrase unclear kevin reed says great_depression manufacturer started making plates separate sections part frozen dinner tray seems available color blue michael cites dictionary entry indicating thathe blue_plates specifically inexpensive divided plates decorated willow pattern blue willow similar blue pattern popularized one thathe_first known use term october fred harvey company restaurant menu implies blue_plate specials features harvey houses term became common starting late may advertisement new_york times famous old sea chop house westh street promised la_carte hours moderate prices blue_plate specials december article rise prices made difficulto dine praised ann street establishment one could still get steak lots onion sandwich big blue_plate special meat course three vegetables quarter years first book publication runyon story little miss marker collection runyon blue_plate special hollywood columnist wrote every time spencer tracy enters metro 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over subscribed but sometimes under used moorings larger sharing schemes may alsoffer the opportunity to members of sailing from different ports and shores and with different classes of boathe limiting factor for the growth of a boat sharing organisation istill as for the private owner the availability of mooringsomexisting boatsharing associationswitzerland sailcom germany bootschaft france samboat international antlosee also carsharing category sailing category types of 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thumb right sailing boat sharing describes ownership boats mainly sailing boats non_profit organisation members pleasure use boat sharing organisation may voluntary association club organization club cooperative company law company boats may owned organisation lease members hiring booking boats use variety cruise costs setting financing boat sharing scheme may offset theventual higher boats moorings producing sailing members compared private boat ownership members joining boat sharing scheme may_also save need wait many significant due demand exceeding supply advocates boat sharing offers way sometimes used moorings larger sharing schemes may_alsoffer opportunity members sailing different ports shores different classes limiting factor growth boat sharing organisation istill private owner availability germany france international also category sailing category_types tourism"},{"title":"Bold Earth Teen Adventures","description":"bold earth teen adventures is a tour company based in colorado that offersummer adventure programs for middle and high school teens bold earth offers trips to locations around the world the company was founded by abbott wallis bold earth is accredited by the american camp association bold earth wascrutinized in when twof its tour group members were swept outo sea while hiking in a tide pool area in hawaii one boy was rescued while the other was neverecovered it was later discovered thathe kayak company subcontracted by bold earth and leading thexcursion was outside the bounds of their permit when the accident occurred the parents of the missing teen also said thathe main tour leader had previously been charged with drug use although there was no evidence that drugs were involved in the incident category travel category 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rescued later discovered thathe kayak company bold earth leading outside bounds permit accident occurred parents missing teen also said thathe main tour leader previously charged drug_use although evidence drugs involved incident category_travel category_tourism"},{"title":"Booking (clubbing)","description":"booking korean language korean is a common practice in south korea night club s oforced socialization booking is a practice in which waiters bring female patronsometimes forcibly to a table to sit with men both parties are free to leave at any time or depending on mutual interesthey can continue to sitogether andrink and talk although outwardly similar toutsiders these are not host and hostess clubs hostess clubs and although the men arexpected to tip and pay their waiters to bring women to their table the women are not employees nor are they prostitutes but fellow clubbers korean confucianism in korea has had a profound effect on social interactions in traditional confucianism one was expected to give proper deference and respectone another based one s position within a five level hierarchy only the bottom of which was of one between equals one s position in this hierarchy was based on a mix of one s ancestry family position official offices if any and social status with regards to marriage one was expected to find a partner of the same social status as one s own an appropriate partner being one whose status was neither above nor beneath one s own to facilitate this there was the traditional matchmaking matchmaker asouth korea urbanised and industrialised the hierarchical stratification of society remained in addition to ancestry one social position in korean society now includes the level of one s education almater profession which company one works for and one s position and seniority whether one is a seonbae or hubae within the company increasingly lesso social interactions would become paralysed unless people were properly introduced and so couldetermine one social position with regards one another fear of behaving inappropriately tone s own position leading to an outright refusal to interact with strangers with regards to marriage meeting people outside one s established social circle is difficult and within this circle for example with colleagues one is constrained by what would be considered appropriate and inappropriate relationships depending one seniority and position in the hierarchy the old professional matchmakerstill exist and friends and family will act as informal matchmakers however even when both parties are interested in meeting a member of the opposite sex such as when clubbing a korean would find it difficulto ask a stranger for a dance a date or more and those who do would be seenegatively by the more conservative booking arose therefore as an icebreaker between individuals who would otherwise be too embarrassed to approach one another and has been described as a form of speedating asouth koreans have become more comfortable with other ways to meet new people such as through the internet booking clubs have declined in booking clubs groups of men will pay for a booth oroom the higher priced they are the better placed they are tobserve the dance floor they will alsorder a set of drinks and snacks for their table the male groups are assigned a waiter who for tips will try and bring female patrons to their table if they see a specific girl on the dance floor thathey are interested in they may ask their waiter to try and bring her to their table although toutsiders these clubs have been mistaken for host and hostess clubs hostess clubs the women are not employees nor are they prostitutes but fellow clubbers they are free to leave at any time and male patronshould not make the mistake thatheir paymento the waiter however much it may bentitles them to anything buthe opportunity to introduce themselves or that it relieves them of the need to be gentlemen among both male and female patrons there will be those who want more than some drinks conversation and an exchange of phone numbers it is the job of the waiter therefore to try and match only those with similar intentions ahn hyeong hwan the grand national party representative and the member of the parliamentary level committee on culture sports tourism broadcasting communications raised the issue of how thenglish language arirang tv presented the concept of booking to viewers and how it could potentially portray as negative an aspect of korean contemporary culture outside of korea in the united states le prive was a popular korean american venue for booking externalinks an introduction to korean booking clubs category nightclubs category south korean 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position hierarchy based mix one ancestry family position official offices social status regards marriage one expected find partner social status one appropriate partner one whose status neither beneath one facilitate traditional korea society remained addition ancestry one social position korean society includes level one education almater profession company one works one position whether one within company increasingly social interactions would_become unless people properly introduced one social position regards one another fear tone position leading interact strangers regards marriage meeting people outside one established social circle difficult within circle example colleagues one would considered appropriate inappropriate relationships depending one position hierarchy old professional exist friends family act informal however even parties interested meeting member opposite sex clubbing korean would find difficulto ask stranger dance date would conservative booking arose therefore individuals would otherwise approach one another described form koreans become comfortable ways meet new people internet booking clubs declined booking clubs groups men pay booth higher priced better placed tobserve dance_floor set drinks snacks table male groups assigned waiter tips try bring female patrons table see specific girl dance_floor thathey interested may ask waiter try bring table although clubs host hostess clubs hostess clubs women employees prostitutes fellow clubbers free leave time male make mistake thatheir waiter however much may anything buthe opportunity introduce need gentlemen among male female patrons want drinks conversation exchange phone numbers job waiter therefore try match similar intentions grand_national party representative member level committee culture sports_tourism broadcasting communications raised issue thenglish_language tv presented concept booking viewers could potentially negative aspect korean contemporary culture outside korea united_states popular korean american venue booking externalinks introduction korean booking clubs category_nightclubs_category south_korean culture"},{"title":"Bookstore tourism","description":"bookstore tourism is a type of cultural tourism that promotes independent bookstores as a group travel destination it started as a grassroots efforto support locally owned and operated bookshops many of whichave struggled to compete with large bookstore chains and online retailers those who promote bookstore tourism encourage schools libraries readingroups and other miscellaneous organizations to create day trips and literary outings to cities and towns with a concentration of independent bookstores groups of variousizes around the us have offered such excursions usually via chartered bus and often incorporating book signings author home tours and historical sites they also encourage local booksellers to attract bibliophiles to their communities by employing bookstore tourism as an economic developmentool others benefiting include local retailers restaurants bus companies and travel professionals theffort also provides organizations with an outreach opportunity to support reading and literacy the bookselling publishing and motorcoach industries have recognized the concept s potential as a group travel niche and marketing tool see also book town independent bookstore used book used bookstorexternalinks bookstoretourismcom the london bookshop map category bookstores category cultural 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tool see_also book town independent bookstore used book used london map category_bookstores category_cultural_tourism"},{"title":"Booze cruise","description":"booze cruise is a british colloquial term for a brief trip from britain to france or belgium withe intent of taking advantage of lower prices and buying personal supplies of especially alcoholic beverage alcohol or tobacco in bulk quantities this a legally acceptable process and should not be confused with smuggling the term is also used in other countries to refer to a pleasure outing on a ship or boat involving a significant amount of drinking or an outing to purchase large amounts of alcohol in bulk for a party or outing it probably originateduring prohibition united states prohibition when americans would take cruises to nowhere to enjoy alcohol which could legally be served on board once outside american territorial waters the background generally alcohol and tobacco taxes are lower in france than in britain economically it makesense for people to buy their supplies of wine beer spirits and tobacco in bulk in france instead of britain there is keen competition between list oferry operators ferry operators and the channel tunnel eurotunnel shuttle the day fares to calais are normally around per vehicle but are sometimes discounted to as little as at off peak timesince beer often costs little more than half thenglishoprice at worsthe savings defray the cost of a day out serving this market has become big business around the major ferry ports of calais boulogne sur mer boulogne andunkirk in france and ostend in belgium even longeroutes from cherbourg octeville cherbourg normandy and brittany generate business boosted by ferries from ireland where alcohol duties areven higher thexit route from the calais ferry port passeseveralarge warehouse retailers english owned that serve the market and some large british supermarket chains have alcohol only brancheselling bottles identical to those in britain but at deep discounts the frenchave opened an enormoushopping precinct adjacento the channel tunnel cit europe thattracts large numbers of britishoppers following large increases in tobacco duty in france it is now very common for smokers to make a detour to the small town of adinkerke just over the border in belgium where tobacco duty is lower many people intending to purchase mainly tobacco products opt for the revitalised service from dover to dunkirk as dunkirk is much closer to the belgian border than calais and the ferries on this route are slightly more smoker friendly some buying both tobacco and alcohol make a triangular journey dover dunkirk calais dover or vice versa it is importanto differentiate between booze cruisers who purchase and transport goods legally and professional smugglers whoften have criminal motives genuine booze cruisers are often people on a budget who simply opto purchase their own personal supplies from shop a in france or belgium at lower prices than offered at shop b in britain booze cruisers normally travel as a family or group ofriends and often take the opportunity to generally have a day out in france and indulge in recreational channel shopping for french produce and unfamiliar foods clothing and other goods while they are there in addition to alcohol and tobacco many other items including mundane household itemsuch as washing powder and cooking oil are mucheaper in france than the uk the cost of getting to france fluctuates due to season and fuel surcharges but fares for foot passengers remain low calais in particular is very well served by public transport withe ferry companies also providing a shuttle bus from the ferry terminal to the town centre and by requesthe bus interchange athe sncf railway station french tobacco duties have also risen reducing further theconomic advantage of a booze cruise unless one is close to the channel ports it is unlikely to be financially beneficial the motivation is changing therefore from purely economic to leisure and variety of choice originally alcohol purchases on board the ferry had the additional attraction of being duty free adding a secondary meaning to booze cruiseconomic impacts the current situation benefits individuals living close to thenglish south coast who retain an economic advantage by shopping in france it benefits thentrepreneurs who have businesses around the french ports dependent upon bulk purchases and alsother local businesses that benefit from passing trade the calais area suffers high unemployment around and benefits from the service jobs created by the influx of english day tripper s the ferry and tunnel operators also benefit from thextraffic in a situation that might otherwise be over supplied on the downside uk taxespecially on tobacco seem to have risen beyond the point of diminishing returnso the british exchequer losesubstantial revenue that might otherwise have been collected to theconomies ofrance and belgium shops particularly in thenglish south east also reporthatheir trade suffers because taxes make their prices uncompetitive with both legal and illegal imports french law limiting the transport of tobacco a recent french law has effectively outlawed tobacco tourism which uses franceither as a destination or as a route under pressure from the tobacco sellers interest group les bureaux de tabac andespite the resistance of the french governmenthe french parliament has enacted a law that makes it illegal to transport more than cigarettes whilst in french territory french tobacco law fines and confiscation are sanctions if a person is found to be in possession of more than cigarettes whilstraveling through in france the law is designed to prevent french citizens buying tobacco in belgium and luxembourg following recentax increases in france it has become more attractive for french citizens to buy tobacco in belgium and luxembourg the law also applies to citizens of other european countries traveling through france with more than cigarettes in their possession there is a suggestion thathe law is incompatible with european commission directives which demand freedom of movement and goods for personal use across the borders of european union countries excluding specifically named new member states legal issues and uk customs eu directive article states as regards products acquired by private individuals for their own use and transported by them excise duty shall be charged in the member state in which they are acquired in answer to a legal challenge a european court of justice ruling onovember surprisingly overturned their own advocate general s advice and reconfirmed that only products acquired and transported personally by private individuals arexempt from excise duty in the member state of importation this ruling effectively thwarted the hoped for option of orderingoods particularly tobacco via internet from low duty states in theuropean union and having them posted to a united kingdom address causing discussion in the british mediabout how a supposed free trade area seems to work for the benefit of some but nothers the current position is people may personally bring into britain withem unlimited amounts of alcohol and or tobacco from another eu member state provided thathey have been legally purchased withe relevant local rate of duty paid in the member state of origin and are for either personal consumption or as a genuine gifto another importingoods foresale at a profit or evenot for profit proxy purchases on behalf of non travelling third parties is not permitted although fully aware of this hm revenue and customs hmrc faced with widespread abuse by smugglers impose guidelines limits based on whathey are prepared to believe areasonable amounts for personal consumptionominally six monthsupply mostravellers are unaffected buthere are instances of infrequentrippers forward buying large supplies ofor example their favourite brand of cigarette and falling foul of the limits intended to deal with professional smugglers hmrc have the legal righto stop and search any vehicle as their main duty is to detect smuggled goods and other far more sinister imports they cand usually do use their own common sense regarding unconcealed ie openly carried goods above their limits if they are happy thathe goods are genuinely for personal consumption generally suspicion will only be aroused if the goodstarto look less like a personal hoard and more like a commercial operation for example importing more different brands of tobacco products than there are adultravellers in the vehicle arouses particular suspicion as most smokers tend to remain loyal tone particular brand however there have been reported cases of morextreme treatment especially where people have unnecessarily concealed extra goods in vehicle cavitiespare wheel wells etc with family cars and contents being confiscated on the spot and the travelers left stranded at dover in the dead of nighthis has led to legal challenges to the powers of hmrciting theavy handedness and inconsistency of some actions and their dubious legality under european law a variation the standard booze cruise was the ill fated offshore off licence which operated briefly off hartlepool in popular culture the uk itv network itv comedy drama the booze cruise featured the antics of a group of men from england going on a booze cruise the us tv series the office us tv series the office had an episodentitled booze cruise the office booze cruise chicago punk rock band the lawrence arms have a song entitled boatless booze cruise part on theirecord apathy and exhaustion in an episode of the big bang theory sheldon tells a story where after a deep gum cleaning he got on what he thought was a bus but was actually a booze cruise to mexico in an episode of parks and recreation pawnee today anchor joan callamezzo passes out during the show aftereturning from a booze cruise other meanings the term booze cruise is used internationally 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spirits tobacco bulk france instead britain keen competition list operators ferry operators channel tunnel shuttle day fares calais normally around per vehicle sometimes discounted little peak beer often costs little half savings cost day serving market become big business around major ferry ports calais boulogne sur mer boulogne france belgium even generate business ferries ireland alcohol duties higher thexit route calais ferry port warehouse retailers english owned serve market large british supermarket chains alcohol bottles identical britain deep discounts opened adjacento channel tunnel cit europe thattracts large_numbers following large increases tobacco duty france common smokers make detour small_town border belgium tobacco duty lower many_people intending purchase mainly tobacco products service dover much closer belgian border calais ferries route slightly friendly buying tobacco alcohol make triangular journey dover calais dover vice versa importanto differentiate booze_cruisers purchase transport goods legally professional smugglers whoften criminal motives genuine booze_cruisers often people budget simply purchase personal supplies shop france belgium lower prices offered shop b britain booze_cruisers normally travel family group ofriends often take opportunity generally day france recreational channel shopping french produce unfamiliar foods clothing goods addition alcohol tobacco many items including household itemsuch washing powder cooking oil france uk cost getting france due season fuel fares foot passengers remain low calais particular well served public_transport withe ferry companies also providing shuttle bus ferry terminal town centre bus athe railway_station french tobacco duties also risen reducing theconomic advantage booze_cruise unless one close channel ports unlikely financially beneficial motivation changing therefore purely economic leisure variety choice originally alcohol purchases board ferry additional attraction duty free adding secondary meaning booze impacts current situation benefits individuals living close thenglish south coast retain economic advantage shopping france benefits businesses around french ports dependent upon bulk purchases local_businesses benefit passing trade calais area high unemployment around benefits service jobs created influx english day_tripper ferry tunnel operators also benefit situation might otherwise supplied downside uk tobacco seem risen beyond point diminishing british revenue might otherwise collected ofrance belgium shops particularly thenglish south_east also trade taxes make prices legal illegal imports french law limiting transport tobacco recent french law effectively tobacco tourism uses destination route pressure tobacco sellers interest group les bureaux de resistance french governmenthe french parliament enacted law makes illegal transport cigarettes whilst french territory french tobacco law fines person found possession cigarettes france law designed prevent french citizens buying tobacco belgium luxembourg following increases france become attractive french citizens buy tobacco belgium luxembourg law also applies citizens european_countries traveling france cigarettes possession suggestion thathe law european commission directives demand freedom movement goods personal use across borders european union countries excluding specifically named new member_states legal issues uk customs directive article states regards products acquired private individuals use transported duty shall charged member state acquired answer legal challenge european court justice ruling onovember overturned advocate general advice products acquired transported personally private individuals duty member state ruling effectively hoped option particularly tobacco via internet low duty states theuropean_union posted united_kingdom address causing discussion british supposed free_trade area seems work benefit current position people may personally bring britain withem unlimited amounts alcohol tobacco another member state provided thathey legally purchased withe relevant local rate duty paid member state origin either personal consumption genuine another profit profit purchases behalf non travelling third parties permitted although fully aware revenue customs faced widespread abuse smugglers impose guidelines limits based whathey prepared believe amounts personal six buthere instances forward buying large supplies ofor example favourite brand cigarette falling limits intended deal professional smugglers legal righto stop search vehicle main duty goods far imports cand usually use common sense regarding openly carried goods limits happy thathe goods personal consumption generally suspicion look less like personal like commercial operation example different brands tobacco products vehicle particular suspicion smokers tend remain loyal tone particular brand however reported cases treatment especially people extra goods vehicle wheel wells etc family cars contents confiscated spot travelers left stranded dover dead led legal challenges powers theavy actions legality european law variation standard booze_cruise ill offshore licence operated briefly popular_culture uk itv network itv comedy drama booze_cruise featured group men england going booze_cruise us_tv_series office us_tv_series office booze_cruise office booze_cruise chicago punk rock band lawrence arms song entitled booze_cruise part episode big theory sheldon tells story deep cleaning got thought bus actually booze_cruise mexico episode parks recreation today anchor joan passes show booze_cruise meanings term booze_cruise used internationally refer pleasure cruise passenger vessel main objective drinking pleasant surroundings southern_california beach cities booze_cruise often associated groups young_people riding beach cruiser bicycles pub crawl see_also britain border trade references_externalinks current guidelines useful advice types tourism_category tax avoidance category international_trade"},{"title":"Bouchon","description":"image bouchon restaurant lyon trishhhh jpg thumb px the inside of a typical bouchon a bouchon is a type of restaurant found in lyon france that serves traditionalyonnaise cuisine such asausages foie gras duck p t oroast pork compared tother forms ofrench cooking such as nouvelle cuisine the dishes are quite fatty and heavily oriented around meathere are approximately twenty officially certified traditional bouchons but a larger number of establishments describe themselves using the term typically themphasis in a bouchon is not on haute cuisine but rather a convivial atmosphere and a personal relationship withe owner image bouchon letablierjpg righthumb another bouchon le tablier the apron in vieux lyon the tradition of bouchons came from small inns visited by history of silk the silk industry in france silk workers passing through lyon in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries according to the dictionary petit robert le petit roberthis name derives from the th century expression for a bunch of twisted straw le petit robert sp cialt vx petit bouquet de paille rameau de feuillage qui servait d enseigne un cabaret ce cabaret estaminet le couple se donnait rendez vous dans un bouchon de l avenue a representation of such bundles began to appear on signs to designate the restaurants and by metonymy the restaurants themselves became known as bouchons the more common use of bouchons as a stopper or cork athe mouth of a bottle and its derivatives have the sametymology since pierre grison and his organization l association de d fense des bouchons lyonnais the association for the preservation of lyonnais bouchons bestow annual certifications to restaurants as authentic bouchonsbirck danielle richesse des r gions et gastronomie lyonnaise radio france internationale published february french retrieved may these restaurants receive the titles authentiques bouchons lyonnais and are identified with a sticker showing the marionette gnafron a lyonnaisymbol of the pleasures of dining with a glass of wine in one hand a napkin bearing the lyon crest in the other cuisine des gones french retrieved may the following list subjecto some fluctuation as the certification is bestowed annually contains most of the certified bouchons abel brunet caf des deux places caf des f d rations chabert et fils daniel et denise chez georges le petit bouchon les gones hugon le jura chez marcelle merci re la m re jean le mitonn le morgon le mus e chez paules trois maries a ma vigne and le vivarais while many bouchons are now oriented strongly towards the tourist market with increased prices and less traditional fare as a result a typical meal in a real bouchon costs around image lyon bouchon stepharojpg thumb px a bouchon in lyon image saucisson jpg thumb px dried saucissons de lyon image saint felicienjpg thumb px saint f licien cheese saint f licien a typical cheese from lyon typical items in the bouchon repertoire include soup tripe soupumpkin soup salads and cold appetizers chicken liver salad pork head cheese groins d ne salad literally donkey snout salad moulinhuile french retrieved may marinated herring salade lyonnaise lettuce with bacon croutons mustard condiment mustardressing and a egg food poached egg hot appetizers gateau de volaille chicken liver cake boudinoir blood sausage usually served with warm apples offal andouillette pork offal sausage assorted offal gratin tablier de sapeur fish stingray quenelle s ground fish dumplings grilled fillets meat coq au vin pot au feu pot roast chicken thighstuffed with morel s vegetables cardoon la moelle in bone marrow barboton pailasson de lyon cheese saint marcellin saint f licien cheese saint f licien rigotte de condrieu desserts tarte praline tart lemon meringue pie caramelized apples angel wings bugnes de lyon miniature beignet see also coussin de lyon category entertainment in lyon category culture in lyon category restaurants in 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lyon france serves cuisine foie gras duck p pork compared tother forms ofrench cooking nouvelle cuisine dishes quite heavily oriented around approximately twenty officially certified traditional bouchons larger number establishments describe using term typically themphasis bouchon haute_cuisine rather atmosphere personal relationship withe owner image bouchon righthumb another bouchon apron lyon tradition bouchons came small inns visited history silk silk industry france silk workers passing lyon seventeenth eighteenth centuries according dictionary petit robert petit name derives th_century expression bunch straw petit robert petit de de cabaret cabaret couple dans bouchon de l avenue representation began appear signs designate restaurants restaurants became_known bouchons common use bouchons cork athe mouth bottle since pierre organization l association de des bouchons association preservation bouchons annual certifications restaurants authentic des r gastronomie radio france internationale published february french retrieved_may restaurants receive titles bouchons identified showing marionette pleasures dining glass wine one hand napkin bearing lyon crest cuisine des french retrieved_may following list subjecto certification annually contains certified bouchons caf_des places caf_des f daniel denise chez georges petit bouchon les chez la jean mus e chez trois many bouchons oriented strongly towards tourist market increased prices less traditional fare result typical meal real bouchon costs around image lyon bouchon thumb px bouchon lyon image saucisson jpg thumb px dried de lyon image saint thumb px saint f licien cheese saint f licien typical cheese lyon typical items bouchon repertoire include soup soup salads cold appetizers chicken liver salad pork head cheese salad literally donkey salad french retrieved_may marinated lettuce bacon mustard condiment egg food egg hot appetizers de chicken liver cake blood sausage usually served warm pork sausage assorted de fish ground fish dumplings grilled meat vin pot pot roast chicken vegetables la bone marrow de lyon cheese saint saint f licien cheese saint f licien de desserts tart lemon meringue pie angel wings de lyon miniature see_also de lyon category_entertainment lyon category_culture lyon category_restaurants lyon category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Bouncer (doorman)","description":"file strip clubouncer san franciscojpg thumb upright a bouncer in front of a strip club in san francisco california bouncer also known as a doorman door supervisor cooler is a type of security guard employed at venuesuch as bar establishment bars nightclub stripclub s or concert s a bouncer s duties are to provide security check age of majority legal age to refusentry for substance intoxication intoxicated persons and to deal with aggressive behavior non compliance with statutory or establishment rules bouncers are often required where crowd size clientele or alcoholic beverage alcohol consumption may make arguments or fights a possibility or where the threat or presence of criminal gang activity is high in the united states civiliability and court costs related to the use oforce by bouncers are the highest preventable loss found within the bar industry as many united states bouncers are often taken to court and other countries have similar problems of excessive force in many countries federal or state governments have taken steps to professionalise the industry by requiring bouncers to have training licensing and a background check criminal records background check in the s and s increased awareness of the risks of lawsuits and criminal charges have led many bars and venues to train their bouncers to use communication and conflict resolution skills before orather than resorting to brute force againstroublemakers however thearlier history of the occupation suggests thathe stereotype of bouncers as rough tough physical enforcers has indeed been the case in many countries and cultures throughout history historical references also suggesthathe doorman function of guarding a place and selecting who can haventry to ithe stereotypical task of the modern bouncer could atimes be an honorific and evolve into a relatively important position ancientimes the significance of the doorman as the person allowing or barring entry is found in a number of mesopotamian myths and later in greek myths descended from them including that of nergal overcoming the seven doormen guarding the gates to the underworld in chronicles of the old testamenthe levitical temple is described as having a number of gatekeepers amongstheir duties are protect ing the temple from theft from illegal entry into sacred areas and maintaing order all functions they share withe modern concept of the bouncer though the described temple servants also serve as holy persons and administrators themselves it is noted that some administrative function istill present in today s bouncing in the higher position of the supervisor doormen or bouncers are usually larger persons who display great strength and size the romans had a position known as the ostiarius doorkeeper initially a slave who guarded the door and sometimes ejected unwanted people from the house whose gate he guarded the term later become a low ranking clergy title plautus in his play bacchides play bacchides written approximately bc mentions a large and powerful doorman bouncer as a threato get an unwelcome visitor to leave tertullian early christian author living mainly in the st century ad while reporting on the casual oppression of christians in carthage noted that bouncers were counted as part of a semi legal underworld amongst other shady charactersuch as gamblers and pimp s de fuga in persecutione quintuseptimius florens tertullianus via the cambridge ancient history volume xi second edition page cambridge university press modern times during the late th and early th centuries usaloon keepers and brothel madams hired bouncers to remove troublesome violent or deadrunk patrons and to protecthe saloon girls and prostitutes the word bouncer was first popularized in a novel by horatio alger jr called the young outlawhich was first published in alger was an immensely popular author in the th century especially with young people and his books were widely quoted in chapter xiv entitled bounced a boy is thrown out of a restaurant because he has no money to pay for his dinner anewspaper article stated thathe bouncer is merely thenglish chucker out when liberty verges on license and gaiety on wanton delirium the bouncer selects the gayest of the gay and bounces him unknown article name london daily news th century london daily news thursday july via the onlinetymological dictionary th century file charleston j w swartsaloon year jpg thumb left px an arizona saloon in from thera when bouncers earned theirough and tumble reputation by forcibly ejecting brawlers in us western towns in the s high class brothels known as good houses or parlour houses hired bouncers for security and to prevent patrons from evading payment good house style brothels considered themselves the cream of the crop and the prostitutes working there scorned those who worked in or out of saloons dance halls and theatres the best bordellos looked like respectable mansions with attractively decorated parlours a game room and a dance hall for security somewhere in every parlor house there was always a bouncer a giant of a man who stayed sober to handle any customer who gotoo rough with one of the girls or did not wanto pay his bill the protective presence of bouncers in high class brothels was one of the reasons the girls considered themselvesuperior to lower class free lancers who lacked any such shepherds the ladies god bless em shady ladies of the old west jeffords christine private homepage at rootswebcom in wisconsin s lumberjack days bouncers would physically remove drinkers who were too drunk to keep buying drinks and thus free up space in the bar for new patrons the slang term snake room was used to describe a room off a saloon usually twor three steps down into which a bar keeper or the bouncer could slide drunk lumber jacks head firsthrough swinging doors from the baroom snake room logging from logger s words of yesteryearsorden lg isabel j ebert madison via wisconsinhistorynet in the late th century until prohibition bouncers also had the unusual role of protecting the saloon s buffeto attract business many saloons lured customers with offers of a free lunch usually well salted to inspire drinking and the saloon bouncer was generally on hand to discourage those with too hearty appetites drinking in america history search for consensus drinking and the war against pluralism lender mark edward martin james kirby the free press new york in the late th century bouncers at small town dances and bars physically resolvedisputes and removed troublemakers without worrying about lawsuits in the main bar in one iowa town there were many quarrels many fights but all were settled on the spothere were no court costs for the bouncers or the bar only some aches and pains for the troublemakerschleswig iowa the first years hohenzollern morgan township compiled by lillian m kuehl jackso and emma l brasse struck private homepage at rootswebcom in the s and s bouncers were used to maintain order in the guthe roughest part of new york s coney island which was filled with ramshackle groups of wooden shanties bars cabarets fleabag hotels and brothels huge bouncers patrolled these venues of vice and roughly ejected anyone who violated the loose rules of decorum by engaging in pick pocketing jewelery thieving or bloody fights coney island early history from private website westlandnet during the san diego had a similarly rough waterfront areand redlight district called the stingaree where bouncers worked the door at brothels prostitutes worked athe area s bawdy houses in small rooms paying a fee to the procurer who usually was the bouncer or protector of the brothel the morexpensive higher class brothels were called parlour houses and they were run most decorously and the best ofood andrink waserved to maintain the high class atmosphere athesestablishments male patrons werexpected to act like gentlemen if any customer did or said anything out of line he wasked to leave a bouncer made sure he did when the red lights went out in san diego macphail elizabethe journal of san diego history spring volume number th century bouncers in pre world war i united states were alsometimes used as the guardians of morality as ballroom dancing was often considered as an activity which could lead to immoral conduct if the dancers gotoo close some of the moreputable venues had bouncers to remind patrons noto dance closer thanine inches to their partners the bouncers warnings tended to consist of lightaps on the shoulder at first and then progressed to sterneremonstrations americand the phonograph industry on the verge of the great war from the intertiquecom website accessed in the s bars in the bawdiest parts of baltimore marylandocks hired bouncers to maintain order and eject aggressive patrons the oasis club operated by max cohen hired a lady bouncer by the name of mickey steele a six foot acrobat from the pennsylvania coal fields mickey was always considerate of the people she bounced first asking them where they lived and then throwing them in that general direction she wasucceeded by a character known as machine gun butch who was a long time bouncer athe clubaltimore s bawdy block hull stephen stag athe moment only via google cache in the weimarepublic in the germany of the s and early s doormen protected venues from the fights caused by nazis and other potentially violent groupsuch as communistsuch scenes were fictionalised in the movie cabaret film cabaret hitler surrounded himself with a number oformer bouncersuch as christian weber ss general christian weber the schutzstaffel ss originated as a group designated to protect party meetings in early nazi germany some bouncers in underground jazz club s were also hired to screen for nazi spies because jazz was considered a degenerate form of music by the nazi party later during the nazi regime bouncers also increasingly barred non german people such as foreign workers from public functionsuch as german dances at dance halls file bundesarchiv bild berlin portier vor der ohio barjpg thumb left px the doorman from the ohio bar in berlin bouncers alsoften come into conflict with football hooliganism football hooligans due to the tendency of groups of hooligans to congregate at pubs and bars before and after games in the united kingdom for example long running series ofeuds between fan groups like sheffield united fc the blades and groups of bouncers in the s were described by researchers bouncers have also been known to be associated with criminal gangs especially in places like russia hong kong or japan where bouncers may often belong to these groups or have to pay the crime syndicates to be able toperate in hong kong triad underground society triad connected reprisal or intimidation attacks against bouncers have been known toccur the victim thexception hong kong stories feature journalism and media studies centre university of hong kong may hong kong also features a somewhat unusual situation where some bouncers are known to work for prostitutes instead of being their pimp s hong kong police have noted that due to the letter of the law they sometimes had to charge the bouncer for illegally extorting the women when the usually expectedominance situation between the sex worker and her protector was in fact reversed in the s and s a number of bouncers have written tell all books aboutheir experiences on the door they indicate that male bouncers arespected by some club goers as the ultimate hard men while athe same time these bouncers can also be lightning rod s for aggression and macho posturing on the part of obnoxious male customers wanting to prove themselves bouncing has also started to attract some academic interest as part of ethnography ethnographic studies into violent subculture s bouncers were selected as one of the groupstudied by several english researchers in the s because their culture waseen as grounded in violence as well as because the group had increasingly been demonised especially in common liberalism liberal discoursee bouncer doorman inside studies research section of this article get ready to duck winlow simon hobbs dick lister stuart hadfield phillip british journal of criminology no pages accessed research and sociology outside studies file pawn stars bouncerjpg thumb right px a bouncer stands outside a pawn shop in thearly s an australian government study on violence stated that violent incidents in public drinking locations are caused by the interaction ofive factors aggressive and unreasonable bouncers groups of male strangers low comfort eg unventilated hot clubs high boredom and high drunkenness the research indicated that bouncers did not play as large a role as expected in the creation of an aggressive or violence prone atmosphere in bars however the study did show that edgy and aggressive bouncers especially when they are arbitrary or petty in their manner do have an adverseffecthe study stated that bouncers have been observed to initiate fights or further encourage them on several occasions many seem poorly trained obsessed witheir own machismo and relate badly to groups of male strangersome of them appear to regard their employment as giving them a licence to assault people this may bencouraged by management adherence to a repressive model of supervision of patrons if they play up thump em which in fact does not reduce trouble and exacerbates an already hostile and aggressive situation in practice many bouncers are not well managed in their work and appear to be given a job autonomy andiscretion thathey cannot handle well australian violence contemporary perspectives pdf chappell duncan grabosky peter strang heather australian institute of criminology article responses by security staff to aggressive incidents in public settings in the journal of drug issues examined violent incidents involving crowd controllers bouncers that occurred in bars in toronto ontario canada the study indicated that in of the incidents the bouncers had good responses in of the incidents the bouncers had a neutral response and in of the incidents the bouncers responses were rated as bad that is the crowd controllers enhanced the likelihood of violence but were themselves not violent finally in almost one third of incidents per centhe crowd controllers responses were rated as ugly the controllers actions involved gratuitous aggression harassment of patrons and provocative behaviour security industry amendment patron protection bill inside studies file terry mcphillips bouncer doorman jpg thumb right px a bouncer at a pub wearing a distinctive striped shirt at least one major ethnography ethnographic study alsobserved bouncing from within as part of a british projecto study violent subcultures beyond studying the bouncer culture from the outside the group selected a suitable candidate for covert long term research the man had previously worked as a bouncer before becoming an academic and while conversant withe milieu it required some time for him to renter bouncing work in a new locality get ready to duck winlow simon hobbs dick lister stuart hadfield phillip british journal of criminology no page accessed the study has however attracted some criticism due to the facthathe researcher while fulfilling his duties as a bouncer and being required to set aside his academic distance would have been at risk of losing objectivity though it was accepted thathis quandary might be difficulto resolve is there a place for covert research methods in criminology wells helen m graduate journal of social science vol issue accessed one of the main ethical issues of the research was the participation of the researcher in violence and to what degree he would be allowed to participate the group could not fully resolve thissue as the undercoveresearcher would not have been able to gain the trust of his peers while shying away from the use oforce as part of the study it eventually became clear that bouncers themselves were similarly and constantly weighing up the limits and uses of their participation in violence the researchowever found that instead of being a part of the occupation violence itself was the defining characteristic a culture created around violence and violent expectation the bouncing culture s insular attitudes also extended to the recruitment process which was mainly by word of mouth as opposed to typical job recruitment and also depended heavily on previous familiarity with violence this does not extend to the prospective bouncer himself having to have a reputation for violence rather a perception was needed that he couldeal with it if required various other elementsuch as body language or physicalooks muscleshaved heads were also described as often expected for entry into bouncing being part of the symbolic narratives of intimidation that set bouncers apart in their work environmentraining on the job was described as very limited withe new bouncers being thrown into the deep end the facthathey had been accepted for the job in the first place including the assessmenthathey should knowhathey are doing though informal observation of a beginner s behaviour was commonplace in the case of the british research projecthe legally required licensing as a bouncer was also found to bexpected by employers before applicantstarted the job and as licensingenerally excluded people with criminal convictions this kept out some of the more unstable violent personalities personality and behaviour file doormanjpg thumb right a bouncer athe door of a norway norwegian club checking customer identification for proof age although a common stereotype of bouncers is that of the thuggish brute a good club security staff memberequires more than just physical qualitiesuch astrength and size the best bouncers don t bounce anyone they talk to people and remind them of the venue rules bouncers doormen from the crimedoctorcom website accessed bouncers to the rescue times of india may an ability to judge and communicate well with people will reduce the need for physical intervention while a steady personality will preventhe bouncer from being easily provoked by customers bouncers also profit from good written communication skills because they are often required to document assaults in an incident log or using an incident form well kept incident logs can protecthemployee from any potential indictment criminal charges or lawsuits that later arise from an incident however british research from the s also indicates that a major part of bothe group identity and the job satisfaction of bouncers is related to their self image as a strongly masculine person who is capable of dealing with andealing out violence their employment income plays a lesserole in their job satisfaction bouncer subculture istrongly influenced by perceptions of honour and shame a typical characteristic of groups that are in the public eye get ready to duck winlow simon hobbs dick lister stuart hadfield phillip british journal of criminology no page accessed as well as warrior cultures in general factors in enjoying work as a bouncer were also found in the general prestige and respecthat was accorded to bouncersometimes bordering on hero worship the camaraderie between bouncers even of different clubs as well as the ability to work in the moment and outside of the drudgery of typical jobs were alsoften cited get ready to duck winlow simon hobbs dick lister stuart hadfield phillip british journal of criminology no pages accessed the same researchas also indicated thathe decisions made by bouncers while seeming haphazard to an outsider often have a basis in rationalogic the decision to turn certain customers away athe door because of too casual clothing face control is for example often based on the perception thathe person will be more willing to fight compared to someone dressed in expensive attire many similar decisions taken by a bouncer during the course of a night are also being described as based on experience rather than just personality get ready to duck winlow simon hobbs dick lister stuart hadfield phillip british journal of criminology no page accessed excessive force file unterschiedzwischendirundmirjpg thumb right px a bouncer gives the thumbs up signal movies often depict bouncers physically throwing patrons out of clubs and restraining drunk customers witheadlocks whichas led to a popular misconception that bouncers have oreserve the righto use physical force freely however in many countries bouncers have no legal authority to use physical force more freely thany other civilian meaning they arestricted to reasonablevels oforce used in self defense to eject drunk or aggressive patrons refusing to leave a venue or when restraining a patron who has committed an offence until police arrive lawsuits are possible if injuries occur even if the patron was drunk or using aggressive language with civiliability and court costs related to the use oforce as the highest preventable loss found within the industry usafety and security for liquor licensees from the michigan licensed beverage association s website accessed and bars being sued more often for using unnecessary or excessive force than for any othereason canada substantial costs may be incurred by indiscriminate violence against patrons though this depends heavily on the laws and customs of the country in australia the number of complaints and lawsuits against venues due to the behaviour of their bouncers has been credited with turning many establishments to using former police officers to head their in housecurity instead of hiring private firms cowardly bouncers terrorising pub club patrons the australian wednesday february according to statistical research in canada bouncers are as likely to face physical violence in their work as urban area police officers the research also found thathe likelihood of such encounters increased with statistical significance withe number of years the bouncer had worked in his occupationightclub security and surveillance book excerpt from policing the nightclub rigakos george s the canadian review of policing research accessedespite popular misconceptions bouncers in western countries are normally unarmed betty chats withe new hunk on the block vin diesel vin diesel interview via beatboxbetttycom accessed some bouncers may carry weaponsuch as baton law enforcement expandable baton expandable batons for personal protection baton and handcuff course from the sectacomau company website accessed buthey may not have a legal righto carry a weapon even if they would prefer to do so file pawn stars exterior closeupjpg thumb right px a bouncer wearing a black tennishirt controlling access to a well known pawn shop use oforce training programs teach bouncers ways to avoid using force and explain whatypes oforce are considered allowable by the courtsome bars have gone so far as to institute policies barring physical contact where bouncers are instructed to ask a drunk or disorderly patron to leave if the patron refuses the bouncers call police however if the police are called too frequently it can reflect badly on the venue upon renewal of its liquor license liquor licence another strategy used in some bars is to hire smaller less threatening or female bouncers because they may better able to defuse conflicts than large intimidating bouncers the more impressive bouncers in the oftensenvironments they are supposed to supervise are alsoften challenged by aggressive males wanting to prove their machismo nightclubouncers tell all tales from behind the velvet rope the boston phoenix via the bostonnightclubnewscom website accessed large and intimidating bouncers whilst providing an appearance of strong security may also drive customers away in cases where a morelaxed environment is desired in addition female security staff apart from having fewer problemsearching female patrons for drugs or weapons and entering women s washrooms to check for illegal activities are also considered as better able to deal with drunk or aggressive women in australia for example women comprise almost of the security industry and increasingly work the door as well using a smile chat and a friendly but firm demeanor to resolve tense situations mate do not call these bouncers babe abstract new york times wednesday april nearly one inine of britain s nightclubouncers are also women withe uk s licensing act giving the authorities discretionary power to withhold a venue s licence if it does not employ female door staff this credited withaving opened the door for women to enter the profession why women wanto join the club the independentuesday october via findarticlescom however female bouncers are still a rarity in many countriesuch as india where twomen who becamedia celebrities in for being punjab india punjab s first female bouncers were soon sacked again after accusations of unbecoming behaviour chandigarh s brawny female bouncers manightclub nerve of india monday july punjab s first female bouncers lose their jobs dna india thursday octoberegulation and training in many countries a bouncer must be licensed and background check lacking a criminal record to gain employment within the security crowd control sector in some countries oregions bouncers may be required to havextra skills or specialicenses and certification for first aid alcohol distribution crowd control or fire safety in canada bouncers have the righto use reasonable force to expel intoxicated or aggressive patrons firsthe patron must be asked to leave the premises if the patron refuses to leave the bouncer can use reasonable force to expel the patron this guideline has been upheld in a number of court cases civiliability of commercial providers of alcohol pdfolick lorne ps dolden wallace folick vancouver april under the definition of reasonable force it is perfectly acceptable for the bouncer to grab a patron s arm to remove the patron from the premises however only in situations wheremployees reasonably believe thathe conduct of the patron puts them in danger can they inflict harm on a patron and then only to thextenthat such force is necessary for self defence in british columbia door staff security bouncers arequired to become certified under the ministry of public safety and solicitor general office the course called bst basic security training is a hour program that covers law customer service and other issue related to security operation in alberta bar and nightclub security staff will have to take a new government run training course on correct bouncer behaviour and skills before thend of the six hour protect course will among other subjects teach staff to identify conflicts before they become violent and how to defuse situations without resorting to force bouncers take course or they are out edmonton journal saturday february in ontario courts have ruled that a tavern owes a twofolduty of care to its patrons it must ensure that it does not serve alcohol which would apparently intoxicate or increase the patron s alcohol intoxication further it mustake positive steps to protect patrons and others from the dangers of intoxication regarding the second requirement of protecting patrons the law holds that customers cannot bejected from your premises if doing so would puthem in danger eg due to the patron s intoxication bars can be held liable for ejecting a customer who they know or should know is at risk of injury by being ejectedid you know from the october newsletter of smart serve ontario canada in ontario bartenders and servers have to have completed the smart serve training program which teaches them to recognise the signs of intoxication the smart serve program is also recommended for other staff in bars who have contact with potentially intoxicated patronsuch as bouncers coat check staff and valets the smart serve certification program encourages bars to keep incident reporting logs to use as evidence if an incident gets to court withe august private security and investigative services act ontario law also requiresecurity industry workers including bouncers to be licensed private investigators and security guards licensing from the ontario ministry of community safety and corrections website accessed italy the law defines bouncers asecurity subsidiary unarmed operator and they must have specific requisites art comma law october from a to g at least years no alcohol or drugs in preventive clinical analysis mental and physical suitability have not been convicted for any intentional crimes at least lower high school diploma follow a training course bouncers must not have ownership of any type ofirearm during their serviceven if they have a valid firearms license new zealand inew zealand as of bouncers arequired to have a coa certificate of approvalike other security work the person who has the coa has been vetted by the police and cleared through security checks as well as the courts to show the person isuitable for the job and knows new zealand law to prevent security officers going to court for using excessive force and assault on patronsingaporequires all bouncers to undergo a background check and attend a day national skills recognition system course for security staff however many of the more professional security companies and larger venues witheir own dedicated security staff have noted thathe course is insufficient for the specific requirements of a bouncer and provide their own additional training how do clubselect bouncers it s not just about wearing a black shirthelectric new paper friday february in sweden there are special security officers referred to as ordningsvakt with limited policing duties and thushare the use oforce monopoly withe police and thus have more or less the same obligations as the police to report crime and intervene when on duty they are trained and ordained by the swedish police authority to maintain and enforce public order at venues or areas where the police cannot divert resources permanently to enforce public order themselves thesecurity officers have powers of citizen s arrest and to verbally dismiss physically remove or detain those who disturb or pose an immediate threato public order or safety by using a reasonable amount oforce they can also detain or otherwise take into custody those who are drunk andisorderly and turn them over into police custody asoon as possible an ordningsvakt is recruited by the police and must go through a battery of physical tests a language test and an interview board before going through a two week training program which teaches behaviour conflict management criminalaw physical intervention the use of telescopic batons and handcuffs first aid equal opportunities andiscrimination and arrest procedures he or she musthen be re certified every three years an ordningsvakt areither employed by a private security company such asecuritas g s etc where they commonly work at shopping malls hospitals public transportation or as privateers employed by bar or nightclub owners but despitemploymentheir first and foremost loyalty lies withe police and the police manage and supervise them in the field they can also be used to augmenthe police at football matches and high risk football derbies aftereceiving special training united kingdom in the uk door supervisors as they are termed must hold a licence from the security industry authority the training for a door supervisor licence takes hoursince the current changes were implemented on the st january and includes issuesuch as behaviour conflict management civil and criminalaw search and arrest procedures drug awareness recording of incidents and crime scene preservation licensing law equal opportunities andiscrimination health and safety at work physical intervention and emergency procedures get licensed sia licensing criteria pdfrom the security industry authority great britain accessed licenses must be renewed every three years one current provider of training is the british institute of innkeeping awarding body licensedoor supervisors must wear a blue plastic licence often worn on the upper arm whilst on duty the uk quango reforms includes the siamongst many other quango s the cameron clegg coalition government intended to be disbanded ostensibly on the overall grounds of cost despite the sia being essentially selfunding via licence payments whilsthis may alleviate to somextenthe financial burden on employers and individuals alike somembers of the industry sees this as a retrograde step fearing a return of the organised criminal elemento the currently regulated industry republic of ireland in the republic of ireland all potential doormen bouncers must complete a qqi level course in door security procedures this allows them to apply for a psa license private security authority the psa vet all applicants before issuing a license subsequently some past convictions will disqualify an applicant from working in the security industry the license issued by the psa entitles the holder of the license to work on pubs clubs and event security the psa now requires you to have a licence to work in event security united states file stilt walker on avenue b in theast village with doormanjpg thumb a bouncer with a bar s hired stiltwalker in theast village manhattan east village requirements for bouncers vary from state to state with somexamples being california in california senate bill requires any bouncer or security guard to be registered withe state of california department of consumer affairs bureau of security and investigative services these guards must also complete a criminal background check including submitting their fingerprints to the california department of justice and the federal bureau of investigation californians must undertake the skills training course for security guards beforeceiving a security licence further courses allow for qualified security personnel to carry batons upon completion of training new security guard training regulation from the california department of consumer affairs website accessed new york inew york state it is illegal for a bar owner to knowingly hire a felon for a bouncer position under article general business law bars and nightclubs are not allowed to hire bouncers without a proper license under new york state law only a private investigator watch guard and patrol agency can supply security guards bouncers to bars last call for the falls blog entry on village voice with furthereferences notable bouncers pope francis current pope who worked as a bouncer in a buenos aires bar before beginning seminary studies harry alsopope francis things you did not know the daily telegraph march avigdor lieberman former foreign minister of israel and leader of the israel beitenu party worked as a bouncer in the student club shablul in jerusalem during histudies athebrew university justin trudeau current prime minister of canadand leader of the liberal party worked as a bouncer at whistler village bc after his undergraduate studies ocanadacom accessed jesse brand songwriter actor and former american football player worked as a bouncer in fort worth texas al capone chicago based gangster worked as a bartender bouncer in his early life history files al capone from the chicago history museum website accessed vin diesel american actor who created his vin diesel pseudonym to protect his anonymity while working as a bouncer carlton leach english author west ham supporter inter city firmember occasional actor and former criminal dave batista professional wrestler and actor worked as a bouncer in washington dc nightclubs prior to his wrestling career from his official biography on wwecom accessed georgest pierre canadian mixed martial artist and ufc welterweight champion former bouncer mr t american actor former bouncer and twice winner of the america s toughest bouncer competition mr t biography from the netglimsecom website accessed vincent d onofrio american actor on law order criminal intent cop does not know how to stop the new york times via theagecomau website accessed michael clarke duncan american actor and former bouncer who also worked as a bodyguard for various celebrities from bouncer toscareelcom interviewith michael clarke duncan accessed norman foster british architect and member of the house of lords worked as a night clubouncer whilstudying architecture athe university of manchester james gandolfini american actor who worked as a bouncer at an on campus pub while studying at rutgers university james gandolfini bio askmencom retrieved novemberoad warrior animal joseph laurinaitis a professional wrestler who worked as a bouncer testimony from the witnessjesusorg website accessed viv graham a stonenglish mobster and former championship winning amateur heavyweight boxer who controlled many pubs and nightclubs inewcastle upon tyne until he was gunnedown in a notorious murder in dolph lundgren swedish actor director and martial artist lenny mclean british bare knuckle boxing heavyweight champion who also worked as a headoorman at londonightclubs about from the officialenny mclean website accessed haoui montaug was a doorman of the new york city nightclub s hurrah nightclub hurrah danceteria studio and the palladium new york city palladiumontaug also ran a roving cabaret revue called no entiendes chazz palminteri american actor and writer glenn ross northern irish bouncer and strongman strength athlete strongman glenn just a gentle giant articlexcerpt from the news letter belfast northern ireland via highbeamcom accessed bas rutten dutch mixed martial artist and kickboxer patrick swayze american actor and ballet dancerick rude a professional wrestler who worked as a bouncer http ocanadacom accessed bleacherreportcom articles the ravishing one the story of rick rude a true class acthe ravishing one the story of rick rude a true class act rob terry british professional wrestler geoff thompson martial arts geoff thompson british bouncer and author of the book watch my back geoff thompson from the rdf management company website accessed james wade woodbury martial arts james wade woodbury american cooler and canadian bouncer started in halifax nova scotia in athe palace cabaret and misty moon cabaret became a specialist in strip clubs and biker clubs in the southern usa martial artist david benioff co creator and showrunner of game of thrones big bank hank rapper member of the sugar hill gang worked as a bouncer at various clubs in the bronx before he started recording kevinash wrestler worked as a strip clubouncer in detroit frank martin basketball frank martin head men s basketball coach at south carolina was a bouncer at a miami area nightclub as a college student at florida international university buturned his attention to full time coaching in after being subjected to gunfire while on duty from a group of men whom he had ejected for fighting in animalsome types of ant species havevolved a sub specialisation that has been called a bouncer and performs a similar function throwing intruders outside for its fellows the majors of the australian species dacetini dacetine orectognathus versicolor ants have massive blunt mandible insect mandible jaws which are of little use to the prey capture techniques this odontomachus trap jaw species normally engages instead they spend much of their time guarding the nest opening their jaws cocked when foreign ants venture close the force of the mandibles isufficiento throw back the intruder for a significant distance a defense behaviour which is thoughto also protecthe guard against physical or chemical injury that it might sustain more direct battle the bouncer defense of odontomachus ruginodis and other odontomachine ants hymenoptera formicidae carlinorman f gladstein david s psychentomological journal psyche volume no page in social control some critics have noted thatheuropean union hassigned the job of being its border security bouncers to various non eu north african countries like morocco algeria or libya who are to turn away refugees often with severe ill treatment before they can reach europe to request right of asylum analogous to a clubouncer turning away undesirable customers in a similar analogy some social theorists havexpressed the state itself as a form of bouncer which pushes and punches drifters people who do not conform with social norms back to where they are supposed to be though depending on society some states may be much more heavy handed and proactive in thisee also in general bodyguard security guard security industry authority uk regulatory agency in popular culture minuit le soir a television in canada canadian television series portraying the lives of bouncers in montreal the bouncer a beat em up video game for the playstation released by square co bouncers a stage play by john godber for hull truck theatre about a group of nightclubouncers in the north of england road house film road house a film starring patrick swayze as a cooler in a small town bar chernabog fantasia chernabog who worked as a bouncer when the disney villains take over house of mouse in mickey s house of villains ode to the bouncer a song by the animated band studio killers les norton a herof a series of books by robert g barrett furthereading jamie o keefe old school new school guide to bouncersecurity and registeredoor supervisors new breed publishing august lee morrison safe on the door the complete guide for door supervisors hodder arnold february lee morrison up close nothing personal practical self protection for door security staff apex publishing decemberobin barratt doing the doors a life on the door milo books february robin barratt confessions of a doorman diverse publications ltd june robin barratt bouncers and bodyguards mainstream publishing march robin barratt respect and reputation the doors in prison and in life apex publishing june ivan holiday arsenaulthe bouncer s bible turner paige publishing january ivan holiday arsenaulthe cooler s grimiore outskirt press publishing july ivan holiday arsenault sun tzu the art of bouncing outskirt press publishing april ivan holiday arsenaulthe bouncer s bible nd edition outskirt press publishing july george rigakos nightclubouncers risk and the spectacle of consumption mcgill queen s university press may jason dyson door supervisors course book national door supervisors qualification highfield january stu armstrong the diaries of a doorman volume one stu armstrong the diaries of a doorman vol stu armstrong the diaries of a doorman vol stu armstrong and ryder scott so you wanto be a bouncer externalinks category security guards category nightclubs category protective service occupations category crime prevention category 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nightclubs","nightclubs category","category protective","protective service","service occupations","occupations category","category crime","crime prevention","prevention category","category surveillance"],"new_description":"file strip clubouncer san thumb upright bouncer front strip club san_francisco_california bouncer also_known doorman door supervisor cooler type security guard employed venuesuch bar_establishment_bars nightclub concert bouncer duties provide security check age majority legal age substance intoxication intoxicated persons deal aggressive behavior non compliance statutory establishment rules bouncers often required crowd size clientele alcoholic_beverage alcohol consumption may make arguments fights possibility threat presence criminal gang activity high united_states court costs related use oforce bouncers highest loss found within bar industry many united_states bouncers often taken court countries similar problems excessive force many_countries federal state governments taken steps industry requiring bouncers training licensing background check criminal records background check increased awareness risks lawsuits criminal charges led many bars venues train bouncers use communication conflict resolution skills force however thearlier history occupation suggests thathe stereotype bouncers rough tough physical indeed case many_countries cultures throughout history historical references also doorman function guarding place selecting ithe stereotypical task modern bouncer could atimes honorific evolve relatively important position ancientimes significance doorman person allowing entry found number myths later greek myths descended including overcoming seven doormen guarding gates underworld chronicles old temple described number duties protect ing temple theft illegal entry sacred areas order functions share withe modern concept bouncer though described temple servants also_serve holy persons administrators noted administrative function istill present today bouncing higher position supervisor doormen bouncers usually larger persons display great strength size romans position known initially slave guarded door sometimes ejected unwanted people house whose gate guarded term later become low ranking clergy title play play written approximately mentions large powerful doorman bouncer get visitor leave early christian author living mainly st_century reporting casual christians noted bouncers counted part semi legal underworld amongst de via cambridge ancient history volume second edition page cambridge university_press modern_times late_th early_th centuries keepers brothel hired bouncers remove violent patrons protecthe saloon girls prostitutes word bouncer first popularized novel horatio called young first_published immensely popular author th_century especially young_people books widely quoted chapter xiv entitled boy thrown restaurant money pay dinner article stated_thathe bouncer merely thenglish liberty license bouncer gay unknown article name london daily_news th_century london daily_news thursday july via dictionary th_century file charleston j w year jpg thumb left_px arizona saloon thera bouncers earned reputation us western towns high class brothels known good houses parlour houses hired bouncers security prevent patrons payment good house style brothels considered cream crop prostitutes working worked saloons dance halls theatres best looked like respectable mansions decorated parlours game room dance hall security somewhere every parlor house always bouncer giant man stayed handle customer rough one girls wanto pay bill protective presence bouncers high class brothels one reasons girls considered lower class free lacked shepherds ladies god ladies old west christine private homepage wisconsin days bouncers would physically remove drinkers drunk keep buying drinks thus free space bar new patrons slang_term snake room used describe room saloon usually twor three steps bar keeper bouncer could slide drunk head doors snake room logging words isabel j madison via late_th century prohibition bouncers also unusual role protecting saloon attract business many saloons lured customers offers free_lunch usually well salted inspire drinking saloon bouncer generally hand discourage drinking america history search consensus drinking war mark edward martin james kirby free press new_york late_th century bouncers small_town dances bars physically removed without lawsuits main bar_one iowa town many many fights settled court costs bouncers bar iowa first_years morgan township compiled l struck private homepage bouncers used maintain order part new_york coney_island filled groups wooden bars cabarets hotels brothels huge bouncers venues vice roughly ejected anyone violated loose rules engaging pick bloody fights coney_island early history private website san_diego similarly rough waterfront areand district called bouncers worked door brothels prostitutes worked athe area houses small rooms paying fee usually bouncer brothel morexpensive higher class brothels called parlour houses run best ofood andrink waserved maintain high class atmosphere male patrons werexpected act like gentlemen customer said anything line wasked leave bouncer made sure red lights went san_diego journal san_diego history spring volume number th_century bouncers pre world_war united_states alsometimes used ballroom dancing often considered activity could lead conduct dancers close venues bouncers patrons noto dance closer inches partners bouncers tended consist shoulder first_americand industry great war website_accessed bars parts baltimore hired bouncers maintain order aggressive patrons oasis club operated max cohen hired lady bouncer name mickey six foot pennsylvania coal fields mickey always people first asking lived throwing general direction character known machine gun long_time bouncer athe block hull stephen stag athe_moment via google germany early doormen protected venues fights caused nazis potentially violent groupsuch scenes movie cabaret film cabaret hitler surrounded number oformer christian weber general christian weber originated group designated protect party meetings early nazi germany bouncers underground jazz_club also hired screen nazi jazz considered form music nazi party later nazi regime bouncers also increasingly barred non german people foreign workers public german dances dance halls file bild berlin der ohio barjpg thumb left_px doorman ohio bar berlin bouncers alsoften come conflict football football due tendency groups congregate pubs bars games united_kingdom example long running series fan groups like sheffield united groups bouncers described researchers bouncers also_known associated criminal gangs especially places like russia hong_kong japan bouncers may often belong groups pay crime able toperate hong_kong underground society connected attacks bouncers known victim hong_kong stories feature journalism media studies centre university hong_kong may hong_kong also features somewhat unusual situation bouncers known work prostitutes instead hong_kong police noted due letter law sometimes charge bouncer illegally women usually situation sex_worker fact reversed number bouncers written tell books aboutheir experiences door indicate male bouncers club goers ultimate hard men athe_time bouncers also lightning rod aggression part male customers wanting prove bouncing also started attract academic interest part ethnography ethnographic studies violent subculture bouncers selected one several english researchers culture waseen violence well group increasingly especially common liberal bouncer_doorman inside studies research section article get ready duck winlow simon hobbs dick lister stuart hadfield phillip british journal criminology pages accessed research sociology outside studies file pawn stars thumb right px bouncer stands outside pawn shop thearly australian government study violence stated violent incidents public drinking locations caused interaction ofive factors aggressive bouncers groups male strangers low comfort hot clubs high high drunkenness research indicated bouncers play large role expected creation aggressive violence prone atmosphere bars however study show aggressive bouncers especially arbitrary petty manner study stated bouncers observed initiate fights encourage several occasions many seem poorly trained witheir relate badly groups male appear regard employment giving licence assault people may management model supervision patrons play fact reduce trouble already hostile aggressive situation practice many bouncers well managed work appear given job autonomy thathey cannot handle well australian violence contemporary perspectives pdf duncan peter heather australian institute criminology article responses security staff aggressive incidents public settings journal drug issues examined violent incidents involving crowd controllers bouncers occurred bars toronto ontario_canada study indicated incidents bouncers good responses incidents bouncers neutral response incidents bouncers responses rated bad crowd controllers enhanced likelihood violence violent finally almost one third incidents per crowd controllers responses rated ugly controllers actions involved aggression harassment patrons behaviour security industry amendment patron protection bill inside studies file terry bouncer_doorman jpg thumb right px bouncer pub wearing distinctive shirt least_one major ethnography ethnographic study bouncing within part british projecto study violent subcultures beyond studying bouncer culture outside group selected suitable candidate long_term research man previously worked bouncer becoming academic withe required time bouncing work new locality get ready duck winlow simon hobbs dick lister stuart hadfield phillip british journal criminology page accessed study however attracted criticism due facthathe researcher duties bouncer required set aside academic distance would risk losing though accepted thathis might difficulto resolve place research methods criminology wells helen graduate journal social science vol issue accessed one main ethical issues research participation researcher violence degree would allowed participate group could fully resolve thissue would able gain trust peers away use oforce part study eventually became clear bouncers similarly constantly weighing limits uses participation violence found instead part occupation violence defining characteristic culture created around violence violent expectation bouncing culture attitudes also extended recruitment process mainly word mouth opposed typical job recruitment also depended heavily previous familiarity violence extend prospective bouncer reputation violence rather perception needed required various elementsuch body language heads also described often expected entry bouncing part symbolic narratives set bouncers apart work job described limited withe new bouncers thrown deep end accepted job first place including though informal observation behaviour commonplace case british research projecthe legally required licensing bouncer also_found bexpected employers job excluded people criminal convictions kept unstable violent personalities personality behaviour file thumb right bouncer athe door norway norwegian club checking customer identification proof age although common stereotype bouncers good club security staff physical size best bouncers anyone talk people venue rules bouncers doormen website_accessed bouncers rescue times india may ability judge communicate well people reduce need physical intervention steady personality preventhe bouncer easily provoked customers bouncers also profit good written communication skills often required document incident log using incident form well kept incident logs potential criminal charges lawsuits later arise incident however british research also indicates major part bothe group identity job satisfaction bouncers related self image strongly person capable dealing violence employment income plays job satisfaction bouncer subculture influenced perceptions honour typical characteristic groups public eye get ready duck winlow simon hobbs dick lister stuart hadfield phillip british journal criminology page accessed well warrior cultures general factors enjoying work bouncer also_found general prestige bouncers even different clubs well ability work moment outside typical jobs alsoften cited get ready duck winlow simon hobbs dick lister stuart hadfield phillip british journal criminology pages accessed researchas also indicated thathe decisions made bouncers often basis decision turn certain customers away athe door casual clothing face control example often based perception thathe person willing fight compared someone dressed expensive attire many similar decisions taken bouncer course night also described based experience rather personality get ready duck winlow simon hobbs dick lister stuart hadfield phillip british journal criminology page accessed excessive force file thumb right px bouncer gives signal movies often bouncers physically throwing patrons clubs drunk customers whichas led popular bouncers righto use physical force freely however_many_countries bouncers legal authority use physical force freely thany civilian meaning oforce used self defense drunk aggressive patrons leave venue patron committed offence police arrive lawsuits possible injuries occur even patron drunk using aggressive language court costs related use oforce highest loss found within industry security liquor licensees michigan licensed beverage association website_accessed bars sued often using excessive force canada substantial costs may incurred violence patrons though depends heavily laws customs country australia number complaints lawsuits venues due behaviour bouncers credited turning many establishments using former police officers head instead hiring private firms bouncers pub club patrons australian wednesday february according statistical research canada bouncers likely face physical violence work urban area police officers research also_found thathe likelihood encounters increased statistical significance withe number years bouncer worked security surveillance book excerpt policing nightclub george canadian review policing research popular bouncers western countries normally betty withe new block vin diesel vin diesel interview via accessed bouncers may carry baton law_enforcement expandable baton expandable personal protection baton course company website_accessed buthey may legal righto carry weapon even would prefer file pawn stars exterior thumb right px bouncer wearing black controlling access well_known pawn shop use oforce training programs teach bouncers ways avoid using force explain oforce considered bars gone far institute policies physical contact bouncers instructed ask drunk patron leave patron bouncers call police however police called frequently reflect badly venue upon renewal liquor license liquor licence another strategy used bars hire smaller less threatening female bouncers may better able conflicts large bouncers impressive bouncers supposed supervise alsoften challenged aggressive males wanting prove nightclubouncers tell tales behind velvet rope boston phoenix via website_accessed large bouncers whilst providing appearance strong security may_also drive customers away cases morelaxed environment desired addition female security staff apart fewer female patrons drugs weapons entering women check illegal activities also_considered better able deal drunk aggressive women australia example women comprise almost security industry increasingly work door well using chat friendly firm resolve situations mate call bouncers abstract new_york times wednesday april nearly one britain nightclubouncers also women withe uk licensing act giving authorities power venue licence employ female door staff credited withaving opened door women enter profession women wanto join club october via however female bouncers still many_countriesuch india celebrities punjab india punjab first female bouncers soon accusations behaviour female bouncers india monday july punjab first female bouncers lose jobs dna india thursday training many_countries bouncer must licensed background check lacking criminal record gain employment within security crowd control sector countries bouncers may required skills certification first_aid alcohol distribution crowd control fire safety canada bouncers righto use reasonable force intoxicated aggressive patrons firsthe patron must asked leave premises patron leave bouncer use reasonable force patron upheld number court cases commercial providers alcohol lorne wallace vancouver april definition reasonable force perfectly acceptable bouncer grab patron arm remove patron premises however situations reasonably believe thathe conduct patron puts danger harm patron force necessary self defence british_columbia door staff security bouncers arequired become certified ministry public safety general office course called basic security training hour program covers law customer_service issue related security operation alberta bar nightclub security staff take new government run training course correct bouncer behaviour skills thend six hour protect course among subjects teach staff identify conflicts become violent situations without force bouncers take course edmonton journal saturday february ontario courts ruled tavern care patrons must ensure serve alcohol would apparently increase patron alcohol intoxication positive steps protect patrons others dangers intoxication regarding second requirement protecting patrons law holds customers cannot premises would danger due patron intoxication bars held liable customer know know risk injury know october newsletter smart serve ontario_canada ontario bartenders servers completed smart serve training program teaches signs intoxication smart serve program also recommended staff bars contact potentially intoxicated bouncers coat check staff valets smart serve certification program encourages bars keep incident reporting logs use evidence incident gets court withe august private security investigative services act ontario law also industry workers including bouncers licensed private investigators security guards licensing ontario ministry community safety website_accessed italy law defines bouncers subsidiary operator must specific art law october g least years alcohol drugs preventive clinical analysis mental physical convicted intentional crimes least lower high_school diploma follow training course bouncers must ownership type valid license new_zealand inew_zealand bouncers arequired certificate security work person police cleared security checks well courts show person job knows new_zealand law prevent security officers going court using excessive force assault bouncers undergo background check attend day national skills recognition system course security staff however_many professional security companies larger venues witheir dedicated security staff noted_thathe course insufficient specific requirements bouncer provide additional training bouncers wearing black new paper friday february sweden special security officers referred limited policing duties use oforce monopoly withe police thus less police report crime duty trained swedish police authority maintain enforce public order venues areas police cannot resources permanently enforce public order officers powers citizen arrest physically remove disturb pose immediate public order safety using reasonable amount oforce also otherwise take drunk turn police asoon possible recruited police must go physical tests language test interview board going two week training program teaches behaviour conflict management criminalaw physical intervention use first_aid equal opportunities arrest procedures certified every three_years areither employed private security company g etc commonly work shopping_malls hospitals public_transportation employed bar nightclub owners first foremost loyalty lies withe police police manage supervise field also_used police football matches high risk football aftereceiving special training united_kingdom uk door supervisors termed must hold licence security industry authority training door supervisor licence takes current changes implemented st january includes issuesuch behaviour conflict management civil criminalaw search arrest procedures drug awareness recording incidents crime scene preservation licensing law equal opportunities health safety work physical intervention emergency procedures get licensed licensing criteria security industry authority great_britain accessed licenses must renewed every three_years one current provider training british institute awarding body supervisors must wear blue plastic licence often worn upper arm whilst duty uk reforms includes many cameron coalition government intended ostensibly overall grounds cost despite essentially via licence payments may financial burden employers individuals alike industry sees step fearing return organised criminal currently regulated industry republic ireland republic ireland potential doormen bouncers must complete level course door security procedures allows apply psa license private security authority psa applicants issuing license subsequently past convictions working security industry license issued psa holder license work pubs clubs event security psa requires licence work event security united_states file walker avenue b theast village thumb bouncer bar hired theast village manhattan east village requirements bouncers vary state state somexamples california california senate bill requires bouncer security guard registered withe state california department consumer affairs bureau security investigative services guards must_also complete criminal background check including california department justice federal bureau investigation must undertake skills training course security guards security licence courses allow qualified security personnel carry upon completion training new security guard training regulation california department consumer affairs website_accessed new_york inew_york state illegal bar owner hire bouncer position article general business law bars nightclubs allowed hire bouncers without proper license new_york state law private watch guard patrol agency supply security guards bouncers bars last call falls blog entry village voice notable bouncers pope francis current pope worked bouncer buenos_aires bar beginning studies harry francis things know daily_telegraph march former foreign minister israel leader israel party worked bouncer student club jerusalem histudies university justin current prime_minister canadand leader liberal party worked bouncer whistler village undergraduate studies accessed jesse brand actor former american football player worked bouncer fort_worth texas capone chicago based worked bartender bouncer early_life history_files capone chicago history museum website_accessed vin diesel american actor created vin diesel pseudonym protect anonymity working bouncer carlton english author west ham supporter inter city occasional actor former criminal dave professional wrestler actor worked bouncer washington nightclubs prior wrestling career official biography accessed pierre canadian mixed martial artist champion former bouncer american actor former bouncer twice winner america bouncer competition biography website_accessed vincent american actor law order criminal intent cop know stop new_york times via website_accessed michael clarke duncan american actor former bouncer also worked various celebrities bouncer interviewith michael clarke duncan accessed norman foster british architect member house lords worked night_clubouncer architecture athe_university manchester james american actor worked bouncer campus pub studying rutgers university james bio retrieved warrior animal joseph professional wrestler worked bouncer website_accessed graham former championship winning amateur controlled many_pubs nightclubs upon notorious murder swedish actor director martial artist british bare boxing champion also worked website_accessed doorman new_york city nightclub nightclub studio palladium new_york city also ran roving cabaret called american actor writer glenn ross northern irish bouncer strength glenn gentle giant news letter belfast northern_ireland via accessed dutch mixed martial artist patrick american actor rude professional wrestler worked bouncer accessed articles one story rick rude true class acthe one story rick rude true class act rob terry british professional wrestler geoff thompson martial arts geoff thompson british bouncer author book watch back geoff thompson management company website_accessed james wade martial arts james wade american cooler canadian bouncer started halifax nova_scotia athe palace cabaret moon cabaret became specialist strip clubs biker clubs southern usa martial artist david creator game big bank member sugar hill gang worked bouncer various clubs bronx started recording wrestler worked strip clubouncer detroit frank martin basketball frank martin head men basketball coach south_carolina bouncer miami area nightclub college student florida international university attention full_time coaching subjected duty group men ejected fighting types species sub called bouncer performs similar function throwing outside fellows australian species ants massive blunt insect jaws little use prey capture techniques trap species normally engages instead spend much time guarding nest opening jaws foreign ants venture close force throw back significant distance defense behaviour thoughto also protecthe guard physical chemical injury might sustain direct battle bouncer defense ants f david journal volume page social control critics noted union job border security bouncers various non north african countries like morocco libya turn away often severe ill treatment reach europe request right asylum analogous clubouncer turning away undesirable customers similar social state form bouncer people conform social norms back supposed though depending society states may much heavy handed proactive also general security guard security industry authority uk regulatory agency popular_culture television canada canadian television_series lives bouncers montreal bouncer beat video_game released square bouncers stage play john hull truck theatre group nightclubouncers north england road house film road house film starring patrick cooler small_town bar worked bouncer disney take house mouse mickey house ode bouncer song animated band studio les norton series books robert g furthereading jamie old_school new school guide supervisors new breed publishing august lee morrison safe door complete guide door supervisors arnold february lee morrison close 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george_bradshaw initiated series death bradshaw range titles continued bradshaw geographicoverage british_isles index section dorset devon cornwall somerset gloucester south_wales districts oxford warwick chester flint ireland section london north lancashire yorkshire western section preston lancaster carlisle ayrshire scotch railways index section kent sussex dorset devon channel islands isle wight index section london southern england section bradshaw routes capitals world overland guide india far east handbook indian colonial foreign travel bradshaw guide victoriaustralia germany austria index_index ed_index_index list bradshaw date publication index category_travel_guide_books category_series books_category publications_established category_transport category_tourism europe_category_tourism united_kingdom"},{"title":"Bradt Travel Guides","description":"bradtravel guides is a publisher of travel guide s founded by hilary bradt who was awarded an mbe in for services to the tourist industry and to charity the first bradt guide was written in by hilary and her husband george on a river barge on a tributary of the amazon river amazon and hasince grown into a leading boutique publisher with growth particularly in the past decade the publisher is based in chalfont st peter in buckinghamshirengland but also co publishes with globe pequot in guilford connecticut in the united states the guides have been cited by the independent as covering parts of the world other travel publishers do not reach the guides may cover countries of the world normally covered in guides but often have detailed guides to parts of africasiand latin america which traditionally have not been widely covered or did not have a long history of tourism the guides give a brief summary of the history of the country or city that lies atheart of the book each guide then covers the tourism basicsuch as geography and climate wildlife languages and culture healthcare and media subsequent chapters are then usually arranged on a geographical basis addressing the main cities oregions of the country in systematic order they may have some details on smaller towns and villages not normally mentioned in guides or may have detailed case studies on culture or beliefspecific to the country with which it deals according to michael palin bradt guides arexpertly written and longer on local detail thany others bradt books often provides information topics related to the area of travel but not specifically aboutourist or travel amenities for example the somewhat awkwardly named the amazon the bradtravel guidedicates pages to the area s natural history more space thany other chapter including practical information and the individual country chapters morecently the bradt guides have begun publishing specific booksuch as wildlife in placesuch as the galapagos islands and madagascar an island in which bradt is an experthey have also begun an eccentric series which are detailed insights into some of the cities in the united kingdom including london edinburgh and oxford as well as on the countries of the united kingdom france and australia the guides are often written by writers who have had hands on experience within the country oregion they are writing abouthey may also be written somewhat unconventionally compared with normal tourist guides bradt books often relay information abouthe nature of the local people based on thexperiences of the author in various cities thealth chapters are written in collaboration with a well travelledoctor jane wilson howarth or felicity nicholson countries areas covered by the guides africa overland incl rodrigues and r union and northern americas and caribbean amazon basin amazon including trekking book climbing and hiking and bolivia backpacking and trekking usa rail eccentric americand eccentricaliforniantarcticarctic british isles galapagos islands madagascar southern africa your child abroad and nagorno karabagh canary islands northern eccentric 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publisher growth particularly past decade publisher based st_peter also publishes globe connecticut united_states guides cited independent covering parts world_travel publishers reach guides may cover countries world normally covered guides often detailed guides parts latin_america traditionally widely covered long history tourism guides give brief summary history country city lies atheart book guide covers tourism_geography climate wildlife languages culture healthcare media subsequent chapters usually arranged geographical basis addressing main cities country systematic order may details smaller towns villages normally mentioned guides may detailed case_studies culture country deals according michael_palin bradt guides written longer local detail thany others bradt books often provides_information topics related area travel specifically travel amenities example somewhat named amazon bradtravel pages area natural_history space thany chapter including practical_information individual country chapters morecently bradt guides begun publishing specific wildlife placesuch galapagos_islands madagascar island bradt also begun eccentric series detailed insights cities united_kingdom including london_edinburgh oxford well countries united_kingdom france australia guides often written writers hands experience within country oregion writing may_also written somewhat compared normal tourist_guides bradt books often information_abouthe nature local_people based author various cities thealth chapters written collaboration well jane wilson nicholson countries areas covered guides africa overland incl r union northern americas caribbean amazon basin amazon including trekking book climbing hiking bolivia backpacking trekking usa rail eccentric americand british_isles galapagos_islands madagascar southern africa child abroad canary islands northern eccentric st island rail road european city_guides tallinn vilnius belgrade bratislava budapest cork city cork edinburgh eccentric london_eccentric paris brussels oxford river tallinn vilnius asiand australia yunnan great wall china kabul jerusalem tasmania tibet externalinks_official site_category travel_guide_books"},{"title":"Brasserie","description":"file brasserie lippjpg thumb the front of brasserie lipp in paris file brasserie forty leeds th may jpg thumb a riverside brasserie in leeds west yorkshirengland file brasserie op de groenplaats in antwerpenjpg thumbrasserie groenplaats antwerp in france and the francophonie francophone world a brasserie is a type ofrench restaurant with a relaxed setting which servesingle dishes and other meals the word brasserie is also french language french for brewery and by extension the brewing business a brasserie can bexpected to have professional service printed menus and traditionally white linen unlike a bistro which may have none of these typically a brasserie is open every day of the week and serves the samenu all day a classic brasserie dish isteak frites brasserie is french literally brewery fromiddle french brasser to brew from old french bracier from vulgar latin braciare of celtic languages celtic origin its first usage in english was in brasserie merriam webster dictionary the origin of the word probably stems from the facthat beer was brewed on the premises rather than brought in thus an inn would brew its own beer as well asupply food and invariably accommodation too in chambers twentieth century dictionary of thenglish language defined brasserie as in france any beer garden or saloon davidson thomas comp chambers twentieth century dictionary of thenglish language london w r chambers p in the new penguin english dictionary included this definition of brasserie a small informal french style restauranthe new penguin english dictionary consultant editorobert allen london penguin p northeast france and the united kingdom inorthern france particularly towards the belgian border an area thatraditionally brews beer in france french style beers there has been a revival of old breweries whichave been converted into restaurants and hotels reverting to brewing their own beer as microbrewery micro brews the term is often used in the united kingdom applied to small restaurants usually in city centres however it generally has no connection with brewing see also la m re catherine a parisian brasserie founded in cafrench cuisine references category types of restaurants category french 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london_w r chambers p new penguin english_dictionary included definition brasserie small informal french style restauranthe new penguin english_dictionary consultant allen london penguin p northeast france united_kingdom inorthern france particularly towards belgian border area brews beer france french style beers revival old breweries whichave converted restaurants_hotels brewing beer microbrewery micro brews term often_used united_kingdom applied small restaurants usually city centres however generally connection brewing see_also la catherine parisian brasserie founded cuisine references_category types restaurants_category_french cuisine"},{"title":"Breastaurant","description":"file bikinis bar and grill pose with musicians croppedjpg thumb upright waitress of bikinisports bar grill a breastaurant is a restauranthat haskimpily dressed female waiting staff the term breastaurant dates from thearly s around the time thathe restaurant chain hooters became popular in the united states it hasince been applied totherestaurants that offer similar servicesuch as redneck heaven tilted kilt pub eatery twin peaks restaurant chain twin peaks bombshells bone daddy s ojos locos bikinisports bar grill rackshow me s mugs jugs heart attack grill and the winghouse bar grill the restaurants often have a sexual doublentendre brand name and alsoffer specific theme restauranthemes both in decoration and menu the restaurants offer numerous perks for customers including alcoholic drink alcohol and flirting flirty servers file oldvsnewtiltedkiltcostumesjpg thumb left old vs new costume of tilted kilt pub eatery file hooters girl singapore jpg thumb a hooters girl in singapore hooters is credited as the first breastaurant having operated since other companiesoon followed suit according to food industry research firm technomic the united states top three breastaurant chains behind hooters eachad sales growth of percent or more in while these upstart chains represent less than per cent of the nation s top restaurants they are doing better than other mid priced options like applebee s and bennigan s which experiencedeclines during the great recession late s global recession in october bikinisports bar grill successfully registered the term breastaurant as a trademark withe united states patent and trademark office male variations male oriented restaurants with a similar focus on server appearance include tallywackers featuring scantily clad men which opened in dallas texas in may and closed in august guidelive date work guidelive access date languagen in japan there are places like macho cafe and macho meat shop where buff men serve food andrinks for a limited time see also bikini barista butlers caf cosplay restaurant host and hostess clubs maid caf playboy club nyotaimori wet shirt contest space dandy category eroticategory types of 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space"],"new_description":"file bar grill pose musicians croppedjpg thumb upright waitress bar grill breastaurant restauranthat dressed female waiting_staff term breastaurant dates thearly around time thathe restaurant_chain hooters became_popular united_states hasince applied offer similar servicesuch heaven pub eatery twin peaks restaurant_chain twin peaks bone bar grill heart attack grill bar grill restaurants_often sexual brand_name alsoffer specific theme decoration menu restaurants_offer numerous perks customers including alcoholic drink alcohol servers file thumb left old new costume pub eatery file hooters girl singapore jpg thumb hooters girl singapore hooters credited first breastaurant operated since followed suit according food_industry research firm united_states top three breastaurant chains behind hooters sales growth percent chains represent less per_cent nation top restaurants better mid priced options like great recession late global recession october bar grill successfully registered term breastaurant trademark withe united_states patent trademark office male variations male oriented restaurants similar focus server appearance include featuring clad men opened dallas_texas may closed august date work access_date languagen japan places like cafe meat shop men serve_food_andrinks limited time see_also barista butlers caf cosplay restaurant host hostess clubs maid caf playboy_club wet shirt contest space category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Brewpub","description":"redirect microbrewery brewpub category types of restaurants category types of drinking establishment category 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by tunnel or footbridge the construction also attracts the attention of motorists making it easy to find the rest area file mcdonalds on interstate jpg thumb right px built in the world s first bridge restaurant in vinita oklahoma photograph united states the first bridge restaurant was built in over interstate in oklahoma i will rogers turnpike greco p athe vinita oklahoma rest area it is the world s largest mcdonald s fast food restaurant withe construction of the illinois tollway in five more bridge restaurants were built as illinois tollway oasis illinois tollway oases opening in further implementation of the concept in the united states has been hampered by us code clause which prohibits commercial activities athe rest areas along the interstate highway s although commercial activities existing before could continue and the unaffected toll road turnpike s already had commercialized rest areas no new restaurants were addedespite this legislation the lincoln oasis bridge restaurant has been opened in the concept was introduced to europe in by the italian architect angelo bianchetti colafranceschi p who builthe first european bridge restaurant in slightly more than six months in pavesi replaced its existing roadside restaurants at novarand bergamo along the autostrada italy autostrada serenissima by bridge restaurants at novarand osio sopra osio this was done in conjunction withe upgrade of the three lane highway to motorway standards bianchetti built nine bridge restaurants for his principal the italian food chain autogrill pavesi three pavesi bridges chianti dorno and serrevalle pistoiese were built by other architects the concept was replicated by pavesi s competitor motta who builtwo bridges athe cantagallo colafranceschi p and limena greco p rest areas and later on spread over europe in the italian chains were heavily effected by the oil crisis oil crisis and as a result no more bridge restaurants were built in italy in there are bridge restaurants left in italy rest of europe inspired by the italian example the concept spread over europe along withexpansion of motorway networks britain s first motorway the motorway m was equipped with motorway service area s msa in contrasto the united states commercialized rest areas along state owned motorways are common in europe many of the british msas have footbridges for crossing the motorway but only five msas were built as bridge restaurants all in thearly sixties the m gothree of them one was built at farthing corner today medway over the motorway great britain m and the last at leicester forest east over the motorway m which opened in the building of bridge restaurants in britain stopped because of the fire risks because they weregarded as an obstacle foroad widening in the future and because of the finding that drivers do not find any rest when they are still watching the traffic in germany there are two msas built as bridge restaurants the first opened in athe rudolphstein hirschberg crossing of the inner german border along the bundesautobahn berlin munich transit route visitors had a view of the iron curtain from the restauranthe second was built athe dammer berge msa over the bundesautobahn at holdorf in building bridge restaurants in germany was morexpensive than two restaurants at both roadsides because of the length of the bridges many facilitiesuch as toilets kitchens and storagerooms had to be builtwice on a bridge so iturned outhat it was too expensive to build further bridge restaurants over the autobahn johannes p in belgium the concept is widespread and still applied for new msas athe beginning of the s jacques borel introduced the bridge restauranto france and m venpick followed soon in switzerland the netherlands followed in with rick s today ruygen hoek msa near schiphol scandinavia got its first bridge restaurant in the mid s otheroads there are also bridge restaurants beside the motorways in oldenzaal netherlands and berlin germany they are built across broad lanes the haus der deutschen weinstra e is built over a two lane road with as exception an entrance at only one roadside the smallest bridge restaurant isituated in kufstein austria where a th century service bridge across a street in the old city has been redeveloped to a bridge restaurant with two seats the bridge restaurants in the united states arexcepthe lincoln oasis more or less replications of the same design based upon a tied arch bridge the lincoln oasis greco p designed by david haid used a steel frame combined with a glass facaderived from the italian msas at ardand cantagallo the illinois oasis werenovated in and have all got a similar look since theuropean bridge restaurants are mostly unique designs the bridge restaurant should be a landmark and they were designed for their specific operator and location steel frame the firstwo italian bridge restaurants at fiorenzuola d ardand cantagallo greco pp both got reinforced concretentry buildings that serve asupports for the steel frame span architecture span crossing the carriage ways the bridge restaurant at cantagallo was destroyed by fire in and rebuilt as a reinforced concrete bridge in reinforced concrete was introduced for the span itself bianchetti designed a reinforced concrete bridge restaurant greco p for the novara msa in afterwards this design was almost completely copied at osio msa today brembo the two in tuscany at serrevalle pistoiese msand chianti msand the one at dorno msa were designed by other architects resulting in unique designs athe different sites the british bridge restaurants are all built with reinforced concrete and all specially designed for the specific location in and bianchetti builtwo specially designed bridge restaurants athe south frascati and north feronia of rome greco p architect carlo casatintroduced prestressed concrete in his design at dorno msa in greco p a unique design was built by begand nervi athe limena msa in greco p the span has been built as a concrete box with octagonal windows in the walls in the german architects paul wolters and manfred bock combined a prestressed concrete deck with a steel frame top at dammer berge msa double deck bianchetti s next step was the double deck bridge restaurant with one floor for the restaurant and the other for shops at montepulciano he used the steel frame technique already implemented at ardand cantagallo the whole design is exceptional because of its cantilever bridge cantilever construction that can be seen from the outside greco p the last bridge restaurant design of bianchettis a double deck concrete bridge that was built at soave msa in just east of veronand at alfaterna msa in just south of nocera inferiore the upper level at alfaterna greco p was used as motel buthis bridge has been demolished in switzerland both w renlos msa in and knonauer amt msa in got a double deck bridge restaurant as well w renlos and nyk pingsbro are built as cable stayed bridge the bridge restaurant in pratteln designed by casoni from basle is unique for its fiberglass facade in scandinaviand illinois the parking lots are athe same level as the bridgexcept for frascati ayer keroh and petroporthe other bridge restaurants have an entrance on streetlevel from which the customers enter the bridge by stairs escalator elavator class wikitable sortable scope col rest area scope col country scope col highway scope col opened scope col class unsortable coordinatescope row auracher l chl r merhofgasse kufstein scope row arlon a motorway belgium a scope row barchon a motorway belgium a scope row gierleuropean route e scope row opzullik a motorway belgium a scope row orival a motorway belgium a scope row verlaine a motorway belgium a file a verlainejpg px scope rowalin a motorway belgium a scope row pe afloruta nacional chile ap scope row beaune merceuil autoroute france a scope row lan on de provence autoroute a scope row nemours autoroute france a scope row orl ansaran autoroute 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row g vlebro european route e file g vle brojpg px scope row nyk pingsbro european route e file nyk pingsbro jpg px scope row knonauer amt a motorway switzerland a file autobahnraststte in affoltern am albisjpg px scope row pratteln a motorway switzerland a file autobahnbr cke pratteln situation vortjpg px scope row renlos a motorway switzerland a file w renlos autoshoserestadejo fressbalken jpg px scope row charnock richard services motorway great britain m scope row keele services motorway great britain m scope row knutsford services motorway great britain m scope row leicester forest east services leicester forest services motorway great britain m fileicester forest east service area m geographorguk jpg px scope row medway services motorway great britain m november file medway services m geographorguk jpg px scope row belvidere oasis interstate in illinois i jane addams memorial tollway image belvidere oasis illinoisjpg px scope row chicago southland lincoln oasis interstate in 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turnpike greco_p athe oklahoma rest area world largest mcdonald fast_food_restaurant withe construction illinois tollway five bridge_restaurants built illinois tollway oasis illinois tollway opening implementation concept united_states hampered us code clause prohibits commercial activities athe rest_areas along interstate highway although commercial activities existing could continue toll road turnpike already rest_areas new restaurants legislation lincoln oasis bridge_restaurant opened concept introduced europe italian architect bianchetti p builthe first european bridge_restaurant slightly six months pavesi replaced existing roadside restaurants along autostrada_italy autostrada bridge_restaurants osio osio done conjunction withe upgrade three lane highway motorway standards bianchetti built nine bridge_restaurants principal italian food_chain pavesi three pavesi bridges chianti dorno built architects concept pavesi competitor builtwo bridges athe cantagallo p greco_p rest_areas later spread europe italian chains heavily oil crisis oil crisis result bridge_restaurants built italy bridge_restaurants left italy rest europe inspired italian example concept spread europe along motorway networks britain first motorway motorway equipped motorway service area msa contrasto united_states rest_areas along state_owned motorways common europe many british msas crossing motorway five msas built bridge_restaurants thearly one built corner today motorway great_britain last leicester forest east motorway opened building bridge_restaurants britain stopped fire risks obstacle future finding drivers find rest still watching traffic germany two msas built bridge_restaurants first_opened athe crossing inner german border along bundesautobahn berlin munich transit route visitors view iron curtain restauranthe second built athe berge msa bundesautobahn building bridge_restaurants germany morexpensive two restaurants length bridges many facilitiesuch toilets kitchens bridge outhat expensive build bridge_restaurants autobahn johannes p belgium concept widespread still applied new msas athe_beginning jacques introduced bridge_restauranto france followed soon switzerland netherlands followed rick today msa near scandinavia got first bridge_restaurant mid also bridge_restaurants beside motorways netherlands berlin_germany built across broad lanes haus der weinstra_e built two lane road exception entrance one roadside smallest bridge_restaurant isituated austria th_century service bridge across street old city bridge_restaurant two seats bridge_restaurants united_states lincoln oasis less design based_upon tied arch bridge lincoln oasis greco_p designed david used steel frame combined glass italian msas cantagallo illinois oasis got similar look since theuropean bridge_restaurants mostly unique designs bridge_restaurant landmark designed specific operator location steel frame firstwo italian bridge_restaurants cantagallo greco_pp got reinforced buildings serve steel frame span architecture span crossing carriage ways bridge_restaurant cantagallo destroyed fire rebuilt reinforced concrete bridge reinforced concrete introduced span bianchetti designed reinforced concrete bridge_restaurant greco_p msa afterwards design almost completely copied osio msa today two tuscany chianti one dorno msa designed architects resulting unique designs athe different sites british bridge_restaurants built reinforced concrete specially designed specific location bianchetti builtwo specially designed bridge_restaurants athe south frascati north rome greco_p architect carlo concrete design dorno msa greco_p unique design built athe msa greco_p span built concrete box windows walls german architects paul bock combined concrete deck steel frame top berge msa double deck bianchetti next step double deck bridge_restaurant one floor restaurant shops used steel frame technique already implemented cantagallo whole design exceptional bridge construction seen outside greco_p last bridge_restaurant design double deck concrete bridge built msa east msa south upper level greco_p used motel buthis bridge demolished switzerland w renlos msa msa got double deck bridge_restaurant well w renlos built cable stayed bridge bridge_restaurant designed unique facade scandinaviand illinois parking_lots athe level frascati ayer bridge_restaurants entrance customers enter bridge stairs class wikitable sortable scope col rest area scope col country scope col highway scope col opened scope col class unsortable row l r scope row motorway belgium scope row motorway belgium scope row route_e scope row motorway belgium scope row motorway belgium scope row motorway belgium file px_scope motorway belgium scope row nacional chile scope row autoroute france scope row_de provence autoroute scope row autoroute france scope row autoroute france scope row saint autoroute france scope row saint nicolas autoroute france scope row berge bundesautobahn file px_scope row bundesautobahn file 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scope row scope row el european_route e scope row la european_route e scope row la european_route e scope row european_route e scope row porta european_route e file c area del jpg_px_scope row g european_route e file g px_scope row european_route e file_jpg_px_scope row motorway switzerland file px_scope row motorway switzerland file cke situation px_scope row renlos motorway switzerland file w renlos jpg_px_scope row richard services motorway great_britain scope row keele services motorway great_britain scope row services motorway great_britain scope row leicester forest east services leicester forest_services motorway great_britain forest east service area geographorguk_jpg_px_scope row services motorway great_britain november file services geographorguk_jpg_px_scope row oasis interstate illinois jane memorial tollway image oasis px_scope row chicago southland lincoln oasis interstate illinois interstate tri state tollway greco_p scope row_des oasis interstate illinois jane memorial tollway scope row oasis interstate tri state tollway scope row lake forest oasis interstate illinois tri state tollway scope row mcdonald rogers turnpike mcdonald oklahoma rogers interstate oklahoma rogers turnpike image px_scope row hare oasis interstate tri state tollway image px literally restaurants n bratislava opened winnipeg opened could regarded bridge_restaurants buthese bridges normal river restaurant dedicated bridge_restaurants bridge opened features bridge_restaurant built bridge river instead road serbia n town also restaurant terrace purpose_built bridge crossing river knez see_also works cited category bridges structural type category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Brigade de cuisine","description":"brigade cuisine kitchen brigade is a system of hierarchy found in restaurants and hotels employing extensive staff commonly referred to as kitchen staff in english speaking countries the concept was developed by georges augustescoffier thistructured team system delegates responsibilities to different individuals who specialize in certain tasks in the kitchen list of positions this an exhaustive list of the different members of the kitchen brigade system only the largest of establishments would have an extensive staff of thisize as noted under some titles certain positions are combined intother positions when such a large staff is unnecessary note despite the use of chef in english as the title for a cook the word actually means chief or head in french similarly cuisine means kitchen but also refers to food or cookingenerally or a type ofood or cooking chef de cuisine kitchen chef literally chief of kitchen is responsible for overall management of kitchen supervisestaff creates menus and new recipes withe assistance of the restaurant manager makes purchases of raw food items trains apprentices and maintains a sanitary and hygienic environment for the preparation ofooddomin sous chef sous chef de cuisine deputy second kitchen chef literally subchief receives orders directly from the chef de cuisine for the management of the kitchen and often serves as the representative when the chef de cuisine is not present saucier saucemaker saut cook preparesauce s and warm hors d oeuvres completes meat dishes and in smallerestaurants may work on fish dishes and prepare saut ed items this one of the most respected positions in the kitchen brigade chef de partie senior chef literally chief of party used here as a group in the sense of a military detail is responsible for managing a given station in the kitchen specializing in preparing particular dishes there those who work in a lesser station are commonly referred to as a demi chef cuisinier cook is an independent position usually preparing specific dishes in a station may also be referred to as a cuisinier de partie chef commis junior cook also works in a specific station but reports directly to the chef de partie and takes care of the tools for the station apprenti e apprentice are often students gaining theoretical and practical training in school and work experience in the kitchen they perform preparatory work and or cleaning work plongeur dishwasher or kitchen porter cleans dishes and utensils and may bentrusted with basic preparatory jobs marmiton pot and pan washer also known as kitchen porter in largerestaurants takes care of all the pots and pans instead of the plongeur domin r tisseuroast cook manages a team of cooks that roasts broils andeep fries dishes grillardin grill cook in larger kitchens prepares grilled foods instead of the r tisseur the culinary institute of america friturier fry cook in larger kitchens prepares fried foods instead of the r tisseur poissonnier fish cook prepares fish and seafoodishes entremetier entr e preparer preparesoups and other dishes not involving meat or fish including vegetable dishes and egg dishes potager soup cook in larger kitchens reports to thentremetier and prepares the soups legumier vegetable cook in larger kitchens also reports to thentremetier and prepares the vegetable dishes garde manger pantry supervisor literally food keeper is responsible for preparation of cold hors d oeuvres p t s terrine food terrines and aspic s preparesalads organizes large buffet displays and prepares charcuterie items tournant spare hand roundsman moves throughouthe kitchen assisting other positions in kitchen p tissier pastry cook prepares desserts and other meal end sweets and for locations without a boulanger also prepares breads and other baked items may also prepare pasta for the restaurant confiseur in largerestaurants prepares candies and petit four petits fours instead of the p tissier glacier in largerestaurants prepares frozen and coldesserts instead of the p tissier d corateur in largerestaurants prepareshow pieces and specialty cakes instead of the p tissier baker boulanger baker in largerestaurants prepares bread cakes and breakfast pastries instead of the p tissier butcher boucher butchers meats poultry and sometimes fish may also be in charge of breading meat and fish items aboyeur announcer expediter takes orders from the dining room andistributes them to the varioustations may also be performed by the sous chef de partie communard prepares the meal served to the restaurant staff gar on de cuisine literally kitchen boy in largerestaurants performs preparatory and auxiliary work for support see also augustescoffier chef list of restauranterminology ma tre d h tel a front of house headomin andr ed culinaria france cologne k nemann verlagsgesellschaft mbh patrick rambourg histoire de la cuisinet de la gastronomie fran aises paris ed perrin coll tempus n pages category food services occupations category restauranterminology category culinary 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magazine used full colour large format layout and high photographicontentechniques that werelatively uncommon athe time the cover line on the summer launch issue proclaimed pages of sparkling colour beautiful british columbia magazine used the new colour palette to celebrate bc s diverse spectacular scenery in pictures and stories the magazine reflected a new era of boundless optimism and expansionism in the province heralding major new highway construction and the launch of a government run ferry fleet bc ferries that would transform travel within bc in thearly sales increasedramatically as residents began to send beautiful british columbia magazine subscriptions to friends and relatives across canadand around the world the quarterly magazine now incorporating annual scenicalendar soon developed one of the largest circulations in canadaccording to the national print measurement bureau pmb over the next years the magazine played a majorole in the development of today s multibillion dollar tourism industry putting bc on the map as one of the world s great destinations during this period with a field almosto itself the magazine published many bc gift and travel books in as part of a provincial government privatization program the magazine wasold to the jim pattison group the now independent magazinevolved from a tourism publication into an environmentally conscious geographic and travel quarterly a new title beautiful british columbia ours to cherish mirrored the new editorial mandate and the magazine began to win the first of dozens of regional and international awards for its articles design photography and printing quality in tourism british columbiacquired the magazine from the jim pattison group withe fall issue the magazine s title was changed to british columbia magazine the publication continues to win editorial awards and has a paid circulation of more than holding its place as one of the largest paid circulation magazines in canada british columbia 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hboccupation cinematographer director producer employer the washington post brook silva braga born march back cover of a map for saturday dvd is an american documentary film producer he shared a primetimemmy award for his production of inside the nfl he is best known from his documentary a map for saturday in whiche producedirected and starred this award winning film is about his adventures as a backpacking travel backpacker for months in whiche stayed in various hostel s and was released in hisecond film one day in africa was released in his third film was released the china question he is currently an on aireporter for the washington post and freelances for cbs news cbs newspath cbs newspath early career silva braga was born and raised in portsmouth rhode island was a producer for hbo s inside the nfl for whiche shared an emmy award a map for saturday making of the film silva braga quit his job withbo and he threw it all away to travel around the globe for almost a year in with a video camerand equipmento record his adventures it all started when hbo sent him to asia for work on another story and he discovered an underground network of backpacking travel backpackers which enchanted himtezza interviewithe director of a map for saturday october found at eva young web site retrieved november when he quit his job withbo hisupervisor told him that in the future he d only send married producers overseas gadlingcom interview retrieved november after he finished the film he said that it had changed his outlook on life and the film is billed as around the world in minutes melinda j benson filmstrip tease found at northern ohio live web site retrieved november its title describes the feeling that on a trip around the world every day feels like saturday melizer blog found at kaboodle web site movies to see blog when everyday isaturday each new person an instant best friend you need a guide to how to deal with alwaysayingoodbye and loss of connection s kevein kelly cool tool a map for saturday review found at kevin kelly s web site retrieved november silva braga stays in hostel s around the world showing us the hot spots of backpacking adventure australia southeast asia indiand london and out of the way places like brazil nepal and thailand he was forced to pack only five pounds of clothes because of his pounds of video equipment and stay in many hostels to save money he interviews various hostellers and fellow travellers along the way as he investigates how and why people take long term budgetravel a map for saturday official web site retrieved november gadlingcom web site retrieved november the documentary premiered athe cleveland international film festival where it wascreened four times cleveland international film festival official web site retrieved november benson melinda j filmstrip tease found at northern ohio live web site retrieved november this film fest is a competitive one drawing attendeesubmissions but only filmscreened in showings this film wascreened times rather than the average times of the typical film athe festival film festival world web site retrieved november the cleveland film society organizers of the film festival created a live podcast during a panel interviewithim cleveland film society podcast roll retrieved november the local affiliate of american broadcasting company abc interviewed him while he was in town for the film festival youtube clip of abcleveland interview retrieved november a map for saturday wascreened in paris france shortly after the camera silva braga used to film it wastolen music slut blog posting the hostelling international usa hi usa is also screening the film at selected universities colleges and public libraries through its hostel councils bryant university official web page november news release retrieved november albany public library official web page retrieved february a map for saturday wascreened on the mtv network s true life series episode mtv web site true lifepisode page retrieved may critical reception the film has garnered mostly excellent reviewsean keener ceof bootsnall travel network wrote that it was well done and praised the filmmaker as a good story teller sean keelerorg web site the indiewire web site reviewed the premiere in cleveland stating that director brook silva braga despite having incredibly honorable intentions withis backpacking documentary a map for saturday misses an opportunity to provide insight about a group of people indiewire web site review of a map for saturday retrieved novemberecent programsilva braga posted a series of blog s at gadlingcom which is affiliated with aol across northern europe with brook silva bragand other blogs retrieved november as well as posting atheinterviewpointheinterviewpoint blog retrieved november onovember silva braga was the keynote speaker athe national conference of hostelling international usa in washington dc hi usa sponsored an essay writing contest called the big trip to celebrate this event a map for saturday official web site hi usa official web site retrieved november vagabondish web site retrieved november in january he completed his next documentary one day in africa one day in africa website retrieved january externalinks a map for saturday one day in africa the china question category births category american cinematographers category american film directors category living people categoryouthostelling category backpacking category adventure 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developed for business purposes cities industrial regions etc an average business tourist is more wealthy than average leisure tourist and is expected to spend more money business tourism can be divided into primary and secondary activities primary one are business work related and included activitiesuch as consultations inspections and attending meetingsecondary ones arelated tourism leisure and include activitiesuch as dining out recreation shopping sightseeing meeting others for leisure activities and son while the primary ones are seen as more importanthe secondary ones are nonetheless often described asubstantial business tourism can involve individual and small group travel andestinations can include small to larger meetings including convention meeting conventions and conferences trade fair s and exhibition s in the united states about half of business tourism involves attending a large meeting of such kind mostourist facilitiesuch as airports restaurants and hotels are shared 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limiting imposed business aspects destinations business_tourism much likely developed business purposes cities industrial regions etc average business tourist wealthy average leisure tourist expected spend money business_tourism divided primary secondary activities primary one business work related included activitiesuch inspections attending ones arelated tourism leisure include activitiesuch dining recreation shopping sightseeing meeting others leisure activities son primary ones seen secondary ones nonetheless often described business_tourism involve individual small group travel andestinations include small larger meetings including convention_meeting conventions conferences trade fair exhibition united_states half business_tourism involves attending large meeting kind facilitiesuch airports restaurants_hotels shared leisure business tourists seasonal difference often apparent example business_tourismay use facilities times less attractive leisure weather conditions less attractive business_tourism divided traditional business_traveling meetings intended face face meetings business partners different locations incentive trips job aimed employees example approximately third uk companies use motivate workers conference exhibition traveling intended attending large_scale meetings estimated number conferences worldwide primary destinations paris london madrid geneva brussels york sydney singapore words meetings incentive conferences exhibition context business_tourism abbreviated mice see_also environmental_impact aviation hypermobility travel_marketing category working conditions category_types tourism_category_types travel_category business_tourism"},{"title":"BYOB","description":"byob or byo is an acronym nomenclature initialismeanto stand for bring your own bottle bring your own booze bring your own beer or bring your own beverage byob is often placed on an invitation to indicate thathe host will not be providing alcoholic drink alcohol and that guests are welcome to bring their own some business establishments allow patrons to bring their own bottle sometimesubjecto fees or membership conditions or because thestablishment itself does not have license to sell alcohol the term is cited by some online sources to have been used first in thearly s to mean bring your own bottle of wine although in present day it is just as likely to mean bring your own booze or bring your own beer it was used by small restaurants that did not have liquor licenses but which weresponding to the new popularity of wine among americans by advising customers thathey could byob andrink it witheir meal somestablishments that sell alcoholic beverages for on site consumption such as bar s orestaurant s may also allow patrons to bring their own alcohol purchased from elsewhere that alcohol is usually subjecto an opening fee often the rule is limited to bottles of wine where the fee is known as corkage or a corking fee j robinson ed the oxford companion to wine third edition pg oxford university pressuch policies are greatly regulated by localiquor controlaws and liquor license licensing restrictions bottle club as an alternative to the traditional full service liquor license some jurisdictions offer a similar license known as a bottle club license it allows the business establishmento serve alcohol on the premises but only if patrons broughthe alcohol from elsewhere the license generally prohibits the business from selling its own stock of alcoholic beverages the license may require that patrons be members of thestablishment such licenses may be preferred in situations where fees or zoning conditions imposed by a full service liquor license are unwanted or impractical they may also be the only license available asome jurisdictions impose full service liquor license quotas or business class restrictions regional variations in australian wine australiand new zealand winew zealand the term byo bring your own emerged to describe business establishments that offered corkage it is believed that restaurants in melbourne in the state of victoriaustralia victoria were advertising as byo establishments by the s withe concept becoming popular inew zealand in the late s legally using new zealand as an example if your premises only holds an on licencendorsed byob license you as an owner anduty manager with a general manager s certificate are forbidden to have a wine list and sell alcohol on the premises you must have both on license on licensendorsed to have a wine list and allow byob thus calling yourestaurant fully licensed see also list of restauranterminology externalinks history and origins of drinking words and phrases fromodern drunkard magazine category alcoholaw category initialisms category parties category restauranterminology category wine 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subjecto opening fee often rule limited bottles wine fee known corkage fee j robinson ed oxford companion wine third edition oxford_university policies greatly regulated liquor license licensing restrictions bottle club alternative traditional full_service liquor license jurisdictions offer similar license known bottle club license allows business serve alcohol premises patrons broughthe alcohol elsewhere license generally prohibits business selling stock alcoholic_beverages license may require patrons members thestablishment licenses may preferred situations fees zoning conditions imposed full_service liquor license unwanted impractical may_also license available asome jurisdictions impose full_service liquor license business class restrictions regional variations australian wine australiand_new_zealand zealand term bring emerged describe business establishments offered corkage believed restaurants melbourne state victoriaustralia_victoria advertising establishments withe concept 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elite references category nightclubs category buildings and structures in haiti category tourist attractions in haiti category establishments in 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cabo wabo is a nightclub and restaurant located in cabo san lucas cabo san lucas bcs mexico franchise s exist in harvey s lake tahoe in statelinevada statelinevada the las vegastrip and on hollywood boulevard in hollywood california it is also a popular brand of tequilall were founded by rock musician sammy hagar file sammy hagarjpg thumb left hagar performing athe cabo wabo hagar already a successful rock musician visited the mexico mexican town of cabo san lucas in thearly s hagar joined van halen in july after the departure of its former singer david lee roth seeking a place for himself and his friends to relax and play music he convinced the van halen members to partner in opening a large barestaurant and performance space launched in april the cantina was initially a financial failure leading hagar to buyout buy out his band mates under new managementhe bar became popular with both locals and tourists as the town quickly grew into a majoresort in after plans fell through topen in las vegas hagar opened a second location in the basement of the historic harvey s casinon the south shore of lake tahoe a third location was opened in fresno ca fresno california in but had its license pulled by hagar athe beginning of cabo wabo las vegas opened in the miracle mile shopping center at planet hollywood inovember the club typically attracts an older adult clientele with its mostly rock music selection hagar claims he coined the name after watching a man walk unsteadily along a local beach after a heavy night s partying using the town s nickname cabo which means cape in spanish and shortening wobble to wabo he said of the man that he was doing the cabo wabo hagar later used the phrase in his lyrics and title for the van halen song in he hired noel vestri an innovator in computer graphic designs including work on vans tennishoes to design a logo for the brand which istill used today file interiorcabowabojpg thumb patrons drinking in a portion of the cantina in the late s hagar began selling his patrons a house brand of hand made tequila he commissioned from a family ownedistillery in the state of jalisco in a wine importer from napa valley began to importhe tequila into the united states an instant successales rose from cases the first year to cases in making ithe second best selling premium tequila in the united stateseveral of the cabo wabofferings have performed quite well at international spirit ratings competitions for example the a ejoffering received three silver one gold and one double gold medal athe san francisco world spirits competition between and its reposado tequila received a score ofrom the beverage testing institute in may it was announced that hagar would sell an interest in cabo wabo tequila to davide campari milano gruppo campari the world sixth largest spirits company for million skyy spirits of san francisco a vodka producer and subsidiary of milan s gruppo campari planned to market cabo wabo globally with continued participation by hagar gerry ruvo president and chief executive of skyy spiritsaid sammy has done a fantastic jobuilding the brand so we are going tobviously spend time withim and work withim to continue our efforts to take the brand to an even larger level bothere in the us and more important globally ruvo said great britain spain australia southeast asia japan germany and italy are considered key expansion markets for tequila externalinks cabo wabo cantina official website cabo wabo tequila official website official cabo wabo merchandise interviewith sammy hagar from cabo wabo tequila includes the origin of the tequila boozebashereview of cabo wabo reposado proof com liquoratings and review aggregator summary page for cabo wabo anejo category tequila category buildings and structures in baja california sur category restaurants in mexico category drinking establishments category nightclubs category regional restaurant chains in the united states category sammy 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partner opening large barestaurant performance space_launched april cantina initially financial failure leading hagar buy band new managementhe bar became_popular locals tourists town quickly grew plans fell topen las_vegas hagar opened second location basement historic harvey south shore lake tahoe third location opened california license pulled hagar athe_beginning cabo_wabo las_vegas opened miracle mile shopping_center planet hollywood inovember club typically attracts older adult clientele mostly rock music selection hagar claims coined name watching man walk along local beach heavy night using town nickname cabo means cape spanish wabo said man cabo_wabo hagar later used phrase lyrics title van song hired noel computer graphic designs including work vans design logo brand istill used today file thumb patrons drinking portion cantina late hagar began selling patrons house brand hand made tequila commissioned family state wine napa_valley began tequila united_states instant rose cases first_year cases making_ithe second best selling premium tequila united cabo performed quite well international spirit ratings competitions example received three silver one gold one double gold medal athe san_francisco world spirits competition tequila received score ofrom beverage testing institute may announced hagar would sell interest cabo_wabo tequila milano world sixth largest spirits company million spirits san_francisco vodka producer subsidiary milan planned market cabo_wabo globally continued participation hagar gerry president chief_executive sammy done fantastic brand going spend time withim work withim continue efforts take brand even larger level us important globally said great_britain spain australia southeast_asia japan germany italy considered key expansion markets tequila externalinks cabo_wabo cantina official_website cabo_wabo tequila official_website official cabo_wabo merchandise interviewith sammy hagar cabo_wabo tequila includes origin tequila cabo_wabo proof review summary page cabo_wabo category tequila category_buildings structures baja california sur category_restaurants mexico_category_drinking_establishments category_nightclubs_category regional restaurant_chains united_states category sammy hagar"},{"title":"Caf\u00e9 gourmand","description":"file caf gourmand in la londejpg thumbnail default caf gourmand arrangement file caf gourmandjpg thumb caf gourmand a caf gourmand is an espresso and a selection of mignardises also known as petits fourserved together purpose the first caf gourmand is believed to have appeared in restaurants in paris around there are similarities between caf s gourmands and thenglish tradition of afternoon tealthough the latter is an altogether different occasion it is a step further in a general trend in france to have lunches in restaurants that are quicker than in the past back in the th century it was common as a minimum to have a starter then a main course then a plate of cheese then a desserthen a cup of coffee and then a digestif then the starter ceased to be the accepted norm and the plate of cheese became scarce and the digestif disappeared the caf gourmand represents a further step as ordering the dessert and the coffee in one go gains time avoiding the need to have to call the waiter over torder apart from the gain of time the caf gourmand has other advantages it gives the opportunity to eat several different desserts in one go without feelinguilty for the calorie s as the quantity of each dessert isupposed to be tiny it allows to sweeten the bitterness of the coffee by going back forth between the desserts and the cup of coffee it creates a feeling of mystery and surprise as the names of the mini desserts are not indicated on the menu so thathe customer does not knowhathey will get beforehand composition while there is no requirement for the composition of a caf gourmand the desserts most commonly included are mousse chocolate mousse apple pie ice cream and cr me br l e references category types of 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caf gourmand believed appeared restaurants paris around similarities caf thenglish tradition afternoon latter altogether different occasion step general trend france lunches restaurants past back th_century common minimum starter main course plate cheese cup coffee starter ceased accepted norm plate cheese became disappeared caf gourmand represents step ordering dessert coffee one go gains time avoiding need call waiter torder apart gain time caf gourmand advantages gives opportunity eat several different desserts one go without calorie quantity dessert isupposed tiny allows coffee going back forth desserts cup coffee creates feeling mystery surprise names mini desserts indicated menu thathe customer get composition requirement composition caf gourmand desserts commonly included mousse chocolate mousse apple pie ice_cream l e references_category types restaurants"},{"title":"Cafeteria","description":"file infosyselectroniccitycafeteriajpg thumb a corporate cafeteria in bangalore india december file currier dining halljpg thumb the dining hall in currier house harvard college currier house of harvard college august file cafetoriumjpg thumb the dining hall at santa barbara city college a cafeteria is a type ofoodservice food service location in which there is little or no waiting staff table service whether a restaurant or within an institution such as a large office building or school a school dining location is also referred to as a dining hall or canteen in british english cafeterias are different from coffeehouse s although thenglish term came from latin american spanish where it had and still has the meaning coffeehouse instead of table service there are food serving counterstalls either in a line or allowing arbitrary walking paths customers take the food thathey desire as they walk along placing it on a tray in addition there are often stations where customers order food and wait while it is prepared particularly for itemsuch as hamburger s or taco s which must be served hot and can be immediately prepared alternatively the patron is given a number and the item is broughto his table for some food items andrinksuch asodas water or the like customers collect an empty container pay athe check out and fill the container after the check out free unlimited second servings are often allowed under thisystem for legal purposes and the consumption patterns of customers thisystem is rarely if at all used for alcoholic beverage s in the us customers areither charged a flat rate for admission as in a buffet or pay athe point of sale check out for each item some self service cafeterias charge by the weight of items on a patron s plate in universities and collegesome students pay for three meals a day by making a single large payment for thentire academic term semester as cafeterias require few employees they are often found within a larger institution catering to the clientele of that institution for example school s college s and their dormitory residence halls department store s hospital s museum s military base s prison s and office buildings often have cafeterias at one time upscale cafeteria style restaurants dominated the culture of the southern united states and to a lesser extenthe midwestern united states midwesthere were numerous prominent chains of them bickford s restaurant bickford s morrison s cafeteria piccadilly cafeteria s w cafeteriapple house luby s k w cafeteria k w britling cafeterias britling wyatt s cafeteriand blue boar cafeterias blue boar among them currently two midwestern chainstill exist sloppy jo s lunchroom and manny s which are both located in illinois there were also a number of smaller chains usually located in and around a single city these institutions withexception of k went into a decline in the s withe rise ofast food and were largely finished off in the s by the rise of casual dining a few chains particularly luby s and piccadilly cafeterias which took over the morrison s chain continue to fill some of the gap left by the decline of the older chainsome of the smaller midwestern chainsuch as mcl cafeterias centered on indianapolis are still very much in business file postcard from childs philadelphia jpg thumb left childs restaurant philadelphia pa circa file kantinentellerjpg thumb divided trays from an east german canteen in the late s perhaps the first self service restaurant not necessarily a cafeteria in the us was thexchange buffet inew york city opened september which catered to an exclusively male clientele food was purchased at a counter and patrons ate standing upjohn f mariani america eats out williamorrow coctober this represents the predecessor of two formats the cafeteria described below and the automat during the world s columbian exposition in chicago entrepreneur john kruger built an american version of the sm rg sbord s he had seen while traveling in sweden emphasizing the simplicity and light fare he called ithe cafeteria spanish for coffee shop thexposition attracted over million visitors half the us population athe time in six months and because of kruger s operation that america first heard the term and experienced the self service dining formatamy zuber samuel william childs nations restaurant news february a restaurantimeline cuisinenet diner s digest retrieved april file pirate champs cafe jpg thumb food court style cafeteria in a port charlotte high school port charlotte florida high school meanwhile in mid scale america the chain of childs restaurants quickly grew from about locations inew york city in to hundreds across the us and canada by childs is credited withe innovation of adding trays and a tray line to the self service format introduced in atheir broadway location childs did not change its format of sit down dining however this wasoon the standardesign for most childs restaurants and many ultimately the dominant design for cafeterias it has been conjectured thathe cafeteria craze started in may when helen mosher opened a downtown la restaurant where people chose their food at a long counter and carried their trays to their tablescharles perry the cafeterian la original the los angeles times november california has a long history in the cafeteria format notably the boos brothers cafeterias and the clifton s cafeteria clifton s and schaber s the facts do not warranthe characterization that some have ascribed to the region thearliest cafeterias in california were opened at least years after kruger s cafeteriand childs already had many locations around the country horn hardart an automat format chain different from cafeterias was well established in the mid atlantic region before between and the popularity of cafeterias was overcome by the fast food restaurant and fast casual restaurant formats outside of the united states the development of cafeterias can be observed in france as early as withe passing of the jules ferry laws ferry law this law mandated that public school education be available to all children accordingly the government also encouraged schools to provide meals for students ineed thus resulting in the conception of cafeterias or cantine in french according to abramson prior to the creation of cafeterias only some students were able to bring home cooked meals and able to be properly fed in schools as cafeterias in france became more popular their use spread beyond schools and into the workforce thus due to pressure from workers and eventually new labor lawsizable businesses had to at minimum providestablished eating areas for its workersupport for this practice was also reinforced by theffects of world war ii when the importance of national health and nutrition came under greattentionabramson julia luisa food culture in france westport ct greenwood press print other names file cafeteria serverjpg thumb hospital cafeteria tray line server in port charlotte florida file calhan colorado high school cafeteria by david shankbonejpg thumb a high school cafeteria used by students in calhan colorado a cafeteria in a united states armed forces us military installation is known as a chow hall a mess hall a galley mess decks or more formally a dining facility often abbreviated to dfac whereas in common british armed forces parlance it is known as a cookhouse or messtudents in the usa often refer to cafeterias lunchrooms though breakfast as well as lunch is often eaten there some school cafeterias in the us have stages and movable seating that allow use as auditoriums these rooms are known as cafetoriums cafeteriaserving university dormitories are sometimes calledining halls or dining commons a food court is a type of cafeteria found in many shopping mall s and airport s featuring multiple food vendors or concessions although a food court could equally be styled as a type of restaurant as well being more aligned with public rather than institutionalisedining some monastery monasteries boarding school s and ancient university older universities refer to their cafeterias a refectory modern day british cathedral s and abbey s notably in the church of england often use the phrase refectory to describe a cafeteria open to the public historically the refectory was generally only used by monks and priests for example although the original year old refectory at gloucester cathedral the stage setting for dining scenes in the harry potter movies is now mostly used as a choir practice area the relatively modern year old extensionow used as a cafeteria by staff and public alike is today referred to as the refectory a cafeteria located in a tv studio is often called a commissary nbc s commissary the hungry peacock was often joked about by johnny carson the tonight show college cafeteria file succsfjpg thumb the main dining hall of city college of san francisco file badruka college canteenjpg thumb a college canteen india in american english a college cafeteria is a cafeteria intended for college students in british english it is often called the refectory these cafeterias can be a part of a residence hall or in a separate building many of these colleges employ their own students to work in the cafeteria the number of mealserved to students varies from school to school but is normally around meals per week like normal cafeterias a person will have a tray to selecthe food that he or she wants but at some campuses instead of paying money prepayment for service pays beforehand by purchasing a meal plan the method of payment for college cafeterias is commonly in the form of a meal plan whereby the patron pays a certain amount athe start of the semester andetails of the plan are stored on a computer system student id cards are then used to access the meal plan meal plans can vary widely in their details and are oftenot necessary to eat a college cafeteria typically the college trackstudents usage of their plan by counting the number of predefined meal servings points dollars or number of buffet dinners the plan may give the student a certainumber of any of the above per week or semester and they may or may not roll over to the next week or semester many schools offer several different options for using their meal plans the main cafeteria is usually where most of the meal plan is used but smaller cafeterias caf s restaurants bars or even fast food chains located on campus onearby streets or in the surrounding town or city may accept meal plans a college cafeteria system often has a virtual monopoly on the students due to an isolated location or a requirementhat residence contracts include a full meal plan it is not uncommon for thentire food service operation to be outsourced to a managed services company such as aramark compass group which operates under various names or sodexo see also automat coffee service coffeehouse food court hawker centre list of cafeterias refectory category rooms category types of 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british_english cafeterias different coffeehouse although thenglish term came latin_american spanish still meaning coffeehouse instead table_service food serving either line allowing arbitrary walking paths customers take food thathey desire walk along placing tray addition often stations customers order food wait prepared particularly itemsuch hamburger taco must served hot immediately prepared alternatively patron given number item broughto table food_items water like customers collect empty container pay athe check fill container check free unlimited second servings often allowed thisystem legal purposes consumption patterns customers thisystem rarely used alcoholic_beverage us customers areither charged flat rate admission buffet pay athe point sale check item self service cafeterias charge weight items patron plate universities students pay three meals day making single large payment thentire academic term semester cafeterias require employees often found within larger institution catering clientele institution example school college dormitory residence halls department store hospital museum military base prison office buildings often cafeterias one_time upscale cafeteria style_restaurants dominated culture southern_united_states lesser midwestern united_states numerous prominent chains restaurant morrison cafeteria cafeteria w house k w cafeteria k w cafeterias blue boar cafeterias blue boar among currently two midwestern exist located illinois also number smaller chains usually_located around single city institutions withexception k went decline withe rise ofast_food largely finished rise casual_dining chains particularly cafeterias took morrison chain continue fill gap left decline older smaller midwestern chainsuch cafeterias centered indianapolis still much business file postcard childs philadelphia jpg thumb left childs restaurant philadelphia circa file thumb divided trays east german canteen late perhaps first self service_restaurant necessarily cafeteria us thexchange buffet inew_york_city opened september catered exclusively male clientele food purchased counter patrons ate standing f america represents predecessor two formats cafeteria described automat world columbian_exposition chicago entrepreneur john kruger built american version seen traveling sweden emphasizing simplicity light fare called ithe cafeteria spanish coffee_shop thexposition attracted million_visitors half us population athe_time six months kruger operation america first heard term experienced self service dining samuel william childs nations restaurant news february diner retrieved_april file pirate cafe jpg thumb food_court style cafeteria port charlotte high_school port charlotte florida high_school meanwhile mid scale america chain childs restaurants quickly grew locations inew_york_city hundreds across us canada childs credited withe innovation adding trays tray line self service format introduced atheir broadway location childs change format sit dining however wasoon childs restaurants many ultimately dominant design cafeterias thathe cafeteria craze started may helen opened downtown la restaurant people chose food long counter carried trays perry la original los_angeles times november california long history cafeteria format notably brothers cafeterias clifton cafeteria clifton facts region thearliest cafeterias california opened least years kruger childs already many locations around country horn_hardart automat format chain different cafeterias well_established mid atlantic region popularity cafeterias overcome fast_food_restaurant fast_casual restaurant formats outside united_states development cafeterias observed france early withe passing jules ferry laws ferry law law mandated public school education available children accordingly government also encouraged schools provide meals students ineed thus resulting conception cafeterias french according prior creation cafeterias students able bring home cooked meals able properly fed schools cafeterias france became_popular use spread beyond schools workforce thus due pressure workers eventually new labor businesses minimum eating areas practice also reinforced theffects world_war ii importance national health nutrition came julia food_culture france greenwood press_print names file cafeteria thumb hospital cafeteria tray line server port charlotte florida file colorado high_school cafeteria david thumb high_school cafeteria used students colorado cafeteria united_states armed forces us military installation known chow hall mess hall galley mess decks formally dining facility often abbreviated whereas common british armed forces known usa often refer cafeterias though breakfast well lunch often eaten school cafeterias us stages movable seating allow use rooms known university dormitories sometimes halls dining commons food_court type cafeteria found many shopping_mall airport featuring multiple food_vendors concessions although food_court could equally styled type restaurant well aligned public rather monastery monasteries boarding school ancient university older universities refer cafeterias refectory modern_day british cathedral abbey notably church england often use phrase refectory describe cafeteria open public historically refectory generally used monks example although original year_old refectory gloucester cathedral stage setting dining scenes harry_potter movies mostly used practice area relatively modern year_old used cafeteria staff public alike today referred refectory cafeteria located tv studio often_called commissary nbc commissary hungry peacock often johnny show college cafeteria file thumb main dining hall city college san_francisco file college thumb college canteen india american_english college cafeteria cafeteria intended college_students british_english often_called refectory cafeterias part residence hall separate building many colleges employ students work cafeteria number students varies school school normally around meals per week like normal cafeterias person tray food wants campuses instead paying money service pays purchasing meal plan method payment college cafeterias commonly form meal plan whereby patron pays certain amount athe_start semester plan stored computer system student cards used access meal plan meal plans vary widely details oftenot necessary eat college cafeteria typically college usage plan counting number meal servings points dollars number buffet dinners plan may give student certainumber per week semester may may roll next week semester many schools offer several different options using meal plans main cafeteria usually meal plan used smaller cafeterias caf restaurants bars even fast_food chains located campus streets surrounding town city may accept meal plans college cafeteria system often virtual monopoly students due isolated location residence contracts include full meal plan uncommon thentire food_service operation outsourced managed services company group operates various names see_also automat coffee service coffeehouse food_court hawker_centre list cafeterias refectory category rooms category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Cakery","description":"file kronprinzessinenpalais p jpg thumb upright a modern day cake shop in germany a cakery or cake shop is a retail businesspecializing in producing and or selling cake s they may also sell cupcakes muffinsponge cake sponges as well as other baked goods that fall under the title of a cake shops may also sell equipment and supplies for home cake baking especially for cake decorating but not all do this another common but not universal sideline ispecial ordersuch as wedding cake s and elaborate birthday cake s products are baked on site in the same manner to that of a bakery but does not make or sell other associated items the term cakery may sometimes be used to get around the facthat bakery or bakeries have been taken as a name for many long established businesses and new entrants wanto stand out commonly a cakery does not sell anything that is not classed by definition as a cake a sweet baked food made oflour liquid eggs and other ingredientsuch as leavening agent raising agents and flavorings a flat rounded mass of dough or batter cooking batter such as a pancake that is baked or fried by basic definition at leasthis would not include pastriesweet or savoury or puddings a cakery s distinction from a general bakery may not be astrict as with a p tisserie for example which is a legally protected class of pastry making establishments in some countriesee also baking baker list of baked goods category types of restaurants category food retailing category 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a caravan towed trailer caravan or a motorhome generally participants leave developed areas to spend time outdoors in more natural ones in pursuit of activities providing them enjoymento be regarded as camping a minimum of one night ispent outdoors distinguishing it from day tripping picnicking and other similarly shorterm recreational activities camping can benjoyed through all four seasons luxury may be an element as in early th century african safari s but including accommodations in fully equipped fixed structuresuch as high end sporting camp s under the banner of camping blurs the line camping as a recreational activity became popular among elites in thearly th century with time it grew more democratic and varied modern campers frequent protected area publicly owned natural resourcesuch as national park national and state parks wilderness area s and commercial campgrounds camping is a key part of manyouth organizations around the world such ascouting which use ito teach both self reliance and teamwork file unidentified group of men campingjpg thumb camping in ontario circamping describes a range of activities and approaches toutdoor accommodation survivalist camperset off with as little as possible to get by whereas recreational vehicle travelers arrivequipped witheir own electricity heat and patio furniture camping may be combined withiking as in backpacking wilderness backpacking and is oftenjoyed in conjunction with other outdoor activitiesuch as canoeing climbing fishing and hunting there is no universally heldefinition of what is and what is not camping fundamentally it reflects a combination of intent and the nature of activities involved a children summer camp with dining hall meals and bunkhouse accommodations may have camp in its name but fails to reflecthe spirit and form of camping as it is broadly understood similarly a homelessness homeless person s lifestyle may involve many common camping activitiesuch asleeping out and preparing meals over a fire but fails to reflecthelective nature and pursuit of spirit rejuvenation that are integral aspect of camping likewise cultures with itinerant lifestyles or lack of permanent dwellings cannot be said to be camping it is justheir way of life file thomas hiram holdingjpg thumb thomas hiram holding outside his camping tenthe history of recreational camping is often traced back to thomas hiram holding a british travelling tailor but it was actually first popularised in the uk on the river thames by the s large numbers of visitors took part in the pastime which was connected to the late victorian craze for pleasure boating thearly camping equipment was very heavy so it was conveniento transport it by boat or to use crafthat converted into tents although thomas hiram holding is often seen as the father of modern camping in the uk he was responsible for popularising a differentype of camping in thearly twentieth century hexperienced the activity in the wild from his youth when he had spent much time withis parents traveling across the american prairies later hembarked on a cycling and camping tour with some friends across ireland his book on his ireland experience cycle and camp in connemara led to the formation of the first campingroup in the association of cycle campers later to become the camping and caravanning club he wrote the campers handbook in so that he could share his enthusiasm for the great outdoors withe world possibly the first commercial campinground in the world was cunningham s camp escalator cunningham s camp near douglas isle of man which opened in the association of cycle campers opened its first own camping site in weybridge by thatime the organization had several hundred members in the association was merged into the national camping club although wwas responsible for a certain hiatus in camping activity the association received a new lease of life after the war when sirobert baden powell founder of the scouting boy scouts movement became its presidenthe international federation of camping clubs federation internationale de camping et de caravanning was founded in with national clubs from all over the world affiliating with it by the s camping had become an established family holiday standard and today camp sites are ubiqitous across europe and north americadventure camping adventure camping is a form of camping by people who race possibly adventure racing or mountain biking during the day and camp in a minimalist way at nighthey might use the basic items of camping equipment such as a micro camping stove sleeping bag and bivouac shelter dry camping dry camping is camping at a site without a reliable preexisting water source such locations are known as dry camps campers must carry their own water in and out of camp which requires much more preparation than would otherwise be requiredry camping is very common in deserts and is often preferredue to the risk oflash floods file hikers with packsjpg thumbackpacking wilderness backpackers carrying camping equipment backpacking wilderness backpacking affords a maximum wilderness experience specialized gear allows enthusiasts to both enjoy popular local recreational spots and access the most remote locations technological advance and consumer interest in camping have led to lighter and more diverse backpackingear improvementsuch as titanium cookware ultra light wicking fabrics and heat molded hip straps make for lighter loads and enhanced performance as there is always the possibility of severe weather and injury in the backcountry cell and satellite phone s are sometimes carried for emergencies with varying coverage backpacking may involve riding or being accompanied by pack animal such as horses mules and llama these increase carrying capacity athexpense of trail condition ultralight backpacking enthusiasts bring as little as possible while camping inherently producing a smaller footprint and minimalized impact on a wilderness environmenthe choice to camp with less or even the minimum necessary to survive may be a matter of preference where it may overlap with survivalistyle camping oreflecthe activity being pursued camping whilengaging in such back country activities as rock climbing and cross country skiing puts a premium on the amount of gear that can effectively be carried thus lending to a less rather than more approach canoe camping canoe camping isimilar to backpacking and often affords much more weight and bulk to be carried when extended portage portaging is not involved electric motor s or small gas ones may be attached on some canoes where allowed for a faster journey on the waterproof bags and fishingeare common gear file a tenting partyjpg thumb a tenting party by alicia killaly c bicycle camping bicycle touring bicycle camping combines camping with cycling both in developed and natural areas try bike camping popular science october pp a form of bicycle camping that has become popular in some parts of the world involves cycling organisations offering organised multi day rides and providing riders with facilities and luggage transporthe great victorian bike ride in australia is one of the oldest and most successful examples of this operating since and involving thousands of riders on a nine day journey of around each year motorcycle camping is more similar to bicycle camping than car camping due to limited storage capacity lightweight compact backpacking equipment is used file gvbr tent city at anglesea pano vic jjron jpg center thumb px a temporary tent city iset up each nighto accommodate the thousands of participants thatake part in the great victorian bike ride in australia car off road and rv file car campingjpg thumb car camping is camping facilitated by a motor vehicle these forms of camping involve using a powered vehicle as an essential element of the camping experience glampinglamorous camping is a growinglobal phenomenon that combines camping withe luxury and amenities of a home or hotel its roots are in thearly s europeand american safari s in africa wealthy travellers accustomed to comfort and luxury did not wanto sacrificeither and their campsites and pampered wilderness lifestyles reflected it reenactment camping file french and indian wareenactmentjpg thumb modern day reenactor s of the th century french and indian war sleep in period tents and cook on campfires reenactment camping employs the methods and equipment appropriate to a specific historic era for personal enjoyment and other purposesuch as instruction and entertainment historical reenactorseek to replicate the conditions and technologies of such periods as the wild west american civil war and medieval timesocial camping file hattingen ruhrbr cke kosterstra e iesjpg thumb long term campsites include permanent and semi permanent setups and can lead to closerelationships with neighboring campers many campers enjoy socializing with small groups ofellow campersuch groups will arrangevents throughouthe year to allow members with similar interests or from similar geographical areas in order to collaborate this allows families to form small close knit societies and children to form lasting friendship s there are two large organizations in the uk who facilitate thisort of camping the caravan club and the camping and caravanning club some who participate in thisort of camping feel that it brings a closer form of bonding as members become more mutually dependenthan they would otherwise be in modern society social camping can also build more of a bond between members of the same family and between different families it is common for many campers torganize this type of activities witheir friends or neighborsocial campingoes beyond uniting families and it may also give the opportunity for lonely campers to enjoy this type of activity with individuals who share their enthusiasm in this matter because of the bonding this type of camping promotes it can also be used as a personnel training facility in fact many companies offer their employees employees this type of training because it helps connect people who do not necessarily know each other but who need to work in the samenvironment and need to get along successfully including this type of activity in a personnel training package is becoming more and more popular and it is also recommended because of the benefits it brings in morecent years those who camp alone have been able to share their experiences with other campers through blogs and online social networking there are many online websitespecially designed for people who are looking for camping companions or for those whonly wanto share their experiences with other people in this case campers may provide the others with useful tips resulting from their own experience individuals who are willing to camp are likely to access this type of websites and connect with other campers especially if they are novices because it gives them the opportunity to learn more abouthis activity survivalist camping survivalist campers learn the survival skills needed to survive in any outdoor situation this activity may require skills in obtaining food from the wild emergency medical treatments orienteering scoutcraft orienteering and pioneering scout movement pioneering urban camping urban camping is what it sounds like and has its own unique set of circumstancesee occupy wall street for a protest movementhat involved elements of urban camping in a non recreational form of extended outdoor accommodation winter camping file camping in chugach state park chugach mountains alaskajpg thumb camping on a snowfield in alaska s chugach state park winter camping characteristically refers to wilderness camping in cold seasons in temperate climates which typically include snow rather than in areas where snow is present yearound such as in arctic regions or mountains high enough to maintain permanent snow cover it puts a premium on high quality and lightness of gear experience and nerve as risks may include frostbite and becoming snowbound in addition to packing sheltersuch as tents or bivouac shelter bivouac gear alternative shelter building skills are key such as for snow cave s and igloo s wicking clothing suitable for layering and a regard for appropriate nutrition and food preparation are key workcamping allows campers to trade their labor variously for discounts on campsite fees campground utilities and even some degree of pay workcamping is usually seasonal fromay toctober although in warm weather areasuch as floridand arizona it can be yearound workcamping is prevalent among retired travelers whoften own their own recreational vehicle s they will trade labor at campground tasksuch as maintenance against fees camp host programs favor trades of participation in hospitality rolesuch as introducing new visitors to campground facilities and organizingroup activities camping equipment file camping equipment jpg thumb camping equipment file dome tentjpg thumb a dome tent file bivvy on an island geographorguk jpg thumb shelter constructed from a tarp thequipment used in camping varies with by intended activity for instance in survival camping thequipment consists of small items whichave the purpose of helping the camper in providing food heat and safety thequipment used in this type of camping must be lightweight and it is restricted to the mandatory items other types of camping such as winter camping involve having specially designed equipment in terms of tents or clothing which istrong enough to protecthe camper s body from the wind and cold survival camping involves certain items that campers arecommended to have withem in case somethingoes wrong and they need to be rescued a survival kit includes mandatory items which are small and must fit in one s pocket or which otherwise could be carried one s person this kit is useless in these circumstances if it is kept in the backpack that is left in camp such a kit should include a small metal container which can be used to heat water over a campfire a smallength of ductape which can prove useful in many situations and an emergency space blankethese blankets are specially designed toccupy minimal space and are perfect for making emergency shelters keeping the camper warm also because of the aluminum like color this blanket is reflective which means it can beasily seen from an aircraft candle stubs are good in starting a fire as well as in warming an enclosed space one or two band aids band aids are mandatory in this type of camping any camper and not only the survival ones need waterproof matches or a lighter and a large safety pin or fishook which can be used in fishing rubber gloves antiseptic wipes tinfoil jackknife or halazone chemical disinfection halazone tablets which purify the water are also to be included into a survival kit although theseem too many items to be carried one person they are in fact smallightweight andefinitely useful winter camping can be dangerous without respecting the basic rules when it comes to this particular activity firstly the cold is protected against with clothing of three types of layers as follows a liner layer againsthe camper skin longjohns an insulation layer fleece and a water and wind proof outer shell although cotton is one of the best quality fabrics there is it is not recommended to be worn on winter camping because if it gets wet it dries out very slowly and the wearer could freeze rather than cotton winter campershould wear wool or synthetic materials the boot s must be waterproof and the human head must be protected againsthe cold although it seems a good choice campers are advised noto wear too many pairs of socks as they might restrict blood flow to the feet resulting in cold feet gaitershould also be worn to avoid snow and rain wetting the bootsecondly one should include carbohydrates into their dieto keep their body warm as well as to providenergy hydration is very important so winter campershouldrink plenty of water to keep themselves well hydrated noting that water stores must be kept from freezing thirdly the tent must be carefully chosen to shelter it from the wind list of common equipmenthe following is a list of commonly used camping equipment first aid kitent lean tor other form of shelter hammer or malleto drive tent stakes into the soil hammer are often a claw hammer which is also helpful foremoving them sleeping bag and or blanket s for warmth sleeping pad or air mattress to be placed underneathe sleeping bag for cushioning from stones and twigs as well as for thermal insulation from the ground lantern or flashlight hatchet axe or saw for cutting firewood for a campfire starter or other ignition device for starting a campfire folding chair s for placement around campfire rope s for stringing clothes line and for securing the shelter tarpaulin tarp for adding additionalayer of storm protection to a tent and to shelter dining areas raincoat or poncho hiking boot s fishing pole chuck box to hold camp kitchen items for food preparation consumption and cleanup trash bag s for the handling of waste see leave no trace cathole trowel for sanitation in areas where a toilet is not provided insect repellent particularly one that has deet sunscreen for protecting the skin personal care products and towel cooler to store perishables and beverages if electricity is available a thermoelectricity thermoelectric or stirling engine cooler can be used withouthe need for ice campers at modern campgrounds will normally bring perishable foods in coolers while backcountry campers will bring non perishable foodsuch as dried fruit s nut fruit nuts jerky food jerky and mre s beverages or portable water filter for areas that have access to rivers or lakes cooking implementsuch as a tripod chained grill dutch oven or la cotta clay pot can be used for cooking on a campfire a portable stove can be used where campfires are forbidden or impractical if using a campground with electricity an electric frying pan or slow cooker can be used firewood for campfires emergency preparedness kit multi tool or knife global positioning system gps much of the remaining needed camping equipment is commonly available in the home including dishes pots and pans however many people opt noto use their home items but instead utilizequipment better tailored for camping these amenities include heavy plastic tableware and salt and pepper shakers with tops that close in order to shelter the shakers from rain old kitchen gear purchased from thrift store s or garage sale s may also be used in place of home items as an alternative to buying specialized and morexpensive camping equipment backpackers use lightweight and portablequipment ultralight makeover kelly bastone backpacker magazine august campgrounds and commercial campsites file trailer camping marmora koa may jpg thumb tentrailer camping provides comfort in a towable package camperspan a broad range of age ability and ruggedness and campsite s are designed in many ways as well many campgrounds have sites with facilitiesuch as fire rings barbecue grills utilitieshared bathrooms and laundry as well as access to nearby recreational facilities but not all campsites have similar levels of development campsites can range from a patch of dirto a level paved pad with sewer and electricity for more information facilitiesee the campsite and rv park articles today s campers have a range of comforts available to them whether their shelter is a tent or a recreational vehicle those choosing to camp closer to their car camping with a tent may have access to potable hot water tent interior lighting and fans and other technological changes to campingear for those camping in recreational vehicles rvs options may include air conditioning bathrooms kitchenshowers and home theater systems in the united states canadand europe some campgrounds offer hookups wherecreational vehicles are supplied with electricity water and sewer services other vehicles used for camping include motorcycles touring bicycles boats canoes pack animal s and even bush planes although backpacking wilderness backpacking on foot is a popular alternative file camping car de type busjpg thumb a large recreational vehicle provides many amenities when camping tent camping sites often cost less than campsites with full amenities and most allow direct access by car some walk in sites lie a short walk away from the nearest road but do not require full backpacking equipmenthose who seek a rugged experience in the outdoors prefer to camp with only tents or with no shelter at all under the stars although many people see in camping a chance to get out of the daily routine and improve their survival skills others would rather benefit from the many amenities that campsites are nowadays equipped with if a few decades ago camping meant a great deal of responsibility and knowledge about wild nature today any individual who wants to spend a weekend away in the woodland woods may also expect a high level of comforthe amenities that can be found in a campsite vary greatly as do the prices campers must pay to use them usually the most visited places tend to be more comfortable more sought after and morexpensive the cheapest option when it comes to camping still remains backpacking wilderness backpacking or tent camping although it can lack some of the comforts of other options many companies manufacturing camping accessories produce differentypes of equipment or gear that is intended to make camping a more comfortable activity the gear used in camping is crucial and it can be a life saver the rightent or food storage unit can easily save campers from insect s or even bear attacks the camping community has been known for its proclivity towards leaving unused gear athe trailhead for other hikers to use or swap by country united states from tover million americans of the united states population went camping with a net loss of only participants according to an infographic produced by red rover camping and based on data from the american campereport published by the coleman company inc and the outdoor foundation camping in the united states is gaining popularity after losing a net of million participants from to united kingdom according to data provided by the great british tourism survey conducted by visit england almost million camping and caravanning holidays were taken by british residents during the first half ofor an average of nights as withe united states camping is gaining popularity with an increase in trips versus the same period of a survey conducted by campsitescouk in showed that campers planned to take three trips or moreach year with spending nights or more away july and august were by far the most popular months for camping with fewer than of respondents opting to camp during winter months data collected by the federationationale de l hotelleire de plein air fnhpa shows that around millionights were taken ofrench campsites in which was up by on the same period in this figure consisted of around million frencholidaymakers and the rest was made up of other nationalities the majority of which were dutch germand uk tourists the french government are hoping to have million tourists each year by the most popularegion for camping is languedoc and roussillon with around nightspent at campsites during whilsthe department withe most campsites is the vendee see also file camping by barriere lake british columbia jpg thumb camping by barri re river barri re lake barriere british columbia barriere british columbia backpacking with animals camping coach camping food campsite caravan parks fire bow drill firelighting firesteelighter hammock camping backpacking wilderness food hiking wilderness food list of human habitation forms outdoor cooking bell tentarp tent wilderness acquirediarrhea file backcountry camping in the tropicsjpg thumbackcountry camping in costa rica externalinks images of historicamping and hiking on the long trail center for digital initiatives university of vermont library reflections of summer car camping video produced by oregon field guide category camping category procedural knowledge category scoutcraft category survival skills category tourism eu 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camping four seasons luxury may element early_th century african safari including accommodations fully equipped fixed high_end sporting camp banner camping line camping recreational activity became_popular_among thearly_th century time grew democratic varied modern campers frequent protected area publicly owned natural national_park national state_parks wilderness area commercial campgrounds camping key part organizations around world use ito teach self reliance file group men thumb camping ontario describes range activities approaches accommodation survivalist little possible get whereas recreational vehicle travelers witheir electricity heat patio furniture camping may combined backpacking_wilderness backpacking conjunction outdoor activitiesuch canoeing climbing fishing hunting universally camping fundamentally reflects combination intent nature activities involved children summer camp dining hall meals bunkhouse accommodations may camp name fails reflecthe spirit form camping broadly understood similarly homelessness homeless person lifestyle may involve many common camping activitiesuch preparing meals fire fails nature pursuit spirit integral aspect camping likewise cultures itinerant lifestyles lack permanent dwellings cannot said camping way life file thomas hiram thumb thomas hiram holding outside camping history recreational camping often traced back thomas hiram holding british_travelling tailor actually first uk river_thames large_numbers visitors took part connected late victorian craze pleasure boating thearly camping_equipment heavy transport boat use converted tents although thomas hiram holding often_seen father modern camping uk responsible camping thearly twentieth_century activity wild youth spent much time withis parents traveling across american later cycling camping tour friends across ireland book ireland experience cycle camp led formation first association cycle campers later become camping caravanning club wrote campers handbook could share enthusiasm great outdoors withe world possibly first_commercial world camp camp near douglas isle man opened association cycle campers opened first camping site thatime organization several hundred members association merged national camping club although responsible certain camping activity association received new lease life war baden powell founder scouting boy movement became international_federation camping clubs federation internationale de camping de caravanning founded national clubs world camping become established family holiday standard today camp sites across_europe north camping adventure camping form camping people race possibly adventure_racing mountain_biking day camp way might use basic items camping_equipment micro camping stove sleeping_bag bivouac shelter dry camping dry camping camping site without reliable water source locations known dry camps campers must carry water camp requires much preparation would otherwise camping common often risk file hikers wilderness backpackers carrying camping_equipment backpacking_wilderness backpacking affords maximum wilderness experience specialized gear allows enthusiasts enjoy popular local recreational spots access remote locations technological advance consumer interest camping led lighter diverse ultra light fabrics heat hip make lighter loads enhanced performance always possibility severe weather injury backcountry cell satellite phone sometimes carried emergencies varying coverage backpacking may involve riding accompanied pack animal horses increase carrying_capacity trail condition ultralight backpacking enthusiasts bring little possible camping producing smaller footprint impact wilderness choice camp less even minimum necessary survive may matter preference may overlap camping activity pursued camping back country activities rock_climbing cross_country skiing puts premium amount gear effectively carried thus lending less rather approach canoe camping canoe camping isimilar backpacking often affords much weight bulk carried extended involved electric motor small gas ones may attached allowed faster journey bags common gear file thumb party alicia c bicycle camping bicycle_touring bicycle camping combines camping cycling developed natural areas try bike camping popular_science october pp form bicycle camping become_popular parts world involves cycling organisations offering organised multi day_rides providing riders facilities luggage great_victorian bike_ride australia one oldest successful examples operating since involving thousands riders nine day journey around year motorcycle camping similar bicycle camping car camping due limited storage capacity lightweight compact backpacking equipment used file gvbr tent city anglesea pano vic_jjron_jpg center thumb px temporary tent city iset nighto accommodate thousands participants thatake part great_victorian bike_ride australia car road file car thumb car camping camping facilitated motor_vehicle forms camping involve using powered vehicle essential element camping experience camping phenomenon combines camping withe luxury amenities home hotel roots thearly europeand american safari africa wealthy travellers accustomed comfort luxury wanto campsites wilderness lifestyles reflected reenactment camping file french indian thumb modern_day th_century french indian war sleep period tents cook campfires reenactment camping employs methods equipment appropriate specific historic era personal enjoyment purposesuch instruction entertainment historical conditions technologies periods wild west american_civil_war medieval camping file cke e thumb long_term campsites include permanent semi permanent lead neighboring campers many campers enjoy socializing small groups groups throughouthe year allow members similar interests similar geographical areas order allows families form small close societies children form lasting friendship two large organizations uk facilitate camping caravan club camping caravanning club participate camping feel brings closer form bonding members become would otherwise modern society social camping also build bond members family different families common many campers type activities witheir friends beyond families may_also give opportunity lonely campers enjoy type activity individuals share enthusiasm matter bonding type camping promotes also_used personnel training facility fact many companies offer employees employees type training helps connect people necessarily know need work need get along successfully including type activity personnel training package becoming popular also recommended benefits brings morecent years camp alone able share experiences campers blogs online social_networking many online designed people looking camping companions wanto share experiences people case campers may provide others useful tips resulting experience individuals willing camp likely access type websites connect campers especially gives opportunity learn abouthis activity survivalist camping survivalist campers learn survival skills needed survive outdoor situation activity may require skills obtaining food wild emergency medical_treatments pioneering scout movement pioneering urban camping urban camping sounds like unique set occupy wall_street protest involved elements urban camping non recreational form extended outdoor accommodation winter camping file camping state_park mountains thumb camping alaska state_park winter camping refers wilderness camping cold seasons temperate climates typically include snow rather areas snow present yearound arctic regions mountains high enough maintain permanent snow cover puts premium high_quality gear experience risks may_include becoming addition packing tents bivouac shelter bivouac gear alternative shelter building skills key snow cave clothing suitable regard appropriate nutrition food_preparation key allows campers trade labor variously discounts campsite fees campground utilities even degree pay usually seasonal fromay toctober although warm weather areasuch floridand arizona yearound prevalent among retired travelers whoften recreational vehicle trade labor campground tasksuch maintenance fees camp host programs favor trades participation hospitality introducing new visitors campground facilities activities camping_equipment file camping_equipment jpg thumb camping_equipment file dome thumb dome tent file island geographorguk_jpg thumb shelter constructed thequipment used camping varies intended activity instance survival camping thequipment consists small items whichave purpose helping camper providing food heat safety thequipment used type camping must lightweight restricted mandatory items types camping winter camping involve specially designed equipment terms tents clothing enough protecthe camper body wind cold survival camping involves certain items campers withem case wrong need rescued survival kit includes mandatory items small must fit one pocket otherwise could carried one person kit useless circumstances kept backpack left camp kit include small metal container used heat water campfire prove useful many situations emergency space blankets specially designed minimal space perfect making emergency shelters keeping camper warm also aluminum like color reflective means beasily seen aircraft good starting fire well warming enclosed space one two band aids band aids mandatory type camping camper survival ones need matches lighter large safety pin used fishing rubber gloves chemical tablets water also_included survival kit although_many items carried one person fact useful winter camping dangerous without respecting basic rules comes particular activity firstly cold protected clothing three types layers follows liner layer againsthe camper skin layer water wind proof outer shell although cotton one best quality fabrics recommended worn winter camping gets wet slowly could freeze rather cotton winter wear wool synthetic materials boot must human head must protected againsthe cold although seems good choice campers advised noto wear many pairs might restrict blood flow feet resulting cold feet also worn avoid snow rain one include keep body warm well hydration important winter plenty water keep well noting water stores must kept freezing tent must carefully chosen shelter wind list common following list commonly_used camping_equipment first_aid lean tor form shelter hammer drive tent soil hammer often hammer also helpful sleeping_bag warmth sleeping pad air placed underneathe sleeping_bag stones well thermal ground lantern saw cutting firewood campfire starter ignition device starting campfire folding chair placement around campfire rope clothes line securing shelter adding storm protection tent shelter dining areas hiking boot fishing pole chuck box hold camp kitchen items food_preparation consumption cleanup trash bag handling waste see leave trace sanitation areas toilet provided insect particularly one protecting skin personal care products towel cooler store beverages electricity available stirling engine cooler used withouthe need ice campers modern campgrounds normally bring foods backcountry campers bring non foodsuch dried fruit nut fruit nuts food beverages portable water filter areas access rivers lakes cooking grill dutch oven la clay pot used cooking campfire portable stove used campfires forbidden impractical using campground electricity electric frying pan slow used firewood campfires emergency kit multi tool knife global positioning system gps much remaining needed camping_equipment commonly available home including dishes pots pans however_many_people noto use home items instead better tailored camping amenities include heavy plastic tableware salt pepper tops close order shelter rain old kitchen gear purchased store garage sale may_also used place home items alternative buying specialized morexpensive camping_equipment backpackers use lightweight ultralight kelly backpacker magazine august campgrounds commercial campsites file trailer camping may jpg thumb camping provides comfort package broad range age ability campsite designed many ways well many campgrounds sites facilitiesuch fire rings barbecue bathrooms laundry well access nearby recreational facilities campsites similar levels development campsites range patch level paved pad sewer electricity information campsite park articles today campers range comforts available whether shelter tent recreational vehicle choosing camp closer car camping tent may access hot water tent interior lighting fans technological changes camping recreational vehicles options may_include air_conditioning bathrooms home theater systems united_states canadand europe campgrounds offer vehicles supplied electricity water sewer services vehicles used camping include touring bicycles boats pack animal even bush planes although backpacking_wilderness backpacking foot popular alternative file camping car de type thumb large recreational vehicle provides many amenities camping tent camping sites often cost less campsites full amenities allow direct access car walk sites lie short walk away nearest road require full backpacking seek rugged experience outdoors prefer camp tents shelter stars although_many_people see camping chance get daily routine improve survival skills others would rather benefit many amenities campsites nowadays equipped decades ago camping meant great_deal responsibility knowledge wild nature today individual wants spend weekend away woodland woods may_also expect high_level amenities found campsite vary greatly prices campers must pay use usually visited places tend comfortable sought morexpensive cheapest option comes camping still remains backpacking_wilderness backpacking tent camping although lack comforts options many companies manufacturing camping accessories produce differentypes equipment gear intended make camping comfortable activity gear used camping crucial life food storage unit easily save campers insect even bear attacks camping community known towards leaving unused gear athe hikers use swap country_united states tover million americans united_states population went camping net loss participants according produced red rover camping based data american published coleman company inc outdoor foundation camping united_states gaining popularity losing net million participants united_kingdom according data provided great british tourism survey conducted visit england almost million camping caravanning holidays taken british residents first_half ofor average nights withe united_states camping gaining popularity increase trips versus period survey conducted showed campers planned take three trips year spending nights away july august far popular months camping fewer camp winter months data collected de l de air shows around taken ofrench campsites period figure consisted around million rest made nationalities majority dutch germand uk tourists french government hoping million tourists year camping around campsites whilsthe department withe campsites see_also file camping lake british_columbia jpg thumb camping river lake british_columbia british_columbia backpacking animals camping coach camping food campsite caravan parks fire bow camping backpacking_wilderness food hiking wilderness food list human habitation forms outdoor cooking bell tent wilderness file backcountry camping camping costa_rica externalinks images hiking long trail center digital initiatives university vermont library reflections summer car camping video produced oregon field guide_category camping category knowledge category category survival skills category_tourism"},{"title":"Camping coach","description":"file dawlish warren camping coach bristoljpg thumb px right camping coaches at camping coaches were offered by many rail transport railway companies in the united kingdom as accommodation for holiday makers in rural or coastal areas the coach rail coaches were old passenger vehicles no longer suitable for use in trains which were converted to provide basic sleeping and living space at static locations many of the coaches would be removed from their stations in the winter and overhauled athe railway s workshops ready to be returned in the spring being placed on sidings the local railway staff looked after the coaches as part of their duties the charges for the use of these coaches were designed to require groups of people to travel by train to the stations where they were situated they were also encouraged to make use of the railway to travel around the area during their holiday file gwr book camp coacholidaysjpg thumb left upright a great western railway gwr brochure they were first introduced by the london and north eastern railway in july when there was a great deal of popular enthusiasm in the urban population for hiking and camping as holiday activities initially ten vehicles were provided chiefly at inland beauty spots the following year twotherailway companies followed suithe london midland scottish railway with what it originally called caravans and the great western railway which called them camp coaches in they were introduced on the southern railway great britain southern railway and on the lms northern counties committee inorthern ireland in the same year the lner introduced a touring camping coach as a result of world war ii the facility was not made available after the season and many of the vehicles were used as temporary accommodation forailway staff or others in connection withe war efforthe southern railway reintroduced coaches at some sites in butheir large scale return came under british rail ways ownership in some sitestarted to receive conversions from pullman lounge car s the sites at which larger numbers of coaches were located tended to be on the west coast including inorth wales and in lancashire heysham port railway station heysham pre war in blackpool and the number of camping coaches offered for hire declined from the mid s as other forms of holidays became more popular the condition of the vehicles deteriorated and the number of staffed stations at which they could be sitedecreased the last were offered to the public by the london midland region of british railways in although some weretained for manyears after this forailway staff to hire for their holidays at in devon and in cornwall a few heritage railways and private companies have now taken toffering camping coaches at select locations while ideal forailway enthusiasts they are also marketed to the general public privately owned carserving a similar purpose may also be found for example at north conway new hampshire north conway on the conway scenic railroad in the united states current locations file st germans gwr camping coachjpg thumb right an ex gwr travelling post office camping coach at devon somerset north yorkshire shropshire devon allerstonorth yorkshire highland council area highland north yorkshire cornwall north yorkshire west sussex cumbria highland council area highland cornwallocations in this list shows the locations of camping coaches in a typical year buthe locations usedid vary over timecamping coaches leaflet publisher british railways bref no isbn eastern region berth coaches corton railway station corton felixstowe pierailway station felixstowe pier hopton railway station hopton lowestoft north railway station lowestoft north mundesley railway station mundesley oulton broad south railway station oulton broad south north eastern region berth coaches robin hood s bay railway station robin hood s bay scalby railway station scalby berth coaches cloughton railway station cloughton embsay and bolton abbey steam railway bolton abbey goathland railway station goathland kettleness railway station kettleness ravenscarailway station ravenscar sandsend railway station sandsend railway station sandsend east row staintondale railway station stainton dale staithes railway station staithescottish region berth coaches aboyne railway station aboyne aberdourailway station aberdour aberfeldy railway station aberfeldy aberlady railway station aberlady appin railway station appin arisaig railway station arisaig benderloch railway station benderloch burghead railway station burghead carnoustie railway station carnoustie carrbridge railway station carr bridgeddleston railway station eddleston elie railway station elie fairlie railway station fairlie high fortrose railway station fortrose glenfinnan railway station glenfinnan gullane railway station gullane kentallen railway station kentallen kingussie railway station kingussie loch awe railway station loch awe lochmaben railway station lochmaben lundin links railway station lundin links monifieth railway station monifieth morarailway station morar plockton railway station plockton portressie railway station portressie st combs railway station st combst monance railway station st monance strathyre railway station strathyre stromeferry railway station strome ferry tyndrum lowerailway station tyndrum lower west kilbride railway station west kilbride southern region berth coaches amberley railway station amberley bere ferrers railway station bere ferrers combpyne railway station combpyne corfe castle railway station corfe castleast budleigh railway station east budleighinton admiral railway station hinton admiralittleham railway station littleham ashurst new forest railway station lyndhurst road martin mill railway station martin mill newton poppleford railway stationewton poppleford sandling railway station sandling for hythe sway railway station sway tipton st john railway station tipton st john exton railway station woodbury road wool railway station wool wrafton railway station wrafton london midland region berth coaches aber lnwrailway station abergele and pensarn railway station abergele bakewell railway station bakewell bassenthwaite lake railway station bassenthwaite lake betws y coed railway station betws y coed blackpool coniston railway station cumbria coniston darley dale railway station darley dale glan conwy railway station glan conway grange over sands railway station grange over sands lakeside and haverthwaite railway lakeside windermere llanberis railway station llanberis rhuddlan railway station rhuddlan seascale railway station seascale silloth railway station silloth western region berth coaches aberayron railway station aberayron aberdovey railway station aberdovey abererch railway station abererch arthog railway station arthog barmouth railway station barmouth junction blue anchorailway station blue anchor borth railway station borth bow street railway station bow street buckfastleigh railway station buckfastleigh carrog railway station carrog cheddarailway station cheddar chudleigh railway station chudleigh congresbury railway station congesbury dawlish warren railway station dawlish warren dolgellau railway station dolgelly dyffryn ardudwy railway station duffryn ardudwy fairbourne railway station fairbourne ferryside railway station ferryside fowey railway station fowey gara bridge railway station gara bridge kerne bridge railway station kerne bridge lavernock railway station lavernock limpley stoke railway station limpley stoke llwyngwril railway station llwyngwriloddiswell railway station loddiswellustleigh railway station lustleigh luxulyan railway station luxulyan manorbierailway station manorbier marazion railway station marazion penally railway station penally perranwell railway station perranwell saundersfoot railway station saundersfoot st agnes railway station st agnest erth railway station st erth shepherds railway station shepherdshiplake railway station shiplake stogumberailway station stogumber sully railway station sully symonds yat railway station symonds yatalsarnau railway station talsarnau tintern railway station tintern wargrave railway station wargrave winscombe railway station winscombe yealmpton railway station yealmpton camping coaches leaflet publisher british railways bref no isbn externalinks coaches on the forge valley railway category railway coaches of the united kingdom category tourism in the united kingdom category tourist accommodations category railway services introduced 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brochure first introduced london north_eastern railway july great_deal popular enthusiasm urban population hiking camping holiday activities initially ten vehicles provided chiefly inland beauty spots following_year companies followed london midland scottish railway originally_called caravans great western railway called camp coaches introduced southern railway great_britain southern railway northern counties committee inorthern_ireland year introduced touring camping coach result world_war ii facility made_available season many vehicles used temporary accommodation staff others connection withe war southern railway reintroduced coaches sites butheir large_scale return came british rail ways ownership receive lounge car sites larger numbers coaches located tended west_coast including inorth wales lancashire port railway_station pre_war blackpool number camping coaches offered hire declined mid forms holidays became_popular condition vehicles number stations could last offered public 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coaches railway_station bolton abbey steam railway bolton abbey railway_station railway_station station railway_station railway_station east row railway_station stainton dale railway_station region berth coaches railway_station station railway_station railway_station railway_station railway_station railway_station railway_station railway_station railway_station carr railway_station railway_station railway_station high fortrose railway_station fortrose railway_station railway_station railway_station kingussie railway_station kingussie loch awe railway_station loch awe railway_station links railway_station links railway_station station railway_station railway_station st railway_station st railway_station st railway_station railway_station ferry station lower west kilbride railway_station west kilbride southern region berth coaches amberley railway_station amberley bere railway_station bere railway_station castle railway_station railway_station east admiral railway_station railway_station 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cellar winery or vault architecture vault cantina the american heritage dictionary of thenglish language fourth edition in italy a cantina refers to a room below the ground level where wine and other productsuch asalami are stored salame di felino naso gola the term cantina entered the french language circas cantine it was used originally to refer to the shop of a sutler types of cantinas image castel del piano arcidosso anticantina per wikipedianijpg thumb upright a osteriat castel del piano tuscany in spain a cantina is a bar located in a train station or any establishment located at or near a workplace where food andrinks are served cantina was one of the foreign words that entered in from renaissance italy during the th century the spanish empire included large holdings in italy luis de b via wrote in his tercera y cuarta parte de la historia pontifical y cat lica perdi ndosen las cantinas y lugares baxosic gran mero de mercader as losing itself in the cantinas and places of ill repute a large quantity of merchandise diccionario de autoridades edici n facs mil a c real academia espa ola madrid editorial gredos the cantina features in one of the sonnet s ofrancisco de quevedo this a quatrain from that sonnethis wine cellar covered with a face this wine harvest clad in filthy habithis wine skin which with just a sip is happy to exchange it for a whole vat con media nuez refers to the adam s apple thus making the meaning just a sip or a quick swallow habito is a play on words habit custom and tunic image cantina la guadalupana interiorjpg thumb interior of cantina in coyoacan mexico city in rural mexico a cantina traditionally is a kind of bar frequented by males for drinking alcohol and eating botanas appetizersome cantinas are also known for being places where people gather to play dominoes cards or other table games cantinas can often be distinguished by signs that expressly prohibit entrance to women and minors as opposed to a club salon de bailar dance hall or salon de mariachi typified by the salon tenampathe plaza garibaldin mexico city which are intended for socializing between the sexes alsome cantinas explicitly prohibit entrance to dogs and men in police or military uniform some of the traditional restrictions on entry to cantinas are beginning to fade away however in many areas it istill viewed ascandalous for proper ladies to be seen visiting a genuine cantina the people s guide to mexico carl franz avalon travel publishing united states a cantina in the us isimply a tavern with a southwestern or mexican motif that serves traditionalcoholic mexican drinks in the s cantina entered american english from the spanish language in the southwest united states withe meaning of bar establishment baroom western saloon see also bar establishment bar juke joint list of public house topics prison commissary public house tavern externalinks category types of drinking establishment category types of restaurants category spanish language category 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title founded establishedate as eddy established title municipal corporation incorporated establishedate as eddy as carlsbad area magnitude area total km area land km area water km area total sq mi area land sq mi area water sq mi elevation m elevation ft coordinates population demonym carlsbadian population as of united states census populationote population total population density km auto timezone mountain standard time zone mst utc offsetimezone dst mountain daylightime mdt utc offset dst website postal code type zip code s postal code area code area code blank name federal information processing standard fips code blank info blank name geographic names information system gnis feature id blank info blank name primary airport blank info cavern city air terminal cnm footnotes pop est as of pop est footnotes population est population density sq mi auto unit pref imperial carlsbad is a city in and the county seat of eddy county new mexico eddy county new mexico united states as of the united states census the city population was carlsbad is centered athe intersection of us route us routes us route and us route and is the principal city of the carlsbad artesia micropolitan statistical area whichas a total population of located in the southeastern part of new mexico carlsbad straddles the pecos river and sits atheastern edge of the guadalupe mountains carlsbad is a hub for potash mining petroleum production and tourism carlsbad caverns national park is located southwest of the city and guadalupe mountains national park liesouthwest across the texas border the lincolnational forest is to the northwest of town history development of southeasternew mexico in the late th century was fueled by the arrival of colonies of immigrants from england switzerland france and italy located along the banks of the pecos river carlsbad was originally christened the town of eddy on september and organized as a municipal corporation in the settlement bore the name of charles b eddy cowner of theddy bissellivestock company history of carlsbad withe commercial development of local mineral springs near the flume for medicinal qualities the town later voted to change its name to carlsbad after the famous european spa carlsbad bohemia now karlovy vary czech republic on march the growing town surpassed a population of allowing then governor of new mexico washington ellsworth lindsey to proclaim carlsbad a city most of carlsbad s development was due to irrigation water local cattleman recognized the value of diverting water from the pecos river to the grazing lands on eddy s halagueno ranch many construction projects were undertaken to establish an irrigation system within the town the avalon dam was constructed upstream of town and canals diverted the water intown conflict arose when the canals methe river downstream as a resulthe pecos river flume was built first out of wood and later concrete the flume is often titled the only place where a river crosses itself key to the growth of the area were special excursion trains that brought visitors from theast at reduced fares before the railroad was completed from pecos texas pecos in travel parties met athe railroad station in toyah texas and were driven by buggy over a rough dusty road to thismall but growing settlement on the banks of the pecos river most of thearly construction in carlsbad was completed with locally manufactured brick s the bricks were quite soft and of poor quality the former first national bank building athe corner of canal and fox streets is one of the few remaining buildings constructed withe local brick the re discovery of carlsbad caverns then known as bat cave by local cowboys in and the subsequent establishment of carlsbad caverns national park on may gained the town of carlsbad substantial recognition in potash was discovered near carlsbad and for manyears carlsbadominated the american potash market about carlsbad new mexico following the decline of the potash market in the s the residents and leaders of carlsbad lobbied for thestablishment of the waste isolation pilot plant wipp a site where low level nuclear waste would be stored thousands ofeet underground in salt beds congress authorized the wipproject in and construction began in the united states department of energy doe carlsbad area office opened in and the first waste shipment arrived in currently carlsbad has experienced a boom the city is leading in the production of oil and natural gases across thentire area causing an increase in themployment rate due to this increase families and individuals have begun to migrate to carlsbad geography and climate carlsbad is located near the center of eddy county at an elevation of carlsbad isituated in the northern reaches of the chihuahuan desert ecoregion in the lower pecos river valley via us it is north to artesia new mexico artesiand south to pecos texas us routes and lead northeasto hobbs new mexico hobbs and southwesto el paso texas el paso according to the united states census bureau carlsbad has a total area of the city is land or is water most of the water within city limits consists of the pecos river and lake carlsbad recreation area the river flows into the northern part of carlsbadownstream from lake avalon and brantley lake passes east of downtown and exits in the southeast dark canyon draw also runs through the southern part of town but only drains during heavy rainfalldark canyon drawatereport united states geological survey retrieved september carlsbad is part of the interior west climate zonestratum climate zones united states forest service retrieved march it is classified asemi arid k ppen climate classification k ppen bsk meaning average annual precipitation is less than evapotranspiration potential evapotranspiration potential evapotranspiration but more than half a moderate amount of rain falls each year withe maximum occurring during september tornadoes have been reported in eddy county since date august footnote us decennial census as of the census of there are people households and families residing in the city the population density is mi km there are housing units at an average density of per square mile km the racial makeup of the city was white american white non hispanic african american black or african americanative american asian american asian pacific islander american pacific islander from race and ethnicity in the united states census race otheraces multiracial american multiracial twor more races of the population were hispanic and latino americans hispanics or latinos of any race there are households out of whichave children under the age of living withem are married couples living together have a female householder with no husband present and are non families of all households are made up of individuals and have someone living alone who is years of age or older the average household size is and the average family size is in the city the population ispread out with under the age ofrom to from to from to and who are years of age or older the median age is years for every females there are males for every females age and over there are males the median income for a household in the city is and the median income for a family is males have a median income of versus for females the per capita income for the city is of the population and ofamilies are below the poverty line out of the total population of those under the age of and of those and older are living below the poverty line the city of carlsbad has a mayor council government mayor council form of government voters elect bothe mayor and theight members of the city council two for each ward who pass laws and make policy after the first meeting of the city council once newly elected council members are seated the council elects a mayor pro tempore who serves as mayor in absence of thelected mayor class infobox style font size border px solid float right margin left em width px style background f f colspan largest employers in carlsbad labor analysistatistics and economic research style text align left urs corporation washington tru solutions llc style text align left carlsbad municipal schoolstyle text align lefthe mosaicompany mosaic potash carlsbad style text align left constructors inc style text align left carlsbad medical center style text align left intrepid potash style text align left landsun homes inc style text align left lowe style text align left new mexico state university new mexico state university carlsbad style text align left lakeview christian home theconomy of the carlsbad area is based primarily on the mineral extraction sector the city overlies the rich oil and gas producing formations of the permian basinorth america permian basin and produces more potash thany other location in the united states carlsbad is home to the us department of energy doe s carlsbad field office which operates the waste isolation pilot planto safely store the transuranic nuclear wastes from the nation s defense sites tourism is a major factor with carlsbad caverns national park guadalupe mountains national park lincolnational foresthe living desert zoo and gardenstate park and the annual christmas on the pecos light show allocated within fifty miles of the city potash is a potassium containing compound used as a fertilizer along with nitrogen and phosphorus potash deposits were founderground across the permian basinorth america permian basin two companies the mosaicompany mosaic potash carlsbad formerly imc global and intrepid potash formerly mississippi chemical corporation operate mining operations east of carlsbad both mines employ a significant number of workers from surrounding communities each company also contributes to local charities public schools carlsbad municipal school district is the operating public school system for carlsbad municipal schools besides the before mentioned schools carlsbad municipal schools alsoperates a charter school jefferson montessori academy the mission of the carlsbad board of education is to create a public school environment which meets the individual educational needs of all children regardless of their ability ethnicity creed gender or social standing the mission of the carlsbad board of education is to create a public school environment which meets the individual educational needs of all children regardless of their ability ethnicity creed gender or social standing prelementary schools dr e m smith pre school early childhood education center kindergarten elementary schools craft elementary school hillcrest elementary school joe stanley smith elementary school monterrey elementary school patelementary school puckett elementary school riversidelementary school sunset elementary school middle schools pr leyva carlsbad intermediate school high schools carlsbad early college high school carlsbad high school carlsbad new mexico carlsbad high school private schools four private schools are located in carlsbad faith christian academy trinity christian academy paradise christian academy and st edwards catholic school colleges and universities new mexico state university has a branch campus located in carlsbad offering certificate associate degree bachelor s degree and continuing education programs nmsuc has a student population of approximately and a staff ofaculty previously known as the carlsbad instructional center the campus was established in as the state s first community college it was renamed a branch of nmsu in the present day main building was built in an additional instruction center was added in and the computer facilities wing was completed in by the campus hadded an additional building to house its nursing program the allied health and university transfer center allied health grand opening press releaseddy county beauty college is also located in carlsbad providing certification programs for beauticians college of the southwest and northwood university both previously had branch campuses in carlsbad mediand journalism carlsbad iserviced by a daily except monday newspaper the carlsbad current argus focus on carlsbad is a quarterly magazine published with local articles related to living shopping and vacationing in carlsbad focus on carlsbad channel tv is a local television station shown on cable television channel tv the channel airs coverage of special events and also local news many residents host shows on topics from plant care to science movies like leagues under the sea film leagues under the sea meet john doe and scarlet street are shown on wednesdays channel tv is currently unavailable on satellitelevision the carlsbad bats professional baseball team is a member of the independent pecos league the bats are primarily a travel team in the league but played two games in carlsbad in carlsbad was considered buturnedown for a full time franchise in carlsbad recently constructed a youth sports complex on the southwest side of town containing six softball and four soccer fields multiple local and regional tournaments are held athe complex yearly carlsbad high school carlsbad new mexico carlsbad high school is aaaaa school in the fourth district of the nmaa new mexico activities association carlsbad high school has teams competing in the sports of american football baseball softball basketball track and field golf tennisoccer men s and women soccer swimming wrestling and rodeo the carlsbad velo cycling club a local cycling bicycle clubegan hosting the cavern city classic omnium in with large success weekly rides are held on saturdays giving riders a chance to see much of the surrounding landscape annual races forunning and walking are organized by the carlsbad runner s club and national night out file wikipedia caverntheater carlsbad nmjpg thumb the cavern theater major highways two main highways run through the city us highway us is named canal street as it enters the city from the southwest athe intersection of greene street heads east us highway is named canal street as it intersects from the southeast athe intersection of pierce street branches northere are three road bridges that cross waterways and serve the municipality bataan bridge crosses the pecos river on east greene street north canal bridge crosses the pecos river onorth canal street south canal bridge crosses dark canyon draw on south canal street mass transithe carlsbad municipal transit system cmts provides public transportation within the city limits of carlsbad and portions of eddy county immediately adjacento the city cmts operates three fixed routes and a general dial a ride servicestablished in june cmts operates a fleet of vans and services persons with disabilitieseniorstudents and the general public average monthly ridership is approximately new mexico transportation services a private company provides daily transportation to and from the waste isolation pilot plant for employees at fixed pick up locations throughoutown buservice greyhound linestops in carlsbad on route between el paso texas el paso and lubbock texas map of greyhound routes cavern city air terminal cnm is located just south of carlsbad with boutique air currently offering non stop service to albuquerque new mexico albuquerque andallas fort worth international airport dallas fort worth under an essential air serviceas contractonsurez jessicand katiengland airport carlsbad now connected to dallas fort worth carlsbad current argus april retrieved roswell international air centerow located north of carlsbad in roswell new mexico iserved by american eagle airline brand american eagle offering daily service to dallas fort worth international airport flights to phoenix sky harbor international airport are scheduled to begin on march lea county regional airport hob located east of carlsbad in hobbs new mexico iserved by united express offering daily service to george bush intercontinental airport in houston el paso international airport elp is located in the northeastern part of el paso texas west of carlsbad midland international airport maf is located southeast of midland texasoutheast of carlsbad southwestern railroad new mexico southwestern railroad operates the burlingtonorthern santa fe railways in the carlsbad area providing freight service to the local potash mines two yard operations are present in carlsbad one between muscatel avenue and orchard lane and the other between greene and church streets xcel energy provides electricity to the carlsbad area new mexico gas company provides natural gaservices to more than customers in the state including carlsbad the city of carlsbad is responsible for the delivery of drinking water and the treatment of wastewater the city also provides waste trash and recycling service to residents trash isento the sandpoint landfill east of town operated by eddy county new mexico eddy county carlsbad medical center is the primary hospital facility serving the greater carlsbad area operated by community health systems cmc is a bed acute care facility including a hour emergency room imaging systems and other services the town is also home to dialysis clinics mri facilities an oncology center and specialty clinics carlsbad mental health association provides mental health servicesubstance abuse treatment family and youth counseling psychiatric services and employee assistance programs two nursing home s are present in carlsbad landsun homes and lakeview christian home research development and technology facilities carlsbad haseveral research facilitiesuch as the carlsbad environmental monitoring and research center operated by new mexico state university carlsbad environmental monitoring and research center and the national cave and karst research center operated by new mexico tech the national park service and the city of carlsbad about national cave and karst research center the united states department of energy sandia nationalabs and los alamos nationalaboratory eachave branch operations in carlsbad the carlsbadepartment of development and the city operate the aero tech industrial technology park including the advanced manufacturing and innovation training center carlsbad nm businesses points of interest carlsbad caverns national park southwest guadalupe mountains national park southwest in texas lincolnational forest west carlsbad museum and art center carlsbad skate park the cascades of carlsbad living desert zoo and gardenstate park which features a painting bear maggie oso paints wither paws in a variety of non toxic paint colors and heavy white paper thathe zoo curator places in her holding area maggie can choose the color of painto use and the pattern that she will paint maggie s paintings are matted and framed for the public to see maggie s art work has been featured in several art exhibits throughout carlsbad national cave and karst research center pecos river flume project gnomeast project playground the artist gallery notable people shane andrews major league baseball third baseman for three clubs over eight years bruce cabot actor who played jack driscoll in the film king kong film king kong appeared in many of close friend john wayne s films jason d cunningham air force pararescueman who died saving lives ofellow servicemen air force cross recipient sam etcheverry professional football player in the national footballeague and canadian footballeague alfred alexander freemanew mexico territorial judge and tennessee politician f drew gaffney payload specialist aboard sts and professor at vanderbilt university frank giddens national footballeague played for the philadelphia eagles mark jackson quarterback mark jackson gridiron football player bob kelly american football born bob kelly american footballeague defensive linemand offensive lineman for the houston oilers the kansas city chiefs and the cincinnati bengals cody ross major league baseball outfielder for the arizona diamondbacks barry sadler author musiciandecorated combat veteran best known for series of novels focusing on casca rufio longinius and for composing song ballad of the green beretsonny throckmorton singer and songwriter linda wertheimer senior correspondent for national public radio james larkin white jim white discoverer and explorer of carlsbad caverns john wootenational footballeague played for the cleveland browns and washington redskins file carlsbad new mexico municipal buildingjpg carlsbad municipal building file carlsbad new mexico public libraryjpg carlsbad public library file carlsbad new mexico museum art centerjpg carlsbad museum and art center externalinks city of carlsbad official website visit carlsbad new mexico tourism and visitor informationational park service carlsbad caverns carlsbadepartment of development carlsbad chamber of commerceddy county official website carlsbad municipal school district christmas on the pecos carlsbad current argus historical photographs of carlsbad nm area category 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county mayor council government leader_title mayor leader_name dale leader_title city name_leader_title new_mexico house house leader_name leader_title new_mexico state senate state senate leader_name leader_title united_states house representatives us house leader_title founded eddy established title municipal corporation incorporated eddy carlsbad area magnitude area total area land area water area total area land area water elevation elevation coordinates population population united_states census population total population density auto mountain standard time zone utc dst mountain utc offset dst website postal code type zip code postal code area code area code blank name federal information processing standard code blank info blank name geographic names information system feature blank info blank name primary airport blank info cavern city air terminal footnotes pop est pop est footnotes population est population density auto unit imperial carlsbad city county seat eddy county_new mexico eddy county_new mexico united_states united_states census city population carlsbad centered athe intersection us_route us_routes us_route us_route principal city carlsbad statistical area whichas total population located southeastern part new_mexico carlsbad pecos_river sits edge guadalupe mountains carlsbad hub potash mining production tourism carlsbad caverns national_park located southwest city guadalupe mountains national_park across texas border forest northwest town history development mexico late_th century fueled arrival colonies immigrants england switzerland france italy located along banks pecos_river carlsbad originally town eddy september organized municipal corporation settlement bore name charles b eddy company history carlsbad withe commercial development local mineral springs near flume qualities town later voted change name carlsbad famous european spa carlsbad bohemia vary czech_republic march growing town population allowing governor new_mexico washington carlsbad city carlsbad development due irrigation water local recognized value water pecos_river grazing lands eddy ranch many construction projects undertaken establish irrigation system within town avalon dam constructed town canals diverted water conflict arose canals methe river resulthe pecos_river flume built first wood later concrete flume often titled place river crosses key growth area special excursion trains brought visitors theast reduced fares railroad completed pecos texas pecos travel parties met athe railroad station texas driven buggy rough dusty road growing settlement banks pecos_river thearly construction carlsbad completed locally manufactured brick quite soft poor quality former first national bank building athe_corner canal fox streets one remaining buildings constructed withe local brick discovery carlsbad caverns known bat cave local cowboys subsequent establishment carlsbad caverns national_park may gained town carlsbad substantial recognition potash discovered near carlsbad manyears american potash market carlsbad new_mexico following decline potash market residents leaders carlsbad thestablishment waste isolation pilot plant site low level nuclear waste would stored thousands ofeet underground salt beds congress authorized construction_began united_states department energy doe carlsbad area office opened first waste shipment arrived currently carlsbad experienced boom city leading production oil natural across thentire area causing increase themployment rate due increase families individuals begun carlsbad geography climate carlsbad located_near center eddy county elevation carlsbad isituated northern reaches desert lower pecos_river valley via us north new_mexico south pecos texas us_routes lead hobbs new_mexico hobbs el_paso texas el_paso according united_states census bureau carlsbad total area city land water water within city limits consists pecos_river lake carlsbad recreation area river flows northern part lake avalon lake passes east downtown exits southeast dark canyon draw also runs southern part town drains heavy canyon united_states geological survey retrieved september carlsbad part interior west climate climate zones united_states forest_service retrieved_march classified k ppen climate classification k ppen meaning average annual less potential potential half moderate amount rain falls year withe maximum occurring september reported eddy county since date august us census census people households families residing city population density housing units average density per square mile racial city white american white non hispanic african_american black african_american asian american asian pacific american pacific race ethnicity united_states census race american twor races population hispanic latino americans latinos race households whichave children age living withem married couples living together female husband present non families households made individuals someone living alone years age older average household size average family size city population age ofrom years age older median age years every females males every females age males median income household city median income family males median income versus females per capita income city population poverty line total population age older living poverty line city carlsbad mayor council government mayor council form government voters bothe mayor theight members city_council two ward pass laws make policy first meeting city_council newly elected council members seated council mayor pro serves mayor absence mayor class infobox style font_size border px_solid float right margin left width_px style background f f colspan largest employers carlsbad labor economic research style_text align left urs corporation washington solutions llc style_text align left carlsbad municipal text align lefthe mosaic potash carlsbad style_text align left inc style_text align left carlsbad medical_center style_text align left intrepid potash style_text align left homes inc style_text align left lowe style_text align left new_mexico state_university new_mexico state_university carlsbad style_text align left lakeview christian home theconomy carlsbad area based primarily mineral extraction sector city rich oil gas producing formations permian america permian basin produces potash thany location united_states carlsbad home us_department energy doe carlsbad field office operates waste isolation pilot safely store nuclear wastes nation defense sites tourism major factor carlsbad caverns national_park guadalupe mountains national_park living desert zoo park annual christmas pecos light show allocated within fifty miles city potash containing compound used along nitrogen potash deposits across permian america permian basin two companies mosaic potash carlsbad formerly global intrepid potash formerly mississippi chemical corporation operate mining operations east carlsbad mines employ significant number workers surrounding communities company_also contributes local charities public schools carlsbad municipal school district operating public school system carlsbad municipal schools besides mentioned schools carlsbad municipal schools alsoperates charter school jefferson academy mission carlsbad board education create public school environment meets individual educational needs children regardless ability ethnicity gender social standing mission carlsbad board education create public school environment meets individual educational needs children regardless ability ethnicity gender social standing schools e smith pre school early childhood education center elementary_schools craft elementary_school elementary_school joe stanley smith elementary_school elementary_school school elementary_school school sunset elementary_school middle schools carlsbad intermediate school high_schools carlsbad early college high_school carlsbad high_school carlsbad new_mexico carlsbad high_school private schools four private schools located carlsbad faith christian academy trinity christian academy paradise christian academy st edwards catholic school colleges universities new_mexico state_university branch campus located carlsbad offering certificate associate degree bachelor degree continuing education programs student population approximately staff previously known carlsbad center campus established state first community college renamed branch present_day main_building built additional instruction center added computer facilities wing completed campus additional building house nursing program allied health university transfer center allied health grand opening press county beauty college also located carlsbad providing certification programs college southwest northwood university previously branch campuses carlsbad mediand journalism carlsbad daily except monday newspaper carlsbad current focus carlsbad quarterly magazine_published local articles related living shopping carlsbad focus carlsbad channel tv local television station shown cable television channel tv_channel airs coverage special_events also local news many residents host shows topics plant care science movies like leagues sea film leagues sea meet john doe street shown wednesdays channel tv currently unavailable carlsbad professional baseball team member independent pecos league primarily travel team league played two games carlsbad carlsbad considered full_time franchise carlsbad recently constructed youth sports complex southwest side town containing six four soccer fields multiple local regional held_athe complex yearly carlsbad high_school carlsbad new_mexico carlsbad high_school school fourth district new_mexico activities association carlsbad high_school teams competing sports american football baseball basketball track field golf men women soccer swimming wrestling rodeo carlsbad cycling club local cycling bicycle hosting cavern city classic large success weekly rides held saturdays giving riders chance see much surrounding landscape annual races walking organized carlsbad runner club national night file wikipedia carlsbad thumb cavern theater major highways two_main highways run city us_highway us named canal street enters city southwest athe intersection greene street heads east us_highway named canal street southeast athe intersection street branches three road bridges cross waterways serve municipality bridge crosses pecos_river east greene street north canal bridge crosses pecos_river canal street south canal bridge crosses dark canyon draw south canal street mass carlsbad municipal transit system provides public_transportation within city limits carlsbad portions eddy county immediately adjacento city operates three fixed routes general ride june operates fleet vans services persons general_public average monthly approximately new_mexico transportation_services private_company provides daily transportation waste isolation pilot plant employees fixed pick locations carlsbad route_el_paso texas el_paso texas map routes cavern city air terminal located south carlsbad boutique air currently offering non stop service albuquerque new_mexico albuquerque fort_worth international_airport dallas fort_worth essential air airport carlsbad connected dallas fort_worth carlsbad current april retrieved roswell international air located north carlsbad roswell new_mexico iserved american eagle airline brand american eagle offering daily service dallas fort_worth international_airport flights phoenix sky harbor international_airport scheduled begin march lea county regional airport located east carlsbad hobbs new_mexico iserved united express offering daily service george_bush intercontinental airport houston el_paso international_airport located northeastern part el_paso texas west carlsbad midland international_airport located southeast midland carlsbad southwestern railroad new_mexico southwestern railroad operates santa railways carlsbad area providing freight service local potash mines two yard operations present carlsbad one avenue lane greene church streets energy provides electricity carlsbad area new_mexico gas company provides natural customers state including carlsbad city carlsbad responsible delivery drinking water treatment city also_provides waste trash recycling service residents trash east town operated eddy county_new mexico eddy county carlsbad medical_center primary hospital facility serving greater carlsbad area operated community health systems bed acute care facility including hour emergency room imaging systems services town also home clinics facilities center specialty clinics carlsbad mental health association provides mental health abuse treatment family youth services employee assistance programs two nursing home present carlsbad homes lakeview christian home research development technology facilities carlsbad haseveral research facilitiesuch carlsbad environmental monitoring research_center operated new_mexico state_university carlsbad environmental monitoring research_center national cave karst research_center operated new_mexico tech national_park service city carlsbad national cave karst research_center united_states department energy los_alamos nationalaboratory eachave branch operations carlsbad development city operate aero tech industrial technology park including advanced manufacturing innovation training center carlsbad businesses points interest carlsbad caverns national_park southwest guadalupe mountains national_park southwest texas forest west carlsbad museum art center carlsbad park carlsbad living desert zoo park features painting bear maggie wither variety non toxic paint colors heavy white paper thathe zoo curator places holding area maggie choose color use pattern paint maggie paintings framed public see maggie art work featured several art exhibits throughout carlsbad national cave karst research_center pecos_river flume project project playground artist gallery notable people shane andrews major league baseball third three clubs eight years bruce actor played jack film king kong film king kong appeared many close friend john wayne films jason air_force died saving lives servicemen air_force cross recipient sam professional football player national footballeague canadian footballeague alfred alexander mexico territorial judge tennessee politician f drew payload specialist aboard sts professor university frank national footballeague played philadelphia mark jackson mark jackson football player bob kelly american football born bob kelly american footballeague offensive houston kansas_city cincinnati ross major league baseball arizona barry author combat veteran best_known series novels focusing song green singer linda senior correspondent national_public radio james white jim white explorer carlsbad caverns john_footballeague played cleveland washington file carlsbad new_mexico municipal carlsbad municipal building file carlsbad new_mexico public carlsbad public_library file carlsbad new_mexico museum art carlsbad museum art center externalinks city carlsbad official_website visit carlsbad new_mexico tourism visitor park_service carlsbad caverns development carlsbad chamber county official_website carlsbad municipal school district christmas pecos carlsbad current historical photographs carlsbad area_category carlsbad new_mexico category cities inew_mexico_category cities eddy county_new mexico_category county seats inew_mexico_category areas new_mexico category populated category_atomic_tourism_category_establishments inew_mexico territory"},{"title":"Cartopia","description":"file set jpg thumb potato champion athe cartopia food cart pod in portland or cartopia is a food cart pod lot of many food trucks located on the corner of se th avenue and hawthorne portland oregon hawthorne boulevard in south east portland oregon it is the home of potato champion perierra creperie pyro pizza chicken guns el brasero and tahrir square the famous cart pod has occupied the corner of hawthorne portland oregon hawthorne boulevard and se th avenue since it is often referred to as one of the cart pods that pioneered the now iconic food cart culture in portland oregon it is alsone of the pioneers of portland s late night food scene as of november all the carts athe lot have been given year leases category culture of portland oregon category food 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square famous cart pod occupied corner hawthorne portland_oregon hawthorne boulevard th avenue since often_referred one cart pods pioneered iconic food_cart culture portland_oregon alsone pioneers portland late_night food scene november carts athe lot given year category_culture portland_oregon category_food trucks"},{"title":"Carvery","description":"image carvery mealjpg thumb right px a typical carvery meal from a pub in south africa carvery is a restaurant where cooked meat is freshly sliced torder for customersometimes offering unlimited servings for a fixed price the term is most commonly used in the united kingdom republic of ireland cyprus and commonwealth countries like canadand australia but it is also found in the united states description carveries are often found in pub s and hotels and are particularly commonly held at weekends when they offer traditional sunday roast s to a potentially large number of people the meat is usually accompanied by a choice of potato es generally at least boiled mashed potato mashed and roasted and other vegetables commonly including carrot s parsnips peas and other traditional british vegetables with gravy and a sauce considered a traditional accompanimento the various meats for example mint sauce to accompany roast lamb food lamb apple sauce to accompany roast pork and son carverys existed as early as in london in twof j lyons and co lyons corner houses one of the restaurants in each of the strand london strand the tottenham court road lyons was a carvery they provided a three course meal with beverage but all buthe carvery items were served by a nippy waitress even the carvery table had an employee to help those having difficulty in the actual carving the price athis time was five shillings in the s and later many more carverys appeared in londone well known carvery wasituated in the regent palace hotel the restauranthere was on the ground floor the art deco ceiling of whichas been reassembled in the new air w building image sign of the beefcarverestaurant dearbornjpg thumb right sign of the beefcarverestaurant dearborn michigan later they were operated by pub chain such as harvesterestaurant harvester brewer s fayre and beefeaterestaurant beefeater the toby carvery brand took over many former beefeater sites the chain ofuzzy s grub in london is a noted carvery being voted bestraditional british restaurant but all buthe carv in london in harden s guide carveries are also commonly offered by many local pub s united statesome restaurants in the use the term or concept and it is a staple at some buffet s examples include the house of prime rib a standing rib roast prime rib carvery in san francisco california lawry s may be described as a carvery serving almost exclusively roast beef and uses the term for one branch lawry s carvery the sign of the beefcarver a carvery chain michigan most california style hofbrau restaurants may also be considered carveries externalinks chowhoundiscussion of 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spectacle fell into desuetude and the cave was closed however the area is now being restored by volunteerstaylor alfred swaine an account of the grotta del cane with remarks upon suffocation by carbonic acid the london medical and physical journal johnson toxic airs body place planet in historical perspective pittsburgh kroonenberg why hell stinks of sulfur mythology and geology of the underworld chicago jeff matthews naples life death miracles agnano the grottof the dog visited the area degraded terribly after wwii and became an eyesore from shoddy overbuilding and illegal waste dumping i drove by the baths hundreds of times over the years and never knew abouthe lake never knew that i was yards from the grottof the dogrotta del cane visited file from taylor png thumb the principle of the cave of dogsketched by alfred swaine taylor the cave was often described inineteenth century science textbooks to illustrate the density and toxicity of carbon dioxide the above image is from l air et le monde a rien an textbook by arthur mangin p and its reputation has given rise to a popular scientific demonstration of the same name stepped candles are successively extinguished by tipping carbon dioxide into a transparent container a videof this has been made visited the cave was recently investigated by italian speleologists including rosario varriale who interpreted it as a man made cavity constructed in antiquity possibly as a sudatorium the carbon dioxide level was measured at napoli underground grotta del cane nuove ricerche visited according to the australian speleologist garry k smith a concentration of produces in humans violent panting and fatigue to the point of exhaustion merely from respiration severe headache prolonged exposure at could result in irreversibleffects to health prolonged exposure at could result in unconsciousness andeath category caves of italy category carbon dioxide category campanian volcanic arcategory cruelty to animals category science 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releases carbon dioxide origin tourist_attraction travellers grand_tour gas air tends deeper parts cave local guides fee would small animals inside usually dogs became humans inhaled air higher level affected dogs might revived cold waters nearby lake famous tourists came see attraction included goethe p mark twain lake became spectacle fell cave closed however area restored alfred account grotta del cane remarks upon acid london medical physical journal johnson toxic airs body place planet historical perspective pittsburgh hell mythology geology underworld chicago jeff naples life death dog visited area degraded became illegal waste drove baths hundreds times years never knew abouthe lake never knew yards del cane visited file taylor png_thumb principle cave alfred taylor cave often described century science illustrate density carbon dioxide image l air monde textbook arthur p reputation given rise popular scientific demonstration name stepped candles tipping carbon dioxide transparent container videof made visited cave recently investigated italian including interpreted man_made cavity constructed antiquity possibly carbon dioxide level measured underground grotta del cane visited according australian k smith concentration produces humans violent fatigue point merely severe exposure could result health exposure could result andeath category caves italy_category carbon dioxide category cruelty animals category science category category category_tourism italy_category_tourist attractions_category italy_category geotourism"},{"title":"Celebrated Living","description":"oclcelebrated living is a free quarterly in flight magazine available on american airlines flights in first and business class and american airlines admirals club american airlines admirals club s worldwide history and profile celebrated living was established in the first issue appeared on october of that year the magazine is published quarterly with a spring summer fall and winter issue 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magazine_published american airlines publishing based fort_worth texas american airlines appointed ink global ink new publisher celebrated living magazine contains new editorial sections focused luxury form property style culture topics firstime celebrated living available readers inflight lounges via print version well digital edition mobile devices tablets online see_also american way magazine american way externalinks celebrated living magazine website ink global website_category american airlines category_american lifestyle_magazines_category american quarterly magazines_category_free_magazines category inflight_magazines_category_magazinestablished category_magazines_published texas_category_tourismagazines"},{"title":"Central Reservations Office","description":"in the hospitality industry a central reservations office or central reservations center is a call center that handles room reservation calls and otherelated calls for a hotel chain or company a central reservations office usually handles calls from a toll free number or multiple numbers for a chain of hotels call centers usually consist of a large staff of phone operators that answer incoming phone calls and specialize as reservations agents the main floor of a central reservations office is usually known as the sales floor as this where the majority of calls are handled and sales transactions are made by booking reservations at hotels large call centers may have special operators for special services or phone numbersuch as preferred customer lines a reward reservations line for guest loyalty programs and a guest services line for complaints and unique situations large hospitality companiesuch as the hilton hotels corporation and marriott international have large networks of multiple central reservations offices throughouthe world most central reservations offices often have on site corporate offices for the chain of hotels or hotel management company category hospitality occupations category hotel 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customer lines reward reservations line guest loyalty programs guest services line complaints unique situations large hospitality companiesuch hilton hotels corporation marriott international large networks multiple central reservations offices throughouthe_world central reservations offices often site corporate offices chain hotels hotel_management company category_hospitality_occupations_category_hotel terminology"},{"title":"Certified Hotel Administrator","description":"certified hotel administrator cha is the highest certification from the american hotelodging educational institute to beligible individuals must fall intone of the following categories hotel manager general manager owner operator in a lodging hospitality company or corporatexecutive at a lodging hospitality company responsible for the operation of twor more properties a corporatexecutive is defined as individual employed by a firm responsible for the operation of twor more properties who serves as a regional or corporate director of operations or has ultimate corporate responsibility forooms marketing accounting and finance food and beverage human resources or engineering assistant general manager or director of operations rooms division after successfully completing the certified rooms division executive certification according to the american hotelodging educational institute the cha exam consists of multiple choice questions that must be answered within a four hour time period all test questions are designed to testhe candidate s mastery of various competencies derived from six key areas of knowledge in combination with on the job hospitality work experience the key areas of testing are financial management sales and marketing leadership management human resources management rooms management food and beverage management college credits cha s can earn undergraduate or graduate credit for their certification when they enroll in certain american public university programs of study from the american public university and the university of phoenix the american council on education ace determined the cha certification is worth six semester credits at an upper division baccalaureate degree level and three semester credits at a graduate degree levels references category hospitality occupations category professional titles and 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cha highest certification american hotelodging educational institute individuals must fall intone following categories hotel_manager general_manager owner operator lodging hospitality company lodging hospitality company responsible operation twor properties defined individual employed firm responsible operation twor properties serves regional corporate director operations ultimate corporate responsibility marketing accounting finance food beverage human_resources engineering assistant general_manager director operations rooms division successfully completing certified rooms division executive certification according american hotelodging educational institute cha consists multiple choice questions must answered within four hour time_period test questions designed testhe candidate various derived six key areas knowledge combination job hospitality work experience key areas testing financial management sales marketing leadership management human_resources management rooms management food beverage management college credits cha earn undergraduate graduate credit certification certain american public university programs study american public university university phoenix american council education ace determined cha certification worth six semester credits upper division degree level three semester credits graduate degree levels references_category hospitality_occupations_category professional titles certifications"},{"title":"Charcuterie","description":"file saucisson jpg thumb charcuterie or northern or southern from chair meat and cuit cooked is the branch of cooking devoted to prepared meat productsuch as bacon ham sausage terrine food terrine s galantine s ballotine s p t s and confit primarily from pork ruhlman the culinary institute of america charcuterie is part of the garde manger chef s repertoire originally intended as a way to preserve meat before the advent of refrigeration they are prepared today for their flavors derived from the preservation processesruhlman the french word for a person who prepares charcuterie is charcutier generally translated into english as pork butcher this has led to the mistaken belief that charcuterie can only involve pork the food lover s companion however says it refers to the products particularly but not limited to pork specialtiesuch as p t s rillettes galantine s cr pinette s etc which are made and sold in a delicatessen style shop also called a charcuterie thedition of larousse gastronomique defines it as the art of preparing various meats in particular pork in order to presenthem in the most diverse ways file modern charcuterie displayjpg thumbnail px right a modern charcuterie display in the first century ad strabo recorded the import of salted meat from gaul jane grigson charcuterie and french pork cookery and the romans may have been the firsto regulate the trade of charcuterie as they wrote laws regulating the proper production of pork joints buthe french people frenchave also had some influence in th century france local guild s regulated tradesmen in the food production industry in each city the guilds that produced charcuterie were those of the charcutiers the members of this guild produced a traditional range of cooked or salted andried fruits which varied sometimes distinctively from region to region the only raw meathe charcutiers were allowed to sell was unrendered lard the charcutier prepared numerous items including p t s rillettesausage s bacon pig s trotters and head cheese brawn these preservation methods ensured the meats would have longer shelf lives products created with forcemeats forcemeat is a mixture of ground lean meat emulsify emulsified with fathemulsification can be accomplished by grinding sieving or pur eing the ingredients themulsification may either be smooth or coarse in texture depending on the desired consistency of the final product forcemeats are used in the production of numerous items found in charcuterie meats commonly used in the production oforcemeats include pork fish pike fish pike trout or salmon seafood game food gameat s venison boar orabbit poultry game bird s veal and pork livers fatback pork fatback is often used for the fat portion oforcemeat as it has a somewhat neutral flavorthe culinary institute of america in usage there are four basic styles oforcemeat straight forcemeats are produced by progressively grinding equal parts pork and pork fat with a thirdominant meat which can be pork or another meathe proteins are cubed and then seasoned cured rested ground and then placed into desired vessel country style forcemeats are a combination of pork fat often withe addition of pork liver and garnish ingredients the finished product has a coarse texture the third style is gratin whichas a portion of the main protein browned the french term gratin connotes a grated producthat is browned the final style is mousseline sauce mousseline which are very light in texture using lean cuts of meat usually from veal poultry fish or shellfish the resulting texture comes from the addition of eggs and cream to this forcemeat file sausage making h jpg thumb right sausage making sausage making its name derived through french from the latin salthe sausage making technique involves placinground or chopped meat along with salt into a tube the tubes can vary buthe more common animal derived tubes include sheep hog or cattle intestinalinings additionally animal stomachs and bladders as well as edible artificial casings produced from collagen and inedible plant cellulose or paper are also used inedible casings are primarily used to shape store and age the sausagemcgee the two main variants of sausage are fresh and cooked fresh sausages involve the production of raw meat placed into casings to be cooked at a later time whereas cooked sausages are heateduring production and aready to eat thend of productionmcgeemulsified sausagemulsified sausages are cooked sausages with a very fine texture using the combination of pork beef or poultry with fat salt cure flavorings and water these ingredients aremulsified at high speed in a food processor blender during this process the salt dissolves the muscle proteins whichelps to suspend the fat molecules temperature is an important part of the process if the temperature rises above f c for pork or f c for beef themulsion will not hold and fat willeak from the sausage during the cooking process p terrine galantine roulade file pates p jpg thumb px various p t s and terrine food terrine s p t and terrine food terrine s are often cooked in a pastry crust or an earthenware container bothearthenware container and the dish itself are called a terrine p t and terrine are very similar the term p t often suggests a finer textured forcemeat using liver whereas terrines are more often made of a coarser forcemeathe meat is chopped or ground along witheavy seasoning which may include fat and aromatics the seasoning is important as they will generally be served cold which mutes the flavorsmcgee the mixture is placed into a lined mold covered and cooked in a water bath to control the temperature which will keep the forcemeat from separating as the water bath slows theating process of the terrine p t and terrine are generally cooked to f c while terrine made ofoie gras are generally cooked to an internal temperature of c after the proper temperature is reached the terrine is removed from the oven and placed into a cooling unitopped with a weighto compacthe contents of the terrine it is then allowed to rest for several days to allow the flavors to blend file galantina de patojpg thumb px left duck galantine is a chilled poultry product created after the french revolution by the chef to the marquis de brancas the term galant connotes urbane sophistication other origins are suggested the older french word for chicken g line or galine or the word gelatin sourcesuggesthe spelling of gelatin transformed into the words galentyne galyntyne galandyne and galendine the galantine is prepared by skinning and boning a chicken or other poultry the skin is laid flat withe pounded breast laid on top a forcemeat is then placed on top of the pounded breasthe galantine is then rolled withends of the breast meeting one another the galantine is then wrapped in cheesecloth and poached in poultry stock until the proper internal temperature is reachedthe culinary institute of america roulade isimilar to a galantine the two major differences are instead of rolling the poultry evenly for thends of the breasts to meethe bird is rolled into a pinwheel shape and the roulade is cooled by chilling it after it has been removed from the poaching liquid salt cured and brined productsalt serves four main purposes in the preservation ofood in the charcuterie kitchen the first is inducing osmosis this process involves the movement of water outside of the membranes of the cells which in turn reabsorb the salted water back into the cell this process assists in the destruction of harmful pathogens the second is dehydration which means the salt pulls excess water from the protein which aids in the shelf life of the protein as there is less moisture present for bacterial growth fermentation is the third in which salt assists in halting the fermentation process which would otherwise completely break the meat down finally salt assists in denaturation biochemistry denaturing proteins which in essence means the structure of the proteins is effectively shifted similar to theffects of cooking the culinary institute of america before the discovery of nitrate s and nitrite s by german chemists around curing was done with unrefined salt and potassium nitrate saltpeter asaltpeter gives inconsistent results in preventing bacterial growth nitrate and nitrite in the forms of sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate have increased in popularity for their consistent results nitrates take a considerably longer period of time to break down in cured foods thanitrites because of this nitrates are the preferred curing salts for lengthy curing andrying periods nitrites are often used in foods that require a shorter curing time and are used for any item that will be fully cookedthe culinary institute of america eventually a portion of the nitrates will be converted into nitritesmcgee by bacterial actionitrite has multiple purposes in the curing process one purpose is flavor the nitrites giving a sharpiquant flavor to the meat second the nitrites react with substances in the meato produce nitric oxide nitric oxide prevents iron from breaking down the fat in the meathus halting rancidity the binding also creates the characteristic reddish color found in most cured meat finally the nitrite inhibits the growth of botulism causing organisms that would ordinarily thrive in the oxygen deprived environment in the sausage casingerman scientists originally named botulism poisoning wurstvergiftung or sausage poisoning the term botulism derives its name from the latin term for sausagemcgeeating cured meat products has been linked to a small increase in gastricancer as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease the negativeffects are presumed to be caused by nitrates and nitrites as well as nitrosamine s which are formed by nitrites reacting with meathese risks are generally regarded as minimal and regulations in the united states limit ingoing nitrites to parts per million less for bacon as a precautionary measure curing salt blends two main types of curing salt mixture are used by the charcutier the first is known by multiple names including tinted cure mix pink cure prague powder or insta cure the mixture isodium chloride and sodium nitrite when used the recommended amount is a ratiof oz for each lb kg for each kg of meat or of the total weight of the meathis blend is colored bright pink to keep the charcutier from confusing the mixture with regular saltthe culinary institute of america the second curing salt blend is called prague powder ii or insta cure also colored pink to differentiate it from table salthis blend is produced from salt and sodium nitrate this mixture is used for dry sausages that require a longer drying period which requires the presence of nitrate seasoning and flavoring agentsweeteners and other flavoring agents are necessary in the production of many cured products due to the harsh flavors of the salt a number of sweeteners can be used in curing foods including dextrose sugar corn syrup honey and maple syrup dextrose iseen often in cured meat as it not only mellows the harshness but it also increases the moisture content of the cured product while adding lessweetness to the cured meathe sweeteners also assist in stabilizing the colors in meat and help the fermentation process by giving a nutriento the bacteriathe culinary institute of america numerouspice s and herb s are used in the curing process to assist withe flavor of the final producthe sweet spices regularly used include cinnamon allspice nutmeg mace spice mace and cardamom other flavoring agents may include dried and fresh chili pepper chili es wine fruit juice or vinegar fermented sausage file saucisson jpg righthumb px saucisson fermented sausages are created by salting chopped or ground meato remove moisture while allowing beneficial bacteria to break down sugars into flavorful molecules bacteria including lactobacilluspecies and leuconostoc species break down these sugars to produce lactic acid which not only affects the flavor of the sausage but also lowers the ph from to preventing the growth of bacteria that could spoil the sausage theseffects are magnifieduring the drying process as the salt and acidity are concentrated as moisture is extracted the ingredients found in a fermented sausage include meat fat bacterial culture salt spicesugar and nitrite is commonly added to fermented sausages to preventhe formation of botulism causing bacteria while some traditional and artisanal producers avoid nitritesugar is added to aid the bacterial production of lactic aciduring the hour to three day fermentation process the fermentation time depends on the temperature at which the sausage istored the lower the temperature the longer the required fermentation period a white mold and yeast sometimes adheres to the outside of the sausage during the drying process this mold adds to the flavor of the sausage and aids in preventing harmful bacteria from attaching to the sausagemcgee the two main types ofermented sausage are the dry salted spiced sausages found in warmer climates and fermented semidry sausages found in cooler more humid climatesince the dry sausages of the mediterranean in countriesuch as italy spain and portugal contain water and more than salthey may be stored at room temperature the sausages of northern europe usually contain lessalt around and water and asuch do not dry well in the humid climate of countriesuch as germany see also cold cut list of dried foods list of smoked foodsalumi smallgoods the culinary institute of america garde manger the art and craft of the cold kitchen rd ed hobokenjohn wiley sons mcgee harold on food and cooking the science and lore of the kitchenew york simon and schusteruhlman michael and polcyn brian charcuterie the craft of salting smoking and curing new york w norton company externalinks enrique garc a ballesteros foods from spain history charcuterie through the ages istituto valorizzazione salumitaliani pgi consortium salumi casalinghin italian salumitalian cold cuts from aboutcom category charcuterie category culinary terminology category cold cut category cooking category dried meat category garde manger category guilds category italian cuisine category meat category pork category restauranterminology category salumi category smoked 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meat"],"new_description":"file saucisson jpg thumb charcuterie northern southern chair meat cooked branch cooking devoted prepared meat productsuch bacon ham sausage terrine food terrine galantine p primarily pork culinary_institute america charcuterie part garde_manger chef repertoire originally_intended way preserve meat advent prepared today flavors derived preservation french word person prepares charcuterie charcutier generally translated english pork butcher led belief charcuterie involve pork food lover companion however says refers products particularly limited pork p galantine etc made sold delicatessen style shop also_called charcuterie thedition gastronomique defines art preparing various meats particular pork order diverse ways file modern charcuterie thumbnail px right modern charcuterie display first_century recorded import salted meat jane charcuterie french pork cookery romans may firsto regulate trade charcuterie wrote laws regulating proper production pork joints buthe french people also influence th_century france local guild regulated food production industry city guilds produced charcuterie members guild produced traditional range cooked salted fruits varied sometimes region region raw meathe allowed sell charcutier prepared numerous items including p bacon pig head cheese preservation methods ensured meats would longer shelf lives products created forcemeats forcemeat mixture ground lean meat accomplished grinding ingredients may either smooth texture depending desired consistency final product forcemeats used production numerous items found charcuterie meats commonly_used production include pork fish pike fish pike trout salmon seafood game food boar poultry game bird veal pork pork often_used fat portion somewhat neutral culinary_institute america usage four basic styles straight forcemeats produced progressively grinding equal parts pork pork fat meat pork another meathe proteins seasoned cured ground placed desired vessel country style forcemeats combination pork fat often withe addition pork liver garnish ingredients finished product texture third style whichas portion main protein french term connotes final style sauce light texture using lean cuts meat usually veal poultry fish shellfish resulting texture comes addition eggs cream forcemeat file sausage making h jpg thumb right sausage making sausage making name derived french latin sausage making technique involves chopped meat along salt tube tubes vary buthe common animal derived tubes include sheep hog cattle additionally animal well artificial casings produced plant paper also_used casings primarily used shape store age two_main variants sausage fresh cooked fresh sausages involve production raw meat placed casings cooked later time whereas cooked sausages production eat thend sausages cooked sausages fine texture using combination pork beef poultry fat salt cure water ingredients high_speed food process salt proteins whichelps fat temperature important_part process temperature f c pork f c beef hold fat sausage cooking process p terrine galantine file p jpg thumb px various p terrine food terrine p terrine food terrine often cooked pastry crust container container dish called terrine p terrine similar term p often suggests finer forcemeat using liver whereas terrines often made meat chopped ground along seasoning may_include fat seasoning important generally served cold mixture placed lined mold covered cooked water bath control temperature keep forcemeat separating water bath theating process terrine p terrine generally cooked f c terrine made gras generally cooked internal temperature c proper temperature reached terrine removed oven placed cooling contents terrine allowed rest several days allow flavors blend file de thumb px left duck galantine poultry product created french revolution chef marquis de term connotes sophistication origins suggested older french word chicken g line word gelatin spelling gelatin transformed words galantine prepared chicken poultry skin laid flat withe breast laid top forcemeat placed top galantine rolled breast meeting one another galantine wrapped poultry stock proper internal temperature culinary_institute america isimilar galantine two_major differences instead rolling poultry meethe bird rolled shape cooled removed liquid salt cured serves four main purposes preservation ofood charcuterie kitchen first process involves movement water outside cells turn salted water back cell process assists destruction harmful second means salt pulls excess water protein aids shelf life protein less moisture present bacterial growth fermentation third salt assists fermentation process would otherwise completely break meat finally salt assists proteins means structure proteins effectively shifted similar theffects cooking culinary_institute america discovery nitrate nitrite german chemists around curing done salt nitrate gives results preventing bacterial growth nitrate nitrite forms sodium nitrite sodium nitrate increased popularity consistent results nitrates take considerably longer period time break cured foods nitrates preferred curing lengthy curing periods nitrites often_used foods require shorter curing time used item fully culinary_institute america eventually portion nitrates converted bacterial multiple purposes curing process one purpose flavor nitrites giving flavor meat second nitrites substances produce oxide oxide iron breaking fat also creates characteristic color found cured meat finally nitrite growth botulism causing organisms would ordinarily oxygen deprived environment sausage scientists originally named botulism poisoning sausage poisoning term botulism derives name latin term cured meat products linked small increase well chronic disease negativeffects caused nitrates nitrites well formed nitrites risks generally regarded minimal regulations united_states limit nitrites parts per million less bacon measure curing salt blends two_main types curing salt mixture used charcutier first known multiple names including cure mix pink cure prague powder insta cure mixture sodium nitrite used recommended amount ratiof meat total weight blend colored bright pink keep charcutier mixture regular culinary_institute america second curing salt blend called prague powder ii insta cure also colored pink differentiate table blend produced salt sodium nitrate mixture used dry sausages require longer drying period requires presence nitrate seasoning flavoring flavoring agents necessary production many cured products due harsh flavors salt number used curing foods including sugar corn syrup honey maple syrup iseen often cured meat also increases moisture content cured product adding cured meathe also assist stabilizing colors meat help fermentation process giving culinary_institute america herb used curing process assist withe flavor final sweet spices regularly used include cinnamon spice flavoring agents may_include dried fresh chili pepper chili wine fruit juice vinegar fermented sausage file saucisson jpg_righthumb px saucisson fermented sausages created salting chopped ground remove moisture allowing beneficial bacteria break bacteria including species break produce acid affects flavor sausage also preventing growth bacteria could sausage drying process salt concentrated moisture extracted ingredients found fermented sausage include meat fat bacterial culture salt nitrite commonly added fermented sausages preventhe formation botulism causing bacteria traditional producers avoid added aid bacterial production hour three_day fermentation process fermentation time depends temperature sausage lower temperature longer required fermentation period white mold yeast sometimes adheres outside sausage drying process mold adds flavor sausage aids preventing harmful bacteria attaching two_main types sausage dry salted spiced sausages found warmer climates fermented sausages found cooler humid dry sausages mediterranean countriesuch italy spain portugal contain water may stored room temperature sausages northern europe usually contain around water asuch dry well humid climate countriesuch germany see_also cold cut list dried foods list smoked culinary_institute america garde_manger art craft cold kitchen ed wiley sons harold food cooking science york simon michael brian charcuterie craft salting smoking curing new_york w norton company externalinks foods spain history charcuterie ages consortium italian cold cuts category charcuterie category culinary terminology category cold cut category cooking category dried meat category garde_manger category guilds category italian cuisine_category meat category pork category_restauranterminology category category smoked meat"},{"title":"Chef","description":"image chef pr parant une truffejpg thumb an italian chef preparing a truffle for diners a chef is a trained and skilled professional cook profession cook who is proficient in all aspects ofood preparation of a particular cuisine the word chef is derived from the term chef de cuisine the director head of a kitchen chefs can receive both formal training from an institution as well as through apprenticeship with an experienced chef there are differenterms that use the word chef in their titles andeal with specific areas ofood preparation such as the sous chef who acts as the second in command in a kitchen or the chef de partie who handles a specific area of production the brigade cuisine brigade system is a system of hierarchy found in restaurants and hotels employing extensive staff many of which use the word chef in their titles underneathe chefs are the kitchen assistants a chef standard uniform includes a hat called a toque necktie double breasted jacket apron and shoes with steel or plastic toe caps the word chef is derived and shortened from the term chef de cuisine the director head of a kitchen the french word comes from latin wikt caput and is a doublet linguistics doublet with english languagenglish chief in english the title chef in the culinary profession originated in the haute cuisine of the th century the culinary arts among other aspects of the french language introduced french loan words into thenglish language file tandoor chef jpg thumb right a chef working with a tandoor a cylindrical clay oven used in cooking and baking various titles detailed below are given to those working in a professional kitchen and each can be considered a title for a type of chef many of the titles are based on the brigade cuisine or brigade system documented by augustescoffier while others have a more general meaning depending on the individual kitchen chef de cuisine other names includexecutive chef manager head chef and master chef this person is in charge of all activities related to the kitchen which usually includes menu creation management of kitchen staff ordering and purchasing of inventory controlling raw material costs and plating design chef de cuisine is the traditional french term from which thenglish word chef is derived head chef is often used to designate someone withe same duties as an executive chef buthere is usually someone in charge of a head chef possibly making the larger executive decisionsuch as direction of menu final authority in staff management decisions and son this often the case for executive chefs with multiple restaurants involved in checking the sensory evaluation of dishes after preparation and they are well aware of each sensory property of those specific dishesous chef the sous chef de cuisine under chef of the kitchen is the second in command direct assistant of the chef de cuisine sous chef works under executive chef or head chef this person may be responsible for scheduling the kitchen staff or substituting when thead chef is off duty also he or she will fill in for assisthe chef de partie line cook wheneeded this person is accountable for the kitchen s inventory cleanliness organization and the continuing training of its entire staff a sous chef s duties can also include carrying outhead chef s directives conducting line checks and overseeing the timely rotation of all food productsmaller operations may not have a sous chef while larger operations may have more than one cia p the sous chef is also responsible when thexecutive chef is absent chef de partie a chef de partie also known as a station chef or line cook is in charge of a particularea of production in large kitchens eachef de partie might have several cooks or assistants in most kitchens however the chef de partie is the only worker in that department line cooks are often divided into a hierarchy of their own starting with first cook then second cook and son as neededemi chef a demi chef is between a commis and chef de partie they have moresponsibility then a commis chef range chef a commis a basichef in larger kitchens who works under a chef de partie to learn the station s orange s responsibilities and operation cia p this may be a chef who has recently completed formal culinary training or istill undergoing training apprentice st year through to th year brigade system titlestation chef titles which are part of the brigade system include cia pp class wikitablenglish french wikipedia ipa for french ipa description saut chef saucieresponsible for all saut ing saut ed items and their sauce this usually the highestratified position of all the stations fish chef poissonnier prepares fish dishes and often does all fish butcher ing as well as appropriate sauces thistation may be combined withe saucier position roast chef r tisseur prepares roasting roasted and braising braised meat s and their appropriate sauce grill chef grillardin prepares all grillingrilled foods this position may be combined withe rotisseur fry chefriturier prepares all frying fried items this position may be combined withe rotisseur position vegetable chef entremetier prepares hot appetizer s and often prepares the soups vegetables pastas and starches in smaller establishments thistation may also cover those tasks performed by the potager and l gumier potager preparesoups in a full brigade system in smaller establishments thistation may be handled by thentremetier l gumier prepares vegetables in a full brigade system in smaller establishments thistation may be handled by thentremetieroundsman tournant also referred to as a swing cook fills in as needed on stations in the kitchen pantry chef garde mangeresponsible for preparing cold foods including salad s cold appetizer s p t s and other charcuterie items butcher boucher butchers meats poultry and sometimes fish may also be responsible for breading meats and fish pastry chef p tissier makes baked goodsuch as pastries cakes breads andesserts in larger establishments the pastry chef often supervises a separateam in their own kitchen assistant kitchen assistants are of two types kitchen hands and stewards kitchen porters kitchen hands assist with basic food preparation tasks under the chef s direction they carry out relatively unskilled tasksuch as peeling potatoes and washing salad stewards kitchen porters are involved in the scullery washing up and general cleaning duties in a smaller kitchen these duties may be incorporated a communard is in charge of preparing the meal for the staff during a shifthis meal is often referred to as the staff or family meal thescuelerie from th century french and a cognate of thenglish scullery maid scullery or the more modern plongeur or dishwasher is the keeper of dishes having charge of dishes and keeping the kitchen clean a common humorous title for this role in some modern kitchens is chef de plonge or headishwasher culinary education file oxford chef school jpg thumb right chefs in training at chef school in oxford england culinary education is available fromany institutions offering diplomassociate and bachelor s degree programs in culinary arts depending on the level of education this can take one to four years an internship is often part of the curriculum regardless of theducation received most professional kitchens follow the apprenticeship system and most new cooks will start at a lower level nd or st cook position and work their way up the training period for a chef is generally four years as an apprentice a newly qualified chef is advanced or more commonly a torquecommis chef consisting ofirst year commisecond year commis and son the rate of pay is usually in accordance withe chefs like all other chefs excepthexecutive chef trainees are placed in sections of the kitchen eg the starter hors d uvre appetizer or entr e sections under the guidance of a demi chef de partie and are given relatively basic tasks ideally over time a commis will spend a certain period in each section of the kitchen to learn the basics unaided a commis may work on the vegetable station of a kitchen learndirectcouk chef training options the usual formal training period for a chef is two to four years in catering college they often spend the summer in work placements in some cases this modified to day release courses a chef will work full time in a kitchen as an apprentice and then would have allocatedays off to attend catering college these courses can last between one and three years file chefsjpg thumb left chefs in mexico wearing standard uniform x px image preparing peking duckjpg thumb a chef preparing peking duck x px the standard uniform for a chef includes a hat called a toque necktie double breastedouble breasted jacket apron and shoes with steel or plastic toe caps a chef s hat was originally designed as a tall rippled hat called a dodin bouffant or more commonly a toque the dodin bouffant had ripples that representhe ways thathe chef could prepareggs the modern chef s hat is tall to allow for the circulation of air above thead and also provides an outlet for heathe hat helps to prevent sweat from dripping down the face and hair shedding on food neckties were originally worn to allow for the mopping of sweat from the face but as this now against health regulations they are largely decorative the chef s neck tie was originally worn on the inside of the jacketo stop sweat running from the face and neck down the body the jacket is usually white to show off the chef s cleanliness and repel heat and is double breasted to prevent serious injuries from burns and scalds the double breast also serves to conceal stains on the jacket as one side can be rebuttoned over the other which is common practice file ribotheodule the cook and the cat jpg thumb right frenchef painted by th odule ribot an apron is worn to just below knee length also to assist in the prevention of burns because of spillage if hot liquid ispilled onto ithe apron can be quickly removed to minimize burns and scaldshoes and clogs are hard wearing and with a steel top cap to prevent injury from falling objects or knives according to some hygiene regulations jewelry is not allowed apart from wedding bands and religious jewelry if woundressings arequired they should be blue an unusual colour for foodstuffso thathey are noticeable if they fall into food facial hair and longer hair are often required to be netted or trimmed for food safety bandages on the hands are usually covered with nylon gloves latex is notypically used for food preparation due to latex allergy see also american culinary federation augustescoffier brigade cuisine culinary art development chef list of chefs list of pastry chefs list of restauranterminology personal chef world association of chefsocieties externalinks official certification levels of the american culinary federation chef training and career progression inew zealand category chefs category occupations category skills category food andrink category restauranterminology category culinary 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timespecialities over the years have included the oldirty dog a smoked short rib hot dog on a potato bun and topped with sweet spicy slaw the b nh m tacoxtail trotters country p t and pickled radishes the sloppy jos with brisket and curry in a hurry vegan curry with rice best food truck miami gastropod mobile gourmet miami new times later the gastropod concept evolved into the semi annual podbrunch series offering an eclectic menu in roving locations the october podbrunch athe wolfsonian museum in miami beach florida featured a prix fixe menu ofrench toast ice cream egg and potato taco charred yam cavatelli and pumpkin spice bundt cakes among other items chef jeremiah s pod brunch athe wolfsonian s dynamo cafe saturday october miamicom picklepeoples and subatomic sandwiches in chef jeremiah expanded his business beyond gastropod with picklepeoples in an interview chef jeremiah said his kickstarter funded pickling project is about using technology and cutting edge techniques to 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florida chef_jeremiah miami early career chef_jeremiah career began johnson wales culinary school inorth miami training set work world garde renowned restaurants including michelin_starred el adri noma restaurant restaurant well eateries like spice market caf grey chef_jeremiah bullfrog biography rick ross personal chef cooked el noma gastropod chef_jeremiah converted trailer mobile kitchen launched gastropod miami first gourmet street_food_truck south florida road food miami project gained attention community described gastropod pushing limits boundaries street_food gastropod miami youtube nbc miami called menu new takes old classics chef_jeremiah bullfrog gourmet go videos chef_jeremiah bullfrog gourmet go nbc south florida within year gastropod helped movement trucks named best_food_truck miami new years included dog smoked short rib hot_dog potato bun topped sweet spicy b country p pickled jos curry vegan curry rice best_food_truck miami gastropod mobile gourmet miami new times later gastropod concept evolved semi annual series offering eclectic menu roving locations october athe wolfsonian museum miami beach_florida featured prix menu ofrench toast ice_cream egg potato taco yam spice cakes among items chef_jeremiah pod brunch athe wolfsonian cafe saturday october sandwiches chef_jeremiah expanded business beyond gastropod interview chef_jeremiah said funded project using technology cutting edge techniques time honored tradition pickled creations worked way specialty cocktails renowned pop bar broken shaker jeremiah culinary lab tasting table late chef_jeremiah opened sandwiches athe wolfsonian museum washington avenue miami beach_florida sandwiches opens athe wolfsonian throw back sub shop features twists classic sandwiches house including bread tv celebrity chef gigs lifelong miami resident chef_jeremiah describes culinary style personal chef ross chef_jeremiah bullfrog cooking ross pickles posted picture instagram chef_jeremiah appeared alongside classics television commercial called rick ross lives white hot chef_jeremiah bullfrog rick ross commercial season episode food_network reality series chopped tv_series chopped chef_jeremiah made ito final round faced bobby cuban sandwiches season food_network program beat bobby made ito final round kitchen truck_stops see_also list chopped episodes list chopped episodes list_ofood_trucks externalinks gastropod miami category_american chefs category_food trucks_category living_people"},{"title":"Chernobyl stalking","description":"redirect chernobyl exclusion zone access and tourism category chernobyl disaster stalking category adventure travel 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owned and operated by philip amigone until his death in it wasubsequently torn down in o neill marty razing final act in saga oformer buffalo hot spot buffalo evening news apr p theater was part of an existing structure and shared the building with other businesses it originally opened as an art house theater named the little in and only showed silent film s the little closed in and reopened as the hollywood run by the list of cinemand movie theater chains basil chain basil heavily promoted theater and showed foreign film s art film s and reruns the hollywood closed in athe time it was the only movie theater located on allentown buffalo delaware avenue in buffalo new york buffalone of the city s main thoroughfares after closing it was refurbished and became the chez ami one of the city s premier nightclubs the building was eventually razed in the interior of chez ami was designed by c theodore macheras who used art deco elements of mirrors neon indirect lighting and plush carpeting to achieve a modern entertainment experience the centerpiece of chez ami was a revolving restaurant revolving bar purported to be the first of its kind in americand took minutes to make a complete cycle file chez ami supper club adpng thumb right chez ami advertisement on december the chez ami suffered a fire that destroyed much of its interior patrons hurt as grease blaze sweeps chez ami buffalo evening news dec p the chez reopened in the spring of withe revolving barepaired an enlargedance floor and expanded balcony seating macheras oversaw the rebuild and much of the club s original art deco d cor was retained the chez ami was remodeled by amigone withe help of macheras again december the art deco theme was replaced with new renaissance revival architecture venetian d cor including a redecorated fade on the outside and a foot diameter chandelier over the dining area the revolving bar was also refurbished related businesses in addition to chez amigone designed and established the lounge athe buffalo memorial auditorium in and the restaurant and lounge at kleinhans music hall in where he was the restaurant concessionaire until decline and closure in thearly s in an efforto keep up with changes in consumer preferences the chez ami underwent another transformation into buffalo s first discotheque the live stagentertainment andining wereplaced by recorded music and open space for the dance floor within months of operating under the new formathe chez ami lost its liquor license onovember a detective claimed that a customer there had solicited him illegally in december amigone died athe age of pj amigone owner of chez ami dies at courier express dec p after his deathe club wasold to twother owners before it finally closedown in as of buffalo new york buffalo developer mark croce is currently renovating the harlow curtiss building into the curtiss hotel the hotel is anticipated to feature a revolving bar modeled after the revolving bar athe chez ami see also list of supper 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first_opened door considered one first supper_club nation first rotating bar united_states club owned operated philip amigone death wasubsequently torn neill final act saga oformer buffalo hot spot buffalo evening news apr p theater part existing structure shared building businesses originally opened art house theater named little showed silent film little closed reopened hollywood run list cinemand movie_theater chains basil chain basil heavily promoted theater showed foreign film art film hollywood closed athe_time movie_theater located allentown buffalo delaware avenue buffalo_new_york city main closing refurbished became chez_ami one city premier nightclubs building eventually interior chez_ami designed c theodore used art_deco elements mirrors neon indirect lighting achieve modern entertainment experience centerpiece chez_ami revolving_restaurant revolving bar first kind americand took minutes make complete cycle file chez_ami supper_club thumb right chez_ami advertisement december chez_ami suffered fire destroyed much interior patrons grease chez_ami buffalo evening news dec p chez reopened spring withe revolving floor expanded balcony seating oversaw rebuild much club original art_deco cor retained chez_ami remodeled amigone withe_help december art_deco theme replaced new renaissance revival architecture venetian cor including fade outside foot diameter dining area revolving bar_also refurbished related businesses addition chez_amigone designed established lounge athe buffalo memorial auditorium restaurant lounge music hall restaurant decline closure thearly efforto keep changes consumer preferences chez_ami underwent another transformation buffalo first live andining recorded music open space dance_floor within months operating new chez_ami lost liquor license onovember detective claimed customer illegally december amigone died athe_age amigone owner chez_ami dies express dec p deathe club wasold twother owners finally closedown buffalo_new_york buffalo developer mark currently building hotel hotel anticipated feature revolving bar modeled revolving bar athe chez_ami see_also list supper_clubs category demolished buildings structures inew_york category_restaurants buffalo_new_york category_nightclubs_category buildings structures revolving_restaurants_category supper_clubs"},{"title":"Chez Ntemba","description":"chez ntemba is a chain of nightclub s owned by democratic republic of the congolese augustin kayembe the first chez ntemba nightclub was founded in lusaka there are night clubs all acrossub saharan africa references category nightclubs","main_words":["chez","chain","nightclub","owned","democratic","republic","first","chez","nightclub","founded","night_clubs","africa"],"clean_bigrams":[["democratic","republic"],["first","chez"],["night","clubs"],["africa","references"],["references","category"],["category","nightclubs"]],"all_collocations":["democratic republic","first chez","night clubs","africa references","references category","category nightclubs"],"new_description":"chez chain nightclub owned democratic republic first chez nightclub founded night_clubs africa references_category_nightclubs"},{"title":"Chi'Lantro BBQ","description":"hq location city austin texas owner jae kim num locations website official website chi lantro bbq is a korean mexican fusion korean mexican fusion food truck mobile truck and catering service which opened in austin texas in since then the former food truck operation has opened fourestaurants in the austin area with a th location opening in fall the name chi lantro is a fusion of kimchi and cilantro two distinct cultural staples aiming to reinventraditional koreand mexican cuisine they are locally known as the originator of a dish known as kimchi fries in february the business was opened by jae kim who was born in koreand moved to the us when he was eleven years old he graduated from california state university fullerton and opened his first food business athe age of twenty one a coffee shop called foothill caf whiche owned for three years he relocated to the culturally diverse austin area topen the food truck business at age twenty six the food truck operations initially served only the austin and fort hood texas areas expanding beyond the austin market in early with food truck service in houston which was discontinued in december with announcementhathe business was looking for a restaurant space on january an austin storefront restaurant was opened and in march plans for a second location in may were announced on may a stabbing occurred near a chi lantro food truck while it was on ut campus crime dallas news date work dallas news access date languagen the menu features fusion cuisine hybrid cuisine inspired by korean cuisine koreand mexican cuisine mexican food traditions items include kimchi frieseoul burritospicy fries tacos quesadillas and bulgogi burgers ingredients include combinations of bulgogi korean vinaigrette salad eggs monterey jack cheese limejuice a proprietary magic sauce and sesame seeds itsignature food kimchi fries are covered in caramelized bulgogi shredded cheddar cheese chile mayonnaise yellow onion chopped fresh cilantro sweet chili sauce thai chile sauce and sesame seedstyle of operation prior topening a restaurant location the business functioned primarily as a mobile kitchen or food truck the trucks make scheduled stops in the mornings afternoons and evenings in highly commercial areas in areas that appeal to consumers in the white collar workforce in addition to manualaborers the stereotypical customers for such establishments example stops include tech industry hubs like the offices of google ncsoft and bioware another part of the service is catering for parties corporatevents promotions weddings festivals conventions and various large social events in the area in january a small brick and mortar location opened adding an eat in option to their outdoor service as of april all chi lantro brick and mortars will not accept cash allocationsupport apple pay samsung pay and all major credit andebit cards use of internet and social media the business makes extensive use of social mediapplicationsuch as twitter foursquare yelp inc yelp and facebook to connect with a tech savvy customer base publishing of tweets keeps customers informed about whereach truck is going to be located the trucks are one of the many food trucks nationwide to pioneer the use of android operating system android and apple inc apple mobile devices for credit card transactions and the organization ofinances they are popular on youtube for itseries of commercials targeted to its fans it is that good fries like a g and chi lantrofied by the food trucks had been featured on the food network the great food truck race and the cooking channel and in were named one of huffington post s favorite food trucks at south by southwest sxsw inovember founder jae kim appeared on season episode of abc shark tank and secured a 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stabbing occurred near chi lantro food_truck campus crime dallas news date work dallas news access_date languagen menu features fusion cuisine hybrid cuisine inspired korean cuisine koreand mexican cuisine mexican food traditions items include kimchi fries tacos bulgogi burgers ingredients include combinations bulgogi korean salad eggs monterey jack cheese proprietary magic sauce sesame seeds food kimchi fries covered bulgogi shredded cheddar cheese chile mayonnaise yellow onion chopped fresh cilantro sweet chili sauce thai chile sauce sesame operation prior restaurant location business functioned primarily mobile kitchen food_truck trucks make scheduled stops mornings evenings highly commercial areas areas appeal consumers white collar workforce addition stereotypical customers establishments example stops include tech industry like offices google another part service catering parties promotions weddings festivals conventions various large social events area january small brick mortar location opened adding eat option outdoor service april chi lantro brick accept cash apple pay pay major credit_cards use internet social_media business makes extensive use social twitter yelp inc yelp facebook connect tech savvy customer base publishing keeps customers informed truck going located trucks one many food_trucks nationwide pioneer use android_operating_system android apple inc apple mobile devices credit_card transactions organization popular youtube commercials targeted fans good fries like g chi food_trucks featured food_network great_food_truck race cooking channel named one huffington_post favorite food_trucks south southwest sxsw inovember founder kim appeared season episode abc shark tank secured investment barbara stake chi lantro bbq participation special_events promotions file chi lantro sxsw jpg thumb right south southwest sxsw food_truck lot nocturnal festival september st place food_network great_food_truck race august gypsy picnic trailer food festival austin 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magazinew york magazine april magazine laid longtime literary editor december announced longtime chicago restaurant critic dennis ray would leaving position jeff would replace april richard babcock chicago editor job augusthe magazine named replace babcock december chicago magazine managing_editor shane resigned years withe magazine passed top editorial marek managing_editor chicago magazine crain chicago business december longtime chicago magazine senior writer coburn left chicago magazine join time chicago contributing cbs welcomes reporter back home chicago facebook june magazine editor walker burke lefthe magazine join crain chicago business assistant managing another chicago editor jumps crain march march publisher externalinks_official_website_category_establishments illinois category_american lifestyle_magazines_category american_monthly_magazines_category_city_guides category_entertainment magazines_category_local_interest_magazines category_magazinestablished 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cantonese jyutping ci faan which means to eat rice or to have a meal a similar loanword arroz chaufa comes from the cantonese jyutping caau faan or fried rice many other words in the peruvian colloquialanguage that are of chinese originclude kion from cantonese jyutpingoeng and sillao from the cantonese jyutping si jau as chinese peruvians chinese immigrants in peru progressed economically they imported a limited number of ingredients to be able to produce a more authentic version of their home cuisine additionally they began to plant a variety of chinese vegetables with seeds imported from china however due to a lack of ingredients the chinese were not able to prepare their cuisine in the authentic manner of their homeland around the first chinese peruvian restaurants were opened in limand were given the name chifa the limean aristocracy was amazed by the bittersweet sauce chaufa rice the soup and other dishes of the ancient cuisine from that moment on wealthy limeans became fascinated by chifa to an extenthat in some regions of the country there are more chifas than creole peoples creole whichere is used to refer to the natives restaurants additionally peruvian chefs began to use products used in traditional chinese cooking such as ginger soy sauce scallion s and a variety of other ingredients which began to make their way into daily limean cuisine there are different accounts on the development of chifa restaurants in lima the peruvian capital such as the following le n pp why is the chinatown lima chinatown of lima near the central market called capon because on ucayali street pigs bullsheep and goats were fattened to be made more appetizing near capon streethere was a piece of land known as otaiza which was rented by a group of chinese free of the indenturement contract free to chartheir own horizon doing whathey best knew how to do cooking and merchanting capon turned into the birthplace of chinese food and of the first peruvian chifas a blessing from the sky soon all of lima comes to eat ton kin sen to thon po to men yut and to san joy lao where there was even dancing to a live orchestrat one time or another nobody knows when chinese restaurants began to become known as chifa for some this word was derived from the chinese ni chi fan or have you eaten yet soon later would come the dish chau fan fried rice and finally chaufa dish that comes with almost every chifa meale n r pp color astated the history of chifa is deeply rooted in the development of the chinatown lima chinatown of lima originally prepared by unhealthy or unsavory methods but whichas become focal point in cultural artisticommercial and especially gastronomic interest chinatown is located near capon street in barrios altos in the historicentre of limage sillao jpg px thumb soy sauce known in peru asillao from the cantonese name of the item is an important ingredient in chifa image chaufa de carne jpg px thumb arroz chaufa the variety pictured includes beef and bean sprout s peruvian chifa is distinct mostly due to its peruvian cuisine influences from chinese food found in other parts of the world although certain aspects found in chinese food internationally are common to peruvian chifa such as wontons fried rice chaufa sweet and sour sauce and soy sauce like most chinese food internationally and within china rice meat noodles and vegetables are important staples to chifa is enjoyed by all socioeconomic levels as evident by the ability to find chifas directed towards those with a more ample budget and seeking a morefined atmosphere whereas chifas de barrio are directed towards a different social stratando not have the same level of atmosphere and are directed towards consumers accustomed to the type ofood which they serve currently in the city of lima there are over chifa restaurants popular chifa dishes class wikitable name image description arroz chaufa file arroz chaufa jpg px cantonese peruvian style fried rice white rice soy sauce scallions fried egg and meat such as chicken or pork chow mein tallarin saltado file tallarin saltado perujpg px cantonese peruvian style chow mein gallina chi jau kai chicken with chu hou sauce sweet and sour chicken gallina tipa kay file sweetsourchickensoakedjpg px chicken with sweet and sour sauce pollo enrollado file pollo enrrollado cajamarcajpg px chicken rolled into fried crust chicharron de gallina fired simmered chicken cubeserved with spiced lemon juice pollo con tausi seasoned chicken with a dark broth aeropuerto a mixture of arroz chaufand tallarin saltado wonton wantan frito file wantan fritojpg px fried wonton sopa wantan file sopa wantanjpg px cantonese peruvian style wonton soup wonton kam lu wantan file kam lu wantanjpg px wontonstir fried with sweet and sour sauce vegetables and meat chicken soup sopa estilo chifa chinese style chicken soup egg drop soup sopa fu chi fu egg drop soup chifas in other countriesince at leasthe s chinese immigrants had alsopened chifas ineighboring ecuador chifas have also been opened in boliviand chile see also chinese cuisine peruvian cuisine chinese peruvians chinatown lima chinatown of lima es chifa spanish wikipedia externalinks category cantonese cuisine category peruvian cuisine category types of 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types"],"new_description":"chifa culinary tradition based chinese traditional peruvian ingredients traditions though originating peru chifa tradition adopted neighboring countries bolivia chinese people chinese immigrants came peru mainly southern province particularly capital_city guangzhou late_th early_th centuries settled part coast peru capital_city lima term chifa also_used describe restaurant type ofood iserved chinese peruvian food become_one popular types_ofood peru thousands chifa restaurants across districts limand many throughout cities peru sometimes multiple independent restaurants operating close_proximity single city block origin term chifa comes cantonese means eat rice meal similar loanword arroz chaufa comes cantonese fried_rice many words peruvian chinese cantonese cantonese chinese chinese immigrants peru economically imported limited number ingredients able produce authentic version home cuisine additionally began plant variety chinese vegetables seeds imported china however due lack ingredients chinese able prepare cuisine authentic manner homeland around first chinese peruvian restaurants opened limand given name chifa aristocracy sauce chaufa rice soup dishes ancient cuisine moment wealthy became chifa regions country chifas creole peoples creole used refer natives restaurants additionally peruvian chefs began use products used traditional chinese cooking ginger soy sauce variety ingredients began make way daily cuisine different accounts development chifa restaurants lima peruvian capital following n pp chinatown lima chinatown lima near central market called capon ucayali street pigs goats made near capon piece land known rented group chinese free contract free horizon whathey best knew cooking capon turned birthplace chinese food first peruvian chifas sky soon lima comes eat ton men san joy even dancing live one_time another nobody knows chinese restaurants began become known chifa word derived chinese chi fan eaten yet soon later would come dish fan fried_rice finally chaufa dish comes almost every chifa n r pp color astated history chifa deeply rooted development chinatown lima chinatown lima originally prepared unhealthy methods whichas become focal point cultural especially gastronomic interest chinatown located_near capon street jpg_px_thumb soy sauce known peru cantonese name item important ingredient chifa image chaufa de carne jpg_px_thumb arroz chaufa variety pictured includes beef bean sprout peruvian chifa distinct mostly due peruvian cuisine influences chinese food found parts world although certain aspects found chinese food internationally common peruvian chifa fried_rice chaufa sweet sour sauce soy sauce like chinese food internationally within china rice meat noodles vegetables important staples chifa enjoyed socioeconomic levels evident ability find chifas directed towards ample budget seeking atmosphere whereas chifas de directed towards different social level atmosphere directed towards consumers accustomed type ofood serve currently city lima chifa restaurants popular chifa dishes class wikitable name image description arroz chaufa file arroz chaufa jpg_px cantonese peruvian style fried_rice white rice soy sauce fried egg meat chicken pork chow file px cantonese peruvian style chow chi kai chicken sauce sweet sour chicken kay file px chicken sweet sour sauce pollo file pollo px chicken rolled fried crust de fired chicken spiced lemon juice pollo con seasoned chicken dark mixture arroz wonton wantan file wantan px fried wonton sopa wantan file sopa px cantonese peruvian style wonton soup wonton wantan file px fried sweet sour sauce vegetables meat chicken soup sopa chifa chinese style chicken soup egg drop soup sopa chi egg drop soup chifas leasthe chinese immigrants chifas ecuador chifas also opened chile see_also chinese cuisine peruvian cuisine chinese chinatown lima chinatown lima chifa spanish wikipedia externalinks_category cantonese cuisine_category peruvian cuisine_category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Child sex tourism","description":"child sex tourism cst is tourism for the purpose of engaging in the prostitution of children which is commercially facilitated child sexual abuse the definition of child in the united nations convention the rights of the child is every human being below the age of years child sex tourism results in both mental and physical consequences for thexploited children which may include sexually transmitted infection s including hiv aids drug addiction pregnancy malnutrition social ostracism and possibly death according to the state department of the united states child sex tourism part of the multibillion dollar sex tourism global sex tourism industry is a form of prostitution of children child prostitution within the wider issue of commercial sexual exploitation of children child sex tourism victimizes approximately million children around the worldklain prostitution of children and child sex tourism analysis of domestic and international responses aba center on children and the law page cited in the children who perform as prostitutes in the child sex tourism trade often have been lured or abducted into sexual slavery users of children for commercial and sexual purposes can be categorized by motive although pedophiles are popularly associated with child sex tourism they are nothe majority of users there are preferential abusers who prefer children because they perceive the risk of sexually transmitted infections to be lower there are also situational offender situational users which are users who do not actively seek out children but for whom the actual act is opportunistic there may be a lack of concern to check the age of a prostitute beforengaging in sexual activity pedophiles use the interneto plan their trips by seeking out and trading information about opportunities for child sex tourism and where the most vulnerable children can be found generally in areas of low income a few governments havenacted laws to allow prosecution of its citizens for child sexual abuse committed outside of their home country however while laws against child sex tourismay deter situational offenders who may act impulsively pedophiles who travel specifically for the purpose of exploiting children are not easily deterred background child sex tourism has been closely linked to poverty armed conflicts rapid industrialization and exploding population growth in latin americand southeast asia for instance street children often turn to prostitution as a last resort additionally vulnerable children areasy targets for exploitation by traffickers prostitution in thailand cambodia india brazil and mexico have been identified as leading hotspots of child sexual exploitation victims of child sexual exploitation ipsnewsnet child sex tourism has also been complicated by varying ages of consent laws where for example the age of consent is in japan while it is in bahrain see ages of consent in asia in the special rapporteur on the sale of children child prostitution and child pornography reported countries of origin of international child sex tourists vary depending on the regions buthe demand is usually recognized as coming from the industrialized countries including the richer countries of europe north america the russian federation japan australiand new zealand australians for instance have been identified as the largest group of sex tourists prosecuted in thailand per cent of the total of the cases investigated by action pour les enfants aple in cambodia between and april were american french and vietnamese in the coastal regions of kenya for example per cent weresidents and per cent of the abusers were foreign italians per cent germans per cent swiss per cent with tourists coming from ugandand the united republic of tanzania fifth and sixth on the list in costa ricaccording to available information between the and the child exploitation unit had arrested a total of persons on suspicion of commercial sexual exploitation of children of those arrested were costa ricanationals and foreignationals in prostitution in thailand thexact number of child prostitutes is not known buthailand s health system research institute reports that children in prostitution make up of prostitutes in thailand in cambodia it has been estimated that about a third of all prostitutes are under india the federal police say that around million children are believed to be involved in prostitution up until recently brazil has been considered to have the worst child sex trafficking record after thailand as per chris rogers report on bbc world now brazil is overtaking thailand as the world s most popular sex tourist destination dln reports that brazil athe moment is on a high trend of child sex tourism and is all geared to take up the first spot beating outhailand sex tourism targeting children creates huge monetary incentives for traffickers human trafficking impacts an estimated million child victims the united nations office of drugs and crimes unodc recently stated that of all global trafficking is for sexual exploitation which is one of the fastest growing criminal activities in the world unicef notes that sexual activity is often seen as a private matter making communities reluctanto act and intervene in cases of sexual exploitation these attitudes make children far more vulnerable to sexual exploitation most exploitation of children takes place as a result of their absorption into the adult sex trade where they arexploited by local people and sex tourists the internet provides an efficient global networking tool for individuals to share information destinations and procurement in cases involving children the us has relatively strict domestic laws that hold accountable any american citizen or permanent resident of the us who travels abroad for the purpose of engaging in illicit conduct with a minor however child pornography sex tourism and human trafficking remain fast growing industries rep chrismith r nj recently introduced hr the international megan s law to prevent demand for child sex trafficking international megan s law similar to the domestic megan s law named after megan kanka of new jersey which provides for community notification when a sex offender is living in the area hr would alert officials abroad when usex offenders intend to travel and likewisencourage other countries to keep sex offender lists and to notify the us when a known sex offender may be coming to the united states for sex tourism while there are serious problems withe sex offenderegistries in the united states human rights organizationsuch as ecpat and unicef believe this would be a step in the right directione of the factors pushing brazil to the top of this list of destination countries is thextensive use of the sport fishing industry in the brazilian amazon as a fronthe ustate department report states at midyear federal police in manaus began investigating allegations that a foreign owned travel company arranged fishing expeditions to the amazon region that were in reality sex tours for us and european pedophiles at year s end the investigation was continuing in coordination with foreign law enforcement officials another ustate department report states page in a newer trend some arranged fishing expeditions to the amazon were organized for the purpose of child sex tourism for europeand american exploiters recent reports on fox atlantand abc world news tonight have helped shine the light on this ecpat usa has recently posted a brazilianational newstory with english subtitles webcam child sex tourism according to the federal bureau of investigations estimate there are predators online at any given time in publichat rooms offers from internet users to pay for webcam sex performances were found in a week investigation conducted from a warehouse in amsterdam in the terre des hommes dutch action against wcst using sweetie a d computer model out of perpetrators were identified from australia canada germany ghana india italy mauritius the netherlandsouth africa turkey the united kingdom and united states of the alleged online abusers were based in the uk and another were traced to computers in the us britons among snared in webcam child sex sting the guardianovember together with avaazorg terre des hommes netherlands has created an online petition to pressure governments to adopt proactive investigation policies in order to protect children against webcam child sex tourism global response in recent years there has been an increase in the prosecution of child sex tourism offenses at least countries havextraterritorial jurisdiction extraterritorialaws that allow their citizens to be prosecuted specifically for child sexual abuse crimes committed whilst abroad and another nations have more general extraterritorialaws that could be used to prosecute their citizens for crimes committeduring child sex tourism trips as of may countries have signed and ratified the optional protocol on the sale of children child prostitution and child pornography which is deeply concerned athe widespread and continuing practice of sex tourism to whichildren arespecially vulnerable it alsobliges parties to pass laws within their own territories againsthese practices punishable by appropriate penalties thatake into accountheir grave nature in response to cst non governmental organizations ngos the tourism industry and governments have begun to address the issue the world tourism organization wto established a task force to combat csthe wto ecpat end child prostitution child pornography and trafficking of children for sexual purposes and nordic tour operators created a global the code of conduct for the sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism in travel and tourism in as of april over travel companies from countries had signed the code internationalaw enforcement activities the us immigration and customs enforcement or ice participates investigating and capturing child sex tourists in ice launched operation predator leading to the arrest of over child sexual abusers including more than outside the united states while ice agents refuse to comment on their means and methods of operation media reports have suggested the use of undercover agents internet sting operations and sophisticated technologies ice agents in bangkok did say however thathey often receive information from local ngos about foreigners in thailand whom they suspect of engaging in child sexual abuse sometimes us based law enforcement such as local sheriff departments and parole officers inform them of known sex offenders who are traveling to the region in both cases local ice agents work witheiroyal thai police counterparts to monitor the suspects movements while in thailandjon fox sex laws in thailand part civil society and law enforcementhe law enforcement in the united kingdom uk police and the child exploitation and online protection centre ceop are actively involved in monitoring child sex tourists ando prosecute interpol actively pursues offenders as well policing of child sex tourism asia cambodia the trafficking in persons report of reports thathe sale of virgin girls continues to be a serious problem in cambodiand that a significant number of asiand other foreign men primarily white travel to cambodia to engage in child sex tourism cambodia s law on suppression of the kidnapping trafficking and exploitation of human persons contains legislation againsthe commercial sexual exploitation of children and while the law focuses largely on trafficking it also addresses prostitution the age of consent in cambodia is and the law does not specifically define or prohibithe prostitution of children it is estimated that of prostitutes in cambodiare childrenworld vision the child sex tourism prevention project china the trafficking in persons report of reports thathe government of china did notake sufficient measures to reduce demand forced labor commercial sex acts or child sex tourismus department of state trafficking in persons report june indonesia the trafficking in persons report of reports that child sex tourism is prevalent in most urban areas and tourist destinationsuch as bali and riau island indonesia recently islands of indonesia like bali and batam have become known for child sex tourism these islands have also been destinations for sex trafficking under a criminal code indonesiany indonesian citizen can be punished for violating the child protection act or the criminal code whether it is inside indonesia or outside the child protect act is a general acto protecthe rights of children a few specific sections provide lawspecific to sexual mistreatment of children one law states that it is illegal to use a child for personal or commercial monetary gain if one does not follow this law the punishment can be up to ten years in jail and or a monetary fine of million rupiahs which is equivalento us dollarsouth korea south korean men have been major drivers of child sex tourism in asia for some time in the korea times reported that an international symposium was held to talk about strategies for curbing the high numbers of korean child sex tourists to southeast asia the symposium conditions and countermeasures toverseas child and youth sex tourism by korean men discussed issues concerning korean male soliciting of child prostitutes across asia but cambodiand the philippines werespecially worrisome panelistsaid male korean tourists are believed to abuse the unfortunate situation of poor cambodian children who are coerced into selling sexual favors in order to help their families as for the philippines the report noted an increasing number of koreans bought sex in the philippinesometimes abusing prostitutes the philippine government has urged the korean governmento take firm action against soliciting prostitutes in particular buying sex from children the trafficking in persons report of reports thathe men of south korea create demand for child sex tourism in their surrounding countries including southeast asia the south pacific and mongolia technology such as the internet has helped increase accessibility of child sex tourism in the republic of korea some south korean men arrange for children from the philippines thailand chinasources of sex a korean institute of criminology study published in january shows that south korean men are the primary market for child sex tourism in southeast asiamong foreigners visiting southeast asia south koreans are the majority group driving demand for child prostitution across the region the article goes on to say a report from the us department of state trafficking in persons report described south koreas a significant source of demand for child sex tourism in southeast asiand the pacific islands yun hee jun head of a seoul based group campaigning against sex trafficking claims if you visit any brothel in vietnam or cambodia you can see fliers written in korean although south korea has legislation in place to prosecute koreanationals who are child sex offenders abroad a report stated the government has not prosecuted or convicted any korean sex tourists during the past seven years mongolia the trafficking in persons report of reports that south koreand japanese tourists engage in child sex tourism in mongolia the mongolian government has implemented laws regarding child prostitution the criminal code bans organized prostitution of anyone under the age of the age of sexual consent in mongolia not only is prostitution of anyone under the age of illegal sex with a person under the age of is illegal as well not complying withis law could lead to three years in jail or eighteen months of community service rape is also considered illegal in mongolia withe punishment of two to six years in prison if there arepeated violations or injury to victims these punishments are intensified philippines child sex tourism is known as a serious problem in the philippines the trafficking in persons report of reports of tourists coming from northeast asiaustralia europe and north america to engage in sex with children with new technology like the internet some children form cyberelationships with men from other countries and get money by sending pornographic images over the internet prostitution in thailand both governmental organizations and nongovernmental organizations have worked together to shut down brothels they have also tried to increase awareness of child sex tourism and made attempts to stop it in records of womand children wereported aseeking medical treatment from injuries relating to sexual abuse many children are not registered at birth in thailand allowing themoreasily to be trafficked tother countries and forced into child labor including sexual exploitation laos lao penalaw article states human trafficking means the recruitment moving transfer harbouring oreceipt of any person within or across national borders by means of deception threats use oforce debt bondage or any other means and using such person in forced labour prostitution pornography or anything that is againsthe fine traditions of the nation oremoving various body organs of such person or for other unlawful purposes any of the above mentioned acts committed against children under years of age shall be considered as human trafficking even though there is no deception threat use oforce or debt bondage any person engaging in human trafficking shall be punished by five years to fifteen years of imprisonment and shall be fined from kip to kip lao law on development and protection of women article states if these acts are committed against children under years old then even though there is no deception threat force or debt bondage trafficking shall be regarded to have occurred any individual who coperates withe offender who commits an offence mentioned above whether by incitement providing assets or vehicles to the offender the provision of shelter or the concealment oremoval of traces of an infraction shall be considered as an accomplice in trafficking in women and children according to a ustate department report police corruption a weak judicial sector and the population s generalack of understanding of the court system impeded anti trafficking law enforcement effortscorruption remained a problem with government officialsusceptible to involvement or collusion in trafficking in persons north america barbados there has beeno noticeable action taken by the government of barbados to reduce the demand for commercial sex acts though publicommentary on the problem of sex tourism including child sex tourism has been increasingus department of state trafficking in persons report june dominican republic some reportsay that child sex tourism is a current problem particularly in coastal resort areas with child sex tourists arriving yearound from various countries it is also reported thathe current legislation has inconsistencies and gaps which could obstructhe interpretation and application of the legislationecpat worldatabase the code for the protection of the rights of children and adolescents law conceptualizes crime of using children and adolescents in paid sexual activity only certain modes of production andissemination of pornographic material are seen as criminal activities while possession of child pornography isanctioned cuba the trafficking in persons report of reports thathe government of cuba has made no known efforts to reduce the demand for commercial sex additionally it is reported thathe government does not acknowledge any child sex tourism problem but has recently banned children under from nightclubs according to cuban government documents training was provided to those in the tourism industry on how to identify and report potential sex tourists el salvador one third of the sexually exploited children between and years of age are boys the median age for entering into prostitution among all children interviewed was years they worked an average ofive days per week although nearly reported thathey worked seven days a week recently the problem has increased especially due to migration many children are lied to with promises of jobs and are abducted and sento countries inorth america by foreigners fromexicor neighboring countries most victims are salvadoran children from rural areas who are forced into commercial sexual exploitation in urban areas the government of el salvador does not fully comply withe minimum standards for thelimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so during the reporting period the government sustained anti trafficking law enforcement efforts and continued to provide services to children who were trafficked for sexual exploitation the salvadoran government sustained anti trafficking prevention efforts during the reporting period the government forged or continued partnerships with ngos international organizations and foreign governments on anti trafficking initiatives in may the government collaborated with ango to launch a campaign aimed specifically at increasing awareness of the commercial sexual exploitation of children reaching approximately children and adults the government included anti trafficking information in the training it gives to military forces prior to their deployment for international peacekeeping missions jamaica the trafficking in persons report of reports that ngos nongovernmental organizations and local observerstate thathere is a child sex tourism problem near jamaica s resort areas trinidad and tobago according to the governments of trinidad and tobago there were no reports nor prosecutions on child sex tourism south americargentina the us department of state reported that child sex tourism is a problem in argentina especially on the border and in buenos aires the argentinean penal code does not specifically prohibit child sex tourism and there were not any child sex related prosecutions in hoping to reduce child sex tourism governmental authorities passed a law commanding law enforcemento seek the closure of all brothels ngos reported this not effective because brothels are often tipped off by local police before the raids brazil the us department of state reported that child sex tourism remains a serious problem particularly in tourist areas in brazil s northeast most child sex tourists come from europe and some come from the united states brazilian authorities are not directly involved with prosecuting sex tourists and instead allow ngos to prosecute those participating in child sex tourism a brazilian law newly introduced in states to submit a child or adolescent as defined in the caput of article children people younger than years adolescents people between and prostitution or sexual exploitation is punishable by imprisonment for four to ten years and a fine colombiarticle of the colombian criminal code prohibits organizing or facilitating sexual tourism and provides penalties of to years imprisonment buthere were no reported prosecutions or convictions of child sex tourists in recent years colombia hastrengthened legislation related to control trafficking of children particularly to follow the criminal code however a law istill pending approval by the code for children and adolescents which includes the rights and guarantees of children and adolescents victims of commercial sexual exploitation ecuador child sex tourism occurs mostly in urban areas and in tourist destinationsuch as the city of tenand the galapagos islands peru child sex tourism is present in iquitos madre de dios and cuzco traffickers reportedly operate illegally in certain regions where governmental authority lacks although some areas of the country are known child sex tourism destinations and peruvian laws prohibithis practice there were no reported convictions of child sex tourists the governmentrained government officials and tourism service providers about child sex tourism conducted a public awareness campaign on the issue and reached outo the tourism industry to raise awareness about child sex tourism to date businesses have signed code of conduct agreements nationwide uruguay government officials maintained efforts to reach outo hotel workers and tothers in the broader tourism sector to raise awareness about child sex tourism and the commercial sexual exploitation of children uruguay s educational system continues to include trafficking education to high schools extraterritorial jurisdiction a growing number of countries have specific extraterritorial jurisdiction extraterritorialegislation that prosecutes their citizens in their homeland should they engage in illicit sexual conduct in a foreign country with children in ecpat reported that countries had extraterritorial child sex legislation the following list includespecificitations australia was one of the first countries to introduce laws that provide for jail terms for its citizens and residents who engage in sexual activity with children in foreign countries the laws are contained in the crimes child sex tourism amendment acthat came into force on july helping to fight child sex crimes abroad australian department oforeign affairs and trade travel bulletin the law also makes it an offence to encourage benefit or profit from any activity that promotesexual activity with children it is a crime for australian citizens permanent residents or bodies corporate to engage in facilitate or benefit from sexual activity with children under years of age while overseas these offences carry penalties of up to years imprisonment for individuals and up to in fines for companies new zealand under the crimes amendment act it is an offence for new zealand citizens and residents to engage in sexual conduct or activities with a child in another country safetravel url january swiss federal office of police state swiss federal authorities have stepped up their efforts in fighting child sex tourism in recent years a special fedpol unit dealing with child pornography and pedocriminality offences coperates closely with numerous partner services both at home and abroad since june an online form has been available to the general public to report cases of child sex tourism to the appropriate judicial authoritieswiss criminal code article territorial scope of application offences against minors abroad states this code also applies to any person who is in switzerland is not being extradited and has committed any of the following offences abroad abisexual acts with dependent persons art and sexual acts with minors against payment art b sexual acts with children art if the victim was less than years of age articlexploitation of sexual actsexual acts with minors against payment amended september states any person who carries out sexual acts with a minor induces a minor to carry out such acts and who makes or promises payment in return is liable to a custodial sentence not exceeding three years or to a monetary penalty articlendangering the development of minorsexual acts with children states any person who engages in a sexual act with a child under years of age or incites a child to commit such an activity or involves a child in a sexual act is liable to a custodial sentence not exceeding five years or to a monetary penalty the act is not an offence if the difference in age between the persons involved is not more than three years russian federation criminal code of russiarticle states the operation of criminalaw in respect of persons who have committed offences outside the boundaries of the russian federation citizens of the russian federation and stateless persons permanently residing in the russian federation who have committed outside the russian federation a crime againsthe interests guarded by the present code shall be subjecto criminaliability in accordance withe present code unless a decision of a foreign state s court exists concerning this crime in respect of these persons federal act no fz of december amended the criminal code by also adding laws regarding the receiving of sexual services from a minor under the amended article of the criminal code the receipt of sexual services from a minor aged from to by a person who has reached the age of is punishable by up to hours of compulsory work orestriction ofreedom for up to years or forced labour for up to years or deprivation of liberty for the same period in this article sexual services are understood to mean sexual intercourse sodomy lesbianism or other acts of a sexual nature a condition of the performance of which is monetary or any otheremuneration of a minor third party or the promise of remuneration of a minor third party article amended by federal act no fz ofebruary states the deeds provided for by parts one and twof this article which are committed withe involvement in prostitution of persons who are to be under years old shall be punishable by deprivation of liberty for a term of three to years with or without deprivation of the righto holdefinite offices or to engage in definite activities for a term of up to fifteen years and with restriction of liberty for a term ofrom one year to two years or without such israeli law israeli penal code chapter section states that israeli penalaw shall apply to foreign offenses felony or misdemeanor which were committed by an israeli citizen oresident of israel without exception in cases relating to chapter viii article x prostitution and obscenity regarding minorsection b under article x are penalaws to thexploitation of minors for prostitution by way of pimping and trafficking section c under the same article is a penalaw specific to the client a person served by an act of prostitution of a minor shall be liable to three years imprisonment as ofebruary section c is in the process of amendmento an increase of imprisonment from three to five years the law for punishing acts related to child prostitution and child pornography and for protection of children stipulates that a person who is involved in child prostitution who sells child pornographic products or who transports foreign children to another country for the purpose oforcing them into prostitution shall be punished with imprisonment with labour or a fine japanese nationals who commit such crimes abroad shall be punished withe same penalty penal code singapore penal code section commercial sex with minor under outside singapore states any person being a citizen or a permanent resident of singapore who does outside singapore any acthat would if done in singapore constitute an offence under section b shall be guilty of an offence canada has included in its criminal code provisions that allow for the arrest and prosecution of canadians in canada for offences committed in foreign countries related to child sex tourism such as child prostitution as well as for child sexual exploitation offencesuch as indecent acts child pornography and incest bills c and c a that came into force on may and july respectively convictions carry a penalty of up to years imprisonment hong kong the prevention of child pornography ordinance cap of december introduced offences in regard to child sex tourism giving extraterritorial jurisdiction extraterritorial effecto sexual offences listed in a new schedule to the crime ordinance cap this makes illegal an act committed against a child outside hong kong if the defendant or the child has connections withong kong it is also an offence to make any arrangement relating to the commission of such acts against children and to advertise any such arrangementlc paper no cb south korea under the act on the protection of children and juveniles from sexual abuse article punishment of korean citizens who commit offenses overseastates where criminally prosecuting a korean citizen who commits a sex offense against a child or juvenile outside the territory of the republic of korea pursuanto article of the criminal acthe state shall endeavor tobtain criminal information swiftly from the relevant foreign country and punish such offender according to a ecpat report progress is needed with regard to thenforcement of extraterritorial jurisdiction concerning nationals who have sex with children abroaddepending on which south korean law is being applied the definition of child variesthese varying definitions create uncertainty as to how the various laws will be applied and invite a lack of cooperation or lack of uniformity in enforcement by multiple agencies united kingdom the sexual offences act enables united kingdom british citizens and residents who commit sexual offences against children overseas to be prosecuted in england wales and northern ireland similar provisions are in force in scotland under the criminalaw consolidation scotland act some of the offences carry penalties of up to life imprisonment and anyone found guilty will be placed on the sex offenders register there are in two british citizens in jail following trials based on this legislation barry mccloud andavid graham david graham jailed under sex tourism law sky news may united states under the protect act of protect act of april it is a federal crime prosecutable in the united states for a us citizen or permanent resident alien to engage in illicit sexual conduct in a foreign country with a person under the age of whether or nothe us citizen or lawful permanent resident alien intended to engage in such illicit sexual conduct prior to going abroad for purposes of the protect act illicit sexual conduct includes any commercial sex act in a foreign country with a person under the age of the law defines a commercial sex act as any sex act on account of which anything of value is given toreceived by a person under the age of before congressional passage of the protect act of prosecutors had to prove that sex tourists went abroad withe intent of molesting children something almost impossible to demonstrate the protect act shifted the burden making predators liable for the act itself penalties were doubled from years in prison to european union under the directiveuropean union directive on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography article jurisdiction and coordination of prosecution member stateshall take the necessary measures to establish their jurisdiction over the offences referred to in articles to where a the offence is committed in whole or in part within their territory or b the offender is one of their nationals meaning eu member stateshould prosecute their citizens for child sex offences committed abroad by most member states have transposition law transposed this article references externalinks globalstudysecttorg the global study on sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism by ecpathe problem of enforcement in extraterritorialaws relating to sex tourism by john pascoe category child prostitution tourism category sex 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child_sex_tourism results mental physical consequences children may_include sexually transmitted infection including hiv aids drug addiction pregnancy social possibly death according state department united_states child_sex_tourism part multibillion dollar sex_tourism global sex_tourism_industry form prostitution children child_prostitution within wider issue commercial_sexual exploitation children child_sex_tourism approximately million children around prostitution children child_sex_tourism analysis domestic international responses center children law page cited children perform prostitutes child_sex_tourism trade often lured abducted sexual slavery users children commercial_sexual purposes categorized motive although pedophiles popularly associated child_sex_tourism nothe majority users abusers prefer children risk sexually transmitted lower also situational offender situational users users actively seek children actual act may lack concern check age prostitute sexual_activity pedophiles use plan trips seeking trading information opportunities child_sex_tourism vulnerable children found generally areas low_income governments laws allow prosecution citizens child_sexual abuse committed outside home_country however laws child_sex_tourismay situational offenders may act pedophiles travel specifically purpose exploiting children easily background child_sex_tourism closely linked poverty armed conflicts rapid industrialization population growth latin_americand southeast_asia instance street children often turn prostitution last resort additionally vulnerable children areasy targets exploitation traffickers prostitution thailand cambodia india brazil mexico identified leading hotspots child_sexual_exploitation victims child_sexual_exploitation child_sex_tourism also complicated varying ages consent laws example age consent japan bahrain see ages consent asia special sale children child_prostitution child_pornography reported countries origin international child_sex_tourists vary depending regions buthe demand usually recognized coming countries_including richer countries europe north_america russian federation japan australiand_new_zealand australians instance identified largest group sex_tourists prosecuted thailand per_cent total cases investigated action pour les cambodia april american french vietnamese coastal regions kenya example per_cent per_cent abusers foreign italians per_cent germans per_cent swiss per_cent tourists coming ugandand united republic tanzania fifth sixth list costa available information child exploitation unit arrested total persons suspicion commercial_sexual exploitation children arrested costa prostitution thailand thexact number child prostitutes known health system research institute reports children prostitution make prostitutes thailand cambodia estimated third prostitutes india federal police say around million children believed involved prostitution recently brazil considered worst child_sex trafficking record thailand per chris rogers report bbc world brazil thailand world popular sex tourist_destination reports brazil athe_moment high trend child_sex_tourism geared take first spot beating sex_tourism targeting children creates huge monetary incentives traffickers human_trafficking impacts estimated million child victims united_nations office drugs crimes recently stated global trafficking sexual_exploitation one fastest_growing criminal activities world unicef notes sexual_activity often_seen private matter making communities act cases sexual_exploitation attitudes make children far vulnerable sexual_exploitation exploitation children takes_place result adult sex trade local_people sex_tourists internet provides efficient global networking tool individuals share information destinations procurement cases involving children us relatively strict domestic laws hold american citizen permanent resident us travels abroad purpose engaging illicit conduct minor however child_pornography sex_tourism human_trafficking remain fast_growing industries r recently introduced international megan law prevent demand child_sex trafficking international megan law similar domestic megan law named megan new_jersey provides community notification sex offender living area would alert officials abroad offenders intend travel countries keep sex offender lists us known sex offender may coming united_states sex_tourism serious problems withe sex united_states human_rights organizationsuch ecpat unicef believe would step right factors pushing brazil top list destination countries thextensive use sport fishing industry brazilian amazon ustate department report states federal police began investigating allegations foreign owned travel_company arranged fishing expeditions amazon region reality sex tours us european pedophiles year end investigation continuing coordination foreign law_enforcement officials another ustate department report states page newer trend arranged fishing expeditions amazon organized purpose child_sex_tourism europeand american recent reports fox abc world news helped light ecpat usa recently posted english webcam child_sex_tourism according federal bureau investigations estimate online given_time rooms offers internet users pay webcam sex performances found week investigation conducted warehouse amsterdam terre des hommes dutch action using computer model identified australia canada germany ghana india italy mauritius africa turkey united_kingdom united_states alleged online abusers based uk another traced computers us among webcam child_sex together terre des hommes netherlands created online petition pressure governments adopt proactive investigation policies order protect children webcam child_sex_tourism global response recent_years increase prosecution child_sex_tourism least countries jurisdiction allow citizens prosecuted specifically child_sexual abuse crimes committed whilst abroad another nations general could used prosecute citizens crimes child_sex_tourism trips may countries signed ratified optional sale children child_prostitution child_pornography deeply concerned athe widespread continuing practice sex_tourism arespecially vulnerable parties pass laws within territories practices punishable appropriate penalties thatake grave nature response cst non_governmental organizations ngos tourism_industry governments begun address issue world_tourism organization wto established task force combat wto ecpat end child_prostitution child_pornography trafficking children sexual purposes nordic tour_operators created global code conduct sexual_exploitation children travel_tourism travel_tourism april travel companies countries signed code enforcement activities us immigration customs enforcement ice participates investigating child_sex_tourists ice launched operation_predator leading arrest child_sexual abusers including outside united_states ice agents refuse comment means methods operation media reports suggested use undercover agents internet operations sophisticated technologies ice agents bangkok say however thathey often receive information local ngos foreigners thailand suspect engaging child_sexual abuse sometimes us based law_enforcement local departments officers inform known sex offenders traveling region cases local ice agents work thai police counterparts monitor movements fox sex laws thailand part civil society law law_enforcement united_kingdom uk police child exploitation online protection centre actively involved monitoring child_sex_tourists ando prosecute actively offenders well policing child_sex_tourism asia cambodia trafficking persons_report reports thathe sale virgin girls continues serious problem cambodiand significant number asiand foreign men primarily white travel cambodia engage child_sex_tourism cambodia law trafficking exploitation human persons contains legislation againsthe commercial_sexual exploitation children law focuses largely trafficking also addresses prostitution age consent cambodia law specifically define prostitution children estimated prostitutes vision child_sex_tourism prevention project china trafficking persons_report reports thathe_government china notake sufficient measures reduce demand forced labor commercial_sex acts child_sex_tourismus department state trafficking persons_report june indonesia trafficking persons_report reports child_sex_tourism prevalent urban_areas tourist_destinationsuch bali island indonesia recently islands indonesia like bali become known child_sex_tourism islands also destinations sex trafficking criminal_code indonesian citizen punished violating child protection act criminal_code whether inside indonesia outside child protect act general protecthe rights children specific sections provide sexual children one law states illegal use child personal commercial monetary gain one follow law punishment ten_years jail monetary fine million equivalento us korea south_korean men major drivers child_sex_tourism asia time korea times reported international symposium held talk strategies high numbers korean child_sex_tourists southeast_asia symposium conditions child youth sex_tourism korean men discussed issues concerning korean male child prostitutes across asia cambodiand philippines male korean tourists believed abuse situation poor cambodian children selling sexual favors order help families philippines report noted increasing_number koreans bought sex prostitutes philippine government urged korean governmento take firm action prostitutes particular buying sex children trafficking persons_report reports thathe men south_korea create demand child_sex_tourism surrounding countries_including southeast_asia south_pacific mongolia technology internet helped increase accessibility child_sex_tourism republic korea south_korean men arrange children philippines thailand sex korean institute criminology study published january shows south_korean men primary market child_sex_tourism southeast foreigners visiting southeast_asia south_koreans majority group driving demand child_prostitution across region article goes say report us_department state trafficking persons_report described south significant source demand child_sex_tourism southeast_asiand pacific islands hee jun head seoul based group campaigning sex trafficking claims visit brothel vietnam cambodia see written korean although south_korea legislation place prosecute child_sex offenders abroad report stated government prosecuted convicted korean sex_tourists past seven years mongolia trafficking persons_report reports south_koreand japanese tourists engage child_sex_tourism mongolia mongolian government implemented laws regarding child_prostitution criminal_code organized prostitution anyone age age sexual consent mongolia prostitution anyone age illegal sex person age illegal well withis law could lead three_years jail eighteen months community service rape also_considered illegal mongolia withe punishment two six years prison violations injury victims intensified philippines child_sex_tourism known serious problem philippines trafficking persons_report reports tourists coming northeast europe north_america engage sex children new technology like internet children form men countries get money sending pornographic images internet prostitution thailand governmental organizations organizations worked together shut brothels also tried increase awareness child_sex_tourism made attempts stop records children wereported medical_treatment injuries relating sexual abuse many children registered birth thailand allowing trafficked tother countries forced child labor including sexual_exploitation laos article states human_trafficking means recruitment moving transfer person within across national borders means deception threats use oforce debt bondage means using person forced labour prostitution pornography anything againsthe fine traditions nation various body organs person unlawful purposes mentioned acts committed children years age shall considered human_trafficking even_though deception threat use oforce debt bondage person engaging human_trafficking shall punished five_years fifteen years imprisonment shall fined law development protection women article states acts committed children years_old even_though deception threat force debt bondage trafficking shall regarded occurred individual withe offender offence mentioned whether providing assets vehicles offender provision shelter traces shall considered trafficking women children according ustate department report police corruption weak judicial sector population understanding court system anti trafficking law_enforcement remained problem government involvement trafficking persons north_america barbados noticeable action taken government barbados reduce demand commercial_sex acts though problem sex_tourism including child_sex_tourism department state trafficking persons_report june dominican republic child_sex_tourism current problem particularly coastal resort areas child_sex_tourists arriving yearound various_countries also reported_thathe current legislation gaps could interpretation application code protection rights children adolescents law crime using children adolescents paid sexual_activity certain modes production pornographic material seen criminal activities possession child_pornography cuba trafficking persons_report reports thathe_government cuba made known efforts reduce demand commercial_sex additionally reported_thathe government acknowledge child_sex_tourism problem recently banned children nightclubs according cuban government documents training provided tourism_industry identify report potential sex_tourists el_salvador one third sexually exploited children years age boys median age entering prostitution among children interviewed years worked average ofive days per week although nearly reported_thathey worked seven_days week recently problem increased especially due migration many children promises jobs abducted sento countries inorth_america foreigners neighboring countries victims salvadoran children rural_areas forced commercial_sexual exploitation urban_areas government el_salvador fully comply withe minimum standards trafficking making significant efforts reporting period government sustained anti trafficking law_enforcement efforts continued provide services children trafficked sexual_exploitation salvadoran government sustained anti trafficking prevention efforts reporting period government forged continued partnerships ngos international organizations foreign governments anti trafficking initiatives may government collaborated launch campaign aimed specifically increasing awareness commercial_sexual exploitation children reaching approximately children adults government included anti trafficking information training gives military forces prior deployment international missions jamaica trafficking persons_report reports ngos organizations local thathere child_sex_tourism problem near jamaica resort areas trinidad tobago according governments trinidad tobago reports child_sex_tourism south us_department state reported child_sex_tourism problem argentina especially border buenos_aires penal code specifically prohibit child_sex_tourism child_sex related hoping reduce child_sex_tourism governmental authorities passed law law seek closure brothels ngos reported effective brothels often tipped local police brazil us_department state reported child_sex_tourism remains serious problem particularly tourist areas brazil northeast child_sex_tourists come europe come united_states brazilian authorities directly involved sex_tourists instead allow ngos prosecute participating child_sex_tourism brazilian law newly introduced states submit child adolescent defined article children people younger years adolescents people prostitution sexual_exploitation punishable imprisonment four ten_years fine colombian criminal_code prohibits organizing facilitating sexual tourism provides penalties years imprisonment buthere reported convictions child_sex_tourists recent_years colombia legislation related control trafficking children particularly follow criminal_code however law istill pending approval code children adolescents includes rights children adolescents victims commercial_sexual exploitation ecuador child_sex_tourism occurs mostly urban_areas tourist_destinationsuch city galapagos_islands peru child_sex_tourism present iquitos de traffickers reportedly operate illegally certain regions governmental authority lacks although areas country known child_sex_tourism_destinations peruvian laws practice reported convictions child_sex_tourists government officials tourism service_providers child_sex_tourism conducted public awareness campaign issue reached outo tourism_industry raise awareness child_sex_tourism date businesses signed code conduct agreements nationwide uruguay government officials maintained efforts reach outo hotel workers broader tourism_sector raise awareness child_sex_tourism commercial_sexual exploitation children uruguay educational system continues include trafficking education high_schools extraterritorial jurisdiction growing number countries specific extraterritorial jurisdiction citizens homeland engage illicit sexual conduct foreign_country children ecpat reported countries extraterritorial child_sex legislation following list australia one first countries introduce laws provide jail terms citizens residents engage sexual_activity children foreign_countries laws contained crimes child_sex_tourism amendment came force july helping fight child_sex crimes abroad australian department oforeign_affairs trade travel bulletin law also makes offence encourage benefit profit activity activity children crime australian citizens permanent residents bodies corporate engage facilitate benefit sexual_activity children years age overseas offences carry penalties years imprisonment individuals fines companies new_zealand crimes amendment act offence new_zealand citizens residents engage sexual conduct activities child another_country url january swiss federal office police state swiss federal authorities stepped efforts fighting child_sex_tourism recent_years special unit dealing child_pornography offences closely numerous partner services home abroad since june online form available general_public report cases child_sex_tourism appropriate judicial criminal_code article territorial scope application offences minors abroad states code also applies person switzerland committed following offences abroad acts dependent persons art sexual acts minors payment art b sexual acts children art victim less years age sexual acts minors payment amended september states person carries sexual acts minor induces minor carry acts makes promises payment return liable sentence exceeding three_years monetary penalty development acts children states person engages sexual act child years age child commit activity involves child_sexual act liable sentence exceeding five_years monetary penalty act offence difference age persons involved three_years russian federation criminal_code states operation criminalaw respect persons committed offences outside boundaries russian federation citizens russian federation persons permanently residing russian federation committed outside russian federation crime againsthe interests guarded present code shall subjecto accordance withe present code unless decision foreign state court exists concerning crime respect persons federal act december amended criminal_code also adding laws regarding receiving sexual services minor amended article criminal_code receipt sexual services minor aged person reached age punishable hours compulsory work years forced labour years deprivation liberty period article sexual services understood mean sexual acts sexual nature condition performance monetary minor third_party promise minor third_party article amended federal act ofebruary states provided parts one twof article committed withe involvement prostitution persons years_old shall punishable deprivation liberty term three_years without deprivation righto offices engage definite activities term fifteen years restriction liberty term ofrom one_year two_years without israeli law israeli penal code chapter section states israeli shall apply foreign committed israeli citizen israel without exception cases relating chapter viii article x prostitution obscenity regarding b article x minors prostitution way trafficking section c article specific client person served act prostitution minor shall liable three_years imprisonment ofebruary section c process amendmento increase imprisonment three five_years law acts related child_prostitution child_pornography protection children person involved child_prostitution sells child pornographic products foreign children another_country purpose prostitution shall punished imprisonment labour fine japanese nationals commit crimes abroad shall punished withe penalty penal code singapore penal code section commercial_sex minor outside singapore states person citizen permanent resident singapore outside singapore would done singapore constitute offence section b shall guilty offence canada included criminal_code provisions allow arrest prosecution canadians canada offences committed foreign_countries related child_sex_tourism child_prostitution well child_sexual_exploitation acts child_pornography bills c c came force may july respectively convictions carry penalty years imprisonment hong_kong prevention child_pornography ordinance cap december introduced offences regard child_sex_tourism giving extraterritorial jurisdiction extraterritorial sexual offences listed new schedule crime ordinance cap makes illegal act committed child outside hong_kong child connections kong also offence make arrangement relating commission acts children advertise paper south_korea act protection children juveniles sexual abuse article punishment korean citizens commit korean citizen sex offense child juvenile outside territory republic korea article criminal acthe state shall tobtain criminal information relevant foreign_country offender according ecpat report progress needed regard extraterritorial jurisdiction concerning nationals sex children south_korean law applied definition child varying definitions create various laws applied invite lack cooperation lack uniformity enforcement multiple agencies united_kingdom sexual offences act enables united_kingdom british citizens residents commit sexual offences children overseas prosecuted england_wales northern_ireland similar provisions force scotland criminalaw consolidation scotland act offences carry penalties life imprisonment anyone found guilty placed sex offenders register two british citizens jail following trials based legislation barry mccloud andavid graham david graham sex_tourism law sky news may united_states protect act protect act april federal crime united_states us citizen permanent resident alien engage illicit sexual conduct foreign_country person age whether nothe us citizen permanent resident alien intended engage illicit sexual conduct prior going abroad purposes protect act illicit sexual conduct includes commercial_sex act foreign_country person age law defines commercial_sex act sex act account anything value given person age congressional passage protect act prove sex_tourists went abroad withe intent children something almost impossible demonstrate protect act shifted burden making liable act penalties doubled years prison european union union directive sexual abuse sexual_exploitation children child_pornography article jurisdiction coordination prosecution member take necessary measures establish jurisdiction offences referred articles offence committed whole part within territory b offender one nationals meaning member prosecute citizens child_sex offences committed abroad member_states law article references_externalinks global study sexual_exploitation children travel_tourism problem enforcement relating sex_tourism john_category child_prostitution tourism_category sex_tourism"},{"title":"China National Tourism Administration","description":"nativename a nativename r logo width logo caption seal national emblem of the people s republic of chinasvg seal width px seal caption emblem of the people s republic of china picture width picture caption formed preceding dissolved superseding jurisdiction headquarters beijing employees budget minister name minister pfo minister name minister pfo chief name shao qiwei chief position chairman chief name chief position agency type national parent agency state council of the people s republic of china state council child agency child agency keydocument website wwwcntagovcn footnotes map width map caption the chinational tourism administration cnta is the china chinese government authority responsible for the development of tourism in the country the cnta isubordinate to the state council of the people s republic of china state council its headquarters are in beijing with regional branches in various provinces cnta does not have the authority of a full department within the chinese governmento enforce regulations but in otherespects it acts as a ministry provincial cnta offices in eachinese province reporto the central office in beijing cnta has eighteen overseas offices called cnto chinational tourism offices that are charged with promoting tourism to china cnta in brief in europe there are cntoffices in london and paris cnta is unique as a tourism office in that it is also responsible for controlling the outflow of tourists from chinabroad agency structure the agency is organized into the following areas office comprehensive coordination department of policy and legal affairs department of tourism promotion and internationaliaison department of planning development and 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tried to scale a foot flagpole at a playground near his home as he grew up he took a significant interest in sports and went on to become an accomplished skier haver attended brophy college preparatory a prestigious all boys college preparatory in phoenix he graduated inotable accomplishmentseven summits while attending sdsu haver decided that he wanted to climb and ski the seven summits the tallest mountain on each of the seven continents before he was he first climbed mount everest in athe age of withe international goodwill expedition while on thexpedition he met mike mcdowell a founding partner of quark expeditions and other adventure travel enterprises he would gon to become one of haver s business associates and a close friend aftereturning from theverestrip haver broke both of his ankles while jumping off an foot cliff atonto natural bridge outside of payson arizona he was aiming for a deepond but missed and landed on a rock after sustaining two compound fractures haverequired multiple surgeries and years of physical therapy haveresumed his quest for the seven summits in by climbing and skiing mount mckinley inorth america in early he tackled africa s mount kilimanjaro later that year he conquered mount elbrus in european russiaustralia s mount kosciuszko and antarctica s mount massif mount vinson massif where he sustained frostbite one of his big toes he finished the quest in january in argentina on mount aconcaguapproximately two weekshy of his th birthday becoming the first american to accomplish the featrip to titanic in haver planned to join an expedition to the shipwreck of the rms titanic with deep ocean exploration when rms titanic heard of the trip the company wreck of the rms titanic litigation and controversy obtained a court order that banned haver and any other party from visiting the site in haver joinedeep ocean expeditions and other parties in a suit against rmst for salvager and possession rights while haver and the others lost in federal courthe case moved onto the th circuit appellate court where the judge ruled in their favor the decision was appealed once again when the case was presented to the usupreme courthe decision from the appellate court stood if the case had gone to trial chief justice sandra day o connor would have had to recuse herself due to her friendship withaver after the case haver joinedoe on an expedition to the shipwreck with mike mcdowell and a pilot where they had lunch on the bow of the ship in all they spent hours diving and photographing the site throughouthe course of litigating andiving the titanic haver became friends with film director andocumentarian james cameron haver went on to foundeep ocean one doo with mike mcdowell a company that aimed to bring the benefits of deep sea exploration to the public in doo worked with cameron s documentary film company to televise and host a live feed with cameron and the boys and girls clubs of america chris hosted thevent in phoenix while cameron was on a support shipositionedirectly above the titanic relationship with gregorio fuentes haver met gregorio fuentes considered by some to be the influence for ernest hemingway s the old mand the sea with a few of his business associates in cohimar cuba in after the group traded stories for a few hours haver and fuentes formed a quick friendship haver made it a pointo see fuentes and his grandson any time he was in cuba until his last visit in before fuentes death in famed radio personality paul harvey did a segment on hishow the rest of the story whichronicled chris and his friends finding and meetingregorio career america s cup after graduating from college haver began working with knight and carver a company that owned a marina in mission bay san diego mission bay of san diego in haver formed the mission bay organizing committee mboc to develop facilities for the and america s cup sailing races in san diego because none of the international teams had returned his phone calls or faxes haver snuck into the challenger of records dinner hosted by louis vitton athe san diego yacht club to meethe teams face to face after mingling during the cocktail hour he sat withe japanese team because it was the only open seat the reception dinner after meeting the team s pr director emily miura he realized she was the daughter of yuichiro miura the twof them had initially corresponded while haver was preparing to climb everest yuirchiro was the first person to ski mt everest in and became the first person to climb and ski all of the seven summits the japanese america s cup team became the firsto join up with knight carver and the mboc ultimately haver hosted six of the nine teams including france japan sweden australia spain and the usa in mission bay he was responsible for the complete design construction and facilities management for each of the teams haver hosted in the and america s cup races to present in haver expanded his privatequity group to include investments in software technology finance and real estate both in the united states and abroad since the mid s he has been a founding partner and or principal in companies many of which are still operating today real estate development haver has developed real estate both residential and commercial in the us and abroad under a number of different banners haver homes hhdc haver homes development corporation developed land in british columbia canadand eastern europe haver williams currently holds real estate assets in the us current business ventures haver williams haver homes h w energy solutions llc meridian working capital sun arms ezbetscom past business ventures dynamicampaign llcdk group cool water springs hhdc pet assure cdk group llcharitable activity private reliefforts haver coordinated one of the largest private humanitarian relieffort during the russian recession of thearly s in thend the group delivered nearly tons ofood and medicine vian antonov an airplane the grouprovided valuable supplies and 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age athe_age two_years tried scale foot playground near home grew took significant interest sports went become accomplished haver attended college preparatory prestigious boys college preparatory phoenix graduated summits attending haver decided wanted climb ski seven summits tallest mountain seven continents first climbed mount everest athe_age withe international goodwill expedition thexpedition met mike mcdowell founding partner expeditions adventure_travel enterprises would gon become_one haver business associates close friend haver broke jumping foot cliff natural bridge outside arizona aiming missed landed rock sustaining two compound multiple surgeries years physical therapy quest seven summits climbing skiing mount mckinley inorth_america early africa mount kilimanjaro later year mount european mount antarctica mount mount sustained one big finished quest january argentina mount two th birthday becoming first_american accomplish titanic haver planned join expedition rms titanic deep ocean exploration rms titanic heard trip company rms titanic controversy obtained court order banned haver party visiting site haver ocean expeditions parties suit possession rights haver others lost federal courthe case moved onto th circuit appellate court judge ruled favor decision appealed case presented courthe decision appellate court stood case gone trial chief justice sandra day connor would due friendship case haver expedition mike mcdowell pilot lunch bow ship spent hours diving site throughouthe course titanic haver became friends film director james cameron haver went ocean one doo mike mcdowell company aimed bring benefits deep sea exploration public doo worked cameron documentary_film company host live feed cameron boys girls clubs america chris hosted thevent phoenix cameron support titanic relationship fuentes haver met fuentes considered influence ernest hemingway old mand sea business associates cuba group traded stories hours haver fuentes formed quick friendship haver made pointo see fuentes grandson time cuba last visit fuentes death famed radio personality paul harvey segment rest story chris friends finding career america cup college haver began working knight company owned marina mission bay san_diego mission bay san_diego haver formed mission bay organizing committee develop facilities america cup sailing races san_diego none international teams returned phone calls haver records dinner hosted louis athe san_diego yacht club meethe teams face face cocktail hour sat withe japanese team open seat reception dinner meeting team director emily realized daughter twof initially haver preparing climb everest first_person ski everest became first_person climb ski seven summits japanese america cup team became firsto join knight ultimately haver hosted six nine teams including france japan sweden australia spain usa mission bay responsible complete design construction facilities management teams haver hosted america cup races present haver expanded privatequity group include investments software technology finance real_estate united_states abroad since mid founding partner principal companies many still operating today real_estate development haver developed real_estate residential commercial us abroad number different haver homes haver homes development_corporation developed land british_columbia canadand eastern_europe haver williams currently holds real_estate assets us current business ventures haver williams haver homes h w energy solutions llc working capital sun arms past business ventures group cool water springs pet group activity private haver coordinated one largest private humanitarian russian recession thearly_thend group delivered nearly tons ofood medicine vian airplane valuable supplies resources people moscow references_externalinks haver williams deep ocean one broadcast haver homes profile rms titanic v haver proceedings category_births_category_living_people_category_adventure_travel_category 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popular pilgrim destination is the abraham ic holy land or jerusalem israel most christian pilgrimage destinations are based on the roman catholic faith especially shrines devoted to apparitions of the blessed virgin mary such as basilica of our lady of guadalupe in mexico sanctuary of our lady ofatima in portugal and sanctuary of our lady of lourdes in france there is also interest in pilgrimage to st peter s basilicathe holy see vatican in rome the capital of the catholichurch roman catholichurch although no definitive study has been completed on christian tourism some segments of the industry have been measured according to the religious conference management association in more than million people attended religious meetings rcma members an increase of more than million from with million attendees the united methodist church experienced an increase of in volunteers in mission between with almost volunteers and with volunteers the christian camp and conference association states that more than eight million people are involved in ccca member camps and conferences including more than churcheshortermissions draw million participants annually christian attractions including sight sound theatre attracts visitors a year while the holy land experience and focus on the family welcome center each receives about guests annually recently launched christian attractions include the creation museum and billy graham library both of which arexpected to receive about visitors each year as well churches in the united states possess a travel program or travel ministry published articles cbs early show rest relaxation religion time magazine spirit and adventure usa today on a wing and a prayer the new york timest century religious traveleave the sackcloth at home the los angeles times more agencies are serving the flock religious travelers companiesee increased interest in spiritual tours rocky mountainews in the footsteps of the faithful yahoo business traveler keeping the 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tourism subcategory religious_tourism geared_towards christians one largest branches religious_tourism estimated seven percent world christians million_people move pilgrims year christian tourism refers thentire industry christian travel_tourism hospitality recent_years grown include christians individually groups pilgrimage missionary travel alson religion based cruises leisure fellowship vacations rallies retreats monastery visits christian camps well visiting christian tourist_attractions christian year millions christians travel pilgrimage popular pilgrim destination abraham holy_land jerusalem israel christian pilgrimage destinations based roman catholic faith especially shrines devoted virgin mary basilica lady guadalupe mexico sanctuary lady portugal sanctuary lady lourdes france also interest pilgrimage st_peter holy see vatican rome capital catholichurch roman catholichurch although definitive study completed christian tourism segments industry measured according religious 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seeking answers field trips faith nassau guardian bahamas religious niche targeted bahamas ministry references_externalinks category_types tourism_category christian culture_tourism category religious_tourism"},{"title":"Chuckwagon","description":"image chuckwagonjpg thumb px a historical recreation of a chuckwagon athe texas parks and wildlifexpo in austin a chuckwagon or chuck wagon is a type ofield kitchen covered wagon historically used for the storage and transportation of perishable food and cooking equipment on the prairie s of the united states and canada such wagons formed part of a wagon train of settlers or fed traveling workersuch as cowboy s or lumberjack logger s in modern times chuckwagons feature in certain cooking competitions and events chuckwagons are also used in a type of horse racing known as chuckwagon racing while some form of mobile kitchen s had existed for generations the invention of the chuckwagon is attributed to charles goodnight a texas rancher the father of the texas panhandle in the driftway article nation who introduced the concept in after the american civil war the beef market in texas expanded some cattlemen herded cattle in parts of the country that did not have railroads which would mean they needed to be fed on the road for months at a time goodnight modified the studebaker th century wagonmaker studebaker wagon a durable army surplus wagon to suithe needs of cattle drives in the united states cowboys driving cattle from texas to sell inew mexico he added a chuck box to the back of the wagon with drawers and shelves for storage space and a hinged lid to provide a flat cooking surface a water barrel was also attached to the wagon and canvas was hung underneath to carry firewood a wagon box was used to store cooking supplies and cowboys personal items chuckwagon food typically included easy to preserve items like bean s and curing food preservation salted meats coffee and sourdough biscuits food would also be gathered en route there was no fresh fruit vegetables or eggs available and meat was not fresh unless animal was injureduring the run and therefore had to be killed the meathey ate was greasy cloth wrapped bacon salt pork and beef usually dried salted or smoked the wagon was also stocked with a water barrel and a sling to kindle wood to heat and cook foodsharpe p camping it up article texas monthly on cattle drives in the united states cattle drives it was common for the cookie who ran the wagon to be second in authority only to the trailboss the cookie would often act as cook barber dentist and banker the term chuck wagon comes from chuck a slang term for food and not from the nickname for charles cook offs image mvi chuckwagon exhibitjpg px righthumb charles goodnight s chuckwagon was named in as the official state vehicle of texas exhibit is athe texas cowboy hall ofame in the fort worth stockyards in fort worth texas fort worthe american chuckwagon association is an organization dedicated to the preservation of theritage of the chuckwagon its members participate in chuckwagon cook off s throughout much of the us through thesevents the members educate the public on the history and traditionsurrounding the chuckwagon at a chuckwagon cook off each wagon is judged on the authenticity of the wagons must be in soundrivable condition with equipment and construction available in the late s contents of the chuck box including utensils must also match what would have been useduring thera wagons are also judged on the attire of their cooks a typical chuckwagon cookoff is composed ofood categories meat usually chicken fried steak beans pinto bread sourdough or yeast dessert usually peach cobbler and potatoes a team of judges evaluates thentries from each wagon giving each a score once scores are tabulated prizes are awarded to the top wagons one of the most famous chuckwagon cook offs is the lincoln county cowboy symposium held annually for some two decades this event attracts thousands to ruidoso new mexico ruidoso new mexico among the few chuckwagon cook offs east of the mississippi river takes place during saddleup each february in pigeon forge tennessee held just outside great smoky mountains national park saddleup also features a cowboy symphony and cowboy church services over a four day period the academy of western artists presents annual award for outstanding chuckwagon cooking as well as honors in other fields relating to the culture of the american cowboy image chuckwagon races at calgary stampedejpg thumb right px the rangelanderby athe calgary stampede chuckwagon racing is an event at some rodeos mainly in western canada such as the calgary stampede chuckwagon races were held from until at cheyenne frontier days one of america s biggest rodeos there are a few professional chuckwagon racing circuits that operate inorth america withe premiere circuit being run by the world professional chuckwagon association wpca based in calgary alberta the western chuckwagon association out of grande prairie ab and canadian professional chuckwagon association out of saskatchewan a yearly chuckwagon racevent istill held in clinton arkansas chuckwagons are raced around a figureight barrel obstacle and the stove and tent poles within the wagon must not be losthe racing team also has from two to four outriders who load the stove and tent poles athe start and must finish the race withe chuckwagon many such races are held each year in western canadian cities and towns animal welfare chuckwagon racing is highlighted by animal welfarexperts as dangerous to the horses due to the unusually high risk of broken limbs and other bones horses die frequently as a result and animal welfare charities are trying to raise awareness abouthe sport in this light in july a horse died in the chuckwagon race on the opening night of the calgary stampede chuckwagon suppers file chuckwagon in girvin tx scn jpg px righthumb chuckwagon still used to prepare food at gatherings in pecos county texas pecos county texas image cooking in ashes dscn jpg px thumb right cooking in ashes tourists mostly in the summers can experience chuckwagon suppersometimes followed by liventertainment at locations across the western united statesee also covered wagon field kitchenotes externalinks american chuckwagon association lincoln county cowboy symposium category american cattlemen chuckwagon category american old west category cuisine of the western united states category types of restaurants category wagons category rodeo events fr chuckwagon 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information many community english channel china staff rely reader powered website access local_communities national articles news local events venues classified ads china two largest cities beijing shanghai city weekend also publishes variety ofree guides yearly including bar restaurant_guide good visitors better actually live city service directory small english business service phone book magazine also focusing expat families parents kids well family real_estate market home office city weekend published swiss multinational circulation audited worldwide city weekend launched english_language group buying platform called first one kind targeting english speakers beijing shanghai city weekend entertainment lifestyle guide china founded magazine creates content related dining nightlife arts culture health wellness fashion shopping local_community news travel thenglish_language city weekend externalinks_official_website_category_establishments china_category biweekly magazines_category 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dedicated on the bentonville battlefield on march the main focus of the trails program is a driving tour of the key places of the carolinas campaign which culminated in the battle of bentonville it also includes the burnsidexpedition foster s raid among other key moments in the carolinas civil war history from the launch of its chapter in tennesseencouraged individual and community organizations to propose new sites for inclusion the statewide map in order to beligible for inclusion a proposed location must be as close as possible to where the civil war event happened and must havexisting parking for at leasthree cars and a bus externalinks official site category cultural tourism category american civil war sites category auto trails in the united 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battle also_includes foster raid among key moments carolinas civil_war history launch chapter individual community organizations propose new sites inclusion statewide map order inclusion proposed location must close possible civil_war event happened must parking cars bus externalinks_official site_category cultural_tourism category_american civil_war sites category auto trails united_states"},{"title":"Clover Food Lab","description":"area served boston massachusetts boston brookline massachusetts brookline cambridge massachusetts cambridge burlington massachusetts burlington westford massachusetts westford key people ayr muir founderwanda reindorf cfo christopher anderson vp food vincenzo pileggi director of mobile operations r d chef megan pileggi director of hr development lucia jazayeri director of communications industry food industry food products fast food num employees may homepage clover food lab is a fast food chain founded in by mit material science graduate and harvard businesschool harvard mbayr muir which operates through food truck s and restaurants in cambridge massachusetts cambridge brookline massachusetts brookline and boston massachusetts united states the company serves a simple menu that changes day to day and withe seasons based on what is available from local food local farmers and includes a large mix of organic food organic ingredients the company s food and novel approach to business have been well reviewed in local and national press citationeeded the company began in september as one food truck serving the arearound the massachusetts institute of technology mit as ofall clover food lab had somemployees operating in locations including two cambridge restaurants harvard square and inman square and six food truckstationed near mit boston university boston south end boston south end neighborhood longwood medical area government center boston government center boston common dewey square and other locations in greater cambridgenvironmental vision the company was founded by ayr muir a graduate of mit in material science and harvard businesschool mba programuir a distant cousin of naturalist john muir has cited environmental motivations as a driving force behind the company s creation he wishes to shrink thecological footprint of the food industry by making fresh local sustainable agriculture sustainable vegetarian food as common and convenient as the fare at burger king or mcdonald s the company s food trucks are decommissioned and retrofitted cargo vehicles that use biodiesel recycled vegetable oil to help them run all of the company s utensils napkins and other items are compostable despite clover food lab s focus on local sustainable and vegetarian food muir consciously avoids brand management branding the company s food asuch fearing that none will eat it if we do file clover food lab harvard squarestaurant cambridge ma jpg thumb px clover food lab s restaurant in harvard square clover food lab s trucks and restaurants have minimalisminimalist somewhat industrial design and includelements that give them the look and feel of a laboratory the sides and walls are plain white menus are written on whiteboard s with black dry erase marker and the restaurants are brightly lit and have mostly stool seat stool seating the kitchen has a pop up quality as if the crew is here temporarily planning to relocatelsewhere staff enter customer orders and process credit andebit cards through an ipod touch system and give change from their money belt s instead of cash register s clover food lab s blt sandwich uses vegetarian bacon soy bacon and has been cited as the best blt sandwich in boston by mayor thomas menino the company was a winner of the food truck challenge a competition initiated by menino to bring healthy mobile food vending to boston whichas led to a rising trend in the city in the use ofood and coffee trucks clover food lab was named one of the top food trucks in the united states by the wall street journal and given the best of boston award for vegetarian food by the improper bostonian the company was one of several food truck services highlighted by the huffington post for its intense use of technology especially social media distinctive product and cult like following salmonella outbreak in july all clover locations were closed following a salmonella outbreak with at least confirmed cases of salmonella poisoning linked to clover the source of the salmonella outbreak was later attributed to a mexican poultry farm not clover pay what you want day typically held on the first day of operations of a new clover location pay what you want day allows the area to geto know the food and for the staff to work outheir pace in pay what you want day was experienced in central square cambridge central square withe opening of cloverhfi the restaurant continues operations for hours which maintains the tradition of the restaurant it replaced in clover food lab opened the doors to three new locations and one food truck all featuring pay what you want dayall proceeds made during the openings were donated to the food project see also don chow tacos kogi korean bbq list ofood trucks list of vegetariand vegan companies externalinks official website architect newspaper article harvard gazette article bostinno article harvard crimson article business journal article boston magazine article making of a mctopia fast company article questo become the vegetarian mcdonalds boston globe boston globe usa today category culture of boston category economy of boston category companies based in cambridge massachusetts category vegetarian companies and establishments category fast food chains of the united states category food 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brookline massachusetts brookline boston_massachusetts united_states company serves simple menu changes day day withe seasons based available local_food local farmers includes large mix organic food organic ingredients company food novel approach business well reviewed local national press company began september one food_truck serving arearound massachusetts institute technology mit clover_food lab operating locations including two cambridge restaurants harvard square square six food near mit boston university boston south end boston south end neighborhood medical area government center boston government center boston common dewey square locations greater vision company founded ayr muir graduate mit material science harvard businesschool distant cousin naturalist john muir cited environmental motivations driving force behind company creation wishes footprint food_industry making fresh local sustainable agriculture sustainable vegetarian food common convenient fare burger_king mcdonald company food_trucks decommissioned cargo vehicles use vegetable oil help run company utensils items despite clover_food lab focus local sustainable vegetarian food muir consciously brand management branding company food asuch fearing none eat file clover_food lab harvard cambridge jpg thumb px clover_food lab restaurant harvard square clover_food lab trucks restaurants somewhat industrial design give look feel laboratory sides walls plain white menus written black dry marker restaurants lit mostly stool seat stool seating kitchen pop quality crew temporarily planning staff enter customer orders process credit_cards touch system give change money belt instead cash register clover_food lab sandwich uses vegetarian bacon soy bacon cited best sandwich boston mayor thomas company winner food_truck challenge competition initiated bring healthy mobile_food vending boston whichas led rising trend city use ofood coffee trucks clover_food lab named one top food_trucks united_states wall_street_journal given best boston award vegetarian food company one several food_truck services highlighted huffington_post intense use technology especially social_media distinctive product cult like following salmonella outbreak july clover locations closed following salmonella outbreak least confirmed cases salmonella poisoning linked clover source salmonella outbreak later attributed mexican poultry farm clover pay want day typically held first_day operations new clover location pay want day allows area geto know food staff work outheir pace pay want day experienced central square cambridge central square withe opening restaurant continues operations hours maintains tradition restaurant replaced clover_food lab opened doors three new locations one food_truck featuring pay want proceeds made openings donated food project see_also chow_tacos kogi korean bbq list_ofood_trucks list vegetariand vegan companies externalinks_official_website architect newspaper article harvard gazette article article harvard article business_journal article boston magazine article making fast company article become vegetarian mcdonalds boston_globe boston_globe usa_today category_culture boston category_economy boston category_companies_based cambridge_massachusetts_category vegetarian companies establishments_category fast_food chains united_states category_food trucks"},{"title":"Club drug","description":"filecstasy monogramjpg thumb right px a selection of mdma pills which are oftenicknamed ecstasy or e club drugs also called rave drugs or party drugs are a loosely defined category of recreational drug s which are associated with disco th ques in the s and nightclub s dance club s electronic dance music parties and rave s in the s to the s erowid reference unlike many other categoriesuch as opiate s which arestablished according to pharmaceutical or chemical properties club drugs are a category of convenience in which drugs are includedue to the locations they are consumed and or where the user goes while under the influence of the drugs club drugs are generally used by teens and young adults this group of drugs are also calledesigner drug s as most are synthesized in chemicalab eg mdma ketamine lsd rather than being sourced from plants as with marijuana which comes from the cannabis plant file raveonjpg thumb left px some club drug users take the drugs because they believe thathe substances effects enhance thexperience of rave and electronic dance musiclubs pulsating lights brightly colored projected images and massive sound systems witheavy bassline s club drugs range from entactogensuch as mdma ecstasy c b nexus and inhalant s eg nitrous oxide and poppers to stimulant s eg amphetamine and cocaine depressantsedatives quaaludes gamma hydroxybutyric acid ghb rohypnol and psychedelic drug psychedelic and hallucinogenic drugs lsd and n dimethyltryptamine dmt dancers at all night parties andancevents have used some of these drugs for their stimulating propertiesince the s mod subculture in uk whose members took amphetamine s to stay up all night in the s disco scene the club drugs of choice shifted to the stimulant cocaine and the depressant quaaludes were so common at disco clubs thathe drug was nicknamedisco biscuits in the s and s methamphetamine s and mdmare sold and used in many clubs club drugs vary by country and region in some regions even opiatesuch as heroin and morphine have been sold at clubs though this practice is relatively uncommonorconon states that other synthetic drugs used in clubs or which are sold as ecstasy include harmaline piperazines eg benzylpiperazine bzp and tfmppara methoxyamphetamine pma pmma mephedrone generally used outside the us and mdpv the legal status of club drugs varies according to the region and the drug some drugs are legal in some jurisdictionsuch as poppers which are often sold as room deodorizer or leather polish to get aroundrug laws and nitrous oxide which is legal when used from a whipped cream can other club drugsuch as amphetamine or mdmare generally illegal unless the individual has a lawful prescription from a doctor some club drugs are almost always illegal such as cocaine there are a range of risks from using club drugs as with all drugs including legal drugs like alcohol to illegal drugs like benzylpiperazine bzp using drugs can increase the risk of injury due to falls dangerous orisky behaviour eg unsafe sex and if the user drives injury or death due to impairedriving accidentsome club drugsuch as cocaine and amphetamines are addictive and regular use can lead to the user craving more of the drug some club drugs are more associated with overdosesome club drugs can cause adverse health effects which can be harmful to the user such as the dehydration associated with mdma use in an all night dance club setting file mdma capsulesjpg thumb right px mdma capsules mdma ecstasy is a popular club drug in the rave and electronic dance music scenes and inightclub s it is known under many nicknames including e and molly mdma is often considered the drug of choice within the rave culture and is also used at clubs festivals house party house parties and free party free parties in the ravenvironmenthe sensory effects from the music and lighting are often highly synergy synergistic withe drug the psychedelic quality of mdmand its amphetamine likenergizing effect offers multiple reasons for its appeal to users in the rave setting some users enjoy the feeling of mass communion from the inhibition reducing effects of the drug while others use it as party fuel for all night dancing mdma is taken by users less frequently than other stimulants typically less than once per week effects include g reater enjoyment of dancing d istortions of perceptions particularly light music and touch and a rtificial feelings of empathy and emotional warmth mdma isometimes taken in conjunction with other psychoactive drugsuch as lsdmt psilocybin mushroom s and c b usersometimes use menthol ated products while taking mdma for its cooling sensation stimulants file blue crystal methjpg thumb left px a blue form of crystal meth a number of stimulants are used as club drugs various amphetamines and methamphetamines are used astimulants as is cocaine these drugs enable clubgoers to dance all night cocaine is a powerful nervousystem stimulant its effects can last from fifteen or thirty minutes to an hour the duration of cocaine s effects depends on the amountaken and the route of administration cocaine can be in the form ofine white powder bitter to the taste when inhaled or injected it causes a numbing effect cocaine increases alertness feelings of well being and euphoria energy and motor activity feelings of competence and sexuality cocaine stimulant effects are similar to that of amphetamine however theseffects tend to be much shorter lasting and more prominent depressantsedatives file quaaludejpg thumb right px a variety of quaalude pills and capsules methaqualone quaaludes became increasingly popular as a recreational drug in the late s and s known variously as ludes or sopers alsoaps in the us and mandrakes and mandies in the uk australiand new zealand the drug was often used by hippies and by people who went dancing at glam rock clubs in the s and at discoth que discos one slang term for quaaludes in the disco era was disco biscuits in the mid s there were bars in manhattan called juice bars that only served non alcoholic drinks that catered to people who liked to dance on methaqualone purported methaqualone is in a significant minority of cases found to be inert or contain diphenhydramine or benzodiazepines methaqualone is one of the most commonly used recreational drugs in south africa it is also popular elsewhere in africand india commonly known as mandrax m pills buttons or smarties a mixture of crushed mandrax and cannabis drug cannabis smoked usually through a tobacco pipe smoking pipe made from the neck of a broken bottle the depressant gamma hydroxybutyric acid ghb also used by assailants as a date rape drug in which case they slip it into a victim s drink is intentionally taken by some users as a party drug and club drug rohypnol also used as a date rape drug is a sedative hypnotic that causes intoxication and impairs cognitive functions this may appear as lack of concentration confusion and anterograde amnesia it can be described as a hangover likeffect which can persisto the next day it also impairs psychomotor functionsimilar tother benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drugs the previously mentioned selection of drugs are generally categorized as club drugs by the mediand the united states governmenthis distinction probably does not have an accurate correlation to real usage patterns for example alcoholic beverages beer wine hard liquor is generally not included under the category of club drugs even though it is probably used more thany other drug at clubs particularly those that are liquor licensed nightclub s or bar s psychedelic drugs file pink elephants on parade blotter lsdumbojpg thumb lsd is widely known as a psychedelic drug and often features psychedelic art work on its blotting paper drugs blotters a psychedelic drug is a drug medication whose primary action is to alter cognition and perception typically by serotonin receptor agonist agonising serotonin receptors causing thought and visual auditory changes and heightened state of consciousness psychedelic drugs induce heightened state of consciousness brain scanshow guardiancom retrieved major psychedelic drugs include bufotenin racemorphan lsd n dimethyltryptamine dmt and psilocybin mushroom s noto be confused with psychoactive drugsuch astimulant s and opioid s which induce states of altered consciousness psychedelics tend to affecthe mind in ways that result in thexperience being qualitatively different from those of ordinary consciousness whereastimulants cause an energized feeling and opiates produce a dreamy relaxed state the psychedelic experience is often compared to non ordinary forms of consciousnessuch as trance meditation yoga religious ecstasy dream ing and evenear death experience s with a few exceptions most psychedelic drugs fall intone of the three following families of chemical compounds tryptamine s phenethylamine s and lysergamides many psychedelic drugs are illegal worldwide under the single convention narcotic drugs un conventions unless used in a medical oreligious context despite these regulations recreational use of psychedelics is common including at rave s and edm concerts and festivals file hopoppersjpg thumb left px a selection of small bottles of poppers a volatile drug inhaled at dance clubs for the rush it can provide poppers are small bottles of volatile drugs which are inhaled by clubgoers for the rush or high thathey can create nitritesuch as alkyl nitrite originally came asmall glass capsules that were popped open which led to the nickname poppers the drug became popular in the us first on the disco club scene of the s where dancers used the drug for the rush it provides and because it was perceived to enhance thexperience of dancing to loud bass heavy disco the drug became popular again the mid s and s rave and electronic dance music scenes as with disco clubgoers rave participants and edm enthusiasts used the drug because its rush or high was perceived to enhance thexperience of dancing to pulsating music and lights recreational use of nitrous oxide nitrous oxide is a dissociative inhalanthat can cause depersonalisation derealisation feeling like the world is not real dizziness euphoria emotion euphoriand some soundistortion flanging in some cases it may cause slight hallucination s and have a mild aphrodisiac effect while medical grade nitrous oxide is only available to dentists and other licensed health care providers recreational users often obtain the drug by inhaling the nitrous oxide used in whipped cream aerosol cans nitrous oxide users also buy small whippet canisters of nitrous oxide intended for use in restaurant whipped cream dispensers and then crack open these canisters to inhale the gas users typically transfer the gas to a plastic bag or balloon prior to inhaling it file g o kjpg thumb right px ketamine from the street drug trade in the form of crystals ketamine a dissociative anesthetic has a long history of being used in clubs and was one of the most popular substances used in the new york club kids club kid scene ketamine produces a dissociative state characterized by a sense of detachment from one s physical body and thexternal world which is known as depersonalization anderealization effects include hallucinations changes in the perception of distances relative scale color andurations time as well as a slowing of the visual system s ability to update whathe user iseeing in the synthetic phenethylaminesuch as c i c b andimethoxy bromoamphetamine dob have been referred to as club drugs due to their stimulating and psychedelic nature and their chemical relationship with mdma bbc i by late derivates of the psychedelic x drugs the nbome s and especially i nbome had become common at raves in europe wpuls the drug organizationorconon states that other synthetic drugs used in clubs or which are sold as ecstasy include harmaline piperazines eg benzylpiperazine bzp and tfmppara methoxyamphetamine pma pmma mephedrone generally used outside the us and mdpv though far less common than other club drugs like mdma ketamine or lsd heroin can be found in some of new york city s clubs marijuanand related cannabis products are used by some clubgoers for example some rohypnol and ketamine users mix the powderedrug with marijuanand smoke it desired effects although each club drug has different effects their use in clubs reflects their perceived contribution to the user s experience dancing to a beat as lights flash to the musiclub drug users are generally taking the drugs to enhance social intimacy and sensory stimulation from the dance club experiencegahlinger paul club drugs mdma gamma hydroxybutyrate ghb rohypnol and ketamine in am fam physician jun some club drugs popularity stems from their ability to induceuphoria lowered inhibition and an intoxicated feeling some drugsuch as amphetamine and cocaine give the dancer hyperactivity and energy to dance all night many drugs produce a feeling of heightened physical sensation and increased libido and sexual pleasure some club drugsuch as lsdmt mdma c b and ketaminenhance thexperience of being in a nightclub with pulsating lights and flashing lasers and throbbing dance music because they cause hallucinations or unusual perception effects risks and adverseffects although research continues into the full scope of theffects of illegal drugs regular and unsafe use of club drugs is widely accepted to have damaging sideffects and carry a risk of addiction increased heart rate a steep increase in body temperature increase in blood pressure spasms andehydration are all common sideffects of mdmand methamphetamine breathing and respiratory issues drowsiness nauseand confusion are common sideffects of saidrugs they can also make the user anxioustressed and panicked or even hallucinate withdrawal is also a risk with many club drugs drug cravings as the chemicaleaves the user s body can be complicated by sleep deprivation dehydration and hypoglycaemia to result in debilitating come downs which can result in depression like symptoms in the worst instance club drugs result in the death of the user from cardiac arrest or water intoxication due to the increase in heart rate and thirstiness induced inconsistency in the strength and exact composition of the suppliedrug causing users toverdose wide variance in the measured rate of deaths caused by drugsuch as ecstasy across countriesuggesthat user and societal environmental factors may also affecthe lethality of club drugs drug interactions file drug addicted in tallinn tramjpg thumb right px an unconscious teen on a tram car anotherisk is drug interactionsome club drug users take multiple drugs athe same time club drugs often are taken together with alcohol or with other drugs to enhance their effect gahlinger paul club drugs mdma gamma hydroxybutyrate ghb rohypnol and ketamine in am fam physician jun drug interactions can cause hazardousideffects when club drug users are in a liquor licensed nightclub users may mix pills or powders mdma c b ghb ketamine with consumption of alcoholic drinksuch as beer wine or hard liquor some depressantsuch as rohypnol are dangerous to take while drinking alcohol ketamine often is taken in trail mixes of methamphetamine phencyclidine cocaine sildenafil citrate viagra morphine or heroin gahlinger paul club drugs mdma gamma hydroxybutyrate ghb rohypnol and ketamine in am fam physician jun injury or death due to risky behaviour anotherisk with club drugs is one shared by all drugs from legal drugs like alcohol to abused over the counter drugs taking large amounts of dextromethorphan cough syrup and illegal drugs benzylpiperazine bzp amphetamine s etc while impaired the user is more likely to be injured engage in dangerous orisky behaviour eg unsafe sex or if she or he drives have an accident resulting injury or death due to impairedriving file bzptabletjpg righthumb px a tablet sold as mdma it contained no mdma instead it contained benzylpiperazine bzp methamphetamine and caffeine in many cases illegal club drugs are misrepresented gahlinger paul club drugs mdma gamma hydroxybutyrate ghb rohypnol and ketamine in am fam physician jun that is a dealer will tell a purchaser that she has a certain illegal drug for sale while in facthe dealer s pills capsules or bags of powder do not contain that chemical for example mdma ecstasy is very hard to synthesize in illegal underground labs and methamphetamine is much easier it can be made from household chemicals and over the counter cold remedies containing pseudoephedrine asuch what dealersell as mdma is often methamphetamine powder similarly pillsold by drug dealers as lsd a drug which only the top chemists have the training to synthesize most often containo lsd instead they often contain phencyclidine pcp a veterinary tranquilizer which produces disassociation and hallucinations in humans in some cases the dealer has intentionally substituted a less expensive more available illegal drug for another drug in other cases the substitution was made by a higher level drug cartel organization and the dealer may in fact believe thathe bogus product is mdma or lsd cutting adulteration and spiking file flavcocainejpg thumb left px baggies of cocaine adulterated with fruit flavoured powder and colouring withexception of marijuana which typically is uncut and unlaced many illegal drugs especially those which come in a powder or pill form are cut with other substances or spiked with other drugs cocaine amphetamines and other stimulants often have caffeine powder added as this increases the dealer s profit by bulking outhe powder so that less expensive cocaine or amphetamine has to be used in making the product some substances used to cut illegal drugs are not inherently harmful as they are just used to pad or bulk out a quantity of the illegal drug and increase profitsuch as the lactose milk sugar a white powder often added to heroin even fairly innocuous powders that are added to illegal drugs though can have adverseffects with some routes of illegal drug administration such as injection with some drugs adulterants are sometimes added to make the product more appealing for example flavoured cocaine has flavoured powder added to the drug whereas the main goal of cutting is to bulk out a quantity of purexpensive illegal drugs with an innocuous and not overly harmful substance lactose or fairly low impact product eg caffeine in amphetamine pills the goal of spiking is to try to make lower quality illegal drug or a lower potency source of illegal drugs give the user the type of high or psychedelic experience she or he iseeking while it was earlier stated that marijuana is most often uncut and un spiked some dealers add pcp to marijuana this nicknamed wet marijuana because adding this disassociative psychedelic to low grade low thc marijuana can convert it into a cannabis that createstriking hallucinogenic effects drug researchers learned that some dealers were spiking marijuana when they tested us teens who stated thathey had only used a single illegal drug marijuanand the teens tested positive for marijuanand pcp some dealers who have a very small quantity of mdma powder to sell spike it with less expensive and easier to produce methamphetamine powder street cocaine is often adulterated or cut with talc lactose sucrose glucose mannitol inositol caffeine procaine phencyclidine phenytoin lignocaine strychnine amphetamine or heroin a common methamphetamine adulterant is dimethyl sulfone a solvent and cosmetic base without known effect on the nervousystem other adulterants include dimethylamphetamine hcl ephedrine hcl sodium thiosulfate sodium chloride sodium glutamate and a mixture of caffeine with sodium benzoate not all club drugs are addictive nitrous oxide is not addictive however some club drugs are addictive amphetamine heavily used in recreational fashion pose a serious risk of addiction cocaine addiction is a psychological desire to use cocaine regularly cocaine overdose may result in cardiovascular and brain damage such as vasoconstriction constricting blood vessels in the brain causing stroke s and constricting arteries in theart causing myocardial infarction heart attacks cocaine use and its effects the use of cocaine creates euphoriand high amounts of energy if taken in large unsafe doses it is possible to cause mood swings paranoia insomnia psychosis high blood pressure a tachycardia fast heart rate panic attacks cognitive dysfunction cognitive impairments andrastichanges in personality the symptoms of cocaine withdrawalso known as comedown drugs comedown or crash range fromoderate to severe dysphoria depression moodepression anxiety weakness psychological and physical weakness pain and compulsive craving withdrawal cravings file ghb do s andon ts drugslabwebm thumb right px a video warning abouthe dangers of ghb addiction occurs when repeatedrug use disrupts the normal balance of brain circuits that control rewards memory and cognition ultimately leading to compulsive drug takingdepartment of health and human servicesamhsa office of applied studies national survey on drug use and health ages years and up american heart association johns hopkins university study principles of addiction medicine psychology today national gambling impact commission study national council on problem gambling illinois institute for addiction recovery society for advancement of sexual health all psych journal addiction and the brain time although there have been reported fatalities due to ghb withdrawal reports are inconclusive and furtheresearch is needed ketamine risks ketamine use as a recreational drug has been implicated in deaths globally with more than deaths in england wales in the years of they include accidental poisonings drownings traffic accidents and suicidessee max daly the sademise of nancy lee one of britain s ketamine casualties at vice online july see accessed june the majority of deaths were among young peoplethe crown drug relatedeaths involving ketamine in england wales a report of the mortality team lifevents and population sources division office for national statistics the crown uk see and accessed june this has led to increased regulation eg upgrading ketamine from a class c to a class banned substance in the uk hayley dixon ketamine death of public schoolgirl an act of stupidity which destroyed family athe telegraph online february see accessed june at sufficiently high doses ketamine users may experience what is called the k hole a state of extreme dissociation with visual and auditory hallucinations acute treatment file woodstock festival medicaljpg thumb right px a music fan who has had a drug overdose athe woodstock music festival is placed onto a wheeled cot by paramedics the main treatment for individuals facing acute medical issues due to club drug consumption or overdoses is cardiorespiratory maintenance gahlinger paul club drugs mdma gamma hydroxybutyrate ghb rohypnol and ketamine in am fam physician jun since club drug users may have consumed multiple drugs a mix of drugs and alcohol or a drug adulterated with other chemicals it is hard for doctors to knowhatype of overdose to treat for even if the user is conscious and can tell the medical team what drug they think they took a doctorecommends cardiac monitoring pulse oximetry urinalysis and performance of a comprehensive chemistry panel to check for electrolyte imbalance renal toxicity and possible underlying disorders and preventing seizures gahlinger paul club drugs mdma gamma hydroxybutyrate ghb rohypnol and ketamine in am fam physician jun some doctors use activated charcoal and a cathartic to detoxify the drugs in the gastrointestinal system gahlinger paul club drugs mdma gamma hydroxybutyrate ghb rohypnol and ketamine in am fam physician jun cooling the victim is recommended to avoid hyperthermia if the victim overdosed on rohypnol the antidote flumazenil can be given this the only club drug for which there is antidote gahlinger paul club drugs mdma gamma hydroxybutyrate ghb rohypnol and ketamine in am fam physician jun in the mid to late s disco club scene there was a thriving drug subculture particularly for drugs that would enhance thexperience of dancing to the loudance music and the flashing lights on the dancefloor substancesuch as cocaine gootenberg paul between cocand cocaine a century or more of pp he says thathe relationship of cocaine to s disco culture cannot be stressed enough nicknamed blow amyl nitrite poppers amyl butyl and isobutyl nitrite collectively known as alkyl nitrites are clear yellow liquids which are inhaled for their intoxicating effects nitrites originally came asmall glass capsules that were popped open this led to nitrites beingiven the name poppers buthis form of the drug is rarely found in the uk the drug became popular in the uk first on the disco club scene of the s and then at dance and ravenues in the s and s available at and quaalude s quaaludes were described as the other quintessential s club drug which suspends motor coordination k according to peter braunstein massive quantities of drugs were ingested in discoth ques throughouthe s the use of club drugs expanded into collegesocial parties and raves as raves grew in popularity through the late s and into the late s drug usagespecially mdma grewithemuch like discos raves made use oflashing lights loud techno electronic dance music to enhance the user experience before their scheduling some club drugs especially designer drug designer drugs referred to as researchemical researchemicals were advertised as alcohol free andrug free anothereason that drug producers create new drugs is to avoidrug laws in australia club drugs are used in australia in a variety of dance clubs and nightclubs one in ten australians has used mdmat least once in their lifetime however one in thirty have used mdma in the past months one in a hundred australians has used ketamine at least once in their lives and a total ofive hundred in the past months one in two hundred australians have used ghb at least once in their lives and one in one thousand in the past months regarding thentire australian population seven per cent of australians have used cocaine at least once in their lifetime and two per cent of australians have used it in the past months australia defence force adf nd in era generations from teens to young adults and mature aged people these drugs are commonly used and sold nightclubs and pubs throughout australia see also party pills rave nightclub route baroute world s first cocaine bar furthereading hunt geoffrey moloney molly and evans kristin youth drugs and nightlife routledge knowles cynthia r up all night a closer look at club drugs and rave cultured house pressanders bill drugs clubs and young people sociological and public health perspectives routledge references externalinks clubdrugsgov from the national institute on drug abuserowid reference category dance culture category drug culture category disco category rave category euphoriants category inhalants category sedatives category hypnotics category stimulants category psychedelic drugs category dissociative drugs category s fads and trends category s fads and trends category s fads and trends category s fads and trends category s fads and trends category s fads and trends category nightclubs category musical subcultures hr droga za silovanje pt boa noite 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electronic_dance_music parties rave reference unlike many according chemical properties club_drugs category convenience drugs locations consumed user goes influence drugs club_drugs generally used teens young adults group drugs also drug mdma ketamine lsd rather sourced plants marijuana comes cannabis plant file thumb left_px club_drug_users take drugs believe thathe substances effects enhance thexperience rave electronic_dance pulsating lights colored projected images massive sound_systems club_drugs range mdma ecstasy c b nitrous_oxide poppers stimulant amphetamine cocaine quaaludes gamma acid ghb rohypnol psychedelic drug psychedelic drugs lsd n dmt dancers night parties used drugs stimulating mod subculture uk whose members took amphetamine stay night disco scene club_drugs choice shifted stimulant cocaine quaaludes common disco clubs thathe drug biscuits methamphetamine sold used many clubs club_drugs vary country region regions even heroin morphine sold clubs though practice relatively states synthetic drugs used clubs sold ecstasy include benzylpiperazine bzp generally used outside us legal status club_drugs varies according region drug drugs legal poppers often sold room leather polish get laws nitrous_oxide legal used whipped cream club_drugsuch amphetamine generally illegal unless individual prescription doctor club_drugs almost always illegal cocaine range risks using club_drugs drugs including legal drugs like alcohol illegal_drugs like benzylpiperazine bzp using drugs increase risk injury due falls dangerous behaviour unsafe sex user drives injury death due club_drugsuch cocaine addictive regular use lead user craving drug club_drugs associated club_drugs cause adverse health effects harmful user associated mdma use night dance club setting file mdma thumb right px mdma capsules mdma ecstasy popular club_drug rave electronic_dance_music scenes known many including e molly mdma often considered drug choice within rave_culture also_used clubs festivals house party house parties free party free parties sensory effects music lighting often highly withe drug psychedelic quality amphetamine effect offers multiple reasons appeal users rave setting users enjoy feeling mass reducing effects drug others use party fuel night dancing mdma taken users less frequently stimulants typically less per week effects include g enjoyment dancing perceptions particularly light music touch feelings emotional warmth mdma isometimes taken conjunction drugsuch psilocybin mushroom c b use products taking mdma cooling sensation stimulants file_blue crystal thumb left_px blue form crystal number stimulants used club_drugs various used cocaine drugs enable clubgoers dance night cocaine powerful stimulant effects last fifteen thirty minutes hour duration cocaine effects depends route administration cocaine form ofine white powder bitter taste inhaled causes effect cocaine increases feelings well energy motor activity feelings competence cocaine stimulant effects similar amphetamine however tend much shorter lasting prominent file thumb right px variety pills capsules methaqualone quaaludes became_increasingly_popular recreational drug late known variously us uk australiand_new_zealand drug often_used hippies people went dancing rock clubs discoth_que discos one slang_term quaaludes disco era disco biscuits mid bars manhattan called juice bars served non_alcoholic drinks catered people liked dance methaqualone methaqualone significant minority cases found inert contain methaqualone one commonly_used recreational drugs south_africa also_popular elsewhere africand india commonly_known pills mixture crushed cannabis drug cannabis smoked usually tobacco pipe smoking pipe made neck broken bottle gamma acid ghb also_used date rape drug case victim drink intentionally taken users party drug club_drug rohypnol also_used date rape drug causes intoxication cognitive functions may appear lack concentration confusion amnesia described next_day also tother drugs previously mentioned selection drugs generally categorized club_drugs mediand united_states distinction probably accurate correlation real usage patterns example alcoholic_beverages beer wine hard liquor generally included category club_drugs even_though probably used thany drug clubs particularly liquor licensed nightclub bar psychedelic drugs file pink elephants parade thumb lsd widely known psychedelic drug often features psychedelic art work paper drugs psychedelic drug drug medication whose primary action alter perception typically causing thought visual auditory changes state consciousness psychedelic drugs induce state consciousness brain retrieved major psychedelic drugs include lsd n dmt psilocybin mushroom noto confused drugsuch induce states altered consciousness tend affecthe mind ways result thexperience different ordinary consciousness cause feeling produce relaxed state psychedelic experience often compared non ordinary forms trance yoga religious ecstasy dream ing death experience exceptions psychedelic drugs fall intone three following families chemical many psychedelic drugs illegal worldwide single convention drugs conventions unless used medical context despite regulations recreational use common including rave edm concerts festivals file thumb left_px selection small bottles poppers drug inhaled dance clubs rush provide poppers small bottles drugs inhaled clubgoers rush high thathey create nitrite originally came asmall glass capsules open led nickname poppers drug became_popular us first disco club scene dancers used drug rush provides perceived enhance thexperience dancing loud bass heavy disco drug became_popular mid rave electronic_dance_music scenes disco clubgoers rave participants edm enthusiasts used drug rush high perceived enhance thexperience dancing pulsating music lights recreational use nitrous_oxide nitrous_oxide dissociative cause feeling like world real emotion cases may cause slight mild effect medical grade nitrous_oxide available dentists licensed health_care providers recreational users often obtain drug nitrous_oxide used whipped cream cans nitrous_oxide users also buy small nitrous_oxide intended use restaurant whipped cream crack open gas users typically transfer gas plastic bag balloon prior file g thumb right px ketamine street drug trade form ketamine dissociative long history used clubs one popular substances used new_york club kids club kid scene ketamine produces dissociative state characterized sense detachment one physical body thexternal world known effects include hallucinations changes perception distances relative scale color time well visual system ability update whathe user synthetic c c b referred club_drugs due stimulating psychedelic nature chemical relationship mdma bbc late psychedelic x drugs nbome especially nbome become common raves europe drug states synthetic drugs used clubs sold ecstasy include benzylpiperazine bzp generally used outside us though far less_common club_drugs like mdma ketamine lsd heroin found new_york city clubs marijuanand related cannabis products used clubgoers example rohypnol ketamine users mix marijuanand smoke desired effects although club_drug different effects use clubs reflects perceived contribution user experience dancing beat lights flash musiclub drug_users generally taking drugs enhance social sensory stimulation dance club paul club_drugs mdma gamma hydroxybutyrate ghb rohypnol ketamine fam physician jun club_drugs popularity stems ability lowered intoxicated feeling drugsuch amphetamine cocaine give dancer energy dance night many drugs produce feeling physical sensation increased sexual pleasure club_drugsuch mdma c b thexperience nightclub pulsating lights dance_music cause hallucinations unusual perception effects risks although research continues full scope theffects illegal_drugs regular unsafe use club_drugs widely accepted damaging sideffects carry risk addiction increased heart rate steep increase body temperature increase blood pressure common sideffects methamphetamine breathing respiratory issues confusion common sideffects also make user even withdrawal also risk many club_drugs drug cravings user body complicated sleep deprivation result come downs result depression like symptoms worst instance club_drugs result death user cardiac arrest water intoxication due increase heart rate induced strength exact composition causing users wide measured rate deaths caused drugsuch ecstasy across user environmental factors may_also affecthe club_drugs drug interactions file drug tallinn thumb right px teen tram car drug club_drug_users take multiple drugs athe_time club_drugs often taken together alcohol drugs enhance effect gahlinger paul club_drugs mdma gamma hydroxybutyrate ghb rohypnol ketamine fam physician jun drug interactions cause club_drug_users liquor licensed nightclub users may mix pills mdma c b ghb ketamine consumption alcoholic_drinksuch beer wine hard liquor rohypnol dangerous take drinking alcohol ketamine often taken trail methamphetamine cocaine morphine heroin gahlinger paul club_drugs mdma gamma hydroxybutyrate ghb rohypnol ketamine fam physician jun injury death due risky behaviour club_drugs one shared drugs legal drugs like alcohol counter drugs taking large amounts syrup illegal_drugs benzylpiperazine bzp amphetamine etc user likely injured engage dangerous behaviour unsafe sex drives accident resulting injury death due file righthumb_px tablet sold mdma contained mdma instead contained benzylpiperazine bzp methamphetamine caffeine many_cases illegal club_drugs gahlinger paul club_drugs mdma gamma hydroxybutyrate ghb rohypnol ketamine fam physician jun dealer tell certain illegal_drug sale facthe dealer pills capsules bags powder contain chemical example mdma ecstasy hard illegal underground labs methamphetamine much easier made household chemicals counter cold containing asuch mdma often methamphetamine powder similarly drug dealers lsd drug top chemists training often lsd instead often contain veterinary produces hallucinations humans cases dealer intentionally less expensive available illegal_drug another drug cases made higher level drug organization dealer may fact believe thathe product mdma lsd cutting file thumb left_px cocaine adulterated fruit flavoured powder withexception marijuana typically many illegal_drugs especially come powder form cut substances drugs cocaine stimulants often caffeine powder added increases dealer profit outhe powder less expensive cocaine amphetamine used making product substances used cut illegal_drugs harmful used pad bulk quantity illegal_drug increase milk sugar white powder often added heroin even fairly added illegal_drugs though routes illegal_drug administration injection drugs sometimes added make product appealing example flavoured cocaine flavoured powder added drug whereas main goal cutting bulk quantity illegal_drugs harmful substance fairly low_impact product caffeine amphetamine pills goal try make lower quality illegal_drug lower source illegal_drugs give user type high psychedelic experience earlier stated marijuana often dealers add marijuana nicknamed wet marijuana adding psychedelic low grade low marijuana convert cannabis effects drug researchers learned dealers marijuana tested us teens stated_thathey used single illegal_drug marijuanand teens tested positive marijuanand dealers small quantity mdma powder sell spike less expensive easier produce methamphetamine powder street cocaine often adulterated cut caffeine amphetamine heroin common methamphetamine cosmetic base without known effect include sodium sodium sodium mixture caffeine sodium club_drugs addictive nitrous_oxide addictive however club_drugs addictive amphetamine heavily used recreational fashion pose serious risk addiction cocaine addiction psychological desire use cocaine regularly cocaine overdose may result brain damage blood vessels brain causing stroke theart causing heart attacks cocaine use effects use cocaine creates high amounts energy taken large unsafe possible cause mood swings high blood pressure fast heart rate panic attacks cognitive cognitive personality symptoms cocaine known drugs crash range severe depression anxiety weakness psychological physical weakness pain craving withdrawal cravings file ghb thumb right px video warning abouthe dangers ghb addiction occurs use normal balance brain control rewards memory ultimately leading drug health human office applied studies national survey drug_use health ages years american heart association johns hopkins university study principles addiction medicine psychology today national gambling impact commission study national council problem gambling illinois institute addiction recovery society advancement sexual health journal addiction brain time although reported due ghb withdrawal reports needed ketamine risks ketamine use recreational drug deaths globally deaths england_wales years include accidental poisonings traffic accidents max nancy lee one britain ketamine casualties vice online july see accessed june majority deaths among young crown drug involving ketamine england_wales report mortality team population sources division office national statistics crown uk see accessed june led increased regulation upgrading ketamine class c class banned substance uk dixon ketamine death public act destroyed family athe telegraph online february see accessed june sufficiently high ketamine users may experience called k hole state extreme visual auditory hallucinations acute treatment file woodstock festival thumb right px music fan drug overdose athe woodstock music_festival placed onto main treatment individuals facing acute medical issues due club_drug consumption maintenance gahlinger paul club_drugs mdma gamma hydroxybutyrate ghb rohypnol ketamine fam physician jun since club_drug_users may consumed multiple drugs mix drugs alcohol drug adulterated chemicals hard doctors overdose treat even user conscious tell medical team drug think took cardiac monitoring pulse performance comprehensive chemistry panel check renal possible underlying disorders preventing gahlinger paul club_drugs mdma gamma hydroxybutyrate ghb rohypnol ketamine fam physician jun doctors use activated charcoal drugs system gahlinger paul club_drugs mdma gamma hydroxybutyrate ghb rohypnol ketamine fam physician jun cooling victim recommended avoid victim rohypnol given club_drug gahlinger paul club_drugs mdma gamma hydroxybutyrate ghb rohypnol ketamine fam physician jun mid late disco club scene thriving drug subculture particularly drugs would enhance thexperience dancing music lights cocaine paul cocaine century pp says thathe relationship cocaine disco culture cannot enough nicknamed blow nitrite poppers nitrite collectively known nitrites clear yellow inhaled effects nitrites originally came asmall glass capsules open led nitrites name poppers buthis form drug rarely found uk drug became_popular uk first disco club scene dance available quaaludes described club_drug motor coordination k according peter massive quantities drugs discoth_ques throughouthe use club_drugs expanded parties raves raves grew popularity late late drug mdma like discos raves made use lights loud techno electronic_dance_music enhance user experience scheduling club_drugs especially designer drug designer drugs referred advertised alcohol_free andrug free anothereason drug producers create new drugs laws australia club_drugs used australia variety dance clubs nightclubs one ten australians used least lifetime however one thirty used mdma past months one hundred australians used ketamine least lives total ofive hundred past months one two hundred australians used ghb least lives one one thousand past months regarding thentire australian population seven per_cent australians used cocaine least lifetime two per_cent australians used past months australia defence force era generations teens young adults mature aged people drugs commonly_used sold nightclubs pubs throughout australia see_also party pills rave nightclub route world first cocaine bar furthereading hunt geoffrey molly evans youth drugs nightlife routledge cynthia r night closer look club_drugs rave house bill drugs clubs young_people sociological public_health perspectives routledge references_externalinks national institute drug reference category_dance culture_category drug culture_category disco category rave category category category category category stimulants category psychedelic drugs category dissociative drugs category fads trends category fads trends category fads trends category fads trends category fads trends category fads trends category_nightclubs_category musical subcultures"},{"title":"Clubbing (subculture)","description":"clubbing also known as club culturelated to rave raving is the custom of visiting and gathering socially at nightclub s discotheques disco s or just clubs and festivals that includesocializing listening to music dancing drinking alcoholic beverage alcohol and sometimes using recreational drugs in most cases it is done to hear new music on larger systems than one would usually have in their domicile or for socializing and meeting new people clubbing and raves have historically referred to grass roots organized anti establishment and unlicensed all night dance party parties typically featuring electronically producedance music such as techno house music house trance music trance andrum and bassa rave review conceptual interests and analytical shifts in research on rave culture tammy l anderson and philip r kavanaugh university of delaware musiclub music varies from a wide range of electronic dance music edm which is a form of electronic music such as house music house and especially deep house techno drum and bass hip hop music hip hop electro music electro trance music trance funk breakbeat dubstep disco music is usually performed by djs who are playing tunes on turntables cd players or laptops using different additional techniques to express themselvesuch as beat juggling scratching beatmatching needle drop djing needle drop back spinning phrasing dj phrasing and other tricks and gigs depending on the type of music they are playing they can mix twor more prerecorded tunes athe same time or sometimes music is performed as a live act by musicians who play the sounds over a basic matrix sometimes combined with a vjing performance history clubbing is rooted in disco wave of the s but began evolving in the s with dj ing and rave party raves the subculture took shape in the late s and early s at underground rave parties in the us and london reynolds numerousocial changes have however occurred since then to transform thisubculture into a mainstreamovement youth oriented lifestyle and global activity see bennett reynolds hill electronic dance music and youth culturexploring change and consequence in london england tammy l anderson phd principal investigator and associate professor department of sociology and criminal justice university of delaware from the beginning clubbing while it was more rave subculture has involved mostlyounger people between and years of age a subculturemerged around raves featuring an ethos of peace love unity and respecthe plur doctrine rooted in community and empathy for others hill hutson reynolds today however tammy l anderson says the rave scene has given way to a more nightclubased electronic dance music edm scene featuring an older years of age crowd which very much involves the consumption of alcoholelectronic dance music and youth culturexploring change and consequence in london england tammy l anderson phd principal investigator and associate professor department of sociology and criminal justice university of delawareferences category subcultures category nightclubs category djing category electronic dance musicategory drug culture category drinking culture category articles created via the article wizard category dance culture category electronic music 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electronic","electronic music","music festivals"],"new_description":"clubbing also_known club rave raving custom visiting gathering socially nightclub disco clubs festivals music dancing drinking alcoholic_beverage alcohol sometimes using recreational drugs cases done hear new music larger systems one would usually socializing meeting new people clubbing raves historically referred grass roots organized anti establishment unlicensed night dance party parties typically featuring music techno house_music house trance_music trance rave review conceptual interests analytical shifts research rave_culture tammy l anderson philip r university delaware musiclub music varies wide_range electronic_dance_music edm form electronic_music house_music house especially deep house techno drum bass hip_hop music hip_hop electro music electro trance_music trance funk breakbeat disco music usually performed djs playing tunes players using different additional techniques express beat needle drop djing needle drop back spinning tricks gigs depending type music playing mix twor tunes athe_time sometimes music performed live act musicians play sounds basic sometimes combined performance history clubbing rooted disco wave began evolving ing rave party raves subculture took shape late early underground rave parties us london reynolds changes however occurred since transform youth oriented lifestyle global activity see bennett reynolds hill electronic_dance_music youth change consequence london_england tammy l anderson phd principal associate professor department sociology criminal justice university delaware beginning clubbing rave subculture involved people years age around raves featuring peace love unity respecthe rooted community others hill reynolds today however tammy l anderson says rave_scene given way electronic_dance_music edm scene featuring older years age crowd much involves consumption dance_music youth change consequence london_england tammy l anderson phd principal associate professor department sociology criminal justice university category subcultures category_nightclubs_category djing category_electronic_dance_musicategory drug culture_category drinking_culture_category articles_created_via article_wizard_category_dance culture_category_electronic music_festivals"},{"title":"Coaching inn","description":"file thegeorgesouthwarkjpg thumb uprighthe george inn southwark is the only galleried coaching inn to survive in london in europe from approximately the mid th century for a period of about years the coaching inn sometimes called a coaching house or staging inn was a vital part of the inland transport infrastructure as an inn serving coach carriage coach travellers just as with roadhouse facility roadhouses in other countries although many survive and some still offer overnight accommodation in general they have lostheir original function and now fulfil much the same function as ordinary pub s there are few motels withe function of refueling to motor vehicles buthe feeding function to horses was required for coaching inn file the cockjpg thumb painting of the first cock hotel in sutton london sutton surrey by thomas rowlandson in coaching inn stabled teams of horse s for stagecoach es and mail coach es and replaced tired teams with fresh teams traditionally they were seven miles apart buthis depended very much on the terrain somengland english towns had as many as ten such inn s and rivalry between them was intense not only for the income from the stagecoach operators but for the revenue for food andrink supplied to the wealthy passengers chipping barnet hertfordshire was one such location and even today boasts an unusually high number of historic pubs along its high street due to its former position the great north road great britain great north road from london to the north of england cock and bull a pair of coaching inns alongside the former a road great britain a road or the old roman road watling street in stony stratford buckinghamshirengland named respectively the cock and the bull are said to have given rise to the term cock and bull stories coaches or the mail coach would stop in the town on their way from london to the north and many a traveller s tall tale would be further embellished as it passed between the two hostelries fuelled by ale and an interested audience hence any suspiciously elaborate tale would become a cock and bull story this a cock and bull story in itself however as there is no evidence to suggesthathis where the phrase originated the phrase first recorded in may instead be an allusion to aesop s fables witheir incredible talking animals as thislightly predates coaching inns the names of the two inns could have been a reference to cock and bull stories as to encourage the passing of such anecdotes within their doors file stonystratford cockandbulljpg thumb upright public house pub signs pub signs of the cock and the bull historic inns examples of historic sites of coaching inns in centralondon include the plaque on the nomura building close to the museum of london london wall commemorating the bull and mouth inn golden cross house opposite st martin s in the fields recalls the golden cross charing cross coaching inn historic inns in oxford include the bear inn oxford bear inn originally established in and the lamb flag oxford lamb flag examples of historic inns in wales include the black boy inn built and the groes inn the black lion in cardigan established is probably the oldest welsh coaching inn see also inn public house stagecoach inn disambiguation coaching era the stage and mail coach travel in and around bath bristol and somerset roy gallop fiducia externalinks coaching inns by anne woodley stagecoaches and coaching inns cottontown photos of examples of what may be considered coaching inns in geographorguk category coaching inns category transport infrastructure category drinking establishments in europe category tourist 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transport","transport infrastructure","infrastructure category","category drinking","drinking establishments","europe category","category tourist","tourist accommodations"],"new_description":"file thumb_uprighthe george inn southwark coaching_inn survive london_europe approximately mid_th century period years coaching_inn sometimes_called coaching house inn vital part inland transport infrastructure inn serving coach carriage coach travellers roadhouse facility roadhouses countries although_many survive still offer overnight accommodation general lostheir original function much function ordinary pub motels withe function motor_vehicles buthe feeding function horses required coaching_inn file thumb painting first cock hotel sutton london sutton surrey thomas coaching_inn teams horse stagecoach mail coach replaced tired teams fresh teams traditionally seven miles apart buthis depended much terrain english towns many ten inn rivalry intense income stagecoach operators revenue food_andrink supplied wealthy passengers barnet hertfordshire one location even today unusually high number historic_pubs along high_street due former position great north road great_britain great north road london north england cock bull pair coaching_inns alongside former road great_britain road old roman road street stratford named respectively cock bull said given rise term cock bull stories coaches mail coach would stop town way london north many traveller tall tale would passed two ale interested audience hence elaborate tale would_become cock bull story cock bull story however evidence phrase originated phrase first recorded may instead witheir incredible talking animals coaching_inns names two inns could reference cock bull stories encourage passing anecdotes within doors file thumb upright public_house_pub_signs pub_signs cock bull historic inns examples historic_sites coaching_inns centralondon include plaque nomura building close museum london london_wall commemorating bull mouth inn golden cross house opposite st_martin fields recalls golden cross cross coaching_inn historic inns oxford include bear inn oxford bear inn originally established lamb_flag oxford lamb_flag examples historic inns wales include black boy inn built inn black lion established probably oldest welsh coaching_inn see_also inn public_house stagecoach inn disambiguation coaching era stage mail coach travel around bath bristol somerset roy externalinks coaching_inns anne coaching_inns photos examples may considered coaching_inns geographorguk category coaching_inns category_transport infrastructure category_drinking_establishments europe_category_tourist accommodations"},{"title":"Coffeehouse","description":"image caf de florejpg thumb caf de flore paris image pariscafediscussionpng thumb discussing the franco prussian war in a paris caf the illustrated londonewseptember a coffeehouse coffee shop or caf sometimespelled cafe is an establishment which primarily serves hot coffee related coffee beverages eg caf latte cappuccino espresso teand other hot beveragesome coffeehouses also serve cold beveragesuch as iced coffee and iced tea many caf s also serve some type ofood such as light snacks muffin s or pastries coffeehouses range from owner operated small business es to large multinational corporations in continental europe caf s often serve alcoholic beverages and light food but elsewhere the term caf may also refer to a tearoom uk and us tea room greasy spoon a small and inexpensive restaurant colloquially called a caff transport caf or other casual eating andrinking place a coffeehouse may share some of the same characteristics of a bar orestaurant but it is different from a cafeteria many coffeehouses in the middleast and in west asian immigrant districts in the western world offer shisha nargile in greek and turkish flavored tobacco smoked through a hookah espresso bar espresso bars are a type of coffeehouse that specializes in serving espresso and espresso basedrinks from a cultural standpoint coffeehouses largely serve as centers of social interaction the coffeehouse provides patrons with a place to congregate talk read writentertain one another or pass the time whether individually or in small groupsince the development of wi fi coffeehouses withis capability have also become places for patrons to access the internet on their laptop s and tablet computer s a coffeehouse can serve as an informal club for its regular members as early as the s beatnik erand the s folk music scene coffeehouses have hosted singer songwriter performances typically in thevening imagevolution of the word coffeesvg thumb evolution of the word coffee thumb evolution of the word coffee the most common english spelling caf is the french portuguese and spanish spelling and was adopted by english speaking countries in the late th century oxford english dictionary nd ed entry number caf as english generally makes little use of diacritic al marks anglicisation tends tomithem and to place the onus on the readers to remember how it is pronounced withouthe presence of the accenthus the spelling cafe has become very common in english language usage throughouthe world especially for the less formal ie greasy spoon variety although orthographic linguistic prescription prescriptivists often disapprove of ithe italian spelling caff is alsometimes used in english oxford english dictionary nd ed entry number caff n in southern england especially around london in the s the french pronunciation was often facetiously altered to and spelt caff oxford english dictionary nd ed entry number caff thenglish words coffee and caf derive from the italian word for coffee caff attested as cave in venice in and in turn derived from the arabic language arabic qahuwa the arabic language arabic term qahuwa originally referred to a type of wine but after the wine ban by muhammad mohammed the name was transferred to coffee because of the similarousing effect it induced european knowledge of coffee the plant itseeds and the beverage made from the seeds came through european contact with turkey likely via venetian ottoman trade relations the translingual word root kafe appears in many european languages with various naturalized spellings including portuguese spanish and french caf german kaffee polish language polish kawa ukrainian language ukrainian kavand others coffeehouses in mecca became a concern of imam s who viewed them as places for political gatherings andrinking they were banned for muslims between and in the first coffeehouse was opened in damascus and not long after there were many coffeehouses in cairo image meddah story tellerpng righthumb storyteller culture of the ottoman empire meddah at a coffeehouse in the ottoman empire the ottoman empire ottoman chronicler i brahim pevi reports in his writings abouthe opening of the first coffeehouse in istanbul various legends involving the introduction of coffee to istanbul at a kiva han in the late th century circulate in culinary tradition but with no documentation the th century french traveler and writer jean chardin gave a lively description of the persia n coffeehouse scene file th century coffeehousengland x jpg thumb right coffeehouse in london th century file amedeo preziosistanbul cafejpg thumb right a caf in istanbul th century in the th century coffee appeared for the firstime in europe outside the ottoman empire and coffeehouses werestablished and quickly became popular the first coffeehouses appeared in venice in reich anna coffee tea history in a cup herbarist due to the traffic between republic of venice la serenissimand the ottomans the very first one is recorded in the first coffeehouse in england waset up in oxford in by a jew ish manamed jacob athe angel in the parish of st peter in theast a building on the same site now houses a cafe bar called the grand cafe oxford s queen s lane coffee housestablished in is also still in existence today the first coffeehouse in london was opened in st michael s alley cornhillondon cornhill the proprietor was pasqua ros e the servant of a trader in turkish people turkish goods namedaniel edwards who imported the coffee and assisted ros e in setting up thestablishment in st michael s alley cornhill from to the number of london coffee houses began to multiply and also began to gain political importance due to their popularity as places of debate by there were more than coffeehouses in england pasqua ros e also established the first coffeehouse in paris in and held a citywide coffee monopoly until procopio cut opened the caf procope in procopecomake coffee at home history of coffee this coffeehouse still exists today and was a popular meeting place of the french age of enlightenment voltaire jean jacques rousseau andenis diderot frequented it and it is arguably the birthplace of thencyclop die the first modern encyclopedia in kara hamie a former ottoman janissary from constantinople opened the first coffee shop in bucharesthen the capital of the wallachia principality of wallachia in the center of the city where today sits the main building of the national bank of romaniamerica had its first coffeehouse in boston in the first cafeteria in vienna was founded in by a ukrainian resident jerzy franciszekulczycki who was also the firsto serve coffee with milk there is a statue of kulczycki on a street also named after him however the coffee culture of drinking coffee was itself widespread in the country in the second half of the th century the first registered coffeehouse in vienna was founded by an armenian merchant named johannes theodat also known as johannes diodato in teply karl dieinf hrung des kaffees in wien verein f r geschichte der stadt wien vol p cited in seibel anna maria die bedeutung der griechen f r das wirtschaftliche und kulturelleben in wien p online available under othesunivieacat pdfifteen years later four other armenians owned coffeehouses though charles ii of england charles ii later tried to suppress the london coffeehouses as places where the disaffected met and spread scandalous reports concerning the conduct of his majesty and his ministers the public flocked to them for several decades following the restoration the wit s gathered around john dryden at will s coffee house in russell street covent garden the coffeehouses were great socialevellers open to all men and indifferento social status and as a result associated with equality and republicanismore generally coffeehouses becameeting places where business could be carried onews exchanged and the london gazette government announcements read lloyd s of london had its origins in lloyd s coffee house a coffeehouse run by edward lloyd where underwriters of ship insurance meto do business by there were coffeehouses in london each attracted a particular clientele divided by occupation or attitude such as tory tories and whig british political faction whigs wits and stockjobber s merchants and lawyers booksellers and authors men ofashion or the cits of the city of london old city center according tone french visitor antoine fran ois pr vost coffeehouses where you have the righto read all the papers for and againsthe government were the seats of english liberty pr vost abb adventures of a man of quality translation of s jour en angleterre v of moires et aventures d un homme de qualit qui s est retir du monde g routledge sons london filestatua gonzalo torrente ballester cafe novelty salamancajpg thumb the statue of the writer gonzalo torrente ballester in caf novelty salamanca spain founded in the banning of women from coffeehouses was not universal but does appear to have been common in europe in germany women frequented them but in england france they were banned milie du ch telet purportedly dressed in drag clothing drag to gain entrance to a coffeehouse in paris in a well known engraving of a parisian caf c the gentlemen hang their hats on pegs and sit at long communal tablestrewn with papers and writing implements coffeepots are ranged at an open fire with a hanging cauldron of boiling water the only woman present presidesex segregation separated in a canopied booth from which she serves coffee in tall cups the traditional tale of the origins of the viennese caf begins withe mysteriousacks of green beans left behind when the turks were defeated in the battle of vienna in all the sacks of coffee were granted to the victorious kings of poland polish king john iii sobieski jan iii sobieski who in turn gave them tone of his officers jerzy franciszekulczycki kulczycki began the first coffeehouse in vienna withe hoard however it is nowidely accepted thathe first coffeehouse was actually opened by an armenian merchant named johannes diodato asdvadzadur in london coffeehouses preceded the club organization club of the mid th century european countries in ireland the united kingdom a caf withe acute accent isimilar to those in other european countries while a cafe without acute accent and often pronounced caff is more likely to be a greasy spoon styleating place serving mainly fried food in particular breakfast dishes which skimmed away some of the more aristocraticlientele jonathan s coffee house in saw the listing of stock and commodity prices that evolved into the london stock exchange lloyd s coffee house provided the venue for merchants and shippers to discuss insurance deals leading to thestablishment of lloyd s of london insurance markethe lloyd s register classification society and otherelated businesses auctions in salesrooms attached to coffeehouses provided the start for the great auction houses of sotheby s and christie s during the th century the oldest extant coffeehouses in italy werestablished cafflorian in venice antico caff greco in rome pedrocchi caff pedrocchin padua caff dell ussero in pisand caffiorio in turin victorian era victorian england the temperance movement set up coffeehouses for the working class es as a place of relaxation free of alcohol an alternative to the public house pub in th century dublin coffeehouses functioned as early reading centers and themergence of circulation and subscription libraries which provided greater print access for the public the coffeehouses was a social magnet where different strata of society came together to discuss topics of the newspapers and pamphlets most coffeehouses of the th century werequipped witheir own printing presses or incorporated a book shop later most would merge as coffeehouses grew into public reading centers circulating libraries in dublin expanded resembling public libraries as they lent books public library fees were then expensive book borrowing from circulating libraries was more affordable circulating library keepers could keep fees low because they were also printers publishers and newspaper proprietors one of the first circulating libraries was established by james hoey in competition grew as did the number of patrons wanting several books at a time women were not allowed in coffeehouseso circulating libraries would targethem by carrying books tailored to female readers another lure of circulating libraries was that most were flexible witheir loan terms and rates which increased circulation of books it was cheaper to have a yearly subscription to borrow than to purchase books having circulating libraries increased people s ability to read as access to books became affordable in the th and th centuries coffeehouses were commonly meeting point for writer s and artist s across europe current day europe file kafeneion ithakijpg thumb right coffeehouse in greece file vincent willem van gogh cafe terrace at night yorck jpg thumb cafe terrace at night september by vincent van gogh in most european countriesuch as austria denmark germany norway sweden portugal and others the term caf means a restaurant primarily serving coffee as well as pastry pastriesuch as cake s tart s pie s danish pastry danish pastries or bun s many caf s also serve light mealsuch asandwich es european caf s often have tables on the sidewalk pavement sidewalk as well as indoorsome caf s also serve alcoholic beverages eg wine particularly in southern europe in the netherlands and belgium a caf is thequivalent of a bar establishment bar and also sells alcoholic beverages in the netherlands a serves coffee while a cannabis coffee shops coffee shop using thenglish term sellsoft drugs cannabis drug cannabis and hashish and is generally not allowed to sell alcoholic beverages in france most caf serve as lunch restaurants in the day and bars in thevening they generally do not have pastries except during mornings where a croissant or pain au chocolat can be purchased with breakfast coffee in italy caf s are similar to those found in france and known as bar they typically serve a variety of espresso coffee cakes and alcoholic drinks bars in city centres usually have different prices for consumption athe bar and consumption at a table united states coffee shops in the united states arose from thespresso and pastry centered italian coffeehouses of the italian american immigrant communities in the major us cities notably new york city s little italy manhattan little italy and greenwich village boston s north end bostonorth end and san francisco s north beach san francisco california north beach from the late s onward coffeehouses also served as a venue for entertainment most commonly folk music folk performers during the american folk music revival this was likely due to thease at accommodating in a small space a lone performer accompanying himself or herself with only a guitar both greenwich village and north beach became major haunts of the beat generation beats who were highly identified withese coffeehouses as the youth culture of the s evolved non italians consciously copied these coffeehouses the political nature of much of s folk music made the music a natural tie in with coffeehouses witheir association with political action a number of well known performers like joan baez and bob dylan began their careers performing in coffeehouses bluesinger lightnin hopkins bemoaned his woman s inattentiveness to her domestic situation due to her overindulgence in coffeehouse socializing in hisong coffeehouse bluestarting in withe opening of the historic last exit on brooklyn coffeehouseattle became known for its thriving countercultural coffeehouse scene the starbucks chain later standardized and mainstreamed this espresso bar espresso bar model from the s through the mid s churches and individuals in the united states used the coffeehouse concept for outreach they were often storefronts and had names like the lost coin greenwich village the gathering place riverside catacomb chapel new york city and jesus for you buffalo ny christian music often guitar based was performed coffee and food was provided and bible study christian bible studies were convened as people of varying backgrounds gathered in a casual setting that was purposefully differenthan the traditional church an out of print book published by the ministry of david wilkerson titled a coffeehouse manual served as a guide for christian coffeehouses including a list of name suggestions for coffeehousessources tim schultz director jesus for you a coffeehouse manual bethany fellowship in general prior to aboutrue coffeehouses were little known in most american cities apart from those located on or near college campuses or in districts associated with writers artists or the counterculture during this time the word coffee shop usually denoted family style restaurants that served full meals and of whose revenue coffee represented only a small portion morecently that usage of the word has waned and now coffee shop often refers to a true coffeehouse image pastriesold at a coffee shopjpg thumb right coffeehouses often sell pastries or other food items caf s may have an outdoor section terrace pavement or sidewalk cafe sidewalk caf with seats tables and parasols this especially the case with european caf s caf s offer a more open public space compared to many of the traditional pubs they have replaced which were more male dominated with a focus on drinking alcohol one of the original uses of the caf as a place for information exchange and communication was reintroduced in the s withe internet caf or hotspot wi fi the spread of modern style caf s to urband rural areas went hand in hand withe rising use of mobile computers and internet access in a contemporary styled venue help to create a youthful modern place compared to the traditional pubs or old fashionediner s thathey replaced middleast image syriadamascuscoffeehouse jpg thumb right coffeehouse in damascus in the middleasthe coffeehouse maqha qahveh khaneh serves as an important social gathering place for men assemble in coffeehouses to drink coffee usually arabicoffee and tea in addition men go there to listen to music read books play chess and backgammon watch tv and enjoy other social activities around the arab world and in turkey hookah shisha is traditionally served as well coffeehouses in egypt are colloquially called ahwah which is the dialectal pronunciation of qahwah literally coffee the is debuccalization debuccalized to see also arabic phonology local variations also commonly served in ahwah are tea sh y and herbal tea s especially the highly popular hibiscus tea hibiscus blend egyptian arabic karkadeh or ennab the first ahwah opened around the s and were originally patronized mostly by older people with youths frequenting but not always ordering there were associated by the s with clubs cairo bursalexandriand gharza rural inns in thearly th century some of them became crucial venues for political and social debates image coffeeoverdosejpg thumb right a coffee shop in angeles philippines angeles city philippines in chinan abundance of recently startedomesticoffeehouse chains may be seen accommodating business people for conspicuous consumption with coffee pricesometimes even higher than in the west india coffee culture has expanded in the pastwentyears chains like indian coffee house caf coffee day barista lavazza have become very popular cafes are considered good venues to conduct office meetings and for friends to meet in malaysiand singapore traditional breakfast and coffee shops are called kopi tiam the word is a portmanteau of the malay language malay word for coffee as borrowed and altered from english and the minan hokkien dialect word for shope h e j poj ti menus typically feature simple offerings a variety ofoods based on egg food egg toast and coconut jam plus coffee teand milo drink milo a malted chocolate drink which is extremely popular in southeast asiand australasia particularly singapore and malaysia singapore also has coffee shops known as cafes and in the past few years there has a been a rise in cafe culture with urbaniteseeking out specialty coffees even with popular jointsuch astarbucks and coffee bean the millennials in particular sought for gourmet coffees as well as the relaxing and cosy ambience amidsthe hustle and bustle of the city moreover cafes have also changed the social scenes of singapore instead of crowding at shopping malls the youngsters could now hang out at cafes in the philippines coffee shop chains like starbucks became prevalent in upper and middle class professionals especially in makati however carinderias also serve coffee alongside viands eventsuch as kapihan often officiated at bakeshops and restaurants that also served coffee for breakfast and merienda in australia coffee shops are generally called caf since the post world war iinflux of italian immigrants introduced espresso coffee machines to australia in the s there has been a steady rise in caf culture the past decade haseen a rapid rise in demand for locally or on site roasted specialty coffee particularly in sydney and melbourne withe flat white remaining a popular coffee drink egypt and ethiopia in cairo the capital of egypt most caf s have shisha waterpipe most egyptians indulge in the habit of smoking shisha while hanging out athe caf watching a match studying or even sometimes finishing some work in addis ababa the capital of ethiopia independent coffeehouses that struggled prior to have become popular with young professionals who do not have time for traditional coffee roasting at home onestablishment whichas become well known is the tomoca coffee shop which opened in united kingdom haunts for teenager s in particular italians in the united kingdom italian run espresso bars and their formica plastic formica topped tables were a feature of soho that provided a backdrop as well as a title for cliff richard s film expresso bongo the first was the moka in frith street opened by gina lollobrigida in witheir exotic gaggia espresso machine coffee machine s coke pepsi weak frothy coffee andsuncrush orange fountain s lyn perry cabbages and cuppas in adventures in the mediatheque personal selections ofilms london bfi southbank university of the third age pp they spread tother urban centres during the s providing cheap warm places for young people to congregate and an ambience faremoved from the global coffee bar standard which would bestablished in the final decades of the century by chainsuch astarbucks and pret a manger specifically the section headed the first coffeehouse in england was the angel which opened in oxford in espresso bar file baliuagjf jpg thumb right upright interior of an espresso bar from baliuag bulacan philippines thespresso bar is a type of coffeehouse that specializes in coffee beverages made from espressoriginating in italy thespresso bar haspread throughouthe world in various forms primexamples that are internationally known are starbucks coffee based in seattle washington us and costa coffee based in dunstable uk the first and second largest coffeehouse chains respectively although thespresso bar exists in some form throughout much of the world thespresso bar is typically centered around a long counter with a high yield espresso machine usually bean to cup machines automatic or semiautomatic pump type machine although occasionally a manually operated lever and piston system and a display case containing pastries and occasionally savory itemsuch asandwiches in the traditional italian bar customers either order athe bar and consume their beveragestanding or if they wish to sit down and be served are usually charged a higher price in some bars there is an additional charge for drinkserved at an outside table in other countriespecially the united stateseating areas for customers to relax and work are provided free of charge somespresso bars also sell coffee paraphernalia candy and even music north american espresso bars were also athe forefront of widespreadoption of public wifi access points to provide internet services to people doing work on laptop computers on the premises the offerings athe typical espresso bare generally quite italianate inspiration biscotti cannoli and pizzelle are a common traditional accompanimento a latte caffe latte or cappuccino some upscalespresso bars even offer alcoholic beveragesuch as grappand sambuca nevertheless typical pastries are not alwaystrictly italianate and common additions include scones muffins croissant s and even doughnuts there is usually a large selection of teas well and the north american espresso bar culture is responsible for the popularization of the indian spiced tea drink masala chaicedrinks are also popular in some countries including both iced teand iced coffee as well as blendedrinksuch astarbucks frappucino a worker in an espresso bar is referred to as a barista the barista is a skilled position that requires familiarity withe drinks being made often very elaboratespecially inorth american stylespresso bars a reasonable facility with some rather esoteric equipment as well as the usual customer service skills file caf m lange wienjpg caf m lange vienna file kozhikode medical colleg jpg coffee shop in calicut file porto cafe majesticjpg caf majestic porto see also coffee servicenglish coffeehouses in the th and th centuries greasy spoon kafana list of coffeehouse chains manga cafe tea house abbas h coffee houses early public libraries and the printrade in eighteenth century dublin library information history furthereading marie france boyer photographs by eric morin the french caf london thames hudson brian cowan the socialife of coffee themergence of the british coffeehouse yale university press markman ellis the coffee house a cultural history weidenfeld nicolson robert hume percolating society irish examiner april p ray oldenburg the great good place oldenburg the great good place cafes coffee shops community centers general stores bars hangouts and how they get you through the day new york parragon books tom standage a history of the world in six glasses walker company ahmet yar the coffeehouses in early modern istanbul public space sociability and surveillance ma thesis bo azi niversitesi librarybounedutr ahmet yar osmanl ehir mek nlar kahvehane literat r ottoman urban spaces an evaluation of literature on coffeehouses tali d t rkiye ara t rmalar literat r dergisi talidorg antony wild coffee a dark history w norton company new york fourth estate london category coffeehouses category types of restaurants category coffee 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casual eating andrinking place coffeehouse may share characteristics bar orestaurant different cafeteria many coffeehouses middleast west asian immigrant districts western world offer shisha greek turkish tobacco smoked espresso bar espresso bars type coffeehouse specializes serving espresso espresso cultural coffeehouses largely serve centers social interaction coffeehouse provides patrons place congregate talk read one another pass time whether individually small development coffeehouses withis capability also become places patrons access internet laptop tablet computer coffeehouse serve informal club regular members early folk music scene coffeehouses hosted singer performances typically thevening word thumb evolution word coffee thumb evolution word coffee common english spelling caf french portuguese spanish spelling adopted english_speaking countries late_th century oxford_english_dictionary ed entry number caf english generally makes little use marks tends place readers remember pronounced withouthe presence spelling cafe become common english_language usage throughouthe_world especially less formal greasy_spoon variety although prescription often ithe italian spelling caff alsometimes used english oxford_english_dictionary ed entry number caff n southern england especially around london french pronunciation often altered caff oxford_english_dictionary ed entry number caff thenglish words coffee caf_derive italian word coffee caff cave venice turn derived arabic language arabic arabic language arabic term originally referred type wine wine ban mohammed name transferred coffee effect induced european knowledge coffee plant beverage made seeds came european contact turkey likely via venetian ottoman trade relations word root kafe appears many european languages various spellings including portuguese spanish french caf german polish language polish ukrainian language ukrainian others coffeehouses mecca became concern viewed places political gatherings andrinking banned muslims first coffeehouse opened damascus long many coffeehouses cairo image story righthumb culture ottoman empire coffeehouse ottoman empire ottoman empire ottoman reports writings abouthe opening first coffeehouse istanbul various legends involving introduction coffee istanbul kiva late_th century culinary tradition documentation th_century french traveler writer jean gave description n coffeehouse scene file th_century x jpg thumb right coffeehouse london th_century file thumb right caf istanbul th_century th_century coffee appeared firstime europe outside ottoman empire coffeehouses werestablished quickly became_popular first coffeehouses appeared venice reich anna coffee tea history cup due traffic republic venice la ottomans first one recorded first coffeehouse england waset oxford jacob athe angel parish st_peter theast building site houses cafe bar called grand cafe oxford queen lane coffee also still existence today first coffeehouse london opened st michael alley proprietor ros e servant trader turkish people turkish goods edwards imported coffee assisted ros e setting thestablishment st michael alley number london coffee_houses began also began gain political importance due popularity places debate coffeehouses england ros e also established first coffeehouse paris held coffee monopoly cut opened caf coffee home history coffee coffeehouse still exists today popular meeting_place french age enlightenment jean jacques frequented arguably birthplace die first modern encyclopedia former ottoman constantinople opened first coffee_shop capital center city today sits main_building national bank first coffeehouse boston first cafeteria vienna founded ukrainian resident also firsto serve coffee milk statue street also named however coffee culture drinking coffee widespread country second_half th_century first registered coffeehouse vienna founded merchant named johannes also_known johannes karl des wien f r geschichte der stadt wien vol p cited anna maria die der f r das und wien p online available years_later four owned coffeehouses though charles ii england charles ii later tried london coffeehouses places met spread reports concerning conduct ministers public flocked several decades following restoration gathered around john_coffee house russell street_covent_garden coffeehouses great open men social status result associated equality generally coffeehouses places business could carried exchanged london gazette government announcements read lloyd london origins lloyd coffee_house coffeehouse run edward lloyd ship insurance business coffeehouses london attracted particular clientele divided occupation attitude british political merchants lawyers authors men ofashion city london old city center according tone french visitor antoine fran_ois coffeehouses righto read papers againsthe government seats english liberty adventures man quality translation v de est monde g routledge sons london cafe novelty thumb statue writer caf novelty spain founded banning women coffeehouses universal appear common europe germany women frequented england france banned dressed drag clothing drag gain entrance coffeehouse paris well_known engraving parisian caf c gentlemen hang hats sit long communal papers writing implements ranged open fire hanging boiling water woman present segregation separated booth serves coffee tall cups traditional tale origins caf begins withe green beans left behind defeated battle vienna coffee granted kings poland polish king john iii jan iii turn gave tone officers began first coffeehouse vienna withe however accepted thathe_first coffeehouse actually opened merchant named johannes london coffeehouses preceded club organization club mid_th century european_countries ireland_united_kingdom caf withe acute isimilar european_countries cafe without acute often pronounced caff likely greasy_spoon place serving mainly fried food particular breakfast dishes away jonathan coffee_house saw listing stock commodity prices evolved london stock exchange lloyd coffee_house provided venue merchants discuss insurance deals leading thestablishment lloyd london insurance markethe lloyd register classification society otherelated businesses attached coffeehouses provided start great auction houses christie th_century oldest extant coffeehouses italy werestablished venice caff greco rome caff padua caff dell turin victorian_era victorian england temperance movement set coffeehouses working_class place relaxation free alcohol alternative public_house_pub th_century dublin coffeehouses functioned early reading centers themergence circulation subscription libraries provided greater print access public coffeehouses social magnet different society came together discuss topics newspapers pamphlets coffeehouses th_century werequipped witheir printing presses incorporated book shop later would merge coffeehouses grew public reading centers circulating libraries dublin expanded resembling public libraries books_public_library fees expensive book circulating libraries affordable circulating library keepers could keep fees low also printers publishers newspaper proprietors one first circulating libraries established james competition grew number patrons wanting several books time women allowed circulating libraries would carrying books tailored female readers another lure circulating libraries flexible witheir loan terms rates increased circulation books cheaper yearly subscription purchase books circulating libraries increased people ability read access books became affordable th th_centuries coffeehouses commonly meeting point writer artist across_europe current day europe file thumb right coffeehouse greece file vincent willem van cafe terrace night jpg thumb cafe terrace night september vincent van european_countriesuch austria denmark germany norway sweden portugal others term caf means restaurant primarily serving coffee well pastry cake tart pie danish pastry danish pastries bun many caf also_serve light mealsuch european caf often tables sidewalk pavement sidewalk well caf also_serve alcoholic_beverages wine particularly southern europe netherlands belgium caf thequivalent bar_establishment_bar_also sells alcoholic_beverages netherlands serves coffee cannabis coffee_shops coffee_shop using thenglish term drugs cannabis drug cannabis generally allowed sell alcoholic_beverages france caf serve lunch restaurants day bars thevening generally pastries except mornings pain purchased breakfast coffee italy caf similar found france known bar typically serve variety espresso coffee cakes alcoholic_drinks bars city centres usually different prices consumption athe bar consumption table united_states coffee_shops united_states arose thespresso pastry centered italian coffeehouses italian american immigrant communities major us cities notably new_york city little italy manhattan little italy greenwich village boston north end end san_francisco north beach san_francisco_california north beach late coffeehouses also_served venue entertainment commonly folk music folk performers american folk music revival likely due thease accommodating small space lone accompanying guitar greenwich village north beach became major haunts beat generation beats highly identified withese coffeehouses youth culture evolved non italians consciously copied coffeehouses political nature much folk music made music natural tie coffeehouses witheir association political action number well_known performers like joan bob dylan began careers performing coffeehouses lightnin hopkins woman domestic situation due coffeehouse socializing coffeehouse withe opening historic last exit brooklyn became_known thriving coffeehouse scene starbucks chain later standardized espresso bar espresso bar model mid churches individuals united_states used coffeehouse concept outreach often names like lost coin greenwich village gathering place riverside chapel new_york city jesus buffalo christian music often guitar based performed coffee food provided bible study christian bible studies people varying backgrounds gathered casual setting traditional church print book published ministry david titled coffeehouse manual served guide christian coffeehouses including list name suggestions tim director jesus coffeehouse manual fellowship general prior coffeehouses little_known american cities apart located_near college campuses districts associated writers artists time word coffee_shop usually family_style_restaurants served full meals whose revenue coffee represented small portion morecently usage word coffee_shop often refers true coffeehouse image coffee thumb right coffeehouses often sell pastries food_items caf may outdoor section terrace pavement sidewalk cafe sidewalk caf seats tables especially case european caf caf offer open public_space compared many traditional pubs replaced male dominated focus drinking alcohol one original uses caf place information exchange communication reintroduced withe internet caf hotspot spread modern style caf urband rural_areas went hand hand withe rising use mobile computers internet access contemporary styled venue help create modern place compared traditional pubs old thathey replaced middleast image jpg thumb right coffeehouse damascus coffeehouse serves important social gathering place men coffeehouses drink coffee usually tea addition men go listen music read books_play chess watch tv enjoy social activities around arab world turkey shisha traditionally served well coffeehouses egypt colloquially called pronunciation literally coffee see_also arabic local variations also_commonly served tea herbal tea especially highly popular tea blend egyptian arabic first_opened around originally patronized mostly older people frequenting always ordering associated clubs cairo rural inns thearly_th century became crucial venues political social debates image thumb right coffee_shop angeles philippines angeles city philippines abundance recently chains may seen accommodating business people consumption coffee even higher west india coffee culture expanded chains like indian coffee_house caf coffee day barista become_popular cafes considered good venues conduct office meetings friends meet malaysiand singapore traditional breakfast coffee_shops called kopi tiam word portmanteau malay language malay word coffee altered english hokkien dialect word h e j menus typically feature simple offerings variety ofoods based egg food egg toast coconut jam plus coffee teand milo drink milo chocolate drink extremely popular southeast_asiand australasia particularly singapore malaysia singapore also coffee_shops known cafes past_years rise cafe culture specialty even popular coffee bean particular sought gourmet well ambience city moreover cafes also changed social scenes singapore instead shopping_malls youngsters could hang cafes philippines coffee_shop chains like starbucks became prevalent upper middle_class professionals especially however also_serve coffee alongside eventsuch often restaurants also_served coffee breakfast australia coffee_shops generally called caf since post world_war italian immigrants introduced espresso coffee machines australia steady rise caf culture past decade haseen rapid rise demand locally site roasted specialty coffee particularly sydney melbourne withe flat white remaining popular coffee drink egypt ethiopia cairo capital egypt caf shisha habit smoking shisha hanging athe caf watching match studying even sometimes finishing work capital ethiopia independent coffeehouses struggled prior become_popular young professionals time traditional coffee roasting home whichas become well_known coffee_shop opened united_kingdom haunts particular italians united_kingdom italian run espresso bars formica plastic formica topped tables feature soho provided backdrop well title cliff richard film first street opened gina witheir exotic espresso machine coffee machine weak coffee orange fountain perry adventures personal selections london university third age pp spread tother urban centres providing cheap warm places young_people congregate ambience global coffee bar standard would bestablished final decades century chainsuch manger specifically section headed first coffeehouse england angel opened oxford espresso bar file_jpg thumb right_upright interior espresso bar philippines thespresso bar type coffeehouse specializes coffee beverages made italy thespresso bar haspread throughouthe_world various forms internationally known starbucks coffee based seattle_washington us costa coffee based uk first second_largest coffeehouse chains respectively although thespresso bar exists form throughout much world thespresso bar typically centered around long counter high yield espresso machine usually bean cup machines automatic pump type machine although occasionally manually operated system display case containing pastries occasionally itemsuch traditional italian bar customers either order athe bar consume wish sit served usually charged higher price bars additional charge outside table united areas customers relax work provided free charge bars_also sell coffee candy even music north_american espresso bars_also athe forefront public wifi access points provide internet services people work laptop computers premises offerings athe typical espresso bare generally quite italianate inspiration common traditional latte latte cappuccino bars even offer alcoholic_beveragesuch nevertheless typical pastries italianate common additions include even usually large selection teas well north_american espresso bar culture responsible indian spiced tea drink also_popular countries_including iced teand iced coffee well worker espresso bar referred barista barista skilled position requires familiarity withe drinks made often inorth_american bars reasonable facility rather equipment well usual customer_service skills file caf caf vienna file medical jpg coffee_shop file porto cafe caf porto see_also coffee coffeehouses th th_centuries greasy_spoon kafana list coffeehouse chains manga cafe tea_house h coffee_houses early public libraries eighteenth_century dublin library information history furthereading marie france boyer photographs eric french caf london thames hudson brian cowan socialife coffee themergence british coffeehouse yale_university_press ellis coffee_house cultural_history robert society irish examiner april p ray great good place great good place cafes coffee_shops community centers general stores bars get day new_york books tom history world six glasses walker company coffeehouses early modern istanbul public_space surveillance thesis r ottoman urban spaces evaluation literature coffeehouses r wild coffee dark history w norton company new_york fourth estate london_category coffeehouses category_types restaurants_category coffee culture"},{"title":"Coghlan's Guides","description":"image coghlans railway companion coverpng thumb right iron road book image coghlans new guide to paris coverpng px thumb right coghlan s new guide to paris image coghlans guide to south italy coverpng thumb right coghlan s guide to south italy coghlan s guides were a series of travel guide book s to europe written by francis coghlan in the mid th century list of coghlan s guides by date of publication a guide to france or travellers their own commissionershewing the cheapest and most expeditiousystem of travelling illustrated with an engraved plan of calais etc j onwhyn london s indexes s index contents index list of coghlan s guides by geographicoverage index index contents great britain coast companion to rye winchelsea hastingst leonards east bourne brighton worthing and bognor london hughes contents index index see also charles francis coghlan thespian son of coghlan externalinks worldcat francis coghlancestrycom coghlan family category travel guide books category series of books category publications established 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combination meal a type of tableware a type of dental dentures crystal s and or mineral s that have formed in a combination a printing plate that has both line drawings and halftones a combination wall plate molded with a variety of ports for various electrical itemsuch aswitches and plugs file cashew chicken springfieldjpg thumb a combination plate of american chinese food served on a disposable compartment plate dish a combination plate may refer to a meal or plate with a combination ofoods a combination plate may refer to a type of tableware plate dishware plate dish or platter dishware platter that is designed with separate compartments for foods to be placed in patent file date april patent publication date june this has also been referred to as a compartment plate and a partition plate combination plate meals are sometimeserved on this type of plate inepal this type of plate is called a thali thaali and is typically made of metal inepalese cuisine the dish daal bhaat is often served on a thaalin the united states compartment plates have been used to serve table d h te dinners in the united states combination plates have been used as a part of us army mess kit s file asianafoodjpg an airline meal served on a partition tray file segmentteller geschirr plaste kantine ddrjpg plastic partitioned tableware file applepietabekurabejpg apple pieserved on partitioned tableware file open mess kitjpg a mess kit with a combination plate bottom in dentistry the term has referred to dentures prepared and cast with a combination of materialsuch as gold and rubber plastic and metallic material and gold and porcelain gemology a combination plate refers to twor more crystal s and or mineral s that have formed in a combination file wulfenite mimetite jpg a rare and fine combination plate from the tsumeb mine glassy mostly transparent smoky colored wulfenite crystals with sharp beveledges are richly and aesthetically scattered on the matrix bundles of lustrous yellowish tan mimetite are concentrated athe top of the piece and the largest wulfenite at mm is aesthetically framed by two mimetite crystal clusters in printing and graphic arts a printing plate that has bothalftones and line drawings often combined wall plate file kombination lichtschalter steckdose usajpg thumb a combination wall plate a combination plate can refer to a combination wall plate that has a combination of ports for switches plugs etc issn see also banchan blue plate special foodpairing meat and three plate lunch issn furthereading category kitchenware category restauranterminology category american cuisine category serving andining category printing category food 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potential surrogates combined with international demand has fueled the growth of the industry see surrogate mothers receive medical nutritional and overall health care through surrogacy agreements theconomic scale of surrogacy india is unknown but study backed by the united nations in july estimated the business at more than million a year with over fertility clinics across india manji s case baby manji yamada v union of indianr insc september baby manji was born at akanksha infertility clinic the girl who was born in late july arrived at kansainternational airport from indiaccompanied by her year old grandmother emkio yamada the japanese government issued the visa last week after the indian government granted the baby a travel certificate in september in line with a supreme court direction balaz v india in jan balaz v union of india the gujarat high court conferred indianationality law indian citizenship on two twin babies fathered through compensated surrogacy by a germanational in anandistricthe court observed we are primarily concerned withe rights of two newborn innocent babies much more than the rights of the biological parentsurrogate mother or the donor of the ovum ova emotional and legal relationship of the babies withe surrogate mother and the donor of the ova is alsof vital importance the court considered the surrogacy laws of countries like ukraine japand the united states because india does not offer dual citizenship the children will have to converto indianationality law overseas citizenship of india overseas citizenship of india if they also hold non indian citizenship see a not for profit public private initiative of ministry of overseas indian affairs the ministry of overseas indian affairs moiand confederation of indian industry confederation of indian industry cii was launched on may balaz the petitioner submitted before the supreme courthat he shall be submitting his passports before the indian consulate in berlin he also agreed that a ngo in germany shall respond back to india on the status of the children and their welfare the union of india responded that india shall make all attempts to have the children sento germany german authorities have also agreed to reconsider the case if approached by the indian in may the balaz twins were provided thexit and entry documents that allowed them to leave india for germany the parents agreed to adopthem in germany according to german rules pdf indian council for medical research guidelines the indian council for medical researchas given guidelines in the yearegulating assisted reproductive technology procedures the law commission of india submitted the th report on assisted reproductive technology procedures discussing the importance and need for surrogacy and also the steps taken to control surrogacy arrangements the following observations had been made by the law commission surrogacy arrangement will continue to be governed by contract amongst parties which will contain all the terms requiring consent of surrogate mother to bear child agreement of her husband other family members for the samedical procedures of artificial insemination reimbursement of all reasonablexpenses for carrying child to full term willingness to hand over the child born to the commissioning parent s etc but such an arrangement should not be for commercial purposes a surrogacy arrangement should provide for financial support for surrogate child in thevent of death of the commissioning couple or individual before delivery of the child or divorce between the intended parents and subsequent willingness of none to take delivery of the child a surrogacy contract should necessarily take care of life insurance cover for surrogate mother one of the intended parentshould be a donor as well because the bond of love and affection with a child primarily emanates from biological relationship also the chances of various kinds of child abuse whichave beenoticed in cases of adoptions will be reduced in case the intended parent isingle he or she should be a donor to be able to have a surrogate child otherwise adoption is the way to have a child which is resorted to if biological natural parents and adoptive parents are different legislation itself should recognize a surrogate child to be the legitimate child of the commissioning parent s withouthere being any need for adoption or even declaration of guardian the birth certificate of the surrogate child should contain the name s of the commissioning parent s only righto privacy of donor as well asurrogate mother should be protected sex selective surrogacy should be prohibited cases of abortionshould be governed by the medical termination of pregnancy act only surrogacy risk and conditions indiaccording to the guardian there was a mother who died because she did not gethe proper medical attention conservativestimateshow that more than children are now being born through surrogates india everyear in an industry worth billion domestic demand is increasing but as fertility levels drop elsewhere at least of these are commissioned by overseas mainly western couples most of the industry is operating unchecked india s medical research watchdog drafted regulations more than two years ago yethey still await presentation in parliament leaving the surrogates and baby factories open to abuse according to dr manish banker from the pulse women s hospital reported to come back on a patient she suddenly had a convulsion and fell on the floor he said we immediately took her for treatment since she washowing signs of distress we conducted an emergency cesarean section delivery assisted reproductive technology bill the assisted reproductive technology bill has a been pending for quite a while and it has not been presented in the indian parliament see also fertility tourismedical tourism india surrogacy adrienne arieff the sacred thread furthereading see also category human reproduction surrogacy category health india surrogacy category medical tourism category surrogacy category healthcare industry 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concession_stands typically sell food movie_theaters include candy soft_drinks larger concession facilities amusement_park newer movie theatre sale limited selection ofast_food stations prepare hot foods hamburgers french_fries pizza hot_dog corn dog nachos freezers store cone ice_cream sports rock beer mild alcoholic_beverages usually disposable cup since glass bottles could used spectators formal entertainment venue concert halls opera_houses often fast_food food upscale fare including wine coffee tea pastries although popular common staples concession_stands often region specific variations instance citizens bank park philadelphia style food stands including several serve specialties busch stadium fare like nachos also louis area pork steak sandwiches busch stadium also allows outside food_andrink including soft concourse many newer include multiple concession_stands essentially form food_court serving variety ofast_food modern also_include numerous stations soda_fountains bars caf restaurants club seating luxury box access high_end_restaurants caf bars catering available regular outdoor eventsuch fair food_truck may operate concession_stands concession operators concessions often contracted outo third parties including major fast_food chain legends hospitality_management llc yankee stadium north garden companies specialize stadium catering alternatively concession_stands operated fast_food chainsuch mcdonald pizza tim hortons file concession_stand concession_stand name oflora point toronto ontario image taken typical stand thatime period file stadium concession concession_stand stadium outdoor stand american football field file heinz field pittsburgh pennsylvania stand food concession_stand file mobile snack_bar belgium externalinks makes good concession_stand category_types restaurants_category cinemas movie_theaters"},{"title":"Concierge","description":"file a hotel concierge handing room keys rome jpg thumb px a hotel concierge a concierge is an employee of an apartment building hotel or office building a modern concierge may also serve as a personalifestyle management lifestyle manager like a secretary or an adjutant duties and functions the concierge serves guests of an apartment building hotel or office building with dutiesimilar to those of a receptionisthe position can also be maintained by a security guard over the shift work late night shift a similar position known as the portero exists in spanish speaking regions in medieval times the concierge was an officer of the king who was charged with executing justice withe help of his bailiff s later on in the th century the concierge was a high official of the kingdom appointed by the king to maintain order and oversee the police and prisonerecords in th century and early th century apartment buildings particularly in paris the concierge was known as a suisse as the post was often filled by swiss he often had a small apartment on the ground floor called la loge and was able to monitor all comings and goings however such settings are now extremely rare most concierges in small or middle sized buildings have been replaced by the partime services of doorman profession door staff some larger apartment buildings or groups of buildings retain the use of concierges the concierge may for instance keep the mail of absentedwellers bentrusted withe apartment keys to deal with emergencies when residents are absent provide information to residents and guests provide access control enforce rules and act as a go between foresidents and management when management is not on site a modern concierge may also serve as a lifestyle management lifestyle manager like a secretary or an adjutant in hotels oresorts a concierge assists guests by performing various tasksuch as making restaurant reservations booking hotels arranging for spa services recommending night life hot spots booking transportation like taxi limousines airplanes boats etcoordinating porter service luggage assistance request procuring tickets to special events and assisting with various travel arrangements and tours of local attractions concierges also assist with sending and receiving parcels concierge services in hospitals concierge services are becoming increasingly available a hospital concierge providesimilar services to those of a hotel concierge but serves patients and employees as well this helps hospital employees who work long shifts and helps to provide work life balance there are numerous independent personal concierge companies that providerrand services and information services for their memberservices include informational requestsetting dinnereservations making telephone calls researching travel arrangements and more typically concierge companies will bill on an hourly rate andepending upon the type of task fees can vary drastically other companies bill a flat monthly fee based upon the number of requests a member is allowed to placeach month in the united kingdom since the year and as of concierge has become a key marketing and loyalty tool in the banking sector and offered as a benefit on luxury credit card s thiservice offering is also known as lifestyle management concierges also entertain their clients the owners and operators of concierge lifestyle management and errand service businesses are supported and advocated by the non profit international concierge and lifestyle management association iclmand the national concierge association the french word concierge is likely derived from the old french cumcerges itself related to the medievalatin consergius or the latin conservus fellow slave another possibility suggested by french authors as early as the th century is that concierge is a contraction grammar contraction of comte des cierges count of candles a servant responsible for maintaining the lighting and cleanliness of middle ages medieval palaces popular culture the film home alone lost inew york had a concierge named mr hector portrayed by tim curry who works athe plaza hotel and wasuspicious of kevin mccallister in the wes anderson film the grand budapest hotel monsieur gustav h portrayed by ralph fiennes is the concierge h ctor elizondo portrays a concierge of the plaza hotel in the american dad season episode fartbreak hotel there was a reference by hector to having done other concierge roles the film for love or money film for love or money with michael j fox in main role describe the story about concierge at a luxurious hotel who is dreaming topen his own hotel on roosevelt island see also concierge medicine doorman profession doorman property caretakereceptionist shopping concierge duty officer externalinks the international concierge and lifestyle management association les clefs d or usa national concierge association american hotelodging educational institute category hospitality 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in detroit a coney island is a type of restauranthat is popular in the northern united states particularly in michigan as well as the name for the coney island hot dog after which the restaurant style is named origins file detroit december lafayette coney island american coney island jpg thumb lefthe original two coney islands in detroit coney islands are a unique type of greek american restaurantwof the most well known coney island restaurants are the lafayette coney island the american coney island which are located in adjacent buildings on lafayette boulevard in downtown detroithey have a common root withe original restaurant having been established by greek immigrant brothers bill and gus keros in the brothers got into a business dispute soon thereafter and in splitheirestaurant into the two establishments that existoday many european immigrants of thearly twentieth century entered the united states through ellisland one of their firstops was often the coney island neighborhood of the city where hot dogs were very popular the original restaurant name thus referred to the restaurant being an immigrant owned establishment serving coney island s food of choice thus the term coney island was an intentional reference to immigration as much as a descriptive name typical menu image coneyhdogjpg frame right one to go the menu of all coney island restaurants centers on the coney island hot dog which is a natural casing hot dog in a steamed bun dressed with chili con carne chili diced onion s and yellow mustard condiment mustard this item is usually referred to simply as a coney another popular item on most coney island restaurant menus is the loose hamburger which consists of crumbled ground beef in a hot dog bun covered in the same condiments as a coney island hot dog many coney islands also serve chili fries which are french fries covered in chili sometimes with mustard onions and or cheese added many coney islands offer other greek and greek american dishesuch as gyrosouvlaki shish kebab spanakopita saganaki and greek salad s as well as usual american diner fare such as regular hamburger sandwich es breakfast items andessert s growth of the coney island restaurant since the owners of the first coney island restaurants did notrademark the name or business plan many otherestaurants began using the same name and formula coney islands were opened throughouthe city by greek american greek immigrants coney islands have developed a distinctive dining style that is repeated in hundreds of different restaurants throughouthe metropolitan detroit areand elsewhere in michigand other nearby states there are some regional variations though such as the chili sauce which is more liquid in detroit area coney island restaurants compared to the drier sauce served in coney island restaurantserved in the nearby jackson michigand flint michigan areas many greek diners in buffalo new york and throughout upstate new york northeastern pennsylvania particularly wilkes barre and new jersey are similar in formato detroit style coney islands even serving their own style of dogs called a texas hot or texas wiener unlike the coney island restaurants in detroithough the texas hot is oftenothe dominant menu item in thesestablishmentsioux city iowalso has a handful of coney island eateries as does the houston texas oklahoma city oklahomand tulsa oklahomarea coney island restaurant chains national coney island national coney island is the oldest coney island restaurant chain michigan with locations including detroit st clair shores and other metro detroit area cities greek immigrant james giftos is credited with founding the national chili company after acquiring the company from the previous owners in shortly after he opened the first national coney island in macomb mall of roseville michigan the venue wasmall and seated about customers the menu consisted of coney island hot dogs and loose hamburgers with a few snacks and beverages national uses the chili from its affiliate national chili company national has its hot dogs made by alexander hornung out of st clair shores metropolitan baking company which is based in hamtramck michigan supplies the buns the signature dishes and their ingredients haven t changed over the years buthe menu was expanded to the typical menus of most coney islands over the years the business expanded to more than locations primarily in east metro detroit withe originalocation still in operation as the chain grew the interior evolved into a classy atmosphere with bright neon lights and brass fixtures tom giftos jr son of james giftos took over the family business after james giftos passing in and began to implement national coney island express locations a food court variation of his father s coney islands coney kits are now sold through the business and consists of the company s hot dogs and chili sauce and comes with buns mustard and onions leo s coney island the leo s coney island chain was created by greek brothers peter and leo stassinopoulos the brothers are nephews to bill and gust keros who founded americand lafayette coney islands peter and leo worked at local coney island restaurants until they opened their own coney island in called the southfield souvlaki coney island in southfield michigan one location opened in michigand another in farmington hills in the name leo s coney island was given to its newest location in troy michigan from then on the chain took on the name leo s coney island the brothers began franchising in and are now the largest coney island chain world within michigan leo s coney islands have reached as far as birch run and grand rapids where they offer both styles of the coney island hot dog the first leo s outside of michigan opened in february in chicago illinois but closed on september much of the success is attributed to leo stassinopoulos jr taking over as chief operating officer in they gained local fame for their coney island hot dogs and greek salads with a greek saladressing recipe passedown from generations leo s uses buns from the metropolitan baking company and the coney sauce is their own recipe manufactured by the milton chili company located in madison heights the natural casing hot dogs are supplied by the koegel meat company which gives the leo s coney island coney a sweet and smoky taste from the natural hardwood smoke that koegel uses to make its hot dogs in popular culture detroit s american coney island lafayette coney island have both been featured on episodes of travel channel shows man v food and food warsee also list of greek restaurants references category greek american culture in michigan category greek american cuisine category greek restaurants category hot dog restaurants category michigan culture category restaurants in detroit category types of 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style named origins file detroit december lafayette coney_island american coney_island jpg thumb lefthe original two coney_islands detroit coney_islands unique type greek american well_known coney_island restaurants lafayette coney_island american coney_island located adjacent buildings lafayette boulevard downtown common root withe original restaurant established greek immigrant brothers bill brothers got business dispute soon thereafter two establishments many european immigrants thearly twentieth_century entered united_states one often coney_island neighborhood city hot_dogs popular original restaurant name thus referred restaurant immigrant owned establishment serving coney_island food choice thus term coney_island intentional reference immigration much descriptive name typical menu image frame right one go menu coney_island restaurants centers coney_island hot_dog natural hot_dog bun dressed chili con carne chili onion yellow mustard condiment mustard item usually referred simply coney another popular item coney_island restaurant_menus loose hamburger consists ground beef hot_dog bun covered condiments coney_island hot_dog many coney_islands also_serve chili fries french_fries covered chili sometimes mustard onions cheese added many coney_islands offer greek greek american dishesuch shish kebab greek salad well usual american diner fare regular hamburger sandwich breakfast items andessert growth coney_island restaurant since owners first coney_island restaurants name business plan many otherestaurants began using name formula coney_islands opened throughouthe city greek american greek immigrants coney_islands developed distinctive dining style repeated hundreds different restaurants throughouthe metropolitan detroit areand elsewhere michigand nearby states regional variations though chili sauce liquid detroit area coney_island restaurants compared sauce served coney_island nearby jackson michigand flint michigan areas many greek diners buffalo_new_york throughout new_york northeastern pennsylvania particularly new_jersey similar detroit style coney_islands even serving style dogs called texas hot texas unlike coney_island restaurants texas hot dominant menu item city handful coney_island eateries houston_texas oklahoma_city tulsa coney_island restaurant_chains national coney_island national coney_island oldest coney_island restaurant_chain michigan locations including detroit st shores metro detroit area cities greek immigrant james giftos credited founding national chili company acquiring company previous owners shortly opened first national coney_island mall michigan venue seated customers menu consisted coney_island hot_dogs loose hamburgers snacks beverages national uses chili affiliate national chili company national hot_dogs made alexander st shores metropolitan baking company_based michigan supplies buns signature_dishes ingredients changed years buthe menu expanded typical menus coney_islands years business expanded locations primarily east metro detroit withe still operation chain grew interior evolved atmosphere bright neon lights brass tom giftos son james giftos took family business james giftos passing began implement national coney_island express locations food_court variation father coney_islands coney kits sold business consists company hot_dogs chili sauce comes buns mustard onions leo coney_island leo coney_island chain created greek brothers peter leo brothers bill founded americand lafayette coney_islands peter leo worked local coney_island restaurants opened coney_island called southfield coney_island southfield michigan one location opened michigand another hills name leo coney_island given newest location troy michigan chain took name leo coney_island brothers began franchising largest coney_island chain world within michigan leo coney_islands reached far birch run grand rapids offer styles coney_island hot_dog first leo outside michigan opened february chicago_illinois closed september much success attributed leo taking chief operating officer gained local fame coney_island hot_dogs greek salads greek recipe generations leo uses buns metropolitan baking company coney sauce recipe manufactured milton chili company located madison heights natural hot_dogs supplied meat company gives leo coney_island coney sweet smoky taste natural smoke uses make hot_dogs popular_culture detroit american coney_island lafayette coney_island featured episodes travel_channel shows man v food food also_list greek restaurants references_category greek american_culture michigan category greek american cuisine_category greek restaurants_category hot_dog restaurants_category michigan culture_category_restaurants detroit category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Consumer import of prescription drugs","description":"consumer import of prescription drugs refers to an individual person typically a patient getting prescription drugs from a foreign country for their own personal use in their own country import mechanisms people might have drugshipped to them from online pharmacies they might do medical tourism to another country purchase drugs there then bring them home individual consumers will only consider seeking drugs from other countries if they have some barrier to access in their own country one barrier to access is high local prices when drug prices are lower elsewhere another barrier to access could be legal restrictions preventing an individual from getting a drug they want international drug market pricesome marketsethe price of drugs by the prices in other nearby markets for example in europeople freely and easily travel to different countries and the price of drugs in one country affects the price in other nearby countries having this kind of competitivexchange can keeprices low but it can also lead to less accessibility to drugsometimes a manufacturer may choose to not offer a drug to a poorer country because that couldisturb their attempto sell the drug at a higher price in a richer country as businesses manufacturers and sellers of drugs wish to control the supply of drugs in their own marketplace if somehow low cost drugs come into a market from lower cost markets then that forces price based selling the trips agreement is an example of a world trade organization treaty which regulates how drugs can be traded in the international marketplace some developing countries might get access to lower cost drugs through compulsory licenses compulsory licenses affect markets outside the country in which they are issued variation in legality drugs which are legal in one place may not be legal in another by region canada to united states people in the united states haveasy access to canada the quality of medicine in canada is comparable to that of the united states drug prices are often much lower in canada than in the united states to save money some consumers in the united stateseek to purchase drugs in canada different people have publishedifferent perspectives on this practice society and culture petition for government reform consumers may feel that prescription drugs which are available to multiple countries to be of equivalent quality and feel comfortable buying and using drugs by choosing to purchase from the country which offers the drugs athe lowest price legal status governments typically oversee the import of prescription drugso bringing a prescription drug from a foreign country could be illegal drug trade category drug pricing category medical 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spaceport referencespacecom suborbital rocketship fleeto carry touristspaceward in style february externalinkspace tourism pioneerspace adventures and the ansari x prize title sponsors to provide first suborbital spaceflightourism vehiclespaceadventures new group to developassenger spaceship msnbc spacecraft at space adventures category myasishchev aircraft category human spaceflight programs category space adventures category space 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dress up as french maid s occasionally the maids may wearabbit or cat ears for extra kawaii cute appeal and refer to the customers as either or upon entering one of such stores the customer is greeted withe customary offered a oshibori wipe towel and shown a foodrink menu popular dishes include cake sometimes baked by the maids themselves ice cream ice cream omurice spaghetti as well as drinksuch as coca cola tea milk or alcoholic beveragesuch as beer or in some cases even champagne other options of service include taking instant camera polaroid pictures either of the maid alone together with another maid or withe customer which are then decorated using colored marker pen markers or stickers playing card video games and or even slightly more unusual onesuch as being slapped by one or more of the maids therexists a wide range of establishments catering to specific tastes and offering different services to customers in other stores the outfits and even the setting itself change in school themed cafes for example customers areferred to asenpainstead of master or mistress inside regular tables areplaced by school desks and even the menu iserved in trays reminiscent of the ones used in elementary schools in japanese schools other themes include or cafes izakaya recently withe maid cafe scene booming additional related services have become popular these include a foot or hand massage photography sessions the customer typically rents time in a studio during whiche can tell a maid which costume to wear and how to pose or even dates with maids butler caf while most cosplay restaurants and maid cafes cater mostly to men there is also a type for women called the butler s in these cafes are well dressed malemployees and may wear either a typical waiter s uniform or even a tuxedo clothing tuxedor tails full scale butler cafe opens doors in akihabara district mainichi daily news retrieved april one butler cafe has its waiters cosplay as teenage schoolboys in an efforto appeal to the fujoshi who enjoy boys love there are also cross dressing butler cafes where female staff dress up as butlers instead of actual men withe popularity of maid cafes a number of other businesses have followed within akihabaralone can find severalegitimate massage parlors a maid eyeglasstore and at least one cosplay maid izakaya north america one maid cafe which opened in the west was the i maid cafe located in scarborough toronto scarborough ontario and was featured in cbc television cbc s newsmagazine the hour canadian tv series the hour the cafe was closed inovember because management failed to pay back rent in decemberoyal t opened in culver city californiand has been featured in several magazinesuch as elle magazinelle and the la times it is a combination of maid cafe store and art gallery the restaurant closed after five years in september a japanese franchise crepe house uni opened in davis california but closed in their workers wore maid uniforms but it was not exactly a maid 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company founded andr madrigal peter since madrigal photographer graphic design writer translator avid travelers duo decided combine talents publish travel_magazine thus costa_rica traveler born first magazine written english published since magazine developed well_known source information people wanto get whato stay whato see costa_rica editorial direction edition traveler contains information costa_rica diverse landscape cultures peoples alsoffer guides country museums beaches volcano additionally section provides insight buying property living costa_rica thisection covers real_estate art design architecture local_culture much magazine also international_traveler section takes readers new corner planet issue articles focus thessence top well offer tips make trip go smoothly magazine offers active narratives accurate journalism reporting modern design photographs show visitor whathey expect visiting different areas nexto printed magazine costa_rica traveler also website website offers 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s are sometimes responsible for collecting a cover charge a cover charge is an entrance fee sometimes charged at bar establishment bar s nightclub s orestaurant s the american heritage dictionary defines it as a fixed amount added to the bill at a nightclub orestaurant for entertainment or service cover charge the american heritage dictionary of thenglish language fourth edition copyright by houghton mifflin company updated in published by houghton mifflin company in restaurants cover charges or couvert charges generally do not include the cost ofood that ispecifically ordered but in somestablishments they do include the cost of bread butter olives and other accompaniments which are provided as a matter of course file hk central city hallower block chinese restaurantable setting oct jpg thumb right px when a group of people sit at a table in a restaurant some restaurants will charge a feeven for a guest who does not order any food this charge is for the service of setting outhe tablecloth napkin and cutlery the oxford english dictionary defines a cover charge as a charge for service added to the basicharge in a restaurant oed entry for cover charge such a charge is made in many countries usually described by the word equivalento cover couvert coperto example of use of coperto in italian cubierto from concise oxford spanish dictionary cubierto in restaurant cover chargetc a place setting at a restaurant in english and in other languages is often referred to as a cover oed meaning of cover the utensils laid for each person s use atable the plate napkin knife fork spoon etc newnham davis dinners diners ch collected from an earlier article in the pall mall gazette this the menu for a dinner of six covers a very admirable dinner or equivalenterm in other languages a term sometimes used in the us is table charge the charge is typically a few us dollar s or equivalent restaurants included in the toptablecom website mainly in the uk which levy a cover charge between one and ten poundsterling about us to although the charge is often said to be for bread butter olives etc taken to the table it is payable whether or nothey areaten restaurants in english speaking countriesometimes have a menu in french in these and otherestaurants the cover charge isometimes described withe french word couverthis term and the related charge originating in france has been used withis meaning in english since at least newnham davis dinners diners ch collected from an earlier article in the pall mall gazette and the bill three couverts caviar s the french word both means table setting and is the past participle of couvrir to cover couvert in larousse french dictionary couvert or cover in the sense of place setting derived from the french past participle according to the oed cover after french couverthe covering or furniture of a table for the meale of a prince cotgrave the cloth plates knives forks etc with which a table is covered or laid the portion of these appropriated to each guesthe couvert or cover charge has been levied for manyears certainly in english speaking countries by the concept and term was later used in the us in the s by illegal bars called speakeasy speakeasies during the prohibition era ban on alcohol manhattan saloonkeeper texas guinan tex guinan was an early example of a barequiring a cover charge from patrons in the us the cover charge later became an entry charge where both entertainment and food andrink are provided and carries thexpectation of entertainment in most countries wherestaurant cover charges are made the practice is far from universal many restaurants make no charge tourist destinations may be more likely to make this charge which unwary visitors may not anticipate gratuity tips are usually much lower internationally than the typical in restaurants in the usa without cover charge the total outlay for the meal including tip is not necessarily higher the term cover charge is used in other cases and can be confusing a practice sometimes called a cover charge in the usa is to make a flat charge for unlimited food restaurants may make a charge to diners who book but fail to show up this occasionally called a cover chargexample of restaurant which calls its no show charge a cover charge legal restrictions according to massachusetts law subjecto a penalty of up to no cafe restaurant or bar can require payment of a minimum or cover charge unless a sign is conspicuously posted with at least one inchigh letterstating that a minimum charge or cover charge shall be charged and indicating the amount children under thirteen may not be chargedadministration of the governmentitle xx public safety and good order chapter licenses theatrical exhibitions public amusements etchapter section d minimum or cover charge section d no innholder common victualler or person owning managing or controlling a cafe restaurant or other eating or drinking establishment shall require any person to pay a minimum charge or cover charge unless a sign is conspicuously posted at every entrance to any dining room orooms where sucharge is required in letters no less than one inch in height stating that a minimum charge or cover charge shall be charged and also stating the amount of charge provided however that no such innholder common victualler or person owning managing or controlling a cafe restaurant or other eating or drinking establishment shall require a person under thirteen years of age to pay a minimum charge or cover charge whoever violates thisection shall be punished by a fine of not more than fifty dollars this lawas put in place to resolve the problem of secret cover charges which are indicated only in tiny text on the menu clubgoers would then find this cover charge added to their first drink order in illinois bars cannot impose a cover charge unless the fee goes towards the cost off setting entertainment costsuch as a live band in the italian regional government in lazio which includes rome began requiring restaurants in the region to remove the cover charge for pane coperto bread and cover from their bills in theuropean union ruled thathe regionalawas invalid buthe region is continuing to try to abolish the practice no more pane coperto business models file shinichi osawat beta nightclubjpg thumb right px bars often impose a cover charge for thexpense of paying entertainersuch as djs cover charges bars and clubs that use cover charges use them for several reasons in some cases popular bars and clubs have a substantial excess demand patrons are lined up outside the club waiting to get in this case the club can gain additional revenue from customers by requiring an entrance charge other bars and clubs use cover charges only onights when there is liventertainment or a dj to cover the costs of hiring the performers cover charges are usually much lower for local semi professional bands or entertainers than for better known touring bands from otheregions inorth america the cover charge for a performance by a local teenage band may be as low as a few dollars a show by a nationally known band with a recording contract may have a to cover somexpensive jazz clubs and comedy clubs have both a cover charge and a minimum drink requirement many sports bars have cover charge when they are showing a boxing or a ufc pay per view evento help defray to costs of ordering the pay per view material price discrimination in economics the term price discrimination refers to charging different prices to different customers based on the anticipated pricelasticity of demand elasticity of demand of different customers bars often offer student discounts because university or college students will have a different willingness to pay than average consumer due to their budget constraints thus the bar sets a lower price for entry for university and college students because students havelastic demand in some bars there are different cover charges for legal drinking age customers and for minors who may not purchase or drink alcohol eg a cover charge for those over and an cover for minorsome bars have lower cover charges for some categoriesuch as college or university students with student identification some have lower cover charges for members of the club or of nightclub organizations or associations cover charge is waived at some clubs for early arrivals before pm or midnight for people whorder food or if the club is in a hotel for hotel guestsome bars customarily or ladies night occasionally waive the cover charge for women in hopes that doing so will increase their number ofemale customers and thereby attract male customers as well the bar usually allows the band or performers to provide a list of guests who will be admitted without paying the cover charge the guest listhe bouncer doorman bouncer may waive the cover charge for some customersuch as regular customers who usually purchase a large number of drinks as well bouncersometimes waive the cover charge for their friends in what could be described as nepotism or even as an illegal action akin to theft or embezzlementhat deprives the bouncer s employer of revenue to which it is entitled revenue sharing with performers bars and clubs have different policies for how the cover charge ishared if at all withe performers different revenue sharing agreements are oftenegotiated by different performers the range of revenue sharing arrangements range from the band or performers retaining all of the money collected for the cover charge to a split between the bar and the band to arrangements where the baretains all of the cover charge a variant of these revenue sharing arrangements occurs in cases where the bar also gives the band a share of the bar s alcohol sales receiptsome bars may also agree to a guarantee in which the bar promises to pay the band a certain amount even if this less than the amount collected athe door luxury cover charges luxury clubs with unusual architecture and interior design and a unique atmosphere sometimes have cover charges even when there is no liventertainment or dj in these cases the cover charge simply contributes to the club s profits for example mike viscuso s on broadway a glam disco dining palace has a cover charge of james brennan stingaree a glam restaurant and club lounge has a cover charge of some high end and luxury bars and nightclubs have yearly membership fees which can be interpreted as annual cover charges for example frederick s has a year membership the keating lounge has annual membership fee and the core club has a membership fee a variant of these annual fees are table charges at somelite nightclubs in which a customer agrees to spend a minimum amount in order to reserve a table in the club eg in thevening no cover charge some bars and clubs do not charge an entrance fee which is indicated in signstating no cover or no cover charge these bars use the liventertainers to draw and retain customers in thestablishment so thathe customers will buy drinks to attract more female customers bars often have a no cover for women policy sometimes on a ladies night in some cases these policies have been challenged in lawsuits as discrimination discriminatory and are illegal in some jurisdictions in the united states a ladies night is a promotion marketing promotional event often at a bar establishment bar or nightclub where female patrons pay less than male patrons for the cover charge or drinkstate courts in california maryland pennsylvaniand wisconsin have ruled that ladies night discounts are unlawful gender discrimination under state or local statutes however courts in illinois minnesotand washington ustate washington have rejected a variety of challenges to such discounts claims against ladies nights under thequal protection clause of the fourteenth amendmento the united states constitution have failed under the state action united states constitutionalaw state action doctrine hollander v swindells donovan wl edny similar actions have failed under the civil rights act of usc hollander v copacabana nightclub fsupp d sdny comiskey v jftj corp f d th cir ladies nights may have federal tax implications though us v covey gas oil f d th cir federal claims were also involved in the unsuccessful challenge in washington see below the california supreme court has ruled that ladies days at a car wash and ladies nights at a nightclub violate california s unruh civil rights act in koire v metro car wash koire v metro car wash p d cand angelucci v century supper club angelucci v century supper club p d ca the unruh act provides all persons within the jurisdiction of thistate are free and equal and no matter whatheir sex arentitled to the full and equal accommodations advantages facilities privileges or services in all business establishments of every kind whatsoever the court considered the statutory defense thathe promotionserve substantial business and social purposes but concluded that merely being profitable is not a sufficient defense the court accused the wisconsin supreme court of sexual stereotyping for upholding a similar practice koire held that public policy in california strongly supports eradication of discrimination based on sex the unruh act expressly prohibitsex discrimination by business enterprises koire concluded the legality of sex based price discounts cannot depend on the subjective value judgments about which types of sex basedistinctions are important or harmful thexpress language of the unruh act provides a clear and objective standard by which to determine the legality of the practices at issue the legislature has clearly stated that business establishments must providequal advantages and privileges to all customers no matter whatheir sex strong public policy supports application of the act in this case the defendants have advanced no convincing argumenthathis court should carve out a judicial exception for their sex based price discounts the straightforward proscription of the act should be respected subsequento the decision california passed the gender tax repeal act of which specifically prohibits differential pricing based solely on a customer s gendereric d hone and franchesca van buren is the death knell ringing for ladies nights nevada lawyer march in angelucci the california supreme court ruled that discrimination victims did not have to ask the offending business to be treated equally in order to have standing to file an unruh act or gender tax repeal act claim courts have not found violations on the unruh act with discounts for which any customer could theoretically qualify for starkman v mann theatres corp calapp d the california supreme court opined a multitude of promotional discounts come to mind which are clearly permissible under the unruh act for example a business establishment might offereduced rates to all customers one day each week or a business might offer a discounto any customer who meets a condition which any patron could satisfy eg presenting a coupon or sporting a certain color shirt or a particular bumper sticker in additionothing prevents a business from offering discounts for purchasing commodities in quantity or for making advance reservations the key is thathe discounts must be applicable alike to persons of every sex coloracetc instead of being contingent on some arbitrary class based generalization the koire precedent has not been extended to strike down mother s day promotions cohn v corinthian colleges incalapp th koire was one of the precedents cited in the lower court but nothe state supreme court in re marriage cases which was overturned by california proposition in re marriage cases calrptr d ladies nights in illinois have been upheld under the anti discrimination provision of the dram shop act dock club inc v illinois liquor control commissione d ill app the court determined thathe discount was intended to encourage women to attend the bar in greater numbers rather than to discourage attendance by malesjohn e theuman exclusion of one sex from admission tor enjoyment of equal privileges in places of accommodation or entertainment as actionable sex discrimination under state law alr th montgomery county s human relations law has been interpreted to not only prohibit ladies nights but also a skirt and gownight where a customer is given a discount for wearing a skirt or gown peppin v woodsidelicatessen a d md app the court noted that againsthisuperficially humorous backdrop we must decide whether thiseemingly innocuous business practice constitutes unlawful discrimination within the meaning of a county ordinance the montgomery county code human relations law prohibited any distinction with respecto any person based on race color sex marital status religious creed ancestry national origin handicap or sexual orientation in connection with admission to service or sales in or price quality or use of any facility or service of any place of public accommodation resort or amusement in the county the maryland s appellate court s reviewas far from de novo and the court emphasized that although we believe the judge s findings to be contradicted by american cultural realities we need not focus on the circuit court s determination oureview is that of the agency s conclusion based upon facts presented athearing the record is replete with evidence that skirt and gownight was intended to andid have the sameffect and serve the same function as ladies night ie it provided price discounts to women and in fact operated as a merextension of ladies nighthe court also stressed the peculiarity and strictness of the municipal ordinance it was interpreting we believe the ordinance is unambiguous thus while allowed to do so under thequal protection clause of the fourteenth amendmento the constitution of the united states we are not allowed under the montgomery county ordinance or the maryland constitution to engage in a balancing test attempts by municipal governments to prevent ladies nights have been struck down as ultra vires in re on sale liquor license class b nw d minn app in june the minnesota department of human rightsaid bars are discriminating against males by holding ladies night promotions but said it will not seek out bars that have a ladies night although this question has not been litigated inevada two nevadattorneys advise for the time being businesseshould exercise caution in utilizingender based pricing scheme promotions while the ability of a plaintiff to succeed on such a claim in district court remains unknownevada equal rights commissionerc has the ability to pursue such claims on the administrative level therefore businesseshould engage in a cost benefit analysis keeping in mind thathey might have to spend time and resources defending a sex discrimination charge in front of nerc or elsewhere new york the new york state human rights appeal boardisapproved of a new york yankees ladies day promotion which originated in as being in a modern technological society where women and men are to be on equal footing as a matter of public policy abosh v new york yankees inc no cps appeal no such promotions violate the pennsylvania human relations act as unlawful gender discrimination where male patrons are charged an entrance fee or a greater charge for drinks and female patrons are not charged an identical entrance fee or the same charge for drinks as male patrons in pennsylvania liquor control board v dobrinoff the commonwealth court specifically found that where a female patron was exempt from a cover charge a go bar engaged in unlawful gender discrimination pa commonwealth cthe pennsylvania liquor control board hastated as recently as that it will issue citations against establishments whicharge patrons differing amounts based on gender see liquor control board advisory opinion of july ladies nights have been found noto violate state anti discrimination law or the federal constitution by the washington supreme court even if held at a stadium owned by a city maclean v first northwest industries of america inc p d wa the washington supreme court concluded thathe respondent hashowno discrimination against men as a class and no damage to himself as a consequence he has no right of action under the state law against discrimination in parthe court emphasized in its ruling evidence presented in the trial courthat women do not manifesthe same interest in basketball that men do and thathe discount was only one of many discounts and promotions the others available regardless of gender finally the majority noted thato decide important constitutional questions upon a complaint asterile as this would be apto erode public respect for thequal rights amendment andeterather than promote the serious goals for which it was adopted the dissenting justices emphasized their broader interpretation of the applicable prohibition and the potential for such promotions to reinforce stereotypes one dissenting justice proposed thathe complainant be allowed no damages but only thathe practice benjoined the dissent concluded it may be that application of thequal rights amendmento the promotional activity of defendant is nothe sort of thing the voters had in mind when they adopted hjr then again an equally persuasive argument could be made thaticket price differentials based on sex were indeed one of a number of activities which they hoped to end it is idle to speculate no evidence of any kind exists i see no escape from finding in this case thathe plain language of const art proscribes the activity in which the defendants havengaged any further clarification of popular intent must come through the process of constitutional amendment not by the imaginings of this court const arthe wisconsin supreme court has held that such promotions violate the state s public accommodation law novak v madison motel associates nw d wis app the court noted thathe text and legislative history of the statute permitted no distinction between sex race and other forms of discrimination some comedy club s and strip bars may allow patrons to enter without paying a fee withe implicit or explicit expectation thathe customers will buy alcoholic beverage s while inside some bars with no cover charge policies may have higher prices for their snacks and beer to make up for the lack of a cover charge many nightclubs oriented towards electronic dance music have a cover charge in some cases because many of their patrons are not drinking alcohol due to use of other drugsuch as mdma bottles of water are alsoften priced at up to offsethe loss of revenue from reduced sales of alcohol category hospitality industry category 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category","category hospitality","hospitality industry","industry category","category payments"],"new_description":"image doorman clubouncer sometimes responsible collecting cover_charge cover_charge entrance fee sometimes charged bar_establishment_bar nightclub orestaurant american heritage dictionary defines fixed amount added bill nightclub orestaurant entertainment service cover_charge american heritage dictionary thenglish_language fourth_edition copyright houghton mifflin company updated published houghton mifflin company restaurants cover_charges couvert charges generally include cost ofood ordered somestablishments include cost bread butter olives provided matter course file central city block chinese setting oct jpg thumb right px group people sit table restaurant restaurants charge guest order food charge service setting outhe napkin cutlery oxford_english_dictionary defines cover_charge charge service added restaurant oed entry cover_charge charge made many_countries usually described word equivalento cover couvert coperto example use coperto italian oxford spanish dictionary restaurant cover place setting restaurant english_languages often_referred cover oed meaning cover utensils laid person use plate napkin knife fork spoon etc davis dinners diners collected earlier article mall gazette menu dinner six covers dinner languages term sometimes used us table charge charge typically us dollar equivalent restaurants included website mainly uk levy cover_charge one ten us although charge often said bread butter olives etc taken table payable whether restaurants english_speaking menu french otherestaurants cover_charge isometimes described withe french word term related charge originating france used withis meaning english since least davis dinners diners collected earlier article mall gazette bill three caviar french word means table setting past cover couvert french dictionary couvert cover sense place setting derived french past according oed cover french covering furniture table prince cloth plates knives forks etc table covered laid portion couvert cover_charge manyears certainly english_speaking countries concept term later used us illegal bars called speakeasy speakeasies prohibition era ban alcohol manhattan texas tex early example cover_charge patrons us cover_charge later_became entry charge entertainment food_andrink provided carries entertainment countries cover_charges made practice far universal many_restaurants make charge tourist_destinations may likely make charge visitors may gratuity tips usually much lower internationally typical restaurants usa without cover_charge total meal including tip necessarily higher term cover_charge used cases practice sometimes_called cover_charge usa make flat charge unlimited food_restaurants may make charge diners book fail show occasionally called cover restaurant calls show charge cover_charge legal restrictions according massachusetts law subjecto penalty cafe restaurant bar require payment minimum cover_charge unless sign posted least_one minimum charge cover_charge shall charged indicating amount children thirteen may public safety good order chapter licenses theatrical exhibitions public amusements section minimum cover_charge section common person owning managing controlling cafe restaurant eating drinking_establishment shall require person pay minimum charge cover_charge unless sign posted every entrance dining_room required letters less one inch height stating minimum charge cover_charge shall charged also stating amount charge provided however common person owning managing controlling cafe restaurant eating drinking_establishment shall require person thirteen years age pay minimum charge cover_charge thisection shall punished fine fifty dollars lawas put place resolve problem secret cover_charges indicated tiny text menu clubgoers would find cover_charge added first drink order illinois bars cannot impose cover_charge unless fee goes towards cost setting entertainment live band italian regional government includes rome began requiring restaurants region remove cover_charge coperto bread cover bills theuropean_union ruled thathe buthe region continuing try practice coperto business_models file beta thumb right px bars often impose cover_charge thexpense paying djs cover_charges bars clubs use cover_charges use several reasons cases popular bars clubs substantial excess demand patrons lined outside club waiting get case club gain additional revenue customers requiring entrance charge bars clubs use cover_charges cover costs hiring performers cover_charges usually much lower local semi professional bands entertainers better_known touring bands otheregions inorth_america cover_charge performance local teenage band may low dollars show nationally known band recording contract may cover jazz_clubs comedy clubs cover_charge minimum drink requirement many sports bars cover_charge showing boxing pay_per view help costs ordering pay_per view material price discrimination economics term price discrimination refers charging different prices different customers based anticipated demand demand different customers bars often offer student discounts university college_students different willingness pay average consumer due budget constraints thus bar sets lower price entry university college_students students demand bars different cover_charges legal drinking_age customers minors may purchase drink alcohol cover_charge cover bars lower cover_charges college university students student identification lower cover_charges members club nightclub organizations associations cover_charge clubs early arrivals midnight people food club hotel hotel bars customarily ladies night occasionally waive cover_charge women hopes increase number ofemale customers thereby attract male customers well bar usually allows band performers provide list guests admitted without paying cover_charge guest bouncer_doorman bouncer may waive cover_charge regular customers usually purchase large_number drinks well waive cover_charge friends could described even illegal action akin theft bouncer employer revenue entitled revenue sharing performers bars clubs different policies cover_charge withe performers different revenue sharing agreements different performers range revenue sharing arrangements range band performers retaining money collected cover_charge split bar band arrangements cover_charge variant revenue sharing arrangements occurs cases bar_also gives band share bar alcohol sales bars_may_also agree guarantee bar promises pay band certain amount even less amount collected athe door luxury cover_charges luxury clubs unusual architecture interior design unique atmosphere sometimes cover_charges even cases cover_charge simply contributes club profits example mike broadway disco dining palace cover_charge james restaurant club lounge cover_charge high_end luxury bars nightclubs yearly membership fees interpreted annual cover_charges example frederick year membership lounge annual membership fee core club membership fee variant annual fees table charges nightclubs customer agrees spend minimum amount order reserve table club thevening cover_charge bars clubs charge entrance fee indicated cover cover_charge bars use draw retain customers thestablishment thathe customers buy drinks attract female customers bars often cover women policy sometimes ladies night cases policies challenged lawsuits discrimination discriminatory illegal jurisdictions united_states ladies night promotion marketing promotional event often bar_establishment_bar nightclub female patrons pay less male patrons cover_charge courts california maryland pennsylvaniand wisconsin ruled ladies night discounts unlawful gender discrimination state local statutes however courts illinois washington ustate washington rejected variety challenges discounts claims ladies nights thequal protection clause amendmento united_states constitution failed state action united_states state action v similar actions failed civil_rights act v copacabana nightclub v corp f th ladies nights may federal tax implications though us v gas oil f th federal claims also involved unsuccessful challenge washington see california supreme_court ruled ladies days car wash ladies nights nightclub violate california unruh civil_rights act koire v metro car wash koire v metro car wash p cand v century supper_club v century supper_club p unruh act provides persons within jurisdiction free equal matter sex full equal accommodations advantages facilities privileges services business establishments every kind court considered statutory defense thathe substantial business social purposes concluded merely profitable sufficient defense court accused wisconsin supreme_court sexual similar practice koire held public policy california strongly supports discrimination based sex unruh act expressly discrimination business enterprises koire concluded legality sex based price discounts cannot depend value types sex important harmful language unruh act provides clear objective standard determine legality practices issue legislature clearly stated business establishments must advantages privileges customers matter sex strong public policy supports application act case advanced convincing court judicial exception sex based price discounts act respected decision california passed gender tax repeal act specifically prohibits pricing based solely customer van death ladies nights nevada lawyer march california supreme_court ruled discrimination victims ask business treated equally order standing file unruh act gender tax repeal act claim courts found violations unruh act discounts customer could theoretically qualify v mann theatres corp california supreme_court multitude promotional discounts come mind clearly unruh act example business establishment might rates customers one_day week business might offer customer meets condition patron could satisfy presenting sporting certain color shirt particular bumper business offering discounts purchasing commodities quantity making advance reservations key thathe discounts must applicable alike persons every sex instead contingent arbitrary class based koire extended strike mother day promotions v colleges th koire one cited lower court nothe state supreme_court marriage cases overturned california proposition marriage cases ladies nights illinois upheld anti discrimination provision shop act dock club inc v illinois liquor control ill app court determined thathe discount intended encourage women attend bar greater numbers rather discourage attendance e exclusion one sex admission tor enjoyment equal privileges places accommodation entertainment sex discrimination state law th montgomery county human relations law interpreted prohibit ladies nights also customer given discount wearing v app court noted humorous backdrop must decide whether business practice unlawful discrimination within meaning county ordinance montgomery county code human relations law prohibited distinction respecto person based race color sex status religious ancestry national origin sexual orientation connection admission service sales price quality use facility service place public accommodation resort amusement county maryland appellate court far de court emphasized although believe judge findings american cultural realities need focus circuit court agency conclusion based_upon facts presented athearing record evidence intended andid serve function ladies night provided price discounts women fact operated ladies nighthe court also municipal ordinance interpreting believe ordinance thus allowed thequal protection clause amendmento constitution united_states allowed montgomery county ordinance maryland constitution engage balancing test attempts municipal governments prevent ladies nights struck ultra sale liquor license class b app june minnesota department human bars males holding ladies night promotions said seek bars ladies night although question inevada two advise time exercise based pricing scheme promotions ability claim district court remains equal rights ability pursue claims administrative level therefore engage cost benefit analysis keeping mind thathey might spend time resources sex discrimination charge front elsewhere new_york new_york state human_rights appeal new_york ladies day promotion originated modern technological society women men equal matter public policy v new_york inc appeal promotions violate pennsylvania human relations act unlawful gender discrimination male patrons charged entrance fee greater charge drinks female patrons charged identical entrance fee charge drinks male patrons pennsylvania liquor control board v commonwealth court specifically found female patron cover_charge go bar engaged unlawful gender discrimination commonwealth pennsylvania liquor control board hastated recently issue citations establishments patrons differing amounts based gender see liquor control board advisory opinion july ladies nights found noto violate state anti discrimination law federal constitution washington supreme_court even held stadium owned city v first northwest industries america inc p washington supreme_court concluded thathe discrimination men class damage consequence right action state law discrimination parthe court emphasized ruling evidence presented trial women interest basketball men thathe discount one many discounts promotions others available regardless gender finally majority noted thato decide important constitutional questions upon would erode public respect thequal rights amendment promote serious goals adopted emphasized broader interpretation applicable prohibition potential promotions reinforce stereotypes one justice proposed thathe allowed damages thathe practice concluded may application thequal rights amendmento promotional activity nothe sort thing voters mind adopted equally argument could made price based sex indeed one number activities hoped end idle evidence kind exists see escape finding case thathe plain language art activity popular intent must come process constitutional amendment court arthe wisconsin supreme_court held promotions violate state public accommodation law v madison motel associates wis app court noted_thathe text legislative history permitted distinction sex race forms discrimination comedy club strip bars_may allow patrons enter without paying fee withe expectation thathe customers buy alcoholic_beverage inside bars cover_charge policies may higher prices snacks beer make lack cover_charge many nightclubs oriented towards electronic_dance_music cover_charge cases many patrons drinking alcohol due use drugsuch mdma bottles water alsoften priced loss revenue reduced sales alcohol category_hospitality_industry category payments"},{"title":"Croatian National Tourist Board","description":"nativename a nativename r logo croatianational tourist boardjpeg logo width logo caption seal width seal caption formed preceding dissolved superseding jurisdiction headquarters iblerov trg zagreb croatia employees budget minister name minister pfo chief name ratomir ivi chief position director chief name chief position parent agency child agency child agency website footnotes the croatianational tourist board or htz is croatia s national tourist organization founded with a view to promoting and creating the identity and to enhance the reputation of croatian tourism the mission also includes the planning and implementation of a common strategy and the conception of its promotion proposal and the performance of promotional activities of mutual interest for all subjects in tourism in the country and abroad as well as raising the overall quality of the whole range of tourist services on offer in the republic of croatia its headquarters is located in zagreb foreigners flocking to fifth avenue real estate weekly june home page croatianational tourist board retrieved 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promotion proposal performance promotional activities mutual interest subjects tourism country abroad well raising overall quality whole range tourist services offer republic croatia headquarters located zagreb foreigners fifth avenue real_estate weekly june home page tourist_board retrieved september externalinks_category government_agenciestablished category_government agencies croatia category_tourism agencies_category_tourism croatia category_establishments croatia category business organizations_based croatia"},{"title":"Crooked Road, Virginia","description":"the crooked road is a heritage trail in southwestern virginia that explores the musical history of the region along southwest virginia s blue ridge and cumberland mountains the crooked road winds through almost miles of scenic terrain southwest virginia including counties four cities and towns the crooked road musical heritage the crooked road celebrates the musical heritage of western virginiand southwest virginiand appalachian music with old time music folk music bluegrass music it also celebrates traditional dance such as clogging buck dancing square dance and other traditional dancesinging and music there are major venues in virginia to showcase the crooked trail including theartwood the southwest virginiartisan gateway in abingdon virginiand the ralph stanley museum in clintwood virginia the idea for virginia s crooked road began to germinate in the minds of virginians in january a number of public officials musicians and others were interested in an economic development strategy for the appalachian region of southwestern virginiand they wanted to draw on the region s rich musical heritage over time the project grew and today it includes ten counties three cities ten towns and four state agencies the crooked road virginia s heritage music trail the crooked road nd the crooked road starts in and goes through southwestern virginia from rocky mount virginia to breaks interstate park on the virginia border the counties the crooked road passes through include carroll county virginia dickinson county virginia floyd county virginia franklin county virginia grayson county virginia patrick county virginia scott county virginia wise county virginiand washington county virginia crooked road map abrahamichael harmonic highways motorcycling virginia s crooked road blacksburg va pocahontas press pages illustrations maps portraits chaney ryan straightening the crooked road ethnography no the crooked road virginia s heritage music trail the crooked road nd crooked road virginia s heritage music trail the crooked road a treasury of american music abingdon va the crooked road summary the songs and tunes collected here were selected from cd recordings currently being sold by artists who live along the crooked road in southwest virginia s blue ridge and cumberland mountains going down the crooked road roanoke va roanoke times mcneill kylene barker et al christmas along the crooked road summary featurestellar musicians from southwest virginiand northwest north carolina performing some of their favorite holiday songs new and old in bluegrass oldtime and mountain style notes by kylene barker mcneill andebbie robinson biographical information abouthe musicians credits andurations on container insert national council for the traditional arts music from the crooked road mountain music of virginia national tour celebrating the living musical culture of southwest virginia silver spring md ncta notes presented with major support from the crooked road virginia s heritage music trail the virginia tourism corporation the national endowment for the arts a national tour of old time bluegrass mountain gospel and flatfoot dance featuring sammy shelor wayne henderson the whitetop mountain band elizabeth laprelle kirk sutphin eddie bond no speed limit saffle michael perpetuating the culture of musical memories virginia s crooked road musik und erinnern skeens betty and libby bondurant grazing along the crooked road recipes and stories past and present pounding mill va henderson publishing notes first edition october second edition april map of the crooked road virginia s heritage music trail on lining papers in memory of betty skeens thornton tim blazing new trails the crooked road offers a model for promoting a scenic region virginia business no virginia s heritage music trail the crooked road virginia s heritage music trail abingdon va virginia s heritage music trail notes cover title visitor guide cover a place of beauty a place of song this the crooked road an authentic music that has been preserved by the region s musicians for generations externalinks the crooked road the crooked road category appalachian culture category appalachian musicategory appalachian folk songs category bluegrass musicategory old time musicategory american folk dances category dances of the united states category performing arts in virginia category dance in virginia category heritage 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company website and owned by paul dobson the magazine is published six times a year with distribution around the uk for magazine retailers travel agency travel agents and ports there is also annual cruise planner the magazine is the biggest selling consumer cruise travel magazine in the uk every issue combines destination features and ship reviews with celebrity interviews recipes and the latest news for both oceand river cruises the magazine is edited by liz jarvis liz jarvis contributors include julie peasgood the magazine s website cruise international website was relaunched in september new statesman coverage of cruise internationalcom press gazette coverage of cruise internationalcom relaunch and redesigned in and features the latest cruise travel news features celebrity interviews recipes blog posts and tips and ideas about where to cruise in october the magazine was awarded the silver award for best holiday magazine athe british travel awards cruise international awards in cruise internationalaunched the cruise international awards cruise international awards they are britain s first ever and only consumer focused awards dedicated to celebrating the best of the cruise industry the awards were announced by the daily mirror the daily mirror s captain greybeard announces the cruise international awards and industry body discover cruises discover cruises coverage cruise international awards the first awards were hosted by nick hewer in the awards were hosted by gyles brandrethe cruise international awards took place athe british film institute and were hosted by jenni falconer in the awards were hosted by caprice bourret caprice references externalinks official site issn category articles created via the article wizard category british business magazines category professional and trade magazines category tourismagazines category magazinestablished in category british bi monthly 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features ship reviews celebrity interviews recipes latest news river_cruises magazine edited liz liz contributors include julie magazine website cruise_international website relaunched september new statesman coverage cruise press gazette coverage cruise relaunch redesigned features latest cruise travel news features celebrity interviews recipes blog posts tips ideas cruise october magazine awarded silver award best holiday magazine athe british_travel_awards cruise_international_awards cruise cruise_international_awards cruise_international_awards britain first_ever consumer focused awards dedicated celebrating best cruise industry awards announced daily mirror daily mirror captain announces cruise_international_awards industry body discover cruises discover cruises coverage cruise_international_awards first awards hosted nick awards hosted cruise_international_awards took_place athe british film institute hosted awards hosted references_externalinks_official site issn category_articles_created_via article_wizard_category_british business magazines_category professional trade magazines_category tourismagazines_category_magazinestablished category_british monthly_magazines"},{"title":"Cuisine of Minorca","description":"file formatge i sobrassadajpg thumb x px minorcan sobrassadand mah n cheese mah n cheese minorcan cuisine refers to the typical food andrink of minorca is a rocky island in the balearic islands balearic archipelago in spain consisting of eight municipalities featuring a mediterranean climate the weather is milder in the south while in the northere are strong winds all yearound marine salt carried by the wind to the pastures where cows graze is what gives the cheese its typical flavour fish is a certain source ofood but additionally there are horses pigs used for cold cuts and cows the skin of which is used to produce leather and the milk to produce cheese agriculture ismall scale and varied consisting of typical mediterranean products within this typical mediterranean cuisine there are also the influences of various invading people particularly thenglish who brought plum cake puddings and punch drink punch the rural and marine cuisine is mostly based on greens and vegetables from one s own garden locally produced meat and fish and seafood caught in the same dayaadd menorca una volta per l illa ed triangle postals p cold cuts are used aseasoning olive oil although not produced on the island is also a fundamental ingredient in local dishes minorcan cuisine is atimes a survival cuisine which preserves the original flavour of its high quality products to the maximum it isimple with few complications and above all seasonal it is based on fishing particularly longline fishing and on seafood especially crustaceans clams and squid fruits and vegetables are cultivated in as much variety as possible and on a small scale only for local consumption until the second half of the twentieth century goats were in such abundance thathey were only eaten when there was a famine caused by spoiled crops or insufficient fishing today they are a luxury the legs of minorcan kids are particularly appreciated there were so many rabbits on the island that roman emperor augustus had to send ferrets to help withunting them for this reason rabbit is a common element of the cuisine in later times there were periods when hunting them was forbidden in the seventeenth century thenglish unsuccessfully attempted to introduce deer and hares few are left nowadays but rabbits and various fowl are still hunted or bred general aspects the recipes and ways of minorcan cuisine have been mostly transmitted through oral tradition as opposed to catalonia for example wherecipe books can be found even from the middle ages in minorca the first written mentions of its cuisine are only found in some notes belonging to archduke ludwig salvator of austria who referencesome typical cooking but without any recipes there is nothing else until when de re cibaria by pedro ballester is published a major work that collects a substantial part of popular wisdom and offers detailed anonymous recipes which nevertheless require prior knowledge of local cuisine in order to be interpreted menorca gastronom a y cocina p minorcan cuisine is based on local products from land or sea classic mediterranean crops had a strong influencencouraging the use of olive oil wine legumes and foods pickled in salthe substratum of arabiculture arab culture is also important as well as additions from french and english cuisine in particular owing to theirespective periods of domination in theighteenth century being a small island meanthathe region passed through periods of scarcity for various reaons yet very flavourful dishes were still createdespite also being very modest simpler versions of dishes that once belonged only to a minority were created that were now accessible to everyone under any circumstances this known asurvival cuisine and it is not absolutely exclusive to the island even during times of abundance it is believed that a dish containing superfluous ingredients is not necessarily better but actually the opposite and the simplicity of a cuisine that would normally be considered poor and rural is more appreciated even today when most products can be obtained all yearound minorca has a seasonal cuisine with seasonal ingredients and recipes which follows the cycles of nature and marked holidays according to its traditions basic ingredients fish pearly razorfish archosargus probatocephalusheepsheadstingrays wings and liver scorpaena scrofa scorpionfish groupers goosefish rock fish in general and salted cod seafood mussels cockle bivalve cockle squid cuttlefish octopushrimp scampi lobster crab sea snails vegetables vine tomatoes onion garlichili pepper aubergine courgette legumes dry white string beans called guixons on the island greens chard spinach peas called fesols on the island cabbage fruits figs peaches apricots pears grapes oranges lemons nuts dates almonds pine nuts meat chicken food chicken rabbit pork beef cold cuts mushroomsaffron milk cap scotch bonnet dry mushrooms other olive oil bread honey capers wineggsnails ricotta figat similar to spanish fig cake and meringue specialties file ingredients maonesajpg thumbasic ingredients of mayonnaiseggs olive oil and lemon juice mayonnaise supposedly originates in the city of mah n according to this theory thisauce an emulsion of eggs and olive oil became known as a consequence of the briefrench occupation of the island which would take ito france according to a differentheory it was invented in a french town called maiona or perhaps baiona third is based on the dislike of the french towards garlic as they tasted the minorcan aioli the french asked for the garlic to be removed which lefthem with a white sauce made of olive and eggs mayonnaisepla josep el que hemenjat barcelona premsa catalana in any case mayonnaise with or without garlic is a product ofrequent use in the traditional cuisine of the island since ancientimes on its own or as an ingredient in dishes mah n cheese file mahon cheesejpg lefthumb mah n cheese a local cheese is produced in minorca mah n cheese it features denominaci n de origen denominaci n de origen protegida protectedemonination of origin it is pressed instead of boiled and has a characteristic orange colourm a parallelepiped shape and rounded corners it is made and matured only in minorcaccording to tradition and to the norms of the do in the definitve form of the denomination of origin was given as queso mah n and later in the word menorca was added making the full name mah n menorca there are four main varieties according to maturation time mild semi mature and aged ricotta or freshigh quality cottage cheese is also made in the same dairy shops in minorca but it does not have a specific name and is not widely known since it is consumed only locallyfuster xim g mez manel menorca gastronom a y cocina sant llu s triangle postals cold cuts file sobrassadajpg thumb minorcan sobrassada withexception of the sobrassada the cold cuts made in minorcare an evolution of the roman legacy everything is made of pork the slaughter of the pigs usually undertaken in winter is called porquejades or porquetjades blood is added as an ingrediento some of these products which gives them a black colour similarly to the cuisine of the catalan cuisine the spices used are few and not very varied buthey are the ones that giveach product a distinct personality and makes them different and flavourul the spices normally used are black pepper white pepper paprika in sobrassadanise cinnamon and salt some also add other typical mediterranean spicesuch as thyme rosemary and oregano file plat amb dues pilotes d una escudella i carn d ollajpg thumb piles and butifarras of escudella white botifarra of grayish clear brown color since it does not contain blood it has the form of the ball that is used for thescudella i carn d olla escudella it is made up of meat and other parts of the pig and it isurrounded by a fine membrane it is generally eaten cooked usually fried black botifarra it has the same ingredients and species thathe white one but contains in addition pig blood itshape is like the one of a fine botifarra it is often eaten fried with sobrassadand it isometimes eaten raw camot or cuixot in ciudadela it is a cooked black and very greasy sausage basically the same as majorcan camaiot but with less pellets it usually contains pig minced meat blood black pepper a pinch of paprikand another one of anise its appearance is very different from the othersince it is inserted within a pig leg where the name comes from it is eaten raw cut in very fine slices or cooked carnixulla or meat and xua it is a cured raw sausage of chopped lean meat mixed with bacon cut in small squares and marinated with salt pepper and sometimes other species thelaboration process goes through a drying process inside the intestine while other transformations take place contrary from the sobrassada fermentation does notake place its aspect reminds one of a whip this cold cut is the only specific one of minorcand perhaps the oldest one of the island minorcan sobrassada thinner and lesspicy than the majorcan these cold cuts arelaborated in all the balearic islands traditional dishes vegetables legumes and greens file carbassopng thumb stuffed zucchini file tom quetsgif thumb spinach rubiol traditional dish from the patronal feasts of the island file rubioljpg thumb spinach rubiol traditional dish from the patronal feasts of the island minorcan cuisine is very mediterranean rich in vegetables of all types the island has been very self sufficient providing these type ofresh products thus they have never gone missing thanks to the farming activity as part of theconomy even to this day time in which the crops represent approximately half of the minorcan territory menorca gastronomia i cuina p the salad hanging bouquetomatoes etc and other green vegetables to prepare salads and stir fry stand out onions italian green peppers red pepper garlic roman lettuce to prepare salads mediterranean green vegetables that are fried stuffed or oven baked likeggplanthat in minorca ismall and very white in its interior a variety of the summer season that cannot be cultivated in a greenhouse zucchini that is prepared in a similar way or the artichoke that is also from a local variety smallong and purple colored that is eaten mainly as a side dish battered and fried oven baked or in stews fruits are also abundant specially figs that are also eaten in savoury dishes like for example the oliaigua local green vegetables are prepared a thousand ways menorca gastronomia i cuina p some of the most common are the phaseolus vulgaris guixons the vicia faba habas the lentils and the chickpeas mushrooms are very much appreciated oven baked fried with or without sauce to accompany meats and the wild asparagus very appreciated in the oliaigua local soup or simply with a tortilla olive oil is the grease that is used to cook these dishes and is also common in pastry while olives themselves are appreciated in this cooking just like local capers menorca gastronomia i cuina p until a few decades ago there were hundreds of olive trees in minorca but nowadays these are not cultivated some minorcan dishes that contain these ingredients are oven baked eggplant a species of local eggplant is used that ismaller and more tender they are thinly laminated and oven baked in a single layer covered in shredded bread with minced garlic and basil it isimilar to the carbassonada made with zucchininstead of eggplant and usually has chopped onion and is eaten in the other balearic islands oven baked tomates and stuffed zucchini are also traditional oliaigua which in its origin was the scantiest soup food for when you were lackingredients it is usually eaten with figs during the summer menorca gastronomia i cuina p cauldron perol consists of a layer of laminated potatoes another of laminated tomatoes covered with shredded bread garlic basil and grilled you can add fish gilt head bream or striped red mullet for example in between the layers of potatoes and tomatoes menorca gastronomia i cuina p cuttlefish with fesols is a stewith fresh cuttlefish and peas it is very common that is also traditionally served as a tapas tapa sometimes little balls of minced meat are added menorca gastronomia i cuina p a lot of salty products are made with wheat flour many of which the breadough oftencircles the land s produce like for example the rubiols the m inorcan flaonsalty pasta filled with cheese to the agujas or croissants made with breadough and shaped like a half moon filled with sobrassada menorca gastronomia i cuina p the formatjadestand out common in easter time the salty cocas are usually rectangular open or closed and can be traditionally filled with a stir fry vegetables or pepper even though some have meat or fish on christmas eve it is common to eat before the midnight mass bread rolls filled with diced meat and soaked in milk and oven cooked menorca gastronomia i cuina p file calderetajpg lefthumb x px kaldera or as it is best known lobster kaldereta fish and seafood sea products for their insular condition are widely consumed traditionally freshwater whitefish is used justhe same like for example goosefish or the hake like the oily fish like the atlantic mackerel or the sardine for example very fresh boughthe same day it is fished this type of cooking with fish is traditional because many minorcans have a boat in which they go fishing on weekends and in summer it was a customary and it still happens to go around the island on a boat an excursion that forced you to eathe captured and cooked fish on board the scorpaena or scrofamong themenorca gastronomia i cuina p is a highly appreciated and abundant fish another appreciated fish is the rajiformes menorca gastronomia i cuina p that can be oven baked grilled or in a paella number of seafood shells and mollusks are also used these products just like thearth products change according to the season they are cooked in pots or boilers rice and sometimes also in salty pies or puddings oven baked grilled or in the oven in minorca there is a greatradition of eating varied fish and even octopus or squid in the form of meatballs the cod aburrida menorca gastronom a y cocina p that is prepared mixing cod sauce with garlic and oil dressing is a dish that has the resemblance with others cooked in catalonia provence and other nearby areasome minorcan dishes with fish and seafood are stuffed calamari oven baked or in a saucepan its an elaboration that has been established in the minorcan cookbook and has an established reputation for itsubtlety of aromas lobster stew until not long ago this type of sauce or bread soup was a poor fisher s dish since minorcan s lobsters wereasy to find add bits of lobster on top of onions tomato garlic and parsley and boil over higheat kaldereta is the best known internationally minorcan dish and of all the minorcan pots the most emblematic is lobster menorca gastronomia i cuina p other pots that are prepared a lot are made ofish usually roca fish like the grouper pot baked common cockle covered with shredded bread garlic and parsley cabracho scorpion fish meatballs menorca gastronom a y cocina p with a saut ed and chopped sauce some put a little of grated mah n cheese shredded in the meatballs mixed withe fish you can do it with other fish for example the ones used in soups meatballs in meat sauce are also prepared which in this case contain pine nuts it can beaten as a tapa in bars and not only as a main dish pig farming is common locally because pigs areasy to raise and traditional sausages are very popular there is also cattle farming which is the traditional source of milk to make cheese among other things meat and hides the latter being used as a raw material for the local traditionaleather craftsmen a very old recipe is for example the feixets or chaplain s partridges thinly sliced veal rolls filled with boiled egg bacon and sobrasada menorca gastronomia i cuina p lamb and mutton lamb chicken food chicken and rabbit are also consumed there are local varieties of chicken and lamb gameats which are currently very limited are mainly rabbits and birds rabbits are hunted withe help of dogs including an indigenous breed the rabbit s dog and shotguns while for the haunting of birds typical techniques are the use of decoy and the fencing in the neck snails are also part of this gastronomy both in simple preparations with alioli for example and in many more sophisticated onesuch asnails with sea crab some minorcan dishes with meats or sausages are arroz de la tierra rice of the land which is not made with rice but with wheat crushed in a mortar and baked with assorted sausages it resembles the african couscous menorca gastronomia i cuina p fried lamb or fried pork sometimes called frit menorqu by the islanders macarrones with gravy menorca gastronomia i cuina penne pastand meat cooked halfway between the typical italian way the pasta is cooked separately and then added to the rest of the ingredients and the traditional catalan way the pasta is cooked athend withe rest of ingredients like the noodles casserole it also has a british influence where gravy is a kind of simple meat preparation serving as a bed for the pasta typical desserts and pastries file coca bambajpg thumb px bamba snack coca bamba file crespells menorquinsjpg thumb px crespells file crespelletsjpg thumb px crespellets file orelletesjpg thumb px plate of orelletes the minorcan bakery pastry andessert making incorporates ideas techniques and products from cultures as diverse as jewish arabic and english the brief stay of the french in the island served to create the gat according to the technique of the frenchousewives of the moment but incorporating almonds in the recipe from the british the islanders took a taste for puddings they use catalan cream abundantly and they also use meringue in the italian way to take advantage of thegg whites to decorate desserts and cakes this taste for very sweet recipes ishared in common with other neighbours in the southern mediterranean the amargos or bitters are cookies made with egg whites and almondsimilar to italian amaretti with almonds and to the french macarons the buelos de todos lasantos fritters of all saints are made with soft cheese fromahon for all saints day when the panellets are also cooked the carquinyoli menorquines or carquinyols des mercadal which are square shaped unlike the continental carquinyoli s they are like chocolate tablets and have a homogeneous texture although they are also dry and hard they are made with almonds egg white sugar and flour the coca de tomate de ciutadella de menorca ciudadela flatbread with slices of tomato garlic parsley sugar and chopped cookie the coca bamba or coca de san juan in ciudadela thick and tall in the middle flatbread in the form of snail that contains boiled potato and is eaten for breakfast as an afternoon snack or withot chocolate during the local festivities pudin is made withe cocas that get hard after a few days of non consumption withe same recipe for coca bambare also made individual round small cocas or coquitas covered with apricots cherries or other seasonal fruit withe same dough are also made the buelos de pasta bamba fritters the crespells of minorcare flower shaped cookies with aboutwelve petals covered with fine sugar and stuffed either with jam or with a paste made of cottage cheese and lemon they have a round hole in the middle to see whathey are stuffed with in the other balearic islands crespells are very differenthe crespellets or crespellines are dry round large and thin cookies with a toothedge the cuscuss has the appearance of loaf of bread covered with candied fruit and pine nuts like a coca de san juan the dough is made with catalan style rustic bread which isoaked in water with sugar almonds are added cinnamon lemon peel etc and then it is kneaded again thensaimada is made both in majorcand in minorca the formatjades de reques n are sweet formatjadestuffed with a mixture containing cottage cheese and lemon peel alayor cookies are a kind of round bun with a closed hole in the middle the doughas a bit of anise in ithey areaten mainly at breakfast and as an afternoon snack dunked in milk they can be opened in half and spread with jam or honey they can be soft or hard inside we can know depending on the appearance of the outer surface layer gat is a kind of cake where the flour is replaced with chopped almonds the macarrones de la ciudadelare small white cookies made with egg white lots of sugar and sometimes also bits of almonds they have a six pointed flower shape orelletes which are pronounced oran in minorca menorca gastronom a y cocina p are friedough they are thin irregular and crisp aromatised with muscat wine and served with warm honey minorcan pastissets in minorcare five or six petalled flower shaped cookies covered with fine sugar and made with lard flour egg sugar lemon zest pudin de reques n menorqu n or minorcan cottage cheese pudding with alayor cookies and traditionally garnished with raisins and pine nuts pudding of coca bamba sometimes made with ensaimadas like a custardessert consistent enough to be cut into pieces grapes and cheese a simple desserthe rubiol is a sweet empanada similar to the sweet pastisset of valencia typical of majorcand minorca rissats rectangular biscuits decorated with curled waves drawn on the surface with a fork they are similar to the crespellines tatis are like the catalan carquinyolis but with chocolate turr n quemado fromercadal a peculiar kind of nougatortada cake made of chopped almonds is frequent in the spanish gastronomy which in minorca has the particularity of being usually covered completely with burnt egg yolk and meringue and sometimes also sugar this decoration is very typical of the island is usually found in the monas de pascua easter cakes birthday cakes and brazos de gitano swiss rolls which if not filled with catalan cream are usually also stuffed inside with egg yolk typical drinks calent an artisan drink that is infused witherbs cinnamon anise and saffron and it can be drunk hot or ice cold estomagale is a soft herbs liquor with a very particular flavor and texture frigola is thyme in minorca in the islands it is also a traditional digestive made withyme flowers gin de menorca comes from the british presence on the island in the th century the xoriguer distillery which produces the well known gin xoriguer is located in the port of mah n licor de rosas liquor of roses is a liquor of greek origin that was broughto the island by greek workers and merchants in theighteenth century and that in minorca iserved in the baptisms gastronom a en las islas baleares pellofa gin with lemon skin and a little siphon pomada gin with lemon juice the minorcan ratafia is made by soaking herbs from the island in aguardiente for eight days it has lemon bark green walnut carnationutmeg and cinnamon in it other liquors are also made with mah n chamomile orange or lemon flower etcf brega jaumellibre de la ratafia cosset nia edicionsengri which is a kind of hot punch with aromatised wine dating from the time of the british presence in theighteenth century in spite of the similarity of the word it has nothing to do withe sangria wine has been produced in minorca since time immemorial currently there are four wineries vi a sa cudia vi as binifadet ferrer de muntpalau and the bodega vino de s illa in alayor whichave the distinctive name of wine of the land of the island of minorcand have obtained international distinctions the malvas a began to be produced in minorca when commerce started with ancient greecespecially in alayor and san luis but later it was lost since it has been cultivated again with vines from corsica whichasimilar geological and climatic features to minorca s gastronom a en las islas baleares fruit liqueurs they are made by macerating the fruits in brandy gastronomic fairs cuinaart menorca is a gastronomic fair that is celebrated every april since as a showcase for minorcan products it consists of exhibitors debates tastings conferences etc it is aimed at all types of public references category gastronomy category spanish 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varied consisting typical mediterranean products within typical mediterranean cuisine also influences various people particularly thenglish brought cake puddings punch drink punch rural marine cuisine mostly based greens vegetables one garden locally produced meat fish seafood caught menorca una volta per l ed triangle p cold cuts used olive oil although produced island also fundamental ingredient local dishes minorcan cuisine atimes survival cuisine original flavour high_quality products maximum complications seasonal based fishing particularly fishing seafood especially clams squid fruits vegetables cultivated much variety possible small_scale local consumption second_half twentieth_century goats abundance thathey eaten famine caused crops insufficient fishing today luxury legs minorcan kids particularly appreciated many rabbits island roman_emperor augustus send help reason rabbit common element cuisine later times periods hunting forbidden seventeenth_century thenglish unsuccessfully attempted introduce deer left nowadays rabbits various still bred general aspects recipes ways minorcan cuisine mostly transmitted oral tradition opposed catalonia example books found even middle_ages minorca first written mentions cuisine found notes belonging archduke ludwig austria typical cooking without recipes nothing else de pedro published major work substantial part popular wisdom offers detailed anonymous recipes nevertheless require prior knowledge local cuisine order interpreted menorca gastronom cocina p minorcan cuisine based local products land sea classic mediterranean crops strong use olive oil wine legumes foods pickled arab culture also important well additions french english cuisine particular owing theirespective periods domination theighteenth century small island region passed periods various yet dishes still also modest simpler versions dishes belonged minority created accessible everyone circumstances known cuisine absolutely exclusive island even times abundance believed dish containing ingredients necessarily better actually opposite simplicity cuisine would normally considered poor rural appreciated even today products obtained yearound minorca seasonal cuisine seasonal ingredients recipes follows cycles nature marked holidays according traditions basic ingredients fish wings liver rock fish general salted cod seafood mussels cockle cockle squid lobster crab sea vegetables vine tomatoes onion pepper aubergine legumes dry white string beans called island greens spinach peas called island fruits apricots grapes nuts dates almonds pine nuts meat chicken food chicken rabbit pork beef cold cuts milk cap scotch dry mushrooms olive oil bread honey similar spanish cake meringue specialties file ingredients ingredients olive oil lemon juice mayonnaise supposedly originates city mah_n according theory eggs olive oil became_known consequence occupation island would_take ito france according invented french town called perhaps third based french towards garlic minorcan french asked garlic removed white sauce made olive eggs el que barcelona case mayonnaise without garlic product use traditional cuisine island since ancientimes ingredient dishes mah_n cheese file lefthumb mah_n cheese local cheese produced minorca mah_n cheese features n de n de origin instead boiled characteristic orange shape rounded corners made tradition norms form denomination origin given mah_n later word menorca added making full name mah_n menorca four main varieties according time mild semi mature aged quality cottage cheese also_made dairy shops minorca specific name widely known since consumed g menorca gastronom cocina sant triangle cold cuts file thumb minorcan sobrassada withexception sobrassada cold cuts made evolution roman legacy everything made pork slaughter pigs usually undertaken winter called blood added products gives black colour similarly cuisine catalan cuisine spices used varied buthey ones product distinct personality makes different spices normally used black pepper white pepper cinnamon salt also add typical mediterranean file una carn thumb piles white clear brown color since contain blood form ball used carn made meat parts pig fine generally eaten cooked usually fried black ingredients species thathe white one contains addition pig blood like one fine often eaten fried isometimes eaten raw cooked black greasy sausage basically less usually contains pig minced meat blood black pepper another one appearance different inserted within pig leg name comes eaten raw cut fine slices cooked meat cured raw sausage chopped lean meat mixed bacon cut small marinated salt pepper sometimes species process goes drying process inside transformations take_place contrary sobrassada fermentation notake place aspect one whip cold cut specific one perhaps oldest one island minorcan sobrassada cold cuts balearic islands traditional dishes vegetables legumes greens file thumb stuffed zucchini file tom thumb spinach traditional dish island file thumb spinach traditional dish island minorcan cuisine mediterranean rich vegetables types island self sufficient providing type ofresh products thus never gone missing thanks farming activity part theconomy even day time crops represent approximately half minorcan territory menorca_gastronomia cuina_p salad hanging etc green vegetables prepare salads stir fry stand onions italian green peppers red pepper garlic roman lettuce prepare salads mediterranean green vegetables fried stuffed oven baked minorca white interior variety summer season cannot cultivated greenhouse zucchini prepared similar way also local variety colored eaten mainly side dish battered fried oven baked fruits also abundant specially also eaten savoury dishes like example local green vegetables prepared thousand ways menorca_gastronomia cuina_p common mushrooms much appreciated oven baked fried without sauce accompany meats wild appreciated local soup simply tortilla olive oil grease used cook dishes also_common pastry olives appreciated cooking like local_menorca_gastronomia cuina_p decades ago hundreds olive trees minorca nowadays cultivated minorcan dishes contain ingredients oven baked eggplant species local eggplant used tender laminated oven baked single layer covered shredded bread minced garlic basil isimilar made eggplant usually chopped onion eaten balearic islands oven baked stuffed zucchini also traditional origin soup food usually eaten summer menorca_gastronomia cuina_p consists layer laminated potatoes another laminated tomatoes covered shredded bread garlic basil grilled add fish head red example layers potatoes tomatoes menorca_gastronomia cuina_p fresh peas common also traditionally served tapas sometimes little balls minced meat added menorca_gastronomia cuina_p lot salty products made wheat flour many breadough land produce like example pasta filled cheese made breadough shaped like half moon filled sobrassada menorca_gastronomia cuina_p common easter time salty usually rectangular open closed traditionally filled stir fry vegetables pepper even_though meat fish christmas eve common eat midnight mass bread rolls filled meat milk oven cooked menorca_gastronomia cuina_p file lefthumb x px best_known lobster fish seafood sea products condition widely consumed traditionally used justhe like example like fish like atlantic example fresh boughthe day type cooking fish traditional many boat go fishing weekends summer customary still happens go around island boat excursion forced eathe captured cooked fish board gastronomia cuina_p highly appreciated abundant fish another appreciated fish menorca_gastronomia cuina_p oven baked grilled number seafood shells also_used products like thearth products change according season cooked pots rice sometimes also salty pies puddings oven baked grilled oven minorca eating varied fish even octopus squid form meatballs cod menorca gastronom cocina p prepared mixing cod sauce garlic oil dressing dish others cooked catalonia provence nearby minorcan dishes fish seafood stuffed oven baked established minorcan cookbook established reputation lobster long ago type sauce bread soup poor fisher dish since minorcan find add bits lobster top onions tomato garlic parsley best_known internationally minorcan dish minorcan pots lobster menorca_gastronomia cuina_p pots prepared lot made ofish usually fish like pot baked common cockle covered shredded bread garlic parsley fish meatballs menorca gastronom cocina p saut ed chopped sauce put little mah_n cheese shredded meatballs mixed withe fish fish example ones used soups meatballs meat sauce also prepared case contain pine nuts beaten bars main dish pig farming common locally pigs areasy raise traditional sausages popular also cattle farming traditional source milk make cheese among things meat latter used raw material local old recipe example sliced veal rolls filled boiled egg bacon menorca_gastronomia cuina_p lamb mutton lamb chicken food chicken rabbit also consumed local varieties chicken lamb currently limited mainly rabbits birds rabbits withe_help dogs including indigenous breed rabbit dog birds typical techniques use neck also part gastronomy simple preparations example many sophisticated sea crab minorcan dishes meats sausages arroz de_la tierra rice land made rice wheat crushed mortar baked assorted sausages resembles african menorca_gastronomia cuina_p fried lamb fried pork sometimes_called islanders gravy menorca_gastronomia cuina meat cooked halfway typical italian way pasta cooked separately added rest ingredients traditional catalan way pasta cooked athend withe rest ingredients like noodles also british influence gravy kind simple meat preparation serving bed pasta typical desserts pastries file coca thumb px bamba snack coca bamba file crespells thumb px crespells file thumb px file thumb px plate minorcan bakery pastry andessert making incorporates ideas techniques products cultures diverse jewish arabic english brief stay french island served create according technique moment incorporating almonds recipe british islanders took taste puddings use catalan cream also_use meringue italian way take_advantage whites desserts cakes taste sweet recipes common southern mediterranean cookies made egg whites italian almonds french de fritters saints made soft cheese saints day also cooked des square shaped unlike continental like chocolate tablets texture although also dry hard made almonds egg white sugar flour coca de de de menorca flatbread slices tomato garlic parsley sugar chopped cookie coca bamba coca de san_juan thick tall middle flatbread form contains boiled potato eaten breakfast afternoon snack withot chocolate local festivities made withe get hard days non consumption withe recipe coca also_made individual round small covered apricots seasonal fruit withe dough also_made de pasta bamba fritters crespells flower shaped cookies covered fine sugar stuffed either jam made cottage cheese lemon round hole middle see whathey stuffed balearic islands crespells dry round large thin cookies appearance bread covered fruit pine nuts like coca de san_juan dough made catalan style rustic bread water sugar almonds added cinnamon lemon peel etc made minorca de n sweet mixture containing cottage cheese lemon peel alayor cookies kind round bun closed hole middle bit mainly breakfast afternoon snack milk opened half spread jam honey soft hard inside know depending appearance outer surface layer kind cake flour replaced chopped almonds de_la small white cookies made egg white lots sugar sometimes also bits almonds six pointed flower shape pronounced minorca menorca gastronom cocina p thin crisp wine served warm honey minorcan five six flower shaped cookies covered fine sugar made flour egg sugar lemon de n n minorcan cottage cheese pudding alayor cookies traditionally pine nuts pudding coca bamba sometimes made like consistent enough cut pieces grapes cheese simple sweet similar sweet valencia typical minorca rectangular biscuits decorated waves drawn surface fork similar like catalan chocolate n peculiar kind cake made chopped almonds frequent spanish gastronomy minorca usually covered completely burnt egg meringue sometimes also sugar decoration typical island usually found de easter cakes birthday cakes de swiss rolls filled catalan cream usually also stuffed inside egg typical drinks artisan drink cinnamon drunk hot ice cold soft herbs liquor particular flavor texture minorca islands also traditional made flowers gin de menorca comes british presence island th_century distillery produces well_known gin located port mah_n de liquor roses liquor greek origin broughto island greek workers merchants theighteenth century minorca iserved gastronom las gin lemon skin little gin lemon juice minorcan made herbs island eight days lemon green cinnamon liquors also_made mah_n orange lemon flower de_la kind hot punch wine dating time british presence theighteenth century spite word nothing withe wine produced minorca since time currently four wineries de vino de alayor whichave distinctive name wine land island obtained international distinctions began produced minorca commerce started ancient alayor san luis later lost since cultivated vines corsica geological features minorca gastronom las fruit made fruits gastronomic fairs menorca gastronomic fair celebrated every april since showcase minorcan products consists exhibitors debates tastings conferences etc aimed types public references_category gastronomy category spanish cuisine"},{"title":"Culinary tourism","description":"file terrace cafe rue de buci paris july jpg thumb px france is a country that has been strongly associated with culinary tourism with both international visitors as well as french citizens traveling to different parts of the country to sample local foods and wine culinary tourism or food tourism is thexploration ofood as the purpose of tourism it is now considered a vital component of the tourism experience dining out is common among tourist s and food is believed to rank alongside climate lodging accommodation and scenery in importance tourists culinary or food tourism is the pursuit of unique and memorableating andrinking experiences both near and far culinary tourism differs from agritourism in that culinary tourism is considered a subset of cultural tourism cuisine is a manifestation of culture whereas agritourism is considered a subset of rural tourism but culinary tourism and agritourism are inextricably linked as the seeds of cuisine can be found in agriculture culinary food tourism is not limited to gourmet food while many cities regions or countries are known for their food culinary tourism is not limited by food culturevery tourists eats abouthree times a day making food one of the fundamental economic drivers of tourism countries like ireland peru and canadare making significant investment in culinary tourism development and are seeing results with visitor spending and overnight stays rising as a result ofood tourism promotion and product development in addition to the above information the world food travel association adds the following information for clarification we say food tourism but drinking beverages is an implied and associated activity it is also cumbersome to say food andrink tourism we need to clarify far and near in addition to traveling across country or the world to eat or drink we can also be food travelers in our own regions cities and neighborhoods if you rarely leave your neighborhood and travel across town to a new neighborhood to go to a special grocery store or to eat out you are a food traveler in your own backyard the act of traveling is implied because most people travel at least across their own town if nothe region the country and even the planethe distance covered is not as important as the facthat we are always on the move we are all travelers of a sort and we are all eaters therefore we can also all be regarded as food travelers previously the world food travel association had used the phrase culinary tourism to describe our industry we stopped using that phrase in because ouresearch indicated that it gave a misleading impression while culinary technically can be used for anything relating to food andrink and initially seems to make good sense the perception among the majority of english speakers we interviewed is thathe word culinary is elitist nothing could be further from the truth about what our industry is all about food tourism is includes the food carts and street vendors as much as the locals only gastro pubs dramatic wineries or one of a kind restaurants there isomething for everyone in the food tourism industry history a brief overview of the history of the food tourism industry can be watched in this video who are food travelers research from the world food travel association s food travel monitor proves that of travelers canow be considered food travelers by food travelers we mean travelers who had participated in a food or beveragexperience other than dining out at some time in the past months they may have visited a cooking school participated in a food tour or gone shopping in a local grocery or gourmet store these are the types of activities that food travelers engage in we also gon tours at food or beverage factories participate in wine beer spirits tastings and of courseat out in unique or memorable foodservicestablishments we ll visit a chocolatier bakery or gelateria to sample what makes the area famous most importantly food travelers arexplorers we love to get off the beaten path and find the new or new for us unique or undiscovered experiences it may surprise many readers to learn that foodies with a gourmet preference are absolutely in the minority to be specific our psychoculinary research showed that only ofood travelers expressed an interest in gourmet experiences as their primary interest by the time ouresearch was published that number had risen to but still very much in the minority we attribute the increase due to television programming about chefs chef competitions and cooking it is more than agritourism the most frequent misunderstanding or misconception among professionals in our industry is that agritourism and food tourism are interchangeable terms nothing could be further from the truth agritourism is a subset of rural tourism and involves farms farm activities and can include farmers markets as an activity agritourism tends to be popular with locals and close in regional travelers but itends to be less attractive to visitors from across countries or across the world very few visitors will pay money to ride a cow or purchase a bunch of rhubarb to take back to their hotel room farm tours generally are a more popular activity with children which is anothereason farm visitors tend to be more local and regional because it is much morexpensive to transport a family with children by air than it is by carecently some visitors havexpressed interest in food pedigree sourcing composting and animal welfare these are more food industry issues and have less to do with tourism although some travelers take their behavior and values withem while traveling the bottom line is that agriculture has a very limited appeal to long haul visitors and therefore has limited economic potential the food tourism industry and our association respect agriculture and farmers and acknowledges thathe seeds of cuisine are in agriculture rather than focusing on agritourism a more profitable potential for the agriculture industry is in value added agricultural products look at our wheel of economic development which illustrates how agriculture agritourism and food tourism in other words our entire community interrelate theconomic impact estimating theconomic impact ofood beverage tourism is at best very difficult first we would need to find how many travelers there are to an area then we would need to interview them to find out how much they spend on food andrink while traveling we couldig deeper and ask them what percentage of their expenditures are for sustenance vs a unique food or beveragexperience we would also have to factor out expenditures by locals and howould you account for a visitor spending on gourmet souvenir items in a grocery store as you can see the task is very difficult and the cost ofiguring out exactly how much travelers are spending on food and beveragexperiences can outweigh the findings the world food travel association wfta provides a formula over the years through the wfta s own research secondary research interviews and conversations the association has constructed its own impression of the value ofood tourism by itsestimate visitorspend approximately of their travel budget on food and beverages the figure can get as high as in expensive destinations and as low as on more affordable destinations confirmed food lovers also spend a bit more than the average of spent by travelers in general the association recommends that interested parties conduct morevidence based research if you require absolute precision the wfta is confidenthat youresults will most likely fall in this range most governments publish data on total visitor arrivals and expenditures take thestimated economic impact of visitors to your areand multiply it by that is your estimated economic impact of expenditures on the food and beverage sector food tourism benefits food tourismay sound like a great idea but whatangible measurable benefits can your involvement with our industry bring to you here s our short list of what you and the various players in your area can realize as you become morengaged in a sustainable food andrink tourism strategy more visitor arrivals more sales rooms airplane seats restaurant meals wine beer carentals etc more media coverage a new competitive advantage or unique selling proposition ie unique food andrink more tax revenue to government authorities increased community awareness aboutourism in general increased community pride about and awareness of the area s food andrink resources cooking classes a growing area of culinary tourism are cooking classes the formats vary from short lesson lasting a few hours to full day and multi day courses the focus foreign tourists will usually be on the cuisine of the country they are visiting whereas local tourists may be keen to experience cuisines new to themany cooking classes also include marketours to enhance the cultural experience food tours the food tour formula varies from tour tour and from operator toperator of which there are many most however feature the following elements they operate in major cities generally but not always capital cities that have substantial tourist numbers tours exist amongst other places in london paris rome istanbul new york city lisbon berlin madrid belfast san franciscopenhagen kuala lumpur and barcelona thessential for operators is to find a city with a vibrant and interesting food culture street food may feature there are wide variations in cost however they are morexpensive in the united states and lesso in asia tours are generally on foothe distances traveled are never large sometimes as in the indian food tour of london they are focused on a few adjoining streets few touristseem to want a cycle tour although one or two cycle tour companies are considering a food elementours typically last for a minimum three hours although many last longer many tourstart around am local time and continue well into the afternoon making ithe day s major attraction tours generally start and end at public transport hubsuch as metro stations participant numbers vary buto is generally considered the upper limitours rarely charge for small children who share food with parents carers tours may not be necessarily fully compliant with wheelchair use this will depend on thexactour and the attitude of each location to disability tours take visitors to places they might otherwise not have seen so they can shop and eat like locals rather than rely on touristraps phrasesuch as eathe city like a real parisian berliner londoner new yorker are often employed in food tour publicity all tours are guided by local people many tour guides add their local knowledge as a bonus perhaps recommending restaurants in other parts of the city tours are primarily about food the format varies from company to company but will generally include visits to markets bars and caf s where those on the tour are invited to sample the wares there is usually a shop visito buy the sort ofood that is difficulto sourcelsewhere tours may end up with a sit down meal at a restaurant where there is usually the choice of beer wine or soft drinks guides talk about food often pointing those on the tour to shops they use they may discuss how the sort ofood they and their families eat differs from the food generally offered tourists they are unlikely to be kindly disposed to international fast food outlets guides generally add in material abouthe history of the area the tour is in mostours are close to but not in major tourist zones tours assume that participants eat almost anything and are not designed for special diets however most can accommodate vegetarians although vegan diets are rarely catered for an exception is the indian food tour as many indiare vegan the same warning applies to those looking for gluten freetc many tour companies aim to create a sustainable tourismodel over which they provide to their clients an experience that makes a positive impact on the local environment society and economy by working only with local producers and or family own establishments and celebrating local traditions all on foot which means having a zero carbon footprint see also cooking school externalinks world food travel association the independent food tour association category food andrink appreciation category types of 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andrink","andrink appreciation","appreciation category","category types"],"new_description":"file terrace cafe rue de paris july jpg thumb px france country strongly associated culinary_tourism international visitors well french citizens traveling different_parts country sample local_foods wine culinary_tourism food_tourism thexploration ofood purpose tourism considered vital component tourism experience dining common among tourist food believed rank alongside climate lodging accommodation scenery importance tourists culinary food_tourism pursuit unique andrinking experiences near far culinary_tourism differs agritourism culinary_tourism considered subset cultural_tourism cuisine manifestation culture whereas agritourism considered subset rural_tourism culinary_tourism agritourism inextricably linked seeds cuisine found agriculture culinary food_tourism limited gourmet food many cities regions countries known food culinary_tourism limited food tourists times day making food one fundamental economic drivers tourism countries like ireland peru making significant investment culinary_tourism_development seeing results visitor spending overnight_stays rising result ofood tourism_promotion product_development addition information world food travel_association adds following information say food_tourism drinking beverages implied associated activity also say food_andrink tourism need far near addition traveling across country world eat drink also food travelers regions cities neighborhoods rarely leave neighborhood travel across town new neighborhood go special grocery store eat food traveler backyard act traveling implied people travel least across town nothe region country even planethe distance covered important facthat always move travelers sort therefore also regarded food travelers previously world food travel_association used phrase culinary_tourism describe industry stopped using phrase indicated gave misleading impression culinary technically used anything relating food_andrink initially seems make good sense perception among majority english speakers interviewed thathe word culinary nothing could truth industry food_tourism includes food_carts street_vendors much locals pubs dramatic wineries one kind restaurants everyone food_tourism_industry history brief overview history food_tourism_industry watched video food travelers research world food travel_association food travel_monitor travelers canow considered food travelers food travelers mean travelers participated food dining time past months may visited cooking school participated food tour gone shopping local grocery gourmet store types activities food travelers engage also gon tours food beverage factories participate wine beer spirits tastings unique memorable visit bakery sample makes area famous importantly food travelers love get beaten path find new new us unique undiscovered experiences may surprise many readers learn gourmet preference absolutely minority specific research showed ofood travelers expressed interest gourmet experiences primary interest time published number risen still much minority increase due television programming chefs chef competitions cooking agritourism frequent among professionals industry agritourism food_tourism terms nothing could truth agritourism subset rural_tourism involves farms farm activities include farmers markets activity agritourism tends popular locals close regional travelers less attractive visitors across countries across world visitors pay money ride cow purchase bunch take back hotel_room farm tours generally popular activity children anothereason farm visitors tend local regional much morexpensive transport family children air visitors interest food sourcing animal_welfare food_industry issues less tourism although travelers take behavior values withem traveling bottom line agriculture limited appeal long_haul visitors therefore limited economic potential food_tourism_industry association respect agriculture farmers thathe seeds cuisine agriculture rather focusing agritourism profitable potential agriculture industry value added agricultural products look wheel economic_development illustrates agriculture agritourism food_tourism words entire community theconomic impact estimating theconomic impact ofood beverage tourism best difficult first would need find many travelers area would need interview find much spend food_andrink traveling deeper ask percentage expenditures unique food would_also factor expenditures locals account visitor spending gourmet souvenir items grocery store see task difficult cost exactly much travelers spending food outweigh findings world food travel_association provides formula years research secondary research interviews conversations association constructed impression value ofood tourism approximately travel budget food beverages figure get high expensive destinations low affordable destinations confirmed food lovers also spend bit average spent travelers general association interested parties conduct based research require likely fall range governments publish data total visitor arrivals expenditures take economic_impact visitors areand estimated economic_impact expenditures food beverage sector food_tourism benefits food_tourismay sound like great idea benefits involvement industry bring short list various players area realize become sustainable food_andrink tourism strategy visitor arrivals sales rooms airplane seats restaurant meals wine beer etc media coverage new competitive advantage unique selling proposition unique food_andrink tax revenue government authorities increased community awareness aboutourism general increased community pride awareness area food_andrink resources cooking classes growing area culinary_tourism cooking classes formats vary short lasting hours full day multi day courses focus foreign tourists usually cuisine country visiting whereas local tourists_may keen experience cuisines new cooking classes also_include enhance cultural experience food tours food tour formula varies tour tour_operator many however feature following elements operate major_cities generally always capital cities substantial tourist numbers tours exist amongst places london paris rome istanbul new_york city lisbon berlin madrid belfast san kuala_lumpur barcelona thessential operators find city vibrant interesting food_culture street_food may feature wide variations cost however morexpensive united_states asia tours generally distances traveled never large sometimes indian food tour london focused adjoining streets want cycle tour although one two cycle tour companies considering food typically last minimum three hours although_many last longer many around local time continue well afternoon making_ithe day major attraction tours generally start end public_transport metro stations participant numbers vary buto generally considered upper rarely charge small children share food parents tours may necessarily fully wheelchair use depend attitude location disability tours take visitors places might otherwise seen shop eat like locals rather rely touristraps eathe city like real parisian new_yorker often employed food tour publicity tours guided local_people many tour_guides add local knowledge bonus perhaps recommending restaurants parts city tours primarily food format varies company company generally include visits markets bars caf tour invited sample usually shop visito buy sort ofood difficulto tours may end sit meal restaurant usually choice beer wine soft_drinks guides talk food often pointing tour shops use may discuss sort ofood families eat differs food generally offered tourists unlikely disposed international fast_food outlets guides generally add material abouthe history area tour close major tourist zones tours assume participants eat almost anything designed special diets however accommodate although vegan diets rarely catered exception indian food tour many indiare vegan warning applies looking many tour companies aim create sustainable provide clients experience makes positive impact local environment society economy working local producers family establishments celebrating local traditions foot means zero carbon footprint see_also cooking school externalinks world food travel_association independent food tour association category_food_andrink appreciation category_types tourism"},{"title":"Cultural tourism","description":"file sibiuphotojpg thumb sibiu romania file beirut jpg thumb the arts quarter in beirut central district lebanon file prerupstonecisternjpeg righthumb px tourists taking pictures athe khmer empire khmer pre rupre rup temple ruins an example of cultural tourism file patiograndemosqueekairouanjpg righthumb px tourists in the courtyard of the mosque of uqba great mosque of kairouan also called the mosque of uqba considered one of the most important and most prestigious monuments of islamicivilization hans kung tracing the way spiritual dimensions of the world religions continuum international publishingroupage kairouan capital of political power and learning in the ifriqiya muslim heritage the mosque of uqba great mosque of kairouan is located in the world heritage city of kairouan in tunisia cultural tourism or culture tourism is the subset of tourism concerned with a traveler s engagement with a country oregion s culture specifically the lifestyle of the people in those geographical areas the history of those people their art architectureligion s and other elements that helped shape their way of life cultural tourism includes tourism in urban areas particularly historic or large cities and their cultural facilitiesuch as museum s and theatre s it can also include tourism in rural areashowcasing the traditions of indigenous cultural communities ie festivals rituals and their values and lifestyle as well as niches like industrial tourism and creative tourism it is generally agreed that cultural touristspend substantially more than standard tourists do this form of tourism is also becomingenerally more popular throughouthe world and a recent oecd report has highlighted the role that cultural tourism can play in regional development in different world regionsoecd the impact of culture on tourism oecd paris cultural tourism has been defined as the movement of persons to cultural attractions away from their normal place of residence withe intention to gather new information and experiences to satisfy their cultural needs richards g cultural tourism in europe cabi wallingford available to download from wwwtram researchcom atlas these cultural needs can include the solidification of one s own cultural identity by observing thexotic other cultural tourism has a long history and with its roots in the grand tour is arguably the original form of tourism it is alsone of the forms of tourism that most policy makerseem to betting on for the future the world tourism organisation for example asserted that cultural tourism accounted for of global tourism and forecasthat it would grow at a rate of per year such figures are often quoted in studies of the cultural tourismarket eg bywater but are rarely backed up with empirical research a recent study of the cultural consumption habits of europeans european commission indicated that people visited museums and galleries abroad almost as frequently as they did at home this underlines the growing importance of cultural tourism as a source of cultural consumption the generalisation of cultural consumption holiday however points tone of the main problems of defining cultural tourism what is the difference between cultural visits on holiday cultural tourism and cultural visits undertaken during leisure time at home much of the research undertaken by the association for leisure and tourism education atlas on the international cultural tourismarket richards has in fact underlined the high degree of continuity between consumption of culture at home and on holiday in spite of these problems policy makers tourist boards and cultural attraction managers around the world continue to view cultural tourism as an important potential source of tourism growthere is a general perception that cultural tourism is good tourism thattracts high spending visitors andoes little damage to thenvironment or local culture while contributing a great deal to theconomy and support of culture other commentators however have suggested that cultural tourismay do more harm than good allowing the cultural touristo penetrate sensitive cultural environments as the advance guard of the mass tourist one type of cultural tourism destination is living cultural area s visiting any culture other than one s own such as traveling to a foreign country other destinations include historical sites modern urban districts ethnic pockets of town fairs festivals theme parks and natural ecosystems it has been shown that cultural attractions and events are particularly strong magnets for tourismborowiecki kj and castiglione cultural participation and tourism flows an empirical investigation of italian provinces tourism economics the term cultural tourism is used for journeys that include visits to cultural resources regardless of whether it is tangible or intangible cultural resources and regardless of the primary motivation in order to understand properly the concept of cultural tourism it is necessary to know the definitions of a number termsuch as for example culture tourism cultural economy cultural and tourism potentials cultural and tourist offer and others key principles destination planning as the issue of globalization takes place in this modern time the challenge of preserving the few remaining cultural community around the world is becoming hard in a tribal based community reaching economy economic advancement with minimal negative impacts is an essential objective to any destination planner since they are using the culture of the region as the main attraction sustainable destination development of the area is vital for them to preventhe negative impacts ie destroying the authentic identity of the tribal community due tourismanagement issues certainly the principle of one size fits all does not apply to destination planning the needs expectations and anticipated benefits from tourism vary greatly from one destination to another this clearly exemplified as local communities living in regions with tourism potential destinations develop a vision for what kind of tourism they wanto facilitate depending on issues and concerns they wanto be settled or satisfiedestination planning resources planninguides culture theart of development policy it is importanthathe destination planner take into accounthe diverse definition of culture as the term isubjective satisfying tourists interestsuch as landscapeseascapes art nature traditions ways of life and other products associated to them which may be categorized cultural in the broadest sense of the word is a prime consideration as it marks the initial phase of the development of a cultural destination the quality of service andestination which does not solely depend on the cultural heritage but more importantly to the cultural environment can further be developed by setting controls and policies which shall govern the community and itstakeholders it is therefore safe to say thathe planner should be on the ball withe varying meaning of culture itself as this fuels the formulation of development policies that shall entail efficient planning and monitored growth eg strict policy on the protection and preservation of the community local community tourists the destination and sustainable tourism while satisfying tourists interests andemands may be a topriority it is also imperative to ruminate the subsystems of the destination s residents development pressureshould be anticipated and seto their minimum level so as to conserve the area s resources and prevent a saturation of the destination as to not abuse the product and the residents correspondingly the plan should incorporate the locals to its gain by training and employing them and in the process encourage them to participate to the travel business travellershould be not only aware abouthe destination but also concern on how to help it sustain its character while broadening their travelling experience research on tourism international tourism changes the world the centre for tourism and cultural change ctcc is leading internationally in approaching tourism for critical research relating to the relationships between tourism tourists and culture william d chalmers on the origin of the species homo touristicus thevolution of travel from greek spas to space tourism iuniverse p sources of data the core of a planner s job is to design an appropriate planning process and facilitate community decision ample information which is a crucial requirement is contributed through various technical researches and analyzes here are some of thelpful tools commonly used by planners to aid them key informant interviews libraries internet and survey research census and statistical analysispatial analysis with geographical information system gis and global positioning system gps technologies key institutions participating structures are primarily led by the government s local authorities and the official tourism board or council withe involvement of various ngos community and indigenous representatives development organizations and the academe of other countries case studies mountainous regions of central asiand in the himalayas tourism is coming to the previously isolated but spectacular mountainous regions of central asia the hindu kush and the himalayas closed for so manyears to visitors from abroad it now attracts a growing number oforeign tourists by its unique culture and splendid natural beauty however while this influx of tourism tourist s is bringing economic opportunities and employmento local populations helping to promote these little known regions of the world it has also brought challenges along with ito ensure that it is well managed and that its benefits are shared by all as a response to this concern the norway norwegian government as well as the unescorganized an interdisciplinary project called the development of cultural and ecotourism in the mountainous regions of central asiand the himalayas project it aims to establish links and promote cooperation between local communities national and international ngos and tour agencies in order to heighten the role of the local community and involve them fully in themployment opportunities and income generating activities thatourism can bring project activities include training local tour guide s producing high quality craft items and promoting home stays and bed and breakfastype accommodation as of now the project is drawing on thexpertise of international ngos and tourism professionals in the seven participating countries making a practical and positive contribution to alleviating poverty by helping local communities to draw the maximum benefit from theiregion s tourism potential while protecting thenvironmental and cultural heritage of the region concerned see also indigenous peoples archaeological tourism travel agency cultural tourism in egypt furthereading bob mckercher and hilary du cros cultural tourism the partnership between tourism and cultural heritage management routledge greg richards cultural tourism global and local perspectives routledge priscilla boniface managing quality cultural tourism routledge milena ivanovicultural tourism jutand company ltd externalinks family heritage tourism cultural heritage tourism gounesco culture and heritage travel challenge heritage tourism from the national trust for places of historic interest or natural beauty national trust success factors for museums non profit cultural attractions category cultural tourism category types of tourism category adventure 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political power learning muslim heritage mosque great mosque kairouan located world_heritage city kairouan tunisia cultural_tourism culture_tourism subset tourism concerned traveler engagement country oregion culture specifically lifestyle people geographical areas history people art elements helped shape way life cultural_tourism includes tourism urban_areas particularly historic large_cities cultural facilitiesuch museum theatre also_include tourism rural traditions indigenous cultural communities festivals rituals values lifestyle well like industrial_tourism creative_tourism generally agreed cultural substantially standard tourists form tourism_also_popular throughouthe_world recent report highlighted role cultural_tourism play regional_development different world impact culture_tourism paris cultural_tourism defined movement persons cultural attractions away normal place residence withe intention gather new information experiences satisfy cultural needs richards g cultural_tourism europe cabi wallingford available download atlas cultural needs include one cultural identity observing thexotic cultural_tourism long history roots grand_tour arguably original form tourism_alsone forms tourism policy future world_tourism_organisation example cultural_tourism accounted global tourism would grow rate per_year figures often quoted studies cultural_tourismarket rarely backed empirical research recent study cultural consumption habits europeans european commission indicated people visited museums galleries abroad almost frequently home growing importance cultural_tourism source cultural consumption cultural consumption holiday however points tone main problems defining cultural_tourism difference cultural visits holiday cultural_tourism cultural visits undertaken leisure time home much research undertaken association leisure tourism education atlas international cultural_tourismarket richards fact high degree continuity consumption culture home holiday spite problems policy makers tourist_boards cultural attraction managers around world continue view cultural_tourism important potential source tourism general perception cultural_tourism good tourism thattracts high spending visitors andoes little damage thenvironment local_culture contributing great_deal theconomy support culture commentators however suggested cultural_tourismay harm good allowing cultural sensitive cultural environments advance guard mass tourist one type cultural_tourism destination living cultural area visiting culture one traveling foreign_country destinations include historical sites modern urban districts ethnic pockets town fairs festivals theme_parks natural ecosystems shown cultural attractions events particularly strong cultural participation tourism flows empirical investigation italian provinces tourism economics term cultural_tourism used journeys include visits cultural resources regardless whether cultural resources regardless primary motivation order understand properly concept cultural_tourism necessary know definitions number termsuch example culture_tourism cultural economy cultural_tourism cultural tourist offer others key principles destination planning issue globalization takes_place modern time challenge preserving remaining cultural community around world becoming hard tribal based community reaching economy economic advancement minimal negative_impacts essential objective destination planner since using culture region main attraction sustainable destination development area vital preventhe negative_impacts authentic identity tribal community due tourismanagement issues certainly principle one size apply destination planning needs expectations anticipated benefits tourism vary greatly one destination another clearly local_communities living regions tourism potential destinations develop vision kind tourism wanto facilitate depending issues concerns wanto settled planning resources culture theart development policy destination planner take accounthe diverse definition culture term satisfying tourists art nature traditions ways life products associated may categorized cultural sense word prime consideration marks initial phase development cultural destination quality_service andestination solely depend cultural_heritage importantly cultural environment developed setting controls policies shall community therefore safe say thathe planner ball withe varying meaning culture fuels formulation development policies shall entail efficient planning monitored growth strict policy protection preservation community local_community tourists destination sustainable_tourism satisfying tourists interests may_also imperative destination residents development anticipated seto minimum level conserve area resources prevent destination abuse product residents plan incorporate locals gain training employing process encourage participate travel business aware abouthe destination also concern help sustain character travelling experience research tourism international_tourism changes world centre tourism_cultural change leading internationally approaching tourism critical research relating relationships tourism tourists culture william chalmers origin species thevolution travel greek spas space_tourism p sources data core planner job design appropriate planning process facilitate community decision ample information crucial requirement contributed various technical researches tools commonly_used planners aid key interviews libraries internet survey research census statistical analysis geographical information system global positioning system gps technologies key institutions participating structures primarily led government local_authorities official_tourism board council withe involvement various ngos community indigenous representatives development organizations countries case_studies mountainous regions central asiand himalayas tourism coming previously isolated spectacular mountainous regions central asia hindu himalayas closed manyears visitors abroad attracts growing number oforeign tourists unique culture splendid natural_beauty however influx tourism tourist bringing economic opportunities local_populations helping promote little_known regions world also brought challenges along ito ensure well managed benefits shared response concern norway norwegian government well interdisciplinary project called development cultural ecotourism mountainous regions central asiand himalayas project aims establish links promote cooperation local_communities national international ngos tour agencies order role local_community involve fully themployment opportunities income generating activities thatourism bring project activities include training local tour_guide producing high_quality craft items promoting home stays bed accommodation project drawing international ngos tourism professionals seven participating countries making practical positive contribution poverty helping local_communities draw maximum benefit tourism potential protecting thenvironmental cultural_heritage region concerned see_also indigenous peoples archaeological tourism_travel_agency cultural_tourism egypt furthereading bob cultural_tourism partnership tourism_cultural_heritage management routledge greg richards cultural_tourism global local perspectives routledge managing quality cultural_tourism routledge tourism_company ltd externalinks family heritage_tourism_cultural_heritage tourism_culture_heritage travel challenge heritage_tourism national_trust places historic interest natural_beauty national_trust success factors museums non_profit cultural attractions_category_cultural_tourism category_types tourism_category adventure_travel"},{"title":"Cultural tourism in Egypt","description":"file gizajpg thumb px parklands in giza with twof the giza necropolis pyramids in the background egypt has a thriving cultural tourism industry built on the country s complex history multicultural population and importance as a regional centregypt s cultural tourism trade has fluctuated since the th century increasing in popularity alongside the rise of egyptology as an academic and amateur pursuit successivegyptian governments have placed great emphasis on the value of cultural tourism confidenthat nother countries could actually compete in this area markets and value file touristen in egypte tourists in egyptjpg thumb early th century cultural tourists in egyptourists from south asiand east asia in particular have been identified as responding well to marketing campaigns that focus on egyptian cultural tourism bureau representatives have announced plans to increase marketing spending on those regionsignature travel network writer and huffington post columnist jeanewman glock notes that egypt s cultural tourism trade is worth to every spent by tourists whose travel focuses on egypt s red sea resorts as a result she says egypt is hoping those interested in exploring their antiquities will return in great numbersoon according to the huffington post s deborah lehr according to industry representatives the government recently announced a master plan to attract million tourists by the plan includes dedicated online and traditional marketing strategies focused on assuring prospective tourists that cultural tourism centres are safe following the arab spring and egyptian revolution of in a conglomeration which includes thegyptian government signed an agreement with french company prism to create a son et lumi re show sound and light show encompassing the giza necropolis pyramids and the nearby great sphinx of giza the pyramidserved as the site of the first african son et lumi re in see also tourism in egypt ministry of tourism egypt references externalinks category tourism in egypt category cultural 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cultural_tourism nother countries could actually compete area markets value file tourists thumb early_th century cultural tourists south asiand east_asia particular identified responding well marketing campaigns focus egyptian cultural_tourism bureau representatives announced_plans increase marketing spending travel network writer huffington_post columnist notes egypt cultural_tourism trade worth every spent tourists whose travel focuses egypt red sea resorts result says egypt hoping interested exploring antiquities return great according huffington_post deborah lehr according industry representatives government recently announced master plan attract million tourists plan includes dedicated online traditional marketing strategies focused prospective tourists cultural_tourism centres safe following arab spring egyptian revolution includes government signed agreement french company prism create son show sound light show encompassing giza pyramids nearby great sphinx giza site first 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william critically acclaimed irish author jamie neill american architecture critic herbert within louise blouin media_group magazine higher priced page encourage advertisers interested arts outside art world come board truman stating go say wanto make try righthe high_end travel_magazine initial controlled circulation sales copies small dedicated readership magazine launch party held september attended journalists new_york posthe times new_york observer one architect richard inside house louise blouin former traveleisure creative director emily crawford art directed first_edition magazine described designed following launch culture travel first_edition truman one_year ceo october michael installed editor launch edition former decor would return editor chief kate former travel editor ofood wine writer new_york times vogue magazine vogue author heart woman fighting took overseeing name change culture travel culture travel redesign october saw magazine awarded merit magazine year society 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in hong kong patrick j cummings hans georg wolf a dictionary of hong kong english words from the fragrant harbor hong kong university press p the government registrationame in hong kong is cooked food stalls but dai pai dong literally means restaurant with a big license plate referring to itsize of license which is bigger than other licensed street vendorslai lawrence wai chung town planning in hong kong a review of planning appeal decisions hong kong hong kong university press london eurospan according to the food and environmental hygiene departmenthere are only dai pai dong remaining in hong kong a dai pai dong is characterized by its green painted steel kitchen untidy atmosphere the lack of air conditioning as well as a variety of low priced great wok hei dishes regarded by some as part of the collective memory of hong kong people rthk november official dai pai dong are scarce today numbering only situated in central hong kong central sham shui po wan chai tai hang and tai o hksar government november although the term dai pai dong is often used generically to refer to any food stall operating on the roadside with foldable tables chairs and no air conditioning like those on temple street hong kong temple street legally speaking the term can only refer to those stalls which possess the big licenses unlicensed food stalls which provide cheap everyday food such as rice congee rice and noodle s to the general public of humble income appeared as early as the late th century in hong kong the stalls could be found not only in central but also in wan chai and the peripheries of happy valley racecourse around wong nai chung road in facthe fire athe racecourse in was caused by food stallset beside the podiumlai kam biu bill policy analysis and policy windows fire fighting policy in hong kong appendix v university of hong kong there were also stalls assembled by wharf piers which formed the so called waisik matau lit gluttonous pier to serve ferry passengers after world war ii came to an end in the colonial hong kongovernment issued ad hoc licenses to families of deceased and injured civil servants allowing them toperate food stalls in public and thereby earn a living this type of license was physically considerably larger than the ones normally issued as a photograph of the licensee was required to appear on them the license therefore was jocularly calledai pai big license by the locals from then on the big license stalls began to flourish on every busy street and lane in hong kong file sham shui po jpg thumb a dai pai dong selling congee on yiu tung street sham shui po in however dai pai dong soon became the cause of trafficongestion and hygiene problems and some licensees even began to let outheir stalls on the black market in response the government stopped issuing new big licenses in and limited their transfer the licenses could no longer be inherited and could only be passed on to spouses upon the licensee s death if the licensee did not have a spouse the license would simply expire since many dai pai dong have been moved into temporary markets like the ones on haiphong road tsim sha tsui or into cooked food centres usually located in municipal services complexes managed by the urban council for easier control to improve worsening public hygiene the government began to buy back big licences from the licence holders in since most of the licensees were aged and the licenses are only legally transferable to their spouses many of the licensees were willing to return their licenses for compensation since then the number of traditional dai pai dong has declined rapidly today most dai pai dong survive by operating in cooked food centres while the more successful ones have reinvented themselves as air conditioned restaurantsome of them keep their original stalls operating athe same time like lan fong yuen in gage street central it was reported that revenues of dai pai dong increased considerably in when hong kong was plagued by sars as people regarded air conditioned places as hotbeds of the virus and patronised open air and sun lit stalls instead ming pao a jul file sham shui po jpg thumb milk teand a bowl of instant noodle with pig liver served at a dai pai dong on yiu tung street sham shui pone can order tailor made dishes it is customary to have to share tables with complete strangers when there is a shortage of seating unlike chaan teng most dai pai dong do not provide set meals crosstall ordering is possible for instance when one isitting and eating in a stall selling noodles he or she can order a cup of milk tea from another stall which may be several stalls away the stalls can be roughly divided into those operating in daytime and those doing business at nighthe dai pai dong which operate at night usually sell seafood and other more costly dishes one dish usually costs from hkd the day time dai pai dong on the contrary provide cheap food including rice congee and youtiao aka yau cha kwai hong kong style milk tea milk tea toast sandwich es and instant noodles witham egg food egg spam food luncheon meat or sausage rice or noodles with siu mei roasted meats fried rice andip tau fan rice plates teochew cuisine chiuchow style noodles in may thexistence of dai pai dong in hong kong caught considerable public attention as man yuenoodles a dai pai dong selling noodles in central faced imminent closure due to the death of the licensee the news came after the closure of a bakery notable for its egg tart s also located in central and forced to close because of the rise of renthe bakery reopened in october sinacom oct despite calls for its preservation by many locals including some politicians the stall was closed on july the hong kongovernment was criticised for notrying its besto preserve dai pai dong as part of the hong kong culture the news of the closure coincided withe government s proposal of the development of west kowloon cultural districthe stall has unexpectedly reopened at a nearby shop on december apple daily oct see also cantonese restaurant cart noodle hawkers in hong kong pai dong furthereading cheng po hung early hong kong eateries hong kong university museum and art gallery the university of hong kong ka wing karen wong lai wah and yiu shuk hing from the streets to the shopping arcades dai pai dong culture in hong kong paper issued by the creative learning and hong kong culture and society project clhkcsp externalinks rejuvenation of cooked food stall website about wong tai sin s cooked food stallist of dai pai dongs in hong kong apple daily sep a picture of man yuenoodles apple daily jul hong kong daipaidong what is for lunch video and text short documentary video abouthe dai pai dong along thescalator in central video washot shortly before the destruction of the dai pai dong in august category cantonese words and phrases category hong kong cuisine category types of 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dong","dong along","central video","video washot","washot shortly","dai pai","pai dong","august category","category cantonese","cantonese words","phrases category","category hong","hong kong","kong cuisine","cuisine category","category types"],"new_description":"dai pai_dong cantonese type open_air food stall hong_kong patrick j hans georg wolf dictionary hong_kong english words harbor hong_kong university_press_p government hong_kong cooked_food stalls dai_pai_dong literally means restaurant big license plate referring license bigger licensed street lawrence chung town planning hong_kong review planning appeal decisions hong_kong hong_kong university_press london according food environmental hygiene dai_pai_dong remaining hong_kong dai_pai_dong characterized green painted steel kitchen atmosphere lack air_conditioning well variety low priced great dishes regarded part collective memory hong_kong people november official dai_pai_dong today numbering situated central hong_kong central sham shui wan chai tai hang tai government november although term dai_pai_dong often_used refer food stall operating roadside tables chairs air_conditioning like temple street hong_kong temple street legally speaking term refer stalls possess big licenses unlicensed food stalls provide cheap everyday food rice rice noodle general_public humble income appeared early late_th century hong_kong stalls could found central also wan chai happy valley racecourse around wong chung road facthe fire athe racecourse caused food beside bill policy analysis policy windows fire fighting policy hong_kong v university hong_kong also stalls assembled wharf piers formed called lit pier serve ferry passengers world_war ii came end colonial hong_kongovernment issued hoc licenses families deceased injured civil servants allowing toperate food stalls public thereby earn living type license physically considerably larger ones normally issued photograph licensee required appear license therefore pai big license locals big license stalls began every busy street lane hong_kong file sham shui jpg thumb dai_pai_dong selling street sham shui however dai_pai_dong soon became cause trafficongestion hygiene problems licensees even began let outheir stalls black market response government stopped issuing new big licenses limited transfer licenses could longer inherited could passed upon licensee death licensee spouse license would simply since many dai_pai_dong moved temporary markets like ones road sha tsui cooked_food centres usually_located municipal services complexes managed urban council easier control improve public hygiene government began buy back big licences licence holders since licensees aged licenses legally many licensees willing return licenses compensation since number traditional dai_pai_dong declined rapidly today dai_pai_dong survive operating cooked_food centres successful ones air conditioned keep original stalls operating athe_time like fong street central reported revenues dai_pai_dong increased considerably hong_kong sars people regarded air conditioned places virus patronised open_air sun lit stalls instead ming jul file sham shui jpg thumb milk teand bowl instant noodle pig liver served dai_pai_dong street sham shui order tailor made dishes customary share tables complete strangers shortage seating unlike chaan teng dai_pai_dong provide set meals ordering possible instance one eating stall selling noodles order cup milk tea another stall may several stalls away stalls roughly divided operating daytime business nighthe dai_pai_dong operate night usually sell seafood costly dishes one dish usually costs day time dai_pai_dong contrary provide cheap food including rice aka cha hong_kong style milk tea milk tea toast sandwich instant noodles egg food egg spam food meat sausage rice noodles mei roasted meats fried_rice fan rice plates cuisine style noodles may thexistence dai_pai_dong hong_kong caught considerable public attention man dai_pai_dong selling noodles central faced closure due death licensee news came closure bakery notable egg tart also located central forced close rise bakery reopened october oct despite calls preservation many locals including politicians stall closed july hong_kongovernment criticised besto preserve dai_pai_dong part hong_kong culture news closure coincided withe government proposal development west kowloon cultural districthe stall unexpectedly reopened nearby shop december apple daily oct see_also cantonese restaurant cart noodle hawkers hong_kong pai_dong furthereading hung early hong_kong eateries hong_kong university museum art gallery university hong_kong wing karen wong streets shopping dai_pai_dong culture hong_kong paper issued creative learning hong_kong culture society project externalinks cooked_food stall website wong tai sin cooked_food dai_pai_dongs hong_kong apple daily sep picture man apple daily jul hong_kong lunch video text short documentary video abouthe dai_pai_dong along central video washot shortly destruction dai_pai_dong august category cantonese words phrases category hong_kong cuisine_category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Damlata\u015f Cave","description":"lat d lat m lat s lat ns long d long m long s long ew coords ref land registry number grid ref uk grid ref ireland grid ref depth lengtheight variation elevation discovery geology entrance count entrance list difficulty hazards accesshow cave show cave length lighting visitors featuresurvey survey format website file damlata jpg thumb staircase leading down to the cave damlata cave is a cave in alanya district of antalya province in southern turkey the cave is located west of alanya castle on the coast of mediterranean sea in the urban fabric of alanya its distance to alanya city center is and to antalya is the cave s entrance faces the beach the cave was discovered accidentally during mining operations at a quarry used for the construction of alanya harbor in after preliminary research by two geologists it was opened to the public the cave a long and high cylindrical cavity leads to the basement of the cave the cave is full of stalactite s and stalagmite s that are formed in fifteen thousand years the cave has an area of and a total volume about in two levels the air in the cave contains relatively high percentage of carbondioxide around to times more than inormal air and has humidity the air temperature is regardless of the season asthma cure the cave is popularly known as an asthma cure cave due to the widespread belief in its capability of curing respiratory complaints and asthma in fact most of thearly visitors were people who suffered from asthma in the municipality of alanya reported thathe cave was visited within seven months by tourists of which suffered from asthma in the number of visitorsuffering from asthma reached visitors who come for asthma cure stay days long four hours a day in the cave between and hours local time in thearly morning the cave is open only for asthma sick visitors while thentrance fee for tourists costhe visitors for cure pay only externalinks category landforms of antalya province category alanya category tourist attractions in antalya province category medical tourism category show caves in 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visitors survey format website file_jpg thumb leading cave cave cave alanya district antalya province southern turkey cave located west alanya castle coast mediterranean sea urban fabric alanya distance alanya city center antalya cave entrance faces beach cave discovered accidentally mining operations quarry used construction alanya harbor preliminary research two opened public cave long high cylindrical cavity leads basement cave cave full formed fifteen thousand years cave area total volume two levels air cave contains relatively high percentage around times air humidity air temperature regardless season asthma cure cave popularly known asthma cure cave due widespread belief capability curing respiratory complaints asthma fact thearly visitors people suffered asthma municipality alanya reported_thathe cave visited within seven months tourists suffered asthma number asthma reached visitors come asthma cure stay days long four hours day cave hours local time thearly morning cave open asthma sick visitors thentrance fee tourists costhe visitors cure pay externalinks_category landforms antalya province category alanya category_tourist attractions antalya province category_medical tourism_category show caves turkey"},{"title":"Dance bar","description":"a dance bar is a bar establishment with an illuminatedance floor that may also be called a discor nightclub alcoholic or other beverages are typically served and patrons often dance to recorded or live music or a music played by a disc jockey category nightclubs category dance venues","main_words":["dance","bar","bar_establishment","floor","may_also","called","nightclub","alcoholic_beverages","typically","served","patrons","often","dance","recorded","live_music","music","played","disc","jockey","category_nightclubs_category","dance","venues"],"clean_bigrams":[["dance","bar"],["bar","establishment"],["may","also"],["nightclub","alcoholic"],["typically","served"],["patrons","often"],["often","dance"],["live","music"],["music","played"],["disc","jockey"],["jockey","category"],["category","nightclubs"],["nightclubs","category"],["category","dance"],["dance","venues"]],"all_collocations":["dance bar","bar establishment","may also","nightclub alcoholic","typically served","patrons often","often dance","live music","music played","disc jockey","jockey category","category nightclubs","nightclubs category","category dance","dance venues"],"new_description":"dance bar bar_establishment floor may_also called nightclub alcoholic_beverages typically served patrons often dance recorded live_music music played disc jockey category_nightclubs_category dance venues"},{"title":"Dance bar (India)","description":"dance bar is a term used india to refer to bars in which adult entertainment in the form of dances by relatively well covered women are performed for male patrons in exchange for cash dance bars used to be present only in maharashtra but later spread across the country mainly in cities dance bars were banned in the state of maharashtra in august withe passing of the maharashtra police amendment act subsequently the government shut down dance bars however many continued to flourish as late as although in a clandestine way in mumbai and its outskirts mumbai alone hadance bars atheir peak in april when it was banned though officially only dance bars existed the rest were illegal while the figures forest of the state was dance bars in total in all they employed people including bar girls these bars functioned as fronts for prostitution after the ban was enforced no rehabilitation program was initiated for the nightclub dancers known as bar balas many moved to dubai and other middleastern countries while others wento new delhi chennai and hyderabad india hyderabad the ban was firstruck down by the bombay high court on april and the verdict was upheld by the supreme court in july the hindu reported thathe number of women employed in bars in maharashtra was around in september most of them were waitresses or singers at orchestra bars the maharashtra government bannedance bars again by an local ordinance buthis too was found unconstitutional by the supreme court in october allowing mumbai dance bars to reopen the first dance bars were in khalapur in the raigadistrict of maharashtra in thearly s the first dance bar in pune district was hotel kapila international mumbai police carried out a raid on dance bars throughout mumbai on february in an overnight operation this was the first ever large scale raid on dance bars this was followed by anotheraid on march the two raidscared bar owners who claimed thathey paid regular bribes to policemen to keep their business running and alleged that either the police want us to hike hafta s or they want us to fund election campaigns of certain politicians on february following the raid the maharashtra government issued a notification restricting persons below the age ofrom entering dance bars discoth ques and pubs bars violating the lawould face fines and possible cancellation of licences the ban under the bombay prohibition act was effective from april on march then maharashtra deputy chief minister and home ministerr patil announced in the maharashtra state assembly that dance bars in the statexcepthose in mumbai would be shut with immediateffect he was replying to complaints from vivek patil and twother mlas from the peasants and workers party pwp who complained that dance bars were corrupting the youth patil claimed that dance and ladies bars are wreaking havoc in rural maharashtrand corrupting the moral fibre of our youthe also announced that a committee of key ias officials would report within three months patil also stated thathe government would not issue any new licences dance bars in mumbai went on strike to show solidarity the maharashtra state assembly adopted the maharashtra police amendment bill amending the bombay police act banning holding of performance or dance of any kind at eating house permit rooms or beer bars across the state on july on june maharashtra governor sm krishna had sent back the ordinance to ban barstating that he saw no immediate reason to sign the ordinance andemanding thathe issue be discussed in the state assembly the ban was criticized by mp fromumbai north west sunil dutt who expressed concern over the future of about bar girls who would be unemployed as a result of the ban dutt emphasised we should leave ito the people whether they wanto visit a bar or not we should not decide for them the ban alsopposed by congress mp govinda bar girls protested the ban shouting slogans alleging bias andiscrimination andemanding a rehabilitation package athe time of the ban there were an estimatedance bars in the state in mumbain raigadistrict which employed more than bar girlstarting augusthe ban was implemented across maharashtras a result of the ban the government lost million per annum in revenue from each licensedance bars in mumbai alone people including bar girls went out of work then deputy chief ministerr patil had initially stated that bar girls would be rehabilitated but he backtracked and later stated that since of the bar girls were from other states and as well as bangladesh only the maharashtrian girls would be rehabilitated however he did not clarify what rehabilitation entailedue a lack of a rehabilitation program within a few short months hundreds of bar girls bar balas mostly illiterate young women sending income back to their families were out of work and were forced to move to gulf countries and south east asian countriesome bar girlstartedancing at mujras for example by november some former bar girls from across mumbai leased out rooms withe help of brothel madams and brokers in and around foras road near kamathipurand started performing improvised versions of the mujra every night another hub that crept up during this period was congress house near kennedy bridge on grant road whichas been city s oldest address of mujra performers which embraced the bar girls into their foldsome bar girls are called to dance at private parties where they often provide sexual favours most bar girls are illiterate in many cases girls who could not find other modes of income moved toutright prostitution in mumbai s red light districts like kamathipura someven committed suicide as they did not receive rehabilitation from the state the dance bars themselves had to attempto makends meet by hosting live singing troupes or band music live band s following the ban there were sporadic raids on dance bars with arrests being made the largest raid on dance barsince the august ban occurred on march when mumbai police raided commando bar in chembur and natraj bar in tilak nagar and arrestedancers and men including patrons and staffers on charges under the ipc sections for obscenity in the following years most known dance bar wereither demolished or shut down by municipal corporation buthey moved into the outskirts of the main mumbai city into areas like kashimira on the mumbai ahmedabad national highway india national highway vasai and mira road in mira bhayandar suburb where numerous illegal dance bars mostly in residential areas also serve as pick up joints were demolished in an extensive drive in late and numerous arrests were made including bar girls customers and employees of bars livelihoods that were affected by the ban on dance bars included tourism in general beauty parlours taxi drivers and the tailors that stitched indian ghagra s worn by most bar girlsupreme court verdicts on april the bombay high court struck down the amendment as unconstitutional the ban had been challenged by nine petitioners including the association of hotels and restaurants ahar dance bar owners association dboand bharatiya bar girls union bbgu dance bars were not allowed to re open immediately as the state government was allowed an eight week appeal period rr patil told the maharashtra state assembly on april thathe government would appeal the ruling in the supreme courthe supreme court admitted the state government s petition challenging high court verdict on may and also continued the stay on grant of licences permitting dance bars the supreme court upheld the bombay high court verdict on july the court vacated itstay order on implementation of the high court judgement and permitted bars to reapply for their licences and reopen bar owners began applying to the police for the restoration of licences required to run dance bars from july as of september at least bar owners had applied for licences toperate dance bars however the licences were not processed by the police which prompted the owners of bars to send a reminder notice to the police department on august asking why they were being denied the licences even after the supreme court had lifted the ban dance bar owners have also threatened to file a contempt petition in the supreme courthe deputy commissioner of police headquarters i stated thathey were awaiting suitable guidance from the state regarding the sc order and assured thathey would process the applications expeditiously upon receiving the instructions in october the supreme court declared the law as unconstitutionallowing mumbai dance bars to reopen ordinance and legislation attempts patil stated that his department received a draft on september prepared by the advocate general to ensure that dance bars are banned in the state on june the maharashtra state cabinet decided against an ordinance to ban dance bars chief minister prithviraj chavan informed his cabinethathey could not overrule the supreme court s judgment he instead proposed a regulatory authority to monitor and control dance bars however the plan washelved after members of the cabinetold chavan that it would be a futilexercise dna quoted a senior minister who attended the cabinet meeting astating that dance bars could re open after obtaining mandatory approvals he also stated thathey should ensure there is no vulgarity on the part of the dancersaying customers will not be allowed to throw money at bar girls also these girlshould not bexploited however on june the cabinet passed an ordinance banning dance bars on the same day a bill to amend the maharashtra police second amendment bill to abrogate the supreme court ruling was introduced and passed in the maharashtra legislative assembly the bill re introduced the previous ban on dance bar and extended the ban on dance performances to three star and five star hotels as well as cultural events and festivals held in luxury hotels the bill was tabled in the legislative council on the same day the law banning dance bars was enacted in june in september the maharashtra state appointed committee headed by former judge chandrashekhar shankar dharmadhikari recommended a complete ban on bar girls in hotels and restaurants as well as curbs on social medias these have a corrupting influence in order to reduce crimes against women the committee recommended an improved legislation more than ordinance further in september based on a petition filed by the indian hotel and restaurant association ahar challenging the ban the supreme court issued a notice directing the maharashtra governmento reply to the petition the petition stated thathe state government hadisregarded the supreme court ruling and included some provisions which the court had previously held to be unconstitutional the association also alleged thathe amendment was the result of personal vendettand introduced with great haste asome politicians who made it a prestige issue and wanto defeathe sc judgment also wanto shield themselves from willful contempt of court however the government failed to reply to the petition february the supreme court issued a second notice to the maharashtra government seeking its reply in october the supreme court stayed the law also as unconstitutional similar to the banthe court ruled that dance bars could now reopen but said that licensing authorities had the power to regulate indecent dance performances a final hearing iset for november bar dancing india markedly differs from erotic dancing and nightclub dance in the western world and some parts of theastern world in a way it is more similar to bellydancing performed as entertainmenthe dancers known as bar girl s remain significantly clothed throughouthe performance showing at most some midriff part of the back and bare arms therefore therotic aspect of bar dancing is mostly achieved through suggestion in maharashtra bar dancer attire is often ethnic indian sari or lehenga choli whereas in some other placesuch as bangalore it may include western garb the bar dances are often compared to mujra s wherein women wouldance to live classical indian music traditionally performed by tawaif courtesan s during the mughal era dancer protocol bar girls dance to bollywood and indipop numbers on a colourfully lit dance floor in the central focus of a dance bar seating arrangement patronsit in chairs lined up againsthe walls of the room the dancing is minimalist kind and features no pelvic thrusting and bosom heaving seen typical bollywoodance nor any belly dancing or suggestive gyrations most of the time bar girls reservedly sway to music in a movement designed for the conservation of energy until they find a patron whose attention they wish to attract or are called upon by a patron they then dance in front of the patron making fleeting eye contact pointingesturing or generally making their targeted patron feel special no bodily contact between the two is allowed and the bar dancers often stay within the confines of the dance floor male waiters hover patrons andancers who getoo close to each other both toversee transactions between the two as well as ostensibly to prevent sex for money deals being made patronsometimeshower bar girls with currency notes which generally results in more animatedancing the patron showers his favouredancer with paper money currency note s he does this either by handing over nominal denominations of cash or indian rupee notes or through an act known ascratching where he holds a wad of currency notes above his dancer and rubs notes off the wadown upon the dancer in some cases he would even garland the dancer with rupees many bar dancers are able to make hundreds of rupees a night in this way thanks to generous well off and possibly inebriated patrons athend of the day each girl s earnings are counted and split in some predetermined proportion between the dance bar and the girls the dance bars also make money through the sale of alcohol and snacks most women earned up to a monthis attracted women from all over indiand even as far away as nepal and bangladesh especially as dance bars was considered by them as a safer way to make a living than working in the mumbai s red light district income depended on the popularity and status of the bar girl the hindustan times reported thathe less popular girls were given of the amount showered on them it also stated that popular girls received a monthly salary of while the bar owner kept all the money showered on them social and economic aspects dance bars closed at midnight but in the government changed the rule to permithem to stay open until am however this was changed to am following the rape of a minor at marine drive mumbain although the rape was committed by a police constable inside a police chowki station policemen and local mafia thugs also make money off regular hafta s from the dance bars dance barserve as a meeting place for criminals making them a hub for intelligence gathering by police dance bars have also drawn the ire of the infamous indian moral policespecially in the state of maharashtra they have been charged with morally corrupting society exploiting men and siphoning money away from the latter s families having connections with criminal elements as well as being fronts for prostitution the dance bars and their supporters have countered withe demand that dances by women as performed in elite hotels clubs public shows and gymkhana s presently exempted from the government s list of targets be tarred withe same brush some haveven pointed outhe racy item number s of bollywood movie film s as examples of hypocrisy on the part of the state and their other opponents dance bars outside maharashtra dance bars exist in other parts of indialthough they are illegal on june the crime branch of the delhi police busted thel dorado dance bar in hotel rajdoot on mathura road and arrestedance bar girls and one of the hotel owners on charges ranging from obscenity to immoral trafficking and abetmenthe girls were aged between and came from lower middle class families four of them were from delhi two each were from bihar noidand punjab and oneach from kolkatand allahabad the girls had previously been employed in mumbai dance bars but shifted to delhi after thosestablishments were banned notable incidents indian scam ster abdul karim telgi spent nearly in one night at a dance bar in grant road mumbainovember matka gambling matka kingpin suresh bhagat son hitesh allegedly spent per night for two years at dance barsamajwadi party mla from sitapur uttar pradesh mahendra singh along with five other persons was arrested and booked under the anti prostitution act by goa police on august following a raid at a dance bar in panaji police said they arrested singh from a mujra party at a hotel and six women dancers who werescued were prostitutes called fromumbai delhi and chandigarh singh later told the media that he was not ashamed abouthe incident saying in uttar pradesh up and bihar women dancers perform on every occasion from the time of chudakarana mundan engagement and marriage we have women who dance to music why should i be ashamed of it a bar girl allegedly dieduring a raid of thellora bar and restaurant in borivli mumbai by the social service ss branch of the mumbai police around pm ist on august kasturba marg police registered an accidental death report for investigation however the bar management claimed thathe police had assaulted a bar employee during the raid which created panic and the bar girl diedue to a heart attack bar owner pravin agrawal said that we have cctv recording of thentire incident buthe police have taken every thing into their custody and even seized the mobile phones of the bar employees they are not allowing me inside and i am unable to contact my employees in popular culture deepika padukone played the role of an out of work bar dancer mohini fromaharashtra during the time of the ban in the film happy new year film happy new year tabu actress tabu played role of a bar dancer in movie chandni bar kareena kapoor played the role of a prostitute rosy simran fromaharashtra in the movie talaash kareena kapoor played the role of a prostitute chamelin the movie chameli see also list of public house topics furthereading deepa barticle on dance bars ban on dance bars in maharashtra high courtopples dance bar ban category dance india category nightclubs category culture of mumbai category types of drinking establishment category illegal 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hyderabad ban firstruck bombay high_court april verdict upheld supreme_court july hindu reported_thathe number women employed bars maharashtra around september waitresses singers orchestra bars maharashtra government bars local ordinance buthis found unconstitutional supreme_court october allowing mumbai dance_bars reopen first dance_bars maharashtra thearly first dance_bar district hotel international mumbai police carried raid dance_bars throughout mumbai february overnight operation first_ever large_scale raid dance_bars followed march two bar owners claimed thathey paid regular keep business running alleged either police want us hike want us fund election campaigns certain politicians february following raid maharashtra government issued notification persons age ofrom entering dance_bars discoth_ques pubs bars violating face fines possible cancellation licences ban bombay prohibition act effective april march maharashtra deputy chief minister home patil announced maharashtra state assembly dance_bars mumbai would shut complaints patil twother peasants workers party complained dance_bars corrupting youth patil claimed dance ladies bars rural corrupting moral fibre also announced committee key officials would report within three_months patil also stated_thathe government would issue new licences dance_bars mumbai went strike show solidarity maharashtra state assembly adopted maharashtra police amendment bill bombay police act banning holding performance dance kind eating house permit rooms beer bars across state july june maharashtra governor krishna sent back ordinance ban saw immediate reason sign ordinance thathe issue discussed state assembly ban criticized north_west expressed concern future bar_girls would unemployed result ban leave ito people whether wanto visit bar decide ban congress govinda bar_girls ban slogans alleging bias rehabilitation package athe_time ban bars state employed bar augusthe ban implemented across result ban government lost million per revenue bars mumbai alone people including bar_girls went work deputy chief patil initially stated bar_girls would later stated since bar_girls states well bangladesh girls would however rehabilitation lack rehabilitation program within short months hundreds bar_girls bar mostly young women sending income back families work forced move gulf countries south_east_asian countriesome bar example november former bar_girls across mumbai leased rooms withe_help brothel brokers around road near started performing versions mujra every night another hub period congress house near kennedy bridge grant road whichas city oldest address mujra performers embraced bar_girls bar_girls called dance private parties often provide sexual bar_girls many_cases girls could find modes income moved prostitution mumbai red light districts like committed suicide receive rehabilitation state dance_bars attempto meet hosting live singing band music live band following ban dance_bars arrests made largest raid dance august ban occurred march mumbai police bar bar men including patrons charges ipc sections obscenity following_years known dance_bar demolished shut municipal corporation buthey moved outskirts main mumbai city areas like mumbai ahmedabad national highway india national highway road suburb numerous illegal dance_bars mostly residential areas also_serve pick joints demolished extensive drive late numerous arrests made including bar_girls customers employees bars affected ban dance_bars included tourism general beauty parlours taxi_drivers stitched indian worn bar court april bombay high_court struck amendment unconstitutional ban challenged nine including association hotels_restaurants dance_bar owners association bar_girls union dance_bars allowed open immediately state government allowed eight week appeal period patil told maharashtra state assembly april thathe_government would appeal ruling supreme_courthe supreme_court admitted state government petition challenging high_court verdict may_also continued stay grant licences dance_bars supreme_court upheld bombay high_court verdict july court order implementation high_court permitted bars licences reopen bar owners began applying police restoration licences required run dance_bars july september least bar owners applied licences toperate dance_bars however licences processed police prompted owners bars send reminder notice police department august asking denied licences even supreme_court lifted ban dance_bar owners also threatened file petition supreme_courthe deputy commissioner police headquarters stated_thathey suitable guidance state regarding order thathey_would process applications upon receiving instructions october supreme_court declared law mumbai dance_bars reopen ordinance legislation attempts patil stated department received draft september prepared advocate general ensure dance_bars banned state june maharashtra state cabinet decided ordinance ban dance_bars chief minister informed could supreme_court judgment instead proposed regulatory authority monitor control dance_bars however plan members would dna quoted senior minister attended cabinet meeting dance_bars could open obtaining mandatory also stated_thathey ensure part customers allowed throw money bar_girls also however june cabinet passed ordinance banning dance_bars day bill maharashtra police second amendment bill supreme_court ruling introduced passed maharashtra legislative assembly bill introduced previous ban dance_bar extended ban dance performances three star five star hotels well cultural events festivals held luxury hotels bill legislative council day law banning dance_bars enacted june september maharashtra state appointed committee headed former judge recommended complete ban bar_girls hotels_restaurants well social corrupting influence order reduce crimes women committee recommended improved legislation ordinance september based petition filed indian hotel restaurant association challenging ban supreme_court issued notice directing maharashtra governmento reply petition petition stated_thathe state government supreme_court ruling included provisions court previously held unconstitutional association also alleged thathe amendment result personal introduced great asome politicians made prestige issue wanto judgment also wanto shield court however government failed reply petition february supreme_court issued second notice maharashtra government seeking reply october supreme_court stayed law also unconstitutional similar court ruled dance_bars could reopen said licensing authorities power regulate dance performances final hearing iset november bar dancing india differs dancing nightclub dance western world parts theastern world way similar performed entertainmenthe dancers known bar girl remain significantly throughouthe performance showing part back bare arms therefore aspect bar dancing mostly achieved suggestion maharashtra bar dancer attire often ethnic indian whereas placesuch bangalore may_include western bar dances often compared mujra wherein women live classical indian music traditionally performed era dancer bar_girls dance numbers lit dance_floor central focus dance_bar seating arrangement chairs lined againsthe walls room dancing kind features bosom seen typical dancing time bar_girls sway music movement designed conservation energy find patron whose attention wish attract called upon patron dance front patron making eye contact generally making targeted patron feel special contact two allowed bar dancers often stay within dance_floor male waiters patrons close transactions two well ostensibly prevent sex money deals made bar_girls currency notes generally results patron paper money currency note either nominal cash indian notes act known holds currency notes dancer notes upon dancer cases would even garland dancer many bar dancers able make hundreds night way thanks generous well possibly patrons athend day girl earnings counted split predetermined proportion dance_bar girls dance_bars_also make money sale alcohol snacks women earned attracted women indiand even far away nepal bangladesh especially dance_bars considered safer way make living working mumbai red light district income depended popularity status bar girl times reported_thathe less popular girls given amount also stated popular girls received monthly salary bar owner kept money social economic aspects dance_bars closed midnight government changed rule stay open however changed following rape minor marine drive although rape committed police inside police station local mafia also make money regular dance_bars dance meeting_place criminals making hub intelligence gathering police dance_bars_also drawn infamous indian moral state maharashtra charged morally corrupting society exploiting men money away latter families connections criminal elements well fronts prostitution dance_bars supporters withe demand dances women performed elite hotels clubs public shows presently government list targets withe brush pointed outhe item number movie film examples part state opponents dance_bars outside maharashtra dance_bars exist parts illegal june crime branch delhi police dance_bar hotel road bar_girls one hotel owners charges ranging obscenity trafficking girls aged came lower middle_class families four delhi two punjab girls previously employed mumbai dance_bars shifted delhi banned notable incidents indian abdul spent nearly one night dance_bar grant road gambling son allegedly spent per night two_years dance party uttar pradesh singh along five persons arrested booked anti prostitution act goa police august following raid dance_bar police said arrested singh mujra party hotel six women dancers prostitutes called delhi singh later told media abouthe incident saying uttar pradesh women dancers perform every occasion time engagement marriage women dance_music bar girl allegedly raid bar restaurant mumbai social service branch mumbai police around ist august police registered accidental death report investigation however bar management claimed thathe police bar employee raid created panic bar girl heart attack bar owner said recording thentire incident buthe police taken every thing even mobile phones bar employees allowing inside unable contact employees popular_culture played role work bar dancer mohini time ban film happy new year film happy new year actress played role bar dancer movie bar played role prostitute movie played role prostitute movie see_also list public_house_topics furthereading dance_bars ban dance_bars maharashtra high dance_bar ban category_dance india_category_nightclubs_category culture mumbai category_types drinking_establishment_category illegal occupations"},{"title":"Danhostel Copenhagen City","description":"opening date renovation date height stars diamonds closing date developer architect operator danhostel owner number of restaurants number of rooms number of suites floor area floors parking website official hotel website the danhostel copenhagen city is a hostel situated nexto langebro brige in central copenhagen denmark it is one of the largest european hostel s the biggest in a metropolitan area history the building was the first copenhagen high rise tower and was originally intended to be coupled with a never builtower on the other side of the bridge it was the tallest building of denmark from to when it wasurpassed by the falkoner center danhostel copenhagen city page on wwwemporiscom accessed on it formerly hosted the hotel europa the building was laterenovated and in was re opened as an hostel time out copenhagen th edition time out guides ltd random housee google books its interior furniture was designed by the danish firm gubi recalling with its colors denmark s traditional housing style danhostel copenhagen city catherine lazure guinard article of june onordicdesignca the hostel has beds in dormitories or smallerooms danhostel copenhagen city web page on wwwvisitdenmarkcouk its basement hosts kitchen facilities while in the ground floor is located an internet caf danhostel copenhagen city web page on wwwviamichelinit see also list of tallest buildings in denmark category hotels in copenhagen category hotels established in category hotel buildings completed in category skyscrapers in denmark categoryouthostelling category skyscraper 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coupled never side bridge tallest building denmark center danhostel copenhagen city page accessed formerly hosted hotel europa building opened hostel time copenhagen th_edition time guides ltd random google_books interior furniture designed danish firm colors denmark traditional housing style danhostel copenhagen city catherine article june hostel beds dormitories danhostel copenhagen city web_page basement hosts kitchen facilities ground_floor located internet caf danhostel copenhagen city web_page see_also list tallest buildings denmark category_hotels copenhagen category_hotels established category_hotel buildings_completed category denmark categoryouthostelling_category skyscraper hotels"},{"title":"Dark tourism","description":"file rwandan genocide murambi skullsjpg thumb px murambi technical school where many of the murders in the rwandan genocide took place is now a genocide museum dark tourism also black tourism or grief tourism has been defined as tourism involving travel to places historically associated with death and tragedy eventragedy morecently it wasuggested thathe concept should also include reasons tourists visithat site since the site s attributes alone may not make a visitor a dark touristhanatourism derived from the ancient greek word thanatos for the personification of death refers more specifically to peaceful death it is used in fewer contexts than the terms dark tourism and grief tourism the main attraction to dark locations is their historical value rather than their associations with death and suffering field of study while there is a long tradition of people visiting recent and ancient settings of death such as travel to gladiator games in the roman colosseum attending public executions by decapitation and visiting the catacombs this practice has been studied academically only relatively recently travel writers were the firsto describe their tourism to deadly places pj o rourke called his travel to warsaw managuand belfast in holidays in hell or chris rojek talking about black spotourism in or the milking the macabre academic attention to the subject originated in glasgow scotland the term dark tourism was coined in by lennon and foley two faculty members of the department of hospitality tourism leisure management at glasgow caledonian university and the term thanatourism was first mentioned by av seaton in then professor of tourismarketing athe university of strathclyde as of there have been many studies on definitions labels and subcategorizationsuch as holocaustourism and slavery heritage tourism and the term continues to be molded outside academia by authors of traveliterature there is very littlempirical research on the perspective of the dark tourist dark tourism has been formally studied from three main perspectives by a variety of different disciplines hospitality and tourism scholars in this interdisciplinary field havexamined many different aspects lennon and foley expanded their original idea in their first book deploring thatact and taste do not prevail over economiconsiderations and thathe blame for transgressions cannot lie solely on the shoulders of the proprietors but also upon those of the tourists for withoutheir demand there would be no need to supply philip stone and richard sharpley from the department of tourism and leisure management of the lancashire businesschool athe university of centralancashire uk have looked through the lens of the market place at dark tourism they have coined the term product of dark tourism andiscuss itsupply demand consumption by the dark touristone and sharpley have published prolifically in this arealthough not conducted empirical research and founded an institute for dark tourism in stone suggested that within contemporary society people regularly consume death and suffering in touristic form seemingly in the guise of education and or entertainment and sounded a call foresearch on dark tourism consumption to establish consumer behavior models that incorporate contemporary socio cultural aspects of death andying in a paper stone discussed the dark tourism product range arguing that certain suppliers of dark tourismay share particular product features perceptions and characteristics which can then be loosely translated into varioushades of darkness his typology of death related tourist sites consists of seven differentypes ordered from lighto dark fun factories dark exhibitions dark dungeons dark resting places dark shrines dark conflict sites andark camps of genocide in stone and sharpley hypothesized that coming together in places associated with grief andeath in dark tourism represents immorality so that morality may be communicated psychology philosophy and anthropology studies in these fields aim at understanding the motivation and the meaning for both visitors and local developers of dark tourism locations the social and cultural context of dark tourism and its consequenceskorstanje m the anthropology of dark tourism exploring the contradictions of capitalism centre for ethnicity and racism studies cerschool of sociology and social policy university of leeds uk working paper a simple shrinevolved into a sanctuary after the so called tragedy of croma n on december when a fire due to a pyrotechnic flare in the buenos aires nightclub republica de cromagnon killed people trapped by closed emergency exits the author speculated that sanctuary that not only resists being recycled in the form of a tourist attraction but also still inspires a deep sadness in public opinion and that a sense of community reduced the gap between society and officials this not backed up by evidenceven though the author claimed to have collected information in the field too large to be described in this piece akin to diversethnographies conducted in thisanctuary the same author hypothesized in that dark tourism could be a mechanism of resiliency helping society to recover after a disaster or catastrophe a form of domesticating death in a secularized world the detailed exploration of the aftermath by a socio linguist discussed in however interesting does not explain the genesis of the sanctuary nor why it has not become a tourist attraction whether a tourist attraction is educational or exploitative is defined by both its operators and its visitors tourism operators motivated by greed can milk the macabre oreexamine tragedies for a learning experience tourists consuming dark tourism products may desecrate a place and case studies are needed to probe who gains and loses thana tourism and slum tourism have been described as re interpreting the pastime according to the needs ofinancial elitetzanelli r thana tourism and the cinematic representation of risk abingdon routledge it has been speculated that nationalism and tourism operate as an instrument noto fragment a nationkorstanje m e a difficult world examining the roots of capitalism new york nova science recently philosopher maximiliano korstanje coined the term thana capitalism to refer to a climate of social darwinism aimed at fostering the survival of the fittest in this climate of struggle only fewin and the rest loses it explains our obsessions for consumers news or images related to terrorism attacks trauma scapes disasters and so forth korstanje writes thathe society of risk hasethe pace to a new society thana capitalism where the main commodity is death not only we consume death everywhere in cultural entertainment industry but we reinforce our superiority by witnessing the othersuffering this allegory is based on the myths of noah s ark which is considered by korstanje as the first genocide in this mythical event godivided the world in two victims and witnesseskorstanje m e george b craving for the consumption of suffering and commoditization of deathevolving facet of thana capitalism in terrorism in the global village how terrorism affects our lives korstanje m ed chapter new york nova science publishers url this logic of supremacy of those who lives over who dies is reinforced by christ s crucifixionowadays a new segment of tourists travel to zones of mass death known as areas of dark or thana tourism since in secularized societies death is a sign of weakness consuming the other s death alludes to hopes for visitors to be in trace towards the hall of chosen peoples korstanje m e the rise of thana capitalism and tourism abingdon routledge korstanje m george b death and culture is thanatourism symptomatic of thend of capitalism in virtual traumascape and exploring the roots of dark tourism korstanje m george b eds hershey igi global chris hedges described the alcatraz narrative as presented by the national park service as whitewashing because it ignores the savagery and injustice of america system of mass incarceration by omitting challenging details the park service furthers a disneyfication per hedges example destinations of dark tourism include castles and battlefieldsuch as battle of culloden battlefield today culloden in scotland bran castle and poienari castle in romania former prison such as beaumaris prison in anglesey wales the jack the ripper exhibition in the london dungeon sites of natural disaster s or anthropogenic hazard man made disaster such as hiroshima peace memorial park in japan chernobyl in ukraine and the commercial activity at world trade center site ground zero inew york one year after september it also includesites of human atrocities and genocide such as the auschwitz concentration camp in poland the nanjing massacre memorial hall in china the tuol slengenocide museum in cambodia the sites of the jejuprising in south koreand the spirit lake internment camp centre near tr cesson quebec la ferme quebec as an example of ukrainian canadian internment canada s internment operations of on bali death and funeral rites have become commodification commodified for tourism wherenterprising businesses begin arranging tourist vans and sell tickets asoon as they hear someone is dying in the us visitors can tour the holocaust memorial museum in washington dc with an identity card which matches their age and gender withat of a name and photof a real holocaust victim against a backdrop of video interpretation portraying killing squads in action the pseudo holocaust victim enters a personal id into monitors as they wander around the attraction to discover how theirealife counterpart is faring see also disaster tourism slum tourism war tourism externalinks what is dark tourism the guardian special feature grief tourismcom blog by james trotta since bigtravelcom dark tourism ideas in latin america chernobyl unlikely tourist spot slideshow by life magazine wartouristeu places of interest along hitlers atlantic wall in denmark and norway institute for dark tourism research est university of centralancashire free access to articles by philip stone and richard sharpley institute for dark tourism forum university of centralancashire category cultural tourism category grief category cultural aspects of 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academic attention subject originated glasgow scotland term dark_tourism coined lennon two faculty members department hospitality_tourism leisure management glasgow university term thanatourism first mentioned professor tourismarketing athe_university many studies definitions holocaustourism slavery heritage_tourism term continues outside academia authors traveliterature research perspective dark tourist dark_tourism formally studied three main perspectives variety different disciplines hospitality_tourism scholars interdisciplinary field many_different aspects lennon expanded original idea first book taste thathe blame cannot lie solely shoulders proprietors also upon tourists demand would need supply philip stone richard sharpley department tourism leisure management lancashire businesschool athe_university uk looked lens market place dark_tourism coined term product dark_tourism demand consumption dark sharpley published conducted empirical research founded institute dark_tourism stone suggested within contemporary society people regularly consume death suffering touristic form seemingly education entertainment sounded call foresearch dark_tourism consumption establish consumer behavior models incorporate contemporary socio cultural aspects death paper stone discussed dark_tourism product range arguing certain suppliers dark_tourismay share particular product features perceptions characteristics loosely translated darkness death related tourist_sites consists seven differentypes ordered dark fun factories dark exhibitions dark dark resting places dark shrines dark conflict sites andark camps genocide stone sharpley coming together places associated grief andeath dark_tourism represents may psychology philosophy anthropology studies fields aim understanding motivation meaning visitors local developers dark_tourism locations social cultural context dark_tourism anthropology dark_tourism exploring capitalism centre ethnicity racism studies sociology social policy university leeds uk working paper simple sanctuary called tragedy croma n december fire due flare buenos_aires nightclub de killed people trapped closed emergency exits author speculated sanctuary form tourist_attraction also still deep public opinion sense community reduced gap society officials backed though author claimed collected information field large described piece akin conducted author dark_tourism could mechanism helping society recover disaster form death secularized world detailed exploration aftermath socio discussed however interesting explain genesis sanctuary become tourist_attraction whether tourist_attraction educational defined operators visitors tourism operators motivated milk macabre learning experience tourists consuming dark_tourism products may place case_studies needed probe gains loses thana tourism slum_tourism described interpreting according needs ofinancial r thana tourism cinematic representation risk abingdon routledge speculated nationalism tourism operate instrument noto e difficult world examining roots capitalism new_york nova_science recently philosopher maximiliano korstanje coined term thana_capitalism refer climate social darwinism aimed fostering survival climate struggle rest loses explains consumers news images related terrorism attacks trauma disasters forth korstanje writes thathe society risk pace new society thana_capitalism main commodity death consume death everywhere cultural entertainment_industry reinforce superiority witnessing allegory based myths noah ark considered korstanje first genocide mythical event world two victims e george_b craving consumption suffering thana_capitalism terrorism global village terrorism affects lives korstanje ed chapter new_york nova_science publishers url logic supremacy lives dies reinforced christ new segment tourists travel zones mass death known areas dark thana tourism since secularized societies death sign weakness consuming death alludes hopes visitors trace towards hall chosen peoples korstanje e rise thana_capitalism tourism abingdon routledge korstanje george_b death culture thanatourism thend capitalism virtual traumascape exploring roots dark_tourism korstanje george_b eds hershey_igi_global chris described narrative presented national_park service america system mass challenging details park_service per example destinations dark_tourism include castles battle battlefield today scotland castle castle romania former prison prison anglesey wales jack exhibition london sites natural disaster hazard man_made disaster hiroshima_peace_memorial park japan chernobyl ukraine commercial activity world_trade center site ground_zero inew_york one_year september also human genocide auschwitz concentration camp poland massacre memorial hall china museum cambodia sites south_koreand spirit lake internment camp centre near quebec la quebec example ukrainian canadian internment canada internment operations bali death funeral rites become commodification commodified tourism_businesses begin arranging tourist vans sell tickets asoon hear someone dying us visitors tour holocaust memorial_museum washington identity card matches age gender withat name photof real holocaust victim backdrop video interpretation killing action pseudo holocaust victim enters personal monitors wander around attraction discover counterpart see_also disaster_tourism slum_tourism war_tourism externalinks dark_tourism guardian special feature grief blog james since dark_tourism ideas latin_america chernobyl unlikely tourist spot life_magazine places interest along atlantic wall denmark norway institute dark_tourism_research est university free access articles philip stone richard sharpley institute dark_tourism forum university category_cultural_tourism category grief category_cultural aspects death"},{"title":"Day room (hotel)","description":"a day room hotel is a method of booking a hotel room for same day use historically the use of day rooms dates as far back as the hotel itself in literary history has been associated withe idea of renting rooms on an hourly basis for a time this practice had a negative connotation for hotels and motels in japan this practice is commonplace but exclusive to a specific type of hotel called a love hotelong layovers and unpredictable travel plans re created the demand for day rooms in modern times in the united states jobs that require travel became more popular in the th and st centuries the practice of renting a hotel room for a day is also common among travelers and vacationers who gon cruises due to the facthat cruise ships typically depart and arrive at early hours of the morning contemporary day rooms modern hotels fill daytime occupancy by offering day rooms day rooms are booked in a block of hours typically between am and pm before the typical night shift for example the four points a sheraton hotels and resortsheraton hotel in los angeles began offering day rooms also the rodeway inn and suites near port everglades in fort lauderdale florida offers day rooms there is a technology movement surrounding travel and time saving that implements daytime hotel useveral companies offer mobile applications that divide the time by hours or day use for travel purposes in san francisco a company has created a mobile application that divvies up time in a hotel by the minute category hotels category hospitality services category 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offering day rooms day rooms booked block hours typically typical night shift example four points sheraton hotels hotel los_angeles began offering day rooms also inn suites near port fort_lauderdale florida offers day rooms technology movement surrounding travel time saving implements daytime hotel companies offer mobile_applications divide time hours day use travel purposes san_francisco company created mobile_application time hotel minute category_hotels category_hospitality services_category prostitution"},{"title":"Day-tripper","description":"daytripper a day tripper is a person who visits a tourist destination or visitor attraction from his her home and returns home on the same day such an excursion does not involve a night away from home such as experienced on a vacation holiday the day trip or daycation is a popular form of recreation and leisure for families who care for young children or people who are too frail to travel easily or whown pets or for whom the logistics or cost of a night away from home may be prohibitive history in medieval days a destination for such days out would be religious to a nearby shrine or commercial for example to a seasonal fair later in england visits to stately home s by those who regarded themselves middle class became frequent and it was the tradition to reward the butler or housekeeper with a tip for providing access to their employers home asuchomes were meant for show it is unlikely thathe owning family would object provided they were not in residence athe time the arrival of the railway excursion often using day tripper tickets in the mid th century saw the blossoming of a distinctive day tripper industry trippers also travelled in their thousands by paddlesteamer or steamship to the many pier s around victorian era seaside resort s the general slocum excursion was an example cycling became a very popular day tripper activity especially amongst urban area urband suburban workers from the mid s onwards coach vehicle coach and charabanc outings followed as the internal combustion engine became reliablenough to gethe paying customers out and back again works outings and church or chapel excursions werextremely popular until the s while all of the foregoing still existhe modern day tripper experience is usually by motor car as a result of the growth of car ownership also airline such as palmair promote day tripsee also staycation booze cruise day tripper day tripper beatlesong picnicategory types of 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thathe owning family would object provided residence athe_time arrival railway excursion often using day_tripper tickets mid_th century saw distinctive day_tripper industry also travelled thousands steamship many pier around victorian_era seaside_resort general slocum excursion example cycling became_popular day_tripper activity especially amongst urban area urband suburban workers mid onwards coach vehicle coach outings followed internal combustion engine became gethe paying customers back works outings church chapel excursions popular still modern_day tripper experience usually motor car result growth car ownership also airline promote day also staycation booze_cruise day_tripper day_tripper beatlesong types tourism"},{"title":"Delicatessen","description":"file rome italian delijpg righthumb upright alt array of meats cheeses and bottles an array of meats and cheeses at an italian delicatessen in rome a delicatessen or delis a retail establishmenthat sells a selection of unusual or foreign prepared foods delicatessens originated in germany during the s and spread to the united states in the mid s european immigration to the united states immigrants to the united statespecially ashkenazi jews popularized the delicatessen in culture of the united states american culture beginning in the late s etymology file foie gras with sauternesjpg thumb upright alt jar of p t and bottle of white wine french delicaciesold in delicatessens foie gras and sauternes wine sauternes delicatessen is a german languagerman loanword which first appeared in english in and is the plural of delikatesse in german it was originally a french language french loanword licatesse meaning delicious things to eat its root word is the latin language latin adjective delicatus meaningiving pleasure delightful pleasing the first americanized short version of this wordeli came into existence the german food company dallmayr is credited with being the first delicatessen created in it became the firstore to import bananas mangoes and plums to the german population from faraway placesuch as the canary islands and china over years later it remains the largest business of its kind in europe the first delicatessens to appear in the united states were inew york city in the mid s withe first known use of this word occurring in these catered to the german immigrant population living there as the german jewish population increased inew york city during the mid to late s kashrut kosher delicatessens began topen the first was founded in the united states by the late th to early st centuriesupermarkets local economy stores and fast food outlets began using the word often abbreviated as deli to describe sections of their stores the decline of the deli as an independent retail establishment was most noted inew york city from a high in the s of about jews jewish delicatessens only still existed in by country and region australia file fivedock continentaldelijpg thumb alt deli window displaying breads and other foods an italian style delicatessen in five dock new south wales five dock sydney in most of australia the term delicatessen retains its european meaning large supermarket chains often have a deli department and independent delicatessens existhroughouthe country both types of deli offer a variety of cured meatsausages pickled vegetables dips breads and olives deli also denotes a small convenience store or milk bar in western australia western and south australiand some businesses use deli as part of their business name traditional delicatessens also exist in these states with continental delicatessen sometimes used to indicate theuropean version canada in canada both meanings of delicatessen are used immigrants from europe often use the term in a manner consistent with its original german meaning but as in the united states delis can be a combined grocery store and restaurant europe file harrods jpg righthumb upright alt large ornate high ceilingedelicatessen the fish counter at harrods in london file la pinedajpg thumb various delicatessen foods in europe delicatessen means high quality expensive foods and stores in german speaking countries a common synonym is feinkost fine food and shops which sell it are called feinkostl den delicacy stores department stores often have a delikatessenabteilung delicacy department european delicatessens include fauchon in paris dallmayr in municharrods and fortnumason in london and peck in milan although ustyle delicatessens are also found in europe they appeal to the luxury market in russia shops and supermarket sections approximating ustyle delis are called kulinariyand offer salads and main course s delicate meats and cheeses cold cut and sliced hot are sold in a separate section and submarine sandwiches build torder made torder are limited to fast food franchisesuch asubway restaurant subway theliseevsky food store in central moscowith its fin de si cle decor isimilar to a european delicatessen from the tsarist era it was preserved by the soviets as an outlet for difficultobtain russian delicacies delicatessens may also provide foods from other countries and cultures which is not readily available in local food stores in italy the deli can be called gastronomia negozio di specialit gastronomiche bottegalimentare and morecently salumeria in france it is nowadays known as a traiteur culinary profession traiteur or picerie fine united states file a delin the united statesjpg thumb center a typical delin the united states in the united states a delicatessen or delis often a combined grocery store and restaurant delis offer a broader fresher menu than list ofast food restaurants fast food chains rarely employing fryers except for chicken and routinely preparing sandwiches torder they may also serve hot foods from a steam table similar to a cafeteriamerican delisell cold cut s by weight and prepare party trays although delicatessens vary in size they are typically smaller than grocery store s in addition to made torder sandwiches many us delicatessens offer made torder green salad s equally common is a selection of prepared pasta salad pasta potato salad potato chicken salad chicken tuna salad tuna shrimp or other salads displayed under the counter and sold by weight precooked chicken usually roasted or fried chicken fried shrimp cheese or eggplant dishes fried or parmigiana style are alsoldelis may beither strictly take out a sit down restaurant or both delicatessens offer a variety of beveragesuch as pre packaged soft drinks coffee teand milk potato chip s and similar products newspapers and small itemsuch as candy and mints are also usually available menus vary according to regional ethnic diversity although urban delis rely on ethnic meatsuch as pastrami corned beef and salami supermarket delis rely on meatsimilar to their packaged meats primarily ham turkey and american bologna sausage bologna delicatessens have a number of cultural traditions in the united states 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experiences and perceptions of rural women in the republic of ireland studies in the borderegion retrieved october wide variations in theconomics of countries with shared borders have been the historical mainstay of the sector examples include travel from austria to hungary slovakia slovenia bulgariand romania from the us and canada to mexicosta rica ecuador and peru from the republic of ireland to northern ireland hungary poland bulgaria turkey and ukraine and from australia to thailand other countries of south east asia while medical tourism is often generalized to travel from high income countries to low cost developing economies other factors can influence a decision to travel including differences between the funding of public healthcare or general access to healthcare mobility of labour for countries within theuropean union dental qualifications arequired to reach a minimum approved by each country s government ec dental directives and eec retrieved october thus a dentist qualified in one country can apply to any other eu country to practice in that country allowing for greater mobility of labour for dentists directives typically apply not only to theu buto the wider designation of theuropean economic area eea eu manual of dental practice includes comparative study of member countries dental systems rd edition currently in preparation retrieved october the association for dental education in europe adee hastandardization efforts to harmonizeuropean standards proposals from the adee s quality assurance and benchmarking taskforce cover the introduction of accreditation procedures for eu dentistry universities as well as programmes to facilitate dental students completing part of their education in foreign dentistry schools adee taskfore document on quality assurance and benchmarking retrieved october standardization of qualification in a region reciprocally removes one of the perceptual barriers for the development of patient mobility within that region pricing and quality dental tourists travel chiefly to take advantage of lower prices reasons for lower prices are many dentists outside the developed world are able to take advantage of much lower fixed costs lower labor costs less government intervention lower education fees and expenses and lower insurance costs much of the bureaucratic red tape that engulfs businesses in the developed world is eliminated abroad andentists are free to focus on their tradentistry the flip side of this less legal recourse for patients when somethingoes wrong buthe result is that proceduresuch as dental implants and porcelain veneers which are simply financially out of reach for many people in the developed world are made affordable overseas much of the debate about dental tourism and medical tourism in general centers on the question of whether or not price differentials imply quality differentials another concern is whether or not large scale dental procedures can be safely completed abroad in a relatively short holiday sized time period another issue affecting this debate is the lack of an independent inspections committee for dental similar to the joint commission international for medical an instructive case study analysis of patient outflows from the united kingdom and republic of ireland two large sources of dental tourists both countries were the subject of a report from the irish competition authority to determine whether consumers wereceiving value for money from their dentists irish competition authority report retrieved october both countries professions were criticised for a lack of pricing transparency a response to this that dentistry is unsuitable for transparent pricing each treatment will vary an accurate quote is impossible until an examination has occurred thus price lists are no guarantee ofinal costs though they may encourage a level of competition between dentists this will only happen in a competitivenvironment where supply andemand are closely matched the competition authority report in the irish republicriticised the profession its approach to increasing numbers of dentists and the training of dental specialties orthodontics was a particularea of concern with training being irregular and limited in a number of placesupply is further limited as new dental specialties develop andentists reacto consumer demand for new dental products further diluting the pool of dentists available for any given procedure aside from the above issues it is possible to compare the prices of treatment in different countries withe international nature of some products and brands it is possible to make a valid comparison for instance the same porcelain veneer made in a lab in sweden can be as much as aud in australia but only aud india the price difference here is not explainable by reference to the material cost more fun than root canals it s the dental vacationew york times clearly undergoing extensive dental procedures abroad even when allowing for travel expenses can be significantly cheaper than the same procedures at home pricing and qualifications of the dentists may be researched through websites or by contacting the dentists another important consideration is location if one travels far for a dental procedure and somethingoes wrong it is a long way to return to fix it as well many americans choose to go somewherelatively accessible from the usuch asan salvador tijuana los algodones tecate agua prieta or lima due to the ongoing narco violence in townsuch as tijuanand ciudad juarez clinics in safer towns milesouth of the border cabo san lucasan jose del cabo puerto vallarta cancun playa del carmen and cozumel mazatlan etc have recently started offering large and small dental treatmentsee info below more than percent of mexico s us patients travel from the border states of california texas or arizona patients beyond bordersince procedures often require multiple steps or subsequent checkups the patient may have to return to the same doctor for those reasons typically a patientakes two trips to have implants the firstrip is to sethe base and the provisional crown the second trip is typically months later after the implant hastabilized in the bone day implants are not recommended for dental tourists due to the higher failure rate of the system when combined with a holiday as the name implies dental tourism can be an opportunity to receive low cost quality dental care dental tourism is expected to continue growing as consumers continue to seek out lower cost optionsee also tooth category health economics category types of tourism category medical tourism category tourism in eastern 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usually driven price considerations cross_border care south slovenia italy report patient mobility retrieved_october catherine experiences perceptions rural women republic ireland studies retrieved_october wide variations theconomics countries shared borders historical sector examples_include travel austria hungary slovakia slovenia romania us canada rica ecuador peru republic ireland northern_ireland hungary poland bulgaria turkey ukraine australia thailand countries south_east_asia medical_tourism often travel high income countries low_cost developing economies factors influence decision travel including differences funding public_healthcare general access healthcare mobility labour countries within theuropean_union dental qualifications arequired reach minimum approved country government dental directives retrieved_october thus qualified one country apply country practice country allowing greater mobility labour dentists directives typically apply buto wider designation theuropean economic area manual dental practice includes comparative study member_countries dental systems edition currently preparation retrieved_october association dental education europe efforts standards proposals quality assurance cover introduction accreditation procedures dentistry universities well programmes facilitate dental students completing part education foreign dentistry schools document quality assurance retrieved_october standardization qualification region one barriers development patient mobility within region pricing quality dental tourists travel chiefly take_advantage lower prices reasons lower prices many dentists outside developed world able take_advantage much lower fixed costs lower labor costs less government intervention lower education fees expenses lower insurance costs much red businesses developed world eliminated abroad free focus side less legal patients wrong buthe result dental porcelain simply financially reach many_people developed world made affordable overseas much debate dental tourism medical_tourism general centers question whether price imply quality another concern whether large_scale dental procedures safely completed abroad relatively short holiday sized time_period another issue affecting debate lack independent inspections committee dental similar joint_commission_international medical case study analysis patient united_kingdom republic ireland two large sources dental tourists countries subject report irish competition authority determine whether consumers value money dentists irish competition authority report retrieved_october countries professions criticised lack pricing response dentistry unsuitable transparent pricing treatment vary accurate quote impossible examination occurred thus price lists guarantee costs though may encourage level competition dentists happen supply andemand closely competition authority report irish profession approach increasing_numbers dentists training dental specialties particularea concern training limited number limited new dental specialties develop consumer demand new dental products pool dentists available given procedure aside issues possible compare prices treatment different_countries withe international nature products brands possible make valid comparison instance porcelain made lab sweden much australia india price difference reference material cost fun root canals dental york_times clearly undergoing extensive dental procedures abroad even allowing travel expenses significantly cheaper procedures home pricing qualifications dentists may researched websites dentists another important consideration location one travels far dental procedure wrong long_way return fix well many americans choose go accessible asan salvador los lima due ongoing violence ciudad clinics safer towns border cabo san_jose del cabo puerto vallarta cancun playa del carmen etc recently started offering large small dental info percent mexico us patients travel border states california texas arizona patients_beyond procedures often require multiple steps subsequent patient may return doctor reasons typically two trips base crown second trip typically months_later bone day recommended dental tourists due higher failure rate system combined holiday name implies dental tourism opportunity receive low_cost quality dental care dental tourism expected continue growing consumers continue seek lower_cost also category health economics category_types tourism_category_medical tourism_category_tourism eastern_europe"},{"title":"Department for Culture, Media and Sport (UK)","description":"redirect department for culture mediand sport category tourisministries uk","main_words":["redirect","department","culture","mediand","uk"],"clean_bigrams":[["redirect","department"],["culture","mediand"],["mediand","sport"],["sport","category"],["category","tourisministries"],["tourisministries","uk"]],"all_collocations":["redirect department","culture mediand","mediand sport","sport 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the integrated reorganization plan in sanctioned as a law under presidential decree no as amended the department of trade and tourism was established reorganizing then department of commerce and industry a philippine tourism commission was created under the unified trade and tourism departmentoversee the growth of the tourism industry as a source of economic benefit for the country in president of the philippines president ferdinand marcos created a new cabinet level department of tourism dot by splitting the department of trade and tourism into two separate departments included in the new department of tourism the agency philippine tourism authority ptand the philippine convention bureau pcb were created the department of tourism was then renamed ministry of tourism as a result of the shift in the form of government pursuanto thenforcement of the constitution of the philippines the constitution in under executive order nos and a signed by president corazon aquino the department of tourism was reorganized and correspondingly the philippine convention bureau was renamed the philippine convention and visitors corporation in the department of tourism assumed a prominent role in culmination of independence day philippines centennial celebration of the country s philippine declaration of independence from the spanish empire in the department of tourism initiated one of its most successful tourism promotion project visit philippines under secretary now senatorichard gordon politician richard j gordon the latest improvements in the tourism industry in the country came about withe passage of republic act nor the tourism act of organization structure the department is headed by the secretary of tourism philippines withe following four undersecretaries and assistant secretaries undersecretary for administration and special concerns undersecretary for public affairs communicationspecial projects undersecretary for tourism development planning undersecretary for tourism 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sport chief name graham doyle chief position civil service of the republic of ireland secretary general child agency website footnotes the department of transportourism and sport is a department of state irelandepartment of the government of ireland that is responsible for transport policy and overseeing transport services and infrastructure the department is led by the minister for transportourism and sport who is assisted by two minister of state ireland ministers of state departmental team the official headquarters and ministerial offices of the department are in leeson lane dublin d tr it also has offices in killarney and loughrea where to find us archive department of transportourism and sport retrieved on april it also says our main office is located athe following address leeson lane dublin d tr the departmental team consists of the following minister for transportourism and sport shane ross teachta d la td minister of state for tourism and sport patrick o donovan td secretary 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department national transport authority ireland national transport authority road safety authority transport infrastructure ireland irish aviation authority irish coast guard commission aviation regulation air accident investigation unit state sponsored bodies among state sponsored bodies republic ireland state sponsored minister c dublin airport authority shadow cork authorities dublin port company department created erskine hamilton h becoming first minister years name changed several times buthe role department remained department previously known following department transport power department tourism transport department transport department tourism transport department tourism transport communication department transport energy communication department public enterprise department transport department transportourism sport present see_also driving licence ireland externalinks department transportourism sport_category departments state ireland transport category_transport 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a dedicated centurion magazine centurion magazine centurion magazine website centurion both published by journal international gmbh in munich germany journal international website departures was purchased from american express publishing by time inc on october along with sister publication traveleisure on february the former new york times t magazine online director horacio silva joinedepartures as the newly created fashion and style director also amanda ross the contributing fashion director left popular culture the magazine was referred to in the season six episode of hbo series the sopranos titled the blue comet when dr melfi chastises tony foripping a recipe page out of an issue while sitting in her office suite s waiting room externalinks departures online departures international online category american express category american bi monthly magazines category american lifestyle magazines category magazinestablished in category tourismagazines category magazines published in 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at film school scott wilson andre dupuis and jessie wallace worked onumerous projects together while at sheridan college also from sheridan came steven bray alvin campana editor and stephen barden audio mixer the show features high school friendscott wilson and justin lukach travelling to various locations around the world accompanied by cameramandre dupuis the show has been described as being abouthe journey rather than justhe destinations the first season of departures aired on the outdoor life network in canadand began airing internationally on the national geographic adventure channel worldwide beginning october the second season began airing on the outdoor life network on january in i and the third season began airing on the outdoor life network on march starting on april departures began airing every friday night on citytv stations across canada with p broadcast on city tv toronto high definition channel the final episode of the series departures australiaired on saturday june 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pushing north width valign top season morocco libya brazil x cuba mongolia x iceland zambia madagascar chile x antarctica width valign top season russia x sri lanka vietnam papua new guinea x ecuador ethiopia x rwanda greenland north korea x indonesia x australia canada golden sheaf awards class wikitable year category nomineepisode result best documentary series jessie wallace and steven bray india quest for himalayas and cambodia style backgrounddffdd won best directing director andre dupuis india quest for himalayastyle backgrounddffdd won gemini awards class wikitable year category nomineepisode result best photography in an information program or series rd annual gemini awards best photography in an information program or series andre dupuis india quest for himalayastyle backgrounddffdd won best picturediting in an information program or series rd annual gemini awards best picturediting in an information program or series joshua eady india quest for himalayastyle background ffdddd 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new_zealand government development resortown first_half th destination_marketing edition oxford routledge majority destination_marketing page destination_marketing_organizations andestination marketing narrative analysis literature tourismanagement dmc provides ground service based local knowledge given destinations theservices transportation hotel accommodation restaurants activities excursions conference venues themed events dinners logistics meetings incentive schemes well helping overcoming language barrier acting organization purchasing provide rates based buying power witheir preferred suppliers services deliver airports gastronomy tours theme parties traditional modern excursions typical activities area projects collaborative gifts decoration events entertainment support design event signage recommendations agents customs car audio video differences similar companies term dmc widely_used identify travel_trade professional service service offered essentially use products already available particular destination user provided contribution use functions performed travel_agency travel_agents tour_operator thisense distinguished otherelated companies tourist agency company offering travel productsuch airline tickets hotel reservations cruises excursions offered tour_operators tour_operator company travel products toffer tours excursions convention_bureau agency manages conferences conventions references dmc incoming tour_operators category logistics companies_category_travel related organizations_category_tourism agencies"},{"title":"Destination Marketing Association International","description":"brussels abbreviation dmai membership dmos and cvbs leader title president chief executive officer ceo leader name michael d gehrisch type industry trade group num staff region served worldwide main organ board of directors formation budget united states dollar us website wwwdestinationmarketingorg remarks destination marketing association international dmais a professional association professional organization representing destination marketing organization s and convention and visitor bureau s worldwide as the world s largest resource for official destination marketing organizations dmos destination marketing association international represents over professionals from destination marketing organizations in more than countries they provide members professionals industry partnerstudents and educators with educational resources networking opportunities and marketing benefits available worldwide they maintain an online bookstore and resourcenter an e mail discussion lists for members professional certificates andesignations pdm cdme an accreditation program and an official online travel portal officialtravelguidecom dmai alsowns the meeting informationetwork minthe meetings and convention database profile destination marketing association international dmais a professional organization representing destination marketing organizations and convention and visitor bureaus worldwide as the world s largest resource for official destination marketing organizations dmos destination marketing association international represents over professionals from destination marketing organizations in more than countries they provide members professionals industry partnerstudents and educators with educational resources networking opportunities and marketing benefits available worldwide they maintain an online bookstore and resourcenter an e mail discussion lists for members professional certificates andesignations pdm cdme an accreditation program and an official online travel portal officialtravelguidecom dmai alsowns thempowermintcom formerly called meeting informationetwork minthe meetings and convention database mission dmai s mission statement is to enhance the professionalism effectiveness and image of destination marketing organizations worldwide history the present dmai was founded in st louis by sales representatives of different us destinations as the association of convention secretaries whose goal was to share accurate information about conventions promote sound professional practices in the solicitation and servicing of meetings and conventions andevelop scientific principles of convention management after adding an international member to the group in the decision was made to change the name the following year to the international association of convention bureaus iacb in the association changed its name again to the international association of convention and visitors bureau iacvb in order to reflecthe growing importance of consumer travel in augusthe association changed its name to become destination marketing association international it was announced in march thathe organization would change its name once again to more accurately reflecthe changing role of destination marketing organizations the new name destinations international will be officially rolled out athe organization s annual meeting in montreal in july references externalinks destination marketing association international official website legacy website for the international association of convention visitor bureaus category tourism agencies category marketing 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resources networking opportunities marketing benefits available worldwide maintain online bookstore e mail discussion lists members professional accreditation program official online_travel portal dmai alsowns meeting informationetwork meetings convention database profile destination_marketing association_international professional organization representing destination_marketing_organizations convention visitor bureaus worldwide world largest resource official destination_marketing_organizations dmos destination_marketing association_international represents professionals destination_marketing_organizations countries provide members professionals industry educators educational resources networking opportunities marketing benefits available worldwide maintain online bookstore e mail discussion lists members professional accreditation program official online_travel portal dmai alsowns formerly called meeting informationetwork meetings convention database mission dmai mission statement enhance professionalism effectiveness image destination_marketing_organizations worldwide history present dmai founded st_louis sales representatives different us destinations association convention secretaries whose goal share accurate information conventions promote sound professional practices solicitation meetings conventions andevelop scientific principles convention management adding international_member group decision made change name following_year international_association convention_bureaus association changed name international_association convention_visitors_bureau order reflecthe growing importance consumer travel augusthe association changed name become destination_marketing association_international announced march thathe organization would change name accurately reflecthe changing role destination_marketing_organizations new name destinations international officially rolled athe organization annual meeting montreal july references_externalinks destination_marketing association_international official_website legacy website international_association convention visitor bureaus category_tourism agencies_category marketing_organizations"},{"title":"Destination marketing organization","description":"a destination marketing organization dmor convention and visitors bureau cvb is an organization that promotes a town city region or country in order to increase the number of visitors it promotes the development andestination marketing of a destination focusing on convention sales tourismarketing and servicesuch organizations promoteconomic development of a destination by increasing visits from tourists and business travelers which generates overnight lodging for a destination visits to restaurants and shopping revenues and are typically funded by taxes convention and visitor bureaus are the most importantourismarketing organizations in theirespective tourist destination s as they are directly responsible for marketing the destination brand through travel and tourism product awareness to visitors dmos produce billions of dollars in direct and indirect revenue and taxes for their destinations economies witheir marketing and sales expertise destination marketing organizations are often called travel convention visitors or tourism bureaux welcome centers information centers and moregardless of the name these organizations offer many services to the traveling public the association of australian convention bureaux aacb consists of city and regional bureaux association of australian convention bureaux information taken on from dedicated to marketing their specific region as business events destinations to intrastate interstate and international markets the bureaux also promote australias a whole the barbados tourism authority bta offices of the barbados tourism authority is a not for profit agency of the barbados government s ministry of tourism the authority maintains global offices focused on promotion and event marketing tourists about barbados the offices are located in the nations of australia brazil canada germany the united kingdom and the united states czech republic prague convention bureau is the official convention bureau of prague the capital city of the czech republic it is a non profit organization working alongside the czech tourist authorities it promotes prague forganizing a conference meeting seminar exhibition or incentivevents the georgia travel is a commercial company which is responsible before the georgian board of the tourism for the tourist arrivals to the country it promotes bothe summer vacation in georgiand the winter ski resorts it cooperates with some digital marketing companiesuch as promodo the german convention bureau gcb represents the interests of the tourism in germany german tourism industry the gcb markets germany as a destination for conventions meetings events and incentives both on a national and internationalevel and is the place to contact for anybody planning an event in germany the tourism indonesia destination management organization destination management organization indonesia is a program of central government korea tourism organization kto is a statutory organization of the republic of korea south korea under the ministry of culture and tourism and is commissioned to promote tourism in south korea the convention bureau italia cbis a network that includes all main italian local cbs and tourist boards and many private companiesuch as congress centres hotels pcos dmcs and service providers cbi promotes italy as a mice destination coordinates and represents the italian offer as well aspreads the culture of the mice industry through proper training convention bureau italia is the benchmark for everyone wanting torganize an event in italy the vr convention bureau vr cb is a non profit organization that markets tourism inorth east italy as a meetings and conventions destination jordan tourism board jtb is an independent public private sector partnership committed to utilizing marketing strategies to brand position and promote jordan as the destination of choice international markets launched in march jtb has consistently worked to heighten tourism in jordan through an integrated program of international promotional activities including trade fairs trade workshops trade and consumeroad shows familiarization trips press trips brochure multimedia production and media relations the organization s main office is located in amman jordand isupported by a number of satellite locations in the middleasthe americas europe australiand asia lviv convention bureau is the official convention bureau of lviv ukraine lviv convention bureau is a governmental organization subdivision of lviv city council it promotes lviv as mice meetings incentives conferences events destination in eastern europe united states in the united states convention and visitor bureaus cvbs financed through bed taxes or their members perform destination marketing every ustate and almost every larger city and county has its own cvb although many government and chamber of commerce bodies also market destinations to visitors and meeting planners most us convention and visitors bureaus cvbs are independent non profit organization s typically a convention and visitors bureau provides information about a destination s lodging dining attractions events museums arts and culture history and recreation someven provide buservices insider tips top ten attraction and activity lists blogs photos forums free things to do season specific activity suggestions and more the organization works with tourists and meeting planners to provide valuable information their local area their goal is to help make a visitor s trip or a conference attendees meeting a much morenjoyable and rewarding experience in many locations they work closely with a convention center that will offer large spaces for larger meetings trade shows and conventions than can be accommodated in a single hotel usually these organizations also have a local office where one can find maps brochures travel professionals local insight visitors guidesouvenirs and more marketing initiatives a convention and visitor bureau s marketing initiatives are typically achieved through the following industry trade group trade association marketplaces web pages advertising distribution of promotional and collateral material direct sales hosting familiarization tours for journalist s and travel industry personnel and sponsoring other hospitality functions the target decision maker of these marketing initiatives is notypically a resident in the community most often if visitors are going to spend the night in a hotel they reside at least miles away thus the marketing activity usually takes place or is directed outside the convention and visitors bureau s community convention and visitors bureaus in larger destinations often will market nationally and globally while smaller cities may focus just on their state region or specific niche tourismarkets puerto rico the puerto riconvention bureau prcb is a non profit organization established in to drive meetings conventions trade shows and incentive groups to puerto rico the thailand convention and exhibition bureau tceb is a state organization established in to promote micevents held in thailand see also destination marketing association international r c ford and wc peeper managing destination marketing organizations the tasks roles and responsibilities of the convention and visitors bureau executive orlando fl forper publications externalinks destination marketing association international official website travelogx latest destination blogs from around the world category tourism agencies category marketing 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organizations theirespective tourist_destination directly responsible marketing destination brand travel_tourism product awareness visitors dmos produce dollars direct indirect revenue taxes destinations economies witheir marketing sales expertise destination_marketing_organizations often_called travel convention_visitors tourism bureaux welcome centers information_centers name organizations offer many services traveling public association australian convention_bureaux consists city regional bureaux association australian convention_bureaux information taken dedicated marketing specific region business events destinations interstate international markets bureaux also promote whole barbados tourism_authority bta offices barbados tourism_authority profit agency barbados government ministry tourism_authority maintains global offices focused promotion event marketing tourists barbados offices located nations australia brazil canada germany united_kingdom united_states czech_republic prague convention_bureau official convention_bureau prague capital_city czech_republic non_profit organization working alongside czech tourist authorities promotes prague conference meeting exhibition georgia travel commercial company responsible georgian board tourism tourist_arrivals country promotes bothe summer vacation georgiand winter ski resorts digital marketing companiesuch german convention_bureau represents interests tourism germany_german tourism_industry markets germany destination conventions meetings events incentives national place contact planning event germany tourism indonesia destination management organization destination management organization indonesia program central government korea tourism_organization kto statutory organization republic korea south_korea ministry culture_tourism commissioned promote_tourism south_korea convention_bureau italia network includes main italian local cbs tourist_boards many private companiesuch congress centres hotels service_providers promotes italy mice destination coordinates represents italian offer well culture mice industry proper training convention_bureau italia benchmark everyone wanting event italy convention_bureau non_profit organization markets tourism inorth east italy meetings conventions destination jordan tourism_board independent public_private_sector partnership committed utilizing marketing strategies brand position promote jordan destination choice international markets launched march consistently worked tourism jordan integrated program international promotional activities including trade fairs trade workshops trade shows trips press trips brochure multimedia production media relations organization main office located isupported number satellite locations americas europe australiand asia lviv convention_bureau official convention_bureau lviv ukraine lviv convention_bureau governmental organization subdivision lviv city_council promotes lviv mice meetings incentives conferences events destination eastern_europe united_states united_states convention visitor bureaus financed bed taxes members perform destination_marketing every ustate almost every larger city county cvb although_many government chamber commerce bodies also market destinations visitors meeting planners us convention_visitors_bureaus independent non_profit organization typically convention_visitors_bureau provides_information destination lodging dining attractions events museums arts culture history recreation provide insider tips top ten attraction activity lists blogs photos forums free things season specific activity suggestions organization works tourists meeting planners provide valuable information local area goal help make visitor trip conference attendees meeting much rewarding experience many locations work closely convention_center offer large spaces larger meetings trade shows conventions accommodated single hotel usually organizations also local office one find maps travel professionals local insight visitors marketing initiatives convention visitor bureau marketing initiatives typically achieved following industry_trade group trade association web_pages advertising distribution promotional material direct sales hosting tours journalist travel_industry personnel sponsoring hospitality functions target decision maker marketing initiatives notypically resident community often visitors going spend night hotel reside least miles away thus marketing activity usually takes_place directed outside convention_visitors_bureau community convention_visitors_bureaus larger destinations often market nationally globally smaller cities may focus state region specific niche tourismarkets puerto_rico puerto bureau non_profit organization established drive meetings conventions trade shows incentive groups puerto_rico thailand convention exhibition bureau state organization established promote held thailand see_also destination_marketing association_international r c ford managing destination_marketing_organizations tasks roles responsibilities convention_visitors_bureau executive orlando publications externalinks destination_marketing association_international official_website latest destination blogs around world category_tourism agencies_category marketing_organizations"},{"title":"Dhaba","description":"file pranjal dhaba national highway shivrajpur shankargarh allahabad jpg thumb right a dhaba onational highway india national highway near allahabad image dhabafoodjpg righthumb food at a local dhaba in punjab dhaba is the name given to roadside restaurants india they are situated on highways and generally serve local cuisine and also serve as truck stops they are most commonly found nexto filling station petrol stations and most are open hours a day since many indian truck drivers are of punjabi people punjabi descent and punjabi cuisine punjabi food and music of punjab music is quite popular throughout india the wordhaba has come to represent any restauranthat serves punjabi food especially theavily spiced and fried punjabi fare preferred by many truck drivers the word has come to represent sub continental cuisine so much that many indian restaurant s in europe and americas america have adopted it as a part of the name dhabas were characterized by mud structures and cots to sit upon called charpai whileating a wooden plank would be placed across the width of the cot on which to place the dishes with time the cots wereplaced by tables the food is typically inexpensive and has a homemade feel to ithe word has been alleged in folk etymology to stem from dabba m box lunch box tiffin however initial consonant al dh neither gives rise to nor develops from consonantal d regional variations haryana has dabahall over andhabas of murthal on grand trunk road are famous for various delicacies including paratha murthal paratha dal haryanvi daal bread pakora cheese bread pakorand more dhabas of murthal and haryana the tribune food safarin search of murthal paratha the hindu newspaper feb highway bits dhabas versus food chains times of india sept punjab india punjab is origin of roadside punjabi dhaba that are popular across india punjabi dhaba dining on roads theideaofindiacom july a culinary pilgrimage to punjab the new york times march see also indian cuisine chaan teng hong kong diner greasy spoon in britain hawker centre of singapore truck stop inorth america kesar da dhaba category indian restaurants category types of restaurants category transport culture of india category punjabi cuisine category trucking subculture category indian trucking 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upon called wooden would placed across width place dishes time cots tables food typically inexpensive homemade feel ithe word alleged folk etymology stem box lunch box however initial neither gives rise develops regional variations murthal grand trunk road famous various including paratha murthal paratha dal bread cheese bread dhabas murthal tribune food safarin search murthal paratha hindu newspaper feb highway bits dhabas versus food_chains times india sept punjab india punjab origin roadside punjabi dhaba popular across india punjabi dhaba dining roads july culinary pilgrimage punjab new_york times_march see_also indian cuisine chaan teng hong_kong diner greasy_spoon britain hawker_centre singapore truck_stop inorth_america dhaba category indian restaurants_category_types restaurants_category transport culture india_category punjabi cuisine_category subculture category indian industry"},{"title":"Dickie Dee","description":"dickie dee ice cream was a canadian ice cream vending company from to dickie dee was founded in winnipeg manitoba in by thearl barish family and grew to be one of the largest ice cream vending companies inorth america one man s business journey dickie dee pop rocks restaurants the globe and mail at its peak dickie dee had approximately operators across canadand in the northern united states ice cream products were sold out of a fiberglass compartment on a modified tricycle dickie dee also had a fleet of ice cream trucks that operated in areas withills that could not be serviced using the bicycles the bicycles werequipped with bells which the operatorang to alert children to his presence during the late s and early s dickie dee promoted products at gastation s and retail outlets in freezers called bubble cabinets the bubble cabinets were chestyle display freezers with a clear plastic dome shaped lid which allowed seeing the various products dickie dee maintained a network of distributors toperate its equipment distributors leased thequipment and purchased the products from designated company suppliersmall distributorships were turnkey operations that could be run from a family garage while larger centres had warehouses and yards in dickie dee wasold to unilever and became a division of good humor breyers good humor breyers maintained the dickie dee brand program until today much of the remaining equipment is privately owned by former distributors who are still selling ice cream products as independent operators under a variety of namesee also list ofood trucks category companies based in winnipeg category ice cream brands category defunct companies of manitoba category companiestablished in category food 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trucks operated areas could serviced using bicycles bicycles werequipped bells alert children presence late early dickie_dee promoted products gastation retail outlets freezers called bubble cabinets bubble cabinets display freezers clear plastic dome shaped allowed seeing various products dickie_dee maintained network distributors toperate equipment distributors leased thequipment purchased products designated company operations could run family garage larger centres warehouses yards dickie_dee wasold became division good humor good humor maintained dickie_dee brand program today much remaining equipment privately_owned former distributors still selling ice_cream products independent operators variety also_list_ofood_trucks_category_companies_based winnipeg category ice_cream brands category_defunct companies manitoba category_companiestablished category_food trucks"},{"title":"Dine and dash","description":"a dine andash is a form of theft by fraud in which a patron orders and consumes food and beverages from a restaurant or similar establishment withe intent noto pay the act may involve the customer leaving the restaurant withe intent of evading payment or less commonly of the patron eating the food and then stating thathey do not have any money there are numerouslang variations for this act including dine anditch eat and run chew and screw eat it and beat it eat it and street it lick it and split book it and hook it bite and bolt stow it and blow it doing a runner beating the check or sip and skip legal aspectsimply failing to pay a bill when due is generally not a crime in most circumstances or jurisdictions it is a contract debt and the act is civilaw common law civil rather than criminalaw criminal inature however there are often laws that apply specifically to restaurants hotels and other circumstances where the presumption is thathe customer intended to never pay their bill in advance and therefore obtained the valuable services under false pretenses a form of criminal fraud in certain states dining andashing is not labelled as a criminal issue for example in california it is considered a petty theft while in mississippit is a felony offense to refuse to pay a bill over often thestablishment may make their employees pay the cost of customer thefto give them an incentive to police their customers they may do so explicitly by deducting unpaid meals from wage s or gratuity tip s or implicitly through an end of shift reconciliation system whereby the server is expected to providenough cash and credit card receipts to cover the cost of their customers meals and keeps any surplus as tips this an illegal form of wage theft and if the server is held responsible for tabs that are not paid themployer is liable for paying the server back his or her stolen wages prevention some restaurants and cafes face large volumes of dine andash food theft problems which affect daily profits to combathis in some restaurants people have to pay before the meal iserved or put down depositsee also list of restauranterminology references category theft category restauranterminology category food law category 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example california considered petty theft offense refuse pay bill often thestablishment may make employees pay cost customer give incentive police customers may explicitly unpaid meals wage gratuity tip end shift system whereby server expected cash credit_card receipts cover cost customers meals keeps surplus tips illegal form wage theft server held responsible paid themployer liable paying server back stolen wages prevention restaurants cafes face large volumes dine food theft problems affect daily profits restaurants people pay meal iserved put also_list restauranterminology references_category theft category_restauranterminology category_food law category deception"},{"title":"Diner","description":"image summit diner x jpg thumb the summit diner in summit new jersey is a prototypical rail car style diner built by the o mahony company in a diner is a small fast food restauranthat is found in the northeastern united states and midwest as well as in other parts of the us canadand parts of western europe diners offer a wide range ofoods mostly american cuisine and have a distinct exterior structure a casual atmosphere a long counter with bar stool s where patrons eatheir meals and late operating hours diners frequently stay open hours a day especially in cities and towns with a busy bar scene or with factories with shift work night shift workers bar patronseeking a post last call bar term last call venue to socialize and get food as well ashift workers leaving their factories historically provided a key part of the customer base from the s to the s diners were usually prefabrication prefabricated in factories like mobile home s andelivered to the restaurant site as a result many early diners were typically small and narrow because they had to fit onto a rail car or truck for delivery to the restaurant site some of these diners have been expanded over the years through additions onto the prefabricated structure while many contemporary diners are fully built on site insteadiners were historically small business es operated by the owner however many diners are currently operated by chains diners typically serve american food such as hamburger s french fries club sandwich es and other simple quickly cooked and inexpensive fare much of the food is grilled as early diners were based around a flattop grill coffee is the ubiquitous beverage at diners even if it is not always of high quality diners often serve hand blended milkshake s andessertsuch as pie s which are typically displayed in a glass case classic american diners often have an exterior layer of stainlessteel siding a feature unique to diner architecture in some cases dinershare nostalgic retro style features also found in some restoredrive in s and old movie theatre s file rosebudinerjpg thumb the rosebudiner the rosebud a restored worcester lunch car in somerville massachusetts file bendix dinerjpg thumb the bendix diner in hasbrouck heights new jersey the first diner was created in by walter scott who sold food out of a horse pulled wagon to employees of the providence journal in providence rhode island scott s diner can be considered the first diner with walk up service as it had windows on each side of the wagon commercial production of lunch wagons began in worcester massachusetts worcester massachusetts in by thomas buckley wasuccessful and became known for his white house cafe wagons charles palmereceived the first patent for the diner whiche billed as a night lunch wagon he built his fancy night cafes and night lunch wagons in the worcester area until deraffele manufacturing co inc fodero dining car company jerry o mahony diner company kullman dining car company mountain view diners company silk city diners tierney dining cars worcester lunch car company sterling streamliner diners inspired by the streamlined trains and especially the burlington zephyroland stickney designed a diner in the shape of a streamlined train called the sterling streamliner in built by the john b judkins company jb judkins coach company who had built custom car bodies the sterling and other diner production ceased in athe beginning of american involvement in world war ii two sterling streamliners remain operation the salem diner at its originalocation in salemassachusetts and the modern diner in pawtucket rhode island prefabricatediners file wellsboro diner interiorjpg thumb interior of a sterling manufacturediner with curved ceiling in wellsboro pennsylvanias the number of seats increased wagons gave way to pre fabricated buildings made by many of the same manufacturers who had made the wagons like the lunch wagon a stationary diner allowed one to set up a food service business quickly using pre assembled constructs and equipment until the great depression most diner manufacturers and their customers were located in the northeast diner manufacturing suffered with other industries during the depression though not as much as many industries and the diner offered a less expensive way of getting into the restaurant business as well as less expensive food than more formal establishments after world war ii as theconomy returned to civilian production and the suburb s boomediners were an attractive small business opportunity during this periodinerspread beyond their original urband small town marketo highway strips in the suburbs even reaching the midwest with manufacturersuch as valentine in many areas diners were superseded in the s by fast food restaurants but in parts of new jersey new york the new england states delaware and pennsylvania the independently ownedineremains relatively common since the s most newly constructediners lack the original narrow stainlessteel streamlined appearance and are usually much bigger buildings though some are still made of several prefabricated modules assembled on site and manufactured by the old line diner builders a wide variety of architectural styles were now used for these later diners including cape cod house cape cod and colonial architecture colonial styles the old style single module diners featuring a long counter and a few small boothsometimes now grew additional dining rooms lavish wallpaper fountains crystal chandelier s and greek statuary the definition of the term diner began to blur as older prefabricatediners received more conventional frame additionsometimes leaving the original structure nearly unrecognizable as it wasurrounded by new construction or a renovated facade businesses that called themselves diners but which were built onsite and not prefabricated began to appear these larger establishments were sometimes known as dinerestaurants like a mobile home the original style diner is narrow and elongated and allows roadway orailway transportation to the restaurant site in the traditional diner floorplan a service counter dominates the interior with a preparation areagainsthe back wall and floor mounted stools for the customers in front larger models may have a row of booths againsthe front wall and athends the decor varied over time diners of the s feature art decor streamline modernelements or copy the appearance of rail dining cars though very few are in fact refurbished rail cars they featured porcelain enamel exteriorsome withe name written on the front others with bands of enamel others in flutes many had a barrel vault roofline tile floors were common diners of the s tended to use stainlessteel panels porcelain enamel glass blocks terrazzo floors formica plastic formicand neon sign trim diners built in the s generally have a differentype of architecture they are laid out more like restaurants retaining some aspects of traditional diner architecture stainlessteel and art deco elements usually while discarding others the small size and emphasis on the counter cultural significance diners attract a wide spectrum of the local populations and are generally small business es from the mid twentieth century onwards they have been seen as culture of the united states quintessentially american reflecting the perceived cultural diversity and egalitarianism egalitarianature of the country at large throughout much of the th century diners particularly in the northeastern united states northeast were often owned and operated by greek american immigrant families the presence of greek casual food like gyro food gyros and souvlaki on several diners menus testifies to this culturalink diners frequently stay open hours a day especially in cities and were once america s most widespread hour public establishments making them an essential part of urban culture alongside bars and nightclubs these two segments of nighttime urban culture often find themselves intertwined as many diners get a goodeal of late night business from persons departing drinking establishments many diners were also historically placed near factories which operated hours a day with shift work night shift workers providing a key part of the customer base all this meant diners could serve asymbols of loneliness and isolation edward hopper edward hopper s iconic painting nighthawks depicts a diner and its occupants late at nighthe diner in the painting is based on a realocation in greenwich village but was chosen in part because diners were anonymouslices of americana meaning thathe scene could have been taken from any city in the country and also because a diner was a place to which isolated individuals awake long after bedtime would naturally be drawn the spread of the diner meanthat by it was possible for hopper to casthis institution in a role for which fifteen years earlier he had used an automat painting automat all night restaurant but as a rule diners were alwaysymbols of american optimism norman rockwell made his painting the runaway generically american by placing hisubjects a young boy and a protective highway patrolman athe counter of anonymous diner norman rockwell the runaway in television and cinema eg the blob happy days grease film grease andiner film diners and soda fountain s have come to symbolize the period of prosperity and optimism in america in the s they are shown as the place where teenager s meet after school and as an essential part of a courtship date the television show alice tv series alice used a diner as the setting for the program and one is often a regular feature in sitcom such aseinfeld the diner s cultural influence continues today many non prefab restaurants including franchises like denny s have copied the look of s diners for nostalgia nostalgic appeal while waffle houses an interior layout derived from the diner manhattan was once known for its diners the moondance diner washipped to wyoming to make room for development diners provide in rather the same way that fast food fast food chains do a nationwide recognizable fairly uniform place to eat and assemble the types ofood served are likely to be consistent especially within a region exceptions being districts with large immigrant populations in which diners and caf coffee shop s will often cater their menus to those local cuisines as are the prices charged athe same time diners have much more individuality than fast food chains the structures menus and even owners and staff while having a certain degree of similarity to each other vary much more widely than the more rigidly standardized chain and franchise restaurants the poirier s diner and munson diner both manufactured by the kullman dining car company of lebanonew jersey are listed on the national register of historic places in media file john s diner by john baederjpg thumb john baeder john s diner with john s chevelle diners are the focus of several artists including photorealism photorealist painter john baeder who spent about years painting diners across the us films and television centering aroundiners includes waitress film waitress a film about a diner waiting staff waitress the food network show diners drive ins andives and pennsylvania diners and otheroadside restaurants a documentary alternate spellings the wordiner isometimespelledinor in western pennsylvaniadiners of pennsylvania by brian butko and kevin patrick stackpole books nd edition may and file nyc diner togo cheeseburger deluxejpg thumb left upright a bacon cheeseburger from a new york city diner in a to go container comes with a pickle slice onion rings coleslaw and french fries file milkshakes at mels dinerjpg thumb upright many dinerserve a metal cup alongside a milkshake containing what cannot fit in the glass diners almost invariably serve american food such as hamburger s french fries club sandwich es and other simple fare much of the food is grilled as early diners were based around a grill cookingrill there is often an emphasis on breakfast foodsuch as egg food eggs including omelette s waffle s pancake s and french toast like the british greasy spoon the typical american diner serves mainly fried or grilled food for examplegg food fried eggs bacon hamburgers hot dog s hash brown s waffles pancakes omelettes deep fried chicken food chicken patty melt s and sausage s these are often accompanied by baked beans french fries cole slaw or toast some dinerserve these breakfast foods throughouthe business day and others who focus on breakfast may close at around pm these are most commonly known as pancake house s coffee is ubiquitous at diners if not always of high quality many diners do not serve alcoholic drink s although some may serve beer and inexpensive wine while others particularly inew jersey and on long island carry a full drink menu including mixedrinks many dinerserve hand blended milkshake s the food is usually quite inexpensive with a decent meal sandwich side dish drink available for less than ten dollars there is regional variation among diners with traditional regional american food in michigand the ohio valley at coney island restaurant coney island style restaurants coney island hot dog coney dogs are served as are certain types of greek cuisine like gyro food gyros influenced by greek diner owners indianand illinois fried pork tenderloin sandwiches are typically on the menu the northeast has more of a focus on seafood with clams fried clams and shrimp fried shrimp commonly found in maine in pennsylvania cheesesteak sandwiches and scrapple are fixtures in most diners in the southwest serve tamal dish tamal es in the southern us typical breakfast dishes include grits biscuits and gravy and soul food such as fried chicken and collard greens inew jersey the pork roll egg and cheese sandwich is a staple of many diners many diners have transparent display cases in or behind the counter for the dessert s it is common with new diners to have the desserts displayed in rotating pie cases typical desserts include a variety of pie s often on view in a separate transparent case most diners inew york and chicago alsoffer cheesecake immigrant influenceseveral foreign ethnic influences have been introduced into the diner industry many diners in the united statespecially inew jersey illinois new york massachusetts pennsylvaniand connecticut are owned or operated by greeks greek americans eastern european owners chiefly polish ukrainiand eastern european jews are also typical italian people italian americans also have a notable presence and in some places where there are significant latino populations mexican people mexicans and cuban people cubans may also have notable presences these influences can be seen in certain frequent additions to diner menusuch as greek moussaka slavic blintz es and jewish matzah balls matzah ball soup deli style sandwiches eg corned beef pastrami reubens and bagels and lox see also chaan teng the term for diners in hong kong dhaba the term for diners india diner lingo greasy spoon list of diners lunch countereferences furthereading baeder john diners rev and updated new york abrams butko briand kevin patrick diners of pennsylvania mechanicsburg pa stackpole books garbin randy diners of new england mechanicsburg pa stackpole books gutman richard j s american diner then and now new york harperperennial witzel michael karl the american diner mbi publishing company greasin up the griddle and rollinto history the journal of antiques and collectibles august retrieved on december charles palmer s patent externalinks category diners category american culture category canadian culture category architectural styles category fast food category nightlife category northeastern united states category types of 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company diner small fast_food_restauranthat found northeastern_united_states midwest well parts us canadand parts western_europe diners offer wide_range ofoods mostly american cuisine distinct exterior structure casual atmosphere long counter bar stool patrons eatheir meals late operating hours diners frequently stay open_hours day especially cities towns busy bar scene factories shift work night shift workers bar post last call bar term last call venue socialize get food well workers leaving factories historically provided key part customer base diners usually prefabricated factories like mobile home andelivered restaurant site result many early diners typically small narrow fit onto rail car truck delivery restaurant site diners expanded years additions onto prefabricated structure many contemporary diners fully built site historically small business operated owner however_many diners currently operated chains diners typically serve american food hamburger french_fries club sandwich simple quickly cooked inexpensive fare much food grilled early diners based around grill coffee ubiquitous beverage diners even always high_quality diners often serve hand blended milkshake pie typically displayed glass case classic american diners often exterior layer stainlessteel siding feature unique diner architecture cases nostalgic retro style features also_found old movie theatre file thumb rosebud restored worcester lunch car somerville massachusetts file thumb diner heights new_jersey first diner created walter scott sold food horse pulled wagon employees providence journal providence rhode_island scott diner considered first diner walk service windows side wagon commercial production lunch wagons began worcester massachusetts worcester massachusetts thomas wasuccessful became_known white_house cafe wagons charles first patent diner whiche billed night lunch wagon built fancy night cafes night lunch wagons worcester area manufacturing inc dining_car company jerry diner company dining_car company mountain_view diners company silk city diners dining_cars worcester lunch car company sterling diners inspired streamlined trains especially burlington designed diner shape streamlined train called sterling built john b company coach company built custom car bodies sterling diner production ceased athe_beginning american involvement world_war ii two sterling remain operation salem diner modern diner rhode_island file diner interiorjpg thumb_interior sterling curved ceiling number seats increased wagons gave way pre fabricated buildings made many manufacturers made wagons like lunch wagon stationary diner allowed one set food_service business quickly using pre assembled equipment great_depression diner manufacturers customers located northeast diner manufacturing suffered industries depression though much many industries diner offered less expensive way getting restaurant business well less expensive food formal establishments world_war ii theconomy returned civilian production suburb attractive small business opportunity beyond original urband small_town marketo highway suburbs even reaching midwest valentine many_areas diners fast_food_restaurants parts new_jersey new_york new_england states delaware pennsylvania independently relatively common since newly lack original narrow stainlessteel streamlined appearance usually much bigger buildings though still made several prefabricated modules assembled site manufactured old line diner builders wide_variety architectural styles used later diners including cape cod house cape cod colonial architecture colonial styles old style single module diners featuring long counter small grew additional dining_rooms lavish wallpaper fountains crystal greek definition term diner began older received conventional frame leaving original structure nearly new construction renovated facade businesses called diners built onsite prefabricated began appear larger establishments sometimes known like mobile home original style diner narrow allows roadway transportation restaurant site traditional diner service counter interior preparation back wall floor mounted stools customers front larger models may row booths againsthe front wall decor varied time diners feature art_decor copy appearance rail dining_cars though fact refurbished rail cars featured porcelain withe name written front others bands others many barrel vault tile floors common diners tended use stainlessteel panels porcelain glass blocks floors formica plastic neon sign trim diners built generally architecture laid like restaurants retaining aspects traditional diner architecture stainlessteel art_deco elements usually others small size emphasis counter cultural significance diners attract wide spectrum local_populations generally small business mid twentieth_century onwards seen culture united_states american reflecting perceived cultural diversity country large throughout much th_century diners particularly northeastern_united_states northeast often owned operated greek american immigrant families presence greek casual food like gyro food several diners menus diners frequently stay open_hours day especially cities america widespread hour public establishments making essential part urban culture alongside bars nightclubs two segments urban culture often find many diners get late_night business persons departing drinking_establishments many diners also historically placed near factories operated hours day shift work night shift workers providing key part customer base meant diners could serve isolation edward hopper edward hopper iconic painting depicts diner occupants late_nighthe diner painting based greenwich village chosen part diners americana meaning thathe scene could taken city country also diner place isolated individuals long would naturally drawn spread diner meanthat possible hopper institution role fifteen years earlier used automat painting automat night restaurant rule diners american optimism norman rockwell made painting american placing young boy protective highway athe counter anonymous diner norman rockwell television cinema happy days grease film grease film diners soda_fountain come symbolize period prosperity optimism america shown place meet school essential part date television show alice tv_series alice used diner setting program one often regular feature diner cultural influence continues today many non restaurants including franchises like copied look diners nostalgia nostalgic appeal waffle houses interior layout derived diner manhattan known diners diner wyoming make_room development diners provide rather way fast_food fast_food chains nationwide recognizable fairly uniform place eat types_ofood served likely consistent especially within region exceptions districts large immigrant populations diners caf coffee_shop often cater menus local cuisines prices charged athe_time diners much fast_food chains structures menus even owners staff certain degree vary much widely standardized chain franchise restaurants diner diner manufactured dining_car company jersey listed national_register historic_places media file john diner john thumb john john diner john diners focus several artists including painter john spent years painting diners across us films television includes waitress film waitress film diner waiting_staff waitress food_network show diners drive_ins andives pennsylvania diners restaurants documentary alternate spellings western pennsylvania brian kevin patrick stackpole books edition may file nyc diner cheeseburger thumb left upright bacon cheeseburger new_york city diner go container comes onion rings french_fries file thumb upright many dinerserve metal cup alongside milkshake containing cannot fit glass diners almost invariably serve american food hamburger french_fries club sandwich simple fare much food grilled early diners based around grill often emphasis breakfast foodsuch egg food eggs including waffle pancake french toast like british greasy_spoon typical american diner serves mainly fried grilled food food fried eggs bacon hamburgers hot_dog brown waffles pancakes deep_fried chicken food chicken melt sausage often accompanied baked beans french_fries cole toast dinerserve breakfast foods throughouthe business day others focus breakfast may close around commonly_known pancake_house coffee ubiquitous diners always high_quality many diners serve_alcoholic drink although may_serve beer inexpensive wine others particularly inew jersey long island carry full drink menu including many dinerserve hand blended milkshake food usually quite inexpensive meal sandwich side dish drink available less ten dollars regional variation among diners traditional regional american food michigand ohio valley coney_island restaurant coney_island style_restaurants coney_island hot_dog coney dogs served certain types greek cuisine like gyro food influenced greek diner owners indianand illinois fried pork sandwiches typically menu northeast focus seafood clams fried clams shrimp fried shrimp commonly found maine pennsylvania sandwiches diners southwest serve dish southern us typical breakfast dishes include biscuits gravy soul food fried_chicken greens inew jersey pork roll egg cheese sandwich staple many diners many diners transparent display cases behind counter dessert common new diners desserts displayed rotating pie cases typical desserts include variety pie often view separate transparent case diners inew_york chicago alsoffer immigrant foreign ethnic influences introduced diner industry many diners united_statespecially inew jersey illinois new_york massachusetts pennsylvaniand connecticut owned operated greeks greek americans eastern_european owners chiefly polish eastern_european jews also typical italian people italian americans also notable presence places significant latino populations mexican people mexicans cuban people may_also notable influences seen certain frequent additions diner greek jewish balls ball soup deli style sandwiches beef pastrami lox see_also chaan teng term diners hong_kong dhaba term diners india diner lingo greasy_spoon list diners lunch furthereading john diners rev updated new_york kevin patrick diners pennsylvania stackpole books randy diners new_england stackpole books richard j american diner new_york michael karl american diner publishing_company history journal august retrieved december charles palmer patent externalinks_category diners category_american culture_category canadian culture_category architectural styles category_fast_food category nightlife category northeastern_united_states category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Diner lingo","description":"file salemdiner salemassachusettsjpg thumb salem diner in salemassachusetts usa diner lingo is a kind of american verbal slang used by cooks and chefs in diner s andiner style restaurants and by the wait staff to communicate their orders to the cooks usage of terms with similar meaning propagated by oral culture within each establishment may vary by region or even among restaurants in the same locale it is virtually unknown outside the us the origin of the lingo is unknown buthere is evidence suggesting it may have been used by waiters as early as the s and s many of the terms used are lighthearted and tongue in cheek and some are a bit racy oribald but are helpful mnemonic devices for short order cooks and staff diner lingo was most popular in diner s and luncheonette s from the s to the see also coffeehouse coffee shop greasy spoon list of restauranterminology waffle house furthereading dinerlingocom the history of diner lingo and new york eating houses research glossary by barbara kuck culinary historian curator chicago culinary museum and chefs hall ofame and tom robertszathm ry distinguished visiting professor of gastronomy category restauranterminology category diners category english based argots category occupational 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occupational"],"new_description":"file thumb salem diner usa diner lingo kind american slang used cooks chefs diner style_restaurants wait_staff communicate orders cooks usage terms similar meaning oral culture within establishment may vary region even among restaurants locale virtually unknown outside us origin lingo unknown buthere evidence suggesting may used waiters early many terms used tongue bit helpful devices short order cooks staff diner lingo popular diner see_also coffeehouse coffee_shop greasy_spoon list restauranterminology waffle house furthereading history diner lingo new_york eating houses research glossary barbara culinary historian curator chicago culinary museum chefs hall_ofame tom distinguished visiting professor gastronomy category_restauranterminology category diners category_english based category occupational"},{"title":"Dining car","description":"file restaurant car in austriajpg thumb right a dining car on an austrian inter city train a dining car american english or a restaurant car british english also a diner is a railroad passenger carail passenger car that serves meals in the manner of a full service sit down restaurant it is distinct from otherailroad food service cars that do not duplicate the full service restaurant experience such as cars in which one purchases food from a walk up counter to be consumed either within the car or elsewhere in the train grill cars in which customersit on stools at a counter and purchase and consume food cooked on a grill behind the counter are generally considered to be an intermediate type of dining car file notice to passengers this train does not stop for mealsjpg thumb notice from the central pacific railroad ca file b o dining carjpg thumb dining car queen on the royal blue train b o royal blue in before dining cars in passenger trains were common in the united states a rail passenger s option for meal service in transit was to patronize one of the roadhouses often located near the railroad s water stop s fare typically consisted of rancid meat cold beans and old coffee such poor conditions discouraged many fromaking the journey most railroads began offering meal service on trains even before the firstranscontinental railroad by the mid s dedicatedining cars were a normal part of long distance trains from chicago to points west save those of the atchison topekand santa fe railway santa fe railway which relied on america s first interstate network of restaurants to feed passengers en route the fred harvey company notable fred harvey hotels harvey houses located strategically along the line served top quality meals to railroad patrons during water stops and other planned layovers and were favored over in transit facilities for all trains operating west of kansas city missouri kansas city as competition among railroads intensifiedining car service was taken to new levels when the santa fe unveiled its new pleasure dome railcar pleasure dome lounge cars in the railroad introduced the travelling public to the turquoise room promoted as the only private dining room in the world on rails the room accommodated guests and could be reserved anytime for private dinner or cocktail parties or other special functions the room was often used by celebrities andignitaries traveling on the super chief edwin kachel was a steward for more than twenty five years in the dining car department of the great northern railway he said that on a dining car threelements can be considered thequipmenthemployee then passenger in other words the whole is constituted by two thirds of human parts as cross country train travel became more commonplace passengers began to expect high quality food to be served athe meals on board the level of meal service on trains in the s and s rivaled that of high end restaurants and clubs elegance is one of the main words used to describe the concept of dining on a train use ofresh ingredients was encouraged whenever possible some of the dishes prepared by chefs were braiseduck cumberland hungarian beef goulash with potato dumplings lobster americaine mountain trout au bleu curry of lamb madrascalloped brusselsprouts pecand orange sticks and pennepicure pie to name a few items the christmas menu for the chicago milwaukee st paul railway in listed the following items hunter soup salmon withollandaise sauce boned pheasant in aspic jelly chicken salad salmis prairie chicken oyster patties rice croquette roast beef english ribs of beef turkey with cranberry sauce stuffed suckling pig with applesauce antelope steak with currant jelly potatoes green peas tomatoesweet potatoes mince pie plum pudding cake ice cream fruits and coffee dining car configuration file pullman orient express taurusjpg thumb pullman dining car in one of the most common dining car configurations onend of the car contains a galley kitchen galley with an aisle nexto it so passengers can pass through the car to the rest of the train while the other end has table or booth seating on either side of a center aisle trains withigh demand for dining car servicesometimes feature double unit dining cars consisting of two adjacent cars functioning to somextent as a singlentity generally with one car containing a galley plus table or booth seating and the other car containing table or booth seating only in the dining cars of amtrak s modern bilevel superlinerailcar superliner trains booth seating on either side of a center aisle occupies almosthentire upper level while the galley is below food isento the upper level on a dumbwaiter elevator dumbwaiter dining cars enhance the familiarestaurant experience withe unique visual entertainment of thever changing viewhile dining cars are less common today than in the past having been supplemented or in some cases replaced altogether by other types ofood service cars they still play a significant role in passengerailroading especially on medium and long distance trains today a number of tourist oriented railroads offer dinner excursions to capitalize on the public s fascination withe dining car experience the u tram line between the german cities of d sseldorf and krefeld offers a bistrowagen dining car in german where passengers can order drinks and snacks this practise comes from thearly th century when interurban trams conveyed a dining car despite the introduction of modern tram units tramstill have a bistrowagen and operatevery weekday file viadiningcara jpg the dining car of the via rail canadian prepared for meal service file wagons lits dining car in austria in jpg wagons lits dining car in austria in file service galley santa fe cochitijpg the pantry aboard former santa fe dining car the cochiti over a million meals were served in the car which remained in service through the late s file luxury on wheelsjpg an s print advertisement extolling the virtues of meal service aboard the chicago and alton railroad file indian railways kitchen coach jpg indian railways dining car 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car thumb right dining_car austrian inter city train dining_car american_english restaurant car british_english also diner railroad passenger passenger car serves meals manner full_service sit restaurant distinct food_service cars full_service restaurant experience cars one purchases food walk counter consumed either within car elsewhere train grill cars stools counter purchase consume food cooked grill behind counter generally considered intermediate type dining_car file notice passengers train stop thumb notice central pacific railroad file b dining thumb dining_car queen royal blue train b royal blue dining_cars passenger trains common united_states rail passenger option meal service transit one roadhouses often located_near railroad water stop fare typically consisted meat cold beans old coffee poor conditions discouraged many journey railroads began offering meal service trains even railroad mid cars normal part long_distance trains chicago points west save atchison santa railway santa railway relied america first interstate network restaurants feed passengers route fred harvey company notable fred harvey hotels harvey houses located along line served top quality meals railroad patrons water stops planned favored transit facilities trains operating west kansas_city missouri kansas_city competition among railroads car service taken new levels santa unveiled new pleasure dome pleasure dome lounge cars railroad introduced travelling public room promoted private dining_room world room accommodated guests could reserved private dinner cocktail parties special functions room often_used celebrities traveling super chief edwin twenty five_years dining_car department great northern railway said dining_car considered passenger words whole constituted two_thirds human parts cross_country train travel became commonplace passengers began expect high_quality food_served athe meals board level meal service trains high_end_restaurants clubs one main words used describe concept dining train use ofresh ingredients encouraged whenever possible dishes prepared chefs cumberland hungarian beef potato dumplings lobster mountain trout bleu curry lamb orange sticks pie name items christmas menu chicago milwaukee st paul railway listed following items hunter soup salmon sauce pheasant chicken salad prairie chicken oyster rice roast beef english ribs beef turkey sauce stuffed pig antelope steak potatoes green peas potatoes pie pudding cake ice_cream fruits coffee dining_car configuration file express thumb dining_car one common dining_car configurations onend car contains galley kitchen galley nexto passengers pass car rest train end table booth seating either side center trains withigh demand dining_car feature double unit dining_cars consisting two adjacent cars functioning somextent generally one car containing galley plus table booth seating car containing table booth seating dining_cars modern trains booth seating either side center occupies upper level galley food upper level elevator dining_cars enhance experience withe unique visual entertainment changing dining_cars less_common today past supplemented cases replaced altogether types_ofood service cars still play significant role especially medium long_distance trains today number tourist oriented railroads offer dinner excursions capitalize public fascination withe dining_car experience tram line german cities sseldorf offers dining_car german passengers order drinks snacks comes thearly_th century dining_car despite introduction modern tram units file_jpg dining_car via rail canadian prepared meal service file wagons dining_car austria jpg wagons dining_car austria file service galley santa pantry aboard former santa dining_car million meals served car remained service late file luxury print advertisement meal service aboard chicago alton railroad file indian railways kitchen coach jpg indian railways dining_car kitchen see_also buffet car troop troop kitchen el fred harvey company lists named passenger trains napa_valley wine train super chief dining aboard super chief dining aboard super chief private railroad car air line furthereading notes dining_cars watson australian railway historical_society bulletin september pp train catering inew south_wales chris australian railway historical_society bulletin march july pp externalinks atchison santa railway photographs short history super chief dining_car built erie dining_car preservation society restoration two historic dining_cars recreate dinner diner springs north arkansas railway dining_car service new dining_car category passenger coaches category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Dining room","description":"file freilichtmuseum detmold jpg thumb historical example of a domestic dining room in germany a dining room is a room architecture room for eating consuming food in modern times it is usually adjacento the kitchen for convenience in serving although in medieval times it was often on an entirely different floor level historically the dining room is furnished with a rather large dining table and a number of dining chairs the most common shape is generally rectangular with two armed end chairs and an evenumber of un armed side chairs along the long sides history file a cut palace inside jpg thumb dining room in the a cut castle poland in the middle ages upper class british people briton s and other europe anobility in castle s or large manor house s dined in the great hall this was a large multi function room capable of seating the bulk of the population of the house the family would sit athead table on a raisedais withe rest of the population arrayed in order of diminishing rank away from them tables in the great hall would tend to be long trestle tables with benches the sheer number of people in a great hall meant it would probably have had a busy bustling atmosphere suggestions that it would also have been quite smelly and smoky are probably by the standards of the time unfounded these rooms had large chimneys and high ceilings and there would have been a free flow of air through the numerous door and window openings it is true thathe owners of such properties began to develop a taste for more intimate gatherings in smaller parlers or privee parlers off the main hall buthis thoughto be due as much to political and social changes as to the greater comfort afforded by such rooms in the first instance the black deathat ravaged europe in the th century caused a shortage of labour and this had led to a breakdown in the feudal system also the religious persecutions following the dissolution of the monasteries under henry viii made it unwise to talk freely in front of large numbers of people over time the nobility took more of their meals in the parlour and the parlour became functionally a dining room or wasplit into two separate rooms it also migrated farther from the great hall often accessed via grand ceremonial staircase s from the dais in the great hall eventually dining in the great hall became something that was done primarily on special occasions toward the beginning of the th century a pattern emerged where the ladies of the house would withdraw after dinner from the dining room to the drawing room the gentlemen would remain the dining room having drinks the dining room tended to take on a more masculine tenor as a result contemporary usage file orange dining roomjpg thumb example of a modern day dining room from the united states a typical north american dining room will contain a table with chairs arranged along the sides and ends of the table as well as other pieces ofurniture often used for storing formal chinaspace permits often tables in modern dining rooms will have a removableaf to allow for the larger number of people present on those special occasions withoutaking up extra space whenot in use although the typical family dining experience is at a wooden table or some sort of kitchen area some choose to make their dining rooms more comfortable by using couches or comfortable chairs in modern united states americand canadian homes the dining room is typically adjacento the living room being increasingly used only formal dining with guests or on special occasions for informal daily meals most medium size houses and larger will have a space adjacento the kitchen where table and chairs can be placed larger spaces are often known as a dinette while a smaller one is called a breakfast nook smaller houses and condos may have a breakfast bar instead often of a different heighthan the regular kitchen counter eitheraised for stools or lowered for chairs if a home lacks a dinette breakfast nook or breakfast bar then the kitchen or family room will be used for day to day eating this was traditionally the case in united kingdom britain where the dining room would for many families be used only on sundays other meals being eaten in the kitchen in australia the use of a dining room istill prevalent yet not an essential part of modern home design for most it is considered a space to be useduring formal occasions or celebrationsmaller homes akin to the usand canada use a breakfast bar or table placed within the confines of a kitchen or living space for mealsee also file the main dining room fujiya hotel miyanoshita hakonejpg thumb a japanesexample the dining room of the fujiya hotel in hakone cafeteria refectory category types of restaurants category 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middle_ages upper_class british people briton europe castle large manor house great hall large multi function room capable seating bulk population house family would sit table withe rest population order diminishing rank away tables great hall would tend long trestle tables benches sheer number people great hall meant would probably busy bustling atmosphere suggestions would_also quite smoky probably standards time rooms large high would free flow air numerous door window openings true thathe owners properties began develop taste intimate gatherings smaller main hall buthis thoughto due much political social changes greater comfort afforded rooms first instance black europe th_century caused shortage labour led system also religious following dissolution monasteries henry viii made talk freely front large_numbers people time nobility took meals parlour parlour became dining_room two separate rooms also migrated farther great hall often accessed via grand ceremonial great hall eventually dining great hall became something done primarily special occasions toward beginning th_century pattern emerged ladies house would dinner dining_room drawing room gentlemen would remain dining_room drinks dining_room tended take result contemporary usage file orange dining thumb example modern_day dining_room united_states typical north_american dining_room contain table chairs arranged along sides ends table well pieces often_used storing formal permits often tables modern dining_rooms allow larger number people present special occasions extra space use although typical family dining experience wooden table sort kitchen area choose make dining_rooms comfortable using comfortable chairs modern united_states americand canadian homes dining_room typically adjacento living_room increasingly used formal dining guests special occasions informal daily meals medium size houses larger space adjacento kitchen table chairs placed larger spaces often known smaller one called breakfast smaller houses may breakfast bar instead often different regular kitchen counter stools lowered chairs home lacks breakfast breakfast bar kitchen family room used day day eating traditionally case united_kingdom britain dining_room would many families used sundays meals eaten kitchen australia use dining_room istill prevalent yet essential part modern home design considered space useduring formal occasions homes akin usand canada use breakfast bar table placed within kitchen living space also file main dining_room hotel thumb dining_room hotel cafeteria refectory category_types restaurants_category rooms"},{"title":"Dinner theater","description":"dinner theater sometimes calledinner and a show is a form of entertainmenthat combines a restaurant meal with a staged play theatre play or musical sometimes the play is incidental entertainment secondary to the meal in the style of a sophisticated night club or the play may be a major production with dinner less important or in some cases optional dinner theaterequires the management of three distinct entities a live theater a restaurant and usually a bar the madrigal dinner in the middle ages might be considered thearliest dinner theater thearliest dinner theaterservedinner in one room and staged the play in another those are now known as theatrestaurants a dinner theater subclassificationlynk william dinner theatre a survey andirectory page greenwood publishing barksdale theatre barksdale theatre in richmond virginia founded in by david and nancy kilgore athe historic hanover tavern was the first formal dinner theater in the united statesmcauley muriel going onbarksdale theatre the firsthirty one years page taylor publishingalbraith kate new york times december do it yourself entertainment way off broadway retrieved calos katherine discoverrichmondcom july no barking at barksdale retrieved after theatre was established an adjoining room in theatre was changed to accommodate a buffet dinner for groups attending the performanceventually becoming available to all patrons however barksdale prefers to be known as a theatre that happens to have a restaurant andinner is optional their brochure stateslynk william dinner theatre a survey andirectory page greenwood publishing they are a professional non profitheatre virginia is for lovers website barksdale theatre beef boards dinner theatre beef boards dinner theatre indianapolis indiana opened in march and was one of a chain of dinner theatres founded by j scottalbott it has a seat house and features broadway shows and concerts preceded by a buffet dinner it alsoffers a live theatre for kidseries each season it is a professional theatre and member of actors equity association meadowbrook theatrestaurant cedar grove new jersey located half an hour fromanhattan was the location of the secondinner theater the meadowbrook theatrestaurant which opened in it lasted onlyears in part due to seats of table service nearby competition from broadway theatre broadway and actors equity association requirements thathe facility follow the rules that applied to broadway theatres including pay scales and otherestrictions drury lane theatres tony desantis opened the martinique restaurant in evergreen park illinois evergreen park illinois and began producing plays in a tent adjacento the restauranto attract customersabarbanel jonathan performink stories april tony desantis and his new drury lane theatre thenterprise wasuccessful prompting him to build his firstheater drury lanevergreen park in it was the first of six dinner theaters he started and a local entertainment landmark for years before closing in munsonancy knight ridder tribune business news june wal marto replace dinner theater in evergreen park il drury lane north began operations in but wasoon sold to the marriott lincolnshiresort and became the marriottheatre drury lane oak brook terrace opened in and benefited from what desantis had learned over the years the facility uses local performers to keep costs down theater isurrounded by bars restaurants and banquet roomshows are limited to musicals and there is no charge for parking candlelightheatrestauranthe first facility where dinner and the showere together in one room was the candlelightheatrestaurant in washington dc bill pullinsi was a theater student in who conceived and implemented thentertainment concept athe presidential arms hotel during summer breaks athe catholic university of americatholic university the venture wasuccessful but pullinsi was unable to converto a yearound operation due to the hotel s convention business pullinsi returned to his chicago home and opened the candlelight dinner playhouse first in a building owned by his grandfather then in a new facility with seating for constructed withe help of his family the candlelight introduced several innovations including the hydraulic stage lighting equipment located in the mezzanine and stage wagons on wheelslynk william dinner theatre a survey andirectory pages greenwood publishing barn dinner theatre file howard wolfe portrait jpg thumb right px howard wolfe howardouglass wolfe was an entrepreneur from roanoke virginia who created the barn dinner theatre franchising franchise and was tagged father of dinner theater he began the franchise in with longtime friend and business partner conley jones the chaincluded theaters inew york state new york virginia north carolina tennessee texas louisianand georgia ustate georgia each franchise featured his architectural barn designs farm themedecorations that included a plow and other tools and wolfe s elevator whiche patented as the magic stage athend of an act or scene the stage wouldisappear into the ceiling then reappeaready for the next scene the whole process took less than a minute during the franchise phase of the barn all the productions were staged at a studio inew york city then sent outo the individual theatersteverbaugh don st petersburg times august florida s first barn dinner theatre may open in city athe break up of the franchise the production facilities were moved to their present location inashville back in its early days the performance s cast not only acted on stage they were the waiters and waitresses actors were selected and cast inew york and resided in living quarters above theater for the duration of the productions robert de niro reportedly acted athe barn in greensboro until he was fired in the middle of a show mickey rooney and many other well known performers have also acted in roles athe barn the barn in greensboro north carolina was founded in and is the oldest continuously running dinner theater in americand the last of the original barn dinner theatres barn dinner theatre history of the barn though a barn franchise opened inashville inow called chaffin s barn dinner theatre chaffin s barn dinner theatre is also still in operation alhambra dinner theatre the alhambra dinner theatre in jacksonville florida was opened in by leon simon it was purchased in by tod booth who left chicago s drury lane theatre illinois drury lane theatre s the alhambra is the second oldest dinner theater still open in the united states and the oldest in floridacapitano laura florida times union may for dinner and a showhy not head to the alhambra the facility uses a thrustage to provide all seats with an unobstructed view chanhassen dinner theatres chanhassen dinner theatres in minneapolisaint paul minnesota were founded in herbloomberg who designed and builthexpanded old log theater near lake minnetonka subsequently constructed and operated the chanhassen dinner theatres the old log theater has an attachedining room and revenue from food sales is necessary for financial success buthey are not a dinner theater minnesota monthly may wise guys the chanhassen claims to be the largest professional dinner theater in the us the main stage seats the fireside theatre containseats for non dining patrons and the playhouse theatre has tables for chanhassen website seating carousel dinner theatre the carousel dinner theatre with seats was the largest dinner theater in the united states until it closed on january it was first opened in then moved to downtown akron ohio in to what had been a nightclub withe style and glitz of las vegas valley las vegas theater was a victim of the late s economicrisis thatightened credit after years of bad investments by major financial institutionsbrown tony cleveland plain dealer january akron s carousel dinner theatre has its final performance riddlesbrood theater in addition to typical dinner theater fare murder mystery shows comedy shows and some community theater the burlingtonew jersey based riddlesbrood touring theater company also stages productions with a self help message some of their shows have been performed entirely in constructed languages made up languages and have incorporated ideas from the new thought movementvanderhoof tricia it s thend of the world as we know it and the riddlesbrood players feel fine daily record morristown daily recordecember the s were theyday of dinner theaters which provided popularegional entertainment for local audiences alhambra dinner theatre owner tod booth noted that in there were professional dinner theaters in operationnoles randy florida times union august guess who came to dinner particularly popular were the dinner theaters who used former movie names to star in the productions van johnson lana turner don amecheve arden mickey rooney june allyson shelley winters dorothy lamour tab hunter betty grable sandra dee mamie van doren joan blondell debbie reynolds cyd charisse kathryn grayson betty hutton jane withers martha rayelke sommer donald o connoroddy mcdowall jane russell cesaromero and ann miller are just a few of the stars of the golden era of hollywood who found success in the field also popular were stars and character actors from well remembered television series from earlier yearsuch as betty white ann b davis vivian vance bob denver joanne worley bernie kopell dawn wells ken berry gavin macleod nancy kulp and frank sutton burt reynolds owned a dinner theater in jupiter florida from to roadside america burt reynolds and friends museum as did actor earl holliman whowned the fiesta dinner playhouse in santonio texas brumburgh gary mcomet earl holliman biography the derby dinner playhouse in clarksville indiana opened in and wastill open in operating continuously for years they utilized a magic stage similar to those used by the barn dinner theatre an orchestra if utilized plays in the attic out of sightsuddeath daniel news and tribune february derby dinner playhouse continuesuccess with unique atmosphere in clarksville the boom seemed to end in the mid s with many of them closing and most no longer able to afford or attract celebrities even faded ones to star in their productions aging starstarted receiving offers for television and commercial work and they stoppedoing dinner theater alhambra dinner theatre owner tod booth commented they could make more in a day doing a commercial than they could make during thentire run of dinner theater show and they did not have to travel plus a lot of the stars justartedying off it was a fine gig for a while booth went on to say that in you could counthe number of surviving professional dinner theaters on two hands there was a stigmattached to dinner theater and audiences gotired ofluff showsuch as the last of the red hot lovers and arsenic and old lace play arsenic and old lace according to booth a lot of that was crapatton charlie florida times union march curtain call in response to criticism and the change in available talent many theaterstarted using up and coming but relatively unknown actors and began toffer new broadway shows they promoted the shows rather than the stars after there seemed to be a resurgence with a number of new dinner theaters opening chicago s original drury lane water tower place was founded in but closed in a new million version opened on may the desert star theater in murray utah opened a dinner theater in liljegren tom the utah statesman august boo and hiss atom cruise athe desert star and the gathering dinner theatre in jacksonville opened in early bull roger florida times union december new dinner theater planned athend of the national dinner theatre association had members galbraith kate new york times december do it yourself entertainment way off broadway up from only in differentypes union vs non union there is a basic distinction between union and non union theaters the former are known as equity theatres where performers are members of the actors equity association aea the union that represents professional stage actors and stage managers union shows have a higher overhead because actor s equity contracts typically require theater to pay for lodging a minimum salary insurance and pension payments as well as other work rules regarding auditions and hiringlynk william dinner theatre a survey andirectory pages greenwood publishing the reduction in professional dinner theaters from in to in was not because the facilities went out of business those theaters changed to non union to reducexpenses typically actors are still housed paid a competitive salary among non union theaters and sometimes even fed however salary for non union actors may be significantly less than that of a union actor commercial vs non profitony desantis had a lifetime of experience with restaurants andinner theater he claimed that you could make money with a restaurant but it was the alcohol sales that were profitable if you brokeven when operating a theater you were successful while many theaters operate as not for profit organizations in order to take advantage of grants and funding from government agencies or private foundations most dinner theaters are commercial businesses due to the management and capital requirements of botheater and restaurant operations commercial dinner theatres will have showsix or sevenights a week as well as matinees they will also have short breaks between shows usually less than a week a typical non profit is the starlight dinner theatre in lansing michigan where the dinner is catered the shows are staged at a school cafetorium and the season includes only four productions with four performances per production friday and saturday nightstarlight dinner theatre welcome most non profits also use amateur actors or the leading role may be a professional withe rest of the cast composed of amateurs vacation destinationsuch as las vegas destin florida branson missouri anaheim and los angeles have seen themergence of specialty dinner theaters where the show stays the same for an extended run because the vast majority of their customers are tourists not local residents the most popular vacation destination in the united states orlando florida had more than a dozen competing for a share of the billion thatouristspent in through the sixteen dinner theaters opened and closed thereapplegate jane los angeles business journal november dinner theater is a tough sell in capital of tourismurder mystery game s mm are interactive dinner theater events that have become a popular segment of their own the productions may be public where anyone can attend for the price of admission or private where a company social group organization sponsors an event for its members while utilizing the dinner and a show concept mm generally targets a smaller audience than typical dinner theater with public performances featuring professional actors while private showings may offeroles to the guests who participate in the production as either characters or detectives wedding comedy isimilar to murder mystery because the staging requirements are minimal and the audience has interaction withe actors while they perform joey and maria s comedy italian wedding was written by darlyne franklin and the franchise rights were sold in hawkins brenda naples news march join the action in comedy dinner theater other examples include tony n tina s wedding frankie gina s comedy wedding and a gay version joni and gina s wedding riverboat dinner cruises combine showboat with a meal obviously they are limited to locations on a navigable body of water such as the showboat branson belle or the goldenrod showboat goldenrod showboathere are numerous murder mystery dinner cruises madrigal dinner s aka madrigal feasts are seasonal typically helduring the christmaseason they are often staged by educational oreligious entities for fundraising and include food music singing poetry humor costumes and a play from the middle ages ranging fromedieval to the renaissance periods madrigal traditions what is a madrigal dinner see also cabaret list of dinner theaters externalinks national dinner theater association website category theatrical genres category types of restaurants category dinner 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important cases optional dinner management three distinct entities live theater restaurant usually bar madrigal dinner middle_ages might considered thearliest dinner_theater thearliest dinner one room staged play another known dinner_theater william dinner_theatre survey andirectory page greenwood publishing barksdale theatre barksdale theatre richmond virginia founded david nancy athe historic hanover tavern first formal dinner_theater united muriel going theatre one_years page taylor kate new_york times december entertainment way broadway retrieved katherine july barking barksdale retrieved theatre established adjoining room theatre changed accommodate buffet dinner groups attending becoming available patrons however barksdale known theatre happens restaurant andinner optional brochure william dinner_theatre survey andirectory page greenwood publishing professional non virginia lovers website barksdale theatre beef boards dinner_theatre beef boards dinner_theatre indianapolis indiana opened march one chain dinner_theatres founded j seat house features broadway shows concerts preceded buffet dinner alsoffers live theatre season professional theatre member actors equity association cedar grove new_jersey located half hour location theater opened lasted part due seats table_service nearby competition broadway theatre broadway actors equity association requirements thathe facility follow rules applied broadway theatres including pay drury_lane theatres tony desantis opened restaurant evergreen park illinois evergreen park illinois began producing plays tent adjacento restauranto attract jonathan stories april tony desantis new drury_lane theatre thenterprise wasuccessful build drury park first six dinner_theaters started local entertainment landmark years closing knight tribune business news june wal replace dinner_theater evergreen park drury_lane north began operations wasoon sold marriott became drury_lane oak brook terrace opened benefited desantis learned years facility uses local performers keep costs theater bars restaurants banquet limited charge parking first facility dinner together one room washington bill theater student conceived implemented thentertainment concept athe presidential arms hotel summer breaks athe catholic university university venture wasuccessful unable yearound operation due hotel convention business returned chicago home opened candlelight dinner playhouse first building owned grandfather new facility seating constructed withe_help family candlelight introduced several innovations including hydraulic stage lighting equipment located stage wagons william dinner_theatre survey andirectory pages greenwood publishing barn dinner_theatre file howard wolfe portrait jpg thumb right px howard wolfe wolfe entrepreneur roanoke virginia created barn dinner_theatre franchising franchise father dinner_theater began franchise longtime friend business partner jones theaters inew_york state_new_york virginia north_carolina tennessee texas georgia_ustate_georgia franchise featured architectural barn designs farm included tools wolfe elevator whiche patented magic stage athend act scene stage ceiling next scene whole process took less minute franchise phase barn productions staged studio inew_york_city sent outo individual st_petersburg times august florida first barn dinner_theatre may open city athe break franchise production facilities moved present location back early days performance cast acted stage waiters waitresses actors selected cast inew_york living quarters theater duration productions robert de reportedly acted athe barn greensboro fired middle show mickey many well_known performers also acted roles athe barn barn greensboro north_carolina founded oldest continuously running dinner_theater americand last original barn dinner_theatres barn dinner_theatre history barn though barn franchise opened called barn dinner_theatre barn dinner_theatre also still operation alhambra dinner_theatre alhambra dinner_theatre jacksonville florida opened leon simon purchased booth left chicago drury_lane theatre illinois drury_lane theatre alhambra second oldest dinner_theater still open united_states oldest laura florida times union may dinner head alhambra facility uses provide seats view chanhassen dinner_theatres chanhassen dinner_theatres paul minnesota founded designed old log theater near lake subsequently constructed operated chanhassen dinner_theatres old log theater room revenue food sales necessary financial success buthey dinner_theater minnesota monthly may wise guys chanhassen claims largest professional dinner_theater us main stage seats theatre non dining patrons playhouse theatre tables chanhassen website seating carousel dinner_theatre carousel dinner_theatre seats largest dinner_theater united_states closed january first_opened moved downtown akron ohio nightclub withe style las_vegas valley las_vegas theater victim late economicrisis credit years bad investments major financial tony cleveland plain dealer january akron carousel dinner_theatre final performance theater addition typical dinner_theater fare murder_mystery shows comedy shows community theater jersey based touring theater company_also stages productions self help message shows performed entirely constructed languages made languages incorporated ideas new thought thend world know players feel fine daily record daily dinner_theaters provided entertainment local audiences alhambra dinner_theatre owner booth noted professional dinner_theaters randy florida times union august came dinner particularly popular dinner_theaters used former movie names star productions van johnson turner mickey june winters dorothy hunter betty grable sandra dee van joan debbie reynolds kathryn betty jane martha donald jane russell ann miller stars golden era hollywood found success field also_popular stars character actors well remembered television_series earlier betty white ann b davis vivian bob denver joanne dawn wells ken berry gavin nancy frank sutton burt reynolds owned dinner_theater jupiter florida roadside america burt reynolds friends museum actor earl whowned fiesta dinner playhouse santonio_texas gary earl biography derby dinner playhouse clarksville indiana opened wastill open operating continuously years utilized magic stage similar used barn dinner_theatre orchestra utilized plays daniel news tribune february derby dinner playhouse unique atmosphere clarksville boom seemed end mid many closing longer able afford attract celebrities even ones star productions aging receiving offers television commercial work dinner_theater alhambra dinner_theatre owner booth commented could make day commercial could make thentire run dinner_theater show travel plus lot stars fine gig booth went say could counthe number surviving professional dinner_theaters two hands dinner_theater audiences showsuch last red hot lovers arsenic old lace play arsenic old lace according booth lot charlie florida times union march curtain call response criticism change available talent many using coming relatively unknown actors began toffer new broadway shows promoted shows rather stars seemed resurgence number new dinner_theaters opening chicago original drury_lane water tower place founded closed new million version opened may desert star theater murray utah opened dinner_theater tom utah statesman august cruise athe desert star gathering dinner_theatre jacksonville opened early bull roger florida times union december new dinner_theater planned athend national dinner_theatre association members galbraith kate new_york times december entertainment way broadway differentypes union non union basic distinction union non union theaters former known equity theatres performers members actors equity association union represents professional stage actors stage managers union shows higher overhead actor equity contracts typically require theater pay lodging minimum salary insurance pension payments well work rules regarding william dinner_theatre survey andirectory pages greenwood publishing reduction professional dinner_theaters facilities went business theaters changed non union typically actors still housed paid competitive salary among non union theaters sometimes even fed however salary non union actors may significantly less union actor commercial non desantis lifetime experience restaurants andinner theater claimed could make money restaurant alcohol sales profitable operating theater successful many theaters operate profit_organizations order take_advantage grants funding government_agencies private foundations dinner_theaters commercial businesses due management capital requirements restaurant operations commercial dinner_theatres showsix week well also short breaks shows usually less week typical non_profit dinner_theatre lansing michigan dinner catered shows staged school season includes four productions four performances per production friday saturday dinner_theatre welcome non_profits also_use amateur actors leading role may professional withe rest cast composed vacation destinationsuch las_vegas florida branson_missouri anaheim los_angeles seen themergence specialty dinner_theaters show stays extended run vast_majority customers tourists local_residents popular vacation destination united_states orlando_florida dozen competing share billion dinner_theaters opened closed jane los_angeles business_journal november dinner_theater tough sell capital mystery game interactive dinner_theater events become_popular segment productions may public anyone attend price admission private_company social group organization sponsors event members utilizing dinner show concept generally targets smaller audience typical dinner_theater public performances featuring professional actors private may guests participate production either characters detectives wedding comedy isimilar murder_mystery requirements minimal audience interaction withe actors perform maria comedy italian wedding written franklin franchise rights sold hawkins naples news march join action comedy dinner_theater examples_include tony n tina wedding frankie gina comedy wedding gay version gina wedding riverboat dinner cruises combine showboat meal obviously limited locations body water showboat branson belle showboat numerous murder_mystery dinner cruises madrigal dinner aka madrigal seasonal typically often staged educational entities fundraising include food music singing poetry humor costumes play middle_ages ranging renaissance periods madrigal traditions madrigal dinner see_also cabaret list dinner_theaters externalinks national dinner_theater association website_category theatrical genres category_types restaurants_category dinner_theatre"},{"title":"Dinner train","description":"a dinner train is a relatively new type of touristrain service whose main purpose is to allow people to eat dinner whilexperiencing a relatively short leisurely round trip train ride this contrasts with conventional passenger trains whose main purpose is to transport passengers to some destination as quickly as possible but which also might serve dinner on long distance routes image blissfield township dinner trainjpg thumb px righthe old roadinner train blissfield michigan dinner trains have become popular in recent years particularly in the united states this in part a result of a nostalgia for passenger trains which are less common in the us than in many other countries and in part because it provides a very different experience from driving and from eating at ordinary restaurants the first dinner train the united states was the supper chief that ran on the sierrailroad in california in the s dinner train service was renewed in withe sierrailroadinner train there are over dinner trains currently operating inorth america most such trains operateither seasonally or a few days a week but some operate daily or even twice daily on weekends in a few cases almost all dinner trains run on lightly used branch lines or tourist lines and virtually all use older passenger cars almost all dinner train trips are characterized by hour trips that return to where they started since themphasis thexperience and notraveling to a destination some feature the use of steam locomotives for at least some of theirunspeeds are usually between much slower than ordinary passenger trains not only due to lowerail tracks track standards but also to the facthathemphasis on the journey itself nothe destination dinner trains can be funot only for the passengers who ride them but also for the train crews and other employees they can also provide jobs and be a profitable business moreover they can generate substantial benefits for local economies including boosting tourism and increasing sales at nearby businesses for example the spirit of washington dinner train spirit of washington which operatedaily on the woodinville subdivisionear seattle provided full time jobs and contributed roughly million annually to the local economy before ceasing operations in late october there was also the michigan star clipper dinner train which was a dinner train that operated for years out of walled lake michigan with trips heading from west bloomfield michigan west bloomfield to wixomichigan wixom in addition to just providing dinner while riding on a scenic route some dinner trains have developed additional functionsuch as hosting wedding receptions reunions company retreats murder mystery events during the dinner some so calledinner trains do not actually serve meals aboard the train rather the food iserved in a building or outdoors after the train has reached its destination the passengers then reboard for the return trip this particularly true for narrow gauge railways on which it would be impractical to prepare and serve formal meals examples include the gauge puffing billy railway near melbourne australiand the gauge lahaina kaanapali railroad in maui hawaii see alsorford express a tourist passenger train from sherbrooke quebec to magog quebec magog colonial tramcarestaurant one of several heritage tram s that serves the same purpose as dinner trains externalinks dinnertrainscom kansas belle dinner train category trains category types of restaurants category 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recent_years particularly united_states part result nostalgia passenger trains less_common us many_countries part provides different experience driving eating ordinary restaurants first dinner train united_states supper chief ran california dinner train service renewed withe train dinner trains currently operating inorth_america trains seasonally days week operate daily even twice daily weekends cases almost dinner trains run used branch lines tourist lines virtually use older passenger cars almost dinner train trips characterized hour trips return started since themphasis thexperience destination feature use steam locomotives least usually much slower ordinary passenger trains due tracks track standards also journey nothe destination dinner trains passengers ride also train crews employees also_provide jobs profitable business moreover generate substantial benefits local economies including tourism increasing sales nearby businesses example spirit washington dinner train spirit washington seattle provided full_time jobs contributed roughly million annually local_economy operations late october also michigan star clipper dinner train dinner train operated years walled lake michigan trips heading west bloomfield michigan west bloomfield addition providing dinner riding scenic_route dinner trains developed additional hosting wedding company retreats murder_mystery events dinner trains actually serve meals aboard train rather food iserved building outdoors train reached destination passengers return trip particularly true narrow_gauge railways would impractical prepare serve formal meals examples_include gauge billy railway near melbourne australiand gauge railroad maui hawaii see express tourist passenger train quebec quebec colonial one several heritage tram serves purpose dinner trains externalinks kansas belle dinner train category trains category_types restaurants_category dinner"},{"title":"Disaster tourism","description":"file disaster tourismerapijpg thumb disaster tourism at mount merapi after theruptions of mount merapi eruptions disaster tourism is the act of tourism traveling to a disaster areas a matter of curiosity greater new orleans areafter hurricane katrina disaster tourism took hold in the new orleans greater new orleans area in the aftermath of effect of hurricane katrina onew orleans hurricane katrina there are now tour guided bus tours to neighborhoods that were severely damaged and or totally destroyed by the flood ing some local residents have criticized these tours as business ethics unethical because the tour companies are profiting from the misery of their community communities and family families the united states army corps of engineers army corps of engineers has noted thatraffic from bus tour buses and other automobile tourist vehicles have interfered withe movement of trucks and engineering vehicle other cleanup equipment on single lane suburb residential roads furthermore during the first six months after the stormost of these neighborhoods lacked electric utility electricity telephone access traffic sign street signs or access to emergency medical services emergency medical or police assistance simply traveling to these neighborhoods was hazardousome residents of the lower ninth ward and st bernard parishes were less than welcoming tour buses in their neighborhoods and sometimes outright hostile communitiesuch as gentilly new orleans gentilly and lakeview new orleans lakeview along the th street canal have welcomed organized tour groups as a means to publicity publicize the scale of the destruction and attract more aid to the city much of the reconstruction of new orleans recovery effort in the new orleans relies on out of state volunteer s andonation s numerous non profit organizations including habitat for humanity international and catholicharities have converged on the city to gut and construction residential construction rebuild house homes there is also a movement by local residents to bring united states congressmen and other nationaleaders to the city and view the damage in person since recovery efforts have been hampered by the failure of many homeowners and businesses to receive claims from their insurance providers the anthropological roots of disaster tourism the term disaster tourism is used for leisure travels to zones whipped by natural disasters or traumatic events known as traumascapesather wagstaff j heritage that hurts tourists in the memoryscapes of september voleft coast pressome scholars argue thathese sites offers a message to visitors and tourists in order for them to interpretheir own lifestone p sharpley r consuming dark tourism a thanatological perspective annals of tourism research disaster tourism offers a pedagogical instrumento community to accelerate the time in post recovery processfaulkner b towards a framework for tourism disaster managementourismanagement stone p r dark tourism towards a new post disciplinary research agenda international journal of tourism anthropology rodanthi tzanelli lecturer at university of leeds called the attention to the needs to articulate trans disciplinary research to understand thana tourism or disaster tourismtzanelli r thanatourism and cinematic representations of risk screening thend of tourism routledge recently philosopher maximiliano korstanje coined the term thana capitalism to refer to a climate of social darwinism aimed at fostering the survival of the strongest in this climate of struggle only fewin and the rest loses it explains our obsessions for consumers news or images related to terrorism attacks trauma scapes disasters and so forth korstanje writes thathe society of risk hasethe pace to a new society thana capitalism where the main commodity is death not only we consume death everywhere in cultural entertainment industry but we reinforce our superiority by witnessing the othersuffering this allegory is based on the myths of noah s ark which is considered by korstanje as the first genocide in this mythical event godivided the world in two victims and witnesses this logic of supremacy of those who live over deads is reinforced by christ s crucifixionowadays a new segment of tourists travel to zones of mass death known as areas of dark or thana tourism since in secularized societies death is a sign of weakness consuming the other s death alludes to hopes for visitors to be in trace towards the hall of chosen peoples korstanje m e the rise of thana capitalism and tourism abingdon routledgekorstanje m george b death and culture is thanatourism symptomatic of thend of capitalism in virtual traumascape and exploring the roots of dark tourism korstanje m george b eds hershey igi global korstanje m cisneros mustelier l banalizing the alterity when suffering turns attractive in virtual traumascape and exploring the roots of dark tourism korstanje m george b eds hershey igi global eruption of eyjafjallaj kull eyjafjallaj kull in iceland began erupting on march volcano erupts under eyjafjallaj kull reykjav k grapevine march athis time about farmers and their families from the areas oflj tshl eyjafj ll and landeyjar werevacuated overnight but allowed to return to their farms and homes after civil protection department risk assessment on april eyjafjallaj kull erupted for the second time requiring people to bevacuated in the wake of the first eruption tour companies offered trips to see the volcanotom robbins the guardian iceland s erupting volcano retrieved however the ash cloud from the second eruption disrupted air traffic over great britain and most of northern and western europe making it difficulto travel to iceland even though iceland s airspace itself remained open throughout see also war tourism dark tourism category adventure travel category disaster managementourism category types of 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new_orleans hurricane katrina disaster_tourism took hold new_orleans greater new_orleans area aftermath effect hurricane katrina onew orleans hurricane katrina tour_guided bus tours neighborhoods severely damaged totally destroyed flood ing local_residents criticized tours business ethics tour companies community communities family families united_states army corps engineers army corps engineers noted bus tour buses automobile tourist vehicles withe movement trucks engineering vehicle cleanup equipment single lane suburb residential roads furthermore first six months neighborhoods lacked electric utility electricity telephone access traffic sign street signs access emergency medical services emergency medical police assistance simply traveling neighborhoods residents lower ninth ward st bernard less welcoming tour buses neighborhoods sometimes hostile new_orleans lakeview new_orleans lakeview along th_street canal welcomed organized tour groups means publicity scale destruction attract aid city much reconstruction new_orleans recovery effort new_orleans relies state volunteer numerous non_profit organizations including habitat humanity international city construction residential construction rebuild house homes also movement local_residents bring united_states city view damage person since recovery efforts hampered failure many homeowners businesses receive claims insurance providers roots disaster_tourism term disaster_tourism used leisure travels zones whipped natural disasters events known j heritage tourists september coast scholars argue thathese sites offers message visitors tourists order p sharpley r consuming dark_tourism perspective annals tourism_research disaster_tourism offers community accelerate time post recovery b towards framework tourism disaster stone p r dark_tourism towards new post research agenda international_journal tourism anthropology tzanelli lecturer university leeds called attention needs trans research understand thana tourism disaster r thanatourism cinematic representations risk screening thend tourism routledge recently philosopher maximiliano korstanje coined term thana_capitalism refer climate social darwinism aimed fostering survival climate struggle rest loses explains consumers news images related terrorism attacks trauma disasters forth korstanje writes thathe society risk pace new society thana_capitalism main commodity death consume death everywhere cultural entertainment_industry reinforce superiority witnessing allegory based myths noah ark considered korstanje first genocide mythical event world two victims logic supremacy live reinforced christ new segment tourists travel zones mass death known areas dark thana tourism since secularized societies death sign weakness consuming death alludes hopes visitors trace towards hall chosen peoples korstanje e rise thana_capitalism tourism abingdon george_b death culture thanatourism thend capitalism virtual traumascape exploring roots dark_tourism korstanje george_b eds hershey_igi_global korstanje cisneros mustelier l suffering turns attractive virtual traumascape exploring roots dark_tourism korstanje george_b eds hershey_igi_global eruption eyjafjallaj kull eyjafjallaj kull iceland began march volcano eyjafjallaj kull k march athis time farmers families areas overnight allowed return farms homes civil protection department risk assessment april eyjafjallaj kull erupted second time requiring people wake first eruption tour companies offered trips see robbins guardian iceland volcano retrieved however cloud second eruption air traffic great_britain northern western_europe making difficulto travel iceland even_though iceland airspace remained open throughout see_also war_tourism dark_tourism_category adventure_travel_category disaster managementourism category_types tourism"},{"title":"Disneyland with the Death Penalty","description":"file disneyland withe death penaltyjpg thumb nightscape of the article subject singapore disneyland withe death penalty is a word article about singapore written by william gibson his first major piece of non fiction it was first published as the article publishing cover story cover of wired issue in which disneyland withe death penalty originally appeared for wired magazine wired magazine september october issue the article follows gibson s observations of the architecture phenomenology philosophy phenomenology and culture of singapore and the clean bland conformist impression the city state conveys during histay its title and central metaphor singapore as disneyland withe death penalty is a reference to the authoritarian artifice the author perceives the city state to be singapore gibson details is lacking any sense of creativity or authenticity absent of any indication of its history or underground culture he finds the governmento be pervasive corporatist and technocracy technocratic and the judicial system rigid andraconian singaporeans are characterized as consumerists of insipid taste the article is accentuated by local news reports of criminal trials by which the author illustrates his observations and bracketed by contrasting descriptions of the southeast asia n airports he arrives and leaves by though gibson s first major piece of non fiction the article had an immediate and lasting impacthe singaporean government banned wired upon the publication of the issue and the phrase disneyland withe death penalty became a byword for bland authoritarianism thathe city state could not easily discard synopsis the title disneyland withe death penalty refers to the subject of the article the southeast asian city state of singapore whose strictly guarded sterility gibson describes withorror after opening the article withe disneyland metaphor gibson cites an observation attributed to laurie anderson that virtual reality would never look real until they learned how to put some dirt in it in relation to the immaculate state of the changi airtropolisingapore s international airport beyond the airport he notes thathe natural environment has been cultivated into all too perfect examples of itself such as withe abundance of golf course singaporean society is a relentlessly motion picture association of america film rating system g rated experience controlled by a government of singapore government akin to a megacorporation fixated on conformity and behavioural constraint and with a marked lack of humour and creativity file the neuromancerjpg thumb left william gibson finds it painful to try to connect withe victorian era victorian singapore of which few vestiges remained in an attempto uncover singapore s underlying social mechanisms the author searches fruitlessly for an urban underbelly rising at dawn for jetlaged walks on several mornings only to discover thathe city state s physical past has almost entirely vanished he gives an overview of the history of singapore from the founding of modern singapore by sir stamford raffles in to the japanese occupation of singapore japanese occupation and thestablishment of the republic in he concludes that modern singaporeffectively a one party state and capitalistechnocracy is a product first and foremost of the vision of three decade prime minister lee kuan yew as an aside he quotes a headline from the south china morning post detailing the trial of a cadre of economists a government official current deputy prime minister tharman shanmugaratnam tharmand a newspaper editor for divulging a state secret by revealing the singaporean economic growth rate file raffles place skyscrapersjpg thumb right skyscrapers in raffles place in the central business district gibson deplores the absence of an authentic metropolitan feeling something whiche blames for the telling lack of creativity he gives a psychogeographic account of the architecture of the city state noting thendless parade of young attractive and generically attired middle class through the host of shopping centers and comparing the city state to the convention district of atlanta georgia he finds the selection in music stores and bookshops unrelentingly bland musing whether this partially attributable to thefforts of the undesirable propagation unit upu one of several censorship in singapore state censorship agencies amidsthe near total absence of bohemianism and counterculture gibson finds no trace of dissidence an black market underground or slums in the place of a sex trade the author finds government sanctioned health centers in fact massage parlour s and mandatory dating organized and enforced by government agencies t here is remarkably little he writes of the city state that is nothe result of deliberate and no doubt carefully deliberated social policy the creative deficit of the city state is evidento the author also in the singaporeans obsession with consumerism as a pastime the homogeneity of the retailers and their fare and in what he characterizes as their other passion dining althoughe finds fault withe diversity of the food it is he remarksomething to write home about he returns then to theme of the staid insipidity of the city state observing the unsettling cleanliness of the physical environment and the self policing of the populace in detailing singaporean technological advancement and aspirations as an information economy gibson casts doubt on the resilience of their controlled and conservative nature in the face of impending mass exposure to digital culture the wilds of x rated cyberspace perhaps he speculatesingapore s destiny will be to become nothing more than a smug neo swiss enclave of order and prosperity amid a sea of unthinkable weirdness file kowloon walled cityjpg thumb left an aerial shot from of the squat enclave kowloon walled city which gibson contrasts favourably with singapore toward thend of thessay gibson briefly covers two applications of the death penalty by the singaporean justice system hexcerpts a report from the straits times about a malay man sentenced to death for attempting to smuggle a kilogram of cannabis drug cannabis into the city state and follows this with a description of the case of johannes van damme a dutch engineer found with significant quantities of heroin withe same consequence hexpresses reservations abouthe justice of capital punishment andescribes the singaporeans as the true bearers of zero tolerance after hearing the announcement of van damme sentencingibson decides to leave checks out in record time from the hotel and catches a cab to the airporthe trip is conspicuous for the absence of police along the road buthere is an abundance of them athe changi airtropolis where gibson photographs a discarded piece of crumpled paper incurring theire flying into hong kong he briefly glimpses the soon to be destroyed shantytown kowloon walled city athend of one of the runways athe chaotic kai tak airport and muses abouthe contrast withe staid and sanitized city state he has left behind thessay ends withe declaration i loosened my tie clearing singapore airspace impact and legacy file cover of wired issue september october jpg thumb cover of wired issue where the article debuted the singapore government responded to the publication of the article by censorship in singapore banning wired from the country the phrase disneyland withe death penalty became a famous and widely referencedescription for the nation adopted in particular by opponents of singapore s perceived authoritarianism authoritarianature the city state s authoritariand austereputation made it difficulto shake the description off creative review hailed it as famously damning while the new york times associateditor w apple jr defended the city state in a piece as hardly deserving of william gibson s woundingly dismissive tag line reviewing the work in a blog post gibson wrote disneyland withe death penalty wassigned as reading on the topic of singaporean progress for a national university of singapore writing critical thinking course the piece was included in a compilation of gibson s non fiction writing distrusthat particular flavor critical reception file rem koolhaasjpg thumb upright architect and urban theorist rem koolhaas who criticized the article as being patronizing towardsingaporeans the article provoked a strong critical reaction the boston globe characterized it as a biting piece on the technocratic state in singapore it was recommended by postmodern political geographer edward sojas a wonderful tour of the cyberspatial urbanities of the city state journalisteven poole called it a horrified report and argued that it showed thathe author despises the seamlesstrictured planes of corporate big business and is the champion of the interstitial in a review of gibson s novel zero history for the observer james purdon identifiedisneyland as one of the high points of gibson s career a witty perceptive piece of reportage hinting at a non fiction talent equal to the vision that had elevated gibson to digital age guru philosopher and technology writer peter ludlow interpreted the piece as an attack on the city and noted as ironic the facthathe real disneyland was in california state whose repressive penal code includes the death penalty urban theorist maarten delbeke noted that gibson cited the computerized control of the city state as responsible for itsanitized inauthenticharacter a claim delbeke called a conventionalmost old fashioned complaint againstechnocracy in article in forum on contemporary art society paul rae commented that w hile an ability to capture the zeitgeist is to be taken seriously in a context such as this one gibson s journalistic reportage is inevitably unrefined and cited the accusation of singapore based british academic john phillips academic john phillips that gibson fails to really think his critiques through in s m l xl urbanist and architectural theorist rem koolhaas took issue withe acerbic ironic tone of the article condemning it as a typical reaction by dead parents deploring the mess their children have made of their inheritance koolhaas argued that reactions like gibson s imply thathe positive legacy of modernity can only be intelligently used by western world westerner s and thattemptsuch asingapore s at embracing the newness of modernity without understanding its history would result in a fareaching andeplorableradication singaporean tang weng hong in turn wrote a critical response to both gibson and koolhaas what is authenticity singapore as potemkin metropolis a response to gibson and koolhaas by tang weng hong archive see also technocracy asian values commodity fetishism paternalism postmodernity simulacrand simulation urban planning in singaporeferences externalinks disneyland withe death penalty at wiredcom category opinion journalism category singaporean culture category singaporean society category travel writing category works by william gibson category wired magazine articles category 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appeared wired magazine wired magazine september october issue article follows gibson observations architecture philosophy culture singapore clean bland impression city_state title central metaphor singapore disneyland withe death_penalty reference author city_state singapore gibson details lacking sense creativity authenticity indication history underground culture finds governmento judicial system rigid singaporeans characterized taste article local news reports criminal trials author illustrates observations contrasting descriptions southeast_asia n airports arrives leaves though gibson first major piece non_fiction article immediate lasting impacthe singaporean government banned wired upon publication issue phrase disneyland withe death_penalty became bland thathe city_state could easily synopsis title disneyland withe death_penalty refers subject article southeast_asian city_state singapore whose strictly guarded gibson describes opening article withe disneyland metaphor gibson cites observation attributed laurie anderson virtual_reality would never look real learned put dirt relation state changi international_airport beyond airport notes thathe natural_environment cultivated perfect examples withe abundance golf course singaporean society motion picture association america film rating system g rated experience controlled government singapore government akin behavioural marked lack humour creativity file thumb left william gibson finds try connect withe victorian_era victorian singapore remained attempto singapore underlying social mechanisms author searches urban rising dawn walks several mornings discover thathe city_state physical past almost entirely gives overview history singapore founding modern singapore sir raffles japanese occupation singapore japanese occupation thestablishment republic concludes modern one party state product first foremost vision three decade prime_minister lee aside quotes south china morning post detailing trial economists government official current deputy prime_minister newspaper editor state secret revealing singaporean economic_growth rate file raffles place thumb right raffles place central business district gibson absence authentic metropolitan feeling something whiche telling lack creativity gives account architecture city_state noting parade young attractive middle_class host shopping_centers comparing city_state convention district atlanta georgia finds selection music stores bland whether partially thefforts undesirable unit one several censorship singapore state censorship agencies near total absence gibson finds trace black market underground slums place sex trade author finds government sanctioned health centers fact massage parlour mandatory dating organized enforced government_agencies remarkably little writes city_state nothe result deliberate doubt carefully social policy creative city_state author also singaporeans obsession consumerism retailers fare passion dining althoughe finds fault withe diversity food write home returns theme city_state observing cleanliness physical environment self policing populace detailing singaporean technological advancement information economy gibson doubt resilience controlled conservative nature face mass exposure digital culture x rated cyberspace perhaps destiny become nothing neo swiss order prosperity sea file kowloon walled thumb left aerial shot kowloon walled city gibson contrasts singapore toward thend gibson briefly covers two applications death_penalty singaporean justice system report straits times malay man sentenced death attempting cannabis drug cannabis city_state follows description case johannes van dutch engineer found significant quantities heroin withe consequence reservations abouthe justice capital punishment singaporeans true zero tolerance hearing announcement van decides leave checks record time hotel catches cab trip absence police along road buthere abundance athe changi gibson photographs piece paper incurring flying hong_kong briefly soon destroyed kowloon walled city athend one athe kai airport abouthe contrast withe city_state left behind ends withe declaration tie clearing singapore airspace impact legacy file cover wired issue september october jpg thumb cover wired issue article debuted singapore government responded publication article censorship singapore banning wired country phrase disneyland withe death_penalty became famous widely nation adopted particular opponents singapore perceived city_state made difficulto shake description creative review famously new_york times w apple defended city_state piece hardly william gibson tag line reviewing work blog post gibson wrote disneyland withe death_penalty wassigned reading topic singaporean progress national university singapore writing critical thinking course piece included compilation gibson non_fiction writing particular flavor critical reception file thumb upright architect urban theorist koolhaas criticized article article provoked strong critical reaction boston_globe characterized biting piece state singapore recommended political geographer edward wonderful tour city_state poole called report argued showed thathe author planes corporate big business champion review gibson novel zero history observer james one high points gibson career piece non_fiction talent equal vision elevated gibson digital age guru philosopher technology writer peter interpreted piece attack city noted ironic facthathe real disneyland california state whose penal code includes death_penalty urban theorist noted gibson cited control city_state responsible claim called old_fashioned article forum contemporary art society paul commented w ability capture taken seriously context one gibson journalistic inevitably cited singapore based british academic john phillips academic john phillips gibson fails really think critiques l architectural theorist koolhaas took issue withe ironic tone article typical reaction dead parents mess children made koolhaas argued reactions like gibson imply thathe positive legacy modernity used western world modernity without understanding history would result singaporean tang hong turn wrote critical response gibson koolhaas authenticity singapore metropolis response gibson koolhaas tang hong archive see_also asian values commodity simulation urban planning externalinks disneyland withe death_penalty category opinion journalism category singaporean culture_category singaporean society category_travel writing_category_works william gibson category wired magazine articles category documents"},{"title":"Dollar Cravings","description":"file dollar cravingsjpg thumb right menu items displayed from this taco bell purchase lefto rightop to bottom triple layer nachoshredded chicken mini quesadilla cheesy bean rice burrito and spicy potato softaco dollar cravings or dollar cravings is the value menu of american fast food restaurantaco bell dollar cravings was launched august in reaction to the new mcdonald s and wendy s value united states dollar menus the current menu contains food items dollar cravings replaced taco bell s previous value menu why pay more a taco bell spokesperson said few of the food items from the why pay more menu will remain dollar cravings in march taco bell introduced a breakfast value menu history on december fast food culture site brand eating reported taco bell planned to replace their value menu why pay more with dollar cravings brand eating speculatedollar cravings was probably a response to rising food and labor costs the value menu was tested in select locations in southern california kansas city and sacramento costhe pricing of the dollar cravings food items was largely determined by the competition from other fast food restaurants like mcdonald s and wendy s magazine time magazine time pointed outhe increase in price from cent currency to a dollar television channel cnbc also noted the price increased from the previous value menu why pay more whichad a three tiered menu offering food items from or cents menu the menu was divided based on five food craving s beefy cheesy crunchy spicy and sweet food items on the dollar cravings menu include class wikitable width style background lightgray name width style background lightgray description width style background lightgray calorie s width style background lightgray price beefy fritos burrito a burrito with ground beef cilantro rice nachos nacho cheese nacho cheese sauce and fritos corn chips beefy mini quesadilla quesadilla with shredded beef grated cheese shredded cheese and chipotle sauce caramel applempanadas applempanada s covered in caramel sauce caramel sauce cheesy bean rice burrito a burrito with cilantro rice beans nacho cheese and jalape o sauce cheesy roll up a wrap sandwich wrap of three melted cheeses cinnabon delights two cinnamon roll s covered in cinnamon and sugar while filled with cream cheese icing food frosting cinnamon twists corn twists with cinnamon and sugar shredded chicken mini quesadilla quesadilla with shredded poultry cuts of poultry chicken shredded cheese and chipotle sauce spicy potato softaco a taco soft shell tacosoft shell taco with potato lettuce chipotle sauce and shredded cheddar cheese spicy tostada tostada tortilla tostada with beansalsauce red sauce chipotle sauce lettuce shredded cheddar cheese and tomato triple layer nachos fried and covered with beans red sauce and nacho cheese promotion augusthe new menu was advertised via the mobile application snapchat withe target demographic being millennials everlasting dollars on augustaco bell announced the new contest everlasting dollars in which participants in american cities could win a lifetime of taco bell food however the consumerist points outhe fine printhe av club proved critical of everlasting dollarstating in an unflinchingly honest appraisal taco bell caps a lifetime of eating its food at just years and in thatime you ll be awarded only in gift cards and this doled out at just per year while obviously the most humane solution giving contestants just over to spend on taco bell per week is hardly the lifetime of eating taco bell you might have imagined it is as though taco bell has promised you a delicious fulfilling prize only totally cheap out on what s inside reception commercial crowdsourcing crowdsourced content service seeking alpha stated thathe new menu could improve same store sales and once againcrease the overall value of owning a taco bell chain canadian internet newservice digital journal considered the new menu a strategy to attracthe youth who had cut down quick service restaurant visits in the past few years due to low disposable income amid the sluggishly recovering economy food adweek s david griner tried every food item on the menu on the subject of the cheesy roll up griner called ithe toast sandwich of taco bell cuisine s julia hays reviewed the menu favorably stating w e ll take as many triple layer nachos as we can carry newspaper investor s business daily describedollar cravings as cheese and carb heavy thrillist media group s lee breslouer had cannabis enthusiast jim try every item on the menu his ranking placed the items in the order of triple layer nachospicy tostada shredded chicken mini quesadilla cheese roll up spicy potato softaco cheesy beand rice burrito beefy mini quesadilla caramel applempanada cinnamon twists beefy fritos burrito and cinnabon delights wikipedia the wikipediarticle dollar cravings was featured in american blogawker s article of the coolest freakiest articles on wikipedias the author s most mundane contribution to wikipedia see also burger wars references externalinks category restaurant menus category taco bell category fast 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labor costs value_menu tested select locations southern_california kansas_city sacramento costhe pricing dollar cravings food_items largely determined competition fast_food_restaurants like mcdonald wendy magazine_time magazine_time pointed outhe increase price cent currency dollar television channel also noted price increased previous value_menu pay whichad three menu offering food_items cents menu menu divided based five food craving beefy cheesy spicy sweet food_items dollar cravings menu include class wikitable width_style background lightgray name width_style background lightgray description width_style background lightgray calorie width_style background lightgray price beefy burrito burrito ground beef cilantro rice nachos nacho cheese nacho cheese sauce corn chips beefy mini quesadilla quesadilla shredded beef cheese shredded cheese chipotle sauce caramel covered caramel sauce caramel sauce cheesy bean rice burrito burrito cilantro rice beans nacho cheese sauce cheesy roll wrap sandwich wrap three cheeses two cinnamon roll covered cinnamon sugar filled cream cheese food cinnamon twists corn twists cinnamon sugar shredded chicken mini quesadilla quesadilla shredded poultry cuts poultry chicken shredded cheese chipotle sauce spicy potato taco soft shell shell taco potato lettuce chipotle sauce shredded cheddar cheese spicy tostada tostada tortilla tostada red sauce chipotle sauce lettuce shredded cheddar cheese tomato triple layer nachos fried covered beans red sauce nacho cheese promotion augusthe new menu advertised via mobile_application withe target demographic dollars bell announced new contest dollars participants american cities could win lifetime taco_bell food however points outhe fine club proved critical honest taco_bell caps lifetime eating food years thatime awarded gift cards per_year obviously humane solution giving contestants spend taco_bell per week hardly lifetime eating taco_bell might though taco_bell promised delicious prize totally cheap inside reception commercial content service seeking alpha stated_thathe new menu could improve store sales overall value owning taco_bell chain canadian internet digital journal considered new menu strategy youth cut quick service_restaurant visits past_years due low disposable income recovering economy food david tried every food item menu subject cheesy roll called ithe toast sandwich taco_bell cuisine julia reviewed menu stating w e take many triple layer nachos carry newspaper investor business daily cravings cheese heavy thrillist media_group lee cannabis enthusiast jim try every item menu ranking placed items order triple layer tostada shredded chicken mini quesadilla cheese roll spicy potato cheesy rice burrito beefy mini quesadilla caramel cinnamon twists beefy burrito wikipedia dollar cravings featured american article articles author contribution wikipedia see_also burger wars references_externalinks category_restaurant_menus category taco_bell category_fast_food"},{"title":"Domestic tourism","description":"domestic tourism is tourism involving residents of one country traveling only within that country a domestic holiday is a holiday vacation spent in the same country this class may overlap with staycation in british english a vacation spent in the same region this different from inbound tourism withe resurgence of the package holiday research carried out by british travel agenthomas cook group thomas cook has identified that domestic holidays are not always a cost effective means of holidaying according to theiresearch thomas cook staycations vs cheap holidays abroad thomas cook a one week family holiday to devon for four can cost in the region of whereas an equivalent holiday to majorca in the uk the growth of domestic holidays has had a major impact on its domestic tourist industry haven holidays one of the uk s biggest holiday park owners in reported a rise in sales of staticaravans to sale and leaseback investors or buyers who want a more affordable second homeo connorebecca staycationers boost sales of staticaravans the times retrieved on see also day tripper staycation category types of 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holiday holiday vacation spent country class may overlap staycation british_english vacation spent region different inbound tourism withe resurgence package_holiday research carried british_travel cook group thomas_cook identified domestic holidays always cost effective means according thomas_cook staycations cheap holidays abroad thomas_cook one_week family holiday devon four cost region whereas equivalent holiday uk growth domestic holidays major impact domestic tourist_industry holidays one uk biggest holiday_park owners reported rise sales sale investors buyers want affordable second staycationers boost sales times retrieved see_also day_tripper staycation category_types tourism"},{"title":"Don Chow Tacos","description":"file donchowtacoslogojpg thumb don chow tacos logo don chow tacos is a chinese mexican fusion food truck based in los angeles california veteran in the food truck industry don chowas founded on april by dominic lau and lawrence lie their motto where chino meets latino represents the pair s chinese heritage represented by the truck s logo a depiction of the traditional chinese guardian lions chinese guardian lion and the hispanic influences that had been constant in their lives as they grew up in la don chow tacos ceased operations on february don chow has appeared on the food network s diners drive ins andives as well nbc and ktla don chow is also seto appear on the cooking channel s chinese food madeasy for offering some of the best late night street food in los angeles history file donchowtacosfoodtrucksidejpg thumb don chow tacos food truck the idea for founding the truck was conceived when owners lau and lie identified a foodie niche in the late night bar goer crowd when they decided to foundon chow tacos the food truck industry was in its infancy the name they chose to representheir fusion tacos don chowas derived from the honorific spanish title don honorific don in combination withe popular chinese surname chowhich also became a play on words for being synonymous with foodon chow began as a two man operation with lau and lie cooking and serving bar crowds on thursday and friday nights as well as anyonelse who encountered the truck on weekends they appeared regularly at zanzibar in santa monicand townhouse in venice los angeles venice both keptheir day jobs working afteregular business hours to get don chow up and running when the truck transitioned to a full week schedule in octobernie gallegos was hired to manage a cook to take over for lau and lie with gallegos guidance don chowas able to establish regular operationsales took off after guy fieri sampledon chow s fusion fare on diners drive ins andives on junearlier that year don chow had been recognized onbc s food truck week on the truck s first birthday april andominic lau was interviewed by kurt knutsson cyberguy for ktla in may as its popularity continued to grow don chowas featured on a segment for national taco day on ktla on october don chow tacos and owner lau were featured on the cooking channel cooking channel show easy chinese hosted by ching he huang ching he huang in june thepisode focused on late night street food lau prepared one of don chow signature dishes the chinese bbq pork taco while huang prepared a spicy oyster omeletaco in july don chow tacos owner dominic had the opportunity to participate on the lifetime tv network lifetime network s reality competition show supermarket superstar lau won his episode category global cuisine withe kung pao chicken chimale and went on to be a finalist in the show s final episode cuisine file donchowtacosultimatelatacojpg thumb don chow tacos taco the don chow truck serves a variety of traditional mexican food with chinese flavors drawn from lau and lie s family and friends recipes items on the menu include tacos burritos tortas chimales and noodle dishesome of their most popular dishes are their kung pao chicken tacos chinese bbq pork burritos and chimales traditional tamalestuffed witheir own chinese style meats other signature dishes are their carne asada chow fun and ultimate la tacos carne asada tacos topped with bacon which were inspired by the bacon wrapped hot dogs that pervade tailgate party tailgating parties during the football season at university of southern california usc both lau and lie s almater all food is prepared and cooked torder by the staff on the truck excepting their signature dishes the menu remains flexible and rotates depending on its location additionally the truck offerseveral secret off menu items events the mobility of the food truck has enabledon chow to cater to a variety of californians and their lifestyles the truck makes regular appearances at eventsuch as the los angeles outdoor cinema food festhe la street food fest and farmers market s balancing fun and profitability don chow appears at a variety of catered events in addition to being on the streets past catered events have included the sets of the food network s giadat home and the film no strings attached film no strings attachedon chow gives back to the community participating in fundraisers and charity events for local schools and other causes the truck has collaborated multiple times with california state university los angeles cal state la to benefitheir urban learning program and participated in charity events for the typhoon ketsana typhoondoy in the philippines and the haiti earthquake don chow also partnered with ktla s news anchor wendy burch and the good news foundation to rebuild the gilbert lindsay park in los angeles providing free lunches for all volunteers on may don chow is regularly commissioned to appear at special events on april don chow tacos catered lacoste l ve at coachella valley music and arts festival coachella which included celebrity guests including katy perry kirsten dunst elijah wood and ke ha don chow received especially positive reviews from indie rock band the strokes don chow made an appearance at california state university northridge cal state northridge s big show on october where performers included far east movement and lupe fiasco as well as the following year on october when the talent included lmfao group lmfao and kevin rudolf in september don chow participated in the los angeles times celebration ofood and wine technology had been vital to the growth don chow experienced soon after its founding and continues to attract a technologically savvy audience to the truck the locations of don chow are updatedaily on twitter as well as facebook see also kogi korean bbq list ofood trucks externalinks donchowtacoscom don chow tacos facebook don chow tacos twitter category mexican cuisine category chinese cuisine category fusion cuisine category restaurants in los angeles category restaurants established in category establishments in california category food 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motto meets latino represents pair chinese heritage represented truck logo depiction traditional chinese guardian lions chinese guardian lion hispanic influences constant lives grew la chow_tacos ceased operations february chow appeared food_network diners drive_ins andives well nbc ktla chow also seto appear cooking channel chinese food madeasy offering best late_night street_food los_angeles history_file thumb chow_tacos food_truck idea founding truck conceived owners lau lie identified niche late_night bar crowd decided chow_tacos food_truck industry name chose fusion tacos chowas derived honorific spanish title honorific combination withe popular chinese surname also_became play words synonymous chow began two man operation lau lie cooking serving bar crowds thursday friday nights well encountered truck weekends appeared regularly zanzibar santa townhouse venice los_angeles venice day jobs working business hours get chow running truck full week schedule hired manage cook take lau lie guidance chowas able establish regular took guy chow fusion fare diners drive_ins andives year chow recognized food_truck week truck first birthday april lau interviewed kurt ktla may popularity continued grow chowas featured segment national taco day ktla october chow_tacos owner lau featured cooking channel cooking channel show easy chinese hosted june thepisode focused late_night street_food lau prepared one chow signature_dishes chinese bbq pork taco prepared spicy oyster july chow_tacos owner dominic opportunity participate lifetime tv network lifetime network reality competition show supermarket lau episode category global cuisine withe chicken went finalist show final episode cuisine file thumb chow_tacos taco chow truck serves variety traditional mexican food chinese flavors drawn lau lie family friends recipes items menu include tacos noodle popular dishes chicken tacos chinese bbq pork traditional witheir chinese style meats signature_dishes carne asada chow fun ultimate la tacos carne asada tacos topped bacon inspired bacon wrapped hot_dogs party parties football season university southern_california lau lie almater food prepared cooked torder staff truck signature_dishes menu remains flexible depending location additionally truck secret menu_items events mobility food_truck chow cater variety lifestyles truck makes regular appearances eventsuch los_angeles outdoor cinema food la street_food fest farmers market balancing fun profitability chow appears variety catered events addition streets past catered events included sets food_network home film attached film chow gives back community participating charity events local schools causes truck collaborated multiple times california state_university los_angeles cal state la urban learning program participated charity events typhoon philippines haiti earthquake chow also partnered ktla news anchor wendy good news foundation rebuild gilbert lindsay park los_angeles providing free_lunches volunteers may chow regularly commissioned appear special_events april chow_tacos catered l valley music arts festival included celebrity guests including katy perry wood chow received especially positive reviews indie rock band chow made appearance california state_university cal state big show october performers included far east movement well following_year october talent included group kevin september chow participated los_angeles times celebration ofood wine technology vital growth chow experienced soon founding continues attract savvy audience truck locations chow twitter well facebook see_also kogi korean bbq list_ofood_trucks externalinks chow_tacos facebook chow_tacos twitter category mexican cuisine_category_chinese cuisine_category fusion cuisine_category_restaurants los_angeles category_restaurants established category_establishments california_category food_trucks"},{"title":"DontStayIn","description":"dontstayin commonly abbreviated to dsis a social networking site based around nightclubbing 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tother places in europe seeuropean heritage days north americabout doors open ontario retrieved february australiand elsewhere doors open days promotes architecture and heritage sites to a wider audience within and beyond the country s borders it is an opportunity to discover hidden architectural gems and to see behindoors that are rarely open to the public for free heritage open days in england heritage open days established in celebratenglish architecture and culture allowing visitors free access to historicalandmarks that areither not usually open to the public or would normally charge an entrance fee doors open days in scotlandoors open days is organised by the scottish civic trust alongside scottish archaeology month scottisharchaeologymonthcom the open days form scotland s contribution to european heritage days this joint initiative between the council of europe and theuropean union aims to give people a greater understanding of each other through sharing and exploring cultural 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studio this was one of the largest nightclubs in the german areathatime the design of the nightclub costed more than million deutsche mark s and laid the corner stone for the most successful airport club the name of the club comes from oscar wilde s novel the picture of dorian gray dorian gray was located in hall c of the terminal building on the airport for this reason the nightclub remained openeduring morning hours when the rest of the airport remained closed music image saga pelzmodenschau im dorian gray frankfurt amain jpg thumb fur exhibition at dorian gray up to guests danced on three dancefloors runningman studio and chillout end of s to disco funk und soul music soulater since to electronic dance music such as electronic body music ebm house music house newave music newave and techno since to black music in the small club famous deejays who played at dorian gray were sven v th torsten fenslaulli brenner snap michael m nzing and lucanzilotti dj dag talla xlc tom wax markus l ffel mark spoon heinz felber pete marvelous paul oakenfold pascal feos bj rn mulik andy d x tone and light effects the nightclub had athatime a spectacularichard long sound system design which was using large sound system speakers with jbl and gauss alnico base sound system which produced loud and clear sound the deejay equipment consisted of thorens and later fromid s technics brand technics turntables the light system was made out of red green and orange colors whichave been positioned to reflecthe mirrors on the floor until the mid s a strong laser showas used one of the video jockeys was also alexander metzger closure on december the nightclub stopped toperate in frankfurt amain the last record that was played on the closure was lovin you fromusician minnie riperton and was played by the resident deejay ufuk in the small club several years after the closure of the nightclub the painted entrance doors were still visible with original image in january thexisting space in hall c was renovated into a shopping area various in thearly both of the original ownerstarted a newly opened nightclub in berlin on potsdamer platz which could not reach the fame of the original nightclub and therefore ceased toperate the sister nightclub of dorian gray in perkins park in stuttgart which opened in withe similar idea of eventstill operates today in the years there were dedicated party events athend of the year called airport nighto remember the days when dorian gray existed references category disco category nightclubs category defunct nightclubs category nightclubs in frankfurt category buildings and structures in frankfurt category electronic dance music venues category establishments in germany category event venuestablished in category disestablishments in 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category","category event","category disestablishments"],"new_description":"instead former type private traded industry music genre fate predecessor successor foundation frankfurt_amain germany founder sch michael defunct location_city frankfurt_amain location_country germany locations area_served germany key_people products production services revenue_operating income_net_income aum assets_equity owner_num employees_parent divisionsubsid homepage footnotes_intl dorian_gray popular nightclub located frankfurt airport frankfurt_amain germany owners sch michael opened club onovember idea toffer similar events new club studio one largest nightclubs german design nightclub million deutsche mark laid corner stone successful airport club name club comes oscar novel picture dorian_gray dorian_gray located hall c terminal building airport reason nightclub remained morning hours rest airport remained closed music image saga dorian_gray frankfurt_amain jpg thumb fur exhibition dorian_gray guests three studio end disco funk und soul music since electronic_dance_music electronic body music house_music house_music techno since black music small club famous played dorian_gray v th michael tom wax l mark spoon heinz pete paul pascal andy x tone light effects nightclub athatime long sound_system design using large sound_system speakers base sound_system produced loud clear sound equipment consisted later brand light system made red green orange colors whichave positioned reflecthe mirrors floor mid strong laser showas used one video jockeys also alexander closure december nightclub stopped toperate frankfurt_amain last record played closure played resident small club several_years closure nightclub painted entrance doors still visible original image january thexisting space hall c renovated shopping area various thearly original newly opened nightclub berlin could reach fame original nightclub therefore ceased toperate sister nightclub dorian_gray park stuttgart opened withe similar idea operates today years dedicated party events athend year called airport nighto remember days dorian_gray existed references_category disco category_nightclubs_category defunct nightclubs_category nightclubs frankfurt category_buildings structures frankfurt category_electronic_dance_music venues category_establishments germany_category event category_disestablishments germany"},{"title":"Dorling Kindersley","description":"founder christopher dorling peter kindersley successor country united kingdom headquarters london distribution keypeople publications topics genre imprints bradygames alpha rough guides eyewitness travel numemployees nasdaq url dorling kindersley dk is a british multinational publishing company specializing in illustrated reference book s for adults and children in languages it is part of penguin random house a consumer publishing company jointly owned by bertelsmann se co kgaand pearson plc bertelsmann owns of the company and pearson owns established in dk publishes a range of titles in genres including travel including eyewitness travel guides arts and crafts business history cookingamingardening health and fitness natural history parenting science and reference they also publish books for children toddlers and babies covering such topics as history the human body animals and activities as well as licensed propertiesuch as the lego group lego disney andeliso licensor of the toy sophie la girafe dk has offices inew york melbourne london munich new delhi and toronto dorling kindersley was founded as a book packaging company by christopher dorling and peter kindersley in london in and in moved into publishing the first book published under the dk name was a first aid manual for the british voluntary medical services this book established the company s distinctive visual style of copiously illustrated text on a glossy white backgroundk inc began publishing in the united states in it overestimated the market for star wars books and was left with millions of unsold copies resulting in crippling debt as a direct result dk was taken over the following year by the pearson plc media company and made part of penguin group which alsowned the penguin books label dk has continued to sell star wars books after the takeover in bertelsmann and pearson completed a merger to form penguin random house bertelsmann owns and pearson of the company penguin s trade publishing activity continued to include dk under the newly formed penguin random house file shell headquarters dbjpg thumb px dorling kindersley s london office is at shell mex house strand a s art deco building easily recognizable from the river thames by its distinctive clock dorling kindersley publishes a range of titles internationally for adults and children most of the company s books are produced by teams of editors andesigners who work with freelance writers and illustratorsome arendorsed by imprimaturs well known and respected organizationsuch as the british medical association the royal horticultural society and the british red crossome dk books apparently produced by celebrity authorsuch as carol vorderman are actually ghostwritten by the company s own writers and editors bradygames is a publishing company in the united states operating as a dk imprintrade name imprint which specializes in video game strategy guides covering multiple video game console video game platforms it published their firstrategy guide inovember as a division of macmillan publishers united states macmillan computer publishing in simon schuster which acquired macmillan in divested bradygames as part of its educational division to pearson plc bradygames has grown to publish roughly guides per year on june bradygames merged with prima games and future strategy guides made by the publishing company will be published under the prima games label dk multimedia during the s the company publisheducational video s and a successful range of educational cd rom s under the brandk 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establishment bar at sheremetyevo international airport a drinking establishment is a business whose primary function is the serving of alcoholic beverage s for consumption the premisesomestablishments may also serve food or haventertainment butheir main purpose is to serve alcoholic beverages there are differentypes of drinking establishment ranging from seedy bars or nightclubsometimes termedive bars to seat beer halls and elegant places of entertainment for thelite a public house informally known as a pub is an establishment licensed to serve alcoholic beverage alcoholic drinks for consumption licensing laws of the united kingdom on licence on the premises in countries and regions of british influence history of the pubeer and pub association retrieved public house britannicacom subscription required retrieved although the terms are increasingly used to refer to the same thing there is a difference between pubs bar establishment bars inn s tavern s and lounges where alcohol iserved commercially a tavern or pot house is loosely a place of business where people gather to drink alcoholic beverage s and more than likely also be served food though not licensed to put up guests the worderives from the latin language latin tabernand the greek language greek taverna brewpub is a pub orestauranthat brews beer on the premises a beer hall is a large pub that specializes in beer an izakaya is a type of japan ese bar establishment drinking establishment which also serves food to accompany the drinks a speakeasy is an establishmenthat illegally sells alcoholic beverages types of bars range from seedy bars or nightclubsometimes termedive bars toddayton accessdate to elegant places of entertainment for thelite many bars have a happy hour to encourage off peak patronage bars that fill to capacity sometimes implement a cover charge during their peak hoursuch bars often featurentertainment which may be a musical band live band or a popular disc jockey bars provide bar stools or chairs that are placed atables or counters for their patronsome bars haventertainment on a stage such as a live band comedians go dancingo go dancers or striptease strippers the term bar is derived from the bar counter specialized counter on which drinks are served the back bar is a set of shelves of glasses and bottles behind that counter in somestablishments the back bar is elaborately decorated with woodwork etched glass mirrors and lights image pubbsmjpg thumb the interior of a typical english pub a public house informally known as a pub is an establishment licensed to serve alcoholic beverage alcoholic drinks for consumption licensing laws of the united kingdom on licence on the premises in countries and regions of british influence although the terms are increasingly used to refer to the same thing there is a definite difference between pubs bar establishment bars inn s tavern s and lounges where alcohol iserved commercially a pub that offers lodging may be called an inn or morecently hotel in the united kingdom today many pubs in the uk canadand australia withe word inn or hotel in their names no longer offer accommodation and in some cases have never done some pubs bear the name of hotel because they are in countries where stringent anti drinking laws were once in force in scotland until only hotels could serve alcohol on sundays in wales an act applied the same law until when local polls could lift such a ban in a district and in the last ban was lifted in dwyfor the need for such polls was removed by the welsh assembly in there are approximately public houses in the united kingdom in many placespecially in villages a pub can be the focal point of the community so there is concern that more pubs are closing down thanew ones opening the history of pubs can be traced back to roman tavern s through the anglo saxon alehouse to the development of the modern generally prevailing tied house system a tavern or pot house is loosely a place of business where people gather to drink alcoholic beverage s and more than likely also be served food though not licensed to put up guests the worderives from the latin language latin tabernand the greek language greek taverna whose original meaning was a shed or workshop the distinction of a tavern from an inn bar establishment bar or public house pub varies by location in some places being identical and in others being distinguished by traditions or by legalicense in renaissancengland a tavern was distinguished from a public ale house by dint of being run as a privatenterprise where drinkers were guests rather than members of the public a brewpub is a pub orestauranthat brews beer on the premisesome brewpubsuch as those in germany have been brewing traditionally on the premises for hundreds of years othersuch as the les brasseurs chain france and canadand the various chains inorth americare modern restaurants beer hall a beer hall is a large pub that specializes in beer bavaria s capital munich is the city most associated with beer halls almost every brewery in munich operates a beer hall the largest beer hall was the seat math ser near the m nchen hauptbahnhof munich central train station whichasince been converted into a film theatre an is a type of japan ese bar establishment drinking establishment which also serves food to accompany the drinks the food is usually more substantial than that offered in other types of drinking establishments in japan such as bars or host and hostess clubsnack barsnack bars beer garden a beer garden a calque loan translation from the german biergarten is an outdoor area in which beer other drinks and local food are served see german cuisine beer gardens originated in southern germany especially bavariand are most common there they are usually attached to a beer hall public house pub orestauranthe term beer garden biergarten has become a generic term for open air establishments where beer iserved many countries have such establishments the characteristics of a traditional beer garden include trees wooden benches a gravel bed and freshly prepared mealsome modern beer gardens use plastichairs fast food and other variations of the traditional beer garden the largestraditional beer garden in the world is the hirschgarten in munich which seats a speakeasy also called a blind pig or blind tiger is an establishmenthat illegally sells alcoholic beverage such establishments came into prominence in the united states during the prohibition in the united states prohibition era longer in some states during thatime the sale manufacture and transportation rum running bootlegging of alcoholic beverages was illegal throughouthe united statespeakeasy merriam webster merriam webster nd web feb speakeasies largely disappeared after prohibition was ended in and the term is now used to describe some retro style bars different names for speakeasies were created the terms blind pig and blind tiger originated in the united states in the th century these terms were applied to lower class establishments that sold alcoholic beverages illegally and they are still in use today the operator of an establishment such as a saloon or bar would charge customers to see an attraction such as animal and then serve a complimentary alcoholic beverage thus circumventing the law blind tiger also referred to illegal drinking establishment in which the seller s identity was concealed a drawer would open up in a wall the patron drops in change and then a drink is placed in the drawer speakeasies were numerous and popular during the prohibition in the united states prohibition yearsome of them were operated by people who were part of organized crimeven though police and agents of the bureau of prohibition would often raid them and arrestheir owners and patrons they were so profit economics profitable thathey continued to flourish the poor quality rum running bootleg liquor sold in speakeasies was responsible for a shift away from th century classicocktails that celebrated the raw taste of the liquor such as the gin cocktail made with genever sweet gin to new cocktails aimed at masking the taste of rough moonshine see also boteco botequim cider house coffeehouse juice bar list of bars tea house index of drinking establishment related articles types of drinking establishmentypes of drinking establishments category drinking 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house loosely place business people gather drink alcoholic_beverage likely also_served food though licensed put guests latin language latin greek language greek taverna brewpub pub brews beer premises beer hall large pub specializes beer izakaya type japan ese bar_establishment drinking_establishment also_serves food accompany drinks speakeasy establishmenthat illegally sells alcoholic_beverages types bars range seedy bars bars accessdate elegant places entertainment thelite many bars happy_hour encourage peak patronage bars fill capacity sometimes implement cover_charge peak bars often may musical band live band popular disc jockey bars provide bar stools chairs placed atables counters bars stage live band go go dancers term bar derived bar counter specialized counter drinks served back bar set shelves glasses bottles behind counter somestablishments back bar decorated glass mirrors lights image thumb_interior typical english pub public_house informally known pub establishment licensed serve_alcoholic_beverage alcoholic_drinks consumption licensing_laws united_kingdom licence premises countries regions british influence although terms increasingly used refer thing definite difference pubs bar_establishment_bars inn tavern lounges alcohol iserved commercially pub offers lodging may called inn morecently hotel united_kingdom today many_pubs uk canadand australia withe word inn hotel names longer offer accommodation cases never done pubs bear name hotel countries stringent anti drinking laws force scotland hotels could serve alcohol sundays wales act applied law local could lift ban district last ban lifted need removed welsh assembly approximately public_houses united_kingdom many villages pub focal point community concern pubs closing ones opening history pubs traced back roman tavern anglo_saxon alehouse development modern generally tied house system tavern pot house loosely place business people gather drink alcoholic_beverage likely also_served food though licensed put guests latin language latin greek language greek taverna whose original meaning shed workshop distinction tavern inn bar_establishment_bar public_house_pub varies location places identical others distinguished traditions tavern distinguished public ale house run drinkers guests rather members public brewpub pub brews beer germany brewing traditionally premises hundreds years othersuch les chain france canadand various chains inorth modern restaurants beer hall beer hall large pub specializes beer bavaria capital munich city associated beer halls almost every brewery munich operates beer hall largest beer hall seat math near munich central train station converted film theatre type japan ese bar_establishment drinking_establishment also_serves food accompany drinks food usually substantial offered types drinking_establishments japan bars host hostess bars beer_garden beer_garden loan translation german outdoor area beer drinks local_food_served see german cuisine beer_gardens originated southern germany especially common usually attached beer hall public_house_pub term beer_garden become generic term open_air establishments beer iserved many_countries establishments characteristics traditional beer_garden include trees wooden benches gravel bed freshly prepared modern beer_gardens use fast_food variations traditional beer_garden beer_garden world munich seats speakeasy also_called blind pig blind tiger establishmenthat illegally sells alcoholic_beverage establishments came prominence united_states_prohibition united_states_prohibition era longer states thatime sale manufacture transportation rum running alcoholic_beverages illegal throughouthe_united merriam_webster merriam_webster web feb speakeasies largely disappeared prohibition ended term_used describe retro style bars different names speakeasies created terms blind pig blind tiger originated united_states th_century terms applied lower class establishments sold alcoholic_beverages illegally still use today operator establishment saloon bar would charge customers see attraction animal serve complimentary alcoholic_beverage thus law blind tiger also_referred illegal drinking_establishment seller identity would open wall patron drops change drink placed speakeasies numerous popular prohibition united_states_prohibition yearsome operated people part organized though police agents bureau prohibition would often raid owners patrons profit economics profitable thathey continued poor quality rum running liquor sold speakeasies responsible shift away th_century celebrated raw taste liquor gin cocktail made sweet gin new cocktails aimed taste rough see_also cider house coffeehouse juice bar list bars tea_house index drinking_establishment related_articles types drinking drinking_establishments category_drinking_establishments"},{"title":"Drive-in","description":"file autokino gravenbruchjpg thumb drive in theater ineu isenburgermany file drive in wheeljpg thumb upright drive in ferris wheel file beany s drive in long beach calif ogv thumbtime video scenes in and around a drive in restaurant in long beach california drive in is a facility such as a restaurant or drive in theater movie theater where one can driving drive in with an automobile for service at a drive in restaurant for example customers park their vehicles and are usually served by staff who walk orollerskate outo take orders and return with food encouraging diners to remain parked while they eat drive in theaters have a large screen and a car parking area for film goers it is usually distinguished from a drive through in which drivers line up to make an order at a microphone set up at window height and then drive to a windowhere they pay and receive their food the drivers then take their meals elsewhere to eat notably however during peak periods patrons may be required to park in a designated parking spot and wait for their food to be directly served to them by an attendant walking to their caresulting in the perceived relationship between the two service types in the german languagerman speaking world the term is now often used instead of drive through for that kind of service in japan the term refers to a rest area in france this term has become popular because of american movieshowing that kind of service and morecently due to thexpansion ofast food restaurant s the first drive in restaurant was kirbys pig stand kirby s pig stand which opened in dallas texas dallas texas in wells dick srma update in street rodder p jones dwayne what s newithe pig standsnothe pig sandwich inorth america drive in facilities of all types have become less popular since their heyday in the s and s with drive throughs rising to prominence since the s and s in popular culture as a symbol of the s a drive in is featured in many films and tv series abouthis period the film american graffiti haseveral scenes in or around a drive in while in happy days arnold s drive in is one of the main 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long_beach_california drive facility restaurant drive theater movie_theater one driving drive automobile service drive restaurant example customers park vehicles usually served staff walk outo take orders return food encouraging diners remain parked eat drive theaters large screen car parking area film goers usually distinguished drive drivers line make order microphone set window height drive pay receive food drivers take meals elsewhere eat notably however peak periods patrons may required park designated parking spot wait food directly served attendant walking perceived relationship two service types german_languagerman speaking world term often_used instead drive kind service japan term refers rest area france term become_popular american kind service morecently due thexpansion ofast_food_restaurant first drive restaurant pig stand kirby pig stand opened dallas_texas dallas_texas wells dick update street p jones pig pig sandwich inorth_america drive facilities types become less popular since heyday drive_throughs rising prominence since popular_culture symbol drive featured many films tv_series abouthis period film american graffiti haseveral scenes around drive happy days arnold drive one main settings much also drive drive theater drive classics canadian tv drive restaurants_list drive park externalinks drive theatres refuse fade away drive restaurant page drive searchable archive drive movie_theaters category_articles containing_video_clips category drive restaurants_category road transport category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Drive-through","description":"file uk mcdonald s drive through windowsjpg thumb right mcdonald s drive through windows in the uk file rally s drive throughjpg righthumb some fast food chainsuch as this rally s located near new orleans louisiana la have two drive throughs file post office drivethrough lanejpg righthumb drive through post box mailboxes in usps usa drive through or drive thru is a type of service provided by a business that allows customers to purchase products without leaving their cars the format was pioneered in the united states in the s by jordan martin robert j sickels ed the s greenwood press p but hasince spread tother countries the first recorded use of a bank using a drive up window teller was the grand national bank of st louis missourin the drive up teller allowed only deposits athatime orders are generally placed using a microphone and picked up in person athe window a drive through is different from a drive in several ways the cars create a line and move in one direction in drive throughs and normally do not parking park whereas drive ins allow cars to park nexto each other the food is generally broughto the window by a server called a carhop and the customer can remain the parked car to eat however during peak periods to keep the queue down and avoid traffic flow problems drive throughs occasionally switch to an order athe window then park in a designated space model where the customer will receive their food from an attendant when it is ready to be served this results in a perceived relationship between the two service models drive throughs have generally replacedrive ins in popular culture and are now found in the vast majority of modern american fast food chain store chainsometimes a store with a drive through is referred to as a drive through or the term is attached to the service such as drive through restaurant or drive through bank drive throughs typically have signs over the drive through lanes to show customers which lanes are open for business the types of signage used is usually illuminated so the open message can be changed to a closed message when the lane is not available file rock roll mcdonalds from th fl of sports authorityjpg thumb upright mcdonald s firstwo lane drive through was athe rock n roll mcdonald s in chicago alcoholic beverage s at a drive through liquor store called a beer through a cruise through a brew thru in the us eastern mid atlanticoast or a pony keg in certain areas generally illegal in the northeast and west banking services at a drive through bank postal services at a drive through mailbox dna testing coffee at a drive through coffee shop dairy products at a drive through dairy store notably the skinner dairy shops of north east florida or dairy barn in long island prescriptions at a drive through pharmacy food or drink at a drive through restaurantypically fast food groceries at a drive through retailer first by tesco uk marriage primarily at special drive through marriage chapels in las vegas valley las vegas in the united states funeral home where mourners can drive by and view the remains of their loved ones through windows pennsylvania house of representatives pennsylvania state representative kevin p murphy installed a drive through window designed to speed constituent service photo processing at fotomat file mcdonalds drive thru charnwood australiajpg thumb right a typical australia n mcdonald s drive through with speaker file drive thru intercom and menuspng thumb righthe intercom and menus at a british mcdonald s restaurant edinburgh scotland a drive through restaurant generally consists of a loudspeaker and microphone for customers to place their orders a speaker and microphone or wireless headset audio headset system for employees to hear the customer s order when a speaker is used a trigger pad beneathe concrete to activate the microphone and headset possibly augmented with a closed circuitelevision cctv camera one or more free standing signs listing the menu items called a menu board newer drive throughs feature a liquid crystal display lcd or light emitting diode ledisplay within the speaker system in order to show the full order and total costo avert orderrors through miscommunication at many brands of restaurants a secondary display featuring the total is placedirectly nexto the order window this to ensure thathe customer will know if the cashier intentionally overcharges them windows wheremployees interact with customers by processing the customer s payment and giving them their order most drive throughs haveither one window serving both functions or two windows withe first being used for payment and the second used foretrieving the order most restaurants have marked parking spaces just beyond the last window if there is a significant delay in an individual customer s order an employee may directhat customer to temporarily park in this area clearing the drive through lane for the next customer and preventing delays tother customers when the order is ready an employee handelivers the order to the customer in the designated parking space thiservice therefore occasionally hasome similarities to drive in service but only during peak periods filespressodrivethrujpg thumb right some businesses are built only for drive through service like this espresso shop file timhortonsmonctonjpg thumb a drive through only tim hortons location in monctonew brunswick canada drive through designs are different from restauranto restaurant however most drive throughs can accommodate four to six passenger cars or trucks at once called the queue area queue most drive through lanes are designed so the service windows and speaker are on the driver side of the car for example in left hand traffic right handrive countriesuch as the uk ireland australiand new zealand the windows will be on the right side of the drive through lane and vice versa in right hand traffic left handrive countriesuch as north americand mainland europe there are a few drive through lanes designed withe service windows on the passenger side buthese lanes are disfavored as they cannot be used easily by cars with only a driver according to author michael karl witzel drive through windows were a method firstested as far back as by the texas pig stand chain the first drive through restaurant was created in by sheldon red chaney operator of red s giant hamburg in springfield missouri located on the famous route the restaurant served customers until its closure in several other companies lay claim to having invented the first restaurant of this kind including the in out burger chain which did not open a drive through until maid rite also claims to have had the first drive through window other sources cite jack in the box restaurant jack in the box as the first majorestaurant specifically designed as a drive through and featuring a two way intercomlangdon philip orange roofs golden arches the architecture of american chain restaurants page knopf the first jack in the box opened in san diego the drive through concept waso unfamiliar to people athe time thathe jack in the box clown where the speaker was housed held a sign saying pull forward jack will speak to you however according to michael wallis author of route the motheroad red s giant hamburg in springfield missouris home to the world s first drive through window mcdonald sierra vistarizona was the first city to have a mcdonald s drive through the first mcdonald s drive through was created inear fort huachuca military installation located adjacento the city to serve military members who were not permitted to get out of their cars while wearing fatigues the original mcdonald s was closedown andemolished in may and a new mcdonald s replaced it in the us drive throughs account for percent of mcdonald s business and the average drive through order is under minutes in the casa linda texas franchise opened a drive through walk up only store with no indoor seating although it hasmall patio with tables the same company operates a walk up only store front nexto the west end station of dart rail the first drive through restaurant a mcdonald s drive through in europened athe nutgrove shopping centre in dublin ireland in spain and russia mcdonald s drive through services are often called mcauto in the netherlands germany france portugal italy and other northern european countries mcdonald s drive through service is called mcdrive in chile argentinand mexico mcdonald s drive through service is called automac file jollibee th store in palo leytejpg thumb a drive through at jollibee restaurant in palo leyte philippines max burger max hamburgers opens northern europe s first drive in pite file starbucks and bank of america drive throughjpg thumb right a drive through shared by a bank and a coffee shop in city center bank which became umb financial corporation president r crosby kemper opened what is considered the first drive up window shortly after the grand national bank in st louis opened up a drive through including a sloto the side for nightime deposits westminster bank opened the uk s first drive through bank in liverpool in soon followed by ulster bank opening ireland s first in at finaghy in recent years there has been a decline in drive through banking due to increased trafficongestion and the increased availability of automated teller machines and telephone and internet banking however many bank buildings now feature drive through atms grocery shopping harold willis and his fatherobert willis first incorporated a dairy and eggs drive through service in redlands california in thearly supplying milk and eggs quickly and efficiently to driving customers this utilized a dairy conveyor belthat harold willis had invented some supermarket s offer drive through facilities for grocery shopping in the uk thiservice was first announced by tesco in august and in the united states crafty s drive buy grocery store in virginia started offering the service in the netherlands dutchain albert heijn introduced a pick upoint where one can collect groceries bought online non car usage pedestrian sometimes attempto walk through the drive through torder food after the seated section of a fast food restaurant has closed many establishments refuse drive through service to pedestrians for safety insurance and liability reasonssee chude v jack in the box cal app th in this case jack in the box successfully invoked the california personal responsibility act of against an uninsuredriver who spilled hot coffee on herself in the drive through then suffered secondegree burns because the wall of the restaurant prevented her from opening her car door and escaping the hot coffee on her car seat under the act plaintiff s lack of vehicle insurance barred her from recovering noneconomic damages which form the bulk of damages in many us personal injury cases the court of appeal reasoned thathe burn injury was reasonably related to the operation of a motor vehicle because jack in the box in accordance with itstrict policy would not have served her if she had approached the drive through window on foot and because her injuries werexacerbated by the fact she wasitting in a car cyclist s are usually refused service withe same justification given however in the summer of burgerville gave use of the drive through window to bicyclistsimilar issues can arise in rural areas for people on horseback or in a horse drawn carriage on july a woman was fined for taking her horse inside a mcdonald s restaurant in greater manchester united kingdom after being refused service athe drive through the horsended up defecating inside the restaurant which causedistress tother customers walk up windows file mcdonald s walk up windowjpg thumb mcdonald s walk up window left at a location inew york city somestablishments provide a walk up window instead when a drive through may not be practical however the walk up windowshould not be confused with small establishments that customers are lined up for servicesuch as mobile kitchen s kiosk s or concession stand s these walk up windows are value added services on top of the full services provided inside the stores the walk up windows generally provide similar customer experience withe drive throughs by allowing customers to receive services from thexterior of the facilities through a window there are many reasons for the owners to provide such services an example is when mcdonald s entered a new market in russia where the majority ofamilies did not own cars the owners developed the walk up windows as an alternative anothereason is to have a drive through experience in the locations that are not feasible to construct a drive through lane such as in city centersomestablishments may wanto use walk up windows to attract certain customer demographicsuch as younger customers who need quick services during late night also anothereason is toffer extended service hours and maintain a safenvironment for employeesuch as a bulletproof walk up window of convenience store s in high crime areaski through mcdonald s first opened a ski through called mcskin the ski resort of lindvallen sweden in see also file cleveland august cleveland public library drive up service jpg thumb the cleveland public library s drive up service window drive in externalinks annual qsr drive thru performance study category 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placed using microphone picked person athe window drive different drive several ways cars create line move one direction drive_throughs normally parking park whereas drive_ins allow cars park nexto food generally broughto window server called carhop customer remain parked car eat however peak periods keep queue avoid traffic flow problems drive_throughs occasionally switch order athe window park designated space model customer receive food attendant ready served results perceived relationship two service models drive_throughs generally ins popular_culture found vast_majority modern american fast_food chain store store drive referred drive term attached service drive restaurant drive bank drive_throughs typically signs drive lanes show customers lanes open business types signage used usually illuminated open message changed closed message lane available file rock roll mcdonalds th sports thumb upright mcdonald firstwo lane drive athe rock_n roll mcdonald chicago alcoholic_beverage drive liquor store called beer cruise brew thru us eastern mid pony keg certain areas generally illegal northeast west banking services drive bank postal services drive dna testing coffee drive coffee_shop dairy products drive dairy store notably dairy shops north_east florida dairy barn long island drive food drink drive fast_food groceries drive first uk marriage primarily special drive marriage las_vegas valley las_vegas united_states funeral home drive view remains loved ones windows pennsylvania house representatives pennsylvania state representative kevin p murphy installed drive window designed speed service photo processing file mcdonalds drive thru thumb right typical australia n mcdonald drive speaker file drive thru thumb_righthe menus british mcdonald restaurant edinburgh scotland drive restaurant generally consists microphone customers place orders speaker microphone wireless headset audio headset system employees hear customer order speaker used trigger pad beneathe concrete microphone headset possibly augmented closed camera one free standing signs listing menu_items called menu board newer drive_throughs feature liquid crystal display lcd light within speaker system order show full order total costo many brands restaurants secondary display featuring total nexto order window ensure_thathe customer know intentionally windows interact customers processing customer payment giving order drive_throughs one window serving functions two windows withe_first used payment second used order restaurants marked parking spaces beyond last window significant delay individual customer order employee may customer temporarily park area clearing drive lane next customer preventing delays tother customers order ready employee order customer designated parking space thiservice therefore occasionally hasome similarities drive service peak periods thumb right businesses built drive service like espresso shop file thumb drive tim hortons location brunswick canada drive designs different restauranto restaurant however drive_throughs accommodate four six passenger cars trucks called queue area queue drive lanes designed service windows speaker driver side car example left hand traffic right countriesuch uk ireland australiand_new_zealand windows right side drive lane vice versa right hand traffic left countriesuch north_americand mainland europe drive lanes designed withe service windows passenger side buthese lanes cannot used easily cars driver according author michael karl drive windows method far back texas pig stand chain first drive restaurant created sheldon red chaney operator red giant hamburg springfield missouri located famous route restaurant served customers closure several companies lay claim invented first restaurant kind including burger chain open drive maid rite also claims first drive window sources cite jack box restaurant jack box first specifically designed drive featuring two way philip orange golden arches architecture american chain restaurants page first jack box opened san_diego drive concept waso unfamiliar people athe_time thathe jack box speaker housed held sign saying pull forward jack speak however according michael author route red giant hamburg springfield home world first drive window mcdonald sierra first city mcdonald drive first mcdonald drive created fort military installation located adjacento city serve military members permitted get cars wearing original mcdonald closedown may new mcdonald replaced us drive_throughs account percent mcdonald business average drive order minutes casa linda texas franchise opened drive walk store indoor seating although patio tables company operates walk store front nexto west end station dart rail first drive restaurant mcdonald drive athe shopping centre dublin ireland spain russia mcdonald drive services often_called netherlands germany france portugal italy northern european_countries mcdonald drive service called chile argentinand mexico mcdonald drive service called file th store thumb drive restaurant philippines max burger max hamburgers opens northern europe first drive file starbucks bank america drive thumb right drive shared bank coffee_shop city center bank became financial corporation president r opened considered first drive window shortly grand_national bank st_louis opened drive including side deposits westminster bank opened uk first drive bank liverpool soon followed ulster bank opening ireland first recent_years decline drive banking due increased trafficongestion increased availability automated teller machines telephone internet banking however_many bank buildings feature drive grocery shopping harold willis willis first incorporated dairy eggs drive service california thearly supplying milk eggs quickly driving customers utilized dairy harold willis invented supermarket offer drive facilities grocery shopping uk thiservice first announced august united_states drive buy grocery store virginia started offering service netherlands albert introduced pick one collect groceries bought online non car usage pedestrian sometimes attempto walk drive torder food seated section fast_food_restaurant closed many establishments refuse drive service pedestrians safety insurance liability v jack box cal app th case jack box successfully california personal responsibility act hot coffee drive suffered burns wall restaurant prevented opening car door escaping hot coffee car seat act lack vehicle insurance barred recovering damages form bulk damages many us personal injury cases court appeal thathe burn injury reasonably related operation motor_vehicle jack box accordance policy would served approached drive window foot injuries fact car cyclist usually refused service withe given however summer gave use drive window issues arise rural_areas people horseback horse drawn carriage july woman fined taking horse inside mcdonald restaurant greater_manchester united_kingdom refused service athe drive_inside restaurant tother customers walk windows file mcdonald walk thumb mcdonald walk window left location inew_york_city somestablishments provide walk window instead drive may practical however walk confused small establishments customers lined servicesuch mobile kitchen kiosk concession_stand walk windows value added services top full_services provided inside stores walk windows generally provide similar customer experience withe drive_throughs allowing customers receive services thexterior facilities window many reasons owners provide services example mcdonald entered new market russia majority cars owners developed walk windows alternative anothereason drive experience locations feasible construct drive lane city may wanto use walk windows attract certain customer younger customers need quick services late_night also anothereason toffer extended service hours maintain walk window convenience store high crime mcdonald first_opened ski called ski resort sweden see_also file cleveland august cleveland public_library drive service jpg thumb cleveland public_library drive service window drive externalinks annual drive thru performance study category_types restaurants_category road transport"},{"title":"DSE-Alpha","description":"deep spacexpedition alpha dse alpha is the name given to the lunar sortie mission proposed in to take the first space tourism space tourists to fly around the moon the mission is organized by space adventurespace adventures ltd a commercial spaceflight company the plans involve a modified soyuz spacecraft soyuz capsule docking with a boosterocket in earth orbit which then sends the spacecraft on a free return circumlunar trajectory that circles around the moonce while the price was originally announced in augusto cost us million per seat space adventures founderic anderson eric anderson announced in january that one of the two available seats had been sold for million the use of the soyuz spacecraft makesense in many ways the original soyuz design of waspecifically intended for circumlunar travel in the late s a strippedown soyuz variant under the name zond program zond made several attempts at circumlunar flight with eventual success the dse proposal is to launch the soyuz with one crew member and two passengers aboard a zenit rocket family zenit rocket booster will then be launched carrying a rocket stage weighing up to to dock withe soyuz and propel ito circumlunar velocity two different flight profiles were originally proposed by space adventures the direct staged profile lasting about days would involve docking to the booster stage intended to propel the craft andirect departure for the moon a proposed timeline for such a flight plan is as follows day launch of soyuz spacecraft soyuz spacecraft into low earth orbit day launch of blok d block dm upper stage on rocket booster day space rendezvous andocking of soyuz with booster trans lunar injection burn after checkout of systems days coasto the moon circumlunar trajectory day closest approach as the soyuz loops around the far side of the moon days coast back to earth day atmospheric reentry and landing the other profile lasting about days would incorporate a several day visito the international space station into the flight plan beforendezvousing withe booster stage andeparting for the moon the soyuz spacecraft used for the mission would be modified from the soyuz tma orbital soyuz with a thicker and more durable heat shield and a yamal satellite constellation yamal satellite communicationsystem the block dm booster would use an automatic docking system for the rendezvous withe soyuz in low earth orbit on june spacecom reported thatwo individuals hadisplayed interest in purchasing seats with contract negotiations expected to be concluded by thend of the year in january space adventures founderic anderson announced that one of the two seats on the flight had been sold at a price of us million and negotiations for the second seat were under way in space adventures projected the first mission could occur by this had slipped to space tourism firm offers flight around the moon soyuz craftseptember and the company s website hasince been changed to indicate they expectheir first mission to launch before thend of the decade mark wade author of thencyclopediastronautica has argued thathe zenit rocket is not powerful enough for this mission and thathe larger proton rocket proton rocket will in fact be needed these same calculations have also shown that a fully fueled and outfitted blok d block dm would beyond the capabilities of the zenit rocket and the dm would have to fire for a shortime in order to stabilize its orbit see also space tourism space adventures list of current and future lunar missions externalinks encyclopediastronautica dse alpha category commercial spaceflight category human spaceflight programs category space adventures category space tourism category missions to the 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us_million per seat space_adventures anderson eric anderson announced january one two available seats sold million_use soyuz_spacecraft many ways original soyuz design intended circumlunar travel late soyuz variant name program made several attempts circumlunar flight eventual success dse proposal launch soyuz one crew member two passengers aboard zenit rocket_family zenit rocket booster launched carrying rocket stage weighing dock withe soyuz propel ito circumlunar velocity two different flight profiles originally proposed space_adventures direct staged profile lasting days would involve docking booster stage intended propel craft andirect departure moon proposed timeline flight plan follows day launch soyuz_spacecraft soyuz_spacecraft low_earth_orbit day launch block upper_stage rocket booster day space rendezvous soyuz booster trans lunar injection burn systems days coasto moon circumlunar trajectory day closest approach soyuz loops around far side moon days coast back earth day atmospheric reentry landing profile lasting days would incorporate several day visito international_space_station flight plan withe booster stage moon soyuz_spacecraft used mission would modified soyuz_tma orbital soyuz durable heat shield satellite constellation satellite block booster would use automatic docking system rendezvous withe soyuz low_earth_orbit june spacecom reported individuals interest purchasing seats contract negotiations expected concluded thend year january space_adventures anderson announced one two seats flight sold price us_million negotiations second seat way space_adventures projected first mission could occur space_tourism firm offers flight around moon soyuz company website hasince changed indicate first mission launch thend decade mark wade author argued thathe zenit rocket powerful enough mission thathe larger proton rocket proton rocket fact needed calculations also shown fully fueled outfitted block would beyond capabilities zenit rocket would fire shortime order stabilize orbit see_also space_tourism space_adventures list current future lunar missions externalinks dse alpha category_commercial_spaceflight category_human spaceflight programs category_space adventures category_space_tourism category missions moon"},{"title":"Dynamic packaging","description":"dynamic packaging is a method used in package holiday bookings to enable consumers to build their own package oflights hotel accommodation and carental instead of purchasing a pre defined package dynamic packages differ from traditional package tour s in thathe pricing is always based on current availability escorted group tours are rarely included and trip specific add onsuch as airport parking and show tickets are often available dynamic packages are similar in that often the air hotel and carates are available only as part of a package or only from a specific seller the term dynamic packaging is often used incorrectly to describe the lessophisticated process of interchanging various travel components within a package however this practice is more accurately described as dynamic bundling true dynamic packaging demands the automated recombination of travel components based on the inclusion of rules that not only dictate the content of the package but also conditional pricing rules based on various conditionsuch as the trip characteristicsuppliers contributing components the channel of distribution and terms of sale dynamic packages are primarily sold online but online travel agency travel agencies will also sell by phone owing to the strong margins and high sale price of the product dynamic packaging is dynamic at severalevels firstly inventory isourcedynamically meaning the dynamic packaging solution will source flights accommodation and carental components for the package in real time secondly these components are dynamically combined into packages thirdly the package is dynamically priced and is usually given an opaque total price dynamic packages are normally given a single opaque price meaning the wholesaler s cost of the individual components is hidden from the consumer the wholesaler often obtainspecial package only cost rates for travel componentsuch as negotiated fares for flights or special package rates for accommodation or carental these cost prices are typically significantly lower than the cost pricesuppliers offer for the same products if they were to be sold asingle components hence the wholesaler will be able toffer the consumer a combined saving for the dynamic package without reducing his own margins opaque pricing of dynamic packages hide the price of the included components this haseveral benefitsuppliers of travel products often impose a minimum selling price for their products for instance a hotel might give the wholesaler a room at cost price x but on the condition thathe room is not sold for less than y hotels do this to prevent wholesalers from competing withemselves with dynamic packaging the customer is not presented withe room price only the overall package price so hotels typically allow the wholesaler to discounthe hidden price of the hotel more opaque pricing also has benefits for airlines tend to increase their fares the closer you geto the departure dateven if there are many available seats this to train the consumers to book early making it easier for the airline to do properevenue management if airlines were to dump their fares if a flight failed to fill up then this would train the customers to wait until very close to departure before booking this would make it virtually impossible for an airline to manage their fares could then only be determined based on historical datand not based on current demandynamic packaging allows an airline to get rid of distressed inventory at discounted fares as the discounted fare is effectively hidden from the consumer dynamic packaging is alsoften misunderstood since it requires thathe provider of dynamic packaging be a wholesaler who must also issue tickets vouchers or otheredeemable coupons in order to become a dynamic packager without an inventory management system and a ticket coupon or voucher issuing system to make the prices of the individual components appear as one price to the consumer and allow each travel service provider to knowhat rate to accept or charge the traveler dynamic packaging does not work many travel retailers have mistakenly assumed they could provide dynamic packaging without an inventory management systemark up engine with business rules and a ticket issuing and resolution system the wholesaler must either directly control the inventory that is combined into packages or buy the package components up front from other travel suppliers this implies that dynamic packages as with static packages are always pre paid by the customer the wholesaler would typically also require special discounted fares rates from the travel suppliers for carental the supplier carental company or intermediary should ideally supply their price based on calendar days rather than hour by hour calendar day rates reduce the number of vehicle availability pricing scans the wholesaler must make for packages that include flights the outbound arrival and return departure date times determine the carental pick up androp off date times if carental rates were by the hour they wouldiffer for each flight option hence the wholesaler would have to issue a vehicle availability search for each available flight while withourates one single vehicle availability search is enough to cater for all flight optionsee also travel technology references externalinks dynamic packaging faq from travelweeklycouk category 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firstly inventory meaning dynamic_packaging solution source flights accommodation carental components package real_time secondly components combined packages package priced usually given opaque total price dynamic packages normally given single opaque price meaning wholesaler cost individual components hidden consumer wholesaler often package cost rates travel negotiated fares flights special package rates accommodation carental cost prices typically significantly lower_cost offer products sold components hence wholesaler able toffer consumer combined saving dynamic package without reducing margins opaque pricing dynamic packages hide price included components haseveral travel products often impose minimum selling price products instance hotel might give wholesaler room cost price x condition thathe room sold less hotels prevent competing dynamic_packaging customer presented withe room price overall package price hotels typically allow wholesaler hidden price hotel opaque pricing also benefits airlines tend increase fares closer geto departure many available seats train consumers book early making easier airline management airlines fares flight failed fill would train customers wait close departure booking would make virtually impossible airline manage fares could determined based historical datand based current packaging allows airline get rid inventory discounted fares discounted fare effectively hidden consumer dynamic_packaging alsoften since requires thathe provider dynamic_packaging wholesaler must_also issue tickets order become dynamic without inventory management system ticket issuing system make prices individual components appear one price consumer allow travel service provider rate accept charge traveler dynamic_packaging work many travel retailers assumed could provide dynamic_packaging without inventory management engine business rules ticket issuing resolution system wholesaler must either directly control inventory combined packages buy package components front travel suppliers implies dynamic packages static packages always pre paid customer wholesaler would typically also require special discounted fares rates travel suppliers carental supplier carental company ideally supply price based calendar days rather hour hour calendar day rates reduce number vehicle availability pricing wholesaler must make packages include flights outbound arrival return departure date times determine carental pick date times carental rates hour flight option hence wholesaler would issue vehicle availability search available flight one single vehicle availability search enough cater flight also travel_technology references_externalinks dynamic_packaging faq category_tourism"},{"title":"Early bird dinner","description":"early birdinner is a dinner served earlier than traditional dinner hours particularly at a restaurant many establishments offer a seating prior to their main dinner seating with a reduced price menu often more limited in selection 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the provincia di milano province of milan amie louie to present in addition to classified ad listings easy milano releases articles and announcements from consulates embassies and trade offices of english speaking nations present in italy such as the british consulate uk trade investment and embassy of the united states rome in milan it also interviews many influential figures including politicians and members from the diplomaticommunity such as the former mayor of milan letizia moratti the mayor of milan giuliano pisapia the british ambassador to italy edward chaplin diplomat edward chaplin and former united states ambassador to italy ronald p spogli easy milano has organized many anglo themed events usually including charity fundraisersuch as j milan the us independence day celebrations as well as high profileventsuch as the us electionight party in thesevents have been frequently covered by national media in italy such as rai sky tg telenova la repubblicand il giornale see also list 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international well bilingual italians history milano founded editor chief partner aaron february published first_issue launched website makes ithe longest_running english_language publication catering expatriates residing milan easy milano published parent_company b easy milano city miland milano province milan present addition classified listings easy milano releases articles announcements trade offices english_speaking nations present italy british uk trade investment embassy united_states rome milan also interviews many influential figures including politicians members former mayor milan mayor milan british ambassador italy edward chaplin diplomat edward chaplin former united_states ambassador italy ronald p easy milano organized many anglo themed events usually including charity j milan us independence day celebrations well high us party thesevents frequently covered national media italy sky la see_also list magazines_published italy externalinks_category_establishments italy_category_city_guides category_english_language_magazines category expatriates italy expatriates italy_category_magazines category italian magazines_category listings magazines_category_local_interest_magazines category_magazinestablished category_magazines_published milan"},{"title":"Ecotourism","description":"file llano del muerto in perquin el salvadorjpg thumb llano del muerto waterfall in el salvador ecotourism is a form of tourism involving visiting fragile pristine and relatively undisturbed natural areas intended as a low impact and often small scale alternative to standard commercial mass tourism it means responsible travel to natural areas conserving thenvironment and improving the well being of the local people the international ecotourism society website wwwecotourismorg access date its purpose may be to educate the traveler to provide funds for ecological conservation to directly benefitheconomic development and political empowerment of local communities or to fosterespect for different cultures and for human rightsince the s ecotourism has been considered a critical endeavor by environmentalistso that future generations may experience destinations relatively untouched by human intervention several university programs use this description as the working definition of ecotourismuntamed path defining ecotourism retrieved on generally ecotourism deals with interaction with bioticomponents of the natural environmentssadry bn fundamentals of geotourism with a special emphasis on iran samt organization publishers tehran p english summary available online at ecotourism focuses on socially responsible travel personal growth and environmental sustainability ecotourism typically involves travel to destinations where flora faunand cultural heritage are the primary attractions ecotourism is intended toffer tourists an insight into the impact of human beings on thenvironment and to foster a greater appreciation of our natural habitats responsiblecotourism programs include those that minimize the negative aspects of conventional tourism on thenvironment and enhance the cultural integrity of local people therefore in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural factors an integral part of ecotourism is the promotion of recycling energy conservation energy efficiency water conservation and creation of economic opportunities for local communities for these reasons ecotourism often appeals to advocates of environmental and social responsibility the term ecotourism like sustainable tourism is considered by many to be an oxymoron like most forms of tourism ecotourism generally depends on air transportation which contributes to global warminglobal climate change additionally the overall effect of sustainable tourism is negative where likecotourism philanthropic aspirations mask hard nosed immediate self interestabler mj eds page tourism and sustainability principles to practice cab international wallingford an ecotourist is different from a tourist in the sense that he or she is mindful of his environment in most cases contributing to the sustainability of such surroundings file h lgevaatlus postipaat helgejpg thumb halichoerus grypuseal watching near malusislands in estonia ecotourism is a responsible tourism which conserves thenvironment and sustains the well being of local people it builds environmental awareness provides direct financial benefits for conservation provides financial benefits and empowerment for local people respects local culture supports human rights andemocratic movementsuch as conservation of biodiversity biological diversity and cultural diversity through ecosystem protection promotion of sustainability sustainable use of biodiversity by providing jobs to local populationsharing of all socio economic benefits with local communities and indigenous peoples by having their informed consent and participation in the management of ecotourism enterprises tourism to unspoiled natural resources with minimal impact on thenvironment being a primary concern minimization of tourism s own environmental impact affordability and lack of waste in the form of luxury local culture florand fauna being the main attractions local people who benefit from this form of tourism economically and often more than mass tourism the international ecotourism society defines ecotourism as responsible travel to natural areas that conserves thenvironment sustains the well being of local people and involves interpretation and education for many countries ecotourism is not simply a marginal activity to finance protection of the natural environment but a major industry of the national economics economy for example in costa rica ecuador nepal kenya madagascar and territoriesuch as antarctica ecotourism represents a significant portion of the gross domestic product and economics economic activity ecotourism is often misinterpreted as any form of tourism that involves nature see jungle tourism self proclaimed practitioners and hosts of ecotourism experiences assume it is achieved by simply creating destinations inatural areas according to critics of this commonplace and assumptive practice truecotourismust above all sensitize people to the beauty and the fragility of nature these critics condemn some operators as greenwash ing their operations using the labels of green and eco friendly while behaving in environmentally irresponsible ways although academics disagree about who can be classified as an ecotourist and there is little statistical data somestimate that more than five million ecotourists the majority of thecotourist population come from the united states with many others from western europe canadand australia currently there are various moves to create national and international ecotourism accreditation programs although the process is also controversial national ecotourism certification programs have been put in place in countriesuch as costa ricaustralia kenya estoniand sweden terminology and history filelephant safarijpg thumb upright px an elephant safari through the jaldapara national park in west bengal india file hanging bridge thenmalajpg thumb right a hanging bridge in ecotourism area of thenmala kerala india india s first planned ecotourism destination ecotourism is a late th century neologism compounded from eco and tourism according to the oxford english dictionary ecotour was first recorded in and ecotourism probably after ecotour in oxford english dictionary second edition cd rom version draft entries december oxford university press citing ecol interpretative map ottawa north bay canad forestry service heading ecotour of the trans canada highway ottawa north bay and titlecological tourism ecotourism a new viewpoint un fao econ comm for europecotour n a tour of or visito an area of ecological interest usually with an educational element in later use also a similar tour or visit designed to have as little detrimental effect on thecology as possible or undertaken withe specific aim of helping conservation efforts ecotourism n tourism to areas of ecological interestypically exotic and often threatened natural environments esp to support conservation efforts and observe wildlife spec access to an endangered environment controlled so as to have the least possible adverseffect one source claims the terms were used earlier claus dieter nick hetzer an academic and adventurer from forum international in berkeley ca supposedly coined ecotourism in and ran the first ecotours in the yucat n during thearly sdavid b weaver thencyclopedia of ecotourism cabi publishing p improving sustainability regulation and accreditation because the regulation of ecotourismay be poorly implemented ecologically destructive greenwashed operations like underwater hotels helicopter tours and wildlife theme parks can be categorized as ecotourism along with canoeing camping photography and wildlife observation the failure to acknowledge responsible low impact ecotourism puts legitimatecotourism companies at a competitive disadvantage many environmentalists have argued for a global standard of accreditation differentiating ecotourism companies based on their level of environmental commitment creating a standard to follow a national or international regulatory board would enforce accreditation procedures with representation from various groups includingovernments hotels tour operators travel agents guides airlines local authorities conservation organizations and non governmental organizations the decisions of the board would be sanctioned by governmentso that non compliant companies would be legally required to disassociate themselves from the use of thecotourism brand crinion suggests a green starsystem based on criteria including a management plan benefit for the local community small group interaction education value and staff training ecotourists who consider their choices would be confident of a genuinecotourism experience when they see the higher starating environmental impact assessment s could also be used as a form of accreditation feasibility is evaluated from a scientific basis and recommendations could be made toptimally plan infrastructure setourist capacity and manage thecology this form of accreditation is more sensitive to site specificonditionsome countries have their own certification programs for ecotourism costa rica for example runs the certification of sustainable tourism cst program which is intended to balance theffecthat business has on the local environmenthe cst program focuses on a company s interaction with natural and cultural resources the improvement of quality of life within local communities and theconomicontribution tother programs of national development cst uses a rating system that categorizes a company based upon how sustainable its operations are cst evaluates the interaction between the company and the surrounding habitathe management policies and operation systems within the company how the company encourages its clients to become an active contributor towardsustainable policies and the interaction between the company and local communities the overall population based upon these criteria the company is evaluated for the strength of itsustainability the measurement index goes from to with being the worst and being the best guidelines and education file sarasotadventure kayak guided tour cormorant among the fleet frd jpg thumb ecotour guide stands on a kayaking kayak spotting dolphins and manatees around lido key an environmental protection strategy must address the issue of ecotourists removed from the cause and effect of their actions on thenvironment more initiativeshould be carried outo improve their awarenessensitize them to environmental issues and care abouthe places they visitour guides are an obvious andirect medium to communicate awareness withe confidence of ecotourists and intimate knowledge of thenvironmentour guides can actively discuss conservation issues informing ecotourists about how there actions on the trip canegatively impactherenvironment and the local people a tour guide training program in costa rica s tortuguero national park has helped mitigate negativenvironmental impacts by providing information and regulating tourists on the parks beaches used by nesting endangered sea turtlesmall scale slow growth and local control the underdevelopmentheory of tourism describes a new form of imperialism by multinational corporations that control ecotourism resources these corporations finance and profit from the development of large scalecotourism that causes excessivenvironmental degradation loss of traditional culture and way of life and exploitation of localabor in zimbabwe and nepal s annapurna region where underdevelopment is taking place more than percent of ecotourism revenues arexpatriated to the parent countries and less than percent go into local communities the lack of sustainability highlights the need for small scale slow growth and locally based ecotourism local peoples have a vested interest in the well being of their community and are therefore more accountable to environmental protection than multinational corporations though they receivery little of the profits the lack of control westernization adverse impacts to thenvironment loss of culture and traditions outweigh the benefits of establishing large scalecotourism the increased contributions of communities to locally managed ecotourism create viableconomic opportunities including high level management positions and reducenvironmental issues associated with poverty and unemployment because thecotourism experience is marketed to a different lifestyle from large scalecotourism the development ofacilities and infrastructure does not need to conform to corporate western tourism standards and can be much simpler and less expensive there is a greater fractional reserve banking multiplier effect on theconomy because local products materials and labor are used profits accrue locally and import leakages areduced the great barriereef park in australia reported over half of a billion dollars of indirect income in the areand added thousands of indirect jobs between and however even this form of tourismay require foreign investment for promotion or start up when such investments arequired it is crucial for communities for find a company or non governmental organization that reflects the philosophy of ecotourism sensitive to their concerns and willing to cooperate athexpense of profithe basic assumption of the multiplier effect is thatheconomy starts off with unused resources for example that many workers are cyclically unemployed and much of industrial capacity isitting idle or incompletely utilized by increasing demand in theconomy it is then possible to boost production if theconomy was already at full employment with only structural frictional or other supply side types of unemployment any attempto boost demand would only lead to inflation for various laissez faire schools of economics which embrace say s law andeny the possibility of keynesian inefficiency and under employment of resources therefore the multiplier concept is irrelevant or wrong headed as an example consider the government increasing its expenditure on roads by million without a corresponding increase in taxation thisum would go to the road builders who would hire more workers andistribute the money as wages and profits the households receiving these incomes will save part of the money and spend the rest on consumer goods thesexpenditures in turn will generate more jobs wages and profits and son withe income and spending circulating around theconomy the multiplier effect arises because of the induced increases in consumer spending which occur due to the increased incomes and because of the feedback into increasing business revenues jobs and income again this process does not lead to an economic explosionot only because of the supply side barriers at potential output full employment but because at each round the increase in consumer spending is less than the increase in consumer incomes that is the marginal propensity to consume mpc is less than one so that each round somextra income goes into saving leaking out of the cumulative process each increase in spending is thusmaller than that of the previous round preventing an explosion efforts to preservecosystems at risk some of the world s most exceptional biodiversity is located in the galapagos islands these islands were designated a unesco world heritage site in then added to unesco s list of world heritage in danger in igtoa is a non profit dedicated to preserving this unique living laboratory againsthe challenges of invasive species human impact and tourism for travelers who wanto be mindful of thenvironment and the impact of tourism it is recommended to utilize an operator that is endorsed by a reputablecotourism organization in the case of the galapagos igtoa has a list of the world s premiere galapagos islands tour companies dedicated to the lasting protection and preservation of the destinationatural resource management natural resource management can be utilized as a specialized tool for the development of ecotourism there are several places throughouthe world where a number of natural resources are abundant but withuman encroachment and habitats these resources are depleting withouthe sustainable use of certain resources they are destroyed and floral and faunal species are becoming extinct ecotourism programs can be introduced for the conservation of these resourceseveral plans and proper management programs can be introduced so thathese resources remain untouched several organizations ngo s and scientists are working on this field natural resources of hill areas like kurseong in west bengal are plenty inumber with various florand fauna butourism for business purpose poised the situation researchers from jadavpur university are presently working in this area for the development of ecotourism to be used as a tool for natural resource management in southeast asia government and nongovernmental organizations are working together with academics and industry operators to spread theconomic benefits of tourism into the kampungs and villages of the region a recently formed alliance the south east asian tourism organisation seato is bringing together these diverse players to discuss resource management concerns a summit held in quebec led to the global sustainable tourism criteria collaborativeffort between the un foundation and other advocacy groups the criteria which are voluntary involve the following standards effective sustainability planning maximum social and economic benefits for local communities minimum negative impacts on cultural heritage and minimum negative impacts on thenvironment clarkin and k hler p there is no enforcing agency or system of punishmentsfor summit in the continuum of tourism activities that stretch from conventional tourism to ecotourism there has been a lot of contention to the limit at which biodiversity preservation local social economic benefits and environmental impact can be considered ecotourism for this reason environmentalistspecial interest groups and governments definecotourism differently environmental organizations have generally insisted that ecotourism is nature based sustainably managed conservation supporting and environmentally educated the tourist industry and governments however focus more on the product aspectreating ecotourism as equivalento any sort of tourism based inature as a further complication many terms are used under the rubric of ecotourism nature tourism low impactourism green tourism bio tourism ecologically responsible tourism and others have been used in literature and marketing although they are not necessarily synonymous with ecotourism the problems associated with defining ecotourism have often led to confusion among tourists and academics many problems are also subject of considerable publicontroversy and concern because of green wash ing a trend towards the commercialization of tourism schemes disguised asustainable nature based and environmentally friendly ecotourism according to mclaren these schemes arenvironmentally destructiveconomically exploitative and culturally insensitive at its worsthey are also morally disconcerting because they mislead tourists and manipulate their concerns for thenvironmenthe development and success of such large scalenergy intensive and ecologically unsustainable schemes are a testamento the tremendous profits associated with being labeled as ecotourism negative impact ecotourism has become one of the fastest growing sectors of the tourism industry growing annually by worldwidemiller one definition of ecotourism is the practice of low impact educational ecologically and culturally sensitive travel that benefits local communities and host countries many of thecotourism projects are not meeting these standards even if some of the guidelines are being executed the local communities are still facing many of the negative impactsouth africa is one of the countries that is reaping significant economic benefits from ecotourism buthe negativeffects far outweigh the positive including forcing people to leave their homes gross violations ofundamental rights and environmental hazards far outweigh the medium term economic benefits miller a tremendous amount of money and human resources continue to be used for ecotourism despite unsuccessful outcomes and even more money is put into public relation campaigns to dilute theffects of criticism ecotourism channels resources away from other projects that could contribute more sustainable and realistic solutions to pressing social and environmental problems the money tourism can generate often ties parks and managements to ecotourism walpolet al buthere is a tension in this relationship becausecotourism often causes conflict and changes in land use rights fails to deliver promises of community level benefits damages environments and has many other social impacts indeed many argue repeatedly that ecotourism is neither ecologically nor socially beneficial yet it persists as a strategy for conservation andevelopment west due to the large profits while several studies are being done on ways to improve thecotourism structure some argue thathesexamples provide a rationale for stopping it altogether however there are some positivexamples among them the kavango zambezi transfrontier conservation area kazand the virunga national park as judged by wwf livelephants have to be worth more in d c vol thecotourism system exercises tremendous financial and political influence thevidence above shows that a strong casexists forestraining such activities in certain locations funding could be used for field studies aimed at finding alternative solutions tourism and the diverse problems africa faces in result of urbanization industrialization and the overexploitation of agriculture athe localevel ecotourism has become a source of conflict over control of land resources and tourism profits in this casecotourism has harmed thenvironment and local people and has led to conflicts over profit distribution in a perfect world morefforts would be made towards educating tourists of thenvironmental and social effects of their travels very few regulations or lawstand in place as boundaries for the investors in ecotourism these should be implemented to prohibithe promotion of unsustainablecotourism projects and materials which project false images of destinations demeaning local and indigenous culture though conservation efforts in east africare indisputably serving the interests of tourism in the region it is importanto make the distinction between conservation acts and the tourism industry eastern african communities are nothe only of developing regions to experienceconomic and social harms from conservation efforts conservation in the northwest yunnan region of china hasimilarly brought drastichanges to traditionaland use in the region prior to logging restrictions imposed by the chinese governmenthe industry made upercent of the regions revenue following a complete ban on commercialogging the indigenous people of the yunnan regionow see little opportunity for economic development ecotourismay provide solutions to theconomic hardshipsuffered from the loss of industry to conservation in the yunnan in the same way that it may serve to remedy the difficulties faced by the maasai astated thecotourism structure must be improved to direct more money into host communities by reducing leakages for the industry to be successful in alleviating poverty in developing regions but it provides a promising opportunity direct environmental impacts ecotourism operations occasionally fail to live up to conservation ideals it isometimes overlooked that ecotourism is a highly consumer centered activity and that environmental conservation is a means to further economic growth although ecotourism is intended for small groups even a modest increase in population however temporary puts extra pressure on the local environment and necessitates the development of additional infrastructure and amenities the construction of water treatment plantsanitation facilities and lodges come withexploitation of non renewablenergy sources and the utilization of already limited local resources the conversion of naturaland to such tourist infrastructure is implicated in deforestation and habitat deterioration of butterflies in mexico and squirrel monkeys in costa rica in other cases thenvironment suffers because local communities are unable to meethe infrastructure demands of ecotourism the lack of adequate sanitation facilities in many east african parks results in the disposal of campsite sewage in rivers contaminating the wildlife livestock and people who draw drinking water from it aside from environmental degradation with tourist infrastructure population pressures from ecotourism also leaves behind garbage and pollution associated withe western lifestyle although ecotourists claim to beducationally sophisticated and environmentally concerned they rarely understand thecological consequences of their visits and how their day to day activities append physical impacts on thenvironment as one scientist observes they rarely acknowledge how the meals they eathe toilets they flush the water they drink and son are all part of broaderegional economic and ecological systems they are helping to reconfigure witheir very activities nor do ecotourists recognize the great consumption of non renewablenergy required to arrive atheir destination which is typically moremote than conventional tourism destinations for instance an exotic journey to a place kilometers away consumes about liters ofuel person ecotourism activities are in and of themselves issues in environmental impact because they may disturb faunand flora ecotourists believe that because they are only taking pictures and leaving footprints they keep ecotourism sites pristine but even harmlessounding activitiesuch as nature hikes can becologically destructive in the annapurna circuit inepal ecotourists have worn down the marked trails and created alternate routes contributing to soil impaction erosion and plant damage where thecotourism activity involves wildlife viewing it can scare away animals disruptheir feeding and nesting sites or acclimate them to the presence of people in kenya wildlife observer disruption drives cheetahs off theireserves increasing the risk of inbreeding and further endangering the species environmental hazards the industrialization urbanization and unsustainable agriculture practices of human society are considered to be having a serious impact on thenvironment ecotourism is now also considered to be playing a role in environmental depletion while the term ecotourismay sound relatively benign one of its most serious impacts is its consumption of virgin territorieskamuaro these invasions often includeforestation disruption of ecologicalife systems and various forms of pollution all of which contribute to environmental degradation for example the number of motor vehicles crossing a park increases as tour driversearch forare species the number of roads disrupts the grass cover whichaserious consequences on plant and animal species these areas also have a higherate of disturbances and invasive species due to increasing traffic off of the beaten path into new undiscovered areas ecotourism also has an effect on species through the value placed on them certain species have gone from being little known or valued by local people to being highly valued commodities the commodification of nature commodification of plants may erase their social value and lead toverproduction within protected areas local people and their images can also be turned into commodities camaro brings up a relatively obvious contradiction any commercial venture into unspoiled pristine land with or withoutheco prefix as a contradiction in terms to generate revenue you have to have a high number of traffic tourists which inevitably means a higher pressure on thenvironment local people most forms of ecotourism are owned by foreign investors and corporations that provide few benefits to the local people an overwhelming majority of profits are put into the pockets of investors instead of reinvestment into the local economy or environmental protection leading to further environmental degradation the limited numbers of local people who aremployed in theconomy enter at its lowest level and are unable to live in tourist areas because of meager wages and a two market system in some cases the resentment by local people results in environmental degradation as a highly publicized case the maasai people maasai nomads in kenya killed wildlife inational parks but are now helping the national park to save the wildlife to show aversion to unfair compensation terms andisplacement from traditionalands the lack of economic opportunities for local people also constrains them to degrade thenvironment as a means of sustenance the presence of affluent ecotourists encourage the development of destructive markets in wildlife souvenirsuch as the sale of coral trinkets on tropical islands and animal products in asia contributing to illegal harvesting and poaching from thenvironment in suriname sea turtle reserves use a very large portion of their budgeto guard againsthese destructive activities displacement of people one of the worst examples of communities being moved in order to create a park is the story of the maasai about of national parks and game reserves in east africare on maasai land the first negative impact of tourism was the land lost from the maasai culture local and national governments took advantage of the maasai s ignorance on the situation and robbed them of huge chunks of grazing land putting to risk their only socio economic livelihood in kenya the maasai also have not gained any economic benefits despite the loss of their land employment favors better educated workers furthermore the investors in this areare not local and have not put any profits back into the local economy in some cases game reserves can be created without informing or consulting the local people the only find out when an evictionotice is delivered another source of resentment is the manipulation of the local people by their government eco tourism works to create simplistic images of local people and their uses and understandings of their surroundings through the lens of these simplified images officials direct policies and projects towards the local people and the local people are blamed if the projects fail west clearly tourism as a trade is not empowering the local people who make it rich and satisfying instead ecotourism exploits andepletes particularly in african maasai tribes it has to be reoriented if it is to be useful to local communities and to become sustainable threats to indigenous cultures ecotourism often claims that it preserves and enhances local cultures evidence shows that withestablishment of protected areas local people have illegally lostheir homes and mostly with no compensation pushing people onto marginalands witharsh climates poor soils lack of water and infested with livestock andisease does little to enhance livelihoods even when a proportion of ecotourism profits are directed back into the community thestablishment of parks can create harsh survival realities andeprive the people of their traditional use of land natural resources ethnic groups are increasingly being seen as a backdrop to the scenery and wildlife the local people struggle for cultural survival and freedom of cultural expression while being observed by tourists local indigenous people also have a strong resentmentowards the change tourism has been allowed to develop with virtually no controls too many lodges have been builtoo much firewood is being used and no limits are being placed on tourism vehicles they regularly drive off track and harass the wildlife their vehicle tracks criss cross thentire masai mara inevitably the bush is becoming eroded andegraded while governments are typically entrusted withe administration and enforcement of environmental protection they often lack the commitment or capability to managecotourism sites the regulations for environmental protection may be vaguely defined costly to implement hard to enforce and uncertain effectiveness government regulatory agencies are susceptible to making decisions that spend on politically beneficial but environmentally unproductive projects because of prestige and conspicuousness the construction of an attractive visitor s center at an ecotourism site may take precedence over more pressing environmental concerns like acquiring habitat protecting endemic species and removing invasive ones finally influential groups can lobbying pressure and sway the interests of the governmento their favor the government and its regulators can become vested in the benefits of thecotourism industry which they are supposed to regulate causing restrictivenvironmental regulations and enforcemento become more lenient management of ecotourism sites by privatecotourism companies offers an alternative to the cost of regulation andeficiency of government agencies it is believed thathese companies have a self interest in limited environmental degradation because tourists will pay more for pristinenvironments which translates to higher profit however theory indicates thathis practice is not economically feasible and will fail to manage thenvironmenthe model of monopolisticompetition states that distinctiveness will entail profits but profits will promote imitation a company that protects its ecotourism sites is able to charge a premium for the novel experience and pristinenvironment but when other companies view the success of this approach they also enter the market with similar practices increasing competition and reducing demand eventually the demand will be reduced until theconomic profit is zero a cost benefit analysishows thathe company bears the cost of environmental protection without receiving the gains without economic incentive the whole premise of self interesthrough environmental protection is quashed instead ecotourism companies will minimizenvironment related expenses and maximize tourism demand the tragedy of the commons offers another model for economic unsustainability from environmental protection in ecotourism sites utilized by many companies although there is a communal incentive to protecthenvironment maximizing the benefits in the long run a company will conclude that it is in their best interesto utilize thecotourism site beyond itsustainablevel by increasing the number of ecotourists for instance a company gains all theconomic benefit while paying only a part of thenvironmental cost in the same way a company recognizes thathere is no incentive to actively protecthenvironmenthey bear all the costs while the benefits are shared by all other companies the result again is mismanagementaken together the mobility oforeign investment and lack of economic incentive for environmental protection means that ecotourism companies are disposed to establishing themselves inew sites once their existing one isufficiently degraded case studies the purpose of ecotourism is to engage tourists in low impact non consumptive and locally oriented environments in order to maintain species and habitats especially in underdeveloped regions while somecotourism projects including some found in the united states can support such claims many projects have failed to addressome of the fundamental issues that nations face in the first place consequently ecotourismay not generate the very benefits it is intended to provide to these regions and their people and in some cases leaving economies in a state worse than before the following case studies illustrate the rising complexity of ecotourism and its impacts both positive and negative on thenvironment and economies of various regions in the world ecotourism in costa rica ecotourism in jordan ecotourism in south africa ecotourism in the united statesee also biodiversity bioregion conservation biology conservation ethiconservation movement conservation reliant species earth sciencecology ecology movement ecosystem ecoteach environmental protection global warmingreen hunting habitat conservation hypermobility travel market governance mechanismarket governance mechanisms natural capital natural environment natural resource naturenewable resource shark tourism sustainable development sustainability furthereading burger j landscapes tourism and conservation the science of the total environment ceballos lascurain h tourism ecotourism and protected areas larkin t and k n k hler ecotourism encyclopedia of environmental issues rev ed pasadena salem press vol pp iucn the international union for the conservation of nature pp ceballos lascurain h ecoturismo naturaleza y desarrollo sostenibleditorial diana pp duffy r shadow players ecotourism development corruption and state politics in belize third world quarterly gutzwiller k j y s h anderson the spatial extent of human intrusion effects on subalpine birdistributions condor nowaczek a ecotourism principles and practices annals of tourism research orams m b tourist getting close to whales is it what whale watching is all aboutourismanagement regueroxide m del ecoturismo nuevas formas de turismo en el espacio rural ed bosch turismo scheyvens r ecotourism and thempowerment of local communities tourismanagement weaver d b ecotourism in the less developed world cab int publ pp isbn externalinks the international ecotourism society nhtv centre for sustainable tourism and transport global sustainable tourism criteria scuba diverswim among the sharks fayetteville observer eco tourism holds promise peril for egyptian oasis npr hunting can help wildlife so can eco tourismother nature network category adventure travel category ecotourism category ecological economics category natural resource 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local_people international ecotourism society website access_date purpose may educate traveler provide funds ecological conservation directly development political empowerment local_communities different cultures human ecotourism considered critical future generations may experience destinations relatively untouched human intervention several university programs use description working definition path defining ecotourism retrieved generally ecotourism deals interaction natural geotourism special emphasis iran organization publishers tehran p english summary available_online ecotourism focuses socially responsible_travel personal growth environmental sustainability ecotourism typically involves travel_destinations flora faunand cultural_heritage primary attractions ecotourism intended toffer tourists insight impact human beings thenvironment foster greater appreciation natural habitats programs include minimize negative aspects conventional tourism thenvironment enhance cultural integrity local_people therefore addition evaluating environmental cultural factors integral_part ecotourism promotion recycling energy conservation energy efficiency water conservation creation economic opportunities local_communities reasons ecotourism often appeals advocates environmental social responsibility term ecotourism like sustainable_tourism considered many like forms tourism_ecotourism generally depends air transportation contributes global climate_change additionally overall effect sustainable_tourism negative philanthropic mask hard immediate self eds page tourism sustainability principles practice cab international wallingford different tourist sense environment cases contributing sustainability surroundings file h thumb watching near estonia ecotourism responsible_tourism conserves thenvironment sustains well local_people builds environmental awareness provides direct financial benefits conservation provides financial benefits empowerment local_people respects local_culture supports human_rights conservation biodiversity biological diversity cultural diversity ecosystem protection promotion sustainability sustainable use biodiversity providing jobs local socio economic_benefits local_communities indigenous peoples informed consent participation management ecotourism enterprises tourism natural_resources minimal impact thenvironment primary concern tourism environmental_impact affordability lack waste form luxury local_culture florand fauna main attractions local_people benefit form tourism economically often mass_tourism international ecotourism society defines ecotourism responsible_travel natural areas conserves thenvironment sustains well local_people involves interpretation education many_countries ecotourism simply activity finance protection natural_environment major industry national economics economy example costa_rica ecuador nepal kenya madagascar antarctica ecotourism represents significant portion gross domestic product economics economic activity ecotourism often form tourism involves nature see jungle_tourism self proclaimed practitioners hosts ecotourism experiences assume achieved simply creating destinations areas according critics commonplace practice people beauty nature critics operators ing operations using green eco friendly environmentally ways although academics disagree classified little statistical data five million ecotourists majority population come united_states many_others western_europe canadand australia currently various moves create national international ecotourism accreditation programs although process also controversial national ecotourism certification programs put place countriesuch costa kenya sweden terminology history thumb upright px elephant safari national_park west bengal india file hanging bridge thumb right hanging bridge ecotourism area kerala india india first planned ecotourism destination ecotourism late_th century eco_tourism according oxford_english_dictionary ecotour first recorded ecotourism probably ecotour oxford_english_dictionary second edition rom version draft entries december oxford_university_press citing map ottawa north bay forestry service heading ecotour trans_canada highway ottawa north bay tourism_ecotourism new viewpoint fao n tour visito area ecological interest usually educational element later use also similar tour visit designed little detrimental effect possible undertaken withe specific aim helping conservation_efforts ecotourism n tourism areas ecological exotic often threatened natural_environments support conservation_efforts wildlife access endangered environment controlled least possible one source claims terms used earlier claus nick academic adventurer forum international berkeley supposedly coined ecotourism ran first yucat n thearly b weaver thencyclopedia ecotourism cabi publishing p improving sustainability regulation accreditation regulation ecotourismay poorly implemented ecologically destructive operations like underwater hotels helicopter tours wildlife theme_parks categorized ecotourism along canoeing camping photography wildlife observation failure acknowledge responsible low_impact ecotourism puts companies competitive disadvantage many argued global standard accreditation ecotourism companies_based level environmental commitment creating standard follow national international regulatory board would enforce accreditation procedures representation various groups hotels tour_operators travel_agents guides airlines local_authorities conservation organizations non_governmental organizations decisions board would sanctioned non companies would legally required use thecotourism brand suggests green based criteria including management plan benefit local_community small group interaction education value staff training ecotourists consider choices would experience see higher starating environmental_impact assessment could also_used form accreditation feasibility evaluated scientific basis recommendations could made plan infrastructure capacity manage form accreditation sensitive site countries certification programs ecotourism costa_rica example runs certification sustainable_tourism cst program intended balance business local cst program focuses company interaction natural cultural resources improvement quality life within local_communities tother programs national development cst uses rating system company_based_upon sustainable operations cst interaction company surrounding management policies operation systems within company company encourages clients become active contributor policies interaction company local_communities overall population based_upon criteria company evaluated strength measurement index goes worst best guidelines education file kayak guided_tour among fleet jpg thumb ecotour guide stands kayaking kayak dolphins around key environmental_protection strategy must address issue ecotourists removed cause effect actions thenvironment carried outo improve environmental issues care abouthe places guides obvious andirect medium communicate awareness withe confidence ecotourists intimate knowledge guides actively discuss conservation issues informing ecotourists actions trip local_people tour_guide training program costa_rica tortuguero national_park helped mitigate impacts providing information regulating tourists parks beaches used nesting endangered sea scale slow growth local control tourism describes new form imperialism multinational corporations control ecotourism resources corporations finance profit development large causes degradation loss traditional culture way life exploitation zimbabwe nepal region taking_place percent ecotourism revenues parent countries less percent go local_communities lack sustainability highlights need small_scale slow growth locally based_ecotourism local_peoples interest well community therefore environmental_protection multinational corporations though little profits lack control adverse impacts thenvironment loss culture traditions outweigh benefits establishing large increased contributions communities locally managed ecotourism create opportunities including high_level management positions issues associated poverty unemployment thecotourism experience marketed different lifestyle large development ofacilities infrastructure need conform corporate western tourism standards much simpler less expensive greater reserve banking multiplier effect theconomy local products materials labor used profits locally import great barriereef park australia reported half billion dollars indirect income areand added thousands indirect jobs however even form tourismay require foreign investment promotion start investments arequired crucial communities find company non_governmental organization reflects philosophy ecotourism sensitive concerns willing basic multiplier effect starts unused resources example many workers unemployed much industrial capacity idle utilized increasing demand theconomy possible boost production theconomy already full employment structural supply side types unemployment attempto boost demand would lead inflation various schools economics say law possibility employment resources therefore multiplier concept wrong headed example consider government increasing expenditure roads million without corresponding increase taxation would go road builders would hire workers money wages profits households receiving incomes save part money spend rest consumer goods turn generate jobs wages profits son withe income spending circulating around theconomy multiplier effect induced increases consumer spending occur due increased incomes feedback increasing business revenues jobs income process lead economic supply side barriers potential output full employment round increase consumer spending less increase consumer incomes consume less one round income goes saving leaking process increase spending previous round preventing explosion efforts risk world exceptional biodiversity located galapagos_islands islands designated unesco_world_heritage_site added unesco list world_heritage danger non_profit dedicated preserving unique living laboratory againsthe challenges invasive species human impact tourism_travelers wanto thenvironment impact tourism recommended utilize operator endorsed organization case galapagos list world premiere galapagos_islands tour companies dedicated lasting protection preservation resource_management natural resource_management utilized specialized tool development ecotourism several places throughouthe_world number natural_resources abundant habitats resources withouthe sustainable use certain resources destroyed floral species becoming extinct ecotourism programs introduced conservation plans proper management programs introduced thathese resources remain untouched several organizations scientists working field natural_resources hill areas like west bengal plenty inumber various florand fauna business purpose situation researchers university presently working area development ecotourism used tool natural resource_management southeast_asia government organizations working together academics industry operators spread theconomic benefits tourism villages region recently formed alliance south_east_asian tourism_organisation bringing together diverse players discuss resource_management concerns summit held quebec led global sustainable_tourism criteria foundation advocacy groups criteria voluntary involve following standards effective sustainability planning maximum social economic_benefits local_communities minimum negative_impacts cultural_heritage minimum negative_impacts thenvironment k p enforcing agency system summit continuum tourism_activities stretch conventional tourism_ecotourism lot limit biodiversity preservation local social economic_benefits environmental_impact considered ecotourism reason interest groups governments differently environmental organizations generally ecotourism nature based managed conservation supporting environmentally educated tourist_industry governments however focus product ecotourism equivalento sort tourism based inature many terms used ecotourism nature tourism low green tourism bio tourism ecologically responsible_tourism others used literature marketing although necessarily synonymous ecotourism problems associated defining ecotourism often led confusion among tourists academics many problems also subject considerable concern green wash ing trend towards commercialization tourism schemes disguised nature based environmentally friendly ecotourism according schemes culturally also morally tourists concerns thenvironmenthe development success large intensive ecologically schemes tremendous profits associated labeled ecotourism negative impact ecotourism become_one fastest_growing sectors tourism_industry growing annually one definition ecotourism practice low_impact educational ecologically culturally sensitive travel benefits local_communities host countries many thecotourism projects meeting standards even guidelines executed local_communities still facing many negative africa one countries significant economic_benefits ecotourism buthe negativeffects far outweigh positive including forcing people leave homes gross violations rights environmental hazards far outweigh medium term economic_benefits miller tremendous amount money human_resources continue used ecotourism despite unsuccessful outcomes even money put public relation campaigns theffects criticism ecotourism channels resources away projects could contribute sustainable realistic solutions pressing social environmental problems money tourism generate often ties parks ecotourism buthere tension relationship often causes conflict changes land use rights fails deliver promises community level benefits damages environments many social impacts indeed many argue repeatedly ecotourism neither ecologically socially beneficial yet strategy conservation andevelopment west due large profits several studies done ways improve thecotourism structure argue provide stopping altogether however among zambezi conservation area national_park judged worth c vol thecotourism system exercises tremendous financial political influence shows strong activities certain locations funding could used field studies aimed finding alternative solutions tourism diverse problems africa faces result urbanization industrialization agriculture athe ecotourism become source conflict control land resources tourism profits thenvironment local_people led conflicts profit distribution perfect world would made towards educating tourists thenvironmental social effects travels regulations place boundaries investors ecotourism implemented promotion projects materials project false images destinations local indigenous culture though conservation_efforts east serving interests tourism_region importanto make distinction conservation acts tourism_industry eastern african communities nothe developing regions social conservation_efforts conservation northwest yunnan region china brought use region prior logging restrictions imposed chinese governmenthe industry made regions revenue following complete ban indigenous people yunnan see little opportunity economic_development ecotourismay provide solutions theconomic loss industry conservation yunnan way may_serve difficulties faced maasai astated thecotourism structure must improved direct money host_communities reducing industry successful poverty developing regions provides opportunity direct environmental_impacts ecotourism operations occasionally fail live conservation ideals isometimes overlooked ecotourism highly consumer centered activity environmental conservation means economic_growth although ecotourism intended small groups even modest increase population however temporary puts extra pressure local environment development additional infrastructure amenities construction water treatment facilities lodges come non renewablenergy sources utilization already limited local resources conversion tourist infrastructure habitat butterflies mexico squirrel monkeys costa_rica cases thenvironment local_communities unable meethe infrastructure demands ecotourism lack adequate sanitation facilities many east african parks results disposal campsite sewage rivers wildlife livestock people draw drinking water aside environmental degradation tourist infrastructure population pressures ecotourism also leaves behind garbage pollution associated_withe western lifestyle although ecotourists claim sophisticated environmentally concerned rarely understand consequences visits day day activities physical impacts thenvironment one scientist observes rarely acknowledge meals eathe toilets water drink son part economic ecological systems helping witheir activities ecotourists recognize great consumption non renewablenergy required arrive atheir destination typically moremote conventional tourism_destinations instance exotic journey place kilometers away ofuel person ecotourism activities issues environmental_impact may disturb faunand flora ecotourists believe taking pictures leaving keep ecotourism sites pristine even activitiesuch nature destructive circuit inepal ecotourists worn marked trails created alternate routes contributing soil erosion plant damage thecotourism activity involves wildlife viewing away animals feeding nesting sites presence people kenya wildlife observer disruption drives cheetahs increasing risk inbreeding species environmental hazards industrialization urbanization agriculture practices human society considered serious impact thenvironment ecotourism also_considered playing role environmental term ecotourismay sound relatively one serious impacts consumption virgin often disruption systems various forms pollution contribute environmental degradation example number motor_vehicles crossing park increases tour species number roads grass cover consequences plant animal species areas also invasive species due increasing traffic beaten path new undiscovered areas ecotourism also effect species value placed certain species gone little_known valued local_people highly valued commodities commodification nature commodification plants may social value lead within protected_areas local_people images also turned commodities brings relatively obvious commercial venture pristine land terms generate revenue high number traffic tourists inevitably means higher pressure thenvironment local_people forms ecotourism owned foreign investors corporations provide benefits local_people majority profits put pockets investors instead local_economy environmental_protection leading environmental degradation limited numbers local_people aremployed theconomy enter lowest level unable live tourist areas wages two market system cases local_people results environmental degradation highly publicized case maasai people maasai kenya killed wildlife inational parks helping national_park save wildlife show unfair compensation terms lack economic opportunities local_people also thenvironment means presence affluent ecotourists encourage development destructive markets wildlife sale coral tropical islands animal products asia contributing illegal harvesting thenvironment sea turtle reserves use large portion guard destructive activities people one worst examples communities moved order create park story maasai national_parks game reserves east maasai land first negative impact tourism land lost maasai culture local national governments took advantage maasai ignorance situation robbed huge grazing land putting risk socio economic kenya maasai also gained economic_benefits despite loss land employment favors better educated workers furthermore investors areare local put profits back local_economy cases game reserves created without informing consulting local_people find delivered another source manipulation local_people government eco_tourism works create images local_people uses surroundings lens simplified images officials direct policies projects towards local_people local_people blamed projects fail west clearly tourism trade local_people make rich satisfying instead ecotourism exploits particularly african maasai tribes useful local_communities become sustainable threats indigenous cultures ecotourism often claims enhances local_cultures evidence shows withestablishment protected_areas local_people illegally lostheir homes mostly compensation pushing people onto climates poor lack water livestock little enhance even proportion ecotourism profits directed back community thestablishment parks create harsh survival realities people traditional use land natural_resources ethnic_groups increasingly seen backdrop scenery wildlife local_people struggle cultural survival freedom cultural expression observed tourists local indigenous people also strong change tourism allowed develop virtually controls many lodges much firewood used limits placed tourism vehicles regularly drive track wildlife vehicle tracks cross thentire inevitably bush becoming governments typically withe administration enforcement environmental_protection often lack commitment capability sites regulations environmental_protection may defined costly implement hard enforce uncertain effectiveness government regulatory agencies susceptible making decisions spend politically beneficial environmentally projects prestige construction attractive visitor_center ecotourism site may take pressing environmental concerns like acquiring habitat protecting species removing invasive ones finally influential groups pressure sway interests governmento favor government become benefits thecotourism industry supposed regulate causing regulations become management ecotourism sites companies offers alternative cost regulation government_agencies believed thathese companies self interest limited environmental degradation tourists pay translates higher profit however theory indicates thathis practice economically feasible fail manage thenvironmenthe model states entail profits profits promote imitation company ecotourism sites able charge premium novel experience companies view success approach also enter market similar practices increasing competition reducing demand eventually demand reduced theconomic profit zero cost benefit thathe_company bears cost environmental_protection without receiving gains without economic incentive whole premise self environmental_protection instead ecotourism companies related expenses maximize tourism demand tragedy commons offers another model economic environmental_protection ecotourism sites utilized many companies although communal incentive maximizing benefits long run company best interesto utilize thecotourism site beyond increasing_number ecotourists instance company gains theconomic benefit paying part thenvironmental cost way company recognizes thathere incentive actively bear costs benefits shared companies result together mobility oforeign investment lack economic incentive environmental_protection means ecotourism companies disposed establishing inew sites existing one degraded case_studies purpose ecotourism engage tourists low_impact non locally oriented environments order maintain species habitats especially underdeveloped regions projects including found united_states support claims many projects failed fundamental issues nations face first place consequently ecotourismay generate benefits intended provide regions people cases leaving economies state worse following case_studies illustrate rising complexity ecotourism impacts positive negative thenvironment economies various regions world ecotourism costa_rica ecotourism jordan ecotourism south_africa ecotourism united_statesee also biodiversity conservation_biology conservation movement conservation reliant species earth ecology movement ecosystem environmental_protection global hunting habitat conservation hypermobility travel_market governance governance mechanisms natural capital natural_environment natural resource resource shark tourism sustainable_development sustainability furthereading burger j landscapes tourism conservation science total environment h tourism_ecotourism protected_areas k n k ecotourism encyclopedia environmental issues rev ed pasadena salem press vol pp iucn international union conservation nature pp h ecoturismo diana pp r shadow players ecotourism development corruption state politics belize third_world quarterly k j h anderson spatial extent human effects ecotourism principles practices annals tourism_research b tourist getting close whales whale_watching del ecoturismo de_turismo el rural ed turismo r ecotourism local_communities tourismanagement weaver b ecotourism less developed world cab int publ pp isbn_externalinks international ecotourism society centre sustainable_tourism transport global sustainable_tourism criteria scuba among observer eco_tourism holds promise egyptian oasis npr hunting help wildlife eco nature network category_adventure_travel_category ecotourism category ecological economics category natural resource_management"},{"title":"Edward Stanford Travel Writing Awards","description":"thedward stanford travel writing awards comprises two principal awards the stanfordolman travel book of the year and thedward stanford award for outstanding contribution to travel writing the award was previously calledolman bestravel book award the award is named after edward stanford and isponsored by stanfords a travel books and map storestablished in london in the stanfordolman travel book of the year is one of the two principal annual travel book awards in britain and the only one that is open to all writers the other award is that madeach year by the british guild of travel writers buthat is limited to authors who are members of the guild the first dolman award was given in justwo years after the only other travel book award the thomas cook travel book award which ran for years was abandoned by itsponsor from its founding through the to prize was organized by the authors club and wasponsored by and named after club member william dolman beginning in a new sponsor stanfords a travel book store was established along with an increase to for the winner fullist of awards thedward stanford travel writing awards consist of the following awardstanfordolman travel book of the year in association withe authors club edward stanford award for outstanding contribution to travel writing specsavers fiction with a sense of place wanderlust adventure travel book of the year national book tokens children s travel book of the year lonely planet pathfinders travel blog of the year destinationshow illustrated travel book of the year food and travel magazine food travel book of the year london book fair innovation in travel publishing bradtravel guides new travel writer of the year stanfordolman travel book of the year winner stanfordolman travel book of the year the winner was announced february james attlee station to station searching for stories on the great western line geoff dyer white sands experiences from the outside world elisabeth luard squirrel pie and other stories adventures in food across the globe jim perrin the hills of wales julian sayarer interstate hitchhiking through the state of a nation paul theroux deep south philip marsden risinground a search for the spirit of place helenattlee the land where lemons grow the story of italy and its citrus fruit horatio clare down to the sea in ships of ageless oceans and modern menick hunt walking the woods and the water in patrick leigh fermor s footsteps from the hook of holland to the golden horn jens m hling a journey into russia elizabeth pisanindonesia etc exploring the improbable nation dolman bestravel book award oliver bullough the last man in russia patrick leigh fermor the broken road charlotte higgins under another sky journeys in roman britain iain sinclair american smoke sylvain tesson the consolations of the forest consolations of the forest alone in a cabin the middle taiga sara wheeler o my america noo saro wiwa looking for transwonderland travels inigeria jeremy seal meander easto west along a turkish river kathleen jamie sightlines a gill the golden door letters to america robert macfarlane writerobert macfarlane the old ways a journey on foot robert macfarlane writer michael jacobs the robber of memories a river journey through colombia julia blackburn thin paths journeys in and around an italian mountain village john gimlette wild coastravels on south america s untamedge jacek hugo bader white fever a journey to the frozen heart of siberia olivia laing to the river a journey beneathe surface sharifa rhodes pitts harlem is nowhere a journey to the mecca of black america colin thubron to a mountain tibet nicolas jubber drinking arak off an ayatollah s beard a journey through the inside out worlds of irand afghanistan rachel polonsky molotov s magic lantern a journey in russian history katherine russell rich dreaming in hindi coming awake in another language graham robb parisians an adventure history of paris douglas rogers writer douglas rogers the last resort book the last resort a memoir of zimbabwe simon winder germania in wayward pursuit of the germans and their history william blacker author william blacker along thenchanted way horatio clare a single swallow matthew engeleven minutes late a train journey to the soul of britain daniel metcalfe out of steppe susan richards author susan richards lost and found in russia hugh thomson author hugh thomson tequila oil getting lost in mexico ian thomson writer ian thomson the dead yard alice albinia empires of the indus andrew brown writer andrew brown fishing in utopia richard grant writerichard grant bandit roads kapkassabova street without a name grevelindop travels on the dance floor dervla murphy the island that dared tim butcher blood river henry hemming misadventure in the middleast john lucas poet john lucas acharnon street robert macfarlane travel writerobert macfarlane the wild places christopherobbins in search of kazakhstan the land that disappeared rory mccarthy nobody told us we are defeatedavid mckie great british bus journeys tom parry author tom parry thumbs up australia hitchhiking the outback claire scobie last seen in lhasa nicholas jubber the prester quest joanna kavenna the ice museum ruth padel tigers in red weather a quest for the last wild tigers richard lloyd parry in the time of madnesstevie smith pedalling to hawaii edward stanford outstanding contribution to travel writing award a lifetime achievement award for travel writing bill bryson michael palin bradtravel guides new travel writer of the year winner the winner was announced february sophy downes evil eye in esfahan suchita shah enguzi dom tuletthe tiger s tail externalinks edward stanford travel writing awards dolman bestravel book 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Anderson","description":"birth place nationality united states american other names ethnicity education almater university of virginia occupation chairman of space adventurespace adventures ltd ceof intentional software corporation co founder of planetary power inc years active present employer organization agent home town littleton colorado residence bellevue washingtonet wortheight weight spouse inessanderson children parents awards websiteric anderson born is an united states american entrepreneur and aerospacengineer he is the co founder and chairman of space adventurespace adventures ltd the first commercial spaceflight company whichas arranged for eight missions for privately funded individuals to the international space station since anderson is widely credited as having established the market for commercial spaceflight he is also a founding partner of space angels network ceof intentional software corporation co founder and chairman of planetary power inco founder and co chairman of planetary resources and chairman of personalcom and booster fuels early life and education anderson was raised in littleton colorado by his father an american real estatentrepreneur and his argentine mother as a child he showed an early interest spacexploration and read cosmos book cosmos by carl sagan in third grade anderson also developed strengths in computers and mathematics by fifth grade he wrote computer programs and by his freshman year of high school had completed all of the math classes thathe school offered he attended columbine high school and graduated in early in high school anderson intended to join the united states air force air force as a pilot withe goal of eventually becoming an astronaut however his diagnosed myopia would have prevented him from being able to pass the physical examinations to enter the air force anderson decided to attend the university of virginiand major in aerospacengineering and computer science in order to study space technologies and continue his interest in spacexploration athe university he began a chapter of students for thexploration andevelopment of space in he graduated magna cum laude with a bachelor of science in aerospacengineering and computer science and first in his class in the university s engineering school early career in while anderson was athe university of virginia he interned for the founder and chairman of the x prize foundation peter diamandis in washington dc while there helped organize the ansari x prize a competition for the first private sector manned space flight and projects for zero gravity corporation zero g the following year anderson waselected as virginia s representative and one of approximately undergraduates chosen to take part in the nasacademy student summer program during the program he carried out research at goddard space flight center and met key individuals involved in the aerospace industry including several astronauts thenasadministrator daniel goldin dan goldin and the ceos of lockheed martin and orbital sciences corporation anderson s first job after graduating was an engineer and business developer at analytical graphics an aerospace software company based in philadelphia his role withe company involvedeveloping software for space missions in anderson founded starportcom a websitendorsed by astronauts that provided the public with information about space travel he sold the website to spacecom in space adventures while anderson was athe nasacademy program in he began thinking seriously about space tourism and in particular decided that nasa would not be able to develop a program that could take civilians into space at a reasonable cost in collaboration with peter diamandis with whom anderson had interned in and adventure travel operator quark expeditions mike mcdowell anderson developed the initial idea to create a space tourism company space adventures he co founded space adventures with diamandis and mcdowell initially funded by raised from diamandis mcdowell and other investors anderson became the company s founding director and vice president and set up company operations in his townhouse in arlington virginia making space adventures the world s first space tourism company development of the business anderson initially arranged for clients to experience flights to thedge of space in mig fighter jets airplane flights to experience weightlessness and tours of russian soyuz launches in kazakhstan he continued to look for opportunities to place clients on an actual space flight including commissioning a report from the russian federal space agency to study whether the soyuz spacecraft soyuz space vehicle could transportourists to the international space station iss in he reached an agreement withe russian space agency to purchaseats on the soyuz on behalf of private citizens he sold the first seato money manager dennis tito for million in tito was part of a group of astronauts who were launched intorbit and visited the iss the firstime a private citizen had paid to fly torbit commercial market for space travel in his work with space adventures anderson has been widely credited as the firsto monetize spaceflight andemonstrate the viability of a commercial market for space travel by proving there is demand for space tourism in smart ceo reported that anderson s company was the only firm in the world to have sold space flights that have actually been realized anderson hasold nearly half a billion in space missions and his company had arranged for all seven missions of private citizens including dennis tito guy laliberte and charlesimonyi to visithe iss anderson hastated that he sees tourism as a catalyst for the commercialization of space through encouraging development of cheaper transportation into space which will eventually allow humanity to develop and colonize space including the development of natural resources beyond earth in an interviewith smart ceo he said that he believes that it is imperative to explore space for humanity s long term survival otheroles in addition to his role as chairman of space adventures anderson holds a number of other professional positions he is the chairman of planetary power inc a renewablenergy company he co founded in which focuses on developing affordable renewablenergy technology anderson is also the president and ceof intentional software corporation a software development company founded by charlesimonyi that developsolutions to make creating application software applications more intuitive and accessible to people who are not experienced in computer programming he joined intentional as its president in september to work with simonyi on marketing his intentional programming method later that year on december he was chosen as the next chairman of the board of the commercial spaceflight federation an organization that promotes the development of the commercial spaceflight industry anderson is also the co founder and co chairman of planetary resources planetary resources inc a company that develops technology withe aim of carrying out asteroid mining exploration of asteroids and mining them foresources including platinum and other precious metalspeaking appearances and writing anderson has appeared as a guest speaker and lecturer at conferences including the world economic forum in davoswitzerland the forbes global ceo conference and a ted conference tedglobal where he spoke about how mining asteroids could create profit from space travel he has also contributed to two books kids who think outside the box by stephanie lerner and the space tourist s handbook a guide to space tourism that he co authored philanthropy and organizations anderson is a board member of the x prize foundation and a founder of the planetary security foundation which aims to educate the public abouthe global risks of nuclear weapons and advocates for eliminating all nuclear weapons he is also a trustee of the koshka foundation and seattle s museum oflight and a member of the board of governors for the national space society in he became a member of the younglobaleaders of the world economic forum he is also a member of the young presidents organization honors and awards anderson has received a number of awards and honors during his career in he was named by usa today as one of its us top university graduates in he received the university of virginia engineering foundation s outstanding young engineeringraduate award the national space society and space tourism society s orbit award and the world technology network s world technology award in itspace category in he was named one of ernst young s entrepreneurs of the year personalife anderson lives in bellevue washington withis wife inessand their four children externalinks official personal website category space tourism category space adventures category living people category university of virginia school of engineering and applied science 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information and set up a database that will constitute the memory of the programme of the cultural routes european institute of cultural route who are we theuropean institute of cultural routes theuropean institute of cultural routes eicr was established as a european public service and technical body as part of a political agreement between the council of europe and the granduchy of luxembourg ministry of culture further education and research since the institute has worked in close collaboration withe council of europe in carrying out its responsibilities namely to ensure the continuity andevelopment of the programme of the cultural routes in the signatory countries of theuropean cultural convention andepending on the geographical and historical requirements of themes in those countries whichave had and continue to have close relations with europe theicresides in the neum nster abbey centre culturel de rencontre abbaye de neum nster in luxembourg it retains all relevant documentation and maintains a specialist library on the routes the institute regularly welcomes those in charge of the networks of the routes as well as project managers researcherstudents and members of the general public theicr is also charged with participating in european training research and analysis programmes concerning cultural tourism for theuropean commission and various governments and project managers the institute organises themed symposiums and specialistraining collaborates in the setting up and running of the routes and participates in specialist exhibitions while promoting a greater awareness of the links between culture tourism and thenvironment from to the institute managed the visibility and communication work of theuropean research programme picture proactive management of the impact of cultural tourism on urban resources and economies in theuropean commission directorate general education and culture named theicr as a body active on a european level in the field of culture in recognition for its essential role in creating a coherent programme of sustainable cultural tourism initiatives promoting the destination europe and encouraging europeans to discover their common roots and history through travel and thexploration of material and immaterial heritage the institute is a member of necstour an association of european regions working to develop competitive and sustainable tourism and hasigned an agreement withe cit de la culturet du tourisme durable to provide distance learning and to study the sustainability of introducing tourism to the cultural routes the institute is currently working withe council of europe and the tourism unit of theuropean commission a study into the impact of the cultural routes on small and medium businesses in the institute welcome a partial agreement aimed at combining the voluntary contributions of those member countries of the council of europe who wish to increase the funds available to the cultural routesince the opening up of europe to theasthe cultural routes havenabled and continue to enable particularly by expanding to include the southern caucasus the creation of a real dialogue between eastern and western europeans the opening of a resourcentre for the cultural routes in sibiu in the casa luxembourg in liaison witheuropean institute of cultural routes in luxembourg and the mioritics association is testamento thistefano dominionis the current director of the institute and executive secretary of thenlarged partial agreement on cultural routes of the council of europe michel tomas penette and penelope denu directed the institute from to and from to respectively colette flesch colette flesch is president of the institute since she replaced erna hennicot schoepges and guy dockendorf see also european cultural route cultural policies of theuropean union references externalinks european institute of cultural routes official website category council of europe category tourism agencies category cultural 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central eastern_europe initiate new proposals well information set database constitute memory programme cultural_routes european institute cultural route theuropean institute cultural_routes theuropean institute cultural_routes established european public service technical body part political agreement council europe luxembourg ministry culture education research since institute worked close collaboration withe council europe carrying responsibilities namely ensure continuity andevelopment programme cultural_routes countries theuropean cultural convention geographical historical requirements themes countries whichave continue close relations europe nster abbey centre de de nster luxembourg retains relevant documentation maintains specialist library routes institute regularly welcomes charge networks routes well project managers members general_public also charged participating european training research analysis programmes concerning cultural_tourism theuropean_commission various 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institute welcome partial agreement aimed combining voluntary contributions member_countries council europe wish increase funds available cultural opening europe cultural_routes continue enable particularly expanding include southern caucasus creation real dialogue eastern western_europeans opening cultural_routes casa luxembourg liaison institute cultural_routes luxembourg association current director institute executive secretary partial agreement cultural_routes council europe michel directed institute respectively flesch flesch president institute since replaced guy see_also european cultural route cultural policies theuropean_union references_externalinks european institute cultural_routes official_website_category council europe_category_tourism agencies_category_cultural_heritage category_cultural policies theuropean_union category_tourism europe"},{"title":"European Travel Commission","description":"theuropean travel commission etc is an international organisation responsible for the promotion of europe as a tourist destination its members are the national tourism organisations ntos of thirty three members including european union eu member states as well as iceland monaco montenegro norway san marino serbia switzerland turkey the national tourism organizations of all sovereign states in europe areligible for full membership of theuropean travel commission regional cross border organizations and tourism related bodies may join associate members theuropean travel commission is neither part of theuropean commissionor an institution of theuropean union history etc was established in norway between world war i and world war ii europe became aware of the importance of tourism thestablishment of national tourism organizations rapidly led to the creation of the international union official tourist publicity organizations its first mission was the launch of a joint publicity campaignamed europe calling this union became the international union official travel organisations iuoto which is today known as the world tourism organization wto in its first general assembly the iuoto adopted the principle of regional commissions european countries werepresented and those countries decided to establish the first such commission since its creation etc has been a results oriented organisation working closely with government agencies and all segments of the industry to achieve practical objectives first priority was given to makingovernments aware of the importance of tourism in their national economies whichad been deeply disturbed by world war ii that is why etc has alwaysupported an international coperation a collective action and the building of a european solidarity constitution henringrand france the first chairman of thetc had settled the basic principles for its operations the second one arthur haulot belgium drafted in its official statutes in accordance withe belgium lawhen the commission was transferred to dublin with timothy o driscoll as chairman these statutes remained the only legal constitution of thetc new statutes were drafted in when theadquarters were transferred to paris under the chairmanship of walter leu switzerland in when thetc moved to brussels a new version was adopted to the belgian legislation under the chairman walter leu switzerland constitution was modified and adopted athe general meeting n following the law membership in the original membership of theuropean travel commission was countries athatimeastern european countries members of iuoto were invited to participate none of these countries accepted apparently due to political reasons germanyugoslavia maltand cyprus joined the commission a few years later mission etc sees itself as a virtual organisation marketing europe as a tourist destination in global markets primarily by means of the internethe three principal focuses of the commission s work arelectronic marketing market intelligence and operational excellencetc seeks to provide added value to members by encouraging exchange of information and management expertise and promoting awareness abouthe role played by national tourism organisations organisation and budgethe members elect a presidenthree vice presidents a board of directors a chairman of the market intelligence group and a chairman of the marketing network forevolving two years terms etc is entirely financed by members contributions calculated according to a set of agreed criteriadditional financial support for specificampaigns is raised overseas long standing local industry support for etc s activities is proof its credibility in the field etc is registered in belgium as an association internationale sans but lucratif or aisbl a non profit making international association overseas the representatives of the overseas offices of theuropeanational tourism organisations operating in the various long haul markets join together to form an etc operations group and elect a chairman they decide on a programme of joint 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they are unable to continue because of an obstruction blindfolded tourism or cecitourism in which a blindfolded tourist is escorted through the city by a guide contretourism in which a tourist visits a famous tourist site buturns their back on the site and takes photos of or just examines the view from that direction erotourism in which a couple travelseparately to the same city and then tries to find each other monopolytourism in which a touristakes the local version of a monopoly game monopoly board withem and visits places on the board as determined by a roll of the dice nyctalotourism in which the tourist only visits tourist attractions between dusk andawn sagittatourism in which a person throws an arrow often a dart arrow on a map and travel s to the location geography place the arrow hit on the map other ideas do not have particular names touring a home town stay at a youthostel backpacking travel backpack through town meet new people do not go home until the vacation is over taking a map of the town being visited selecting a randomap grid and exploring every bit of the grid visiting a bar establishment bar asking the bartender where their favorite bar is and whathey drink there visithat bar do the same withe bartender there and continue the concept of experimental travel was developed by writer joel henry the france french director of the laboratory of experimental tourism latourex in lonely planet published the lonely planet guide to experimental travel which formalised andeveloped many of henry s ideasee also experiential travel adventure travel externalinks latourex website in english cnn experimental tourism catches on the observer ideas to turn travel on its head experimental travelonely planet online sheffield laboratory of experimental travel joel henry dean of experimental travel category types of tourism category adventure travel category conceptual 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tourism visitors visithe ordinary tourist_attraction least withe ordinary approach guide alternative form tourism_destinations standard touristic merit basis idea experiment often involves elements humor chance number approaches experimental tourism tourist visits local airport explores without going anywhere tourist finds map draws straight line figure desire walk path two points alternating travel tourist leaves front door turns left athe next intersection turns right athe next son alternating direction unable continue blindfolded tourism blindfolded tourist escorted city_guide tourist visits famous tourist site back site takes photos view direction couple city tries find local version monopoly game monopoly board withem visits places board determined roll tourist visits tourist_attractions person arrow often dart arrow map travel location geography place arrow hit map ideas particular names touring home town stay youthostel backpacking_travel backpack town meet new people go home vacation taking map town visited selecting grid exploring every bit grid visiting bar_establishment_bar asking bartender favorite bar whathey drink bar withe bartender continue concept experimental travel developed writer henry france french director laboratory experimental tourism lonely_planet published lonely_planet guide experimental travel andeveloped many henry also experiential travel_adventure_travel externalinks website english cnn experimental tourism catches observer ideas turn travel head experimental planet online sheffield laboratory experimental travel henry dean experimental travel_category types tourism_category adventure_travel_category conceptual art"},{"title":"Extreme tourism","description":"image junglejpg thumb px an area of the sierre madre jungle image bill s bungy jumpjpg thumb right px upright bungee jumping off the victoria falls bridge in zambia zimbabwextreme tourism alsoften referred to ashock tourism although both concepts do not appear strictly similar is a niche in the tourism industry involving travel to dangerous places mountain s jungle s desert s cave s canyon s etc or participation in dangerous events extreme tourism overlaps with extreme sporthe two share the main attraction adrenaline rush caused by an element of risk andiffering mostly in the degree of engagement and professionalism while traditional tourism requiresignificant investments in hotels roads etc extreme tourism requires much less to jump start a business in addition to traditional travel based tourism destinations various exotic attractions are suggested such as flyovers in mig s at mach speed mach ice diving in the white sea or travelling across the chernobyl zone some of thextreme tourism famous attractions in the world chernobyl city chernobyl tours ukraine victoria falls tourism in recent yearswimming in the devil s pool in victoria falls zambiand zimbabwe mount huascent routes walking the plank at mount hua china yungas roadeath road tour bolivia green zone 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bridge zambia tourism_alsoften referred tourism although concepts appear strictly similar niche tourism_industry involving travel dangerous_places mountain jungle desert cave canyon etc participation dangerous events extreme tourism extreme two share main attraction rush caused element risk mostly degree engagement professionalism traditional tourism investments hotels roads etc extreme tourism requires much less jump start business addition traditional travel based_tourism_destinations various exotic attractions suggested mach speed mach ice diving white sea travelling across chernobyl zone tourism famous attractions world chernobyl city chernobyl tours ukraine victoria falls tourism recent devil pool victoria falls zimbabwe mount routes walking mount china road tour bolivia green zone baghdad iraq tours riviera maya mexico cave mexico see_also trekking hiking via river trekking paragliding bungee jumping base jumping canoeing rafting scuba diving snorkeling boating urban_exploration caving mountaineering skiing snowboarding speed_riding storm chasing hypermobility travel exploration externalinks extreme tourism would extreme tourism bbc_news russian army boot camp category_types tourism_category adventure_travel"},{"title":"Eyewitness Travel Guides","description":"redirect eyewitness books category travel guide books","main_words":["redirect","eyewitness","books_category","travel_guide_books"],"clean_bigrams":[["redirect","eyewitness"],["eyewitness","books"],["books","category"],["category","travel"],["travel","guide"],["guide","books"]],"all_collocations":["redirect eyewitness","eyewitness books","books category","category travel","travel guide","guide books"],"new_description":"redirect eyewitness books_category travel_guide_books"},{"title":"F*INK","description":"founder founded firstdate company country new zealand basedunedin website issn oclc f ink weekly entertainment guide was a free weekly guide owned by martin keand caroline mccaw it was published each wednesday from february to december from in dunedinew zealand the aim of the guide was to provide free information about events to the local community using cheap one colour printing but with a distinctive design style part of ink s mission wasupport of and collaboration with artist networks bands and musicians including those that grew out of the dunedin sound history in june dunedinew zealand caroline mccaw and martin kean together with allan thommason aka ozibsy published the first issue of ink in response to a lack of entertainment listings for band events andance parties in the usual media outletsuch as the otago daily times f ink was the first of many a sized free paper giguides inew zealand has outlasted many similar guides f ink s reputation as a consistent source of entertainment information meanthat it was popular for more than twelve years f ink has also published articles during its history that documenthe growth of alternative communities in dunedin and otago f ink has 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the national tourism development authority according to the national tourism development authority act which established itnational tourism development authority act section the act also empowers the body to use the trading name of ilte ireland the word f ilte is irish for welcome in official irish language texts the form f ilte ireann has been used file bord f ilte special awardublin botanic gardensjpg thumbord f ilte special award after the foundation of the irish free state in hoteliers and others created local tourism boards in various regions which combined into the irish tourism association ita private organisation promoting tourism to the benefit of the nation an earlier unionist led ita existed from to ita lobbying led to the irish tourist board being established by the touristraffic acthis was renamed an bord f ilte by the touristraffic act which created a separate body f gra f ilte to handle publicity the touristraffic act remerged the two as bord f ilte ireann bf or bord f ilte an t stal a summer cultural festival held from took up the bulk of the authority s work in this period in the council of education recruitment and training cert was created to take over training of workers in the hospitality industry in eight regional tourist organisations rtos werestablished which were intended to supersede the itan extraordinary general meeting called in to dissolve the ita voted noto do so but it neverthelessoon became defunctzuelow p the rtos reduced inumber to six in the s and werenamed regional tourist associations rtas in strategy advisory services p fn in the dublin rto lost a high court ireland high court action to prevent bf dissolving it was reconstituted as dublin tourismore closely controlled by bf casey and o rourke p in cert and bf merged to form f ilte ireland to better cordinate with tourism ireland the all island body established under the good friday agreementhe advent of travel website s reduced the usefulness of the rtas and a pricewaterhousecoopers report recommended substantial reorganisation strategy advisory services chapter as a consequence all were dissolved in except dublin tourism which was made a subsidiary of ilte irelandcasey and o rourke p but instead to make it a subsidiary of ilte ireland which afforded it a semi protected status as a state body in thathexchequer stands over its losses dublin tourism separate status ended in line with a report by granthornton granthornton p our overall recommendation is that dublin tourism isubsumed into f ilte ireland the board of dublin tourism disbanded f ilte ireland played a leading role in the gathering ireland a year long programme of events encouraging members of the irish diaspora to visitheiregion of origin the goal of ilte ireland is to provide strategic and practical support in developing and sustaining ireland as a high quality and competitive tourist destination f ilte ireland works in partnership with tourism interests to supporthe industry in its efforts to be more profitable and to help individual tourist enterprises enhance their performance its activities fall into four areas tourismarketing provides marketing support and a range of cost efficient promotional opportunities for irish product providers marketingroups tour operators handling agents and other tourism interests as well as visitor services to consumers f ilte ireland s festivals and cultural events initiative and sports tourism initiative fall under this heading training services provides education and advice for people working in the tourism industry including training unemployed adults and assisting them back into the workforce f ilte ireland have recently launched a new campaign which aims to encourage and support young people into choosing a career in the tourism sector the campaign is called pick tourism and it ulitisesocial networking sitesuch as bebo in an efforto reach outo young people product development providesupport for selective capital 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ireland high_quality competitive tourist_destination f_ilte ireland works partnership tourism interests supporthe industry efforts profitable help individual tourist enterprises enhance performance activities fall four areas tourismarketing provides marketing support range cost efficient promotional opportunities irish product providers tour_operators handling agents tourism interests well visitor services consumers f_ilte ireland festivals cultural events initiative sports_tourism initiative fall heading training services provides education advice people_working tourism_industry including training unemployed adults assisting back workforce f_ilte ireland recently launched new campaign aims encourage support young_people choosing career tourism_sector campaign called pick tourism networking sitesuch efforto reach outo young_people product_development selective capital investment tourism grant aid tax incentive schemes encourages new innovative products areas service research statistics 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examples include the family meal home cooking with ferran adria by ferran adri of elbulli staff meals from chanterelle by david waltuck off the menu staff meals from america s top restaurants by marissa guggiana come in we are closed an invitation to staff meals athe world s best restaurants by christine carroll and jody eddy see also list of restauranterminology externalinks family meal a chef describes his experiences preparing staff meals early in his career category restauranterminology category employment 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restaurant serves itstaff outside peak business hours restaurant provides meal free charge employee benefit meal iserved thentire staff staff treated equally like family restaurant chefs prepare meal often using unused ingredients chef may_also use family meal experiment new family meals well_known restaurants examples_include family meal home cooking adri staff meals david menu staff meals america top restaurants marissa come closed invitation staff meals athe world best restaurants christine carroll eddy see_also list restauranterminology externalinks family meal chef_describes experiences preparing staff meals early career category_restauranterminology category employment compensation"},{"title":"Fashion tourism","description":"date october date october fashion tourism is a niche market segment evolved out of three major sectors creative tourism cultural tourism and shopping tourism fashion tourism can be defined as the interaction between destination marketing organisations dmos trade associations tourism suppliers and host communities with people travelling to and visiting a particular place for business or leisure to enjoy experiment discover study trade communicate about and consume fashion all over the world today cities are increasingly using the cultural industries for the development of tourism and other industries to boostheir economic fortune and to position themselves in the global markethere is ofteno need for cities to specialize in any new activity but rather to diversify their economy and it is in this contexthat fashion tourism has been adopted and promoted in many citieseexamples for antwerp london and tokyo fashion is a global industry and many capital cities have press grabbing trade activity at leastwice a year eg london through its london fashion week and this often the starting point for many dmos to take fashion seriously as a new anchor for their tourism industry and visitor economy they are consciously pushing fashion week tradevents into the public eye to raise their city s fashionable credentials and encourage visitors to consider travel to their city prime movers london via the mayor of london s office and new york via the new york city economic development council government offices have been leading the way internationally to use their fashion credentials to attract visitors to their cities and wider other cities also following suit having seen theconomic impact which london and new york s fashion credentials can bring seoul now has two fashion weeks and riding on the reputation of these the city now has a vast complex of shopping malls and wholesale retailers which attract more than two million visitors per year including just about half of all the tourists who come to seoulfashion is essential tourism january by hannah bae singapore also has a fashion week and the singapore tourism board includes fashion as one of the high profile component for enhancing the city s destination attractivenesssingapore tourism board annual report even a city as obscure as lagos nigeria in terms ofashion credentials has recently commissioned the central university of applied sciences to prepare a reportitled themerging role ofashion tourism and the need for a development strategy themerging role ofashion tourism and the need for a development strategy in lagos nigeria olubukola bada central university of applied sciences june so thathey could assess the advantages fashion could bring to their local and regional economy shopping as a tourismotivator shopping has become a motive to travel and is now a major tourist activity visitors are increasingly choosing shopping as a way to experience local culture through an engagement with local products and local craftspeople and some destinations provide special tourist shopping activities for tourists to shop for goodsconciergeetceteracom fashion tourism the ultimatepicure of travel june culture shopping tourism as a niche market segment within shopping tourism theconomic importance ofashion tourism cannot be under estimated the recently launched bicester designer shopping village an hours train journey out of london is now the third largest shopping destination in the uk after harrods and selfridges and the bicester train station hasignage in mandarin and arabic individual fashion brands also play a major part in fashion tourismarketing visitbritain the uk s tourism board recently stated thathe luxury clothing brand burberry has almost played a lone hand in attracting lucrative high spending chinese tourists to the ukchinese tourists can help uk out of recession says british tourist board october james meikle theguardiancom according to the tourism statistical data of the us office of travel and tourism industries on tourism performance shopping ranked as the toparticipation activity for asians and western europeans and eastern european tourists detailed profiles for countries of origin show that shopping is on the top among all other tourist activities for theuropean countries of ireland spain and italy asian shopping participation percentages are particularly high in taiwand japan tom wilson blog shopping tourism april there are increasing incentives to travel for economic reasons as purchasing power and currency fluctuations can play an important role in travel decision making as well as relative price positioning there is a trend within shopping tourism for consumers from emerging markets notably chinand south america to plan their trips according to where the fashion handbags is cheapest up to per cent of sales of luxury goods in western europe are generated by foreigners and global travel generates as much as of total sales of luxury goodsthe rise of accessories tourism october by vanessa friedman the queues of non parisians outside louis vuitton clearly mean something but according to an hsbc reporthe bling dynasty china s bling shoppers choose asia over europe april by rajeshni naidu ghelani this less about status the chic of buying from the point of origin than economic intelligence the savings involved thisn t limited to luxury products brazil has overtaken the uk as the source of the largest group of tourists to floridand new york and they spend close to twice as much as british tourists on products partly because they can make savings of up ton us merchandise compared to its cost in brazil the nature of shopping tourism is certainly changing it s not about souvenirs it s about savingsee also fashion capital category types of tourism category 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category","category fashion"],"new_description":"date october date october fashion tourism niche market segment evolved three_major sectors creative_tourism_cultural_tourism shopping tourism fashion tourism defined interaction destination_marketing organisations dmos trade associations tourism suppliers host_communities people travelling visiting particular place business leisure enjoy experiment discover study trade communicate consume fashion world today cities increasingly using cultural industries development tourism_industries economic fortune position global need cities specialize new activity rather diversify economy fashion tourism adopted promoted many antwerp london tokyo fashion global industry many capital cities press trade activity year london london fashion week often starting_point many dmos take fashion seriously new anchor tourism_industry visitor economy consciously pushing fashion week public eye raise city fashionable credentials encourage visitors consider travel city prime london via mayor london office new_york via new_york city economic_development council government offices leading way internationally use fashion credentials attract visitors cities wider cities also following suit seen theconomic impact london new_york fashion credentials bring seoul two fashion weeks riding reputation city vast complex shopping_malls wholesale retailers attract two million_visitors per_year including half tourists come essential tourism january hannah singapore also fashion week singapore tourism_board includes fashion one high_profile component enhancing city destination tourism_board annual report even city obscure lagos nigeria terms ofashion credentials recently commissioned central university applied sciences prepare themerging role ofashion tourism need development strategy themerging role ofashion tourism need development strategy lagos nigeria central university applied sciences june thathey could assess advantages fashion could bring local regional economy shopping shopping become motive travel major tourist activity visitors increasingly choosing shopping way experience local_culture engagement local products local destinations provide special tourist shopping activities tourists shop fashion tourism_travel june culture shopping tourism niche market segment within shopping tourism theconomic importance ofashion tourism cannot estimated recently launched designer shopping village hours train journey london third largest shopping destination uk harrods train station mandarin arabic individual fashion brands also play major part fashion tourismarketing visitbritain uk tourism_board recently stated_thathe luxury clothing brand almost played lone hand attracting lucrative high spending chinese tourists tourists help uk recession says british tourist_board october james according tourism statistical data us office travel_tourism industries tourism performance shopping ranked activity western_europeans eastern_european tourists detailed profiles countries origin show shopping top among tourist_activities theuropean countries ireland spain italy asian shopping participation particularly high taiwand japan tom wilson blog shopping tourism april increasing incentives travel economic reasons purchasing power currency play important_role travel decision_making well relative price positioning trend within shopping tourism consumers emerging markets notably chinand south_america plan trips according fashion cheapest per_cent sales luxury goods western_europe generated foreigners global travel generates much total sales luxury rise accessories tourism october queues non outside louis clearly mean something according reporthe dynasty china choose asia europe april less status chic buying point origin economic intelligence savings involved limited luxury products brazil uk source largest group tourists floridand new_york spend close twice much british tourists products partly make savings ton us merchandise compared cost brazil nature shopping tourism certainly changing souvenirs also fashion capital category_types tourism_category fashion"},{"title":"Fast casual restaurant","description":"a fast casual restaurant found primarily in the united states does not offer full table service but promises food quality higher quality food than other fast food restaurant s with fewer frozen or processed ingredients it is an intermediate concept between fast food and casual dining and typically priced accordingly the category is exemplified by chainsuch as boston market bruegger s captain d s chipotle mexican grill culvers dig inn el polloco five guys freddy s frozen custard steakburgers newk s eatery noodles co panera bread pizza ranch and vapiano history the concept originated in the united states in thearly to mid s but did not become mainstream until thend of the s and the beginning of the s during the great recession economic recession that began in the category ofast casual dining saw increased sales to the year oldemographicustomers with limitediscretionary spending for meals tend to choose fast casual for dining perceived as healthier definition the publisher and founder ofastcasualcom paul barron is credited with coining the term fast casual in the late s horatio lonsdale hands former chairmand ceof zuzu inc is also credited with coining the term fast casual zuzu a handmade mexican food concept co founded by lonsdale hands in filed a us federal trademark registration for the term fast casual inovember leading michael deluca to callonsdale hands a progressive pioneer in the burgeoning fast casual market segment in the july edition of restaurant hospitality the company technomic information services defined fast casual restaurants as meeting the following criteria limited service or self service format average meal price between and made torder food with more complex flavors than fast food restaurants upscale unique or highly developed cor most often will not have a drive thru see also list of casual dining restaurant chains references category fast casual restaurants category types of 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fewer frozen processed ingredients intermediate concept fast_food casual_dining typically priced accordingly category chainsuch boston market captain chipotle mexican grill dig inn el five guys frozen eatery noodles bread pizza ranch history concept originated united_states thearly_mid become mainstream thend beginning great recession economic recession began category ofast casual_dining saw increased sales year spending meals tend choose fast_casual dining perceived healthier definition publisher founder paul credited coining term fast_casual late horatio hands former chairmand ceof inc also credited coining term fast_casual mexican food concept founded hands filed us federal trademark registration term fast_casual inovember leading michael hands progressive pioneer burgeoning fast_casual market segment july edition restaurant hospitality company information services defined fast_casual restaurants meeting following criteria limited_service self service format average meal price made torder food complex flavors fast_food_restaurants upscale unique highly developed cor often drive thru see_also list casual_dining restaurant_chains references_category fast_casual restaurants_category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Fast food","description":"file fast food mealjpg thumb a basic and popular fast food meal which includes a hamburger french fries and a soft drink file fast food universalanguagejpg thumb mcdonald s kentucky fried chicken and pizza hut fast food restaurants in the united arab emirates fast food is a type of mass production mass produced food that is prepared and served very quickly the food is typically less nutritional value nutritionally valuable compared tother foods andishes while any meal with low preparation time can be considered fast food typically the term refers to food sold in a restaurant or store with preheated or precooked ingredients and served to the customer in a packaged form for take outake away fast food restaurants are traditionally distinguished by their ability to serve food via drive through outlets may be stands or kiosk s which may provide no shelter or seating or fast food restaurant s also known as quick service restaurants franchising franchise operations that are part of chain storestaurant chains have standardized foodstuffshipped to each restaurant from centralocations fast food began withe first fish and chip shops in britain the s drive through restaurants were first popularized in the s in the united states the term fast food was recognized in a dictionary by merriam webster in according to the national institutes of health nih fast foods are quick alternatives to home cooked meals they are also high in saturated fat sugar salt and calories livestrongcom last hellesvigaskell first karen website livestrongcom access date may eating too much fast food has been linked to among other things colorectal cancer obesity and high cholesterol the traditional family dinner is increasingly being replaced by the consumption of takeaway or eating on the run as a resulthe time invested on food preparation is getting lower and lower with an average couple in the united statespending minutes and seconds per day on food preparation in history file chinese noodlesjpg thumb pulling wheat dough into thin strands to form lamian the concept of ready cooked food for sale is closely connected with urban development homes in emerging cities often lacked adequate space or proper food preparation accouterments additionally procuring cooking fuel could cost as much as purchased produce frying foods in vats of searing oil proved as dangerous as it was expensive and homeowners feared that a rogue cooking fire might easily conflagrate an entire neighborhood thus urbanites werencouraged to purchase prepared meats or starchesuch as bread or noodles whenever possible in ancient rome cities had street stands a large counter with a receptacle in the middle from which food or drink would have been served it was during post wwii american economic boom that americans began to spend more and buy more as theconomy boomed and a culture of consumerism bloomed as a result of this new desire to have it all coupled withe strides made by women while the men were away both members of the household began to work outside the homeating out whichad previously been considered a luxury became a common occurrence and then a necessity workers and working families needed quick service and inexpensive food for both lunch andinner this need is what drove the phenomenal success of thearly fast food giants which catered to the family on the go franklin a jacobs fast food became an easy option for a busy family as is the case for many families today pre industrial old world in the cities of romantiquity much of the urban population living insulae multi story apartment blocks depended on food vendors for much of their meal the forum itself served as a marketplace where romans could purchase baked goods and cured meats in the mornings bread soaked in wine was eaten as a quick snack and cooked vegetables and stews later in popina simple type of eating establishment in asia th century chinese scarfedown friedough soups and stuffed buns all of which still exist as contemporary snack food their baghdadi contemporariesupplemented home cooked meals with processed legumes purchased starches and even ready to eat meats during the middle ages large towns and major urban areasuch as london and parisupported numerous vendors that soldishesuch as pie s pasty pasties custard tart flans waffle s wafer s pancake s and cooked meats as in roman cities during antiquity many of thesestablishments catered to those who did not have means to cook their own food particularly single households unlike richer town dwellers many often could not afford housing with kitchen facilities and thus relied on fast food travelers as well such as pilgrim s en route to a shrine holy site were among the customers united kingdom file oldham first chip shop in ukjpg thumb left blue plaque in oldham england commemorating the s origins ofish and chips and the fast food industry file bclm fish chipsjpg thumb upright fish and chips in a wrapper in areas with access to coast al or tidal waters fast food frequently included local shellfish or seafood such as oyster s or as in london eel food eels often thiseafood was cookedirectly on the quay or close by the development of commercial trawler fishing in the mid nineteenth century led to the development of a british favourite fish and chips and the first shop in a prominent meal in british culture it was created in on the streets of theast end of london by a year old jewish boy joseph malin who came up withe idea of combining fried fish with chips bacon butties roast dinners and a cuppa things we love best about britain showe are a nation ofood lovers daily mail retrieved november a blue plaque at oldham s tommyfield market marks the origin of the fish and chip shop and fast food industries as a cheap fast food served in a wrapper fish and chips became a stock meal among the victorian era victorian working classes by there were more than fish and chip shops across the country and in the s there were more than shops in george orwell s the road to wigan pier documenting his experience of working class life in the north of england the author considered fish and chips chief among the home comforts which acted as a panacea to the working classes in harry ramsden s fast food restaurant chain opened in the uk on a single day in his fish and chip shop in guiseley west yorkshire served portions ofish and chips earning itself a place in the guinness book of records british fast food had considerable regional variation sometimes the regionality of a dish became part of the culture of its respective area such as the cornish pasty andeep fried mars bar the content ofast food pies has varied with poultry such as chicken s or anatidae wildfowl commonly being used since the world war ii second world war turkey bird turkey has been used more frequently in fast food the uk has adopted fast food from other cultures as well such as pizza doner kebab and curry morecently healthier alternatives to conventional fast food have also emerged united states file fastfoodjpg thumb neighboring fast food restaurant advertisement signs in bowlingreen kentucky for wendy s kfc krystal restaurant krystal and taco bell a mcdonald sign can be seen in the very far background as automobile s became popular and more affordable following world war i drive through drive in restaurants were introduced the american company white castle restaurant white castle founded by billy ingram and walter anderson in wichita kansas wichita kansas in is generally credited with opening the second fast food outlet and first hamburger chain selling hamburgers for five cents each walter anderson had builthe first white castle restaurant in wichita introducing the limited menu high volume low cost high speed hamburgerestaurant among its innovations the company allowed customers to see the food being prepared white castle restaurant white castle wasuccessful from its inception and spawned numerous competitors franchising was introduced in by a w root beer which franchised its distinctive syrup howard johnson s first franchised the restaurant concept in the mid s formally standardizing menusignage and advertising curb service was introduced in the late s and was mobilized in the s when carhop strapped on roller skates the united states has the largest fast food industry in the world and american fast food restaurants are located in over countries approximately million us workers aremployed in the areas ofood preparation and food servicing including fast food in the usa worries of an obesity epidemic and its related illnesses have inspired many local government officials in the united states to propose to limit oregulate fast food restaurants yet us adults are unwilling to change their fast food consumption even in the face of rising costs and unemployment characterized by the great recession great recession suggesting an pricelasticity of demand inelastic demand however some areas are more affected than others in los angeles county for example about of the restaurants in south centralos angeles are fast food chains orestaurants with minimal seating by comparisonly of those on the westside los angeles county westside are such restaurants working conditions the national employment law project wrote in according to a study by researchers athe university of california berkeley more than half percent ofront line fast food workers must rely on at least one public assistance program to supportheir families as a resulthe fast food industry business model of lowages non existent benefits and limited work hours costs taxpayers an average of nearly billion everyear they claim this funding allows these workers to afford health care food and other basic necessities on the go file rock roll mcdonalds from th fl of sports authorityjpg thumb mcdonald s firstwo lane drive thru was athe rock n roll mcdonald s in chicago fast food outlets are take away or take out providers that promise quick service such fast food outlets often come with a drive through service that lets customers order and pick up food from their vehicles others have indoor outdoor seating areas where customers can eat on site in recentimes the boom in it services has allowed customers torder food from their homes through their smart phone apps nearly from its inception fast food has been designed to beaten on the goften does not require traditional cutlery and is eaten as a finger food common menu items at fast food outlets include fish and chipsandwich es pita s hamburger s fried chicken french fries onion rings chickenuggets taco s pizza hot dog s and ice cream though many fast food restaurants offer slower foods like chili con carne chili mashed potatoes and salad s filling stations convenience store s located within many filling station petrol gastationsell pre packaged sandwiches doughnut s and hot food many gastations in the united states and europe also sell frozen food s and have microwave oven s on the premises in which to prepare them petrol stations in australia sell foodsuch as hot piesandwiches and chocolate bars which areasy for a customer to access while on their journey petrol stations are a place that are often open long hours and are open before and after shop trading hours therefore it makes it easy to access for consumerstreet vendors and concessions file messe jpg thumb street vendor serving fast food inepal file pajdasobotajpg thumb fastfood restaurant in eastern europe the pajda in prekmurje dialect buddy murska sobota slovenia traditional street food is available around the world usually though small and independent hawker trade vendors operating from a cartable portable grill or motor vehicle common examples include vietnam ese noodle vendors middleastern falafel stands new york city hot dog cart s and food truck taco trucks turo vendors tagalog language tagalog for point are a feature of philippines philippine life commonly street vendors provide a colorful and varying range of options designed to quickly captivate passers by and attract as much attention as possible depending on the locale multiple street vendors may specialize in specific types ofood characteristic of a given cultural or ethnic tradition in some cultures it is typical for street vendors to call out pricesing or chant sales pitches play music or engage in other forms of streetheatre streetheatrics to engage prospective customers in some cases this can garner more attention than the food cuisine file fried calamarijpg thumb deep fried squid food calamari modern commercial fast food is often highly processed and prepared in an industrial fashion ie on a large scale with standard ingredients and standardized cooking and production methods it is usually rapidly served in cartons or bags or in a plastic wrapping in a fashion that minimizes cost in most fast food operations menu items are generally made from food processing processed ingredients prepared at a central supply facility and then shipped to individual outlets where they areheated cooked usually by microwave or deep frying or assembled in a short amount of time this process ensures a consistent level of product quality and is key to being able to deliver the order quickly to the customer and eliminate labor and equipment costs in the individual stores because of commercial emphasis on quickness uniformity and low cost fast food products are often made with ingredients formulated to achieve a certain flavor consistency and to preserve freshness variants file feb sushi odaiba manytypesjpg thumb many types of sushi ready to eat chinese takeaways takeout restaurants are particularly popular in western countriesuch as the us and uk they normally offer a wide variety of asian cuisine asian food not always chinese whichas normally been fried most options are some form of noodles rice or meat in some cases the food is presented as a sm rg sbord sometimeself service the customer chooses the size of the container they wish to buy and then is free to fill it witheir choice ofood it is common to combine several options in one container and some outlets charge by weight rather than by item in large cities these restaurants may offer free delivery for purchases over a minimum amount file shish kebab mcbjpg thumb left lamb shish kebab sushi haseen rapidly rising popularity recently in the western world a form ofast food created in japan where bent is the japanese variety ofast food sushis normally cold sticky rice flavored with a sweet rice vinegar and served with some topping often fish food fish or as in the most popular kind in the west rolled inori dried laver seaweed laver with filling the filling often includes fish seafood chicken or cucumber file fast food in yamboljpg thumb a fast food kiosk in yambol bulgaria pizza is a common fast food category in the united states with nationwide chains including papa john s domino s pizza sbarro and pizza hut itrails only the burger industry in supplying children s fast food calories menus are more limited and standardized than in traditional pizzerias and pizza delivery is offered kebab shop kebab houses are a form ofast food restaurant from the middleast especially turkey and lebanon meat ishaven from a rotisserie and iserved on a warmed flatbread with salad and a choice of sauce andressing these d ner kebab doner kebabs or shawarma s are distinct from kebab shish kebabserved on sticks kebab shops are also found throughouthe world especially europe new zealand australia buthey generally are less common in the us fish and chip shops are a form ofast food popular in the united kingdom australiand new zealand fish is battered and then deep fried and served with deep fried potato strips the netherlands dutchave their own types ofast food a dutch fast food meal often consists of a portion ofrench fries called friet or patat with a sauce and a meat producthe most common sauce to accompany french fries is fritessaus it is a sweet vinegary and low fat mayonnaise substitute thathe dutch neverthelesstill call mayonnaise when ordering it is very often abbreviated to met literally with other popular sauces are ketchup or spiced ketchup curry indonesian style peanut sauce sat saus or pindasaus or piccalilli sometimes the fries are served with combinations of sauces most famously speciaal special mayonnaise with spiced ketchup and chopped onion s and oorlog literally war mayonnaise and peanut sauce sometimes also with ketchup and chopped onions the meat product is usually a deep fried snack this includes the frikandel a deep fried skinless ground meat minced meat sausage and the croquette kroket deep fried meat ragout covered in breadcrumb s file restaurante fastfood francesinhasjpg thumb a francesinha fastfood restaurant in p voa de varzim portugal file pasztecik szczeci ski barjpg thumb left a small restaurant with pasztecik szczeci skin szczecin poland in portugal there are some varieties of local fast food and restaurantspecialized in this type of local cuisine some of the most popular foods include frango assado piri grilled chicken previously marinated francesinha poveira espetada turkey or pork meat on two sticks and bifana s pork cutlets in a specific sauce served as a sandwich this type ofood is alsoften served with french fries called batatas fritasome international chainstarted appearing specialized in some of the typical portuguese fast food such as nando s an example of a local form ofast food in poland is pasztecik szczeci ski a deep fried yeast dough stuffed with meat or vegetarian filling typical fast foodish of the city of szczecin well known in many other cities in the country a dish is on polish list of traditional products the first bar serving pasztecik szczeci ski bar pasztecik founded in is located on wojska polskiego avenue in szczecin a fixture of east asia n cities is the noodle shop flatbread and falafel are today ubiquitous in the middleast popular indian fast foodishes include vada pav panipuri andahi vada in the french speaking nations of west africa street food roadside stands in and around the larger cities continue to sell as they have done for generations a range of ready to eat char grilled meat sticks known locally as brochette s noto be confused withe bread snack food snack of the same name found in europe business in the united states consumerspent billion fast food in up from billion in total the us restaurant industry had projected sales of billion in fast food has been losing market share to fast casual dining restaurants which offer more robust and expensive cuisine s due to this competition fast food giants have seen dramatic drops in their sales while overall fast food sales have fallen the amount of americans who eat in these restaurants once a month or a few times a year has risen in contrasto the rest of the world american citizenspend a much smaller amount of their income on food largely due to various government subsidies that make fast food cheap and easily accessible calorie for calorie foodsold in fast food restaurants costs less and is morenergy dense and is made mostly of products thathe government subsidizes heavily corn soy and beef the australian fast food market is valued at more than billion gpb and is composed of billion fast food meals this includes mealserviced at fast food outlets the fast food market has experienced an average annual growth rate of percent which is the most rapidly growing sector of the retail food market advertising in fast food restaurantspent roughly billion usd on advertising campaigns which represented an increase from in the same period of time mcdonald spent nearly times as much on advertising as all water milk and produce advertiserspent combined a study done by researchers from the geisel school of medicine at dartmouth college saw results that suggesthat when children watch more commercial television and see more advertisements on fast food they are more inclined to ask to visithese subsequent fast food restaurantspecifically fast food restaurants have been increasing their advertising efforts thatarget black and hispanic youth advertising on spanish speaking channels increased by in with kfc and burger king increasing spending in this demographic by while cutting down on theiregular advertising within english speaking channels the council of better business bureaustarted the children s food and beverage advertising initiative in which asked fast food companies to pledge to advertise only more healthful products to children with mcdonald s and burger king signing on however despite a slight increase in healthful food advertising theffectiveness of this initiative has been disputed by studies that reveal that children could not remember or identify healthful foods in the ads and that percent of the to year olds in that study recalled french fries even though there were no french fries in the advertisement employment according to the us bureau of labor statistics about million us workers aremployed in food preparation and serving including fast food as of the bls projected job outlook expects average growth and excellent opportunity as a result of high turnover however in april mcdonald s hired approximately neworkers and received a million applications for those positions an acceptance rate of the median age of workers in the industry in was obtaining human resource management diploma or diploma in fast food management can help to get a job in major fast food restaurantsince it is one of the most desired themployment rate for australians working in the fast food industry is increasingly high with of people working within the fast food sector in australia in australian fast food outletsold approximately billion take away meals in that year incredibly there are now more than subways domino s mcdonald s hungry jacks and kfcs in australiand new zealand it is expected that more than billion will be spent in takeaway food in australia this year making australia the th biggest spending fast food nation in the world this figure is an increase of billion in just years primeskillstatistics globalization file mcdonald s in moscow jpg thumb mcdonald s in moscow in the global fast food market grew by and reached a value of billion and a volume of billion transactions global fast food sales are projected to reach billion in indialone the fast food industry is growing by a year mcdonald s has outlets in countries on continents and operates overestaurants worldwide onexample of mcdonald s expansion a global scale was its introduction to the russian market in order for the american business to succeed it would have to be accepted and integrated into the daily lives of natives in moscow thus the restaurant wastrategically implemented so that its offerings would align withe distinct and established foodways also known as the customs around food eating and cooking of muscovites one significant characteristic of russian food culture is themphasis on knowing abouthe localness of goods that are consumed essentially in order to successfully launch this american brand in a foreign country mcdonald s interpreted the local interests of consumers in moscow by promoting the origins of the produce used in the restaurantcaldwell melissa l domesticating the french fry mcdonald s and consumerism in moscow journal of consumer culture web january on january mcdonald s opened a restaurant in moscow and broke opening day records for customerserved the moscow restaurant is the busiest in the world the largest mcdonald s in the world with feet of play tubes an arcade and play center is located in orlando florida united states there are numerous other fast food restaurants located all over the world burger king has more than restaurants in more than countries kfc is located in countriesubway restaurant subway is one of the fastest growing franchises in the world with approximately restaurants in countries as of may the first non us location opening in december in bahrain wienerwald restaurant wienerwald haspread from germany into asiand africa pizza hut is located in countries with locations in china taco bell has restaurants located in countries besides the united states criticism fast food chains have come under criticism over concerns ranging from claimed negative health effects alleged animal cruelty cases of worker exploitation and claims of cultural degradation via shifts in people s eating patterns away from traditional foodssinger peter and mason jim thethics of what weat why our food choices matter holtzbrink publisherschlosseric fast food nation the dark side of the all american meal harper collins publishers james f sallis karen glanz the role of built environments in physical activity eating and obesity in childhood the future of children volume number spring pp focassey wage theft and new york city s fast food workers new york city s hidden crime wave fast food foreword april sadhbhow america s fast food industry makes a quick buck the gulf between ceo pay and staff mcwages ishockingly wide a strike serves thisystem of super exploitation right april mello eric b rimm andavid m studderthe mclawsuithe fast food industry and legal accountability for obesity health affairs november vol no a bowman steven l gortmaker cara b ebbeling mark a pereira david s ludwig effects ofast food consumption energy intake andiet quality among children in a national household survey pediatrics vol no january pp the intake ofast food is increasing worldwide a study done in the city of jeddahashown that current fast food habits arelated to the increase of overweight and obesity among adolescents in saudi arabia in the world health organization published a study which claims that deregulated food markets are largely to blame for the obesity crisis and suggested tighteregulations to reverse the trend study finds deregulation fuelling obesity epidemic reuters february retrieved march in america local governments arestricting fast food chains by limiting the number of restaurants found in certain geographical areas to combat criticism fast food restaurants are starting toffer more health friendly menu items in addition to health critics there are suggestions for the fast food industry to become moreco friendly the chains have responded by reducing packaging waste despite so much popularity fast foods and fast food chains have adverse impacts not only on the job and social skills but on thealth and academic performance of students the researcher ofast food nation eric schlosser highlights this fact arguing thathis not only a financial but also a psychological baithe students are lured towards this early employment opportunity knowing little thathe time spent on this no skillearning job is wastedschlosseric fast food nation the dark side of all american meals mariner books new york printwotheresearchers charles hirschmand irina voloshin highlightheir dangerous impacts and consequences regarding hiring and firing of teenager school goers in the fast food industryhirschman charles and irina voloshin the structure of teenagemployment social background and the jobs held by high school seniors research in social stratification and mobility national center for biotechnology information web november kelly brownwell of the atlantic times has further supported this argumenthat another dangerous practice was adopted by burger king and mcdonald s for marketing to the innocent childrenbrownwell kelly are children prey for fast food companies the atlantic the atlantic november web november it has been found out in a research study conducted by two eminent professors purtell kelly and gershoff they found thathe students ofifth grades who ate fast foods as compared to the students of the same age after some other social factors were controlled also the percentage of the students having consumed fast food and showed poor grades was around than those who used organic foods they are of the view that other social factorsuch as television watching video games and playing were controlled to assess the real impacts of the fast foods there have been books and films designed to highlighthe potential dangers ofast food as it is mentioned heavily in regard tobesity the film supersize me showed the negative health effects of excessive fast food consumption see also fast food song food group junk food list ofast food restaurant chains list of pizza chains list of restauranterminology lists ofoods national center for health statistics panic nation slow food super size me western pattern diet references furthereading arndt michael mcdonald s business week february food and eating in medieval europe martha carlin and joel t rosenthal editors the hambledon press london hogan david selling em by the sack white castle and the creation of american food new york new york university press kroc ray with robert anderson grinding it outhe making of mcdonald st martin s press levinstein harvey paradox of plenty a social history of eating in modern america berkeley university of california p luxenberg stan roadsidempires how the chains franchised america new york viking mcginley lou ellen with stephanie spurr honk for service a man a tray and the glory days of the drive in st louis tray days publishing for photos of the parkmoorestaurantsee drive in restaurant photos pollan m in defense ofood an eater s manifesto new york city penguin schlosseric fast food nation the dark side of the all american meal houghton mifflin company schultz howard with dori jones yang pour your heart into it how starbucks built a company one cup at a time hyperion warner melanie salads or no cheap burgers revive mcdonald s the new york times april externalinks qsr magazine publication that covers the fast food industry a copy of the caesar barber lawsuit caloric intake from fast food among adults united states category fast food category convenience foods category 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outlets may stands kiosk may provide shelter seating fast_food_restaurant also_known quick service_restaurants franchising franchise operations part chain chains standardized restaurant fast_food began withe_first fish chip shops britain drive restaurants first popularized united_states term fast_food recognized dictionary merriam_webster according national institutes health fast_foods quick alternatives home cooked meals also high fat sugar salt calories last first karen website access_date may eating much fast_food linked among things cancer obesity high traditional family dinner increasingly replaced consumption takeaway eating run resulthe time invested food_preparation getting lower lower average couple united minutes seconds per_day food_preparation history_file chinese thumb pulling wheat dough thin form concept ready cooked_food sale closely connected urban development homes emerging cities often lacked adequate space proper food_preparation additionally procuring cooking fuel could cost much purchased produce frying foods oil proved dangerous expensive homeowners feared rogue cooking fire might easily entire neighborhood thus purchase prepared meats bread noodles whenever possible ancient_rome cities street stands large counter middle food drink would served post american economic boom americans began spend buy theconomy culture consumerism result new desire coupled withe made women men away members household began work outside whichad previously considered luxury became common occurrence necessity workers working families needed quick service inexpensive food lunch andinner need drove success thearly fast_food giants catered family go franklin jacobs fast_food became easy option busy family case many families today pre industrial old world cities much urban population living multi story apartment blocks depended food_vendors much meal forum served marketplace romans could purchase baked_goods cured meats mornings bread wine eaten quick snack cooked vegetables later simple type eating establishment asia th_century chinese soups stuffed buns still exist contemporary snack food home cooked meals processed legumes purchased even ready eat meats middle_ages large towns major urban_areasuch london numerous vendors pie tart waffle pancake cooked meats roman cities antiquity many thesestablishments catered means cook food particularly single households unlike richer town dwellers many often could afford housing kitchen facilities thus relied fast_food travelers well pilgrim route shrine holy site among customers united_kingdom file first chip shop thumb left blue plaque england commemorating origins ofish chips fast_food industry file fish thumb upright fish chips areas access coast tidal waters fast_food frequently included local shellfish seafood oyster london_eel food eels often close development commercial fishing mid nineteenth_century led development british favourite fish chips first shop prominent meal british culture created streets theast end london year_old jewish boy joseph malin came withe_idea combining fried fish chips bacon roast dinners things love best britain nation ofood lovers daily_mail retrieved_november blue plaque market marks origin fish chip shop fast_food industries cheap fast_food served fish chips became stock meal among victorian_era victorian working_classes fish chip shops across country shops george orwell road pier documenting experience working_class life north england author considered fish chips chief among home comforts acted working_classes harry fast_food_restaurant chain opened uk single day fish chip shop west yorkshire served portions ofish chips earning place guinness book records british fast_food considerable regional variation sometimes dish became part culture respective area fried mars bar content ofast_food pies varied poultry chicken commonly_used since world_war ii second_world_war turkey bird turkey used frequently fast_food uk adopted fast_food cultures well pizza doner kebab curry morecently healthier alternatives conventional fast_food also emerged united_states file thumb neighboring fast_food_restaurant advertisement signs bowlingreen kentucky wendy kfc krystal restaurant krystal taco_bell mcdonald sign seen far background automobile became_popular affordable following world_war drive drive restaurants introduced american company white_castle restaurant white_castle founded billy walter anderson wichita kansas wichita kansas generally credited opening second fast_food outlet first hamburger chain selling hamburgers five cents walter anderson builthe first white_castle restaurant wichita introducing limited menu high volume low_cost high_speed hamburgerestaurant among innovations company allowed customers see food prepared white_castle restaurant white_castle wasuccessful inception numerous competitors franchising introduced w root beer franchised distinctive syrup howard johnson first franchised restaurant concept mid formally advertising service introduced late mobilized carhop roller united_states largest fast_food industry world american fast_food_restaurants located countries approximately million_us workers aremployed areas ofood preparation food including fast_food usa worries obesity epidemic related illnesses inspired many local_government officials united_states propose limit fast_food_restaurants yet us adults change fast_food consumption even face rising costs unemployment characterized great recession great recession suggesting demand demand however areas affected others los_angeles county example restaurants south angeles fast_food chains minimal seating westside los_angeles county westside restaurants working conditions national employment law project wrote according study researchers athe_university california berkeley half percent line fast_food workers must rely least_one public assistance program supportheir families resulthe fast_food industry business_model lowages non existent benefits limited work hours costs average nearly billion everyear claim funding allows workers afford health_care food basic go file rock roll mcdonalds th sports thumb mcdonald firstwo lane drive thru athe rock_n roll mcdonald chicago fast_food outlets take_away take providers promise quick service fast_food outlets often come drive service lets customers order pick food vehicles others indoor outdoor seating areas customers eat site recentimes boom services allowed customers torder food homes smart phone apps nearly inception fast_food designed beaten require traditional cutlery eaten finger food common menu_items fast_food outlets include fish pita hamburger fried_chicken french_fries onion rings taco pizza hot_dog ice_cream though many fast_food_restaurants offer slower foods like chili con carne chili mashed potatoes salad filling stations convenience store located within many filling station petrol pre packaged sandwiches doughnut hot food many gastations united_states europe also_sell frozen food microwave oven premises prepare petrol stations australia sell foodsuch hot chocolate bars areasy customer access journey petrol stations place often open long hours open shop trading hours therefore makes easy access vendors concessions file_jpg thumb street_vendor serving fast_food inepal file thumb restaurant eastern_europe dialect slovenia traditional street_food available around world usually though small independent hawker trade vendors operating portable grill motor_vehicle common examples_include vietnam ese noodle vendors middleastern falafel stands new_york city hot_dog cart food_truck taco_trucks vendors language point feature philippines philippine life commonly street_vendors provide colorful varying range options designed quickly attract much attention possible depending locale multiple street_vendors may specialize specific types_ofood characteristic given cultural ethnic tradition cultures typical street_vendors call sales pitches play music engage forms engage prospective customers cases garner attention food cuisine file fried thumb deep_fried squid food modern commercial fast_food often highly processed prepared industrial fashion large_scale standard ingredients standardized cooking production methods usually rapidly served bags plastic fashion cost fast_food operations menu_items generally made food processing processed ingredients prepared central supply facility shipped individual outlets cooked usually microwave deep frying assembled short amount time process ensures consistent level product quality key able deliver order quickly customer eliminate labor equipment costs individual stores commercial emphasis uniformity low_cost fast_food products often made ingredients formulated achieve certain flavor consistency preserve freshness variants file feb sushi thumb many types sushi ready eat chinese takeout restaurants particularly popular western countriesuch us uk normally offer wide_variety asian cuisine asian food always chinese whichas normally fried options form noodles rice meat cases food presented service customer size container wish buy free fill witheir choice ofood common combine several options one container outlets charge weight rather item large_cities restaurants_may offer free delivery purchases minimum amount file shish kebab thumb left lamb shish kebab sushi haseen rapidly rising popularity recently western world form ofast_food created japan japanese variety ofast_food normally cold rice sweet rice vinegar served topping often fish food fish popular kind west rolled dried filling filling often includes fish seafood chicken file fast_food thumb fast_food kiosk bulgaria pizza common fast_food category_united_states nationwide chains including papa john domino pizza pizza_hut burger industry supplying children fast_food calories menus limited standardized traditional pizza delivery offered kebab shop kebab houses form ofast_food_restaurant middleast especially turkey lebanon meat rotisserie iserved flatbread salad choice sauce kebab doner distinct kebab shish sticks kebab shops also_found throughouthe_world especially europe new_zealand australia buthey generally less_common us fish chip shops form ofast_food popular united_kingdom australiand_new_zealand fish battered deep_fried served deep_fried potato netherlands types ofast_food dutch fast_food meal often consists portion ofrench fries called sauce meat common sauce accompany french_fries sweet low fat mayonnaise thathe dutch call mayonnaise ordering often abbreviated met literally popular sauces ketchup spiced ketchup curry indonesian style peanut sauce sat sometimes fries served combinations sauces famously special mayonnaise spiced ketchup chopped onion literally war mayonnaise peanut sauce sometimes also ketchup chopped onions meat product usually deep_fried snack includes deep_fried ground meat minced meat sausage deep_fried meat covered file thumb restaurant p de portugal file pasztecik szczeci ski barjpg thumb left small restaurant pasztecik szczeci skin szczecin poland portugal varieties local fast_food type local cuisine popular foods include grilled chicken previously marinated turkey pork meat two sticks pork specific sauce served sandwich type ofood alsoften served french_fries called international appearing specialized typical portuguese fast_food nando example local form ofast_food poland pasztecik szczeci ski deep_fried yeast dough stuffed meat vegetarian filling typical fast city szczecin well_known many cities country dish polish list traditional products first bar serving pasztecik szczeci ski bar pasztecik founded located avenue szczecin east_asia n cities noodle shop flatbread falafel today ubiquitous middleast popular indian fast include pav french speaking nations west africa street_food roadside stands around larger cities continue sell done generations range ready eat grilled meat sticks known locally noto confused withe bread snack food snack name found europe business united_states billion fast_food billion total us restaurant industry projected sales billion fast_food losing market_share fast_casual dining_restaurants_offer robust expensive cuisine due competition fast_food giants seen dramatic drops sales overall fast_food sales fallen amount americans eat restaurants month times year risen contrasto rest world american much_smaller amount income food largely due various government subsidies make fast_food cheap easily accessible calorie calorie fast_food_restaurants costs less dense made mostly products thathe_government heavily corn soy beef australian fast_food market valued billion composed billion fast_food meals includes fast_food outlets fast_food market experienced average annual growth rate percent rapidly growing sector retail food_market advertising fast_food roughly billion usd advertising campaigns represented increase period time mcdonald spent nearly times much advertising water milk produce combined study done researchers school medicine college saw results suggesthat children watch commercial television see advertisements fast_food inclined ask subsequent fast_food fast_food_restaurants increasing advertising efforts black hispanic youth advertising spanish speaking channels increased kfc burger_king increasing spending demographic cutting advertising within english_speaking channels council better business children food beverage advertising initiative asked fast_food companies advertise healthful products children mcdonald burger_king signing however despite slight increase healthful food advertising initiative disputed studies reveal children could remember identify healthful foods ads percent year study recalled french_fries even_though french_fries advertisement employment according us bureau labor statistics million_us workers aremployed food_preparation serving including fast_food projected job outlook expects average growth excellent opportunity result high turnover however april mcdonald hired approximately received million applications positions acceptance rate median age workers industry obtaining human_resource management diploma diploma fast_food management help get job major fast_food_restaurantsince one desired themployment rate australians working fast_food industry increasingly high people_working within fast_food sector australia australian fast_food approximately billion take_away meals year domino mcdonald hungry australiand_new_zealand expected billion spent takeaway food australia year making australia th biggest spending fast_food nation world figure increase billion years globalization file mcdonald moscow jpg thumb mcdonald moscow global fast_food market grew reached value billion volume billion transactions global fast_food sales projected reach billion fast_food industry growing year mcdonald outlets countries continents operates worldwide onexample mcdonald expansion global scale introduction russian market order american business would accepted integrated daily lives natives moscow thus restaurant implemented offerings would align withe distinct established also_known customs around food eating cooking one significant characteristic russian food_culture themphasis knowing abouthe goods consumed essentially order successfully launch american brand foreign_country mcdonald interpreted local_interests consumers moscow promoting origins produce used melissa l french fry mcdonald consumerism moscow journal consumer culture web january january mcdonald opened restaurant moscow broke opening day records moscow restaurant busiest world largest mcdonald world feet play tubes arcade play center located orlando_florida united_states numerous fast_food_restaurants located world burger_king restaurants countries kfc located restaurant subway one fastest_growing franchises world approximately restaurants countries may first non us location opening december bahrain restaurant haspread germany asiand africa pizza_hut located countries locations china taco_bell restaurants located countries besides united_states criticism fast_food chains come criticism concerns ranging claimed negative health effects alleged animal cruelty cases worker exploitation claims cultural degradation via shifts people eating patterns away traditional peter mason jim thethics food choices matter fast_food nation dark side american meal harper collins publishers james f karen role built_environments physical activity eating obesity childhood future children volume number spring pp wage theft new_york city fast_food workers new_york city hidden crime wave fast_food foreword april america fast_food industry makes quick buck gulf ceo pay staff wide strike serves thisystem super exploitation right april eric b andavid fast_food industry legal accountability obesity health affairs november vol steven l b mark david ludwig effects ofast_food consumption energy intake quality among children national household survey vol january pp intake ofast_food increasing worldwide study done city current fast_food habits arelated increase obesity among adolescents saudi_arabia world health organization published study claims food_markets largely blame obesity crisis suggested reverse trend study finds obesity epidemic reuters february retrieved_march america local_governments fast_food chains limiting number restaurants found certain geographical areas combat criticism fast_food_restaurants starting toffer health friendly menu_items addition health critics suggestions fast_food industry become friendly chains responded reducing packaging waste despite much popularity fast_foods fast_food chains adverse impacts job social skills thealth academic performance students researcher ofast_food nation eric highlights fact arguing thathis financial also psychological students lured towards early employment opportunity knowing little thathe time spent job fast_food nation dark side american meals books new_york charles dangerous impacts consequences regarding hiring firing school goers fast_food charles structure social background jobs held high_school seniors research social mobility national center information web november kelly atlantic times supported another dangerous practice adopted burger_king mcdonald marketing innocent kelly children prey fast_food companies atlantic atlantic november web november found research study conducted two eminent kelly found thathe students grades ate fast_foods compared students age social factors controlled also percentage students consumed fast_food showed poor grades around used organic foods view social factorsuch television watching video_games playing controlled assess real impacts fast_foods books films designed potential dangers ofast_food mentioned heavily regard film showed negative health effects excessive fast_food consumption see_also fast_food song food group food list ofast_food_restaurant chains list pizza chains list restauranterminology lists ofoods national center health statistics panic nation slow food super size western pattern diet references_furthereading michael mcdonald business week february food eating medieval_europe martha editors press london david selling white_castle creation american food new_york new_york university_press kroc ray robert anderson grinding outhe making mcdonald st_martin press harvey plenty social history eating modern america berkeley university california p stan chains franchised america new_york viking lou ellen stephanie service man tray days drive st_louis tray days publishing photos drive restaurant photos defense ofood new_york city penguin fast_food nation dark side american meal houghton mifflin company howard jones pour heart starbucks built company one cup time hyperion warner salads cheap burgers revive mcdonald new_york times_april externalinks magazine publication covers fast_food industry copy barber lawsuit intake fast_food among adults united_states category_fast_food category convenience foods category_restauranterminology"},{"title":"Fast food restaurant","description":"file fast food restaurant in malinska im hafenjpg thumb a fast food restaurant in the port of malinska croatia file mcdonalds timesqpng thumb a mcdonald s restaurant in timesquare new york city file hkwun tong how ming lane shop cafe de coral fast food restaurant april jpg thumb a fast food restaurant in hong kong a fast food restaurant also known as a quick service restaurant qsr within the industry is a specific type of restauranthat serves fast food cuisine and has minimal foodservice table service table service the food served in fast food restaurants is typically part of a western pattern diet meat sweet diet offered from a limited menu cooked in bulk in advance and kept hot finished and packaged torder and usually available for take outake away though seating may be provided athe restaurant fast food restaurants are typically part of a chain storestaurant chains restaurant chain or franchising franchise operation that provisionstandardized ingredients and or partially prepared foods and supplies to each restauranthrough controlled supply channels the term fast food was recognized in a dictionary by merriam webster in arguably the first fast food restaurants originated in the united states with a w restaurants a w in and white castle restaurant white castle in today american founded fast food chainsuch as mcdonald s est and kfc est are multinational corporation s with outlets across the globe variations on the fast food restaurant concept include fast casual restaurant s and mobile catering trucks fast casual restaurants have higher sit in ratios and customers can sit and have their orders broughto them catering trucks often park just outside worksites and are popular with factory workers united states file big mac hamburgerjpg thumb righthe big mac hamburger made its debut in file burger king whopperjpg thumb a burger king whopper sandwich some trace the modern history ofast food in the united states to july withe opening of a fast food restaurant called the automat inew york the automat was a cafeteria with its prepared foods behind small glass windows and coin operated slots josephorn and frank hardart had already opened the first horn hardart automat in philadelphia in butheir automat broadway and th street inew york city created a sensationumerous automat restaurants were built around the country to deal withe demand automat s remained extremely popular throughouthe s and s the company also popularized the notion of take out food witheir slogan less work for mother some historians concur that a w restaurants a which opened in and began franchising in was the first fast food restaurant e tavares thus the american company white castle restaurant white castle is generally credited with opening the second fast food outlet in wichita kansas in selling hamburgers for five cents apiece from its inception and spawning numerous competitors and emulators what is certain however is that white castle made the first significant efforto standardize the food production in look of and operation ofast food hamburgerestaurants william ingram s and walter anderson s white castle system created the first fast food supply chain to provide meat buns paper goods and other supplies to theirestaurants pioneered the concept of the multi state hamburgerestaurant chain standardized the look and construction of the restaurants themselves and even developed a construction division that manufactured and builthe chain s prefabricated restaurant buildings the mcdonald speedee service system and much lateray kroc s mcdonald s outlets and hamburger university all built on principlesystems and practices that white castle had already established between and the hamburgerestaurant most associated by the public withe term fast food was created by two brothers originally from nashua new hampshire richard and maurice mcdonald opened a barbecue drive in in the city of san bernardino californiafter discovering that most of their profits came from hamburgers the brothers closed theirestaurant for three months and reopened it in as a walk up stand offering a simple menu of hamburgers french fries milkshakes coffee and coca cola served in disposable paper wrapping as a resulthey could produce hamburgers and fries constantly without waiting for customer orders and could serve them immediately hamburgers cost cents about half the price at a typical diner their streamlined production method which they named the speedee service system was influenced by the production line innovations of henry ford by the mcdonald brotherstand was restaurant equipment manufacturer prince castle s biggest purchaser of milkshake blending machines prince castle salesman ray kroc traveled to california to discover why the company had purchased almost a dozen of the units as opposed to the normal one or two found in most restaurants of the timenticed by the success of the mcdonald s concept kroc signed a franchise agreement withe brothers and began opening mcdonald s restaurants in illinois by kroc had bought outhe brothers and created what is now the modern mcdonald s mcdonald s corporatione of the major parts of his business plan was to promote cleanliness of his restaurants to growingroups of americans that had become aware ofood safety issues as part of his commitmento cleanliness kroc often took part in cleaning his own des plaines illinois outlet by hosing down the garbage cans and scrapingum off the cement another concept kroc added was great swaths of glass which enabled the customer to view the food preparation a practice still found in chainsuch as krispy kreme a clean atmosphere was only part of kroc s grander plan which separated mcdonald s from the rest of the competition and attributes to their great success kroc envisioned making his restaurants appeal to suburban families where white tower one of the original fast food restaurants had tied hamburgers to public transportation and the workingmanmcdonald s tied hamburgers to the car children and the family levinstein p at roughly the same time as kroc was conceiving what eventually became mcdonald s corporation two miami florida businessmen james mclamore andavid edgerton opened a franchise of the predecessor to what is now the international fast food restaurant chain burger king mclamore had visited the original mcdonald s hamburger stand belonging to the mcdonald brothersensing potential in their innovative assembly line based production system he decided he wanted topen a similar operation of his own the two partners eventually decided to investheir money in jacksonville florida based insta burger king originally opened in the founders and owners of the chain kieth j kramer and his wife s uncle matthew burns opened their firstores around a piece of equipment known as the insta broiler the insta broiler oven proved so successful at cooking burgers they required all of their franchises to carry the device by mclamore and edgarton were operating severalocations within the miami dade county miami dade areand were growing at a fast clip despite the success of their operation the partners discovered thathe design of the insta broiler made the unit s heating elements prone to degradation from the drippings of the beef patties the pair eventually created a mechanized gas grill that avoided the problems by changing the way the meat patties were cooked in the unit after the original company began to falter in it was purchased by mclamore and edgerton who renamed the company burger king while fast food restaurants usually have a seating area in which customers can eathe food on the premises orders are designed to be take outaken away and traditional table service is rare orders are generally taken and paid for at a wide counter withe customer waiting by the counter for a tray or container for their food a drive through service can allow customers torder and pick up food from their cars nearly from its inception fast food has been designed to beaten on the go and often does not require traditional cutlery and is eaten as a finger food common menu items at fast food outlets include fish and chipsandwich es pita s hamburger s fried chicken french fries chickenugget s taco s pizzand ice cream although many fast food restaurants offer slower foods like chili con carne chili mashed potato es and salad s modern commercial fast food is highly processed and prepared on a large scale from bulk ingredients using standardized cooking and production methods and equipment it is usually rapidly served in cartons or bags or in a plastic wrapping in a fashion which reduces operating costs by allowing rapid product identification and counting promoting longer holding time avoiding transfer of bacteriand facilitating order fulfillment in most fast food operations menu items are generally made from processed ingredients prepared at central supply facilities and then shipped to individual outlets where they are cooked usually by grill microwave or deep frying or assembled in a short amount of timeither in anticipation of upcoming orders ie to stock or in response to actual orders ie torder following standard operating procedures pre cooked products are monitored for freshness andisposed of if holding times becomexcessive this process ensures a consistent level of product quality and is key to delivering the order quickly to the customer and avoiding labor and equipment costs in the individual stores because of commercial emphasis on taste speed product safety uniformity and low cost fast food products are made with ingredients formulated to achieve an identifiable flavor aroma texture and mouth feel and to preserve freshness and control handling costs during preparation and order fulfillmenthis requires a high degree ofood engineering the use ofood additives including salt sugar seasoning flavorings and preservative s and processing techniques may limithe nutritional value of the final product value meals a value meal is a group of menu items offered together at a lower price than they would cost individually a hamburger side ofries andrink commonly constitute a value meal or combo depending on the chain value meals at fast food restaurants are common as a merchandising tactic to facilitate product bundling up selling and price discrimination most of the time they can be upgraded to a larger side andrink for a small fee the perceived creation of a discount on individual menu items in exchange for the purchase of a meal is also consistent withe loyalty marketing school of thoughto make quick service possible and to ensure accuracy and security many fast food restaurants have incorporated hospitality point of sale systems this makes it possible for kitchen crew people to view orders placed athe front counter or drive through in real time wirelessystems allow orders placed at drive through speakers to be taken by cashiers and cooks drive through and walk through configurations will allow orders to be taken at one register and paid at another modern point of sale systems can operate on computer networks using a variety of software programsales records can be generated and remote access to computereports can be given to corporate offices managers troubleshooters and other authorized personnel food service chains partner with food equipment manufacturers to design highly specialized restaurant equipment often incorporating heat sensor s timers and other electronicontrols into the design collaboration collaborative design techniquesuch as rapid visualization and computer aidedesign of restaurant kitchens are now being used to establish equipment specifications that are consistent with restaurant operating and merchandising requirements file fastfoodjpg thumb neighboring fast food restaurant advertisement signs in bowlingreen kentucky file mcdonaldskulimjpg thumb mcdonald s fast food restaurant at kulim kedah malaysia file dublin airport mcdonald s restaurantjpg thumb mcdonald s fast food restaurant at dublin airport consumer spending in the united states consumerspent about us billion fast food in which increased from billion in the national restaurant association forecasts that fast food restaurants in the us will reach billion in sales in a increase over in comparison the full service restaurant segment of the food industry is expected to generate billion in sales fast food has been losing market share to so called fast casual restaurant s which offer more robust and expensive cuisine s major international brands mcdonald s a fast food supplier opened its first franchised restaurant in the us in the uk it has become a phenomenally successful enterprise in terms ofinancial growth brand name recognition and worldwidexpansion ray kroc who boughthe franchising license from the mcdonald brothers pioneered concepts which emphasized standardization he introduced uniform products identical in all respects at each outleto increase sales kroc also insisted on cutting food costs as much as possibleventually using the mcdonald s corporation size to force suppliers to conform to this ethos other prominent international fast food companies include burger king the number two hamburger chain the world known for promoting its customized menu offerings have it your way another international fast food chain is kfc which sells chicken related products and is the number fast food company in the people s republic of china multinational corporations typically modify their menus to cater to local tastes and most overseas outlets are owned by native franchisees mcdonald s india for example uses chicken and paneerather than beef and pork in their burgers because hinduism traditionally forbids eating beef in israel some mcdonald s restaurants are kashrut kosher and respecthe jew ishabbathere is also a kashrut kosher mcdonald s in argentina in egypt indonesia morocco saudi arabia malaysia pakistand singapore all menu items are halal north america file animalfriesjpg thumb animal fries from in out burger secret menu many fast food operations have more local and regional rootsuch as white castle restaurant white castle in the midwest united states along withardee s owned by cke restaurants which alsowns carl s jr whose locations are primarily on the united states west coast krystal restaurant krystal bojangles famous chicken biscuits cook out restaurant cook out and zaxby s restaurants in the american southeast raising cane s chicken fingers raising cane s in louisianand other mostly southern states hot now in michigand wisconsin n out burger in californiarizona nevada utah and texas and original tommy s chains in southern california dick s drive in seattle washington and arcticircle restaurants arcticircle in utah and other western states halo burger around flint michigand burgerville usa burgerville in the portland oregon arealso whataburger is a popular burger chain the american south and jack in the box restaurant jack in the box is located in the west and south canada pizza chains topper s pizza canadian restaurantopper s pizzand pizza are primarily located in ontario coffee chain country style operates only in ontario and competes withe famous coffee andonut chain tim hortons maid rite restaurant is one of the oldest chain fast food restaurants in the united states founded in their specialty is a loose meat hamburger maid rites can be found in the midwest mainly iowa minnesota illinois and missourinternational brands dominant inorth america include mcdonald s burger king and wendy s the number three burger chain the usa dunkin donuts a new england based chain automobile oriented sonic drive in s from oklahoma city starbuckseattle born coffee based fast food beverage corporation kfc and taco bell which are both part of the largest restaurant conglomerate in the world yum brands andomino s pizza pizza chain known for popularizing home delivery ofast food subway restaurant subway is known for their sub sandwiches and are the largest restaurant chain to serve such food items quiznos a denver based sub shop is another fast growing sub chain yet with over locations it istill far behind subway s locations other smaller sub shops include blimpie jersey mike subs mr goodcents jimmy john s and firehouse subs firehouse a w restaurants was originally a united states and canada fast food brand but it is currently an international fast food corporation in several countries in canada the majority ofast food chains are american owned or were originally american owned but have since set up a canadian management headquarters locationsuch as panera bread chipotle mexican grill five guys and carl s jr although the case is usually american fast food chains expanding into canada canadian chainsuch as tim hortons havexpanded into states in the united states but are more prominent in border statesuch as new york and michigan tim hortons hastarted to expand tother countries outside of north america the pita pit franchise originated in canadand has expanded to the united states and other countries the canadian extreme pita franchisells low fat and salt pita sandwiches with stores in the larger canadian cities other canadian fast food chainsuch as manchu wok serve north american style asian cuisine asian foods this company is located mainly in canadand the usa with other outlets on us military bases on other continents harvey s is a canadian only burgerestaurant chain present in every province australia s fast food market began in thearly s withe opening of several american franchises including mcdonald s and kfc pizza hut was introduced in the s and burger king followed however the burger king market found thathis name was already a registered trademark to a takeaway food shop in adelaide thus the burger king australian market was forced to pick another name selecting the hungry jack s brand name prior to this the australian fast food market consisted primarily of imports from the uk fish and chips takeaway united kingdom in the united kingdomany home based fast food operations were closed in the s and s after mcdonald s became the number one outlet in the market however brands like wimpy brand wimpy still remain although the majority of branches became burger king in the republic of ireland in addition to home grown chainsuch asupermac s numerous american chainsuch as mcdonald s and burger king have also established a presence in ireland in a study developed by treatedcom was published in the irish times which named swords dublin swords in county dublin as ireland s fast food capital american chainsuch as domino s pizza mcdonald s pizza hut and kfc have a big presence in japan but local gyudon chainsuch asukiya restaurant chain sukiya matsuya foods co matsuyand yoshinoyalso blankethe country japan has its own burger chains including mos burger lotteriand freshness burger the major fast food chains indiare kfc mcdonald starbucks burger king subway pizza hut andominos these chains provide mostly western products however most indians prefer the local cuisine such asamosa s panipuri pav bhaji vada pav etc major emerging food chains include haldiram s faaso s chicking pitstop and caf coffee day inigeria mr bigg s chicken republic tantalizers and tastee fried chicken are the predominant fast food chains kfc andomino s pizza have recently entered the country fast food in pakistan varies there are many international chainserving fast food including nandos burger king kfc mcdonald s domino s pizza fatburger dunkin donutsubway pizza hut hardees telepizza steak escape and gloria jean s coffees in addition to the international chains in local cuisine people in pakistan like to have biryani bun kebab s nihari kebab rolls etc as fast food most international fast food chains like subway mcdonald s burger king etc arepresented in majorussian cities there are also local chains like teremok specializing in russian cuisine or having elements of it added into their menu south africa kfc is the most popular fast food chain south africaccording to a the sunday timesouth africa sunday timesurvey chicken licken restaurant chicken licken wimpy restaurant south africa branches wimpy and ocean basket along with nando s and steers arexamples of homegrown franchises that are highly popular within the country mcdonald subway and pizza hut have a significant presence within south africa hong kong file hk admiralty queensway far east financentre interior cafe de coral barjpg thumb a caf de coral branch in admiralty hong kong admiralty in hong kong although mcdonald s and kfc are quite popular three major local fast food chains provide hong kong style fast food namely caf de coral restaurant caf de coral fairwood restaurant fairwood and maxim s caterers limited maximx caf de coralone serves more than customers daily unlike western fast food chains these restaurants offer four different menus at differentimes of the day namely breakfast lunch afternoon teandinner siu meis offered throughouthe day dai pai dong and traditional hong kong street food may be considered close relatives of the conventional fast food outlet in israelocal burger chain burgeranch israel burgeranch is popular as are mcdonald s and burger king domino s pizza is also a popular fast food restaurant chains like mcdonald s offer kosher branches non kosher foodsuch as cheeseburger s are rare in israeli fast food chains even inon kosher branches there are many smallocal fast food chains that serve pizza hamburger sushi and local foodsuch as hummus falafel and shawarma new zealand inew zealand the fast food market began in the s with kfc opened pizza hut and mcdonald s and all three remain popular today burger king andomino s entered the market later in the s australian pizza chains eagle boys and pizza haven australia pizza haven also entered the market in the s butheir new zealand operations were later sold to pizza hut andomino s a few fast food chains have been founded inew zealand including burger fuel founded georgie pie founded but closed after falling into financial trouble and being bought out by mcdonald s and hell pizza founded in the philippines fast food is the same as in the us however the only difference is thathey serve filipino dishes and a few american products being served filipino style a fast food chain restaurant is generally owned either by the parent company of the fast food chain or a franchisee an independent party given the righto use the company s trademark and trade name in the latter case a contract is made between the franchisee and the parent company typically requiring the franchisee to pay an initial fixed fee in addition to a continual percentage of monthly sales upon opening for business the franchisee oversees the day to day operations of the restaurant and acts as a manager of the store once the contract expires the parent company may choose to renew the contract sell the franchise to another franchisee or operate the restaurant itself in most fast food chains the number ofranchised locations exceeds the number of company owned locations fast food chains rely on consistency and uniformity internal operations and brand image across all of theirestaurant locations in order to convey a sense of reliability to their customers thisense of reliability coupled with a positive customer experience brings customers to place trust in the company thisense of trust leads to increased customer loyalty which gives the company a source of recurring business when a person is presented with a choice of different restaurants to eat it is much easier for them to stick with whathey know rather than to take a gamble andive into the unknown due to the importance of consistency most companieset standards unifying their various restaurant locations with a set of common rules and regulations parent companies often rely on field representatives to ensure thathe practices ofranchised locations are consistent withe company standards however the more locations a fast food chain has the harder it is for the parent company to guarantee thathese standards are being followed moreover it is much morexpensive to discharge a franchisee for noncompliance with company standards than it is to discharge an employee for that same reason as a consequence parent companies tend to deal with franchisee violations in a morelaxed manner for the most part someone visiting a mcdonald s in the united states will have the samexperience asomeone visiting a mcdonald s in japan the interior design the menu the speed of service and the taste of the food will all be very similar however some differences do existo tailor to particular cultural differences for example in october during a midst of plummeting sales in japan mcdonald s added a shrimp burger to the japanese menu the choice to introduce a shrimp burger was no coincidence as a study stated that world consumption of shrimp was led by japan in march taco bell opened their first restaurant india because non consumption of beef is a cultural norm in light of india s dharma dharmic beliefs taco bell had to tailor its menu to the dietary distinctions of indian culture by replacing all of the beef with chicken by the same token completely meatless options were introduced to the menu due to the prevalence of vegetarianism throughouthe country health concernsome of the large fast food chains are beginning to incorporate healthier alternatives in their menu eg white meat snack wrapsalads and fresh fruit however some people see these moves as a tokenism tokenistic and commercial measure rather than appropriate reaction to ethical concerns abouthe world ecology and people s health mcdonald s announced that in march the chain would include nutritional information the packaging of all of its products in september and october during the starlink corn recall s up to million worth of corn based foods werecalled from restaurants as well asupermarkets the products contained starlink genetically modified maize genetically modified corn that was not approved for human consumption it was the first everecall of a genetically modified food thenvironmental group friends of thearthat had first detected the contaminated shells was critical of the fda for not doing its own job consumer appeal file hk sheung wan grand millennium plaza cafe de coral restaurant june jpg thumb the interior of a fast food restaurant in sheung wan hong kong fast food outlets have become popular with consumers for several reasons one is thathrough economies of scale in purchasing and producing food these companies can deliver food to consumers at a very low cost in addition although some people dislike fast food for its predictability it can be reassuring to a hungry person in a hurry or far from home in the post world war ii period in the united states fast food chains like mcdonald s rapidly gained a reputation for their cleanliness fast service and a child friendly atmosphere where families on the road could grab a quick meal or seek a break from the routine of home cooking prior to the rise of the fast food chain restaurant people generally had a choice between greasy spoon diners where the quality of the food was often questionable and service lacking or high end restaurants that werexpensive and impractical for families with children the modern stream lined convenience of the fast food restaurant provided a new alternative and appealed to americans instinct for ideas and products associated with progress technology and innovation fast food restaurants rapidly became theatery everyone could agree on with many featuring child size menu combos play areas and whimsical branding campaigns like the iconic ronald mcdonaldesigned to appeal to younger customers parents could have a few minutes of peace while children played or amused themselves withe toys included in their happy meal there is a long history ofast food advertising campaigns many of which are directed at children fast food marketing largely focuses on children and teenagers popular methods of advertising include television product placement in toys games educational materialsongs and movies character licensing and celebrity endorsements and websites advertisements targeting children mainly focus on free toys movie tie ins and other giveaways fast food restaurants use kid s meals with toys kid friendly mascots vibrant colors and play areas to draw children toward their products children s power over their parents purchases is estimated total to billion everyear fast food has become a part of american culture as a reward for children to deny a childesirable thingsuch as the advertised fast food restaurant can cause stigmatization of parents as the mean parent when it is common among other parents to comply witheir child s desires the major focus on children by the fast food industry has created controversy due to the rising issue of children obesity in americas a result of this focus in a coalition was created and run by the council of better business bureaus called children s food and beverage advertising initiative cfbai to stop ads aimed at children or to promote only whathe council dubs better for you products in ads directed towards children however it was not until that congress requested guidelines be put in place by the cfbai fdagriculture department and centers for disease control there are two basic requirements identified in the guidelines for foods that are advertised for children the food has to include healthful ingredients the food cannot contain unhealthful amounts of sugar saturated fatrans fat and salthe guidelines are voluntary but companies experience heavy pressure to comply once a company complies they have years to comply withe guidelines many fast food industries have started to comply withe guidelines although many companies have ways to go in the fast food industry spent billion to advertise unhealthy products to children and teens according to a report by the yale rudd center for food policy obesity there are points of progress that include healthier sides and beverages in most fast food restaurant kids meals the guidelines are interested in a healthier lifestyle for children and the growing problem of american obesity in other parts of the world americand american style fast food outlets have been popular for their quality customer service and novelty even though they are often the targets of popular anger towards american foreign policy or globalization more generally many consumers nonethelessee them asymbols of the wealth progress and well ordered openness of western society and they therefore become trendy attractions in many cities around the world particularly among younger people with more varied tastes impact ofast food restaurant availability over time fast food restaurants have been growing rapidly especially in urbaneighborhoods according to us research low income and predominantly african americaneighborhoods have greater exposure to fast food outlets than higher income and predominantly white areas this has put into question whether urbanized neighborhoods were targeted which causes a more unhealthy group of people compared to people from a higher socioeconomic status it has also been shown thathere is a lower chance ofinding a fast food restaurant in a suburbaneighborhood in a study of selected us locations morland et al found the number ofast food restaurants and bars was inversely proportional to the wealth of the neighborhood and that predominantly african american residential areas were four times less likely to have a supermarket near them than predominantly white areas innovations timeline walter scott of providence ri outfitted a horse drawn lunch wagon with a simple kitchen bringing hot dinners to workers first horn hardart automat opened in philadelphia horn hardart opens a second automat in manhattan walter anderson builthe first white castle restaurant white castle in wichita ks introducing the limited menu high volume low cost high speed hamburgerestaurant a w root beer took its product out of the soda fountain and into a roadside stand a w root beer began franchising itsyrup white castle restaurant white castle opens its first restaurant maid rite opened its first restaurant in muscatine iowa s howard johnson s pioneered the concept ofranchising restaurants formally standardizing menusignage and advertising in out burger begins drive through service utilizing call box technology mcdonald s opens its first restaurants outside the us mcdonald s beginserving breakfastest marketing thegg mcmuffin the us the firstarbuckstore opens in seattle washington in pike place marketo sell high quality coffee beans and equipment eleven introduces theleven products and services bigulp arby s offers nutritional information howard schultz leads purchase of the starbucks brand from its founders who adopted the name peet s coffee tea peet s and begins offering coffee drinks modeled after those sold in italian coffee bars mcdonald s beginsupersize supersizing extra value meals arcticircle becomes the first fast food restauranto sell angus cattle angus beef exclusively arby s is first fast food restauranto implement a no smoking policy mcdonald s cuts back on the amount of trans fat by percent on french fries arby s begins elimination of trans fatrans fat oils in french fries the introduction of the halal option by some fast food companiesaw thexpansion ofast food chains into muslimajority countries has resulted in a rise of restaurant options inon westernations and has also increased revenue for some western restaurant chainsemerging research on islamic marketing and tourism in the global economy p el gohary hatem some outlets offering halal options include kfc nando s pizza express and subway mcdonald s carried out a trial but decided thathe cost of operations would be too high there have also been court cases involving start up businesses during attempts to alter the halal certified method by machine killing which is againsthe beliefs of some muslims however the trend towards halal has been unpopular in some communities whichave atimes resulted internet petitions the fast food industry is a popular target for critics from anti globalization activists like jos bov to vegetarian activist groupsuch as people for thethical treatment of animals petas well as the workers themselves a number ofast food worker strikes occurred in the united states in the s in his best selling book fast food nation investigative journalist eric schlosser leveled a broad socioeconomicsocioeconomicritique againsthe fast food industry documenting how fast food rose from small family run businesses like the mcdonald brothers burger jointo large multinational corporate juggernauts whoseconomy of scaleconomies of scale radically transformed agriculture meat processing and labor markets in the late twentieth century schlosser argues that while the innovations of the fast food industry gave americans more and cheaper dining options it has come athe price of destroying thenvironment economy and small town communities of rural america while shielding consumers from the real costs of their convenient meal both in terms of health and the broader impact of large scale food production and processing on workers animals and land the fast food industry is popular in the united states the source of most of its innovation and many major international chains are based there seen asymbols of us dominance and perceived cultural imperialism american fast food franchises have often been the target of anti globalization protests andemonstrations againsthe us government in for example rioters in karachi pakistan who were initially angered because of the bombing of a shia islam shiite mosque destroyed a kfc restaurant legal issues in mcdonald s wasued in a new york court by a family who claimed thathe restaurant chain was responsible for their teenage childhood obesity daughter s obesity and attendant health problems by manipulating food s taste sugar and fat content andirecting their advertising to children the suit argued thathe company purposely misleads the public abouthe nutritional value of its product a judge dismissed the case buthe fast food industry disliked the publicity of its practices particularly the way itargets children in its advertising although further lawsuits have not materialized the issue is kept alive in the mediand political circles by those promoting the need for tort reform in response to this the personal responsibility in food consumption act cheeseburger bill was passed by the us house of representatives in it later stalled in the usenate the lawas reintroduced in only to meethe same fate this lawas claimed to ban frivolous lawsuits against producers and sellers ofood and non alcoholic drinks arising from obesity claims the bill arose because of an increase in lawsuits against fast food chains by people who claimed that eating their products made them obese disassociating themselves from any of the blame see also fast food advertising hazard analysis and critical control points haccp list ofast food restaurant chains list of hamburgerestaurants list of the largest fast food restaurant chains roadhouse facility sanitation standard operating procedures furthereading hogan david selling em by the sack white castle and the creation of american food new york new york university press kroc ray anderson robert grinding it outhe making of mcdonald s chicago contemporary books levinstein harvey paradox of plenty a social history of eating in modern america berkeley university of california p luxenberg stan roadsidempires how the chains franchised america new york viking mcginley lou ellen with stephanie spurr honk for service a man a tray and the glory days of the drive in restaurantray days publishing schlosseric fast food nation the dark side of the all american meal harpercollins publisherschultz howard and yang dori jones pour your heart into it how starbucks built a company one cup at a time hyperion category fast food restaurants category types of 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fast_food_restaurants typically part chain chains restaurant_chain franchising franchise operation ingredients partially prepared foods supplies controlled supply channels term fast_food recognized dictionary merriam_webster arguably first fast_food_restaurants originated united_states w restaurants w white_castle restaurant white_castle today american founded fast_food chainsuch mcdonald est kfc est multinational corporation outlets across globe variations fast_food_restaurant concept include fast_casual restaurant mobile_catering trucks fast_casual restaurants higher sit customers sit orders broughto catering trucks often park outside popular factory workers united_states file big thumb_righthe big hamburger made debut file burger_king thumb burger_king sandwich trace modern history ofast_food united_states july withe opening fast_food_restaurant called automat inew_york automat cafeteria prepared foods behind small glass windows coin operated frank hardart already opened first horn_hardart automat philadelphia butheir automat broadway th_street inew_york_city created automat restaurants built around country deal withe demand automat remained extremely popular throughouthe company_also popularized notion take food witheir slogan less work mother historians w restaurants opened began franchising first fast_food_restaurant e thus american company white_castle restaurant white_castle generally credited opening second fast_food outlet wichita kansas selling hamburgers five cents inception numerous competitors certain however white_castle made first significant efforto food production look operation ofast_food william walter anderson white_castle system created first fast_food supply chain provide meat buns paper goods supplies pioneered concept multi state hamburgerestaurant chain standardized look construction restaurants even developed construction division manufactured builthe chain prefabricated restaurant buildings mcdonald service system much kroc mcdonald outlets hamburger university built practices white_castle already established hamburgerestaurant associated public withe term fast_food created two brothers originally new_hampshire richard maurice mcdonald opened barbecue drive city san discovering profits came hamburgers brothers closed three_months reopened walk stand offering simple menu hamburgers french_fries coffee coca cola served disposable paper could produce hamburgers fries constantly without waiting customer orders could serve immediately hamburgers cost cents half price typical diner streamlined production method named service system influenced production line innovations henry ford mcdonald restaurant equipment manufacturer prince castle biggest milkshake machines prince castle ray kroc traveled california discover company purchased almost dozen units opposed normal one two found restaurants success mcdonald concept kroc signed franchise agreement withe brothers began opening mcdonald restaurants illinois kroc bought outhe brothers created modern mcdonald mcdonald major parts business plan promote cleanliness restaurants americans become aware ofood safety issues part commitmento cleanliness kroc often took part cleaning des illinois outlet garbage cans another concept kroc added great glass enabled customer view food_preparation practice still found chainsuch clean atmosphere part kroc plan separated mcdonald rest competition attributes great success kroc envisioned making restaurants appeal suburban families white tower one original fast_food_restaurants tied hamburgers public_transportation tied hamburgers car children family p roughly time kroc eventually became mcdonald corporation two miami florida businessmen james mclamore andavid opened franchise predecessor international fast_food_restaurant chain burger_king mclamore visited original mcdonald hamburger stand belonging mcdonald potential innovative assembly line based production system decided wanted topen similar operation two partners eventually decided money jacksonville florida based insta burger_king originally opened founders owners chain j wife uncle matthew burns opened around piece equipment known insta insta oven proved successful cooking burgers required franchises carry device mclamore operating within miami county miami areand growing fast despite success operation partners discovered thathe design insta made unit heating elements prone degradation beef pair eventually created mechanized gas grill avoided problems changing way meat cooked unit original company began purchased mclamore renamed company burger_king fast_food_restaurants usually seating area customers eathe food premises orders designed take_away traditional table_service rare orders generally taken paid wide counter withe customer waiting counter tray container food drive service allow customers torder pick food cars nearly inception fast_food designed beaten go often require traditional cutlery eaten finger food common menu_items fast_food outlets include fish pita hamburger fried_chicken french_fries taco ice_cream although_many fast_food_restaurants offer slower foods like chili con carne chili mashed potato salad modern commercial fast_food highly processed prepared large_scale bulk ingredients using standardized cooking production methods equipment usually rapidly served bags plastic fashion reduces operating costs allowing rapid product identification counting promoting longer holding time avoiding transfer facilitating order fast_food operations menu_items generally made processed ingredients prepared central supply facilities shipped individual outlets cooked usually grill microwave deep frying assembled short amount upcoming orders stock response actual orders torder following standard operating procedures pre cooked products monitored freshness holding times process ensures consistent level product quality key delivering order quickly customer avoiding labor equipment costs individual stores commercial emphasis taste speed product safety uniformity low_cost fast_food products made ingredients formulated achieve flavor texture mouth feel preserve freshness control handling costs preparation order requires high degree ofood engineering use ofood including salt sugar seasoning processing techniques may limithe nutritional value final product value meals value meal group menu_items offered together lower price would cost individually hamburger side andrink commonly constitute value meal depending chain value meals fast_food_restaurants common merchandising facilitate product selling price discrimination time upgraded larger side andrink small fee perceived creation discount individual menu_items exchange purchase meal also consistent withe loyalty marketing school thoughto make quick service possible ensure accuracy security many fast_food_restaurants incorporated hospitality point sale systems makes possible kitchen crew people view orders placed athe front counter drive real_time allow orders placed drive speakers taken cooks drive walk configurations allow orders taken one register paid another modern point sale systems operate computer networks using variety software records generated remote access given corporate offices managers authorized personnel food_service chains partner food equipment manufacturers design highly specialized restaurant equipment often incorporating heat sensor design collaboration collaborative design rapid computer restaurant kitchens used establish equipment specifications consistent restaurant operating merchandising requirements file thumb neighboring fast_food_restaurant advertisement signs bowlingreen kentucky file thumb mcdonald fast_food_restaurant malaysia file dublin airport mcdonald restaurantjpg thumb mcdonald fast_food_restaurant dublin airport consumer spending united_states us_billion fast_food increased billion national restaurant association fast_food_restaurants us reach billion sales increase comparison full_service restaurant segment food_industry expected generate billion sales fast_food losing market_share called fast_casual restaurant offer robust expensive cuisine major_international brands mcdonald fast_food supplier opened first franchised restaurant us uk become successful enterprise terms ofinancial growth brand_name recognition ray kroc boughthe franchising license mcdonald brothers pioneered concepts emphasized standardization introduced uniform products identical respects increase sales kroc also cutting food_costs much using mcdonald corporation size force suppliers conform prominent international fast_food companies include burger_king number two hamburger chain world known promoting customized menu offerings way another international fast_food chain kfc sells chicken related products number fast_food company people republic china multinational corporations typically modify menus cater local tastes overseas outlets owned native franchisees mcdonald india example uses chicken beef pork burgers traditionally eating beef israel mcdonald restaurants kashrut kosher respecthe also kashrut kosher mcdonald argentina egypt indonesia morocco saudi_arabia malaysia pakistand singapore menu_items halal north_america file thumb animal fries burger secret menu many fast_food operations local regional white_castle restaurant white_castle midwest united_states along owned cke restaurants alsowns carl whose locations primarily united_states west_coast krystal restaurant krystal famous chicken biscuits cook restaurant cook restaurants american southeast raising cane chicken fingers raising cane mostly southern states hot michigand wisconsin n burger nevada utah texas original chains southern_california dick drive seattle_washington arcticircle restaurants arcticircle utah western states burger around flint michigand usa portland_oregon popular burger chain american south jack box restaurant jack box located west south canada pizza chains pizza canadian pizza primarily located ontario coffee chain country style operates ontario withe famous coffee chain tim hortons maid rite restaurant one oldest chain fast_food_restaurants united_states founded specialty loose meat hamburger maid rites found midwest mainly iowa minnesota illinois brands dominant inorth_america include mcdonald burger_king wendy number three burger chain usa new_england based chain automobile oriented sonic drive oklahoma_city born coffee based fast_food beverage corporation kfc taco_bell part largest restaurant world yum brands andomino pizza pizza chain known popularizing home delivery ofast_food subway restaurant subway known sub sandwiches largest restaurant_chain serve_food items denver based sub shop another fast_growing sub chain yet locations istill far behind subway locations smaller sub shops include jersey mike jimmy john_firehouse firehouse w restaurants originally united_states canada fast_food brand currently international fast_food corporation several countries canada majority ofast_food_chains american owned originally american owned since set canadian management headquarters locationsuch bread chipotle mexican grill five guys carl although case usually american fast_food chains expanding canada canadian chainsuch tim hortons states united_states prominent border statesuch new_york michigan tim hortons expand tother countries outside north_america pita pit franchise originated canadand expanded united_states countries canadian extreme pita low fat salt pita sandwiches stores larger canadian cities canadian fast_food chainsuch serve north_american style asian cuisine asian foods company located mainly canadand usa outlets us military bases continents harvey canadian chain present every province australia fast_food market began thearly withe opening several american franchises including mcdonald kfc pizza_hut introduced burger_king followed however burger_king market found thathis name already registered trademark takeaway food shop adelaide thus burger_king australian market forced pick another name selecting hungry jack brand_name prior australian fast_food market consisted primarily imports uk fish chips takeaway united_kingdom united home based fast_food operations closed mcdonald became number one outlet market however brands like wimpy brand wimpy still remain although majority branches became burger_king republic ireland addition home grown chainsuch numerous american chainsuch mcdonald burger_king also established presence ireland study developed published irish times named dublin county dublin ireland fast_food capital american chainsuch domino pizza mcdonald pizza_hut kfc big presence japan local chainsuch restaurant_chain foods country japan burger chains including burger freshness burger major fast_food chains indiare kfc mcdonald starbucks burger_king subway pizza_hut chains provide mostly western products however indians prefer local cuisine pav pav etc major emerging food_chains include caf coffee day inigeria chicken republic fried_chicken fast_food chains kfc andomino pizza recently entered country fast_food pakistan varies many international fast_food including burger_king kfc mcdonald domino pizza pizza_hut steak escape gloria jean addition international chains local cuisine people pakistan like bun kebab kebab rolls etc fast_food international fast_food chains like subway mcdonald burger_king etc arepresented cities also local chains like specializing russian cuisine elements added menu south_africa kfc popular fast_food chain south sunday africa sunday chicken restaurant chicken wimpy restaurant south_africa branches wimpy ocean basket along nando arexamples homegrown franchises highly popular within country mcdonald subway pizza_hut significant presence within south_africa hong_kong file far east interior cafe_de coral barjpg thumb caf_de coral branch hong_kong hong_kong although mcdonald kfc quite popular three_major local fast_food chains provide hong_kong style fast_food namely caf_de coral restaurant caf_de coral restaurant caterers limited caf_de serves customers daily unlike western fast_food chains restaurants_offer four different menus day namely breakfast lunch afternoon offered throughouthe day dai_pai_dong traditional hong_kong street_food may considered close relatives conventional fast_food outlet burger chain israel popular mcdonald burger_king domino pizza also_popular fast_food_restaurant chains like mcdonald offer kosher branches non kosher foodsuch cheeseburger rare israeli fast_food chains even inon kosher branches many fast_food chains serve pizza hamburger sushi local_foodsuch falafel new_zealand inew_zealand fast_food market began kfc opened pizza_hut mcdonald three remain popular today burger_king andomino entered market later australian pizza chains eagle boys pizza australia pizza also entered market butheir new_zealand operations later sold pizza_hut andomino fast_food chains founded inew_zealand including burger fuel founded pie founded closed falling financial trouble bought mcdonald hell pizza founded philippines fast_food us however difference thathey serve filipino dishes american products served filipino style fast_food chain restaurant generally owned either parent_company fast_food chain franchisee independent party given righto use company trademark trade name latter case contract made franchisee parent_company typically requiring franchisee pay initial fixed fee addition percentage monthly sales upon opening business franchisee oversees day day operations restaurant acts manager store contract parent_company may choose contract sell franchise another franchisee operate restaurant fast_food chains number locations exceeds number company owned locations fast_food chains rely consistency uniformity internal operations brand image across locations order convey sense reliability customers thisense reliability coupled positive customer experience brings customers place trust company thisense trust leads increased customer loyalty gives company source recurring business person presented choice different restaurants eat much easier stick whathey know rather take gamble unknown due importance consistency standards various restaurant locations set common rules regulations parent companies often rely field representatives ensure_thathe practices locations consistent withe company standards however locations fast_food chain harder parent_company guarantee thathese standards followed moreover much morexpensive discharge franchisee company standards discharge employee reason consequence parent companies tend deal franchisee violations morelaxed manner part someone visiting mcdonald united_states visiting mcdonald japan interior design menu speed service taste food similar however differences tailor particular cultural differences example october midst sales japan mcdonald added shrimp burger japanese menu choice introduce shrimp burger study stated world consumption shrimp led japan march taco_bell opened first restaurant india non consumption beef cultural norm light india beliefs taco_bell tailor menu dietary distinctions indian culture replacing beef chicken token completely options introduced menu due throughouthe_country health large fast_food chains beginning incorporate healthier alternatives menu white meat snack fresh fruit however people see moves commercial measure rather appropriate reaction ethical concerns abouthe world ecology people health mcdonald announced march chain would include nutritional information packaging products september october corn recall million worth corn based foods restaurants well products contained genetically modified maize genetically modified corn approved human consumption first genetically modified food thenvironmental group friends first detected contaminated shells critical fda job consumer appeal file wan grand millennium plaza cafe_de coral restaurant june jpg thumb_interior fast_food_restaurant wan hong_kong fast_food outlets become_popular consumers several reasons one economies scale purchasing producing food companies deliver food consumers low_cost addition although people fast_food hungry person far home post world_war ii period united_states fast_food chains like mcdonald rapidly gained reputation cleanliness fast service child friendly atmosphere families road could grab quick meal seek break routine home cooking prior rise fast_food chain restaurant people generally choice greasy_spoon diners quality food often service lacking high_end_restaurants impractical families children modern stream lined convenience fast_food_restaurant provided new alternative appealed americans ideas products associated progress technology innovation fast_food_restaurants rapidly became everyone could agree many featuring child size menu play areas branding campaigns like iconic ronald appeal younger customers parents could minutes peace children played withe toys included happy meal long history ofast_food advertising campaigns many directed children fast_food marketing largely focuses children teenagers popular methods advertising include television product placement toys games educational movies character licensing celebrity websites advertisements targeting children mainly focus free toys movie tie ins fast_food_restaurants use kid meals toys kid friendly vibrant colors play areas draw children toward products children power parents purchases estimated total billion everyear fast_food become part american_culture reward children advertised fast_food_restaurant cause parents mean parent common among parents comply witheir child desires major focus children fast_food industry created controversy due rising issue children obesity americas result focus coalition created run council better business bureaus called children food beverage advertising initiative stop ads aimed children promote whathe council better products ads directed towards children however congress requested guidelines put place department centers disease control two basic requirements identified guidelines foods advertised children food include healthful ingredients food cannot contain amounts sugar fat guidelines voluntary companies experience heavy pressure comply company years comply withe guidelines many fast_food industries started comply withe guidelines although_many companies ways go fast_food industry spent billion advertise unhealthy products children teens according report yale rudd center food policy obesity points progress include healthier sides beverages fast_food_restaurant kids_meals guidelines interested healthier lifestyle children growing problem american obesity parts world americand american style fast_food outlets popular quality customer_service novelty even_though often targets popular towards american foreign policy globalization generally many consumers wealth progress well ordered western society therefore become attractions many cities around world particularly among younger people varied tastes impact ofast_food_restaurant availability time fast_food_restaurants growing rapidly especially according us research low_income predominantly african greater exposure fast_food outlets higher income predominantly white areas put question whether neighborhoods targeted causes unhealthy group people compared people higher socioeconomic status also shown thathere lower chance fast_food_restaurant study selected us locations found number ofast_food_restaurants bars wealth neighborhood predominantly african_american residential areas four_times less likely supermarket near predominantly white areas innovations timeline walter scott providence outfitted horse drawn lunch wagon simple kitchen bringing hot dinners workers first horn_hardart automat opened philadelphia horn_hardart opens second automat manhattan walter anderson builthe first white_castle restaurant white_castle wichita introducing limited menu high volume low_cost high_speed hamburgerestaurant w root beer took product soda_fountain roadside stand w root beer began franchising white_castle restaurant white_castle opens first restaurant maid rite opened first restaurant muscatine_iowa howard johnson pioneered concept restaurants formally advertising burger begins drive service utilizing call box technology mcdonald opens first restaurants outside us mcdonald marketing us opens seattle_washington pike place marketo sell high_quality coffee beans equipment eleven introduces products services arby offers nutritional information howard leads purchase starbucks brand founders adopted name coffee tea begins offering coffee drinks modeled sold italian coffee bars mcdonald extra value meals arcticircle becomes first fast_food_restauranto sell angus cattle angus beef exclusively arby first fast_food_restauranto implement smoking policy mcdonald cuts back amount trans fat percent french_fries arby begins elimination trans fat french_fries introduction halal option fast_food thexpansion ofast_food_chains countries resulted rise restaurant options inon also increased revenue western restaurant research islamic marketing tourism global economy p el outlets offering halal options include kfc nando pizza express subway mcdonald carried trial decided thathe cost operations would high also court cases involving start businesses attempts alter halal certified method machine killing againsthe beliefs muslims however trend towards halal communities whichave atimes resulted internet petitions fast_food industry popular target critics anti globalization activists like jos vegetarian activist groupsuch people treatment animals well workers number ofast_food worker occurred united_states best selling book fast_food nation investigative journalist eric broad againsthe fast_food industry documenting fast_food rose small family run businesses like mcdonald brothers burger large multinational corporate scale radically transformed agriculture meat processing labor markets late twentieth_century argues innovations fast_food industry gave americans cheaper dining options come athe price thenvironment economy small_town communities rural america consumers real costs convenient meal terms health broader impact large_scale food production processing workers animals land fast_food industry popular united_states source innovation many major_international chains based seen us dominance perceived cultural imperialism american fast_food franchises often target anti globalization protests againsthe us_government example karachi pakistan initially bombing islam mosque destroyed kfc restaurant legal issues mcdonald new_york court family claimed thathe restaurant_chain responsible teenage childhood obesity daughter obesity attendant health problems food taste sugar fat content advertising children suit argued thathe_company purposely public abouthe nutritional value product judge dismissed case buthe fast_food industry publicity practices particularly way children advertising although lawsuits issue kept alive mediand political circles promoting need reform response personal responsibility food consumption act cheeseburger bill passed us house representatives later lawas reintroduced meethe fate lawas claimed ban lawsuits producers sellers ofood non_alcoholic drinks arising obesity claims bill arose increase lawsuits fast_food chains people claimed eating products made blame see_also fast_food advertising hazard analysis critical control points list ofast_food_restaurant chains list list largest fast_food_restaurant chains roadhouse facility sanitation standard operating procedures furthereading david selling white_castle creation american food new_york new_york university_press kroc ray anderson robert grinding outhe making mcdonald chicago contemporary books harvey plenty social history eating modern america berkeley university california p stan chains franchised america new_york viking lou ellen stephanie service man tray days drive days publishing fast_food nation dark side american meal harpercollins howard jones pour heart starbucks built company one cup time hyperion category_fast_food_restaurants_category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Fearless Critic","description":"file fearless critic santonio restaurant guide coverjpg thumb fearless critic santonio restaurant guide published in fearless critic media is a us publishing house best known for its books the wine trials the beer trials and the fearless critic series of restaurant guidebooks to us cities the publishing house was founded in merged with workman publishing company workman in and currently has eight restaurant guides in print austin texas houston texas dallas texasantonio santonio texaseattle seattle washington portland oregon washington dc and new haven connecticut in fearless critic launched a new nonfiction imprint whose firstitle will be the marchardcover blind taste a defense ofast food cheap beer by robin goldstein author of the wine trials fearless critic books are distributed by independent publishers group ipg rating system the fearless critic restaurant guide series uses a point rating scale to in withe houston guide the series experimented with a letter grading system from a to d but hasince moved back to the original point scale series name change the fearless critic restaurant guide series was called the menuntil older titles in the northeast ustill bear the menu title controversy overatings fearless critic has incitedebate on food boardsuch as chowhound over its harsh ratings the wine trials fearless critic s nonfiction polemic book the wine trials by robin goldstein sparkedebate over its claim that non expert wine drinkers preferred cheap bottles to morexpensive bottles in scientific blind tastings it went on to sell more than copies in threeditions becoming the world s bestsellinguide to cheap wine spectator award of excellence controversy on august wine trials authorobin goldstein revealed that he had submitted an application for a wine spectator award of excellence for an imaginary restaurant in milan whiche named osteria l intrepido fearless restaurant and thathe non existent restaurant had won the award thexpose was reported widely across the mediand blogosphere see also zagat survey restaurant rating michelin guide wine spectator externalinks fearless critic web site austin american statesman article houstonist article foodinhouston blog yale daily news article category restaurant guides category travel guide books category books about wine category book publishing companies of the united states category book publishing companies based in 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trials beer trials fearless_critic series restaurant_guidebooks us cities publishing_house founded merged workman publishing_company workman currently eight restaurant_guides print austin_texas houston_texas dallas_texasantonio santonio seattle_washington portland_oregon washington new connecticut fearless_critic launched new imprint whose blind taste defense ofast_food cheap beer robin goldstein author wine trials fearless_critic books distributed independent publishers group rating system fearless_critic restaurant_guide_series uses point rating scale withe houston guide_series letter grading system hasince moved back original point scale series name change fearless_critic restaurant_guide_series called older titles northeast bear menu title controversy fearless_critic food harsh ratings wine trials fearless_critic book wine trials robin goldstein claim non expert wine drinkers preferred cheap bottles morexpensive bottles scientific blind tastings went sell copies becoming world cheap wine spectator award excellence controversy august wine trials goldstein revealed submitted application wine spectator award excellence imaginary restaurant milan whiche named osteria l fearless restaurant thathe non existent restaurant award reported widely across mediand see_also zagat survey restaurant rating michelin_guide wine spectator externalinks fearless_critic web_site austin american statesman article article blog yale daily_news article category_restaurant guides_category_travel_guide_books category_books wine category book_publishing_companies united_states category book_publishing_companies_based california"},{"title":"Female sex tourism","description":"file female sex tourismapgif px thumb right female tourists home countries australiaustria belgium canada denmark finland france germany ireland japanetherlands new zealand norway sweden united kingdom united states destination countries balkans cambodia caribbean costa rica ecuador greece indonesia italy kenya morocco philippines portugal spain thailand turkey vietnam female sex tourism refers to sex tourism by female s who travel intending to engage in sexual activities with a sex worker female sex tourists may seek aspects of the sexual relationship not shared by their male counterpart such as perceived romance love romance and intimate relationship intimacy women especially wealthy single older white women plan their holidays to have romance and sex with a companion who knows how to make them feel special and give them attention the prevalence ofemale sex tourism isignificantly lower than male sex tourism female sex tourism occurs in diverse regions of the world the demographics ofemale sex tourism vary by destination but in general female sex tourists are usually classified as women from a developed country who travel to less developed countries in search of romance or sexual outlets female sex tourists can be grouped into three types traditional sex tourists who have similar characteristics and motives as male sex touristsituational sex tourists who do not intentionally puthemselves in a sex tourist position but find themselves involved in a sexual encounter with local men situational sex tourists may fall into the category of either being businessperson businesswomen student s women in overseas conferences or other women who have different agendas that are non sexual romance tourists who plan to fulfil their travel with romance love romantic experiences thathey cannot experience in their native country within the realm ofemale sex tourismale sex workers are vital for the satisfaction of these women whether physical or emotional withouthemployment of local sex workersex tourism for both men and women would not exist sex tourism is becoming a global phenomenon withis movement of different populations to different countries problems concerning health increasespecially ailments involving sexually transmitted infection stis and hiv aids women involved with sex tourism do not find themselves using barrier contraceptives during the majority of their visit leaving them unprotected againstis terminology there is an ongoing debate on terminology regarding female sex tourism pruitt and lafont argue thathe term female sex tourism is not representative of the relationship that female tourists have with local men they argue that female sex tourism oversimplifies the motives of these women and that romance tourism explains the complex nature of whathese women arengaging themselves in while involved in romance tours they also state thathexpression female sex tourism serves to perpetuate genderoles and reinforce powerelations of patriarchy male dominance and female subordination romance tourism in jamaica provides an arena for change scholarsuch as klaus de alburquerque counter thathe term romance tourism overcomplicates whathe motives of sex tourists are de albuquerque stated that concepts like romance tourism are only representative of small niches like that of jamaicand its cultural beliefs throughis researche concludes thathe majority ofemale sex tourists are solely touring for physical encounters and not romance he also says thathe tourist and beach boys may define theirelationships as one of romance but in reality the relationship is one of prostitution researcher jacqueline sanchez taylor argues thathe term female sex tourism and even the term romance tourism undermine what is actually happening in these situationshe compares female and male sex tourism and shows how each relationship is based upon sexual economic relationshipshe also explores whether or not female sex tourism is based on romance and if there isome sort of sexual economic relationship occurring between the two partieshe added the facthat parallels between male and female sex tourism are widely overlooked reflects and reproduces weaknesses in existing theoretical and commonsense understandings of gendered power and sex tourism destinations a number of countries have become popular destinations for female sex tourism including southern europe mainly in greece italy malta cypruspain and portugal the caribbean led by jamaica india talcher barbados and the dominican republic brazil egypturkey southeast asiand phuket province phuket in thailand gambia senegal and kenya in africa other popular destinations include bulgaria croatia lebanon morocco jordan armenialbania fiji colombiand costa rica women going on sex tours look for big bamboos and marlboro men pravdaru balindonesia is the only destination where females from western europe japand australia engages in sex tourism with male locals bali beach gigolos under fire asia sentinel may thevidence suggests that notional stereotypes among western women about countries that areputed to have an abundance of conventionally sexual attraction sexually attractive and visually and aesthetically pleasing young men become popular destinations for female sex tourism thus countries of the list of mediterranean countries mediterranean region whichave the reputation of men resembling the latin lover stereotype latin lover stereotype figure prominently among female sex tourism destinations motives for travel traditional sex tourism traditional female sex tourists have the same intentions as their male counterparts and travel to foreign countries that have lower wages and take advantage of cheaprostitution at a level unaffordable in their own countries examples of thesexual economic relationships can be found in countries likenyafrica where women from the united kingdom travel to kenya to enjoy the sun and enjoy the company of young men in a sexual manner situational sex tourism situational sex tourists differ from traditional sex tourists by considering their sexual activities withe sex worker as an added amenity to their original motive to travel the background of the situational sex tourist consists ofirstime tourists who do not plan on being involved intimately with local men the majority of these firstime tourist will become involved in relationships where the tourist becomes romantically involved withe local men rather than being exclusively physical withe sex workersituational sex tourism occurs when foreign tourists are lured in by male sex workers known as either beach boys in the caribbean gringueros in costa rica or local men according to the tourists they are usually lured in due to thexotic appeal thathese men emulate thexotic appeal can come from thethnic differences between the sex worker and the sex tourist or the foreign lifestyle thathese men live the sex workers will target women who they deem vulnerability vulnerable older or younger overweight women romance tourism romance tourism refers to a different relationship than female sex tourism the concept of romance tourism came from researchers observations in jamaica it appeared to them thathe female tourist and local males viewed theirelationship with each other solely based on romance love romance and courtship rather than lust and monetary value romance tourism is an issue of gender identification gender identity is a relational constructhe western culture western women who seek to break from conventional roles require a different kind of relationship with men in order to realize a new gender identity with increasing independence and financial self reliance women are able to travel showing their independence fromen of their culture female tourists have the opportunity to explore new gender behavior like traditional sex tourists romance tourists have a motive for travel romance tourists travel to underdeveloped countries to find romantic relationships thejakartapostcom whatjapanthinkscom smhcomau daily mailos angeles times tokyoreportercom fox news indoboomcom canadacom japantimescojp the independenthe indepdendent africaspeakscom sex workers background and intentions male sex workers have more freedom and security than female sex workers do because males are not confined to a brothel or a procuring prostitution pimp and are not generally physically abused by their clientsimilar to the sex touristsex workers have their own intentions just asome western culture western women may consider the local men exotic the local men may consider western women to bexotic popular characteristics that appeal to a majority of sex workers are women with blonde hair and light colored eyesome of the sex workers will specifically targethis type of exotic woman for their own personal pleasure with no guarantee of monetary gain on the other side of the spectrumost sex workers have the intention of making some form of monetary gain such a sex worker typically profiles tourists in hopes of increasing his monetary wealthe fastest while profiling he willook for older women over the age oforty or young overweight women the sex worker considers these women vulnerability vulnerable and will play on their vulnerability to gethe tourists tobtain feelings for the sex worker once the tourist and sex worker obtain a relationship the sex worker finds it easy for them to have an open relationship regarding monetary exchange defined by the tourist romance tourists do not label their sex workers prostitutes the local men and the tourists understand theiroles in the relationship the primary difference in definition of a local man to a romance tourist and a local man to a sex tourist is themphasis the romance tourist places on passion instead of a transaction of goods or money for sexual favors health risks the rate of sexually transmitted infection s including hiv aids may be relatively high in some countries which are popular destinations for female sex tourism particularly in comparison to the home countries of many sex tourists little or no researchas been done into the transmission rates of hiv and other stds pertaining to sex tourism neither has there been reliable research done into whether or not condom use is prevalent among female sex tourists however writer julie bindel speculates in an article for the guardian that hiv infection figures for the region suggesthat condom use by the beach boys in the caribbean may be sporadic yet female sex tourists do not appear especially preoccupied by the potential risks women seeking to experience sex with foreign men puthemselves at a higherisk for stis condom use during sex tours is relatively low it is often cited that women have the intention to have safe sex witheir casual sex partners while on vacation but at some point during the initiation of the condom the women do not follow through the sex workers usually will not initiate the use of a condom due to either the limited availability of condoms cost beliefs or previous experiences the sex worker has had with condoms the lack of barrier contraceptives increases the risk of the tourist obtaining a sexually transmitted infection from their foreign partner especially when their partner has been with multiple women with sex tourism women reporthat given the atmosphere and thexoticness of their lover condoms are rarely used or discussed prior to engaging in sexual activities it has been found that in the monteverde region of costa rica data researched by nancy romero daza hashown that female tourists in the region engage in some form of unprotected sexual activity with local men known as gringueros the women in the study were found to not be traditional sex tourists but situational sex touristsee also feminismale prostitution sex tourism references major academic publications jacobs jessica sex tourism and the postcolonial encounter landscapes of longing in egypt aldershot ashgate bloor michael et al differences in sexual risk behaviour between young men and women travelling abroad from the uk contains only random survey of young sex travelers the lancet cohen erik araboys and tourist girls in a mixed jewish arab community international journal of comparative sociology de albuquerque klausex beach boys and female tourists in the caribbean sexuality cultured barry m dank vol new brunswick nj transaction de albuquerque klaus in search of the big bamboo how caribbean beach boysell fun in the sun the utne reader jan feb gorry april marie leaving home foromance tourist women s adventures abroadoctoral dissertation university of california santa barbarann arbor umi herold edward rafael garciand tony demoya female tourists and beach boys romance or sex tourism annals of tourism research meisch lynn a gringas and otavale os changing tourist relations a description of sex and romance tourism in ecuador annals of tourism research pruitt deborah and suzanne lafont for love and money romance tourism in jamaicannals of tourism research thomas michellexploring the contexts and meanings of women s experiences of sexual intercourse on holiday clift stephen and simon carter ed tourism and sex culture commerce and coercion london pinter vorakitphokatorn sairudeet al aids risk in tourists a study on japanese female tourists in thailand journal of population and social studies wagner ulla out of time and space mass tourism and charter trips ethnos this article describesex tourism in the gambia west africas does a follow up article wagner ulland bawa yamba going north and getting attached the case of the gambians ethnos externalinks romance on the road traveling women who love foreign men kenya cracking down on beach boys gigoloserving tourists the new york times women travel to jamaica each year in search of the big bamboo rent a rastacom sex tourism when women do it is called romance travelling sex tourism in full boom ottawa citizen ottawa citizen monday january the jordanian desert s other delight sex tourism senegal draws tourists with sun seaand sex sadie nicholasun sea sex and bitteregrets middle class girls and their holiday secrets mail online august category prostitution category sex tourism category female travelers category women and 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women developed country travel less developed_countries search romance sexual outlets female_sex_tourists grouped three types traditional sex_tourists similar characteristics motives male sex sex_tourists intentionally sex tourist position find involved sexual encounter local_men situational sex_tourists may fall category either student women overseas conferences women different non sexual romance tourists plan travel romance love romantic experiences thathey cannot experience native country within realm ofemale sex sex_workers vital satisfaction women whether physical emotional local sex_tourism men women would exist sex_tourism becoming global phenomenon withis movement different populations different_countries problems concerning health involving sexually transmitted infection hiv aids women involved sex_tourism find using barrier majority visit leaving terminology ongoing debate terminology regarding female_sex_tourism argue thathe term female_sex_tourism representative relationship female tourists local_men argue female_sex_tourism motives women romance_tourism explains complex nature women involved romance tours also state female_sex_tourism serves reinforce male dominance female romance_tourism jamaica provides arena change klaus de counter thathe term romance_tourism whathe motives sex_tourists de albuquerque stated concepts like romance_tourism representative small like cultural beliefs throughis concludes thathe majority ofemale sex_tourists solely touring physical encounters romance also says thathe tourist beach boys may define one romance reality relationship one prostitution researcher taylor argues thathe term female_sex_tourism even term romance_tourism undermine actually female male sex_tourism shows relationship based_upon sexual economic also explores whether female_sex_tourism based romance sort sexual economic relationship occurring two added facthat male female_sex_tourism widely overlooked reflects existing theoretical power sex_tourism_destinations number countries become_popular destinations female_sex_tourism including southern europe mainly greece italy malta portugal caribbean led jamaica india barbados dominican republic brazil southeast_asiand phuket province phuket thailand gambia senegal kenya africa popular_destinations include bulgaria croatia lebanon morocco jordan fiji colombiand costa_rica women going sex tours look big men balindonesia destination females western_europe japand australia engages sex_tourism male locals bali beach fire asia sentinel may suggests stereotypes among western women countries abundance sexual attraction sexually attractive visually aesthetically young men become_popular destinations female_sex_tourism thus countries list mediterranean countries mediterranean region whichave reputation men resembling latin lover stereotype latin lover stereotype figure prominently among female_sex_tourism_destinations motives travel traditional sex_tourism traditional female_sex_tourists intentions male counterparts travel foreign_countries lower wages take_advantage level countries examples economic relationships found countries women united_kingdom travel kenya enjoy sun enjoy company young men sexual manner situational sex_tourism situational sex_tourists differ traditional sex_tourists considering sexual activities withe sex_worker added amenity original motive travel background situational sex tourist consists tourists plan involved local_men majority firstime tourist become involved relationships tourist becomes involved withe local_men rather exclusively physical withe sex sex_tourism occurs foreign tourists lured male sex_workers known either beach boys caribbean costa_rica local_men according tourists usually lured due thexotic appeal thathese men thexotic appeal come differences sex_worker sex tourist foreign lifestyle thathese men live sex_workers target women vulnerability vulnerable older younger women romance_tourism romance_tourism refers different relationship female_sex_tourism concept romance_tourism came researchers observations jamaica appeared thathe female tourist local males viewed solely based romance love romance rather monetary value romance_tourism issue gender identification gender identity western culture western women seek break conventional roles require different kind relationship men order realize new gender identity increasing independence financial self reliance women able travel showing independence culture female tourists opportunity explore new gender behavior like traditional sex_tourists romance tourists motive travel romance tourists travel underdeveloped countries find romantic relationships daily angeles_times fox news sex_workers background intentions male sex_workers freedom security female_sex_workers males confined brothel procuring prostitution generally physically sex_workers intentions asome western culture western women may consider local_men exotic local_men may consider western women popular characteristics appeal majority sex_workers women blonde hair light colored sex_workers specifically type exotic woman personal pleasure guarantee monetary gain side sex_workers intention making form monetary gain sex_worker typically profiles tourists hopes increasing monetary fastest older women age young women sex_worker considers women vulnerability vulnerable play vulnerability gethe tourists tobtain feelings sex_worker tourist sex_worker obtain relationship sex_worker finds easy open relationship regarding monetary_exchange defined tourist romance tourists label sex_workers prostitutes local_men tourists understand relationship primary difference definition local man romance tourist local man sex tourist themphasis romance tourist places passion instead transaction goods money sexual favors health risks rate sexually transmitted infection including hiv aids may relatively high countries popular_destinations female_sex_tourism particularly comparison home_countries many sex_tourists little researchas done transmission rates hiv sex_tourism neither reliable research done whether condom use prevalent among female_sex_tourists however writer julie article guardian hiv infection figures region suggesthat condom use beach boys caribbean may yet female_sex_tourists appear especially potential risks women seeking experience sex foreign men condom use sex tours relatively low often cited women intention safe sex witheir casual sex partners vacation point condom women follow sex_workers usually initiate use condom due either limited availability condoms cost beliefs previous experiences sex_worker condoms lack barrier increases risk tourist obtaining sexually transmitted infection foreign partner especially partner multiple women sex_tourism women given atmosphere lover condoms rarely used discussed prior engaging sexual activities found region costa_rica data researched nancy hashown female tourists region engage form sexual_activity local_men known women study found traditional sex_tourists situational sex also prostitution sex_tourism references major academic publications jacobs jessica sex_tourism encounter landscapes egypt ashgate michael differences sexual risk behaviour young men women travelling abroad uk contains random survey young sex travelers cohen erik tourist girls mixed jewish arab community international_journal comparative sociology de albuquerque beach boys female tourists caribbean barry vol new_brunswick transaction de albuquerque klaus search big bamboo caribbean beach fun sun reader jan feb april marie leaving home tourist women adventures university california_santa edward rafael tony female tourists beach boys romance sex_tourism annals tourism_research lynn changing tourist relations description sex romance_tourism ecuador annals tourism_research deborah love money romance_tourism tourism_research thomas contexts meanings women experiences sexual holiday stephen simon carter ed tourism sex culture commerce london aids risk tourists study japanese female tourists thailand journal population social studies wagner time space mass_tourism charter trips article tourism gambia west africas follow article wagner going north getting attached case externalinks romance road_traveling women love foreign men kenya beach boys tourists new_york times women travel jamaica year search big bamboo rent sex_tourism women called romance travelling sex_tourism full boom ottawa citizen ottawa citizen monday january desert delight sex_tourism senegal draws tourists sun sex sadie sea sex middle_class girls holiday secrets mail online august category prostitution category sex_tourism_category female travelers category women"},{"title":"Fertility tourism","description":"fertility tourism oreproductive tourism is the practice of traveling to another country or jurisdiction for fertility treatment and may be regarded as a form of medical tourism the main reasons for fertility tourism are legal prohibitions oregulation of the sought procedure in the home country the non availability of a procedure in the home country as well as lower costs in the destination country the main proceduresought are in vitro fertilization ivf andonor insemination but also surrogacy it has been proposed to be termed reproductivexile to emphasise the difficulties and constraints faced by infertile patients who are forced to travel globally foreproductive procedures ivf destinations abouto women often accompanied by their partners annually seek cross border assisted reproductive technology art services israel is the leading fertility tourism destination for in vitro fertilization ivf treatmenthe united states is the destination of many europeans because of the higher success rates and liberal regulations in turn indiand other asian countries are the main destinations for us women seeking fertility treatment being the destinations for of us women seeking ivf and seeking ivf with egg donation many travel from countries like germany and italy which are very restrictive of the number of eggs that may be fertilized and how many embryos can be used for implantation or cryopreservation in recent years mexico has become a popular destination for cross border ivf treatment due to its liberal art and egg donation policies even small countriesuch as barbados provide joint commission jci accredited ivf treatment aimed at women from abroad cost factors women from countriesuch as the united states and the united kingdomay travel for ivf treatment and medications to save money the cost for ivf cycle in the united states averages us while for comparable treatment in mexico it is about us thailand india egg donation egg donation is illegal in a number of european countries includingermany austriand italy many women then will seek treatment in places where the procedure is allowed such aspain and the united states where donors can be paid for their donation almost half of all ivf treatments with donor eggs in europe are performed in spain ivf with anonymous egg donation is also the main art sought by canadians traveling to the us and is the sought procedure for of cross border treatments by canadiansex selection sex selection is prohibited in many countries including the united kingdom us clinic offers british couples the chance to choose the sex of their child from the times august australiand canada krishan s nehra library of congressex selection abortion canada except when it is used to screen for genetic diseasesome women wishing to be sure of a child sex may travel to countries where it is legal to perform a preimplantation genetic diagnosis pgd a potential expansion of ivf which can be used for sex selection such as the united states us clinic offers british couples the chance to choose the sex of their child from the times august many countries have no restriction how many embryos may be transferred into the uterus athe same time increasing the risk of multiple pregnancy and resultant potential complications health warning to women over fertility tourism xpert fertility care of california the burden of multiple births generated by placing too many embryos is carried by the patients and the home country donor insemination a woman may go to another country tobtain artificial insemination by donor the practice is influenced by the attitudes and sperm donation laws by country sperm donation laws in the host country there is generally a demand for sperm donor s who have no genetic problems in their family eyesight with excellent visual acuity a college degree and sometimes a value on a certain height ageye colour hair texture blood type and ethnicity the geniusperm bank june baby steps how lesbian alternative insemination is changing the world by amy agigianecdotal evidence suggests thathe inventory of taller men who are blonde and blueyed is most popular sperm counts overcome by man s most precious fluid by lisa jean mooretrieved january denmark has a well developed system of sperm exporthisuccess mainly comes from the reputation of danish sperm donors for being of high sperm quality and in contrast withe law in the other nordicountries gives donors the choice of being either anonymous or non anonymous to the receiving couple assisted reproduction in the nordicountries ncbioorg furthermore nordic sperm donors tend to be tall with rarer features like blond hair or different color eyes and a light complexion and highly educated fda rules block import of prizedanish sperm posted august am cdt in world science health and have altruistic motives for their donations partly due to the relatively low monetary compensation inordicountries more than countries worldwide are importers of danish sperm including paraguay canada kenyand hong kong another emerging destination for fertility tourism is barbados more and more caribbean couples and couples of african origin are ineed medical help to conceive and often want eggs and sperm that match their geneticomposition for a long time their only option was the united states however for over years barbados has been providing couples withe latest in cutting edge technology and has introduced new techniquesome countriesuch as united kingdom and sweden have a shortage of sperm donorswedenow has an month long waiting list for donor sperm as a consequence of the shortage of donor sperm in uk in the late s and thearlyears of the st century british women travelled to belgium and spain for donor insemination wordspy in turn citing madeleine bunting x y the formula for genetic imperialism the guardian may until those two countries changed their laws and imposed a maximum number of children one donor may produce prior to the change in the law the limit in the number of children born to each donor depended upon practitioners at fertility clinics and belgiand spanish clinics were purchasing donor sperm from abroad to satisfy demand for treatments anonymous donation was permitted in belgium and is a legal requirement in spain these two countries also allowed single heterosexual and single and coupled lesbians to undergo fertility treatment ironically athe time many belgiand spanish clinics were buying sperm from british clinics donated by british donors whose localimit of ten families in the uk had not been reached and they were able to use that sperm according to localaws and limits in addition lesbian women from france and eastern europe travelled to these countries in order to achieve a pregnancy by anonymous donor since this treatment was not available to them in their own countries british fertility tourists mustherefore now travel tother countries particularly those that do not include children born to foreigners in their national totals of children produced by each donor britain also imports donor sperm from scandinavia but can only limithe use of that donor sperm to ten families in the uk itself so that more children may be produced elsewhere from the same donor shortage of sperm donors in britain prompts calls for change by denise grady published november the new york times at least swedish sperm recipients travel to denmark annually for insemination some of this also due to that denmark also allowsingle women to be inseminated it is illegal to pay donors for eggs or sperm in canada women can still import commercial usperm buthat is notrue for eggs resulting in many canadian women leaving the country for such procedures my scattered grandchildren the globe and mail alison motluk sunday sepm edt surrogacy destinationsurrogacy destinations are those countries and jurisdictions which permit commercial surrogacy gestational surrogacy gestational surrogacy where the cost is relatively low and which give the intended parents legal rights over the newborn child whether by streamlined adoption procedures or direct parental rights india is a main destination for surrogacy because of the relatively low cost indian clinics are athe same time becoming more competitive not just in pricing but in the hiring and retention of indian females asurrogates clinics charge patients between and for the complete package including fertilization the surrogate s fee andelivery of the baby at a hospital including the costs oflightickets medical procedures and hotels it comes to roughly a third of the price compared with going through the procedure in the uk regulators eye india surrogacy sector by shilpa kannan india business report bbc world retrieved on mars in the supreme court of india in the manji s case japanese baby has held that commercial surrogacy is permitted india there is an upcoming assisted reproductive technology bill aiming to regulate the surrogacy however it is expected to increase the confidence in clinics by sorting out dubious practitioners and in this way stimulate the practice russian federation liberalegislation makes russiattractive foreproductive tourists looking for techniques not available in their countries intended parents come there for oocyte donation because of advanced age or marital statusingle women and single men and when surrogacy is considered gestational surrogacy even commercial is absolutely legal in russia being available for practically all adults willing to be parents foreigners have the same rights as for assisted reproduction as russian citizens within days after the birthe commissioning parents obtain a russian birth certificate with botheir names on it genetic relation to the child in case of donation doesn t matter on august a moscow court ruled that a single man who applied for gestational surrogacy using donor eggs could be registered as the only parent of hison becoming the first man in russia to defend his righto become a father through a court procedure the surrogate mother s name was not listed on the birth certificate the father was listed as the only parent surrogacy is completely legal in ukraine however only healthy mothers who have had children before can become surrogates in ukraine have zero parental rights over the child astated on article of the family code of ukraine thus a surrogate cannot refuse to hand the baby over in case she changes her mind after birth only married couples can legally go through gestational surrogacy in ukraine gay couples and single parents are prohibited to use gestational surrogates united states the united states isought as a location for surrogate mothers by coupleseeking permanent residence united states green card in that country since the resulting child can get birthright citizenship in the united states and can thereby apply for green cards for the parents when turning years of age wealthy chineseek usurrogates for second child green card by alexandra harney reuters health information sep however there are many othereasons people come to the us for surrogacy procedures including to enjoy a better quality of medical technology and care as well as the high level of legal protections afforded through some ustate courts to surrogacy contracts as compared tother countries increasingly same sex couples who face restrictions using ivf and surrogacy procedures in their home countries travel to ustates where it is legal citizenship the citizenship and legal status of a child resulting from surrogacy can be problematic the hague conference permanent bureau identified the question of citizenship of these children as a pressing problem in the permanent bureau study hague conference permanent bureau according to us department of state bureau of consular affairs for the child to be a us citizen one or both of the child s genetic parents must be a us citizen in other words the only way for the child to acquire us citizenship automatically at birth is if he she is biologically related to a us citizen further in some countries the child will not be a citizen of the country in whiche she is born because the surrogate mother is not legally the parent of the child this could result in a child being 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women often accompanied partners annually seek cross_border assisted reproductive technology art services israel leading fertility tourism_destination vitro fertilization ivf united_states destination many europeans higher success rates liberal regulations turn indiand asian countries main destinations us women seeking fertility treatment destinations us women seeking ivf seeking ivf egg donation many travel countries like germany italy restrictive number eggs may many embryos used cryopreservation recent_years mexico become_popular destination cross_border ivf treatment due liberal art egg donation policies even small countriesuch barbados provide joint_commission jci accredited ivf treatment aimed women abroad cost factors women countriesuch united_states united travel ivf treatment save money cost ivf cycle united_states us comparable treatment mexico us thailand india egg donation egg donation illegal number european_countries austriand italy many women seek treatment places procedure allowed united_states donors paid donation almost half ivf treatments donor eggs europe performed spain ivf anonymous egg donation also main art sought canadians traveling us sought procedure cross_border treatments selection sex selection prohibited many_countries including united_kingdom us clinic offers british couples chance choose sex child times august australiand canada library selection abortion canada except used screen genetic women wishing sure child_sex may travel countries legal perform genetic potential expansion ivf used sex selection united_states us clinic offers british couples chance choose sex child times august many_countries restriction many embryos may transferred athe_time increasing risk multiple pregnancy resultant potential complications health warning women fertility tourism fertility care california burden multiple births generated placing many embryos carried patients home_country donor insemination woman may go another_country tobtain artificial insemination donor practice influenced attitudes sperm donation laws country sperm donation laws host country generally demand sperm donor genetic problems family excellent visual college degree sometimes value certain height colour hair texture blood type ethnicity bank june baby steps lesbian alternative insemination changing world amy evidence suggests thathe inventory taller men blonde popular sperm counts overcome man precious fluid lisa jean january denmark well developed system sperm mainly comes reputation danish sperm donors high sperm quality contrast withe law nordicountries gives donors choice either anonymous non anonymous receiving couple assisted reproduction nordicountries furthermore nordic sperm donors tend tall features like hair different color eyes light highly educated fda rules block import sperm posted august world science health motives donations partly due relatively low monetary compensation countries worldwide danish sperm including canada hong_kong another emerging destination fertility tourism barbados caribbean couples couples african origin ineed medical help often want eggs sperm match long_time option united_states however years barbados providing couples withe latest cutting edge technology introduced new countriesuch united_kingdom sweden shortage sperm month long waiting list donor sperm consequence shortage donor sperm uk late_thearlyears st_century british women travelled belgium spain donor insemination turn citing x formula genetic imperialism guardian may two countries changed laws imposed maximum number children one donor may produce prior change law limit number children born donor depended upon practitioners fertility clinics spanish clinics purchasing donor sperm abroad satisfy demand treatments anonymous donation permitted belgium legal requirement spain two countries also allowed single single coupled undergo fertility treatment athe_time many spanish clinics buying sperm british clinics donated british donors whose ten families uk reached able use sperm according limits addition lesbian women france eastern_europe travelled countries order achieve pregnancy anonymous donor since treatment available countries british fertility tourists travel tother countries particularly include children born foreigners national children produced donor britain also imports donor sperm scandinavia limithe use donor sperm ten families uk children may produced elsewhere donor shortage sperm donors britain calls change denise published november new_york times least swedish sperm recipients travel denmark annually insemination also due denmark also women illegal pay donors eggs sperm canada women still import commercial buthat eggs resulting many canadian women leaving country procedures scattered globe mail alison sunday surrogacy destinations countries jurisdictions permit commercial surrogacy gestational surrogacy gestational surrogacy cost relatively low give intended parents legal rights child whether streamlined adoption procedures direct parental rights india main destination surrogacy relatively low_cost indian clinics athe_time becoming competitive pricing hiring retention indian females clinics charge patients complete package including fertilization surrogate fee andelivery baby hospital including costs medical procedures hotels comes roughly third price compared going procedure uk eye india surrogacy sector shilpa india business report bbc world retrieved mars supreme_court india manji case japanese baby held commercial surrogacy permitted india upcoming assisted reproductive technology bill aiming regulate surrogacy however expected increase confidence clinics practitioners way stimulate practice russian federation makes tourists looking techniques available countries intended parents come donation advanced age women single men surrogacy considered gestational surrogacy even commercial absolutely legal russia available practically adults willing parents foreigners rights assisted reproduction russian citizens within days commissioning parents obtain russian birth certificate names genetic relation child case donation matter august moscow court ruled single man applied gestational surrogacy using donor eggs could registered parent hison becoming first man russia defend righto become father court procedure surrogate mother name listed birth certificate father listed parent surrogacy completely legal ukraine however healthy mothers children become surrogates ukraine zero parental rights child astated article family code ukraine thus surrogate cannot refuse hand baby case changes mind birth married couples legally go gestational surrogacy ukraine gay couples single parents prohibited use gestational surrogates united_states united_states location surrogate mothers permanent residence united_states green card country since resulting child get birthright_citizenship united_states thereby apply green cards parents turning years age wealthy second child green card alexandra reuters health information sep however_many_people come us surrogacy procedures including enjoy better quality medical technology care well high_level legal protections afforded ustate courts surrogacy contracts compared tother countries increasingly sex couples face restrictions using ivf surrogacy procedures home_countries travel ustates legal citizenship citizenship legal status child resulting surrogacy problematic hague conference permanent bureau identified question citizenship children pressing problem permanent bureau study hague conference permanent bureau according us_department state bureau consular affairs child us citizen one child genetic parents must us citizen words way child acquire us citizenship automatically birth related us citizen countries child citizen country whiche born surrogate mother legally parent child could result child born without citizenship externalinks ivf treatment abroad issues risks category infertility category_medical 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river floating restaurant jpg thumb a floating restaurant on the vaal river at vereeniging south africa image ravintolalaivojaurajoessajpg thumb restaurant ships on the aura river finland aura river file river cafe bklynyww jehjpg thumbarge restaurant in brooklynew york a floating restaurant is a vessel usually a large steel barge used as a restaurant on water the jumbo kingdom at aberdeen harbour aberdeen in hong kong is an example sometimes retired ships are given a second lease on life as floating restaurants the former car ferry new york built in serves as dimillo s in portland maine another example is the train ferry ss lansdowne which served as a restaurant in detroit plans for the lansdowne to continue in this capacity on the buffalo new york waterfront came to naught and she wascrapped in the summer of a third example of a ship s hull converted for this purpose is captain john s harbour boat restaurant in toronto which was located on the ms jadran a former yugoslavian ship but hasince been closed and scrapped the normac the first captain john s restaurant was moved to port dahousie as the floating cocktailounge big kahunand is now the riverboat mexican grill binghamton ferryboat captain john s harbour boat restaurant ms jadran defunctourism in patna ganges river banks mv ganga vihar jumbo kingdomcbarge moshulu ms normac ms normac the original captain john s restaurant in toronto now the riverboat mexican grill in port dalhousie ontario rustar dhow usat general frank m coxe sherman ss south steyne south steyne star seafood floating restaurant ab celestial see also revolving restaurant houseboat kettuvallam a type of houseboat in kerala india many of which serve as hotels for tourists with cooking on board category ship types restaurant category theme restaurants category types of 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boat restaurant toronto located former ship hasince closed normac first captain john restaurant moved port floating cocktailounge big riverboat mexican grill captain john harbour boat restaurant ganges river banks jumbo normac normac original captain john restaurant toronto riverboat mexican grill port ontario usat general frank coxe sherman south south star seafood floating_restaurant see_also revolving_restaurant houseboat type houseboat kerala india many serve hotels tourists cooking board category ship types restaurant category_theme_restaurants_category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Fodor's","description":"fodor s is the world s largest publisher of english language travel and tourism information and the first relatively professional producer of travel guidebooks fodor s travel and fodorscom are divisions of random house inc founder eugene fodor writer eugene fodor was a keen traveler but felthathe guidebooks of his time were boring uninspired collections of quickly outdated facts 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generally a temporary structure used to prepare and sell food to the general public usually where large groups of people are situated outdoors in a park at a parade near a stadium or otherwise sometimes the term also refers to the business operations and vendors that operate from such booths there is evidence to suggesthat certain foods haveither originated from or gained in popularity through food boothsa confectionery booth is depicted in an etching by christoph weigel from one hundred fools c for example the popularity of the ice cream cone inorth america is attributed to the louisiana purchasexposition st louis world s fair in according to legend an ice cream seller had run out of clean dishes and could not sell any more ice cream next door to the ice cream booth was the waffle booth unsuccessful due to intense heathe waffle maker offered to make cones by rolling up his waffles and the new product sold well and wasubsequently copied by other vendors file kaleenka piroshky boothjpg thumb right kaleenka piroshky food booth at northwest folklifestival seattle center file zandvoort jpg thumb food booth at zandvoort beach the netherlands a common practice is for modern food booths toperate as concession stand s at various kinds of special events these may be operated by small independent vendors catering companies or by established restaurant s offering a subset of items featured from a more comprehensive menu alternatively some food booths may be operated by local nonprofit organization s as a means ofundraising in some situations nonprofit orgs may face slightly lower processing fees or lesstringent regulations and contractual requirements making such operations relatively more advantageouseeg chapter leavenworth municipal code seeg environmental health services temporary food facility application santa barbera county california depending on the jurisdiction and local customs operators of such booths ordinarily require a temporary food sales permit and government issued license seeg city of san fernando special event permit application typically operators also must demonstrate compliance with various regulations for sanitation public health and food safety seeg california health and safety code chscalifornia uniform retail food facilities law curffl an excerpt from the california health and safety code sanitation requirements for temporary food facilities et seq eg california conference of directors of environmental health ccdeh questions and answers regarding health department regulation of temporary food facilities file crepestand auf street food festival jpg thumb food booth in a street food festival koln such regulations include for example structural requirements for the construction and placement of booths eg san francisco department of public health food safety program requirements or limitations regarding the hours and number of days of continuous operation eg license application foretail food booth athe skidmore saturday sunday market restrictions on the handling and preparation of ingredients eg curffl et seq restrictions on the storage transport and placement of ingredients rules regarding availability and proximity of waste disposal facilities and toilets eg curffl et seq rules governing conduct and cleanliness of operators rules governing animals and the use of pest control measures provisions imposing additional requirements if deemed necessary by an authorized on site health inspector eg curffl on site inspection toversee compliance with applicable regulations many municipalities hire andeploy health inspector s or provide general guidelines for inspection in order to ensure food booths do not present an unreasonable risk of harm to customersseeg nevada state health division bureau of health protection services temporary food booth self inspection sheet hired inspectors are usually permitted to make unscheduled inspections ofacilities with little or no advance notice to the proprietors the rules regarding the 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food_booth also food stand temporary food_service facility generally temporary structure used prepare sell food general_public usually large groups people situated outdoors park parade near stadium otherwise sometimes term also refers business operations vendors operate booths evidence suggesthat certain foods originated gained popularity food confectionery booth depicted one hundred c example popularity ice_cream cone inorth_america attributed louisiana st_louis world fair according legend ice_cream seller run clean dishes could sell ice_cream next door ice_cream booth waffle booth unsuccessful due intense waffle maker offered make rolling waffles new_product sold well wasubsequently copied vendors file thumb right food_booth northwest seattle center file_jpg thumb food_booth beach netherlands common_practice modern food_booths toperate concession_stand various kinds special_events may operated small independent vendors catering companies established restaurant offering subset items featured comprehensive menu alternatively food_booths may operated local nonprofit organization means situations nonprofit may face slightly lower processing fees regulations requirements making operations relatively chapter municipal code seeg environmental health services temporary food facility application santa county_california depending jurisdiction local customs operators booths ordinarily require temporary food sales permit government issued license seeg city san special event permit application typically operators also must demonstrate compliance various regulations sanitation public_health food safety seeg california health safety code uniform retail food facilities law curffl excerpt california health safety code sanitation requirements temporary food facilities california conference directors environmental health questions answers regarding health department regulation temporary food facilities file auf street_food festival jpg thumb food_booth street_food festival regulations include example structural requirements construction placement booths san_francisco department public_health food safety program requirements limitations regarding hours number days continuous operation license application food_booth athe saturday sunday market restrictions handling preparation ingredients curffl restrictions storage transport placement ingredients rules regarding availability proximity waste disposal facilities toilets curffl rules governing conduct cleanliness operators rules governing animals use pest control measures provisions imposing additional requirements deemed necessary authorized site health inspector curffl site inspection compliance applicable regulations many municipalities hire health inspector provide general guidelines inspection order ensure food_booths present risk harm nevada state health division bureau health protection services temporary food_booth self inspection sheet hired inspectors usually permitted make inspections ofacilities little advance notice proprietors rules regarding frequency scope extent routine site inspections vary depending jurisdiction alsome jurisdictions may establish priorities based type ofood served type organization involved ancillary factorsuch prior history customer complaints carroll county maryland see_also fast_food cart food_truck list_ofood_trucks funfair kiosk local_food street_food taco_stand take ice_cream van milk float retail references_externalinks category_fast_food category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Food cart","description":"file kakilima street vendors in jakartajpg thumb px right wooden traditional food carts lining jakarta street selling various indonesian cuisine indonesian street foods file nyc hotdog cartjpg thumb upright sabrett hot dog cart inew york city run by a hawker trade street vendor a food cart is a mobile catering mobile kitchen that iset up on the streeto facilitate the sale and marketing of street food to people from the local pedestrian traffic food carts are often found in large cities throughouthe world and can be found selling food of just about any varieties food carts come in two basic styles one allows the vendor to sit or stand inside and serve food through a window another uses all of the room inside the cart for storage and to house the cooking machinery usually some type of grilling surface the cart style is determined principally by the type ofood served athe cart food carts are different from food truck s because they do notravel under their own power some food carts are towed by another vehicle while some alternatively are pushed by a human or animal the us city of portland oregon is renowned as the home of many food cart pods these groups ofood carts can have a few options or span entire city blocksome of the most popular food cart pods offer a great selection of craft beer file vnr employee sells cornjpg thumb upright vietnam railways employee sells corn from a carthe first food carts probably came into being athe time of thearly greek and roman civilizations with traders converting old hand cart s and smaller animal drawn carts into mobile trading units carts have the distinct advantage of being able to be moved should a locationot be productive in sales as well as transportingoods to from storage to the place chosen from which to trade however the use of carts exploded withe coming of the railway s firstly highly mobile customers required food andrink to keep them warm within thearly open carriagesecondly locomotives needed to stop regularly to take on coal and water and hence allow their passengers use the toilets eat andrink thirdly few early trains had any form of buffet car buffet or dining car finally when passengers did arrive atheir destination or at a point when they needed to switch trains or modes of transport some refreshment was required particularly for poorer passengers who could not afford to stay in the railway owned hotels this expansion lead to a mutually successful relationship with some of the first concession stand s and laws developing fromobile traders operating from restricted railway property this form of concession based operation can be seen still in many countries but at its most original in the under developed stations and infrastructure of africand southeast asia the railways also brought another benefit a plentiful supply of new suitably sized carts often traders requiring new carts would simply buy old railway station luggage cart s and adapthem to serving food knowing thathese were sized scaled to fit in between the necessary doors and lifts today the size and scale of carts has generally increased and most are towed behind x vehicles but hand towed food carts are still a common site where access is restricted and hungry people can be found modern food carts in the st century innovations have included modular designed carts made with stainlessteel fibereinforced plastic and aluminum some have been developed withe ability to be driven by themselvesome food carts are associated with restaurants most of the food served from the cart is the same as the food in the restaurant portland s food carts file two portland oregon food cartsjpg thumb food from two portland carts whiffies fried pie left plus belgian style fries and poutine from potato champion right in the united states the city of portland oregon has experienced a boom in the number ofood carts trailers and stands a report in the oregonian stated portland was home to carts with fierce competition for the four cart spaces available since in the south park blocks a bidding war in february led for a combined price ofor the spaces there was also a large cluster often referred to as a food cart pod at fifth and stark street and one food cart had been running since in it was estimated thathere are between and carts citywide about cartattackorg cartopia is another food cart pod located on the corner of se th avenue and hawthorne portland oregon hawthorne boulevard in southeast portland one of these portland food carts includes the grilled cheese grill see also food booth kiosk list ofood trucks list of street foods mobile catering taco stand references externalinks inside the underground economy propping up new york city s food carts by jeff koyen crain s new york business june category fast food category types of restaurants category street culture category food trucks 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sale marketing street_food people local pedestrian traffic food_carts often found large_cities throughouthe_world found selling food varieties food_carts come two basic styles one allows vendor sit stand inside serve_food window another uses room inside cart storage house cooking machinery usually type surface cart style determined principally type ofood served athe cart food_carts different food_truck power food_carts towed another vehicle alternatively pushed human animal us city portland_oregon renowned home many food_cart pods groups ofood carts options span entire city popular food_cart pods offer great selection craft beer file employee sells thumb upright vietnam railways employee sells corn first food_carts probably came athe_time thearly greek roman civilizations traders converting old hand cart smaller animal drawn carts mobile trading units carts distinct advantage able moved productive sales well storage place chosen trade however use carts exploded withe coming railway firstly highly mobile customers required food_andrink keep warm within thearly open locomotives needed stop regularly take coal water hence allow passengers use toilets eat andrink early trains form buffet car buffet dining_car finally passengers arrive atheir destination point needed switch trains modes transport refreshment required particularly poorer passengers could afford stay railway owned hotels expansion lead successful relationship first concession_stand laws developing traders operating restricted railway property form concession based operation seen still many_countries original developed stations infrastructure africand southeast_asia railways also brought another benefit plentiful supply new sized carts often traders requiring new carts would simply buy old railway_station luggage cart serving food knowing thathese sized scaled fit necessary doors today size scale carts generally increased towed behind x vehicles hand towed food_carts still common site access restricted hungry people found modern food_carts st_century innovations included modular designed carts made stainlessteel plastic aluminum developed withe ability driven food_carts associated restaurants food_served cart food_restaurant portland food_carts file two portland_oregon food thumb food two portland carts fried pie left plus belgian style fries potato champion right united_states city portland_oregon experienced boom number ofood carts trailers stands report stated portland home carts fierce competition four cart spaces available since south park blocks bidding war february led combined price ofor spaces also large often_referred food_cart pod fifth street one food_cart running since estimated thathere carts another food_cart pod located corner th avenue hawthorne portland_oregon hawthorne boulevard southeast portland one portland food_carts includes grilled_cheese grill see_also food_booth kiosk list_ofood_trucks list street_foods mobile_catering taco_stand references_externalinks inside underground economy new_york city food_carts jeff crain new_york business june_category fast_food category_types restaurants_category street culture_category food_trucks cart"},{"title":"Food court","description":"file food court edo japan la belle province bashajpg thumb px rightypical shopping center food court vendor layout at centreaton in montreal quebecanada file la feria del ccct chuao caracasjpg thumb px right patrons eat meals in a food court in caracas venezuela food court in asia pacific also called food hall or hawker centre is generally an indoor plaza or common area within a facility that is contiguous withe counters of multiple food vendors and provides a common area for self serve dinnerfood court nd the american heritage dictionary of thenglish language fourth edition retrieved may from answerscom web site food courts may be found in shopping mall s airport s and park s in various regionsuch asia the americas and africa it may be a standalone development in some places of learning such as high schools and universities food courts have also come to replace or complementraditional cafeteria sgeorge beachigh school food courts a new evolution in student dining school planning and management v n p august amy milshtein bye cafeteria hello restaurant style dining college planning and management november stamford university food courthe average cost of a meal person in an american food court in was typical usage file pirate champs cafe jpg righthumb px champ s cafe a food court at port charlotte high school file the food court at newark liberty airport june jpg thumb px righthe food court at newark liberty airport inewark new jersey aseen in food courts consist of a number of vendors at food stalls or service counters meals are ordered at one of the vendors and then carried to a common dining area the food may also be ordered as takeout for consumption at another location such as a home or workplace in this case it may be packaged in foam food container s though one common food tray used by all the stalls might also be utilitzed to allow the food to be carried to the table food courts may also have shops which sell prepared meals for consumers to take home and reheat making the food court a daily stop for some food is usually eaten with plasticutlery and spork s are sometimes used to avoid the necessity of providing both fork s and spoon s there arexceptions carrefour laval requires its food courtenants to use dinnerware solidinnerware and cutlery which it provides carrefour laval reinvents the shopping center food experience with its new dining terrace november typical north americand europe an food courts have mostly fast food chainsuch as mcdonald s and sbarro with perhaps a few smaller private vendors berkshire hathaway is also a frequent presence at food courts via their dairy queen and orange julius divisions cuisines and choices are varied with larger food courts offering more global choices asiand african food courts are mostly private vendors that offer local cuisine in singapore food courts and hawker centre s are the people s main eating choice when dining out food leisureating in singapore famousingapore food common materials used in constructing food courts are tile linoleum formica plastic formica stainlessteel and glass all of which facilitateasy cleanup the second floor food court athe paramus park shopping mall in paramus new jersey which opened in marchas been credited as the first successful shopping mall food court in america however the food court at sherway gardenshopping center in toronto canada was constructed three years earlier built by the rouse company one of the leading mall building companies of the time it followed an unsuccessful attempt athe plymouth meeting mall in which reportedly failed because it was deemed too small and insufficiently varied bloom nicholas dagen public life as consumerism american businessmen revolutionize suburban commerce in from department store to shopping mall see also food hall cafeteria hawker centrexternalinks category shopping malls category types of 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various regionsuch asia americas africa may development places learning high_schools universities food_courts also come replace cafeteria school food_courts new evolution student dining school planning management v n p august amy cafeteria restaurant style dining college planning management november university food_courthe average cost meal person american food_court typical usage file pirate cafe jpg_righthumb px cafe food_court port charlotte high_school file food_court newark liberty airport june jpg thumb px righthe food_court newark liberty airport new_jersey aseen food_courts consist number vendors food stalls service counters meals ordered one vendors carried common dining area food may_also ordered takeout consumption another location home workplace case may packaged foam food container though one common food tray used stalls might also allow food carried table food_courts may_also shops sell prepared meals consumers take home making food_court daily stop food usually eaten sometimes used avoid necessity providing fork spoon requires food use cutlery provides shopping_center food experience new dining terrace november typical north_americand europe food_courts mostly fast_food chainsuch mcdonald perhaps smaller private vendors berkshire also frequent presence food_courts via dairy queen orange julius divisions cuisines choices varied larger food_courts offering global choices asiand african food_courts mostly private vendors offer local cuisine singapore food_courts hawker_centre people main eating choice dining food singapore food common materials used constructing food_courts tile formica plastic formica stainlessteel glass cleanup second floor food_court athe park shopping_mall new_jersey opened credited first successful shopping_mall food_court america however food_court center toronto canada constructed three_years earlier built company one leading mall building companies time followed unsuccessful attempt athe meeting mall reportedly failed deemed small varied bloom nicholas public life consumerism american businessmen suburban commerce department store shopping_mall see_also food hall cafeteria hawker category shopping_malls category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Food truck","description":"file chinese food truck inoum a new caledonia jpg thumb a food truck inoum a new caledonia serving chinese food a food truck is a large vehiclequipped to cook and sell food some including ice cream truck sell frozen or prepackaged food others have on board kitchens and prepare food from scratch sandwiches hamburgers french fries and otheregional fast food fare is common in recent years associated withe pop up restaurant phenomenon food trucks offeringourmet cuisine and a variety of specialties and ethnic menus have become particularly popular food trucks along with portable food booth s and food cart s are on the front line of the street food industry that serves an estimated billion peoplevery day in the united states the texas chuckwagon is a precursor to the american food truck in the later s herding cattle from the southwesto markets in the north and east kept cowhands on the trail for months at a time in the father of the texas panhandle charles goodnight in the driftway article nation a texas cattle rancher fitted a sturdy old united states army wagon with interior shelving andrawers and stocked it with kitchenware food and medical supplies food consisted of dried beans coffee cornmeal greasy cloth wrapped bacon salt pork beef usually dried or salted or smoked and other easy to preserve food stuffs the wagon was also stocked with a water barrel and a sling to kindle wood to heat and cook foodsharpe p camping it up article texas monthly another early relative of the modern food truck is the lunch wagon as conceived by food vendor walter scott in scott cut windows in a small covered wagon parked it in front of a newspaper office in providence rhode island sold sandwiches pies and coffee to pressmen and journalists by the s former lunch counter boy thomas h buckley was manufacturing lunch wagons in worcester massachusetts he introduced various models like the owl and the white house cafe with features that included sinks refrigerators and cooking stoves also colored windows and other ornamentation later versions of the food truck were mobile canteen place canteens which were created in the late s these mobile canteen place canteens were authorized by the us army and operated on stateside army bases file pizza truck nyc jehjpg thumb a pizza truck inew york city mobile food trucks nicknamed roach coaches or gutrucks have been around for yearserving construction sites factories and other blue collar locations in big cities of the us the food truck traditionally provided a means for the on the go person to grab a quick bite at a low cost food trucks are not only sought out for their affordability but as well for their nostalgiand their popularity continues to rise in recent years the food truck resurgence was fueled by a combination of post recessionary factors due to an apparent combination of economic and technological factors combined with street food being hip or chic there has been an increase in the number ofood trucks in the united statesryssdal kai food truck nation american public media friday july retrieved september the construction business was drying up leading to a surplus ofood trucks and chefs from high end restaurants were being laid offor experienced cooksuddenly without work the food truck seemed a clear choicebelluz j construction guys never ate like this maclean s once more commonplace in american coastal big cities like new york and la gourmet food trucks are now to be found as well in the suburbs and in small towns across the country publishedec food trucks are also being hired for special events like weddings movie shoots and corporate gatherings and also to carry advertising promoting companies and brands file taco truck st louis mojpg a taco stand taco truck in st louis missouri file maximus minimus food truck seattle washingtonjpg the maximus minimus food truck in seattle washington file food trucks athe food trucks for haiti benefit in west los angelesjpg food trucks athe food trucks for haiti benefit in west los angeles the gourmet food truck a modern day food truck is not simply an ordinary taco truck one might find at a construction siteolivia barkerusa t nd a foodie fueled trend takes its act on the road usa today inew york magazinew york magazine noted thathe food truck had largely transcended its roach coach classification and is now a respectable venue for aspiring chefs to launch careers these gourmetrucks menus run the gamut of ethnic and fusion cuisine often focusing on limited but creative dishes at reasonable prices they offer customers a chance to experience food they otherwise may not finding a niche seems to be a path to success for mostrucks while one truck may specialize in outlandish burgers another may serve only lobsterolls food trucks are now even zagat rated tracking food trucks has been madeasy with social media like facebook and twitter where a favorite gourmetruck can be located at any moment with updates on specials new menu items and location changescaldwell a will tweet for food the impact of twitter and new york city food trucks online offline and inline appetite in fact it could be argued that social media was the biggest contributing factor to the breakthrough success of the gourmet food truckbly laura travel by twitter usa today food truck rally food truck rallies and food truck parks are also growing in popularity in the us at rallies people can find their favorite trucks all in one place and as well provide a means for a variety of diverse cultures to come together and find a common ground over a love for foodsamuelsson marcus mobile food newscom june retrieved september on augustampa hosted the world s largest food truck rally with trucks attending and food truck parks offering permanent locations are found in urband suburban areas across the us the popularity ofood trucks lead to the creation of associations that protect and supportheir business rightsuch as the philadelphia mobile food association business and economics food trucks are subjecto the same range of concerns as other foodservice businesses they generally require a fixed address to accept delivery of supplies a commercial kitchen may be needed for food prep there are a variety of permits tobtain and a health code tobserve labor and fuel costs are a significant part of the overhead legal definitions and requirements for food trucks vary widely by country and locality for example in toronto canada some of the requirements include business and liability insurance a commercial vehicle operator s registration for the truck permits for each municipality being operated in downtown variousuburbs a food handler certificate appropriate driver s licenses for drivers assistant s licenses for assistants and a health inspection as the rising number and popularity ofood trucks push them into the food mainstream region by region problems with localegislators and police reacting to new situations and brick and mortarestaurants fearing competition have to be worked through in some cases creating significant business uncertainty chicago long held the distinction of being the only city in the united states that did not allow food trucks to cook on board which required trucks to prepare food in a commercial condition then wrap and label the food and load it into a food warmer in under pressure from food truck owners and supporters including the university of chicago law school regulations were changed to allow on board cooking however controversially food trucks arequired to park feet away from any restaurant which virtually eliminates busy downtown locations in the uspecialized food truck outfitters offer comprehensive start up services that can include concept developmentraining and businessupport in addition toutfitted trucksfasman j trucking delicious articleconomist in the us food trucks are a billion industry food truck pop up street food coverage accessdate languagen us expansion from a single truck to fleets and retail outlets has proven possible los angeles based gourmet ice creamaker coolhaus grew from a single truck in to trucks and carts two storefronts and overetail partner stores by september health concerns food trucks have unique health risks compared to regular land based restaurants when it comes to food safety and the prevention ofoodborne illness most food trucks do not have access to adequate cleand hot water necessary to hand washing washands or to rinse off vegetables as required by most health codes oregulations in june of the boston globe reviewed the city health records and found food truck had been cited for violations times withalf of the violations being minor inature and the other half being serious violations when compared to fixed location restaurants the city closed nine of the licensed food trucks in and closed only twout of restaurants a majority of the serious violations werelated to the lack of water and hand washing around the world file roasted chicken leg steaks truck at cwt jpg thumb a food truck in taiwan in asia the cuisine offered by food trucks requiresimple skills basic facilities and a relatively small amount of capital they are plentiful with large potential for income and often a very large sector for employment individuals facing difficulty finding work in formal sectors will often venture into this industry as it allows entire families to involve themselves in the preparing and cooking ofoodsold to the public the appeal involved in sustaining a food truck lie not only in the low capital requirement but also in the flexibility of hours with minimal constraints to locale street foods predominantly reflect local culture and flavor food trucks appeal to consumers in thathey are often an inexpensive means of attaining quick meals location and word of mouth promotion has been credited for their widening successwinarno fg allain a street foods in developing countries lessons from asia fao retrieved september file mobile cafe in south bank parklands brisbanejpeg thumb a mobile cafe in south bank parklands brisbane food trucks are available across australiand are covered as a popular trend in the median australianational online directory where the truck at listsome food trucks french fries chip trucks have long been a staple of the belgian countryside the belgian food truck association is lobbying to legalize food trucks on the street brussels municipality brussels was the first european city to propose locations for food trucks at football matches belgium also holds the brussels food truck festival the largest of its kind in europeveryear in may original french le plus grand festival du genren europe google translation the largest festival of its kind in europe file cuisine de rue a montreal jpg thumb food trucks in montreal in canada food trucks also commonly known as cantines french for cafeteria in quebec are present across the country serving a wide variety of cuisines including anything from grilled cheese sandwiches to mexican cuisine mexican in vancouver based food truck vij s railway expresserving fresh indian cuisine won the people s choice award for canada s best new restaurant of the year inational airline air canada s enroute magazine poll facing off in the finals against conventional restaurants although food trucks are common at outdoor markets for example pizza trucks are common in marseille and southern france since the s american style truckselling restaurant quality food first appeared in paris in their owners needed tobtain permission from four separate government agencies including the prefecture of police buthe trucks offerings including tacos and hamburgers have reportedly been very popular file bulltruckjpg thumbull truck primexican meat sold out athend of the day although street food in mexico is unregulated food trucks are becoming increasingly popular as of and owners have created an association to pursue the professionalization and expansion of this commercial sector in addition to the food trucks catering on the streets there aregular bazaars organized to introduce their products to the consumers in response to this popularity the local authorities have issued a series of special regulations to incorporate them to legal schemes that would help torder this commerce form as new food truck business model emerged some local bodybuilders begin to make food trucks from new vehicles fromajor car makers united kingdom withe advent of motorised transport during world war ii food trucks came into common use field kitchen mobile canteens were used in almost all theatres of war to boost morale and provide food as a result of the successful tea lady experiment food trucks today are known asnack vans and can be found onearly all major trunk roads athe side of the road or in areas that have a large pedestrian population such as at village fetes or town centers these vans can specialise in myriadifferent food typesuch as donuts hamburgers chili and chips as well as ethnic food some people prefer to stop at snack vans when travelling due to the low price rather than stop at a motorway service area service station where prices can bextremely high snack van british museum north entrance geographorguk jpg a snack van athe british museum in london food truck in londonjpg a food truck in london that purveys hot dogs cr pes and coffee citro n hy food vanjpg a citro n hy food van inorfolk in popular culture in the united states the food truck phenomenon can be seen regularly onational food televisioncoulton a hamm l zuckerman s alexander garcia j mcneil vallancourt j food truck nation article people bothe great food truck race a reality series on the food network and eat st broadcast on the sister station cooking channel feature food trucks and mobile food carts from all over the us on canada s food network food truck face offour teams battle for the grand prize use of a customized food truck for one year alson the network an episode of kid in a candy store looks behind the scenes at a gourmet dessertruck in the food fight episode of the tv series the glades tv series the gladeseason the plot revolves around restaurants trying to eliminate food truck competition in the american comedy drama chefilm chef a high end chef has a kitchen meltdown and rediscovers his passion for cooking while driving and operating a simple food truck across america during donald trumpresidential campaign donald trump s campaign for president marco gutierrez founder of a group known as latinos for trump warned in a msnbc interview thathere would be taco trucks on every corner if mexican immigration to the us continued this triggered widespreaderision and a twitter meme tacotrucksoneverycorner list 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operated army bases file pizza truck nyc jehjpg thumb pizza truck inew_york_city mobile_food_trucks nicknamed roach coaches around construction sites factories blue collar locations big cities us food_truck traditionally provided means go person grab quick bite low_cost food_trucks sought affordability well popularity continues rise recent_years food_truck resurgence fueled combination post factors due apparent combination economic technological factors combined street_food hip chic increase number ofood_trucks united kai food_truck nation american public media friday july_retrieved september construction business drying leading surplus ofood_trucks chefs high_end_restaurants laid offor experienced without work food_truck seemed clear j construction guys never ate like commonplace american coastal big cities like new_york la gourmet food_trucks found well suburbs small_towns across country food_trucks also hired special_events like weddings movie corporate gatherings also carry advertising promoting companies brands file taco_truck st_louis taco_stand taco_truck st_louis missouri file maximus_minimus_food_truck seattle_washingtonjpg maximus_minimus_food_truck seattle_washington file food_trucks athe food_trucks haiti benefit west los food_trucks athe food_trucks haiti benefit west los_angeles gourmet food_truck modern_day food_truck simply ordinary taco_truck one might find construction fueled trend takes act road usa_today inew_york magazinew york magazine noted_thathe food_truck largely roach coach classification respectable venue aspiring chefs launch careers menus run ethnic fusion cuisine often focusing limited creative dishes reasonable prices offer customers chance experience food otherwise may finding niche seems path success one truck may specialize burgers another may_serve_food trucks even zagat rated tracking food_trucks madeasy social_media like facebook twitter favorite located moment updates specials new menu_items location food impact twitter new_york city food_trucks online offline fact could argued social_media biggest contributing factor breakthrough success gourmet food laura travel twitter usa_today food_truck rally food_truck rallies food_truck parks also growing popularity us rallies people find favorite trucks one place well provide means variety diverse cultures come together find common ground love marcus mobile_food june_retrieved september hosted world largest food_truck rally trucks attending food_truck parks offering permanent locations found urband suburban areas across us popularity ofood_trucks lead creation associations protect supportheir business philadelphia mobile_food association business economics food_trucks subjecto range concerns foodservice businesses generally require fixed address accept delivery supplies commercial kitchen may needed food variety permits tobtain health code tobserve labor fuel costs significant part overhead legal definitions requirements food_trucks vary widely country locality example toronto canada requirements include business liability insurance commercial vehicle operator registration truck permits municipality operated downtown food certificate appropriate driver licenses drivers assistant licenses assistants health inspection rising number popularity ofood_trucks push food mainstream region region problems police new situations brick fearing competition worked cases creating significant business chicago long held distinction city_united_states allow food_trucks cook board required trucks prepare food commercial condition wrap label food load food warmer pressure food_truck owners supporters including university chicago law school regulations changed allow board cooking however food_trucks arequired park feet away restaurant virtually busy downtown locations food_truck outfitters offer comprehensive start services include concept addition j delicious us food_trucks billion industry food_truck pop street_food coverage accessdate languagen us expansion single truck retail outlets proven possible los_angeles based gourmet ice coolhaus grew single truck trucks carts two partner stores september health concerns food_trucks unique health risks compared regular land based restaurants comes food safety prevention illness food_trucks access adequate cleand hot water necessary hand washing vegetables required health codes june boston_globe reviewed city health records found food_truck cited violations times violations minor inature half serious violations compared fixed location_restaurants city closed nine licensed food_trucks closed restaurants majority serious violations lack water hand washing around world file roasted chicken leg truck jpg thumb food_truck taiwan asia cuisine offered food_trucks skills basic facilities relatively small amount capital plentiful large potential income often large sector employment individuals facing difficulty finding work formal sectors often venture industry allows entire families involve preparing cooking public appeal involved sustaining food_truck lie low capital requirement also flexibility hours minimal constraints locale street_foods predominantly reflect local_culture flavor food_trucks appeal consumers thathey often inexpensive means quick meals location word mouth promotion credited street_foods developing_countries lessons asia fao retrieved september file mobile cafe south bank thumb mobile cafe south bank brisbane food_trucks available across australiand covered popular trend median australianational online directory truck food_trucks french_fries chip trucks long staple belgian countryside belgian food_truck association food_trucks street brussels municipality brussels first european city propose locations food_trucks football matches belgium also holds brussels food_truck festival largest kind may original french plus grand festival europe google translation largest festival kind europe file cuisine de rue montreal jpg thumb food_trucks montreal canada food_trucks also_commonly known french cafeteria quebec present across country serving wide_variety cuisines including anything grilled_cheese sandwiches mexican cuisine mexican vancouver based food_truck railway fresh indian cuisine people choice award canada best_new restaurant year inational airline air canada enroute magazine poll facing finals conventional restaurants although food_trucks common outdoor markets example pizza trucks common marseille southern france since american style restaurant quality food first_appeared paris owners needed tobtain permission four separate government_agencies including prefecture police buthe trucks offerings including tacos hamburgers reportedly popular file truck meat sold athend day although street_food mexico food_trucks becoming_increasingly popular owners created association pursue expansion commercial sector addition food_trucks catering streets organized introduce products consumers response popularity local_authorities issued series special regulations incorporate legal schemes would help torder commerce form new food_truck business_model emerged local begin make food_trucks new vehicles car makers united_kingdom withe_advent transport world_war ii food_trucks came common use field kitchen mobile canteens used almost theatres war boost morale provide food result successful tea lady experiment food_trucks today known vans found major trunk roads athe side road areas large pedestrian population village town centers vans specialise food hamburgers chili chips well ethnic food people prefer stop snack vans travelling due low price rather stop motorway service area service station prices high snack van british museum north entrance geographorguk_jpg snack van athe british museum london food_truck food_truck london hot_dogs coffee n food n food van popular_culture united_states food_truck phenomenon seen regularly onational food l alexander j j food_truck nation article people bothe great_food_truck race reality series food_network eat st broadcast sister station cooking channel feature food_trucks mobile_food_carts us canada food_network food_truck face teams battle grand prize use customized food_truck one_year alson network episode kid candy store looks behind scenes gourmet food fight episode tv_series tv_series plot around restaurants trying eliminate food_truck competition american comedy drama chef high_end chef kitchen passion cooking driving operating simple food_truck across america donald campaign donald trump campaign president marco gutierrez founder group known latinos trump warned msnbc interview thathere would taco_trucks every corner mexican immigration us continued twitter list_ofood also campervan concession doner kebab food_truck rally food_trucks tampa_florida mobile_catering motorhome taco_stand externalinks_category catering category_fast_food category_food trucks_category innovation category snack foods category_street_food category trucks_category_types 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aboutrucks august mayor menino understands bostonians want more food trucks wbureport in wake ofirst annual boston food truck festival held in august october the food truck revolution revs up with a little help the new york times reporting on the off the grid gathering in san francisco which began in june august weekly food truck invasion hits hollywood sun sentinel first miami gathering of trucks occurred in september tampa florida whichas been a food trucks in tampa florida popularea for food trucks and hosted its first food truck event in september augustampa s first food truck rally is a go sat septh creative loafing hosted a rally with food trucks in march said to be a neworld record breaking the priorecord of set in tampa in september march tampa food truck rally sets new guinness record wtsp associated presstory septemberecord tampa food truck rally creates taste for bigger one tampa tribune prior to that an april food truck parade in miami with trucks was declared the largesto 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food_truck parade miami new times references_category fast_food category_food_andrink festivals united_states category_food trucks"},{"title":"Food Truckin'","description":"food truckin is the fifth episode of the second season of the animated comedy series bob s burgers and the overall th episode and is written by lizzie molyneux and wendy molyneux andirected by bernarderriman it aired on fox in the united states on april numerous food trucks are parking on the street in front of the restaurant stealing the customers after several failed attempts to make the trucks leave bob ends up buying a food truck of his own teddy fixes up the truck warning bob thathe grill cannot be on athe same time as the truck or it could result in a massive fireball gene proceeds to destroy the truck this way and teddy fixes it up again bob and the kids work from inside the truck and linda is forced to stay inside watching the restauranthe food truck is doing well and bob decides to take it on the go to get more money soon after linda shuts down the restauranto join them on the road bob laments to randy paul f tompkins that he istill noturning a profit and randy mentions lolla pa foods a whichas a prize for the best food truck the belchers hithe road to the festival with linda driving who quickly gets road rage athe festival tina who has reinvented herself as dina hands out free mini burgers to promote the truck and lying abouthe contents of the burgers to the festival goers louise and gene tastest other food truck fare and give bad reviews online giving bob s truck more business bob ends up winning the prize before accidentally letting the festival goers in on the various lies a riot ensues and the belchers and randy are forced to hide in their food truck after the festival goers fall asleep they manage to get away in the food truck before randy starts the grill while driving causing an explosion that forces everyone to walk back town thepisode received a rating and was watched by a total of million people this made ithe fourth most watched show on animation domination that night losing to the cleveland show family guy and the simpsons with million rowan kaiser of the av club gave thepisode a b saying so much of thepisode hinges on the bob randy relationship and their move from rivals to well more friendly rivals doesn t lead anywhere most of the rest of thepisode works though not as well as normal after the highs of thisecond season food truckin is a mildisappointment externalinks category american television episodes category bob s burgerseason episodes category food 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gene proceeds destroy truck way teddy bob kids work inside truck linda forced stay inside watching restauranthe food_truck well bob decides take go get money soon linda shuts restauranto join road bob randy paul f tompkins istill profit randy mentions foods whichas prize best_food_truck hithe road festival linda driving quickly gets road athe festival tina hands free mini burgers promote truck lying abouthe contents burgers festival goers louise gene food_truck fare give bad reviews online giving bob truck business bob ends winning prize accidentally letting festival goers various lies randy forced hide food_truck festival goers fall manage get away food_truck randy starts grill driving causing explosion forces everyone walk back town thepisode received rating watched total million_people made ithe fourth watched show animation domination night losing cleveland show family guy simpsons million club gave thepisode b saying much thepisode bob randy relationship move well friendly lead 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city council moving to ease restrictions on their operationmarissa lang st petersburg poised to do an about face on food trucks december tampa bay times a food truck square was established in at monstah lobstah platt street for food truck offerings days a weekmarissa lang a food truck rally every day of the week february tbtcom on augustampa hosted the world s largest food truck rally with food trucks attending world s largest food truck rally descends on tampaugusthe previous record of trucks waset in miami floridabout miami food trucks tampa broke its own record with food trucks at a rally in march food truck rally sets world record march tampa bay business journal food trucks in downtown tampa have included burger culture not your ordinary food truck nyofoodtruck michelle faedo killer samich la creperia caf maggie on the move stinky bunz o macaliciousuns organic mobile munchiez the cuppin cake taco bus fatortillas jerk hut coconut bo s nelly nel s fire monkey gone bananas and wicked 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account for of all foodservice sales with full service restaurants accounting for just slightly more than fast food in the shifts in the market shares between fast food and full service restaurants to market demand changes the offerings of both foods and services of both types of restaurants according to the national restaurant association a growing trend among us consumers for the food service industry is global cuisine with of us consumers eating more widely in than in of consumers eating ethnicuisines at least once a month and trying a new ethnicuisine within the last year the foodservice distributor market size is as of billion in the us the national broadline market is controlled by us foods and sysco which combined have share of the market and were blocked fromerging by the ftc foreasons of market power health concerns foodservice tends to be on average higher in calories and lower in key nutrients than foods prepared at home most restaurants including fast food have added more 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packaged much_larger industry industrial size often lacks designs consumer version food system including food_service food retailing supplied trillion worth ofood us_billion wasupplied food_service facilities defined place prepares food immediate consumption site including locations primarily engaged mealsuch recreational facilities retail stores full_service fast_food_restaurants account foodservice sales full_service restaurants accounting slightly fast_food shifts market_shares fast_food full_service restaurants market demand changes offerings foods services types restaurants according national restaurant association growing trend among us consumers food_service_industry global cuisine us consumers eating widely consumers eating least month trying new within last year foodservice distributor market size billion us_national market controlled us foods sysco combined share market blocked market power health concerns foodservice tends average higher calories lower key foods prepared home restaurants including fast_food added salads fruit offerings either choice response provided nutrition labeling us fda moving towards establishing uniform guidelines fast_food_restaurant labeling proposed rules published final regulations published december state local_menu labeling provisions going effect thathe new may influence consumer choices primarily provides unexpected information health conscious consumers changing behaviors based menu labeling fast_food_restaurants arexpected better new menu labeling full_service restaurants full_service restaurants tend toffer much calorie dense foods ofast_food meals calories less calories contrast full_service restaurants meals calories consumers aware calorie counts full_service restaurants choose lower calorie options consumers also reduce calorie intake rest_day eating one meal away week translates extra pounds year daily increase calories decrease diet quality points eating index addition likelihood food borne e coli hepatitis h 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customeaning thathings which appear to be free are always paid for in some way history in the new york times wrote of elaborate free lunches as a custom peculiar to the crescent city new orleans louisiana new orleansaying in every one of the drinking saloons which fill the city a meal of some sort iserved freevery day the custom appears to have prevailed long before the american civil war i am informed thathere are thousands of men in this city who liventirely on the meals obtained in this way as described by this reporter a free lunch counter is a great leveler of social class in the united states classes and when a man takes up a position before one of them he must give up all hope of appearing either dignified or consequential inew orleans all classes of the people can be seen partaking of these free meals and pushing and scrambling to be helped a second time at one saloon six men werengaged in preparing drinks for the crowd that stood in front of the counter i noticed thathe price charged for every kind of liquor was fifteen cents punch drink punches and cobblers costing no more than a glass of ale the repast included immense dishes of butter large baskets of bread a monster silver boiler filled with a most excellent oyster soup a round of beef that must have weighed at least forty pounds vessels filled with potatoestewed mutton stewed tomatoes and macaroni la fran ais the proprietor said thathe patrons included at least a dozen old fellows who come herevery day take one fifteen cent drink eat a dinner which would have costhem in a restaurant and then complain thathe beef is tough or the potatoes watery free lunch in the southe new york times feb p re value of the lunch thisource speaks of patrons who take one fifteen cent drink and eat a dinner which would have costhem in a restaurant in is roughly equivalento today in today today meaning c figures from free lunch fiend the nearly indigent free lunch fiend was a recognized social type anew york timestory about loafers and free lunch men who matthew toil not neither do they spin yethey get along visiting saloons trying to bum drinks from strangershould this inexplicable lunch fiend not happen to be called to drink he devours whatever he cand while the bartender is occupied tries to escape unnoticed the loafer and free lunch men the new york times june p in american saloon bars from the late th century until prohibition bouncer doorman bouncers had in addition to theirole of removing drunks who were too intoxicated to keep buying drinks fighters and troublemakers the unusual role of protecting the saloon s free buffeto attract business many saloons lured customers with offers of a free lunch usually well salted to inspire drinking and the saloon bouncer was generally on hand to discourage those with too hearty appetites drinking in america history search for consensus drinking and the war against pluralism lender mark edward martin james kirby the free press new york the custom was well developed in san francisco an story on the fading of the days of the california gold rush calls the free lunch fiend the only landmark of the past it asks how do all these idle people live and asserts it is the free lunch system that keeps them alive take away that peculiarly california institution and they would all starve old things passing away the new york times march p rudyard kipling writing inoted how he came upon a barroom full of bad salon pictures in which men withats on the backs of their heads were wolfing food from a counter it was the institution of the free lunch i had struck you paid for a drink and got as much as you wanted to eat for something less than a rupee a day a man can feed himself sumptuously in san francisco even thoughe be a bankrupt remember this if ever you are stranded in these parts published in book form in based on essays which appeared in periodicals in a novel compared a war zone to the free lunch experience by saying the shells and shrapnels was flyin round and over our heads thicker than hungry homelessness bum s homeless people around a free lunch counter controversies the temperance movement opposed the free lunch as promoting the consumption of alcohol an history of the movement writes in the cities there are prominent rooms on fashionable streets that hold outhe sign free lunch does it mean that some philanthropist has gone systematically to work setting outables placing abouthem a score of the most beautiful and winning young ladies hiring a band of music ah no there are men who do all this in order to hide the main feature of their peculiar institution out of sight is a well filled bar which is the centre about which all these other things are made to revolve all the gathered fascinations and attractions are aso many baits to allure men into the nethat ispread for them thus consummate art plies the work of death and virtue reputation and every good are sacrificed athese worse than moloch shrines p a number of writers however suggesthathe free lunch actually performed a social reliefunction reformer william t stead commented that in winter in the suffering of the poor ineed ofood would have been very much greater had it not been for thelp given by the labor unions to their members and for an agency which without pretending to be of much account from a charitable point of view nevertheless fed more hungry people in chicago than all the other agencies religious charitable and municipal putogether i refer to the free lunch of the saloons there are from six to seven thousand saloons in chicago in one half of these a free lunch is provided every day of the week he states that in many cases the free lunch is really a free lunch citing an example of a saloon which did not insist on a drink purchase although commenting thathisaloon was better than its neighborstead cites a newspaper s estimate thathe saloon keepers fed people a day and thathis represented a contribution of about a week toward the relief of the destitute in chicago pp in the new york state legislature passed the raines lawhich was intended to regulate liquor traffic among its many provisions one forbade the sale of liquor unless accompanied by food another outlawed the free lunch in however it was amended to allow free lunches again revolt in clubdom probability of passage of amendments to raines law causes consternation free lunch to come back the boston globe april p see also buffet happy hour national schoolunch act no free lunch organizationo free lunch in search and optimization oslo breakfasthe free breakfasthat replaced a free lunch pending meal potluck tanstaafl the free lunch is over computing western saloon category drinking culture category restauranterminology category free meals category lunch category 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offers meal cost order attract customers increase revenue offerings common western saloons many places united_states withe phrase appearing us literature abouto thesestablishments included free_lunch varying withe purchase least_one drink free_lunches typically worth far price single drink saloon customers would buy one drink thathe practice would build patronage times day free food drink contemporary times often gambling casino saying thing free_lunch refers appear free always paid way history new_york times wrote elaborate free_lunches custom peculiar crescent city_new orleans_louisiana new every one drinking saloons fill city meal sort iserved day custom appears long american_civil_war informed thathere thousands men city meals obtained way described reporter free_lunch_counter great social class united_states classes man takes position one must give hope appearing either inew_orleans classes people seen free meals pushing helped second time one saloon six men preparing drinks crowd stood front counter noticed thathe price charged every kind liquor fifteen cents punch drink costing glass ale included dishes butter large baskets bread monster silver filled excellent oyster soup round beef must weighed least forty pounds vessels filled mutton stewed tomatoes macaroni la fran proprietor said thathe patrons included least dozen old fellows come day take one fifteen cent drink eat dinner would costhem restaurant thathe beef tough potatoes free_lunch new_york times feb p value lunch speaks patrons take one fifteen cent drink eat dinner would costhem restaurant roughly equivalento today today today meaning c figures free_lunch fiend nearly free_lunch fiend recognized social type york free_lunch men matthew neither spin yethey get along visiting saloons trying drinks lunch fiend happen called drink whatever cand bartender occupied tries escape free_lunch men new_york times june p american saloon bars late_th century prohibition bouncer_doorman bouncers addition removing intoxicated keep buying drinks unusual role protecting saloon free attract business many saloons lured customers offers free_lunch usually well salted inspire drinking saloon bouncer generally hand discourage drinking america history search consensus drinking war mark edward martin james kirby free press new_york custom well developed san_francisco story days california gold rush calls free_lunch fiend landmark past idle people live free_lunch system keeps alive take_away california institution would old things passing away new_york times_march p writing came upon full bad salon pictures men backs heads food counter institution free_lunch struck paid drink got much wanted eat something less day man feed san_francisco even bankrupt remember ever stranded parts published book form based essays appeared periodicals novel compared war zone free_lunch experience saying shells round heads hungry homelessness homeless people around free_lunch_counter temperance movement opposed free_lunch promoting consumption alcohol history movement writes cities prominent rooms fashionable streets hold outhe sign free_lunch mean gone work setting placing score beautiful winning young ladies hiring band music men order hide main feature peculiar institution sight well filled bar centre things made gathered attractions many allure men thus art work death virtue reputation every good worse shrines p number writers however free_lunch actually performed social william commented winter suffering poor ineed ofood would much greater given labor unions members agency without much account charitable point view nevertheless fed hungry people chicago agencies religious charitable municipal putogether refer free_lunch saloons six seven thousand saloons chicago one half free_lunch provided every_day week states many_cases free_lunch really free_lunch citing example saloon drink purchase although commenting better cites newspaper estimate thathe saloon keepers fed people day thathis represented contribution week toward relief chicago pp new_york state legislature passed intended regulate liquor traffic among many provisions one sale liquor unless accompanied food another free_lunch however amended allow free_lunches revolt passage amendments law causes free_lunch come back boston_globe april p see_also buffet happy_hour national act free_lunch free_lunch search optimization oslo free replaced free_lunch pending meal free_lunch computing western saloon category_drinking culture_category_restauranterminology category_free meals category lunch category marketing"},{"title":"Free refill","description":"file cola jpg thumbnail a glass ofountain soft drink soda right file red coca cola freestyle soda machine at a burger kingjpg thumb a modern self service soda fountain at a fast food restaurant beverages most commonly eligible for free refills are coffee and soda fountain soft drinks although none can trace thexact roots of the free refill there are a few historical references according to the book the world of caffeine the science and culture of the world s most popular drug around the s if you were to ask a european visitor what in his opinion is the most noteworthy feature of american cafes he is most likely to say they refill your cup without charge without asking the world of caffeine the science and culture of the world s most popular drug by bennett alan weinberg bonnie k bealeroutledge new york ny this book also contains another historical reference it refers to the american roots ofree refill it states perhaps thendless refill isymbolic of america special affection for coffee and its culture of largesse and informality as well in taco bellaunched their value initiative which includedrive through windows reduced prices and free refills as a major soda company owned taco bell this wastrategically done to increase revenue and build the soda company s brand awareness free refills are now offered in most american restaurants free refills are seen as a good way to attract customers to an establishment especially one whose beverages are notheir primary source of income due to thextremely low cost ofountain soft drinks often offering a profit margin of establishments tend toffer free refills as a sales gimmick coffee produces a similar high profit margin allowing establishments to include coffee in free refill offers most of thesestablishments have fast customer turnover thus customers rarely consumenough beverage to make the offering unprofitable somestablishments who make their primary income with beverage sales only offer free refills to members of rewards programs bars in the united states often do not charge designatedrivers for soft drinks including refills united states in certain areas of the united statesuch as massachusetts and new york state new york politicians have proposed banning free refills as a move against obesity whenew york city banned sugary drinks over ounces in critics faulted free refills as one of the ban s biggest weaknesses in june cambridge massachusetts mayor henrietta davis unsuccessfully proposed banning soft drink refills france the french government is another critic ofree refills due to health concerns about obesity france created a tax on sugary drinks in september serge hercberg head ofrance s national nutrition and health programme stated that free refills of sugary drinkshould be banned in january a lawas passed banning the unlimited sale of sodas and other sugary drinks at all public eateries category 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according book world caffeine science culture world popular drug around ask european visitor opinion noteworthy feature american cafes likely say refill cup without charge without asking world caffeine science culture world popular drug bennett alan bonnie k new_york book also contains another historical reference refers american roots ofree refill states perhaps refill america special affection coffee culture well taco value initiative windows reduced prices free refills major soda company owned taco_bell done increase revenue build soda company brand awareness free refills offered american restaurants free refills seen good way attract customers establishment especially one whose beverages primary source income due low_cost soft_drinks often offering profit margin establishments tend toffer free refills sales coffee produces similar high profit margin allowing establishments include coffee free refill offers thesestablishments fast customer turnover thus customers rarely beverage 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peshcher i debreindostana pis ma na rodinu is a literary work by the founder of theosophical society helena blavatsky she published it under the pename radda bain serial installments letters from to in moscow in the periodicals moskovskiye vedomosti moskovskiya vedomosti and the russian messengerusskiy vestnik edited by mikhail katkov the first part of these letters was published in a single volume in as an appendix to the journal russkiy vestnik the second part of the letters was published in the series obviously was never finished as it broke off rather suddenly literary expert s opinion the russian literary critic ru zinaida vengerova noted thathis blavatsky s book hasomewhat a mystical coloring due to numeroustories and the author s arguments abouthe secret wisdom of the hindus which does not detract from its literary significance the close acquaintance of the writer withe indian sights allows her to be very entertaining to talk abouthe most diverse aspects of the life in modern and ancient india simply but very artistically she describes the covering india from immemorial times magnificent buildings on which the past millenniums had no influencespecially she is being occupied a mysteriousect of r ja yoga raj yogis the holy sages who through the special exertion of their spiritual forcesomething like a long spiritual gymnastics reach the ability to perform undoubted paranormal miracleso blavatsky s personally acquaintance raj yogi gulab singhad been answering the questions which blavatsky was demanding only mentally had been disappearing and appearing completely unexpectedly for everyone had been opening to them in the mountains the mysterious entrances through which they werentering the marvelous underground temples etc nevertheless neff noted that colonel henry steel olcott wrote in the margins of his copy ofrom the caves and jungles of hindostan the words the master has beenot seen indologist s comments alexander senkevich wrote thathesessays by blavatsky had a stunning success in russia he stated that blavatsky demonstrates in this work an enviablerudition and liveliness of the mind in a sense her book is a country specific encyclopaedia which and to this day has not lost itscientific value the author s desire to disclose india from within through people with whom she was throwed by her fate gives the book in comparison withe usual travel essays a special completely new character of the psychological document reflecting many facets of the indian spiritual world the specificity of the life of traditional indian society the book gives also an objective assessment of thenglish colonial rule all the more important because it contains the condemnation of thenglishmen living india despite the truthful depressing descriptions of atrocities againsthem by the participants the sepoy uprising sepoy uprising according to senkevich blavatsky expresses her indignation athenglish colonial orders contempt for the pleasures and amusements of the british officials and the anglo indians who served them in a sarcastic and vitriolic manner and the reader empathizing wither violent emotions willy nilly takes her side she took into accounthe stereotypes of the average russian reader s thinking his phobias geopolitical views and cultural predilections here is onexample of her emotional reasoning on the subject of thenglish suspiciousness and jealousy this national characteristic of thenglish to shout help they are killing us whenobody even thinks of touching them is disgusting but if this trait is notableven in england how much more so is it india here suspicion has become a monomanianglo indiansee russian spies even in their own shoes and this drives them to madness they watch every new arrival from one province to another even should he be an englishman people have been deprived not only of every weapon but of all knives and axes the peasant can hardly chop his wood or protect himselfrom a tiger buthenglish are still afraid it is true that here there are but of them while the native populationumbers million and their system which they took over from successful animal tamers is good only until the animal senses his tamer is fearful in his turn then his hour has come at all eventsuch a manifestation of chronic fear merely admits a recognition of one s own weakness criticism vera johnston the firstranslator of the work wrote that author s manuscript was often incorrect often obscure the russian editors though they did their besto transfer faithfully the indianames and places often produced through their ignorance of oriental tongues forms which are strange and sometimes unrecognizable the proof sheets were never corrected by the author who was then indiand in consequence it has been impossible to restore all the local and personal names to their proper form a similar difficulty has arisen with reference to quotations and cited authorities all of whichave gone through a double process of refraction first into russian then into english vsevolod solovyov noted that blavatsky was in her lifetime very troubled thathenglishould not know contents of the book ashe wrote forussian readers and was not sparing of ridicule and censure againsthe anglo indian government and its representatives he claimed also thathe reader of the book must look on it as romance and fancy and must ono accountake on trusthe facts and statements given by blavatsky because most bitter disenchantment awaits the too trustful reader howard murphet wrote that blavatsky s work is a highly imaginative concoction ofact and fiction written in a style that established her literary reputation with russian editors according to senkevich in the s and s a lot of materials appeared in russian magazines and newspapers the keynote being the idea of a russian war campaign to india the writer s fame of blavatsky has been created in the wake of this propaganda hype interesting factsergei witte count witte has remembered she his cousin helena blavatsky had no doubt a literary talenthe moscow editor katkov famous in the annals of russian journalism spoke to me in the highesterms of praise about her literary gifts as evidenced in the tales entitled from the jungles of hindustan which she contributed to his magazine the russian messenger to solve problem of transcription and transliteration of some theosophical terms when working on a new translation into russian of the secret doctrine the translator bazyukin applied the method used by blavatsky in her book from the caves and jungles of hindostan the translator zaytsev used wherever possible in his translation into russian of the key to theosophy for maintaining the accuracy of the transfer of ideasome fragments of the book from the caves and jungles of hindostan see the translator s note translations and new editions file caves jpg thumb px the first english edition this work has been translated into english two times the firstranslation appeared in london but was not complete it was done by vera johnston blavatsky s niece a new translation by boris de zirkoff also blavatsky s relative is now avail able in author s collected writingseriesubsequently the book was repeatedly reprinted in english russiand spanish publications last firstitle from the caves and jungles of hindostan location london publisher theosophical publishing society date url translator last johnston translator first vera oclc access date june title from the caves and jungles of hindostan location wheaton ill publisher theosophical publishing house date url isbn translator last de zirkoff translator first b translator link boris de zirkoff series blavatsky collected writings oclc access date june in russian last firstitle trans title from the caves and jungles of hindostan part location publisher date authorlink origyear url isbn series edition language russian access date oclc in spanish see also how theosophy came to me incidents in the life of madame blavatsky the occult world notes referencesources last blavatsky first h p titletters of h p blavatsky to a p sinnett location london publisher fisher unwin ltdate url isbn authorlink helena blavatsky edition origyear series access date juneditor last barker editor first a t editor last neff editor first mary k title personal memoirs of h p blavatsky location publisher literary licensing llc date url isbn authorlink edition origyear series access date june in russian externalinks from the caves and jungles of hindostan ed from the caves and jungles of hindostan ed in russian ed category works category magazine articles category books category books category books about india category unfinished books category travel writing category helena blavatsky category theosophical texts category 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in many ways it can be likened to an exploration expedition with a stopwatch the goal of the competition is to be the firsteam to get all members across the finish line together adventure racing requires teamwork perseveration perseverance and strong navigation and wildernessurvival skills the most common disciplines involved in an adventure race are mountain biking hiking paddling and rappelling there are many different lengths and formats of events ranging from off road triathlons to month long expeditions the course should take competitors through remote wilderness where they mustravel withoutside assistanceach teamust use strategy to determine the best routequipment food and pace to maintain to win raid the north image rtn pentictonjpg thumb team the big fish penticton bc since raid the north events have been designed to highlighthe natural elements of the host region environmenthe raid the north race series consists of a national series of houraces in various locations across canada during which teams will cover between and kilometers a raid the north team is a co ed group ofour people with a variety of sport outdoor and wilderness backgrounds unlike rtnx raid the north events are geared towards the prepared firstime adventure raceraid the north extreme raid the north extreme rtnx is a day expedition style adventure race it was held once per year from to and since then has been held every three years explore magazine april strong navigation skills and wilderness experience arequired as the course covers roughly kilometers of unmarked terrain each year the race travels to a different region in canada that provides rugged wilderness challenges for competitors explore newfoundland raid the north extreme was one of the original founding members of the adventure racing world series and a qualifierace for the ar world championship xtremesport u website story raid the north extreme nov raid the north extreme waselected as the adventure racing world championships in sleepmonsterscom rtnx was included in the world series raid the north extreme is designed for experienced adventure racers or those with significant wilderness experience as there are significantly long sections of remote wilderness wherescue is difficult mixed gender teams ofour have up to days non stop to cover kilometres by trekking mountain biking paddling and mountaineering competitors must navigate their own route through checkpoints throughouthe racecourse it is the only expedition stylevent longer than hrs in canada raid the north extreme competitors come from across canadand the united states and tend to have a broad multi sport experience and or extensive outdoor skills international race competitors have come fromexico argentina spain france finland new zealand singapore raid the north extreme has previously been hosted by elliot lake on in revelstoke british columbia revelstoke bc in revelstoke chamber of commerce in review newfoundland labrador in corner brook community profile pg high profilevents whitehorse yukon whitehorse yukon territory in atikokan on in adventure sports magazine article rd time s a charm oct newfoundland labrador in corner brook community profile pg high profilevents prince rupert british columbia prince rupert and haida gwaii bc in zimbiocom race report from team dart nuun and bc s west kootenay in rtnx websiteach race highlights the unique history untouched wilderness and culture of the host region including first nations hunting and trading routes as well as other historic sites rtnx locations top finishers file raid the north extreme teamjpg thumb righteam intrepid travel athe start line of raid the north extreme prince rupert haida gwaii bc west kootenay bc rtnx website wildernesstraversecom wild rose dart nuun sportmulti atmosphere momar gearjunkie yogaslackers prince rupert haida gwaii bc rtnx website sole dart nuun yukonwild ssspirit sleepmonstersca shinenergy playground bullies corner brook nl adventure racing world series ar world championships arwc website nike acg balance bar crossportswear merrel zanfel adventures nokia mazdatikokan on rtnx websiteadspirit fudugazi wild rose phoenix whitehorse yukon whitehorse yukon rtnx website montrail easternoutdoorscom golite spiritnt corner brook nl rtnx website salomon eco internet nokiadventuredbull playstation eastern outdoorscom glar spirit revelstoke british columbia revelstoke bc rtnx website spirit phonetcom old spice red zone shic shoc merrel olympia elliot lake on rtnx website salomon eco internet olympia timbuk nomad lycos economic impact raid the north extreme creates broad tourism promotion for each region it visits via media coverage and word of mouth corner brook economic development corporation media release feb atikokan edc annual report pg documentaries on the race have been aired on the outdoor life network the sports network tsn the global televisionetwork queen charlotte islands observer article haida gwaii basking in mediattention may 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ecuador february six clients gap adventures american clothing company gap inc name g adventures required change name us district deemed brand gap ruling stated_thathe name brand gap adventures caused legitimate confusion brand clothing company therefore g adventures required change name october partnerships g adventures entered million partnership withe investment fund member inter american development bank leading source development funding latin_americand caribbean g adventures built five new long_term sustainable_tourism projects next years latin_america world_tourism day g adventures announced partnership withe jane institute jane collection g adventures program itineraries aimed raising awareness animal_welfare wildlife friendly tourism endorsed jane see_also ecotourism intrepid travel references_externalinks category_adventure_travel_category companies_based toronto category_travel holiday_companies canada_category_travel websites"},{"title":"Galactic Suite Design","description":"galactic suite design is an aerospace design company based in barcelona spain the company develops concepts design and interiors of habitats and vehicles the projecthat first broughthe company into the public eye was the galactic suite space resort which intends to develop a private small space station at leo the orbital segment of a space tourism experience which will also include intensive training on a tropical island galactic suite design is also the lead company in the consortium of companies fielding the barcelona moon team a competitor for the google lunar x prize with a moon launch scheduled for galactic suite space resorthe galactic suite space resort was a concept proposal for an orbit al space station history the galactic suite space resort space station began as a hobby for xavier claramunt architect andirector of galactic suite design the station reportedly enteredevelopment after an unnamed spacenthusiast invested to build it an unnamed united states american company withe goal of colonising mars assisted in some of thearly stages of the project andiscussions with additional private investors from japan the united states and the united arab emirates have taken place image galactic suitejpg thumb right illustration of an early design for the galactic suite space resort alongside a space shuttlearly design concepts called for a central hub with a dozen modules radiating outwards providing an indefinite number of bedrooms for several customers at a time claramunt said that while it would be a challenge to design a bathroom that works in microgravity showers might be taken in a spa room with bubbles ofloating water the issue of moving around in space would be solved by havinguests wear suits of velcro for sticking to the module wallsimilar to its use in the film a space odyssey film a space odyssey the station was to conceivably orbithearth oncevery minutes providing day and night cycles every hours the company stated in that a three day stay was projected to cost per customer company studies found that people worldwide were capable of affording such a stay this complete space tourism experience would also notionally include the design of a james bond style astronautraining center and spaceport which will be based in the caribbean the spaceport would also house a new launch system built with safety and thenvironment in mind in claramunt stated that construction of the station would begin october of that year and that european company eads astrium would be the contractor in charge of building the modules and other equipment however astrium denied any involvement in the project inovember the company announced that a first phase would bring intorbit a single modified atv module for a cost of while a second phase would increase the total number of modules up to four in a cross configuration criticism somexperts including thomas bouvet international astronautical federation mark homnick frontiers corporation frontiers and juan de dalmau centro tecnol gico para la industriaeron utica y del espacio expressed skepticism abouthe project raising concerns that galactic suite would be unable to meethe goal because no hardware had been built and tested and that no rocket system was available to transport guests to the station the stated investmento the company is an issue since the identity of the investor has not been revealed the investment might fall short of covering all the project s needs for example the suborbital shuttle proposed by eads astrium would cost and the conversion of european space agency esa s automated transfer vehicle into a human rated transport system would cost around barcelona moon team galactic suite design is the lead company in a consortium of companies fielding the barcelona moon team in the google lunar x prize competition gsdoeso through a filial company galactic suite moon race bmt is the official candidate to the glxp the team is a multidisciplinary joint venture bringing together spanish entrepreneurial industrial and academicapabilities the team also includes the centre of aerospace technology in barcelona centre de technologiaerospacial ctae the polytechnic university of catalonia upc or the international engineering advisory firm altran bmt wants to promote a widening involvement of private initiative in the development of space technology and industry also including sectorsuch as exploration and tourism the barcelona moon team gxlp mission ischeduled to launch aboard a china chinese long march c in june references externalinks galactic suite design official site galactic suite space resort official site google lunar x prize official site category proposed space stations category space tourism category companies based in barcelona category private spaceflight companies category spanish companiestablished 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resort space_station began hobby xavier architect galactic_suite design station reportedly unnamed invested build unnamed united_states american company withe_goal mars assisted thearly stages project additional private investors japan united_states united_arab_emirates taken_place image galactic thumb right illustration early design galactic_suite space resort alongside space design concepts called central hub dozen modules providing indefinite number bedrooms several customers time said would challenge design bathroom works microgravity might taken spa room water issue moving around space would wear suits module use film space odyssey film space odyssey station oncevery minutes providing day night cycles every hours company stated three_day stay projected cost per customer company studies found people worldwide capable stay complete space_tourism experience would_also_include design james bond style center spaceport based caribbean spaceport would_also house new launch_system built safety thenvironment mind stated construction station would begin october year european company eads_astrium would contractor charge building modules equipment however astrium denied involvement project inovember company_announced first phase would bring intorbit single modified module cost second phase would increase total number modules four cross configuration criticism including thomas international astronautical federation mark frontiers corporation frontiers juan de centro gico para la del expressed abouthe project raising concerns galactic_suite would unable meethe goal hardware built tested rocket system available transport guests station stated investmento company issue since identity investor revealed investment might fall short covering project needs example suborbital shuttle proposed eads_astrium would cost conversion european space_agency automated transfer vehicle human rated transport_system would cost around barcelona moon team galactic_suite design lead company consortium companies fielding barcelona moon team google lunar x_prize competition company galactic_suite moon race official candidate team joint_venture bringing together spanish industrial team also_includes centre aerospace technology barcelona centre de polytechnic university catalonia international engineering advisory firm wants promote involvement private initiative development space technology industry also including exploration tourism barcelona moon team mission ischeduled launch aboard china chinese long march c june references_externalinks galactic_suite design official_site galactic_suite space resort official_site google lunar x_prize official_site_category proposed space_stations category_space_tourism category_companies_based barcelona category_private_spaceflight companies_category spanish companiestablished"},{"title":"Galignani's guides","description":"redirect john anthony galignani category travel guide books category series of books category tourism in europe","main_words":["redirect","john","anthony","category_travel_guide_books","category_series","books_category_tourism","europe"],"clean_bigrams":[["redirect","john"],["john","anthony"],["category","travel"],["travel","guide"],["guide","books"],["books","category"],["category","series"],["books","category"],["category","tourism"]],"all_collocations":["redirect john","john anthony","category travel","travel guide","guide books","books category","category series","books category","category tourism"],"new_description":"redirect john anthony category_travel_guide_books category_series books_category_tourism europe"},{"title":"Garde manger","description":"file modern charcuterie displayjpg thumb upright a contemporary terrine food terrine and galantine platter a garde manger french language french for keeper of the food is a cool well ventilated area where coldishesuch asalad s hors d uvre s appetizers canap s p t s and terrine food terrines are prepared and other foods are stored underefrigeration the person in charge of this area is known as the chef garde manger or pantry chef larger hotels and restaurants may have garde manger staff to perform additional dutiesuch as creating decorativelements of buffet presentation like ice carving and edible centerpiece s made fromaterialsuch as cheese thai fruit and vegetable carvings butter salt dough or tallow file pollardjpg thumb a chaud froidisplay piece the term garde manger originated in pre french revolution ary france athatime maintaining a large supply ofood and beverage was an outward symbol of power wealth and status it is because of this duty of supervising the preserving ofood and managing its utilization that many interprethe term garde manger as keeping to eathe term garde manger is also related to the cold rooms inside castles and manor house s where the food wastored these food storage areas were usually located in the lower levelsince the cool basement likenvironment was ideal for storing food these cold storage areas developed over time into the modern cold kitchen most merchants who worked outside noble manors athis time were associated with a guild an association of persons of the same trade formed for their mutual aid and protection guilds wouldevelop training programs for their members thereby preserving their knowledge and skills charcuterie was the name of a guild that prepared and sold cooked items made from pigs through this organization the preparation of hams bacon sausages pates and terrines were preserved when the guild system was abolished in following the french revolution of garde mangers took on the responsibility for tasks that had formerly been performed by charcutieres who hadifficulty competing withe versatile garde mangers due to the limited range of skills involved the position of butcher first developed as a specialty within the garde manger kitchen as bothe cost of andemand for animal meats increased more space was required for the task ofabricating and portioning the raw meats this increased need for space was due not only to an upswing in the volume of meat sales but also to the need for separating raw meats from processed foods to avoid cross contamination and the resulting possibility ofoodborne illness modern garde manger modern garde manger can refer to differenthings in the professional kitchen in many restaurants it is a station which is generally an entry level cooking position within a restaurant as it often involves preparing salads or other smaller plates which can be heated and quickly plated without significant experience in other high profile classically influenced restaurants and hotels the position pertains to the classical preparations which often include p t s terrine food terrines and elaborate aspic see also brigade cuisine garnish food presentation list of restauranterminology pantry food production operation and management aman publisher india culinary institute of america garde manger the art and craft of the 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garde_manger french_language french keeper food cool well ventilated area hors appetizers p terrine food terrines prepared foods stored person charge area known chef garde_manger pantry chef larger hotels_restaurants may garde_manger staff perform additional creating buffet presentation like ice carving centerpiece made cheese thai fruit vegetable butter salt dough file thumb piece term garde_manger originated pre french revolution france athatime maintaining large supply ofood beverage outward symbol power wealth status duty preserving ofood managing utilization many term garde_manger keeping eathe term garde_manger also related cold rooms inside castles manor house food food storage areas usually_located lower cool basement ideal storing food cold storage areas developed time modern cold kitchen merchants worked outside noble athis time associated guild association persons trade formed mutual aid protection guilds training programs members thereby preserving knowledge skills charcuterie name guild prepared sold cooked items made pigs organization preparation bacon sausages terrines preserved guild system abolished following french revolution garde took responsibility tasks formerly performed competing withe garde due limited range skills involved position butcher first developed specialty within garde_manger kitchen bothe cost andemand animal meats increased space required task raw meats increased need space due volume meat sales also need separating raw meats processed foods avoid cross contamination resulting possibility illness modern garde_manger modern garde_manger refer professional kitchen many_restaurants station generally entry level cooking position within restaurant often involves preparing salads smaller plates heated quickly plated without significant experience high_profile influenced restaurants_hotels position classical preparations often include p terrine food terrines elaborate see_also brigade_cuisine garnish food presentation list restauranterminology pantry food production operation management publisher india culinary_institute america garde_manger art craft cold kitchen externalinks_category_french words phrases category garde_manger category charcuterie category_food_services occupations_category_restauranterminology category cooking category_food storage category culinary terminology"},{"title":"Garden tourism","description":"garden tourism is a type of niche tourism involving visits or travel to botanical garden s and places which are significant in the history of gardeningarden tourists often travel individually in countries with which they are familiar but often prefer to join organized garden tours in countries where they might experience difficulties with language travel or finding accommodation in the vicinity of the garden in the year the alhambrand the taj mahal both received over million visitors this poses problems for the landscape manager image keukenhof szmurlojpg thumb px tourists athe keukenhof gardens the list ofamous gardens which attract garden tourists from afar includesissinghurst castle garden and stourhead in england palace of versailles giverny ch teau de villandry ch teau du rivau in france keukenhof in the netherlands villa d este and villante in italy alhambra in spain longwood gardens and filolin the usa taj mahal india ry an jin japan despite its popularity garden tourism remains a niche commercial enterprise throughouthe world there are a limited number of boutique tour operators offeringuided tours to the public historical background file miss elsie waggjpg thumb miss elsie wagg john singer sargent c initially the garden tour in the uk involves private gardens and gardens that does not accept visitors regularly under the national gardenscheme when gardens of england wales open for charity the yellow book served as a guide book for thoseeking to visit gardens in england wales the first issue of the yellow book was published as a supplemento a british magazine country life in after elsie wagg of an institution serving for district nursing came up withe basic idea of national gardenscheme in which a charity and garden tour was combined when gardening was quite popular in the uk the movementopen gardens for charity spread to private gardens when it was announced in and owners of such gardens agreed to collect shiring fee from each visitors thathey donated to the charity such gardens raised and in the institution renames to the queen s institute of district nursing the queen s nursing institute of later day withe publication of the first yellow book there were gardens to participate in the scheme and in they have donated million since those owners of private gardensometimes donated to those charities they choose amounting to as the garden tour expanded since when the national gardenscheme involved the national trust while national trust offered important gardens for garden tours which they have restored and conserved and number of visitors increased the queen s institute of district nursing offered them funds which in tern encouraged the trusto work on additional garden projects referred to highbeam research for subscribers only it was in when the yellow page was officially renamed as gardens to visit garden tours and literature michel de montaigne was one of thearliest garden tourists to record his impressions of gardens c thedition is available in pdformat liv p with portrait of the author john evelyn also recorded his visits to gardens in france and italy as did fynes moryson maggie campbell culver wrote a biography of john evelyn ashe sourced from woods and gardens evelyn took steps in andescribed trees from oak as an evelyn symbol to evergreens he favored the most athe start of the st century with a history of over years of garden tours britain had the largest number of gardens open to the public for tourist visits in gardens are listed in gardens of england wales open for charity when the yellow gardens 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palace versailles teau de teau france netherlands villa italy alhambra spain gardens usa taj mahal india jin japan despite popularity garden tourism remains niche commercial enterprise throughouthe_world limited number boutique tour_operators tours public historical background file miss elsie thumb miss elsie john singer c initially garden tour uk involves private gardens gardens accept visitors regularly national gardens england_wales open charity yellow book served guide_book visit gardens england_wales first_issue yellow book published supplemento british magazine country life elsie institution serving district nursing came withe basic idea national charity garden tour combined gardening quite popular uk gardens charity spread private gardens announced owners gardens agreed collect fee visitors thathey donated charity gardens raised institution queen institute district nursing queen nursing institute later day withe publication first yellow book gardens participate scheme donated million since owners private donated charities choose garden tour expanded since national involved national_trust national_trust offered important gardens garden tours restored conserved number visitors increased queen institute district nursing offered funds encouraged work additional garden projects referred research subscribers yellow page officially renamed gardens visit garden tours literature michel de one thearliest garden tourists record impressions gardens c thedition available p portrait author john evelyn also recorded visits gardens france italy maggie campbell wrote biography john evelyn ashe sourced woods gardens evelyn took steps andescribed trees oak evelyn symbol favored athe_start st_century history years garden tours britain largest number gardens open public tourist visits gardens listed gardens england_wales open charity yellow gardens listed gardens england_wales open charity see_also garden_category_types tourism"},{"title":"Gastronomy","description":"image produits r gionaux photo cpprjpg thumb px fine food the principal study of gastronomy is the study of the relationship between food and culture art of preparing and serving rich or delicate and appetizing food a style of cooking of particularegion and the science of good eating oxfordictionary one who is well versed in gastronomy is called a gastronome while a gastronomist is one who unites theory and practice in the study of gastronomy practical gastronomy is associated withe practice and study of the preparation production and service of the various foods and beverages from countries around the world theoretical gastronomy supports practical gastronomy it is related with a system and process approach focused on recipes and cookery books food gastronomy is connected with food and beverages and their genesis technical gastronomy underpins practical gastronomy introducing a rigorous approach to evaluation of gastronomic topics etymologically the word gastronomy is derived from ancient greek gast r stomach and n mos laws that govern and therefore literally means the art or law of regulating the stomach the term is purposely all encompassing it subsumes all of cooking technique nutrition al facts food science and everything that has to do with palatability plus applications of taste and olfaction smell as human ingestion ofoodstuffs goes history gastronomy involves discovering tasting experiencing researching understanding and writing about food preparation and the sensory qualities of humanutrition as a whole it also studies how nutrition interfaces withe broader culture later on the application of biological and chemical knowledge to cooking has become known as molecular gastronomyet gastronomy covers a much broader interdisciplinary ground file jean fran ois tourcaty carte gastronomique de la france cornell cul pjm jpg thumbnail this the first example of a carte gastronomique a map that summarizes a country by its products athe outset of the cours gastronomique by charles louis cadet de gassicourthe culinary term appears for the firstime in a title in a poem by joseph berchoux in entitled gastronomie pascal ory a frenchistorian defines gastronomy as thestablishment of rules of eating andrinking an art of the table andistinguishes it from good cooking bonne cuisine or fine cooking haute cuisine ory traces the origins of gastronomy back to the french reign of louis xiv when people took interest in developing rules to discriminate between good and bad style and extended their thinking to define good culinary taste the lavish and sophisticated cuisine and practices of the french court became the culinary model for the french alexandre grimode la reyniere wrote the first gastronomic work almanach des gourmands elevating the status ofoodiscourse to a disciplined level based on his views ofrench tradition and morals grimod aimed to reestablish order lost after the revolution and institute gastronomy as a seriousubject in france grimod expanded gastronomic literature to the three forms of the genre the guidebook the gastronomic treatise and the gourmet periodical the invention of gastronomic literature coincided with important cultural transformations in france that increased the relevance of the subjecthend of nobility in france changed how people consumed food fewer wealthy households employed cooks and the new bourgeoisie class wanted to assertheir status by consuming elitist food themergence of the restaurant satisfied these social needs and provided good food available for popular consumption the center of culinary excellence in france shifted from versailles to paris a city with a competitive and innovative culinary culture the culinary commentary of grimod and other gastronomes influenced the tastes and expectations of consumers in an unprecedented manner as a third party to the consumer chef interaction the french origins of gastronomy explain the widespread use ofrench terminology in gastronomic literature gastronomic literature pascal ory criticizes is conceptually vague relying heavily on anecdotal evidence and using confusing poorly defined terminology despite ory s criticism gastronomy has grown from a marginalized subject in france to a serious and popular interest worldwide the derivative gourmet has come into use since the publication of the book by brillat savarin the physiology of taste according to brillat savarin gastronomy is the knowledge and understanding of all that relates to man as heats its purpose is to ensure the conservation of men using the best food possible montagn prosper larousse gastronomique the new american edition of the world s greatest culinary encyclopedia edited by jennifer harvey lang new york crown second english edition gastronomic meal of the french unesco inscribed in com on the representative list of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity works on gastronomy there have been many writings on gastronomy throughouthe world that capture the thoughts and esthetics of a culture s cuisine during a period in their history in some cases these works continue to define or influence the contemporary gastronomic thought and cuisine of theirespective cultures apicius a th century collection of ancient rome roman recipes by the gourmet marcus gavius apicius containstructions for preparing dishes enjoyed by thelite of the time suiyuan shidan th century manual on qing dynasty chinese cuisine by the poet yuan mei which contains recipes from different social classes athe time along with two chapters on chinese gastronomic and culinary theory the physiology of taste a th century book by chef jeanthelme brillat savarin that defined classic french cuisine the work contains a large collection oflamboyant recipes from the time but goes into theory on preparation ofrench dishes and hospitality see also inline citations general references addison lilholt entomological gastronomy google books lulucom nd web mar avi schlosburg what is gastronomy at bu gastronomy at bu june web mar brillat savarin the physiology of taste by brillat savarin parthe university of adelaid nd web mar crystal cun whathell is gastronomy anyway crystal cun wordpress may web mar kilien stengel kilien stengel trait de la gastronomie patrimoinet culture sang de la terre publishing montagn prosper larousse gastronomique the new american edition of the world s greatest culinary encyclopedia edited by jennifer harvey lang new york crown second english edition leanna garfield these molecular gastronomy dishes look weirdly delicious and they are selling out in dc tech insider np feb web mar molecular gastronomy the food science splice np sept web mar michael symon gastronomy meals matter np mar web mar what is gastronomy at bu np june web mar externalinks apicius english translation suiyuan shidan english translation the physiology of taste la physiologie du go t english translation category food andrink culture category 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style extended thinking define good culinary taste lavish sophisticated cuisine practices french court became culinary model french la wrote first gastronomic work des status level based views ofrench tradition aimed order lost revolution institute gastronomy france expanded gastronomic literature three forms genre guidebook gastronomic gourmet periodical invention gastronomic literature coincided important cultural transformations france increased relevance nobility france changed people consumed food fewer wealthy households employed cooks new class wanted status consuming food themergence restaurant satisfied social needs provided good_food available popular consumption center culinary excellence france shifted versailles paris city competitive innovative culinary culture culinary commentary influenced tastes expectations consumers manner third_party consumer chef interaction french origins gastronomy explain widespread use ofrench terminology gastronomic literature gastronomic literature pascal ory conceptually vague relying heavily evidence using poorly defined terminology despite ory criticism gastronomy grown marginalized subject france serious popular interest worldwide gourmet come use since publication book brillat savarin physiology taste according brillat savarin gastronomy knowledge understanding relates man heats purpose ensure conservation men using best_food possible gastronomique new american edition world greatest culinary encyclopedia edited jennifer harvey lang new_york crown second english edition gastronomic meal french unesco representative list cultural_heritage humanity works gastronomy many writings gastronomy throughouthe_world capture thoughts culture cuisine period history cases works continue define influence contemporary gastronomic thought cuisine theirespective cultures th_century collection ancient_rome roman recipes gourmet marcus preparing dishes enjoyed thelite time th_century manual dynasty chinese cuisine poet yuan mei contains recipes different social classes athe_time along two chapters chinese gastronomic culinary theory physiology taste th_century book chef brillat savarin defined classic french_cuisine work contains large collection recipes time goes theory preparation ofrench dishes hospitality see_also citations general references addison gastronomy google_books web mar gastronomy gastronomy june web mar brillat savarin physiology taste brillat savarin parthe university web mar crystal gastronomy crystal may web mar stengel stengel de_la gastronomie culture sang de_la terre publishing gastronomique new american edition world greatest culinary encyclopedia edited jennifer harvey lang new_york crown second english edition molecular gastronomy dishes look delicious selling tech insider feb web mar molecular gastronomy food science sept web mar michael gastronomy meals matter mar web mar gastronomy june web mar externalinks english translation english translation physiology taste la go english translation category_food_andrink culture_category gastronomy"},{"title":"Gastrophysics","description":"gastrophysics gastronomical physics is an emerging interdisciplinary science that employs principles from physics and chemistry to attain a fundamental understanding of the worlds of gastronomy and cookingastrophysical topics of interest includes investigations of the raw materials ofood theffects ofood preparation and quantitative aspects of the physical basis for food quality flavour appreciation and absorption in the human body definition and aim gastrophysics is a scientific discipline that focuses on investigations of aspects of gastronomy and cooking that relates to phenomena which can be described and explained in a frame of physics physical chemistry and associated sciences the source of inspiration for gastrophysics is gastronomy and cookingastrophysical studies has a gastronomic observation as itstarting point and aims at unravelling the scientific nature of the observations on many different length scales including explaining physical and chemical aspects of the raw materials of their transformations during the preparation ofood as well as of the sensory perception sensory response whileating the chemical and physical composition and properties of raw food materials are important for the transformations that occur in the fooduring preparation heating cooling mixing beating fermenting salting food salting drying smoking cooking smoking souring etc flavour taste and olfaction smell mouthfeel chemesthesis astringency are all determinants for the sensory evaluation ofood and these characteristics are also related to the chemical properties and the physical texture of the food and to how the food is transformed in the mouth gastrophysics deals with each of these components and aims at uncovering their mutual relations ie how the sensory input relates to the material composition and properties ofood and the absorption in the human body gastrophysics is a scientifically inspired approach to gastronomy but it is a science in its own right and not a discipline to service chefs in creating new dishes gastrophysics focuses on gaining fundamental scientific insighto gastronomy and understanding universal phenomena without removing any of the craft creativity and art characteristics of cooking the relation between gastrophysics and gastronomy can be seen analogous to the relation between astrophysics and astronomy astronomers observe planets and stars andescribe where they are and how they move astrophysicists explain why the planets and stars are where they are and how they gothere in the same way gastrophysics aims at explaining the universal scientific nature of gastronomy methodology whereas gastrophysics is a relatively new discipline within the physical sciences the foundation for exploring the kind of soft matter that food is already well established in other areas of modern physics the methodology of gastrophysics greatly overlaps with eg molecular biophysicsoft matter physics material physics physical chemistry analytical chemistry etc this holds for both experimental theoretical and phenomenological approaches gastrophysics leans on state of artechnologies both experimentally and computationally history it is unknown when the term gastrophysics was first coined but it appears to have been independently proposed as a physics approach to gastronomy in the labs of the physicist nicholas kurti peter barham and ole g mouritsen in order to conceptualise the term gastrophysics the first international symposium on the topic themerging science of gastrophysics was held in copenhagen in bringing together key actors one conclusion of the symposium was that gastrophysics could significantly impact gastronomy and tomorrow s food sciences and how both develop in the st century references category 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physics physical chemistry associated sciences source inspiration gastrophysics gastronomy studies gastronomic observation point aims scientific nature observations many_different length including explaining physical chemical aspects raw materials transformations preparation ofood well sensory perception sensory response chemical physical composition properties raw food materials important transformations occur preparation heating cooling mixing beating salting food salting drying smoking cooking smoking etc flavour taste smell sensory evaluation ofood characteristics also related chemical properties physical texture food food transformed mouth gastrophysics deals components aims uncovering mutual relations sensory input relates material composition properties ofood human body gastrophysics inspired approach gastronomy science right discipline service chefs creating new dishes gastrophysics focuses gaining fundamental scientific gastronomy understanding universal phenomena without removing craft creativity art characteristics cooking relation gastrophysics gastronomy seen analogous relation astronomy stars move explain stars way gastrophysics aims explaining universal scientific nature gastronomy methodology whereas gastrophysics relatively new discipline within physical sciences foundation exploring kind soft matter food already well_established areas modern physics methodology gastrophysics greatly molecular matter physics material physics physical chemistry analytical chemistry etc holds experimental theoretical approaches gastrophysics state history unknown term gastrophysics first coined appears independently proposed physics approach gastronomy labs physicist nicholas peter g order term gastrophysics first_international symposium topic themerging science gastrophysics held copenhagen bringing together key actors one conclusion symposium gastrophysics could significantly impact gastronomy food sciences develop st_century references_category gastronomy"},{"title":"Gastropub","description":"imageagle gastropub clerkenwell jpg uprighthumb rightheagle the first pub to which the term gastropub was applied a gastropub or gastrolounge is a bar and restauranthat serves high end beer and food the term was coined in the s but similar brewpub s existeduring the s the term gastropub was coined in when david eyre and mike belben took over theagle pub in clerkenwellondon traditionally british pubs were drinking establishments and littlemphasis was placed on the serving ofood if pubserved meals they were usually basicoldishesuch as a ploughman s lunch the concept of a restaurant in a pub reinvigorated both pub culture and british dining though it has occasionally attracted criticism for potentially removing the character of traditional pubs pub grub expanded to include british food itemsuch as meat pie steak and ale pie shepherd s pie fish and chips bangers and mash sunday roast ploughman s lunch and pasty pasties in addition dishesuch as hamburger s french fries united kingdom chips lasagne and chili con carne are now often served better pub grub mirrorcouk in august gastropub was added to merriam webster s collegiate dictionary in spinnakers brew pub opened in victoria british columbia canada it was the first ever custom built brewpub in canadand was part of a newave of brewpubs and craft breweries in british columbia that followed a major deregulation of the brewing industry in that province spinnakers also included inventive cuisine and is claimed as world s oldest gastropuby joseph blake of eat magazineblake joseph victoria s pub revolution eat vol noctober pp the gastropub phenomenon took off in the united states in thearly s at gastropubsuch as dhillons by chef matt dhillon in las vegas later there were such places as dev dugal s the redwood bar in downtown los angeles red table in huntington beach californiand restaurateur and chef sang yoon sang yoon s father s office la weekly time out whichad what esquire magazinesquire magazine called one of the best burgers in the world other gastropubs include ford s filling station in culver city a gastropub run by actor harrison ford harrison ford son ben ford the los angeles times brickyard the new york times the village voice the spotted pig in manhattanew york times the wobbly olive in long island new york the wobbly olive serena sicilian influenced gastropub in durham north carolinand the monk s kettle in san francisco there are also several gastropubs inorway kick malt mat kickcafeno the crossroad club oslos f rste gastropub in oslo gr nerl kka brygghus gr nerl kka brygghus in oslo montys gastropub in st catharines and the chain heim with open pubs in lillehammer and oslo and a third location in gj vik in planning see also the hand flowers the only gastropub with two michelin star s as of list of bars list of public house topics externalinks category types of restaurants category 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british_columbia followed major brewing industry province also_included cuisine claimed world oldest joseph blake eat joseph victoria pub revolution eat vol pp gastropub phenomenon took united_states thearly chef matt las_vegas later places dev bar downtown los_angeles red table huntington beach_californiand restaurateur chef sang sang father office la weekly time whichad magazine called one best burgers world gastropubs include ford filling station city gastropub run actor harrison ford harrison ford son ben ford los_angeles times new_york times village voice spotted pig manhattanew york_times olive long island new_york olive serena influenced gastropub durham north_carolinand monk kettle san_francisco also several gastropubs inorway malt club f gastropub oslo oslo gastropub st chain open pubs oslo third location planning see_also hand flowers gastropub two michelin_star list bars list public_house_topics externalinks_category_types restaurants_category gastropubs"},{"title":"Genealogy tourism","description":"genealogy tourism sometimes called roots tourism is a segment of the tourismarket consisting of tourists who have ancestral connections to their holiday destination these genealogy tourists travel to the land of their ancestors to reconnect witheir past and walk in the footsteps of their forefathers feng k page s an exploratory study of tourismigration immigrationexus travel experience of chinese residence inew zealand current issues of tourism genealogy tourism is a worldwide industry although it is more prominent in countries that havexperienced mass migration mass emigration at some time in history and thus have a large worldwide diaspora community genealogy tourism has been prominent in ireland recorded genealogy tourism peaked in the year as genealogical visitors traveled to the islandbord f ilte genealogy facts dublin bord f ilte market research planning the f ilte ireland irish tourist board ceased recordingenealogy visitors numbers from and its present levels are now unknown scotland staged a homecoming festival in to appeal to genealogy tourists genealogy tourism is very common to countries of central europe where the world war ii caused mass migrations of population particularly jewish genealogy tourism is very popular and on the rise many african americans and other diasporafricans were motivated to travel to the african homelands by alex haley alex haley s roots the saga of an american family best selling book and television mini series roots miniseries roots clarke k mapping transnationality roots tourism and the institutionalization of ethnic heritage in k m clarke da thomas eds globalization and race transformations in the cultural production of blackness duke university press durham pp de santana pinho p african american roots tourism in brazilatin american perspectives vol no pp mensah i the roots tourism experience of diasporafricans a focus on the cape coast and elmina castles journal of heritage tourism doi x areas frequently visited include cape coast and elmina castlelmina in ghana goree island in senegal jufureh juffureh in gambiand bahia in brazil african governments recognized this opportunity for development in tourism successive governments in ghana for example have madefforts through the ministry of tourism to attract diasporafricans to ghana including the african american summit in the biannual pan african historical theatre festival emancipation day celebrations and juneteenth genealogy tourists often participate in tracing their ancestralineages digital access to historical records as well as dna studies in recent years have allowed an increasing number of people to identify the homelands of their ancestorshigginbotham g seeking roots and tracing lineages constructing a framework of reference foroots and genealogical tourism journal of heritage tourism see also diaspora tourism birthright armenia birthright israel category genealogy tourism category 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business frequently general_manager responsible effective planning coordinating organizing making attain desirable profit making results organization many_cases general_manager business given different formal title titles corporate managers holding titles chief_executive_officer president corporate title president example general_managers theirespective businesses rarely officer cfo chief operating officer chief marketing officer act general_manager business buthere level post therefore ceo different depending company individuals withe title managing vice_president country manager product manager branch manager segment manager may_also general management responsibilities large companies many vice_presidents title general_manager full set responsibility function particularea business often titled vice_president general_manager technology companies general_managers often given product manager consumer products companies general_managers often given title brand manager category manager professional services firms general_manager may hold managing partner senior partner managing_director industry specific hotel_industry general_manager thead executive responsible overall operation individual hotel establishment including financial profitability general_manager holds ultimate managerial authority hotel operation usually reports directly regional vice_president corporate office hotel ownership investors common duties general_manager include limited recruitment hiring management executive team consisting individual department heads oversee various hotel departments functions financial management creating enforcing hotel business objectives management marketing management revenue_management project management contract management handling emergencies major issues employees facility public_relations local_government relations maintaining business partnerships many additional duties thextent duties individual hotel general_manager vary significantly depending size hotel company organization example general_managers smaller boutique type hotels may directly responsible additional administrative accounting human_resources payroll purchasing duties would normally handled managers entire departments larger hotel operation sports teams professional sports general_manager team executive responsible acquiring rights player personnel negotiating contracts players longer desired team general_manager may_also responsibility hiring thead coach team manyears us professional sports coach sport coaches often_served general_managers teams well players would kept team ones dismissed terms contracts cooperation withe ownership team fact many sports teams thearlyears us professional sports owner team cases individual served owner general_manager head coach amount money involved professional sports increased many prominent players began hire sports agent negotiate contracts behalf intensified contract negotiations resulted well ensure player contracts accordance withese caps well consistent withe desires ownership ability pay general_managers usually responsible selection players player sports work withe coaching staff scout sport build strong team sports developmental minor league general_manager usually team executive withe overall responsibility sending calling leagues although thead coach may_also significant input successful sports general_managers former players coaches others backgrounds ownership business managementhe term commonly_used europespecially association football soccer position manager association football manager coach used instead refer managing coaching position position director might similar position many european football also business manager hotel_management hospitality_management_studies general general managing_director list decade sports illustrated awards honors top executives decade sports illustrated top executives decade sports sporting news executive year_award sporting news executive year executive year_award general_manager year_award league year_award category management occupations_category hospitality_occupations"},{"title":"George Bradshaw","description":"birth place windsor bridge pendleton greater manchester pendleton lancashirenglandeath date death place oslo norway death cause cholera known for bradshaw s guides and timetables children religion society ofriends george bradshaw july september was an english cartographer printer publisher printer and publisher he developed bradshaw s guide a widely sold series of combined railway guides and public transportimetable timetables bradshawas born at windsor bridge pendleton greater manchester pendleton in salford greater manchester salford lancashire on leaving school he was apprenticed to an engraver named beale in manchester and in he set up his own engraving business in belfast returning to manchester in to set up as an engraver and printer principally of map s he was a religious man althoughis parents were not exceptionally wealthy when he was young they enabled him to take lesson s from a minister devoted to the teachings of emanuel swedenborg he joined the society ofriends the quakers and gave a considerable part of his time to philanthropy philanthropic work he worked a great deal with radical reformersuch as richard cobden in organising peace conferences and in setting up schools and soup kitchen s for the poor of manchester it is his belief as a quaker that is quoted as causing thearly editions of bradshaw s guides to have avoided using the names of months based upon list of roman deities roman deities which waseen as pagan usage quaker usage was and sometimestill is first month for january second month for february and son days of the week were first day for sunday and son in he founded a high quality weekly magazinedited by george falkner called bradshaw s manchester journal described as a page miscellany of art science and literature to sell athe cheaprice of a penny halfpenny a week after the first six months it was renamed bradshaw s journal a miscellany of literature science and art and the place of publication moved to london where the title was taken on by william strange buthe journal survived only until thomas trefor george bradshaw and bradshaw s manchester journal manchesteregion history review maidment ii vol qxd july p he married on may while touring norway in he contracted cholerandied in september of that year without being able to return to england he is interred in the old town oslo gamlebyen cemetery about a mile from the oslo cathedral in oslo his gravestone is on the left by the gate near oslo hospital the railway magazine january bradshaw s railway guides early history bradshaw s name was already known as the publisher of bradshaw s maps of inland navigation which detailed the canal s of lancashire and yorkshire when on october soon after the introduction of railways his manchester company published the world s first compilation of railway timetables the cloth bound book was entitled bradshaw s railway time tables and assistanto railway travelling and cost sd sixpence p in the title was changed to bradshaw s railway companion and the price raised to shilling british coin one shilling a new volume was issued at occasional intervals and from time to time a supplement kepthis up to date the original bradshaw publications were published before the limited introduction of standardised railway time inovember and itsubsequent development into standard time great britain standard time the accompanying map of allines in operation and some in progress in england wales is cited as being the world s first national railway mapage in december acting on a suggestion made by his london agent william jones adams bradshaw reduced the price to the original sixpence and began to issue the guides monthly under the title bradshaw s monthly railway guide many railway companies were unhappy with bradshaw s timetable but bradshawas able to circumventhis by becoming a railway shareholder and by putting his case at company agmsoon the book in the familiar yellowrapper became synonymous with its publisher for victorians and edwardians alike a railway timetable was a bradshaw no matter by which railway company it had been issued or whether bradshaw had been responsible for its production or not file bradshawhitbyjpg thumb px altimetable for york scarborough pickering whitby timetable shows times for both weekdays and sundays distances in miles and fares timetable from the bradshaw theight pagedition of had grown to pages by and to pages by and now included maps illustrations andescriptions of the main features and historic buildings of the townserved by the railways in april the issue number jumped from to the publisher claimed this was an innocent mistake although it has been speculated as a commercial ploy where more advertising revenue could be generated by making it look longer established than it really was whatever the reason for the change the numbering continued from when in punch magazine punch praised bradshaw s publications it stated that seldom has the gigantic intellect of man been employed upon a work of greater utility at last some order had been imposed on the chaos that had been created by some rail companies whose tracks criss crossed the country and whose largely uncoordinated network was rapidly expanding bradshaw minutely recorded all changes and became the standard manual forail travel well into the th century by bradshaw s guide had risen in price to two shillings p and by to half a crown p althoughistoric money values are difficulto calculate this would have been equivalento perhaps at values later history bradshaw s timetables became less necessary from when more than surviving companies were grouped into the big four british railway companies big four this change reducedramatically the range and number of individual timetables produced by the companies themselves they now published a much smaller number of substantial compilations which between them covered the country between and three of the big four transferred their timetable production to bradshaw s publisher henry blacklock co and most of the official company timetables therefore became reprints of the relevant pages from bradshaw only the great western railway retained its own format between the tworld war s the verb to bradshawas a derogatory term used in the royal air force to refer to pilots who could not navigate well perhaps related to a perceived lack of ability shown by those who navigated by following track rail transport railway lines when the railways were nationalised in five of the six british railways regions followed the companies example by using blacklock to produce their timetable books but production was eventually moved tother publishers this change must have reduced blacklock s revenue substantially parts of bradshaw s guide began to be reset in the newer british railwaystyle from but modernisation of the whole volume was never completed by bradshaw cost s d p and a complete set of bregional timetables could be bought for s p the conclusion was inevitable and the last editiono was dated may the railway magazine of that month printed a valedictory article by charles e lee reprints of various bradshaw s guides have been produced references in literature th century and early th century novelists make frequent references to a character s bradshaw dickens refers it in hishort story the portrait painter story in around the world in days phileas fogg carries a bradshaw crime writer s were fascinated with trains and timetablespecially as a new source of alibi s examples are ronald knox s the footsteps athe lock and novels by freeman wills crofts one mention is by sir arthur conan doyle in the sherlock holmestory the valley ofear the vocabulary of bradshaw is nervous and terse but limited othereferences include another sherlock holmestory the adventure of the copper beeches lewis carroll s long poem phantasmagoriand bram stoker s dracula which makes note of count dracula reading an english bradshaw s guide as part of his planning for his voyage to england in the comic opera cox and box the following exchange takes place box have you read this month s bradshaw sir cox no sir my wife wouldn t let meburnand f cox and box reprinted athe gilbert and sullivan archive accessed augusthere is also a reference in death in the clouds by agatha christie mr clancy writer of detective stories extracted a continental bradshaw from his raincoat pocketo work out a complicated alibi bradshaw is also mentioned in her the secret adversary in daphne du maurier s rebecca novel rebecca the second mrs de winter observes that some people have a vice of reading bradshaws they plan innumerable journeys across country for the fun of linking up impossible connections chapter anothereference is in an aside in riddle of the sands by robert erskine childerskine childers an extraordinary book bradshaw turned to from habit even when least wanted as men fondle guns and rods in the closeason in g k chesterton s the man who was thursday the protagonist gabriel syme praises bradshaw as a poet of order no take your books of mere poetry and prose let me read a time table with tears of pride take your byron who commemorates the defeats of man give me bradshawho commemorates his victories give me bradshaw i say in max beerbohm s zuleika dobson a satirical fantasy of oxford undergraduates a bradshaw is listed as one of the two books in the library of the irresistible zuleika bradshaw is mentioned in modernovels with a period setting and in philipullman s the shadow in the north sally lockhart quartet in jerome k jerome s novel diary of a pilgrimage an aside called a faithful bradshaw is contained thisection describes a comical incident where the author gets always misled by referring toutdated guides bradshaw s continental railway guide in june the first number of bradshaw s continental railway guide was issued giving the timetables of the continental railways it grew tover pages including timetables guidebook and hotel directory it was discontinued in athe outbreak of the first world war briefly resurrected in the interwar years it saw its final edition in thedition was republished in september bradshaw s and other printed timetables today in december the middleton press bradshaw mitchell s rail times took advantage of network rail s willingness to granthird party publishers the righto print paper versions of the national rail timetable network rail hadiscontinued official hard copies in favour of pdf editions which could be downloaded without charge as a tribute to bradshaw middleton press named its timetables the bradshaw mitchell s rail times a competing edition reproduced from network rail s artwork is published by tso online bookshop this a same size reproduction of the network rail artwork although the size is only about in the middleton press versions to reduce the page count a third publisher uk rail timetables uk rail timetables ltd the main timetable for indian railways istill known as the newman indian bradshaw great british railway journeys great continental railway journeys former british politician michael portillo used a copy of what was described as a bradshaw s guide thedition of bradshaw s descriptive railway hand book of great britain and ireland for great british railway journeys a bbc two television series in whiche travelled across britain visiting recommended points of interest noted in bradshaw s guide book and where possible staying in recommended hotels the first series was broadcast in early a second in early a third in early and a fourth in early series was broadcast in january and february the success of the seriesparked a new interest in the guides and facsimile copies of thedition became an unexpected best seller in the uk in athend of a new series great continental railway journeys was broadcast with portillo using thedition of bradshaw s continental railway guide to make journeys through various european countries and territories prompting two publishers to produce facsimiles of the handbook a second series was broadcast in see also bradshaw s guide list george samuel measom publisher of railway guides bradshaw s guide to victoriaustralia edward h milligan british quakers in commerce industry william sessions of york pagendnotes manchester guardian sept p minutes of proceedings of institution of civil engineers xiii athen um dec p jan p jan p notes and queries th ser viii xi place of publication is london unless otherwise specified fellows canon r bradshaw railway magazine vol fitzgerald percy the story of bradshaw s guide the leadenhall press p ill guilcher g la restructuration du temps par les chemins de fer le railway time cahiers victoriens et douardiens montpellier france n april p guilcher g les guides bradshaw londres et manchester notes bibliographiques in lettre du march du livre paris n p lee charles e the centenary of bradshaw railway gazette p illomax e s bradshaw the timetable man the antiquarian book monthly review vol ii n and sept oct p and ill extremely well researched contains the fullest list of brashaw publications reach angus b the comic bradshaw or bubbles from the boiler illustrated by h g hine d bogue p an extremely funny period piece rudolph k h fun on bradshaw railway magazine vol pp simmons jack thexpress train and otherailway studies nairn david st john thomas chapter bradshaw pp an authoritative study by the dean of railway historiansmith g royde the history of bradshaw a centenary review of the origin and growth of the most famous guide in the world london manchester h blacklock p many illustrations facsimile the official history sponsored by bradshaw the importance of advertisements in the bradshaw guideshould be stressed they are an invaluable source of information all trades of the time not unlike john murray s handbooks but on a much larger scale hundreds of pages in a single volumexternalinks a digitalised version of thedition of bradshaw s handbook for tourists in great britain ireland a single comprehensive site introducing bradshaw and the company named after him and the various facsimileditions currently available of bradshaw publications category births category deaths category people from pendleton greater manchester category british people in rail transport category converts to quakerism category english printers category english quakers category british publishers people category deaths from cholera category infectious disease deaths inorway category travel guide 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timetables children religion society ofriends george_bradshaw july september english cartographer printer publisher printer publisher developed bradshaw guide widely sold series combined railway guides public timetables born windsor bridge pendleton greater_manchester pendleton salford greater_manchester salford lancashire leaving school named beale manchester set engraving business belfast returning manchester set printer principally map religious man parents exceptionally wealthy young enabled take minister devoted joined society ofriends quakers gave considerable part time philanthropic work worked great_deal radical richard peace conferences setting schools soup_kitchen poor manchester belief quaker quoted causing thearly editions bradshaw guides avoided using names months based_upon list roman roman waseen pagan usage quaker usage first month january second month february son days week first_day sunday son founded high_quality weekly george called bradshaw manchester journal described page art science literature sell athe penny week first six months renamed bradshaw journal literature science art place publication moved london title taken william strange buthe journal survived thomas george_bradshaw bradshaw manchester journal history review ii vol july p married may touring norway contracted september year without able return england old town oslo cemetery mile oslo cathedral oslo left gate near oslo hospital railway magazine january bradshaw railway guides early history bradshaw name already known publisher bradshaw maps inland navigation detailed canal lancashire yorkshire october soon introduction railways manchester company published world first compilation railway timetables cloth bound book entitled bradshaw railway time tables assistanto railway travelling cost sixpence p title changed bradshaw railway companion price raised british coin one new volume_issued occasional time time supplement date original bradshaw publications published limited introduction railway time inovember development standard time great_britain standard time accompanying map operation progress england_wales cited world first national railway december acting suggestion made london agent william jones adams bradshaw reduced price original sixpence began issue guides monthly title bradshaw monthly railway guide many railway companies bradshaw timetable able becoming railway shareholder putting case company book familiar became synonymous publisher alike railway timetable bradshaw matter railway company issued whether bradshaw responsible production file thumb px york scarborough whitby timetable shows times weekdays sundays distances miles fares timetable bradshaw theight grown pages pages included maps illustrations main features historic buildings railways april issue number publisher claimed innocent mistake although speculated commercial advertising revenue could generated making look longer established really whatever reason change numbering continued punch magazine punch praised bradshaw publications stated man employed upon work greater utility last order imposed created rail companies whose tracks crossed country whose largely network rapidly expanding bradshaw recorded changes became standard manual travel well th_century bradshaw guide risen price two shillings p half crown p money values difficulto calculate would equivalento perhaps values later history bradshaw timetables became less necessary surviving companies grouped big four british railway companies big four change range number individual timetables produced companies published much_smaller number substantial covered country three big four transferred timetable production bradshaw publisher henry blacklock official company timetables therefore became relevant pages bradshaw great western railway retained format war verb derogatory term_used royal air_force refer pilots could navigate well perhaps related perceived lack ability shown following track rail_transport railway lines railways five six british railways regions followed companies example using blacklock produce timetable books_production eventually moved tother publishers change must reduced blacklock revenue substantially parts bradshaw guide began newer british whole volume never completed bradshaw cost p complete set timetables could bought p conclusion last dated may railway magazine month printed article charles e lee various bradshaw guides produced references literature th_century early_th century novelists make frequent references character bradshaw dickens refers story portrait painter story around world days carries bradshaw crime writer trains new source alibi examples ronald footsteps athe lock novels one mention sir arthur conan doyle valley ofear bradshaw limited include another adventure copper lewis carroll long poem dracula makes note count dracula reading english bradshaw guide part planning voyage england comic opera cox box following exchange takes_place box read month bradshaw sir cox sir wife let f cox box reprinted athe gilbert sullivan archive accessed also reference death clouds christie writer detective stories extracted continental bradshaw work complicated alibi bradshaw also mentioned secret rebecca novel rebecca second mrs de winter observes people vice reading bradshaws plan journeys across country fun linking impossible connections chapter aside sands robert erskine extraordinary book bradshaw turned habit even least wanted men guns rods g k man thursday protagonist gabriel praises bradshaw poet order take books mere poetry prose let read time table pride take byron man give give bradshaw say max fantasy oxford bradshaw listed one two books library bradshaw mentioned period setting shadow north sally jerome k jerome novel diary pilgrimage aside called faithful bradshaw contained thisection describes incident author gets always referring guides bradshaw continental railway guide june first number bradshaw continental railway guide issued giving timetables continental railways grew tover pages including timetables guidebook hotel directory discontinued athe outbreak first_world_war briefly interwar years saw final edition thedition september bradshaw printed timetables today december middleton press bradshaw mitchell rail times took advantage network rail willingness party publishers righto print paper versions national rail_timetable network rail official hard copies favour pdf editions could downloaded without charge tribute bradshaw middleton press named timetables bradshaw mitchell rail times competing edition network rail artwork published online size reproduction network rail artwork although size middleton press versions reduce page count third publisher uk rail_timetables uk rail_timetables ltd main timetable indian railways istill known newman indian bradshaw great british railway journeys great continental railway journeys former british politician michael used copy described bradshaw guide thedition bradshaw descriptive railway hand_book great_britain ireland great british railway journeys bbc two television_series whiche travelled across britain visiting recommended points interest noted bradshaw guide_book possible staying recommended hotels first series broadcast early second early_third early fourth early series broadcast january february success new interest guides facsimile copies thedition became unexpected best seller uk athend new series great continental railway journeys broadcast using thedition bradshaw continental railway guide make journeys various european_countries territories two publishers produce handbook second series broadcast see_also bradshaw guide list george samuel publisher railway guides bradshaw guide victoriaustralia edward h british quakers commerce industry william sessions york manchester guardian sept p minutes proceedings institution civil_engineers xiii dec p jan p jan p notes th viii place publication london unless otherwise specified fellows canon r bradshaw railway magazine vol fitzgerald story bradshaw guide press_p ill g la temps par les de fer railway time france n april p g les guides bradshaw londres manchester notes march paris n p lee charles e centenary bradshaw railway gazette p e bradshaw timetable man book monthly review vol ii n sept oct p ill extremely well researched contains list publications reach angus b comic bradshaw illustrated h g p extremely funny period piece k h fun bradshaw railway magazine vol pp simmons jack train studies david st_john thomas chapter bradshaw pp authoritative study dean railway g history bradshaw centenary review origin growth famous guide world london manchester h blacklock p many illustrations facsimile official history sponsored bradshaw importance advertisements bradshaw source information trades time unlike john_murray handbooks much_larger scale hundreds pages single version thedition bradshaw handbook tourists great_britain ireland single comprehensive site introducing bradshaw company named various currently available bradshaw publications category_births_category deaths_category_people pendleton greater_manchester category_british people rail_transport category converts category_english printers category_english quakers category_british publishers people_category deaths_category infectious disease deaths inorway category_travel_guide_books"},{"title":"Geotourism","description":"image foz de igua u panorama nov jpg righthumb geological sustainable tourism aims to conserve and promote a place as a geosite such as the iguazu falls in south america geotourism deals withe natural and built environment built environmentsnekouie sadry b fundamentals of geotourism with special emphasis on iran third editionsamt organization publishers tehran p english summary available online at geotourism was first defined hose in englandhose t a g s for modern geotourism geoheritage journal there are two viewpoints of geotourism purely geological and geomorphologically focused sustainable tourism as abiotic nature based tourism this the definition followed in most of the world geographically sustainable tourism the most common definition in the usa this emphasises preservation of the geographical sense of a place in general beyond simple geological and geomorphological features as a new charter concept in the sustainable tourism definitions of modern geotourism image karamuru museu xjpg righthumb geopark of paleorrota in brazil key definitions in the geological sense abiotic nature based tourism include part of the tourist s activity in which they have the geological patrimony as their main attraction their objective is to search for the protected patrimony through the conservation of theiresources and of the tourist s environmental awareness for thathe use of the interpretation of the patrimony makes it accessible to the lay public promoting its popularization and the development of thearth sciences ruchkys u de a patrim nio geol gico e geoconserva o no quadril tero ferr fero minas gerais potencial para cria o de um geoparque da unesco tese de doutorado instituto de geoci ncias universidade federal de minas gerais minas gerais brazil geotourism is a knowledge based tourism an interdisciplinary integration of the tourism industry with conservation and interpretation of abiotic nature attributes besides considering related cultural issues within the geosites for the general public a form of natural area tourism that specifically focuses on landscape and geology it promotes tourism to geosites and the conservation of geo diversity and an understanding of earth sciences through appreciation and learning this achieved through independent visits to geological features use of geo trails and view points guided tours geo activities and patronage of geosite visitor centers the provision of interpretative and service facilities for geosites and geomorphosites and their encompassing topography together witheir associated in situ and ex situ artefacts to constituency build for their conservation by generating appreciation learning and research by and for current and future generations geotourism abiotic nature based tourism a new approach geotourism adds to ecotourism s principal focus on plants florand animals fauna by adding a thirdimension of the abiotic environmenthus it is growing around the world through the growth of geoparks as well as independently in many natural and urban areas where tourism s focus in on the geological environment most of the worldefines geotourism as purely the study of geological and geomorphological features looking athenvironment in a simplistic manner we see that it is made up of abiotic and cultural abc attributestarting withe c or cultural component first we note that of three features it is this one which is generally the most known and interpreted that is through information abouthe built or cultural environment either in the past historical accounts or present community customs and culture the b or biotic features ofaunanimals and flora plants haseen a large focus of interpretation and understanding through ecotourism but it is the first attribute of the a or abiotic features including rocks landforms and processes that has received the least attention in tourism and consequently is the least known and understoodthis then is the real power of geotourism in that it puts the tourist spotlight firmly on geology and brings ito the forefront of our understanding through tourism newsome d andowling rk geotourism the tourism of geology and landscape oxford goodfellow publishers what is a geosite a geosite is a location that has a particular geological or geomorphological significance as well as its inherent geological characteristics it may also have cultural or heritage significance national geographical tourism program the geographical character definition of gst geographical sustainable tourism was heavily influenced by the national geographic society which defines gst as tourism that sustains or enhances the geographical character of a place its environment culture aesthetics heritage and the well being of its residents the concept of geographical sustainable tourism with coining of the word geotourism was introduced publicly in the usa in a report by the travel industry association of americas of this organization adapted name to us travel association and national geographic traveler magazine national geographic senior editor jonathan b tourtellot and his wife sally bensusen coined the term in response to requests for a term and concept morencompassing than ecotourism and sustainable tourism so national geographic s geographical sustainable tourism gst program is best practice tourism that sustains or evenhances the geographical character of a place such as its culture social environment natural heritage and the well being of its residents national geographic s geotourism program incorporatesustainability principles but in addition to the do no harm ethic focuses on the place as a whole the idea of enhancement allows for development based on character of place rather than standardized international branding and generic architecture food and sonational geographic gst geographical sustainable tourism charter national geographic society has also drawn up a gst charter based on principles national geographic society geographical sustainable tourism charter integrity of placenhance geographical character by developing and improving it in ways distinctive to the local reflective of its natural and cultural heritage so as to encourage market differentiation and cultural pride international codes adhere to the principles embodied in the world tourism organization s global code of ethics for tourism and the principles of the cultural tourism charter established by the international council on monuments and sites icomos market selectivity encourage growth in tourismarket segments most likely to appreciate respect andisseminate information abouthe distinctive assets of the locale market diversity encourage a full range of appropriate food and lodging facilitieso as to appeal to thentire demographic spectrum of the geotourismarket and so maximizeconomic resiliency over bothe short and long term tourist satisfaction ensure that satisfied excited geotourists bring new vacation stories home and encourage friends to experience the same thing thus providing continuing demand for the destination community involvement base tourism on community resources to thextent possiblencouraging local small businesses and civic groups to build partnerships to promote and provide a distinctive honest visitor experience and marketheir locales effectively help businesses develop approaches tourism that build on the area s nature history and culture including food andrink artisan ry performance arts etcommunity benefit encourage micro to medium sizenterprises and tourism businesstrategies that emphasizeconomic and social benefits to involved communitiespecially poverty alleviation with clear communication of the destination stewardshipolicies required to maintain those benefits protection and enhancement of destination appeal encourage businesses to sustainatural habitats heritage sites aesthetic appeal and local culture prevent degradation by keeping volumes of tourists within maximum acceptable limitseek business models that can operate profitably within those limits use persuasion incentives and legal enforcement as needed land use anticipate development pressures and apply techniques to prevent undesired overdevelopment andegradation contain resort and vacation home sprawl especially on coasts and islandso as to retain a diversity of natural and scenic environments and ensure continued resident access to waterfronts encourage major self contained tourism attractionsuch as large scale theme park s and convention center s unrelated to character of place to be sited ineedier locations with no significant ecological scenic or cultural assets conservation of resources encourage businesses to minimize water pollution solid wastenergy consumption water usage landscaping chemicals and overly bright nighttime lighting advertise these measures in a way thattracts the largenvironmentally sympathetic tourist market planning recognize and respect immediateconomic needs without sacrificing long term character and the geotourism potential of the destination where tourism attracts in migration of workers develop new communities thathemselves constitute a destination enhancement strive to diversify theconomy and limit population influx to sustainablevels adopt public strategies for mitigating practices that are incompatible with geotourism andamaging to the image of the destination interactive interpretation engage both visitors and hosts in learning abouthe placencourage residents to promote the natural and cultural heritage of their communitieso tourists gain a richer experience and residents developride in their locales evaluation establish an evaluation process to be conducted on a regular basis by an independent panel representing all stakeholder interests and publicizevaluation resultsuccess and efforts in service to achievingeographical sustainbale tourism statusuccess models northeast kingdom in vermont crown of the continent in canadand montanand appalachian range were the first us destinations to actively enroll the program with measured success in process lake tahoe s tourism brand presents a daunting challenge to becoming a gst destination sustainable tahoe is the one organization to provide a tangible demonstration of how geographical sustainable tourism can create long term economic regional prosperity that includes feet of lake water clarity sierra nevada college incline village nv north lake tahoe was the first west coast college toffer a geographical sustainable tourism class as part of their interdisciplinary studies geographical sustainable tourism gst as a science missouri state university s bachelor of science in geography features a concentration in geographical tourism the first degree of its kind in the western hemisphere and is one of only three such degrees offered worldwide missouri state s geographically sustainable tourism degree gst bachelor s degree is the firsto be associated with a department of geography see also geopark global geoparks network geosite geopark of paleorrota sustainable tourism externalinks fundamentals of geotourism about geological tourism true geotourism s global growth about geological tourism true geotourism ngg tourism program national geographic society precious geographical sustainable tourism charter mount elephant derrinallum victoriaustralia revisited missouri state university s geographical sustainable tourism program of study geographical sustainable tourism brochure fromissouri state university department of geography geology 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integration tourism_industry conservation interpretation abiotic nature attributes besides considering related cultural issues within general_public form natural area tourism specifically focuses landscape geology promotes tourism conservation geo diversity understanding earth sciences appreciation learning achieved independent visits geological features use geo trails view points guided_tours geo activities patronage geosite visitor_centers provision service facilities encompassing topography together witheir associated situ situ constituency build conservation generating appreciation learning research current future generations geotourism abiotic nature based_tourism_new approach geotourism adds ecotourism principal focus plants florand animals fauna adding abiotic growing around world growth geoparks well independently many natural urban_areas tourism focus geological environment geotourism purely study geological geomorphological features looking manner see made abiotic cultural abc withe c cultural component first note three features one generally known interpreted information_abouthe built cultural environment either past historical accounts present community customs culture b features flora plants haseen large focus interpretation understanding ecotourism first abiotic features including rocks landforms processes received least attention tourism consequently least known real power geotourism puts tourist spotlight geology brings ito forefront understanding tourism geotourism tourism geology landscape oxford publishers geosite geosite location particular geological geomorphological significance well inherent geological characteristics may_also cultural_heritage significance national_geographical tourism program geographical character definition gst geographical_sustainable_tourism heavily influenced national_geographic society defines gst tourism sustains enhances geographical character place environment culture aesthetics heritage well residents concept geographical_sustainable_tourism coining word geotourism introduced publicly usa report travel_industry_association americas organization adapted name us travel_association national_geographic traveler magazine national_geographic senior editor jonathan b wife sally coined term response requests term concept ecotourism sustainable_tourism national_geographic geographical_sustainable_tourism gst program best practice tourism sustains geographical character place culture social environment natural heritage well residents national_geographic geotourism program principles addition harm ethic focuses place whole idea enhancement allows development based character place rather standardized international branding generic architecture food geographic gst geographical_sustainable_tourism charter national_geographic society also drawn gst charter based principles national_geographic society geographical_sustainable_tourism charter integrity geographical character developing improving ways distinctive local reflective natural cultural_heritage encourage market cultural pride international codes adhere principles world_tourism organization global code ethics tourism principles cultural_tourism charter established international council monuments sites market encourage growth tourismarket segments likely appreciate respect information_abouthe distinctive assets locale market diversity encourage full range appropriate food lodging appeal thentire demographic spectrum bothe short long_term tourist satisfaction ensure satisfied bring new vacation stories home encourage friends experience thing thus providing continuing demand destination community involvement base tourism community resources thextent local small businesses civic groups build partnerships promote provide distinctive honest visitor experience locales effectively help businesses develop approaches tourism build area nature history culture including food_andrink artisan performance arts benefit encourage micro medium tourism_social benefits involved poverty clear communication destination required maintain benefits protection enhancement destination appeal encourage businesses habitats heritage_sites aesthetic appeal local_culture prevent degradation keeping volumes tourists within maximum acceptable business_models operate within limits use incentives legal enforcement needed land use development pressures apply techniques prevent contain resort vacation home especially coasts retain diversity natural scenic environments ensure continued resident access encourage major self contained tourism attractionsuch large_scale theme_park convention_center unrelated character place locations significant ecological scenic cultural assets conservation resources encourage businesses minimize water pollution solid consumption water usage landscaping chemicals bright lighting advertise measures way thattracts tourist market planning recognize respect needs without long_term character geotourism potential destination tourism attracts migration workers develop new communities constitute destination enhancement strive diversify theconomy limit population influx adopt public strategies practices geotourism image destination interactive interpretation engage visitors hosts learning abouthe residents promote natural cultural_heritage tourists gain richer experience residents locales evaluation establish evaluation process conducted regular basis independent panel representing stakeholder interests efforts service tourism models northeast kingdom vermont crown continent canadand appalachian range first us destinations actively program measured success process lake tahoe tourism brand presents challenge becoming gst destination sustainable tahoe one organization provide demonstration geographical_sustainable_tourism create long_term economic regional prosperity includes feet lake water sierra_nevada college incline village north lake tahoe first west_coast college toffer geographical_sustainable_tourism class part interdisciplinary studies geographical_sustainable_tourism gst science missouri state_university bachelor science geography features concentration geographical tourism first degree kind western hemisphere one three degrees offered worldwide missouri state geographically sustainable_tourism degree gst bachelor degree firsto associated department geography see_also geopark global geoparks network geosite geopark sustainable_tourism externalinks geotourism geological tourism true geotourism global growth geological tourism true geotourism tourism program national_geographic society precious geographical_sustainable_tourism charter mount elephant victoriaustralia revisited missouri state_university geographical_sustainable_tourism program study geographical_sustainable_tourism brochure state_university department geography geology planning category_types tourism_category geotourism"},{"title":"German National Tourist Board","description":"the 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business_travel visits friends family gntb founded thead office isituated frankfurt_amain germany marketing organisation mainly financed germanational ministry economy technology since germanational tourist_board also responsible marketing domestic tourism one region another goal responsible marketing vacation themes germany gntb works close cooperation economic partnership allevels tourism_industry germany offices agencies marketing six regional management areas north_west europe south_west europe north_east europe south_east europe america israel foreign representative offices sales marketing agencies countries representation covered appropriate regional managementeam gntb present around world foreign representative offices sales agencies apart gntb representative offices sales network abroad also encompasses marketing agencies deutsche federation german chambers industry commerce marketing themes rigorous analysis assessment markets form basis gntb sales marketing activities line withe international culture health trends gntb developed two_major product lines city tours events fitness holidays uses derive key campaigns long_term product segments basic information themes international marketing activities annual theme_parks gardens romanticism germany annual theme active lifestyle holidays walking cycling germany annual theme european capital culture towns cities culture germany annual theme health fitness holidays germany annual theme germany open business externalinks website_travelers world website germany travelers uk website germany travelers form ireland website germany travelers usa canada picture database gntb category_non_profit organisations_based germany_category organizations_established category_tourism germany_category tourism_agencies deutsche f r tourismus"},{"title":"German Youth Hostel Association","description":"dissolved footnotes file richard schirrmannjpg thumb statue of richard schirrmann pioneer of the djh in altena file bundesarchiv bild berlin lustgarten aufmarsch der hjjpg thumb hitler youth in berlin s lustgarten on augusthe german youthostel association legal notice with english name of the association the official website accessed on jun or djh is a not for profit registered association eingetragener verein through the state bundesland associations it is the representative of the youthostel s in germany as at and thus the largest member of the international youth association hostelling international hi theadquarters has itseat in detmold and is divided into state associations and local and county volunteer associations it has more than million members association structure of the djh membership of the german youthostel association is a prerequisite for an overnight stay in a hostel in germany abroadjh members can stay in hostels that are associated withostelling international and may bentitled to discounts there djh membership is obtained through the state association responsible for each residence in addition organizationsuch as clubs or schools may apply for corporate membership the djh was merged into the hitler youth in until thend of the second world war in it was re founded at altena castle inorth rhine westphalia the german youthostel association is a member of theuropean movement germany references literature j rgen reulecke barbara stambolis jahre jugendherbergen anf nge wandlungen r ck und ausblicke klartext verlag essen externalinks english website of the djh category backpacking categoryouthostelling categoryouth organizations established in category organisations based inorth rhine westphalia category charities based in germany category 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association structure djh membership german youthostel_association overnight stay hostel germany members stay hostels associated international may discounts djh membership obtained state association responsible residence addition organizationsuch clubs schools may apply corporate membership djh merged hitler youth thend second_world_war founded altena castle inorth rhine westphalia german youthostel_association member theuropean movement germany references literature j rgen barbara r und verlag externalinks english website djh category_backpacking categoryouthostelling_categoryouth organizations_established category_organisations_based inorth rhine westphalia category charities based germany_category"},{"title":"Get Lost Magazine","description":"get lost magazine is an independent adventure travel magazine based in the melbourne suburb ofitzroy victoria fitzroy in victoriaustralia the magazine which comes out quarterly is published by grin creative and was founded in by publisher justin jamieson the magazine is internationally circulated via print and also digitally through the get lostravel magazine app available through itunes and amazon the magazine seeks out unique travel experiences around the globe for travellers wishing to explore and take holidays that are not found in brochures it covers places to stay bars food festivals travel gadgets eco travel ideas and a range of activities from all continentso people can experience local cultures away from hoards of other travellers get lost magazineditor is carrie hutchinson a widely published travel writer in october g et lost magazine celebrated its th issue see also ecotourism references externalinks official website ninemsn travel blog by justin jamieson interview on australia s abc radio richard gloveradio presenterichard glover talks to justin jamieson abouthe parisyndrome category articles created via the article wizard category establishments in australia category adventure travel category 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article_wizard_category_establishments australia_category adventure_travel_category_magazinestablished category_media melbourne category_australian quarterly magazines_category tourismagazines"},{"title":"GetYourGuide","description":"slogan commercial yes type registration languagenglish german spanish french italian dutch num users undisclosed web mobile app content license programming language owner getyourguide ag author editor launch date revenue alexa global ip current status footnotes getyourguide is a website where tourism tourists can book activitiesuch as tour guide tours and excursions and buy tickets to numerous other tourist attraction tourist attractions it currently offers more than products in destinations around the worlddill kathryn up and comers travel guides forbes retrieved march getyourguide acts as an online platform for third party companies to listheir products for users to easily find businesses offering sightseeing tours adventure activities multiple day tours 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in room toiletry hotel amenity hotel amenities history and corporate ownership founded in london in by anthony karger and michael karger gilchrist soames early product line focused on home fragrance and candles in gilchrist soames was purchased by potter moore a uk based toiletries company the united states based portion of the company was purchased by anthony gilas and michael gilas in they launched itspa bath and body collection indianapolis based e a industries an indiana conglomerate owned by allan b hubbard an indianapolis businessman acquired the company and moved north american operations to indianapolis e a in sold gilchrist soames for million to swander pace capital a san francisco privatequity firm in september gilchrist soames was acquired by sysco guest supply a subsidiary of sysco gilchrist soamesquare foot manufacturing research development andistribution facility is headquartered in plainfield indiana in august gilchrist soames conducted a voluntary worldwide recall in cooperation withe fda of its toothpaste withe company name on it gilchrist soames recalled its toothpaste made by ming fai enterprises international co ltd after the fda issued its warning thatestshowed the toothpaste containediethylene glycol a chemical used to thicken antifreeze that can cause liver damage on december in cooperation with an enforcement action of the fda gilchrist soames initiated a worldwide recall of numerous lots of several different products in its lines including certain conditioning shampoos mineral bathshower gels and body washes according to the fdall the products may be contaminated with pseudomonas aeruginosand enterobacter gergoviae potentially dangerous bacteria gilchrist soamesaid that all recipients were notified of the recall of the dangerous products and they were able to recall up to percent of the products distributed on december in cooperation with another enforcement action of the fda gilchrist soames initiated a worldwide voluntary class ii recall 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capital san_francisco privatequity firm september gilchrist_soames acquired sysco guest supply subsidiary sysco gilchrist foot manufacturing research development andistribution facility headquartered indiana august gilchrist_soames conducted voluntary worldwide recall cooperation withe fda toothpaste withe company name gilchrist_soames recalled toothpaste made ming fai enterprises international ltd fda issued warning toothpaste chemical used cause liver damage december cooperation enforcement action fda gilchrist_soames initiated worldwide recall numerous lots several different products lines including certain conditioning mineral body according products may contaminated potentially dangerous bacteria gilchrist recipients notified recall dangerous products able recall percent products distributed december cooperation another enforcement action fda gilchrist_soames initiated worldwide voluntary class ii recall wide_range different products due forty four different products included body body mineral baths numerous types products two million items included gilchrist_soames pseudo therapy verde also_included custom products produced properties hotels affected products produced june september contaminated products distributed united_states worldwide including canadand australia march united_states food andrug administration responding recalls contaminated gilchrist plant issued warning letter company noting violations federal cosmetic act extensive corrective actions resulting temporary shutdown parts gilchrist manufacturing plant fda inspections warning letter partial plant shutdown march fda issued warning letter company_based_upon site inspection september toctober fda noted extensive contamination concluded gilchrist products adulterated within meaning section cosmetic act addition fda criticized gilchrist properly maintaining cleanliness safety mechanisms raw materials fda mandate immediate recalls recommended gilchrist develop remediation plan correct prevent future product contamination spokesman sysco owners gilchrist advised thathe_company temporarily closed parts indiana facility cleaning claimed gilchrist introduced new procedures including increased testing product enhanced sanitation new associate training category_hotels category_companiestablished category_companies_based indiana category_companies_based london"},{"title":"Glamping","description":"file florence springs yurt camping villagejpg thumb px a glamping village with semi permanent yurt s gravel paths and a hotub glamping is a portmanteau of glamour presentation glamour and camping andescribes a style of camping with amenities and in some cases resort style services not usually associated with traditional campinglamping has become particularly popular with st century touristseeking the luxuries of hotel accommodation alongside thescapism and adventurecreation of camping file zc grasnapolsky jpg thumb glamping athe music festival zwarte cross in the netherlands the word glamping first appeared in the united kingdom in while the word itself is new the concepthat glamping connotes that of luxurious tent living is not in the th century the scottish john stewart rd earl of atholl earl of atholl prepared a marvellous glamping experience in the highlands for the visiting king james v of scotland king james v and his mothere the duke pitched lavish tents and filled them with all the provisions of his own home palace see robert lindsey sixteenth century glamping the atholl hunt probably the most extravagant example of glamping in history was the field of the cloth of gold a diplomatic summit meeting summit inorthern france in between henry viii of england francis i ofrance some tents and marquees werected and fountains ran with red winedward hall s chronicles at around thisame time the ottomans had ostentatious palatial tents transported from one military mission to the next entire teams of artisans travelled withe army to erect and maintain these imperial tents as described by professor nurhan atasoy thexquisite ornamentation both inside and out of the tents used by the ottoman sultans made them imposing dwellings fit for a ruler on ceremonial occasions tentserved to create a splendid theatrical setting as we see vividly portrayed in miniature paintings depicting banquets audiences and celebrations which took place in the imperial tent complex over the centuries the imperial tents were richly decorated as if they were pavilions and often hadesigns resembling tiled panels usually in floral patterns either in appli s work using cloth of different colours or embroidered in varioustitches using silk and metal thread professor nurhan atasoy the ottoman tents turkish cultural foundation some years later in the s an african safari became the thing to do among wealthy brits and americans but wealthy travellers even those in search of adventure were not willing to sacrifice comfort or luxury from electric generators to folding baths and cases of champagne travelers were afforded every domestic luxury while on adventure glamping is its modern equivalent combining both yesterday s amenities and today s technology also called boutique camping luxury camping posh camping or comfy camping today s glamping featuresuch structures as yurt s tipi s pods bell tents vintage caravans vintage trailersafari tents tent cabins and tree houses glampsites range in price from as little as per nighto thousands of pounds per night depending on amenities which can include fresh bed linens en suite washrooms food service and private verandas glamping has also become a popular term amongst women vintage caravanners who deck outheir caravans and vintage trailers with feminine touchesuch as fine linen lace floral curtains bunting andecorate them with retro items and fine china to combine their love of adventure withe desire to create a peaceful home like retreatoday s concept of glamping has its roots in thesearlier forms of luxury camping in a positive twist on these old forms of tent living however glamping today is not just for the rich some form of glamping is accessible to mostravellers there is a wide price range several major festivals now offer those attending various glamping options which can range from a simple tent ready pitched for the customer to more luxurious units with double beds tvs and sofas the number of international glamping options has risen rapidly since the word first appeared in buthe main philosophy has remained the same sustainable quasi outdoor lodging that offers travelers comfortablexperiences inature history of glamping dorset country holidays modern glamping sites generally fall into five distinct categories glamping articles country glamping holidays franchising franchises where the proprietor has land buys intone of thexisting brands bed and breakfast b style where the proprietor has one or two units on their land to provide additional income diversified campsites family owned sites which also provide glamping large corporate holiday parks that also provide glamping dedicated glamping sites as it has grown the market for glamping in the united kingdom has become increasingly competitive in the automobile association aa established a formal ratingstandard for glamping sites across the uk sites are now generally expected to provide a certain level of comfort for their guests including electricity which can be provided both on and off grid shower and flushing toilet facilities warden service and other hospitality industry staples in order to receive a good rating since the united kingdom european union membership referendum in july the weakness of the pound sterling has led many uk holidaymakers noto holiday abroad but instead to choose luxurious camping perhaps in quaint countryside locations the glamping market in the uk has grown rapidly for several years and a wide range of sites is now available the market continues to grow though according to at least one industry 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ottomans tents transported one military mission next entire teams artisans travelled withe army maintain imperial tents described professor inside tents used ottoman made imposing dwellings fit ceremonial occasions create splendid theatrical setting see portrayed miniature paintings depicting audiences celebrations took_place imperial tent complex centuries imperial tents decorated pavilions often resembling tiled panels usually floral patterns either work using cloth different colours using silk metal professor ottoman tents turkish cultural foundation years_later african safari became thing among wealthy americans wealthy travellers even search adventure willing comfort luxury electric generators folding baths cases travelers afforded every domestic luxury adventure glamping modern equivalent combining amenities today technology also_called boutique camping luxury camping camping camping today glamping featuresuch structures yurt pods bell tents vintage caravans vintage tents tent cabins tree houses range price little per nighto thousands pounds per night depending amenities include fresh bed suite food_service private glamping also become_popular term amongst women vintage caravanners deck outheir caravans vintage trailers fine lace floral retro items fine china combine love adventure withe desire create peaceful home like concept glamping roots forms luxury camping positive twist old forms tent living however glamping today rich form glamping accessible wide price range several major festivals offer attending various glamping options range simple tent ready pitched customer luxurious units double beds number international glamping options risen rapidly since word first_appeared buthe main philosophy remained sustainable quasi outdoor lodging offers travelers inature history glamping dorset country holidays modern glamping sites generally fall five distinct categories glamping articles country glamping holidays franchising franchises proprietor land buys intone thexisting brands bed breakfast b style proprietor one two units land provide additional income diversified campsites family owned sites also_provide glamping large corporate holiday_parks also_provide glamping dedicated glamping sites grown market glamping united_kingdom become increasingly competitive automobile_association established formal glamping sites across uk sites generally expected provide certain level comfort guests including electricity provided grid shower toilet facilities service hospitality_industry staples order receive good rating since united_kingdom european union membership july weakness pound sterling led many uk holidaymakers noto holiday abroad instead choose luxurious camping perhaps quaint countryside locations glamping market uk grown rapidly several_years wide_range sites available market continues grow though according least_one industry growth rate somewhat guests particularly cities choose rural woodland grid sites away bustling home cities towns term digital applied concept one turns one mobile phone non stop notification devices offor days order get back nature enjoy experience outside world social_media woodland escape grid glamping holidays somerset see_also ecotourism yurt bell tent category camping category_tourism"},{"title":"Globe Trekker","description":"globe trekker sometimes called pilot guides in australiand thailand originally broadcast as lonely planet is an adventure travel adventure tourism television series produced by pilot productions the united kingdom british series was inspired by the lonely planetravelbooks and began airing in globe trekker is broadcast in over countries acrossix continents the program won over international awards including six american cable ace awards program synopsis each episode features a host called a traveller who travels with a camera crew to a country often a relatively exotic locale and experiences the sightsounds and culture thathe location has toffer special episodes feature in depth city beach ape scuba diving dive volcano shopping travel journey history festival and food guides the show often goes far beyond popular tourist destinations in order to give viewers a more authentic look at local culture presenters usually participate in different aspects of regionalife such as attending a traditional wedding or visiting a mining community they address the viewer directly acting as tourists turned tour guides but are also filmed interacting with locals andiscovering interesting locations in mostly unrehearsed sequences globe trekker alsometimes includes brief interviews with backpacking travel backpackers who share tips on independentravel in that particular country production details it usually takes to weeks to complete an episode of the show from starto finish including at least four weeks of research three weeks of planning and preparation speaking tourist boards making travel arrangements two to three weeks of actual filming and three weeks ofilm editing and post production the presenter is often accompanied by five or six members ofilm crew camerand production crewho almost never appear on camera specifically the crew consists of a camera operator and a utility sound technician sound technician plus a television producer and a television director who scout locations two weeks before filming a driving driver aviator pilot or other type ofacilitator is often hired locally a presenter and crew almost never spend more than three nights in one particularea theme music the series is known for its distinctive theme and background music which consists largely of instrumental downtempo electronic dance compositions containinglobal folk music elements most of the music is written for the show by ian ritchie producer ian ritchie michael conn colin winston fletcher makoto sakamoto jesper mattsson musician jesper mattsson stephen luscombe and pandit dinesh pilot productions employseveral presenters for its variety of programs which include planet 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houston texas created by olivia djibo and katie o malley it contains recommended hot spots and locations in houston texas it also features contributions and personal tips from several chefs and artists in houston djibo a mechanical engineer in oil and gas and o malley a freelance designer discovered thathey both loved houston and they were proud to share hidden spots to visiting family and friends in they started compiling recommendations from family and friends andiscovered thatheir compilation could serve visitors to houston o malley created all the artistic illustrations while djibo drove round to vet all recommendations the guidebook was launched on january nd category travel book stubs category travel guide books category books about 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lunceford count basie hot lips page josh white artatum billie holiday hazel scott and coleman hawkins the teddy wilson orchestra was the house attraction the ballroom was the first site used by pastor alvin a childs ministry in harlem the golden gate ballroom also hosted community eventsuch as political rallies and the miss fine brown frame beauty pageant and served as a roller skating rink furthereading image of charlie christian playinguitar athe golden gate ballroom notes references category harlem category jazz clubs inew york category jazz clubs category nightclubs category african american history inew york city category african american musicategory african american 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theater mid taken owner manager savoy ballroom one many harlem jazz_club located avenue competed withe savoy ballroom golden_gate closed around notable performers athe golden_gate included les harlan leonard claude hopkins count hot page josh white holiday scott coleman hawkins teddy wilson orchestra house attraction ballroom first site used pastor alvin childs ministry harlem golden_gate ballroom also hosted community eventsuch political rallies miss fine brown frame beauty pageant served roller skating furthereading image charlie christian athe golden_gate ballroom notes references_category harlem category jazz_clubs inew_york category jazz_clubs category_nightclubs_category african_american history inew_york_city category african_american musicategory african_american culture"},{"title":"Graham Hughes","description":"graham david hughes is a british adventurer filmmaker television presenter and guinness world record holder hughes was the first person to visit all united nations member states and several other territories across the world without flying he did sover a period of nearly four years and completed the task inovember while on his journey he presented the television program graham s world on the national geographic adventure tv channel national geographic adventure channel a weekly look into his ongoing questo break multiple world records by visiting every country on earth without flying in may he stood to be a member of parliament in the constituency of liverpool west derby receiving of votes early life graham hughes was born in liverpool in he attended blackmoor park school and the liverpool blue coat school studying english general studies history and politics at a level he read politics and modern history athe university of manchester and graduated with a ba honours degree in he moved torrell park and set up a video production company firstly in dale street and then in the baltic triangle the odyssey expedition the odyssey expedition was a questo drop in on every one of the list of members of the united nations un member states for the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland united kingdom hughes visited all of the four countries of the united kingdom constituent countries that make up the kingdom and counted the un member state as four separate countries hughes also visited the non member state of vatican city as well as the list of states with limited recognition partially recognized non member states of state of palestine sahrawi arab democratic republic western sahara republic of kosovo and republic of china taiwan for a total of countries without flying he says people tend to wonder how he got into the further out countries like north korea iraq and afghanistan but he says they were theasy ones beforembarking on the journey hughes contacted guinness world records to agree in advance the rules of his unique journey they were no flying as part of the journey no private taxis over long distanceshared bush taxis were okay no hitchiking hughes could not drive a vehicle oride a motorbike as part of the journey guinness world records does not permit people to race on public roads in private vehicles in order to set or break records he must set foot on dry land sailing into territorial waters did not count and no travelling to far flung territories and counting them as a visito the motherland private transport was permitted over short distancesuch as taking a private taxi across town private transport was also permitted over water and he was allowed to take a break from the journey for personal reasonso long as he did not fly as part of the journey and he returned to thexact spot from whiche left something he did twice on his landmark journey it was agreed thathe clock would not stop hughes completed his expedition monday november after entering south sudan he travelled overland back to his hometown of liverpool to keep the spirit of the odyssey guinness world records wereportedly unhappy withis entry into russias it was the only country hentered without passing an official border post in january hughes returned to russia this time with an official visa while on the odyssey expedition hughes helped raise funds and awareness for the charity wateraid sos island on december hughes was declared the winner of sos island a survivor us tv seriesurvivor like show featuring lestroud which relied on social media to promote samsung products on a desert island setting the prize was towards a future island adventure of his choice world records hugheset a new guinness world record by visiting countries in one year by scheduled ground transport during the first year of his four year journey in february it was announced that guinness world records had confirmed hughes odyssey expedition was the fastestime to visit all countries by public surface transport years andays after an extraordinarily long verification process marco frigatti head of records at guinness world records was quoted asaying i cannot remember a more absorbing record to verify in recent years television programs hughes personal video log of his trip has been converted into a television series called graham s world on the national geographic adventure tv channel national geographic adventure channel it is an eight part series covering hughes first year traveling to every country in the americas europe and most of africa from january december highlights of the trip included imprisonment in the republic of the congo getting caught sneaking into russiand running the blockade into cuba he was arrested in estoniand cameroon and spent jail time in republic of congo and cape verde film and music videos withis company hydra studios he has written andirected a number of short films and won the inauguraliverpool hour film challenge in hughes has worked for world challengexpeditions producing several travel videos he has also been heavily involved in the liverpool music scene shooting or producing videos for hot club 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degree moved park set video production_company firstly dale street baltic triangle odyssey expedition odyssey expedition drop every one list members united_nations member_states united_kingdom great_britain northern_ireland united_kingdom hughes visited four countries united_kingdom countries make kingdom counted member state four separate countries hughes also visited non member state vatican_city well list states limited recognition partially recognized non member_states state palestine arab democratic republic western sahara republic kosovo republic china taiwan total countries without flying says people tend wonder got countries like north_korea iraq afghanistan says ones journey hughes contacted guinness_world_records agree advance rules unique journey flying part journey private taxis long bush taxis hughes could drive vehicle oride motorbike part journey guinness_world_records permit people race public roads private vehicles order set break records must set foot dry land sailing territorial waters count travelling far territories counting visito private transport permitted short taking private taxi across town private transport also permitted water allowed take break journey personal long fly part journey returned thexact spot whiche left something twice landmark journey agreed thathe clock would stop hughes completed expedition monday november entering south_sudan travelled overland back hometown liverpool keep spirit odyssey guinness_world_records withis entry country without passing official border post january hughes returned russia time official visa odyssey expedition hughes helped raise funds awareness charity island december hughes declared winner island us_tv like show featuring relied social_media promote products desert island setting prize towards future island adventure choice world_records new guinness_world_record visiting countries one_year scheduled ground transport first_year four year journey february announced guinness_world_records confirmed hughes odyssey expedition visit countries public surface transport years extraordinarily long verification process marco head records guinness_world_records quoted cannot remember absorbing record verify recent_years television programs hughes personal video log trip converted television_series called graham world national_geographic adventure tv_channel national_geographic adventure channel eight part series covering hughes first_year traveling every_country americas europe africa january december highlights trip included imprisonment republic congo getting caught russiand running blockade cuba arrested cameroon spent jail time republic congo cape verde film music videos withis company studios written andirected number short films hour film challenge hughes worked world producing several travel videos also heavily involved liverpool music scene shooting producing videos hot club de paris hot club de paris dead basement performance peter wolf lyons tigers china crisis coral real sonic hearts metro white rose movement filming release arctic album favourite worst summer hughes one second every video went viral almost one_million views feweeks led appearances bbc_news cbs morning well articles travels odyssey expedition website graham hughes personal blog category_adventure_travel_category british_television presenters category_living_people_category writers liverpool category_travel writers_category_music video directors"},{"title":"Grand Tour","description":"file pantheon paninijpg thumb the interior of the pantheon rome pantheon in the th century painted by giovanni paolo panini file batoni francis basset st baron de dunstanvillejpg thumb uprighthe grand tourist like francis basset st baron de dunstanville and basset francis basset would become familiar with antiquities though this altar is the invention of the painter pompeo batoni the grand tour was the traditional trip of europe undertaken by mainly upper class european young men of sufficient means and rank or those of more humble origin who could find a sponsor as well as debutante young women if they were alsof sufficient means and accompanied by a chaperone social chaperon such as other family members when they had coming of age come of age abouthe age of years old the norm sociology custom flourished from about until the advent of large scale rail transport in the s and wassociated with a standard travel itinerary it served as an educational rite of passage though primarily associated withe british nobility and wealthy landed gentry similar trips were made by wealthyoung men of protestantism protestant northern europeanations and from the second half of the th century by some south and north americans the tradition declined withe lapse of neo classical enthusiasm and afterail and steamship travel made the journeys much easier when thomas cook made the cook s tour of early mass tourism a byword the new york times in described the grand tour in this way the primary value of the grand tour it was believed lay in thexposure both to the culturalegacy of classical antiquity and the renaissance and to the aristocratic and fashionably polite society of theuropean continent in addition it provided the only opportunity to view specific works of art and possibly the only chance to hear certain music a grand tour could last from several months to several years it was commonly undertaken in the company of a cicerone a knowledgeable guide or tutor the grand tour had more than superficial cultural importance as e p thompson stated ruling class control in the th century was located primarily in a cultural hegemony and only secondarily in an expression of economic or physical military power thompson the making of thenglish working class the legacy of the grand tour lives on to the modern day and istill evident in works of travel and literature from its aristocratic origins and the permutations of sentimental and romantic travel to the age of tourism and globalization the grand tour still influences the destinations tourists choose and shapes the ideas of culture and sophistication that surround the act of travel in essence the grand tour was neither a scholar s pilgrimage nor a religious one though a pleasurable stay in venice and a cautious residence in rome weressential catholic grand tourists followed the same routes as protestant whigsince the th century a tour to such places was also considered essential for budding young artists to understand proper painting and sculpture techniques though the trappings of the grand tour valets and coachmen perhaps a cook certainly a bear leader guide bear leader or scholarly guide were beyond theireach the advent of popular guidesuch as the richardsons did much to popularise such trips and following the artists themselves thelite considered travel to such centres as necessary rites of passage for gentlemen some works of art weressential to demonstrate the breadth and polish they had received from their tour in rome antiquaries like thomas jenkins antiquary thomas jenkins provided access to private collections of antiquities among which enough proved to be for sale thathenglish market raised the price of such things and for numismatics coins and medals which formed more portable souvenirs and a respected gentleman s guide to ancient history pompeo batoni made a career of painting thenglish milord posed with graceful ease among romantiquities many continued on to naples where they viewed herculaneum and pompeii but few ventured far into southern italy or maltand fewer still to greece still under ottoman greece turkish rule rome for many centuries had been the goal of pilgrims especially during jubilee christianity jubilee when they visited the seven pilgrim churches of rome in britain thomas coryat s travel book coryat s crudities publisheduring the twelve years truce was an early influence on the grand tour but it was the far morextensive tour through italy as far as naples undertaken by thomas howard st earl of arundel the collector earl of arundel withis wife and children in that established the most significant precedenthis partly because he asked inigo jones not yet established as an architect but already known as a greatraveller and masque designer to act as his cicerone guide chaney thevolution of the grand tour nd ed and idem inigo jones roman sketchbook vols larger numbers of tourists began their tours after the peace of m nster in according to the oxford english dictionary the first recorded use of the term perhaps its introduction to english was by richard lassels c an expatriate roman catholichurch roman catholic priesthood catholichurch priest in his book the voyage of italy which was published posthumously in paris in and then in london lassels introduction listed four areas in which travel furnished an accomplished consummate traveller the intellectualism intellectual the society social thethics ethical by the opportunity of drawing moral instruction from all the traveller saw and the politics political file jean preudhommejpg thumb upright portrait of douglas hamilton th duke of hamilton douglas th duke of hamilton his grand tour withis physician john moore scottish physician dr john moore and the latter son john moore british army officer john a view of geneva is in the distance where they stayed for two years painted by jean preudhomme in the idea of travelling for the sake of curiosity and learning was a developing idea in the th century with john locke s an essay concerning human understanding essay concerning human understanding it was argued and widely accepted that knowledge comes entirely from thexternal senses that what one knows comes from the physical stimuli to which one has been exposed thus one could use up thenvironmentaking from it all it offers requiring a change of place travel therefore was necessary for one to develop the mind and expand knowledge of the world as a young man athe outset of his account of a repeat grand tour the historian edward gibbon remarked that according to the law of custom and perhaps of reason foreign travel completes theducation of an english gentleman consciously adapted for intellectual self improvement gibbon was revisiting the continent on a larger and more liberal plan most grand tourists did not pause more than briefly in libraries on theve of the romanticism romantic era he played a significant part introducing william thomas beckford william beckford wrote a vivid account of his grand tour that made gibbon s unadventurous italian tour look distinctly conventionale chaney gibbon beckford and the interpretation of dreams waking thoughts and incidents the beckford society annualectures london pp the typical th century sentiment was that of the studious observer travelling through foreign lands reporting his findings on humanature for those unfortunatenough to have stayed home recounting one s observations to society at large to increase its welfare was considered an obligation the grand tour flourished in this mindsetpaul fussell p the grand tour offered a liberal education and the opportunity to acquire things otherwise unavailable at home lending an air of accomplishment and prestige to the traveller grand tourists would return with crates full of books works of art scientific instruments and cultural artifacts from snuff boxes and paperweights to altars fountains and statuary to be displayed in libraries cabinet room cabinets gardens drawing rooms and galleries built for that purpose the trappings of the grand tour especially portraits of the traveller painted in iconicontinental settings became the obligatory emblems of worldliness gravitas and influence artists who especially thrived on grand tourists included carlo maratti who was first patronized by john evelyn as early as e chaney thevolution of english collecting pompeo batoni the portrait ist and the vedutisti such as canaletto giovanni paolo pannini and francesco guardi the less well off could return with an album of giovanni battista piranesi etchings the perhaps in gibbon s opening remark cast an ironic shadow over his resounding statementnoted by redford preface critics of the grand tour derided its lack of adventure the tour of europe is a paltry thing said one th century critic a tame uniform unvaried prospect bohls duncan the grand tour wasaid to reinforce the old preconceptions and prejudices about national characteristics as jean gailhard s compleat gentleman observes french courteouspanish lordly italian amorous german clownish the deep suspicion with which tour was viewed at home in england where it was feared thathe very experiences that completed the british gentleman might well undo him werepitomised in the sarcastic nativist view of the ostentatiously well travelled maccaroni of the s and s file shepherds beside roman ruinsjpg thumb northerners found the contrast between roman ruins and modern peasants of the roman campagnan educationalesson in vanity vanities painting by nicolaes pietersz berchemauritshuis also worth noticing is thathe grand tour not only inspired stereotypes among the countries themselves but also led to a dynamic between the northern and southern europe by constantly depicting italy as a picturesque place the travellers also unconsciously degrade italy as a place of backwardnessnelson moe italy as europe south in the view from vesuvius italian culture and the souther question university of california press this unconscious degradation is best reflected in the famous verses of lamartine in which italy is depicted as a land of the past whereverything sleeps johann wolfgang von goethe italy journey after the arrival of steam powered transportation around the grand tour custom continued but it was of a qualitative difference cheaper to undertake safer easier open to anyone during much of the th century most educated young men of privilege undertook the grand tour germany and switzerland came to be included in a more broadly defined circuit later it became fashionable for young women as well a trip to italy with a spinster aunt as chaperone social chaperone was part of the upper class woman s education as in e m forster s novel a room with a view typical itinerary the most common itinerary of the grand toursee fussell buzard bohls anduncan shifted across generations in the cities it embraced buthe british tourist usually began in dover england crossed thenglish channel tostend in the netherlands belgium or to calais or le havre in france from there the tourist usually accompanied by a tutor known colloquially as a bear leader guide bear leader and if wealthy enough a troop of servants could rent or acquire a coach carriage coach which could be resold in any city or disassembled and packed across the alps as in giacomo casanova s travels who resold it on completion or opto make the trip by boat as far as the alps either travelling up the seine to paris or up the rhine to basel upon hiring a french speakinguide as french was the dominant language of thelite in europe during the th and th centuries the tourist and his entourage would travel to paris there the traveller might undertake lessons in french dancing fencing and equestrianism riding the appeal of paris lay in the sophisticated language and manners ofrenchigh society including courtly behavior and fashion thiserved the purpose of preparing the young man for a leadershiposition at home often in government or diplomacy file robertspencer jpg thumb upright robert spencer nd earl of sunderland painted in classical dress in rome by carlo maratti from paris he would typically go to urban switzerland for a while often to geneva the cradle of the protestant reformation or lausanne alpinism or mountaineering developed in the th century from there the traveller would endure a difficult crossing over the alps into northern italy such as athe great st bernard pass which includedismantling the carriage and luggage if wealthy enoughe might be carried over the hard terrain by servants once in italy the tourist would visiturin and less often milan then might spend a few months in florence where there was a considerable anglo italian society accessible to travelling englishmen of quality and where the tribuna of the uffizi tribuna of the uffizi gallery broughtogether in one space the monuments of high renaissance paintings and roman sculpture s that would inspire picture galleries adorned with antiquities at home with side trips to pisa then move on to padua the registro dei viaggiatoringlesin italia consists of autograph signatures of english and scottish visitorsome of them scholars to be sure j isaacs thearl of rochester s grand tour the review of english studies january bolognand venice the british idea of venice as the locus of decadent italianate architecture italianate allure made it an epitome and cultural setpiece of the grand tourredford bruce venice and the grand tour yale university press eglin john venice transfigured the myth of venice in british culture macmillan publishers macmillan from venice the traveller wento rome to study the ruins of ancient rome and the masterpieces of painting sculpture and architecture of rome s early christian renaissance and baroque periodsome travellers also visited naples to study music and after the mid th century to appreciate the recently discovered archaeological site s of herculaneum and pompeii and perhaps for the adventurous an ascent of mount vesuvius later in the period the more adventurous especially if provided with a yacht might attempt sicily the site of magna graecia greek ruins malta or even greece itself but naples or later paestum further south was the usual terminus from here the traveller traversed the alps heading northrough to the german languagerman speaking parts of europe the traveller might stop first innsbruck before visiting vienna dresden berlin and potsdam with perhapsome study time athe universities in munich or heidelberg from there travellers visited holland flanders with more gallery going and art appreciation beforeturning across the channel to england published accounts file grand tour william thomas beckfordjpg thumb william beckford s grand tour through europe shown in red published and often polished personal accounts of the grand tour provide illuminating detail and a first hand perspective of thexperiencexamining some accounts offered by authors in their own lifetimes jeremy blackblack fragments from the grand tour the huntington library quarterly autumn p detects thelement of literary artifice in these and cautions thathey should be approached as traveliterature rather than unvarnished accounts he lists as examples joseph addison john andrews a comparative view of the french and english nations in their manners politics and literature london william thomas beckford whose dreams waking thoughts and incidents was a published account of his letters back home in embellished with stream of consciousness associations william coxe historian william coxe sketches of the natural political and civil state of switzerland london travels into poland russia sweden andenmark london travels in switzerland london coxe s travels range far from the grand tour pattern elizabeth craven a journey through the crimea to constantinople london john moore scottish physician john moore tutor to successive dukes of hamilton moore a view of society and manners in italy with anecdotes relating to someminent characters london samuel jackson prattobiasmollett philip thicknesse a year s journey through france and part of spain london and arthur young writer arthur young although italy was written as the sink of iniquity many travelers were not kept from recording the activities they participated in or the people they met especially the women they encountered to the grand tourists italy was an unconventional country for the shameless women of venice made it unusual in its own way iain gordon brown water windows and women the significance of venice for scots in the age of the grand tour eighteenth century life november sir james hall confided in his written diary to comment on seeing more handsome women this day than i ever saw in my life also noting how flattering venetian dress was or perhaps the lack of it iain gordon brown water windows and women the significance of venice for scots in the age of the grand tour eighteenth century life november eighteenth and nineteenth century italian women witheir unfamiliar methods and routines were opposites to the western dress expected of european women in theighteenth and nineteenth century their foreign ways led to the documentation of encounters withem providing published accounts of the grand tour boswell courted noble ladies and recorded his progress withis relationships mentioning that madame micheli talked of religion philosophy kissed hand often the promiscuity of boswell s encounters with italian elite are shared in his diary and provide further detail on events that occurreduring the grand tour boswell notes yesterday morning wither pulled upetticoat and showed whole knees touched wither goodness all other liberties exquisite iain gordon brown water windows and women the significance of venice for scots in the age of the grand tour eighteenth century life november he describes his time withe italian women hencounters and shares a part of history in his written accounts lord byron s letters to his mother withe accounts of his travels have also been published byron spoke of his first enduring venetian love his landlord s wife mentioning that he has fallen in love with a very pretty venetian of two and twenty with great black eyeshe is married and so am i we have found sworn an eternal attachment i amore in love than ever and i verily believe we are one of the happiest unlawful couples on thiside of the alps george gordon byron and leslie a marchand byron s letters and journals the complete and unexpurgated text of alletters available in manuscript and the full printed version of all others newark university of delaware press many tourists enjoyed sexual relations while abroad buto a great extent were well behaved such as thomas pelham and scholarsuch as richard pococke who wrote lengthy letters of their grand tour experiences jeremy black italy and the grand tour new haven yale university press inventor sir francis ronalds journals and sketches of his tour to europe and the near east have been published on the web the letters written by sisters mary and ida saxton mckinley ida saxton of canton ohio in while on a six month tour offer insight into the grand tour tradition from an american perspective belden grand tour of ida saxton mckinley and sister mary saxton barber canton ohion television in the grand tour featured prominently in a bbc pbs miniseries based on little dorrit by charles dickenset mainly in venice it portrayed the grand tour as a rite of passage kevin mccloud presented kevin mccloud s grand tour on channel in with mccloud retracing the tours of united kingdom british architects in british art historian brian sewell followed in the footsteps of the grand tourists for a partelevision series brian sewell s grand tour produced by uk s channel five sewell travelled by car and confined his attention solely to italy stopping in rome florence naples pompeii turin milan cremona siena bologna vicenza paestum urbino tivoli and concluding at a venetian masked ball in the bbc produced an art history seriesister wendy s grand tour presented by carmelite nun sister wendy ostensibly an art history series the journey takes her fromadrid to saint petersburg with stop offs to see the great masterpieces the amazon motoring programme the grand tour tv series the grand tour is named after the traditional grand tour and refers to the show being set in a different location worldwideach week see also gap year hiking history hiking history hippie trail walking tour overseas experience field trip general references elizabeth bohls and ian duncan ed travel writing anthology oxford university press james buzard the grand tour and after in the cambridge companion to travel writing paul fussell theighteenth century and the grand tour in the norton book of travel edward chaney the grand tour and the great rebellion richard lassels and the voyage of italy in the seventeenth century cirvi geneva turin edward chaney richard lassels entry in the oxfordictionary of national biography edward chaney thevolution of the grand tour anglo italian cultural relationsince the renaissance frank cass london and portland orevisedition routledgedward chaney ed thevolution of english collecting yale university press new haven and london edward chaney and timothy wilks the jacobean grand tour early stuartravellers in europe ib tauris london lisa colletta ed the legacy of the grand tour new essays on traveliterature and culture fairleigh dickinson university press london s nchez j uregui alpa s maria dolores and scott wilcox thenglish prize the capture of the westmorland ship westmorland an episode of the grand tour new haven ct yale university presstephens richard a catalogue raisonn ofrancis towne london paul mellon centre geoffrey trease the grand tour yale university press andrewiton and ilaria bignamini grand tour the lure of italy in theighteenth century tate gallery exhibition catalogue clare hornsby ed the impact of italy the grand tour and beyond british school at rome ilaria bignamini and clare hornsby digging andealing in eighteenth century rome yale university press new haven and london roma britannicart patronage and cultural exchange in eighteenth century romeds d marshall k wolfe and s russell british school at rome pp henry s belden iii grand tour of ida saxton mckinley and sister mary saxton barber canton ohio korstanje m examining the norse mythology and the archetype of odin the inception of grand tour turizam znanstveno stru ni asopis externalinks the grand tour page for english course taught athe university of michigan grand tour online athe getty museum in our time the grand tour jeremy black edward chaney and chloe chard grand tour an exhibition project of the swedish artist matts leiderstam voyagers and voyeurs travellers in th century france anthology contemporary grand tour in italy pictures and quotes wanderings in the land of ham by a daughter of japhet london longman brown green longmans roberts a description of an oriental grand tour athe internet archive digitalibrary category types of tourism category types of travel category cultural tourism category rites of 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educational rite passage though primarily associated_withe british nobility wealthy landed gentry similar trips made wealthyoung men protestantism protestant northern second_half th_century south north_americans tradition declined withe neo classical enthusiasm steamship travel made journeys much easier thomas_cook made cook tour early mass_tourism new_york times described grand_tour way primary value grand_tour believed lay classical antiquity renaissance aristocratic polite society theuropean continent addition provided opportunity view specific works art possibly chance hear certain music grand_tour could last several months several_years commonly undertaken company cicerone knowledgeable guide tutor grand_tour cultural importance e p thompson stated ruling class control th_century located primarily cultural expression economic physical military power thompson making thenglish working_class legacy grand_tour lives modern_day istill evident works travel literature aristocratic origins romantic travel age tourism globalization grand_tour still influences destinations tourists choose shapes ideas culture sophistication act travel grand_tour neither scholar pilgrimage religious one though stay venice residence rome catholic grand_tourists followed routes protestant th_century tour places also_considered essential young artists understand proper painting sculpture techniques though grand_tour valets perhaps cook certainly bear leader guide bear leader scholarly guide beyond advent popular guidesuch much trips following artists thelite considered travel centres necessary rites passage gentlemen works art demonstrate breadth polish received tour rome like thomas jenkins thomas jenkins provided access private collections antiquities among enough proved sale market raised price things coins formed portable souvenirs respected gentleman guide ancient history batoni made career painting thenglish posed ease among many continued naples viewed herculaneum pompeii ventured far southern italy fewer still greece still ottoman greece turkish rule rome many centuries goal pilgrims especially jubilee christianity jubilee visited seven pilgrim churches rome britain thomas travel_book twelve years early influence grand_tour far tour italy far naples undertaken thomas howard st earl arundel earl arundel withis wife children established significant partly asked inigo jones yet established architect already known designer act cicerone guide chaney thevolution grand_tour ed inigo jones roman larger numbers tourists began tours peace nster according oxford_english_dictionary first recorded use term perhaps introduction english richard lassels c expatriate roman catholichurch roman catholic catholichurch priest book voyage italy published paris london lassels introduction listed four areas travel furnished accomplished traveller intellectual society social thethics ethical opportunity drawing moral instruction traveller saw politics political file jean thumb upright portrait douglas hamilton th duke hamilton douglas th duke hamilton grand_tour withis physician john moore scottish physician john moore latter son john moore british army officer john view geneva distance stayed two_years painted jean idea travelling sake curiosity learning developing idea th_century john essay concerning human understanding essay concerning human understanding argued widely accepted knowledge comes entirely thexternal senses one knows comes physical stimuli one exposed thus one could use offers requiring change place travel therefore necessary one develop mind expand knowledge world young man athe outset account repeat grand_tour historian edward gibbon remarked according law custom perhaps reason foreign travel completes theducation english gentleman consciously adapted intellectual self improvement gibbon continent larger liberal plan grand_tourists briefly libraries romanticism romantic era played significant part introducing william thomas beckford william beckford wrote account grand_tour made gibbon italian tour look distinctly chaney gibbon beckford interpretation dreams thoughts incidents beckford society london pp typical th_century sentiment observer travelling foreign lands reporting findings stayed home recounting one observations society large increase welfare considered obligation grand_tour flourished fussell p grand_tour offered liberal education opportunity acquire things otherwise unavailable home lending air prestige traveller grand_tourists would return full books works art scientific instruments cultural artifacts boxes fountains displayed libraries cabinet room cabinets gardens drawing rooms galleries built purpose grand_tour especially portraits traveller painted settings became obligatory influence artists especially thrived grand_tourists included carlo first patronized john evelyn early e chaney thevolution english collecting batoni portrait ist giovanni paolo francesco less well could return album giovanni perhaps gibbon opening cast ironic shadow preface critics grand_tour lack adventure tour europe thing said one th_century critic uniform prospect duncan grand_tour wasaid reinforce old national characteristics jean gentleman observes french italian german deep suspicion tour viewed home england feared thathe experiences completed british gentleman might well view well travelled file shepherds beside roman thumb found contrast roman ruins modern peasants roman painting also worth thathe grand_tour inspired stereotypes among countries also led dynamic northern southern europe constantly depicting italy picturesque place travellers also italy place italy europe south view italian culture question university california_press degradation best reflected famous italy depicted land past johann wolfgang von goethe italy journey arrival steam powered transportation around grand_tour custom continued qualitative difference cheaper undertake safer easier open anyone much th_century educated young men privilege undertook grand_tour germany switzerland came included broadly defined circuit later_became fashionable young women well trip italy aunt social part upper_class woman education e novel room view typical itinerary common itinerary grand fussell shifted across generations cities embraced buthe british tourist usually began dover england crossed thenglish channel netherlands belgium calais france tourist usually accompanied tutor known colloquially bear leader guide bear leader wealthy enough troop servants could rent acquire coach carriage coach could city packed across alps travels completion make trip boat far alps either travelling paris rhine basel upon hiring french french dominant language thelite europe th th_centuries tourist would travel paris traveller might undertake lessons french dancing riding appeal paris lay sophisticated language manners society including behavior fashion purpose preparing young man home often government file_jpg thumb upright robert spencer earl painted classical dress rome carlo paris would typically go urban switzerland often geneva protestant lausanne mountaineering developed th_century traveller would endure difficult crossing alps northern_italy athe great st bernard pass carriage luggage wealthy might carried hard terrain servants italy tourist would less often milan might spend months florence considerable anglo italian society accessible travelling quality gallery broughtogether one space monuments high renaissance paintings roman sculpture would inspire picture galleries antiquities home side trips move padua dei italia consists english scottish scholars sure j thearl rochester grand_tour review english studies january venice british idea venice italianate architecture italianate allure made cultural grand bruce venice grand_tour yale_university_press john venice myth venice british culture macmillan publishers macmillan venice traveller wento rome study ruins ancient_rome painting sculpture architecture rome early christian renaissance baroque travellers also visited naples study music mid_th century appreciate recently discovered archaeological site herculaneum pompeii perhaps adventurous ascent mount later period adventurous especially provided yacht might attempt sicily site greek ruins malta even greece naples later south usual terminus traveller alps heading german_languagerman speaking parts europe traveller might stop first visiting vienna dresden berlin potsdam study time athe universities munich travellers visited holland gallery going art appreciation beforeturning across channel england published accounts file grand_tour william thomas thumb william beckford grand_tour europe shown red published often personal accounts grand_tour provide detail first hand perspective accounts offered authors jeremy fragments grand_tour huntington library quarterly autumn p literary thathey approached traveliterature rather accounts lists examples joseph addison john andrews comparative view french english nations manners politics literature london_william thomas beckford whose dreams thoughts incidents published account letters back home stream consciousness associations william coxe historian william coxe sketches natural political civil state switzerland london travels poland russia sweden andenmark london travels switzerland london coxe travels range far grand_tour pattern elizabeth journey crimea constantinople london john moore scottish physician john moore tutor hamilton moore view society manners italy anecdotes relating characters london samuel jackson philip year journey france part spain london arthur young writer arthur young although italy written sink many travelers kept recording activities participated people met especially women encountered grand_tourists italy unconventional country women venice made unusual way iain gordon brown water windows women significance venice scots age grand_tour eighteenth_century life november sir james hall written diary comment seeing women day ever saw life also noting venetian dress perhaps lack iain gordon brown water windows women significance venice scots age grand_tour eighteenth_century life november eighteenth nineteenth_century italian women witheir unfamiliar methods western dress expected european women theighteenth nineteenth_century foreign ways led documentation encounters withem providing published accounts grand_tour boswell noble ladies recorded progress withis relationships talked religion philosophy hand often boswell encounters italian elite shared diary provide detail events occurreduring grand_tour boswell notes morning wither pulled showed whole knees wither iain gordon brown water windows women significance venice scots age grand_tour eighteenth_century life november describes time withe italian women shares part history written accounts lord byron letters mother withe accounts travels also_published byron spoke first enduring venetian love landlord wife fallen love pretty venetian two twenty great black married found eternal love ever believe one unlawful couples alps george gordon byron leslie byron letters journals complete text available manuscript full printed version others newark university delaware press many tourists enjoyed sexual relations abroad buto great extent well thomas richard wrote lengthy letters grand_tour experiences jeremy black italy grand_tour new yale_university_press inventor sir francis journals sketches tour europe near east published web letters written sisters mary ida saxton mckinley ida saxton canton ohio six month tour offer insight grand_tour tradition american perspective grand_tour ida saxton mckinley sister mary saxton barber canton television grand_tour featured prominently bbc pbs miniseries based little charles mainly venice portrayed grand_tour rite passage kevin mccloud presented kevin mccloud grand_tour channel mccloud tours united_kingdom british architects british art historian brian sewell followed footsteps grand_tourists series brian sewell grand_tour produced uk channel five sewell travelled car confined attention solely italy stopping rome florence naples pompeii turin milan bologna venetian ball bbc produced art history wendy grand_tour presented sister wendy ostensibly art history series journey takes saint petersburg stop offs see great amazon motoring programme grand_tour tv_series grand_tour named traditional grand_tour refers show set different location week see_also gap year hiking history hiking history hippie_trail walking_tour overseas experience field trip general references elizabeth ian duncan ed travel_writing anthology oxford_university_press james grand_tour cambridge companion travel_writing paul fussell theighteenth century grand_tour norton book travel edward chaney grand_tour great rebellion richard lassels voyage italy seventeenth_century geneva turin edward chaney richard lassels entry oxfordictionary national biography edward chaney thevolution grand_tour anglo italian cultural renaissance frank london portland chaney ed thevolution english collecting yale_university_press new london_edward chaney timothy grand_tour early europe london lisa ed legacy grand_tour new essays traveliterature culture university_press london j maria scott thenglish prize capture westmorland ship westmorland episode grand_tour new yale_university richard catalogue london paul centre geoffrey grand_tour yale_university_press grand_tour lure italy theighteenth century tate gallery exhibition catalogue clare ed impact italy grand_tour beyond british school rome clare eighteenth_century rome yale_university_press new london patronage cultural_exchange eighteenth_century marshall k wolfe russell british school rome pp henry iii grand_tour ida saxton mckinley sister mary saxton barber canton ohio korstanje examining norse mythology archetype inception grand_tour externalinks grand_tour page english course taught athe_university michigan grand_tour online athe getty museum time grand_tour jeremy black edward chaney grand_tour exhibition project swedish artist travellers th_century france anthology contemporary grand_tour italy pictures quotes land ham daughter london longman brown green roberts description oriental grand_tour athe internet_archive category_types tourism_category_types travel_category cultural_tourism category rites passage"},{"title":"Gratuity","description":"image usd gratuityjpg thumb px leaving some money on a restaurantable is a common way of giving a tip to the serving staff a gratuity also called a tip is a sum of money customarily given by a client or customer to a service worker in addition to the basic price tipping is commonly given to certain service sector workers for a service performed or anticipatedepending on the country or location it may be customary to tip waiting staff server s in bars and restaurants taxi driver s hair stylist s and son tips and their amount are a matter of social conventionorm custom and etiquette and the custom varies between countries and settings in some locations tipping is discouraged and considered insulting while in some other locations tipping is expected from customers the customary amount of a tip can be a specific range of monetary amounts or a certain percentage of the bill based on the perceived quality of the service given in some circumstancesuch as with us government workers and more widely with police officer s receivingratuities or even offering them is illegal they may be regarded as bribery a fixed percentage mandatory tipping service charge isometimes added to bills in restaurants and similar establishments tipping may not bexpected when a fee is explicitly charged for the service from a theoretical economic point of view gratuities may solve the principal agentheory principal agent problem the situation in which an agent such as a server is working for a principal such as a restaurant owner or manager and many managers believe thatips provide incentive for greater worker effort however studies of the real world practice show thatipping is often discriminatory or arbitrary workers receive different levels of gratuity based on factorsuch as age sex race hair color and even breast size and the size of the gratuity is found to be only very weakly related to the quality of servicetymology and history file waitersjpg thumb right px the first usage of the term tip in the sense of giving a gratuity dates back to pictured here areuropean waiters from thearly s according to the oxford english dictionary the word tip originated as a slang term and its etymology is unclear according to the onlinetymology dictionary the meaningive a small present of money began around and the meaningive a gratuity to is first attested in the noun in thisense is from the term in the sense of to give a gratuity first appeared in the th century it derived from an earlier sense of tip meaning to give to hand pass which originated in the rogues cant in the th century thisense may have derived from the th century tip meaning to strike or hit smartly but lightly which may have derived from the low german tippen to tap buthis derivation is very uncertain tip v oxford english dictionary nd ed oxford university press the word tip was first used as a verb in george farquhar s play the beaux stratagem farquhar used the term after it had been used in criminal circles as a word meanto imply the unnecessary and gratuitous gifting of something somewhataboo like a joke or a sure bet or illicit money exchanges hendel john the case againstipping in the atlantic october accessed on augusthe practice of tipping began in tudor england the food issue why tip by paul wachter the new york times published october accessed on june by the th century it was expected that overnight guests to private homes would provide sums of money known as vails to the host servantsoon afterwards customers began tipping in london coffee house coffeehouses and other commercial establishments thetymology for the synonym for tippingratuity dates back either to the s from graciousness from the french gratuith century or directly fromedievalatin gratuitas free gift probably from earlier latin gratuitus freely given the meaning money given for favor services is first attested in the s in some languages the term translates to drink money or similar for example pourboire in french trinkgeld in german drikkepenge in danish and napiwek in polish this comes from a custom of inviting a servanto drink a glass in honour of the guest and paying for it in order for the guests to show generosity among each other the term bibalia in latin was recorded in a tronc is an arrangement for the pooling andistribution to employees of tips gratuities and or service charges in the hotel and catering trade the person who distributes monies from the tronc is known as the troncmaster when a tronc exists in the uk responsibility for deducting pay as you earn tax es from the distribution may lie withe troncmasterather than themployer the word tronc has its origins in the french for collecting box in june themployment appeals tribunal ruled in a uk test case revenue and customs commissioners v annabel s berkeley square ltd that income from a troncannot be counted when assessing whether a wage or salary meets the national minimum wage by region inigeria tipping is not so common at upscale hotels and restaurants becauservice charge is usually included in the bill though themployee seldom gethis as part of their wages in recentimes however the service provider usually coerce the customer for tips in a subtle manner there have been reported cases of security guards asking bank customers for tips in china traditionally there is no tipping however hotels that routinely serve foreign tourists allow tipping an example would be tour guides and associatedrivers in hong kong tipping is notypically expected at hotels orestaurant establishments where a service charge of is added to a bill instead of expecting a gratuity taxi drivers in hong kong may also charge the difference between a fare and a round sum as a courtesy fee to avoid making change for larger bills onexception where tipping is accepted is in macau previously a colony of portugal file nonomiyarickshaw jpg thumb px a rickshaw operator pulls two guests near kyoto in japan tipping is not a part of the culture it is not expected and can cause confusion like many other countries in east asia japanese people see tipping as insulting india tipping is popular in whole market as well in recent year it is making trending day by day indonesia tipping is common in large tourist areasuch as bali or lombok is expected at full service restaurants bar tipping is discretional andepends on the style of a bar in bali most bars are owned by expatriates and normally expat s country of origin reflects the style of a bar pubs do not expectips restaurants to high end bars accepts over the counter cash tips in any amount massage parlous which are located practically on every corner in bali expectaxi drivers expect bellboys at high end hotels expect around per bag south korea tipping is not customary in korea n culture and tipping is not expected in general service industry some peopleven regard tipping as an inappropriate behavior high end hotels and restaurants often include service charge between to but it is always included in the bill and customers are not expected to leave separate gratuity for servers beyond what is included in the bill in singapore tipping is insulting people may mistake it as a bribe which is a chargeable offence that could result in jail time bars and restaurants typically add a service charge which is compounded by the goods and services tax singapore goodservices tax although it is not given to the wait staff this already makes an additional to the restaurant bill tips are generally not given anywhere taxi drivers given tip will mistaken it for excess cash and return exact change in taiwan tipping is not customary but all mid and high end restaurants include a mandatory service charge which is not given to the service staff but rather considered by taiwanese law as general revenue as reported by the taipei times in false gratuity on july file buskersjpg thumb px buskers often punctuate their performances with requests for tips tipping bakshish in albania is very much expected almost everywhere in recentimes it has become more common as many foreigners and albanians living abroad visit albania leaving a tip of around of the bill is customary in restaurants even porters guides and chauffeurs expectips duty free alcohol is often used as a type of tip for porters bellhops and the like however some people such as muslims can find it offensive tips napojnica man a tip are sometimes expected mostly in restaurants buthey are not mandatory restaurantips are around mojposaonet and slobodna dalmacija napojnice u hrvatskim restoranima i lokalima in croatian or more in clubs or caf bars on the other hand it is common to round up the bill it is not common to tip taxi drivers or hairdressers tips drikkepenge lit drinking money are not required in denmark since service charges must always be included in the bill by law tipping for outstanding service is a matter of choice but is not expected geographicaorg travel tips for denmark in finland tipping is not customary and never expected caf s and restaurants include a service charge in the bill as required by french law for tax assessment service compris indicates thathe tip has been added to the bill but sometimes the wait staff do not receive any of itipping is bettereceived in venues accustomed tourists but can be treated with disdain smaller food establishments and those in more rural areas the amount of the tip is also critical a tip will do nicely for good service for superior service in higher end eating establishments a more generous tip would not be out of place however the rare waiter waitress accustomed to more generous foreign customers have no problem receiving a tip of up tor more austriand germany file c by taw cloakroom jpg thumb px coat check staff are usually tipped for their service and this photo shows a coat check areathe berliner congress centrum bcc in alexanderplatz berlin germany tipping trinkgeld is not seen as obligatory in the case of waiting staff and in the context of a debate about a minimum wage some people disapprove of tipping and say that it should not substitute for employers paying a good basic wage but most people in germany consider tipping to be good manners as well as a way to express gratitude for good service it is illegal and rare to charge a service fee withouthe customer s consent but a tip of about depending on the type of service is customary for example germans usually tip their waiters but almost never the cashiers at big supermarkets as a rule of thumb the more personal the service the more common it is to tipayments by card can include the tip too buthe tip is usually paid in cash when the card is handed over atimes rather than tipping individually a tipping box iset up rounding up the bill in germany is commonplace sometimes withe comment stimmt so keep the change restaurantipping in germany usa today rather than asking for all the change and leaving the tip afterwards or the customer says how muche will pay in total including the tip thus if the basic price is the customer might rather generously but not unusually say zw lf twelve pay with a note and get in change when paying a small amount it is common to round up to the nearest euro eg to sometimes a sign reading aufrunden bitte round uplease is found in places where tipping is not common like supermarkets clothing retailers etc this requests thathe bill be rounded up to the nearesthis noto tip the staff but a charity donation fighting children poverty and completely voluntary in germany tips are considered as income buthey are tax free according to nr of the german income tax law the hungarian word for tip is literally money for wine a loose calque from or colloquially from bakhshesh often written in english as backsheesh tipping is widespread in hungary the degree of expectation and thexpected amount varies with price type and quality of service also influenced by the satisfaction of the customer like in germany rounding up the price to provide a tip is commonplace depending on the situation tipping might be unusual optional or expected almost all bills include service charge similarly somemployers calculate wages on the basis thathemployee would also receive tips while others prohibit accepting them in some cases a tip is only given if the customer isatisfied in others it is customary to give a given percentage regardless of the quality of the service and there are situations when it is hard to tell the difference from a bribe widespread tipping based on loosely defined customs and its almost imperceptible transition into bribery is considered a main factor contributing to corruption a particular hungarian case of gratuity is gratitude money or which is the very much expected almost obligatory though illegal tipping of statemployed physicians healthcare in hungary s healthcare system is almost completely state run and there is an obligatory social insurance system in iceland tipping j rf lit serving money is not customary but exists and is appreciated especially in guided private tours it is uncommon for irish people to tip taxi drivers or cleaning staff at hotels in restaurants and bars it is more common but not expected tips are often given to reward high quality service or as a kind gesture tipping is most often done by leaving small change athe table orounding up the bill although it has been cited thatipping taxi drivers is typical it is not common in practice tips la manciare not customary in italy and are given only for a special service or as thanks for high quality service however it is really uncommon almost all restaurants withe notablexception of those in rome regionalaw november article paragraphave a service charge called coperto waiters do not expect a tip since they are already fairly paid but will not refuse it especially from foreign customers in caf s bars and pubs it is not uncommon paying the bill to leave the change saying to the waiter or to the cashier tenga il resto keep the change recently tip jar s near the cash register are becoming widespread however in public restrooms they are often forbidden leaving the change is also quite common with taxi drivers when using a credit card it is not possible to add manually an amounto the bill instead one can leave some coins as a tip service charge is included in the bill it is uncommon for norwegians to tip taxi drivers or cleaning staff at hotels in restaurants and bars it is more common but not expected tips are often given to reward high quality service or as a kind gesture tipping is most often done by leaving small change athe table orounding up the bill oslo servit rforbund and hotell og restaurantarbeiderforbundethe labor union for hotel and restaurant employees hasaid many times thathey discourage tipping except for extraordinary service because it makesalaries decrease over time makes it harder to negotiate salaries andoes not countowards pensions unemployment insurance loans and other benefits the netherlands tipping fooin the netherlands is not obligatory and it is illegal and rare to charge a service fee withouthe customer s consent however it is made to believe thatipping is required in restaurants bars taxis and hotels barestaurant maids and bellboys if service was normal or poor it is normal noto tip while guests who receive good to excellent service can tip in a range with an average of and exceptionally if service was unparalleled around regulations were adopted that all indicated prices must include a service charge as a result all prices were raised by abouthis was called service compris also wages were adjusted that employees were not dependent on tips the amount of the tip bac i and method of calculating it will vary withe venue and can vary from ron tof the bill the tips do not appear on bills and are notaxed if paying by card the tip is left in cash alongside the bill while tipping is nothe norm servers cabbies hairdressers hotel maids parking valets tour guidespa therapists et al are used to receiving tips regularly and are likely to consider it an expression of appreciation for the quality of the service or lack of it if offering a tip of the bill is customary or small amounts of oron for services which are not directly billed for other types of services it depends on circumstances it will not usually be refused but will be considered a sign of appreciation for instance counter clerks in drugstores or supermarkets are notipped butheir counterparts in clothing stores can be tipping can be used proactively to engender favor such as getting reservations or obtaining better seats however care should be taken for it noto be seen as a bribe depending on circumstances while tipping is overlooked in romania bribery is a larger issue which may have legal consequences there is an ongoing aversion about both giving and receiving tips in coins due to the low value of the denominations it is besto stick to paper money offering coins can be considered a rude gesture and may prompt sarcastic or even angry remarks on the other hand the coin handling aversion has resulted in the widespread practice of rounding payments this notechnically a tip and asuch is not aimed primarily athe individual athe counter but rather athe business nevertheless if done with a smile it can be seen as a form of appreciation from the customer towards the clerk etiquette demands that one of the parties offers the change buthe other can choose to tell them to keep all or part of it small businesses may sometimes force the issue by just claiming they are out of change or offering small value products instead such asticks of gum this considered rude and it is up to the customer to accept or call them out for ithe reverse can also happen where the clerk does not have small change to make for the customer s paper money but chooses to return a smaller paper denomination and roundown in favor of the customer in exchange for getting them through faster the latter usually happens only in the larger store chains in russian language a gratuity is called chayeviye which literally means for the tea tipping small amounts of money in russia for people such as waiters cab drivers and hotel bellboys was quite common before the communist revolution of during the soviet erand especially withe stalinist reforms of the s tipping was discouraged and was considered an offensive capitalistradition aimed at belittling and lowering the status of the working classo from then until thearly s tipping waseen as rude and offensive withe fall of the soviet union and the dismantling of the iron curtain and the subsequent influx oforeign tourists and businessmen into the country tipping started a slow but steady comeback since thearly s tipping has become somewhat of a norm again however still a lot of confusion persists around tipping russians do not have a widespread consensus on how much to tip for what services where and how in larger urban areas like moscow and st petersburg tips of arexpected in high end restaurants coffee shops bars and hotels and are normally left in cash on the table after the bill is paid by credit card or as part of cash payment if a credit card is not used tipping at a buffet or any other budget restaurant where there are no servers to take your order athe table called stolovaya is not expected and not appropriate fast food chainsuch as mcdonalds chaynaya lozhkartozhkand son do not allow tipping either tipping bartenders in a pub is not common but it is expected in an up market bar metered taxi drivers also count on a tip of but non meteredrivers who pre negotiate the fare do not expect one it should also be noted thathe olderussians who grew up and lived most of their lives during the soviet era still consider tipping an offensive practice andetest it in smallerural areas tipping is rarely expected and may even cause confusion tipping is not common in sloveniand most locals do notip other than to round up to the nearest euro recently areas visited by many tourists have begun to acceptips of around inside slovenia tipping etiquette tripadvisoretrieved slovenia travel information fact sheet conciergecom retrieved tipping propina is not generally considered mandatory in spain andepends on the quality of the service received in restaurants the amount of the tip if any depends mainly on the kind of locale higher percentages being expected in upscale restaurants in bars and small restaurantspaniardsometimes leave as a tip the small change left on their plate after paying a bill el economista minutos outside the restaurant businessome service providersuch as taxi drivers hairdressers and hotel personnel may expect a tip in an upscale setting in the minister of economy pedro solbes blamed excessive tipping for the increase of the inflation solbes achaca la inflaci n a que no interiorizamos lo que significa un euro el mundo december tipping dricks is commonly not expected but is practiced to reward high quality service or as a kind gesture tipping is most often done by leaving small change on the table orounding up the bill this mostly done at restaurants less often if payment is made athe desk and in taxisome taxis are very expensive as there is no fixed tariff so they might not be tipped less often hairdressers are tipped tipping in sweden how much tip should you leave in sweden tips are taxed in sweden but cash tips are not much declared to the tax authority cards are heavily used in sweden as of the s and tips paid by cards in restaurants aregularly checked by the tax authority there areports that restaurant owners keep card tips and that waitresses do notice generous card tips in turkey tipping or bah i lit gift from the persian language persian word often rendered in english as baksheesh is usually optional and not customary in many places though not necessary a tip of is appreciated in restaurants and is usually paid by leaving the change cab drivers usually do not expecto be tipped though passengers may round up the fare a tip of small change may be given to a hotel porter tipping in turkey united kingdom file chrisriley and caddyjpg thumb px golfers often tip the caddies who carry their golf clubs tips of are common in restaurants but not compulsory sometimes more often in london and other large cities than in other areas a service charge may be levied often of since it is a legal requiremento include all taxes and other obligatory charges in the prices displayed a service charge is compulsory only if it is displayed or the trader makes their presence clear verbally before the meal even so if the level of service is unacceptable and in particular it fallshort of the requirements of the supply of goods and services acthe customer can refuse to pay some or all of a service charge the service charge may be included in the bill or added separately is reported as a common amountipping for other servicesuch as taxis and hairdressers is not expected butips are often given to reward good service in some large cities tips are given to both taxi drivers and hairdressers barbers but again this not expected cash tipping bartenders in a pub is not recommended and not expected instead a practice of a drink for yourself is considered to be polite and traditional in this instance a patron would notip the barman barmaid for the first or secondrink however he might offer to buy them a drink after having a thirdrink himself they would have the option either to actually pour themselves a drink and have it behind the bar legal and common in uk or to keep the price of one drink of his choosing in cash this practice is athe discretion of patron and could bexercised after one or two drinks instead of three if preferred leaving cash tips on the counter at a pub is considered rude and inappropriate north americand the caribbean tipping is practiced in canada in a similar manner to the united states quebec provides alternate minimum wage schedule for all tipped employeesome other provinces allow alternate minimum wage schedule for liquor servers according to wendy leung from the globe and mail it is a common practice in restaurants to have servershare their tips with otherestaurant employees a process called tipping out should restaurants be barred from taking a share of a server s tip wendy leung the globe and mail published tuesday jun accessed on may another newspaperefers to this as a tipool tipping outhe house the restaurant is occasionally explained as a fee for covering breakage or monetary error s a member of the ontario provincial parliament michael prue has introduced a bill in the ontario legislaturegarding tippingrestaurantipping ontario ndp wants ban on restaurantskimming tips by keith leslie the canadian press posted accessed on june on december it was reported that ontario is banning employers from taking a cut of tips that are meant for servers and other hospitality staff the protecting employees tips act makes it illegal for employers to withhold their employees tips exceptemporarily if they are pooling all of the gratuities to redistribute them among all employees canadian federal tax law considers tips as income workers who receive tips are legally required to reporthe income to the canada revenue agency and pay income tax on it in july the stareported that cra is concerned with tax evasion an auditing of servers in fourestaurants by cra mentioned in the report uncovered that among staff audited cdn million was unreported in the cra was quoted that it will closely check the tax returns of individuals who would reasonably bexpected to be receiving tips to ensure thathe tips areported realisticallymccracken dl revenue canada to tax wait staff s tips halifaxlivecom tipping in the caribbean varies from island to island in the dominican republic restaurants add a gratuity and it is customary to tip an extra in st barths it is expected that a tip be to if gratuity is not already included file coco taxi driver havana cubajpg thumb px a taxi driver waiting for customers workers in small economy restaurants usually do not expect a significantip however tipping in mexico is common in larger medium and higher end restaurants it is customary in thesestablishments to tip not less than but not more than of the bill as a voluntary offering for good service based on the total bill before value added tax iva in english vat value added tax is already included in menu or other service industry pricing since mexican consumer law requires thexhibition ofinal costs for the customer thus the standard tip in mexico is of the pre tax bill which equates to after tax in most of the mexican territory except in specialower tax stimulus economic zones a gratuity may be added to the bill withouthe customer s consent contrary to the law either explicitly printed on the bill or by more surreptitious means alleging local custom in some restaurants bars and night clubs however in officials began a campaign to eradicate this increasingly rampant and abusive practice not only due to it violating mexican consumer law but also because frequently it was retained by owners or management if a service charge for tipropina orestaurant service charge is added it is a violation of article of the mexican federalaw of the consumer and mexican authorities recommend patrons require managemento refund or deducthis from their bill additionally in this federal initiative to eliminate the illegal add ons the government clarified that contrary even to the belief of many mexicans thathe mexican legal definition of tips propinas require it be discretionary to pay so that an unsatisfied client is under nobligation to pay anything to insure the legal definition of a tip is consistent withe traditional cultural definition and going as far to encourage all victimsubjecto the increasing illicit practice reporthestablishments to the profeco the office of the federal prosecutor for the consumer for prosecution united states file luzmilla s waiterjpg thumb px a server at luzmilla s restaurantipping is a practiced social custom in the united states tipping by definition is voluntary athe discretion of the customer in restaurants offering traditional table service a gratuity of the amount of a customer s check or more inew york city is customary when adequate service is provided buffet style restaurants where the server brings only beverages is customary higher tips may be given for excellent service and lower tips for mediocre service in the case of bad orude service no tip may be given and the restaurant manager may be notified of the problem tips are also generally given for services provided in golf courses casino hotels concierge foodelivery taxispand salons this etiquette applies to bar service at weddings and any other event where one is a guest as well the host should provide appropriate tips to workers athend of an eventhe amount may be negotiated in the contractipping is not required for any service as it is voluntary the fair labor standards act defines tippablemployees as individuals who customarily and regularly receive tips of or more per month federalaw permits employers to include tips towardsatisfying the difference between employees hourly wage and minimum wage although some states and territories provide more generous provisions for tipped employees for example laws in alaska california minnesota montana nevada oregon washington and guam specify that employees must be paid the full minimum wage of that staterritory which is equal or higher than the federal minimum wage in these instances before tips are considered a tipool cannot be allocated to employers or to employees who do not customarily and regularly receive tips these non eligiblemployees include dishwashers cooks chefs and janitors flsa us dol file king david hotel waitersjpg thumb px waiters athe king david hotel there is only limited information available on levels of tipping a study at iowa state university providedata for a suburban restaurant surveyed in thearly s the mean tip was on a mean bill of asuch the mean tip rate was and the median tip rate was about in a research study at brigham young university the sample restaurants had an average tipercentage ranging from to between and according to the national restaurant associationly a handful of restaurants in the united states have adopted a no tipping model and some restaurants who have adopted this model returned to tipping due to loss of employees to competitorservice chargeservice charges are mandatory payments typically added by caterers and banqueters a service charge is noto be confused with a tip or gratuity which is optional and athe discretion of the customerestaurants commonly add ito checks for large partiesome bars have decided to include service charge as well for example in manhattanew york disclosure of service charge is required by law in some placesuch as in state ofloridaflorida statute a standard predetermined percent often isometimes labeled as a service charge until thearly th century americans viewed tipping as inconsistent withe values of an egalitarian democratic society also proprietors regarded tips as equivalento bribing an employee to do something that was otherwise forbidden such as tipping a waiter to get an extra large portion ofood the introduction of prohibition in had an enormous impact on hotels and restaurants who losthe revenue of selling alcoholic beverages the resulting financial pressure caused proprietors to welcome tips as a way of supplementing employee wages contrary to popular belief tipping did not arise because of servers lowages because the occupation of waiter server was fairly well paid in thera when tipping became institutionalized in spite of the trend toward tipping as obligatory behavior six states mainly in the south passed laws that made tipping illegal enforcement of antipping laws was problematic thearliest of these laws was passed in washington and the last of these laws was repealed in mississippi some have argued thathe original workers that were not paid anything by their employers were newly freed slaves and thathis whole concept of not paying them anything and letting them live on tips carried over from slavery file usmc m ha jpg thumb px hair stylists are among the service workers who are often tipped for their service in the united states tips are considered income thentire tip amount is treated as earned wages withexception of months in which tip income was under unlike wages where payroll tax social security and medicare tax are split between employee and employer themployee pays of payroll tax on tip income and tips arexcluded from worker s compensation premiums in mostates this discourages no tipolicies becausemployers would pay additional payroll taxes and up to worker s compensation premiums on higher wages in lieu of tips research finds that consistentax evasion by waitstaff due to fraudulent declaration is a concern in the us according to the internal revenue service irs between and of tips to waiters are not reported for taxationirs bulletino november presentsomexamples of tipping discrepancies that led to some investigations employers aresponsible for federal unemployment insurance premiums on tips paidirectly from customers to employees and this encourages employers to collaborate in underreporting tips us federal employees the us government recognizes tips as allowablexpenses for federal employee travel gsa however us law prohibits federal employees from receiving tips under standards of ethical conduct asking for accepting or agreeing to take anything of value that influences the performance of an official act is not allowed south america service charges are included withe bill a tip of around or so isometimes given and is considered polite dhl express dhl cultural tips how to ship internationally service charges are included withe bill and tipping is uncommon file jacknicklausandson masterspar jpg thumb px a young man in white caddies the golf clubs of an older golfer tipping is not expected orequired in australia this because the federal government protects the rights of workers by providing them with a minimum wage in australia this reviewed yearly and as of it waset at a per hour a for casual employees and this fairly standard across all types of venues tipping at caf s and restaurants especially for a large party and tipping of taxi drivers and home foodeliverers is againot required or expected however many people tend to round up the amount owed while indicating thathey are happy to lethe worker keep the change there is no tradition of tipping somebody who is just providing a serviceg a hotel porter casino s in australiand some other places generally prohibitipping of gaming staff as it is considered bribery for example in the state of tasmania the gaming control act states in section it is a condition of every special employee s licence thathe special employee must not solicit or accept any gratuity consideration or other benefit from a patron in a gaming area there is concern thatipping might become more common in australia cnbc is australiat a tipping point literally by katie holliday nov new zealand tipping is not a traditional practice inew zealand thoughas become less uncommon in recent years especially in finer establishments tipping inew zealand is likely the result of tourists visiting from tipping culturesuch as the united states of america who may follow their own tipping customs where tipping does occur among new zealanders it is usually to reward a level of service that is in excess of the customer s expectations or as an unsolicited reward for a voluntary act of service a number of websites published by the new zealand government advise tourists thatipping inew zealand is not obligatory even in restaurants and bars however tipping for good service or kindness is athe discretion of the visitor a sunday star times reader poll indicated of theireaders did not wantipping for good service to become the norm inew zealand inconsistency of percentage based gratuities file william powell frithe crossing sweeper jpg thumb px crossing sweeper s cleared the way forich people to cross the road without dirtying their clothes and they were normally tipped for thiservice london while the modern version of thiservice are squeegee kids who clean windshields during the time vehicles are stopped for traffic lights in countries where tipping is the norm such as in the us canadand in a few countries in western europe somemployers pay workers withexpectation thatheir wages will be supplemented by tipsome have criticized the inherent social awkwardness in transactions that involve tipping the inconsistency of tipping for some services but not similar ones and the irrationality of basing tips on price rather than the amount and quality of service a customer pays a larger tip to a server bringing him a lobsterather than a hamburger for example in the freakonomics blog entitled should tipping be banned stephen dubner and steven levitt discussed the issue of gratuities the authors pointed outhat research by michaelynn found thattractive waitresses get better tips than less attractive waitresses men s appearance not so important lynn s research also found that blondes get better tips than brunetteslender women get better tips than heavier women large breasted women get better tips than smaller breasted women a woman server interviewed for the blog stated that she lost my jobecause my manager said that i didn t fithe look of the company or the restaurant so i don t know if it was because i m a lot more curvier than the other girls or because my skin is darker i don t know lynn states of tipping it s discrimination discriminatoryes and the supreme court has ruled that eveneutral business practices that are not intended to discriminate if they have theffect of adversely impacting a protected class are illegal and so it s not inconceivable to me thathere will be a class action lawsuit on the part of ethnic minority waiters and waitresses claiming discrimination in terms of employment and it s conceivable thatipping might be declared illegal on that basishould tipping be banned full transcript poor tippersome categories of people have been shown statistically to be poor tippers cases where no gratuity is expected tipping may not bexpected when a fee is explicitly charged for the service in countriesuch as australiand japan where no tipping is provided the service is found to be as good as in america the new yorker check please by jamesurowiecki mandatory tipping a service charge isometimes added to bills in restaurants and similar establishments attempts to hide service charge by obstructing the line on the receipt have been reported in the united states criminal charges were dropped in two separate cases over non payment of mandatory gratuities courts ruled that automatic does not mean mandatory some cruise lines charge their patrons day in mandatory tipping this does not includextra gratuities for alcoholic beverages bribery and corruption bribe ry and political corruption are sometimes disguised as tipping in some developing countries police officers border guards and other civil servants openly solicitips gifts andubious fees using a variety of local euphemisms economic theory academic paper by steven holland calls tipping an effective mechanism forisk sharing and welfare improvement which reduces the risk faced by a service customer because the customer can decide whether or noto tipsteven j holland tipping as risk sharing the journal of socio economics volume issue august pages tipping isometimes given as an example of the principal agentheory principal agent problem in economics onexample is a restaurant owner who engageservers to act as agents on his or her behalfsteen videbeck theconomics etiquette of tipping available online at accessed on june in some cases c ompensation agreements can increase worker effort if compensation is tied to the firm success and onexample of such a compensation agreement is waiters and waitresses who are paid tipsrobert j grahamanagerial economics for dummies john wiley sons feb studieshowever that in the real world the size of the tip is only weakly correlated withe quality of the service and other effects dominate see also mandatory tipping externalinks the trouble with tipping in spain ask yahoo how did the practice of tipping beginew york times article about san diego restaurant which stopped accepting tips category hospitality industry category service industries category household income category customer 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tips","tips category","category hospitality","hospitality industry","industry category","category service","service industries","industries category","category household","household income","income category","category customer","customer service"],"new_description":"image usd thumb px leaving money common way giving tip serving staff gratuity also_called tip sum money customarily given client customer_service worker addition basic price tipping commonly given certain service sector workers service performed country location may customary tip waiting_staff server bars restaurants taxi driver hair son tips amount matter social custom etiquette custom varies countries settings locations tipping discouraged considered insulting locations tipping expected customers customary amount tip specific range monetary amounts certain percentage bill based perceived quality_service given us_government workers widely police officer even offering illegal may regarded bribery fixed percentage mandatory_tipping service_charge isometimes added bills restaurants similar establishments tipping may bexpected fee explicitly charged service theoretical economic point view gratuities may solve principal principal agent problem situation agent server working principal restaurant owner manager many managers believe provide incentive greater worker effort however studies real_world practice show thatipping often discriminatory arbitrary workers receive different levels gratuity based factorsuch age sex race hair color even breast size size gratuity found related quality history_file thumb right px first usage term tip sense giving gratuity dates_back pictured waiters thearly according oxford_english_dictionary word tip originated slang_term etymology unclear according dictionary small present money began around gratuity first thisense term sense give gratuity first_appeared th_century derived earlier sense tip meaning give hand pass originated rogues th_century thisense may derived th_century tip meaning strike hit may derived low german tap buthis uncertain tip v oxford_english_dictionary ed oxford_university_press word tip first_used verb george play used term_used criminal circles word meanto imply something like joke sure illicit money exchanges john_case atlantic october accessed augusthe practice tipping began england food issue tip paul new_york times published october accessed june th_century expected overnight guests private homes would provide sums money known host afterwards customers began tipping london coffee_house coffeehouses commercial establishments dates_back either french century directly free gift probably earlier latin freely given meaning money given favor services first languages term translates drink money similar example french german danish polish comes custom inviting drink glass honour guest paying order guests show among term latin recorded tronc arrangement andistribution employees tips gratuities service_charges hotel catering trade person distributes tronc known tronc exists uk responsibility pay earn tax distribution may lie withe themployer word tronc origins french collecting box june themployment appeals ruled uk test case revenue customs v berkeley square ltd income counted assessing whether wage salary meets national minimum_wage region inigeria tipping common upscale hotels_restaurants charge usually included bill though themployee gethis part wages recentimes however service provider usually customer tips manner reported cases security guards asking bank customers tips china traditionally tipping however hotels routinely serve foreign tourists allow tipping example would tour_guides hong_kong tipping notypically expected hotels orestaurant establishments service_charge added bill instead expecting gratuity taxi_drivers hong_kong may_also charge difference fare round sum fee avoid making change larger bills tipping accepted macau previously colony portugal file_jpg thumb px operator pulls two guests near kyoto japan tipping part culture expected cause confusion like many_countries east_asia japanese people see tipping insulting india tipping popular whole market well recent year making day day indonesia tipping common large tourist areasuch bali expected full_service restaurants bar tipping style bar bali bars owned expatriates normally expat country origin reflects style bar pubs restaurants high_end bars accepts counter cash tips amount massage located practically every corner bali drivers expect bellboys high_end hotels expect around per bag south_korea tipping customary korea n culture tipping expected general service_industry regard tipping inappropriate behavior high_end hotels_restaurants often include service_charge always included bill customers expected leave separate gratuity servers beyond included bill singapore tipping insulting people may mistake bribe offence could result jail time bars restaurants typically add service_charge goods services tax singapore tax although given wait_staff already makes additional restaurant bill tips generally given anywhere taxi_drivers given tip excess cash return exact change taiwan tipping customary mid high_end_restaurants include mandatory service_charge given service staff rather considered taiwanese law general revenue reported taipei times false gratuity july file thumb px often performances requests tips tipping albania much expected almost everywhere recentimes become common many foreigners living abroad visit albania leaving tip around bill customary restaurants even porters guides duty free alcohol often_used type tip porters bellhops like however people muslims find offensive tips man tip sometimes expected mostly restaurants buthey mandatory around croatian clubs caf bars hand common round bill common tip taxi_drivers hairdressers tips lit drinking money required denmark since service_charges must always included bill law tipping outstanding service matter choice expected travel tips denmark finland tipping customary never expected caf restaurants include service_charge bill required french law tax assessment service indicates thathe tip added bill sometimes wait_staff receive venues accustomed tourists treated smaller food establishments rural_areas amount tip also critical tip good service superior service higher end eating establishments generous tip would place however rare waiter waitress accustomed generous foreign customers problem receiving tip tor austriand germany file c jpg thumb px coat check staff usually tipped service photo shows coat check congress berlin_germany tipping seen obligatory case waiting_staff context debate minimum_wage people tipping say employers paying good basic wage people germany consider tipping good manners well way express good service illegal rare charge service fee withouthe customer consent tip depending type service customary example germans usually tip waiters almost never big supermarkets rule thumb personal service common card include tip buthe tip usually paid cash card handed atimes rather tipping individually tipping box iset bill germany commonplace sometimes withe comment keep change germany usa_today rather asking change leaving tip afterwards customer says pay total including tip thus basic price customer might rather unusually say twelve pay note get change paying small amount common round nearest euro sometimes sign reading round found places tipping common like supermarkets clothing retailers etc requests thathe bill rounded noto tip staff charity donation fighting children poverty completely voluntary germany tips considered income buthey tax free according german income tax law hungarian word tip literally money wine loose colloquially often written english tipping widespread hungary degree expectation amount varies price type quality_service also influenced satisfaction customer like germany price provide tip commonplace depending situation tipping might unusual optional expected almost bills include service_charge similarly calculate wages basis would_also receive tips others prohibit accepting cases tip given customer others customary give given percentage regardless quality_service situations hard tell difference bribe widespread tipping based loosely defined customs almost transition bribery considered main factor contributing corruption particular hungarian case gratuity money much expected almost obligatory though illegal tipping physicians healthcare hungary healthcare system almost completely state run obligatory social insurance system iceland tipping j lit serving money customary exists appreciated especially guided private tours uncommon irish people tip taxi_drivers cleaning staff hotels_restaurants bars common expected tips often given reward high_quality_service kind gesture tipping often done leaving small change athe_table bill although cited thatipping taxi_drivers typical common_practice tips la customary italy given special service thanks high_quality_service however really uncommon almost restaurants withe rome november article service_charge called coperto waiters expect tip since already fairly paid refuse especially foreign customers caf bars pubs uncommon paying bill leave change saying waiter keep change recently tip jar near cash register becoming widespread however public often forbidden leaving change also quite common taxi_drivers using credit_card possible add manually bill instead one leave coins tip service_charge included bill uncommon tip taxi_drivers cleaning staff hotels_restaurants bars common expected tips often given reward high_quality_service kind gesture tipping often done leaving small change athe_table bill oslo labor union hotel restaurant employees hasaid many_times thathey discourage tipping except extraordinary service decrease time makes harder negotiate andoes unemployment insurance benefits netherlands tipping netherlands obligatory illegal rare charge service fee withouthe customer consent however made believe thatipping required restaurants bars taxis hotels barestaurant maids bellboys service normal poor normal noto tip guests receive good excellent service tip range average exceptionally service around regulations adopted indicated prices must include service_charge result prices raised abouthis called service also wages adjusted employees dependent tips amount tip method vary withe venue vary ron tof bill tips appear bills paying card tip left cash alongside bill tipping nothe norm servers hairdressers hotel maids parking valets tour used receiving tips regularly likely consider expression appreciation quality_service lack offering tip bill customary small amounts services directly billed types services depends circumstances usually refused considered sign appreciation instance counter supermarkets butheir counterparts clothing stores tipping used favor getting reservations obtaining better seats however care taken noto seen bribe depending circumstances tipping overlooked romania bribery larger issue may legal consequences ongoing giving receiving tips coins due low value besto stick paper money offering coins considered rude gesture may prompt even angry remarks hand coin handling resulted widespread practice payments tip asuch aimed primarily athe individual athe counter rather athe business nevertheless done seen form appreciation customer towards clerk etiquette demands one parties offers change buthe choose tell keep part small businesses may sometimes force issue claiming change offering small value products instead considered rude customer accept call ithe reverse also happen clerk small change make customer paper money return smaller paper denomination favor customer exchange getting faster latter usually happens larger store chains russian language gratuity called literally means tea tipping small amounts money russia people waiters cab drivers hotel bellboys quite common communist revolution soviet especially withe reforms tipping discouraged considered offensive aimed lowering status working thearly tipping waseen rude offensive withe fall soviet_union iron curtain subsequent influx oforeign tourists businessmen country tipping started slow steady comeback since_thearly tipping become somewhat norm however still lot confusion around tipping russians widespread consensus much tip services larger urban_areas like moscow st_petersburg tips arexpected high_end_restaurants coffee_shops bars hotels normally left cash table bill paid credit_card part cash payment credit_card used tipping buffet budget restaurant servers take order athe_table called expected appropriate fast_food chainsuch mcdonalds son allow tipping either tipping bartenders pub common expected market bar taxi_drivers also count tip non pre negotiate fare expect one also noted_thathe grew lived lives soviet era still consider tipping offensive practice areas tipping rarely expected may even cause confusion tipping common locals round nearest euro recently areas visited many tourists begun around inside slovenia tipping etiquette slovenia travel_information fact sheet retrieved tipping generally considered mandatory spain quality_service received restaurants amount tip depends mainly kind locale higher expected upscale restaurants bars small leave tip small change left plate paying bill el outside restaurant service_taxi_drivers hairdressers hotel personnel may expect tip upscale setting minister economy pedro blamed excessive tipping increase inflation la n que que euro el mundo december tipping commonly expected practiced reward high_quality_service kind gesture tipping often done leaving small change table bill mostly done restaurants less often payment made athe desk taxis expensive fixed might tipped less often hairdressers tipped tipping sweden much tip leave sweden tips sweden cash tips much declared tax authority cards heavily used sweden tips paid cards restaurants aregularly checked tax authority restaurant owners keep card tips waitresses notice generous card tips turkey tipping bah lit gift persian language persian word often rendered english usually optional customary many places though necessary tip appreciated restaurants usually paid leaving change cab drivers usually expecto tipped though passengers may round fare tip small change may given hotel porter tipping turkey united_kingdom file thumb px often tip carry golf clubs tips common restaurants compulsory sometimes often london large_cities areas service_charge may often since legal requiremento include taxes obligatory charges prices displayed service_charge compulsory displayed trader makes presence clear meal even level service unacceptable particular requirements supply goods services acthe customer refuse pay service_charge service_charge may_included bill added separately reported common servicesuch taxis hairdressers expected often given reward good service large_cities tips given taxi_drivers hairdressers expected cash tipping bartenders pub recommended expected instead practice drink considered polite traditional instance patron would first however might offer buy drink would option either actually pour drink behind bar legal common uk keep price one drink choosing cash practice athe discretion patron could one two drinks instead three preferred leaving cash tips counter pub considered rude inappropriate north_americand caribbean tipping practiced canada similar manner united_states quebec provides alternate minimum_wage schedule tipped provinces allow alternate minimum_wage schedule liquor servers according wendy leung globe mail common_practice restaurants tips employees process called tipping restaurants barred taking share server tip wendy leung globe mail published tuesday jun accessed_may another tipping outhe house restaurant occasionally explained fee covering monetary error member ontario provincial parliament michael introduced bill ontario ontario wants ban tips keith leslie canadian press_posted accessed june december reported ontario banning employers taking cut tips meant servers hospitality staff protecting employees tips act makes illegal employers employees tips gratuities among employees canadian federal tax law considers tips income workers receive tips legally required reporthe income canada revenue agency pay income tax july cra concerned tax evasion servers cra mentioned report uncovered among staff audited million cra quoted closely check tax returns individuals would reasonably bexpected receiving tips ensure_thathe tips revenue canada tax wait_staff tips tipping caribbean varies island island dominican republic restaurants add gratuity customary tip extra st expected tip gratuity already included file taxi driver havana thumb px taxi driver waiting customers workers small economy restaurants usually expect however tipping mexico common larger medium higher end_restaurants customary thesestablishments tip less bill voluntary offering good service based total bill value added tax english value added tax already included menu service_industry pricing since mexican consumer law requires costs customer thus standard tip mexico pre tax bill tax mexican territory except tax stimulus economic zones gratuity may added bill withouthe customer consent contrary law either explicitly printed bill means alleging local custom restaurants bars night_clubs however officials began campaign increasingly rampant practice due violating mexican consumer law also frequently retained owners management service_charge orestaurant service_charge added article mexican consumer mexican authorities recommend patrons require bill additionally federal initiative eliminate illegal add ons government contrary even belief many mexicans thathe mexican legal definition tips require pay client pay anything legal definition tip consistent withe traditional cultural definition going far encourage increasing illicit practice office federal consumer prosecution united_states file thumb px server practiced social custom united_states tipping definition voluntary athe discretion customer restaurants_offering traditional table_service gratuity amount customer check inew_york_city customary adequate service provided buffet style_restaurants server brings beverages customary higher tips may given excellent service lower tips service case bad service tip may given restaurant manager may notified problem tips also generally given services provided golf courses casino hotels concierge foodelivery etiquette applies bar service weddings event one guest well host provide appropriate tips workers athend eventhe amount may negotiated required service voluntary fair labor standards act defines individuals customarily regularly receive tips per month permits employers include tips difference employees hourly wage minimum_wage although states territories provide generous provisions tipped employees example laws alaska california minnesota montana nevada oregon washington employees must paid full minimum_wage equal higher federal minimum_wage instances tips considered cannot allocated employers employees customarily regularly receive tips non include cooks chefs us file king david hotel thumb px waiters athe king david hotel limited information available levels tipping study iowa state_university suburban restaurant surveyed thearly mean tip mean bill asuch mean tip rate median tip rate research study young university sample restaurants average ranging according national restaurant handful restaurants united_states adopted tipping model restaurants adopted model returned tipping due loss employees charges mandatory payments typically added caterers service_charge noto confused tip gratuity optional athe discretion commonly add ito checks large bars decided include service_charge well example manhattanew york service_charge required law placesuch state standard predetermined percent often isometimes labeled service_charge thearly_th century americans viewed tipping withe values democratic society also proprietors regarded tips equivalento employee something otherwise forbidden tipping waiter get extra large portion ofood introduction prohibition enormous impact hotels_restaurants losthe revenue selling alcoholic_beverages resulting financial pressure caused proprietors welcome tips way employee wages contrary popular belief tipping arise servers lowages occupation waiter server fairly well paid thera tipping became spite trend toward tipping obligatory behavior six states mainly south passed laws made tipping illegal enforcement laws problematic thearliest laws passed washington last laws repealed mississippi argued thathe original workers paid anything employers newly freed slaves thathis whole concept paying anything letting live tips carried slavery file_jpg thumb px hair among service workers often tipped service united_states tips considered income thentire tip amount treated earned wages withexception months tip income unlike wages payroll tax social security tax split employee employer themployee pays payroll tax tip income tips worker compensation would pay additional payroll taxes worker compensation higher wages tips research finds evasion due declaration concern us according internal revenue service tips waiters reported november tipping led investigations employers aresponsible federal unemployment insurance tips customers employees encourages employers tips us federal employees us_government recognizes tips federal employee travel however us law prohibits federal employees receiving tips standards ethical conduct asking accepting take anything value influences performance official act allowed south_america service_charges included withe bill tip around isometimes given considered polite express cultural tips ship internationally service_charges included withe bill tipping uncommon file_jpg thumb px young man white golf clubs older tipping expected australia federal_government rights workers providing minimum_wage australia reviewed yearly waset per_hour casual employees fairly standard across types venues tipping caf restaurants especially large party tipping taxi_drivers home required expected however_many_people tend round amount indicating thathey happy lethe worker keep change tradition tipping providing hotel porter casino australiand places generally gaming staff considered bribery example state tasmania gaming control act states section condition every special employee licence thathe special employee must accept gratuity consideration benefit patron gaming area concern thatipping might become common australia tipping point literally nov new_zealand tipping traditional practice inew_zealand become less uncommon recent_years especially finer establishments tipping inew_zealand likely result tourists visiting tipping united_states america may follow tipping customs tipping occur among new_zealanders usually reward level service excess customer expectations reward voluntary act service number websites published new_zealand government advise tourists thatipping inew_zealand obligatory even restaurants bars however tipping good service kindness athe discretion visitor sunday star times reader poll indicated good service become norm inew_zealand percentage based gratuities file william powell crossing jpg thumb px crossing cleared way people cross road without clothes normally tipped thiservice london modern version thiservice kids clean time vehicles stopped traffic lights countries tipping norm us canadand countries western_europe pay workers thatheir wages supplemented criticized inherent social transactions involve tipping tipping services similar ones tips price rather amount quality_service customer pays larger tip server bringing hamburger example blog entitled tipping banned stephen steven levitt discussed issue gratuities authors pointed outhat research found waitresses get better tips less attractive waitresses men appearance important lynn research also_found get better tips women get better tips heavier women large breasted women get better tips smaller breasted women woman server interviewed blog stated lost manager said fithe look company restaurant know lot girls skin darker know lynn states tipping discrimination supreme_court ruled business practices intended discriminate theffect protected class illegal thathere class action lawsuit part ethnic minority waiters waitresses claiming discrimination terms employment thatipping might declared illegal tipping banned full poor categories people shown poor cases gratuity expected tipping may bexpected fee explicitly charged service countriesuch australiand japan tipping provided service found good america new_yorker check please mandatory_tipping service_charge isometimes added bills restaurants similar establishments attempts hide service_charge line receipt reported united_states criminal charges dropped two separate cases non payment mandatory gratuities courts ruled automatic mean mandatory cruise_lines charge patrons day mandatory_tipping gratuities alcoholic_beverages bribery corruption bribe political corruption sometimes disguised tipping developing_countries police officers border guards civil servants openly gifts fees using variety local economic theory academic paper steven holland calls tipping effective mechanism sharing welfare improvement reduces risk faced service customer customer decide whether noto j holland tipping risk sharing journal socio economics volume_issue august pages tipping isometimes given example principal principal agent problem economics onexample restaurant owner act agents theconomics etiquette tipping available_online accessed june cases c agreements increase worker effort compensation tied firm success onexample compensation agreement waiters waitresses paid j economics john wiley sons feb real_world size tip withe quality_service effects dominate see_also mandatory_tipping externalinks trouble tipping spain ask yahoo practice tipping york_times article san_diego restaurant stopped accepting tips category_hospitality_industry category service industries category household income category customer_service"},{"title":"Grease trucks","description":"image greasetrucksjpg thumb px grease trucks atheir long time college avenue location ending on august grease trucks are a group ofood trucks located on the college avenue campus of rutgers university inew brunswick new jersey they are known for serving among other things fat sandwiches a submarine sandwich sub roll containing a combination of ingredientsuch as burgers cheese chicken fingers french fries falafel and mozzarella sticks in august maximagazine maximagazine s top sandwich in the nation was awarded to the fat darrell a sandwich invented by a student namedarrell butler and commonly served by these trucks grease trucks have become an integral part of campus culture serving as a meeting and hangout spot grease trucks were named the number one post game activity in the country by sports illustrated on campus in spite of being located on the opposite side of the raritan river from rutgerstadium grease trucks weremoved from their long time location in august with plans to be relocated throughouthe new brunswick and piscataway campuses ru hungry has escaped the trucks and now has a storefront location at hamilton st on rutgers campustarting in thearly s food trucks licensed by the city of new brunswick parked along college avenue most clustered near voorhees mall where there is a high concentration of classroom buildings on the campus a fewere as far north as brower commons about a quarter mile away thus competing with eateries in the student center andining hall students and visitors could obtain a quick hot inexpensive meal during events and between classes the trucks became known as grease trucks due to the popularity of the fried foods they served a nearby somerset street greasy spoon restaurant greasy tony s closed by eminent domain thearly s to build university center at easton ave was part of the local popularity ofood related grease based names of the time since fresh food was prepared on the trucks they required power forefrigeration and thereforeither idled oran gasoline generators in thearly s in an efforto reduce the noise pollution and visual blight along college avenue as the trucks obstructed the view of voorhees mall the trucks were prohibited from parking along the thoroughfare and rutgers provided a corner of a faculty parking lot across the streethe vendors were put under contract withe university which provided the trucks with space and electricity some trucks were open during the day and others in thevening with a couple of hours of overlap aroundinner time the trucks would rotate positions within the lot monthly so that none vendor would receive a competitive advantage based on location athe time of the move the university planned for a courtyard setting in the lot with benches and tables to create a friendly aesthetic environment buthese plans did not come to fruition for nearly twentyears grease trucks coincidentally located nexto union streethe home of the majority of rutgers fraternity and sorority houses were originally open hours a day athis location and shortly after the local bars closed would become a site for many hungry customers and a sort of after party the parking lot became strewn with garbage and there were complaints ofrequent fighting noise and public urination a closing time of am was mandated in to coincide withe bar closings and two years later was changed to am when the bar closing time was altered by the city in thearly several trucks were bought out and consolidated to a single fixed food trailer called the scarlet shack athe center of the remaining trucks aseen in the photograph above phone and internet orders acceptance of credit cards and the rutgers university food card ru express are features whichave been added over the years as well as an atm in augusthe trucks will be removed from parking lot where they have been for twentyears to make way for a new building the university plans to relocate the trucks to various locations on the college avenue busch livingston andouglass campuses fat sandwiches and other cuisine image greaselgpng lefthumb px a parody of the pre official rutgers logo typical grill fare is available at grease trucks but most populare the fat sandwiches composed of permutations of various foodsuch as burgers french fries in the sandwicheesesteak mozzarella sticks chicken fingers pork rolls marinara sauce falafel gyro meat bacon fried eggs ketchup mayonnaise onions etc they supposedly originated in the s when a local restaurant served a sandwich called the fat cat consisting of two cheeseburgers french fries lettuce tomato mayonnaise and ketchup all combined on a bun in the s the fat cat became a popular item at grease trucks the three other fat sandwichesolduring thearly history of grease trucks were the fat moon chicken fingers bacon egg french fries lettuce tomato mayonnaise and ketchup fat koko pizza steak french fries mozzarella sticks and fat sam cheese steak grilled chicken french fries lettuce tomato mayonnaise and ketchup these inexpensive sandwiches originally only more than a regular hamburger withe sides included within steadily rose in popularity buthe fat cat would remain the top seller until when a student namedarrell w butler created the fat darrell consisting of chicken fingers mozzarella sticks french fries and marinara sauce butler told usa today like the typical college student i was pretty much broke i had been craving chicken fingers mozzarella sticks and french fries all week long but i knew that i did not havenough money to buy all three i talked the guy behind the counter into putting them all onto a piece of bread for me i guess it sounded like a good idea because the next or so people all asked for the same thing since the creation of the fat darrell dozens of additional fat sandwich combinations have been composed mostly by customer suggestions many combinations of available ingredients have been created including multiple vegetarian options fat sandwiches have become available in many short order eateries and pizza places in and around new brunswick with popularity spreading beyond the region and with nationwide media recognition fat sandwich vendors are popping up on various college campuses around the country grease trucks were the featured location in episode of man v food season host adam richman actor adam richman attempted the fat sandwichallenge athe ru hungry truck in which eating five fat sandwiches in minutes allows you to name a new sandwich on the menu but he was able to finish only in the timeframe grease trucks are also notable for offering many types of mostly home made mediterranean food such as gyros falafel and hummus on pita bread alsoccasionally or formerly available are baba ghanouj stuffed grape leaves mujaddarand spinach pies these choices came about because many of the vendors had come fromiddleastern countriesuch as lebanon and egypthese homemade healthier options were welcome for those not desiring the large number of calories which accompany fried foods other commonly available items includeggsoup gum chips cookies muffins and even homemade rice krispies treats asome trucks are open in the morning breakfast grill items and bagels are alsoften available sandwiches with colorful namesuch as the fat balls fat bitch and fat philipino were deemed offensive by rutgers and in the vendors agreed to change the names on the posted menus eg fat bulls fat beach fat philly etc to maintain their contracts to do business on rutgers property some students expressed outrage athe university s censorship but others defended the logic behind the request for name changes dietitian pundit marcus garand has pointed outhe fat sandwich s general unhealthiness a fat darrell for instance has about calories grams of carbohydrates and grams ofat garand stated thisandwich is like a nutritionist s worst nightmare i could not figure out a way to make it any unhealthier this probably the unhealthiest sandwich you could ever devise auman greg and rutgers getstuffed again st pete times november see also mobile catering street food externalinks official fat darrell website fatdarrellcom fox news coverage category sandwiches category american sandwiches category rutgers university category restaurants inew jersey category new brunswick new jersey category food 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sports illustrated campus spite located opposite side river grease_trucks weremoved long_time location august plans relocated throughouthe new_brunswick campuses hungry escaped trucks storefront location hamilton st rutgers thearly food_trucks licensed city_new brunswick parked along college avenue near mall high concentration classroom buildings campus far north commons quarter mile away thus competing eateries student center andining hall students visitors could obtain quick hot inexpensive meal events classes trucks became_known grease_trucks due popularity fried foods served nearby somerset street greasy_spoon restaurant greasy tony closed eminent domain thearly build university center ave part local popularity ofood related grease based names time since fresh food prepared trucks required power gasoline generators thearly efforto reduce noise pollution visual along college avenue trucks view mall trucks prohibited parking along rutgers provided corner faculty parking_lot across streethe vendors put contract withe university provided trucks space electricity trucks open day others thevening couple hours overlap time trucks would positions within lot monthly none vendor would receive competitive advantage based location athe_time move university planned courtyard setting lot benches tables create friendly aesthetic environment buthese plans come fruition nearly twentyears grease_trucks located nexto union streethe home majority rutgers houses originally open_hours day athis location shortly local bars closed would_become site many hungry customers sort party parking_lot became garbage complaints fighting noise public closing_time mandated coincide withe bar two_years_later changed bar closing_time altered city thearly several trucks bought consolidated single fixed food trailer called shack athe center remaining_trucks aseen photograph phone internet orders acceptance credit_cards rutgers university food card express features whichave added years well augusthe trucks removed parking_lot twentyears make way new building university plans trucks various_locations college avenue busch campuses fat sandwiches cuisine image lefthumb px parody pre official rutgers logo typical grill fare available grease_trucks fat sandwiches composed various foodsuch burgers french_fries mozzarella sticks chicken fingers pork rolls sauce falafel gyro meat bacon fried eggs ketchup mayonnaise onions etc supposedly originated local restaurant served sandwich called fat cat consisting two french_fries lettuce tomato mayonnaise ketchup combined bun fat cat became_popular item grease_trucks three fat thearly history grease_trucks fat moon chicken fingers bacon egg french_fries lettuce tomato mayonnaise ketchup fat pizza steak french_fries mozzarella sticks fat sam cheese steak grilled chicken french_fries lettuce tomato mayonnaise ketchup inexpensive sandwiches originally regular hamburger withe sides included within steadily rose popularity buthe fat cat would remain top seller student w butler created fat darrell consisting chicken fingers mozzarella sticks french_fries sauce butler told usa_today like typical college student pretty much broke craving chicken fingers mozzarella sticks french_fries week_long knew money buy three talked guy behind counter putting onto piece bread sounded like good idea next people asked thing since creation fat darrell dozens additional fat sandwich combinations composed mostly customer suggestions many combinations available ingredients created including multiple vegetarian options fat sandwiches become available many short order eateries pizza places around new_brunswick popularity spreading beyond region nationwide media recognition fat sandwich vendors various college campuses around country grease_trucks featured location episode man v food season host adam richman actor adam richman attempted fat athe hungry truck eating five fat sandwiches minutes allows name new sandwich menu able finish grease_trucks also notable offering many types mostly home made mediterranean food falafel pita bread formerly available stuffed leaves spinach pies choices came many vendors come countriesuch lebanon homemade healthier options welcome large_number calories accompany fried foods commonly available items chips cookies even homemade rice treats asome trucks open morning breakfast grill items alsoften available sandwiches colorful namesuch fat balls fat fat deemed offensive rutgers vendors agreed change names posted menus fat fat beach fat philly etc maintain contracts business rutgers property students expressed athe_university censorship others defended logic behind request name changes marcus pointed outhe fat sandwich general fat darrell instance calories stated like worst could figure way make probably sandwich could ever greg rutgers st pete times november see_also mobile_catering street_food externalinks_official fat darrell website fox news coverage category sandwiches category_american sandwiches category rutgers university category_restaurants inew jersey category_new brunswick new_jersey category_food trucks"},{"title":"Greasy spoon","description":"file regencyjpg thumb px the regency caf in pimlico centralondon is a well preserved art deco style s greasy spoon cafe greasy spoon is a colloquialism colloquial term for a small cheap restaurant or diner typically specialising in fried foods dictionarycom greasy spoon according to the oxford english dictionary the term originated in the united states greasy spoon entry oed and is now used in various english speaking countries originally disparaging the term is now more frequently used in an endearing sense the name greasy spoon is a reference both to the typically high fat oil and high calorie menu items at such places for exampleggs and bacon hamburger s fish n chips etc and to the supposed general standard of cleanliness the term has been used to refer to a small cheap restaurant since at leasthe s united states file nyc diner brooklynjpg thumb left upright a small diner counter in brooklyn file nyc diner togo cheeseburger deluxejpg thumb right a bacon cheeseburger to go container from anyc diner many typical american greasy spoons focus on fried or grilled food such as egg food fried eggs bacon hamburgers hash brown s waffle s pancake s omelette s deep fried chicken and sausage s these are often accompanied by baked beans french fries coleslaw or toast soup s and chili con carne are generally available since the s many greek americans greek immigrants haventered the business as a result native greek cuisine such as gyro food gyro and souvlaki meats are now a common part of the repertoire often served as a side dish with breakfast and as a replacement for bacon or sausage a full meal may be available for a special price sometimes called a sales promotion meal deal or blue plate special regional fare is often served coffee iced teand soft drinks are the typical beverages and pie and savoury dish savouries and ice cream are popular snacks andesserts united kingdom file grinners breakfastjpg thumb full breakfast full english breakfast a dish with baked beans black pudding sliced sausage fried mushrooms and toast commonly associated with greasy spoon cafes in england in the uk greasy spoons typically offer a widerange ofoods often taking advantage of inexpensive seasonal ingredients in the united kingdom greasy spoons are also commonly referred to as cafes or occasionally as working men s cafes and colloquially as caff take the kids england rd fullman joseph new holland publishers june p britslang an uncensored a z of the people s language including rhyming slang puxley ray robson april p shorter slang dictionary fergusson rosalind partridgeric beale paul psychology press not all cafes are greasy spoons however a greasy spoon in the uk is commonly an independently owned business and rarely if ever part of a chain or group increasingly they are being forced out of business by large coffeehouse chains and fast food franchises greasy spoon caffs are crushed by coffee giants the typical working men s cafe serves mainly fried or grilled food such as egg food fried eggs bacon black pudding bubble and squeak hamburgersausage s edible mushrooms and french fries chips these are often accompanied by baked beans cooked tomato es and fried bread these are served in a variety of combinations and are generally referred to as breakfast even if they are available all daywe re british innit an irreverent a to z of all things british iain aitcharpercollins uk october hot and cold sandwiches are alsoften available the bacon butty and sausage sandwich are particularly popular the main drink in a british working men s cafe is usually tea especially builder s tea nickname for a mug of strong black tea such as english breakfastea english breakfastea usually served with milk and sugar and typically robust and flavourful with a brisk character and a dark red colour often the only coffee drink coffee available will be instant coffee instanthough this haslowly changed withe increased proliferation of coffee drinking british working men s cafes will sometimes alsoffer bread and butter pudding crumble apple crumble and rhubarb crumble the greasy spoon was the mainstay of british lorry drivers who travelled the major trunk road such as the a road great britain and the a road great britain a prior to the opening of the motorways these cafes were not only stops where the driver could eat but also made convenient meeting places where the trade unions could talk to their members in the uk press reported thatheuropean union was attempting to ban greasy spoon cafes this turned outo be a hoax a fairly typical euromyth based on an exaggeration of an eu report about eating habits of long distance drivers and their health in the united kingdom the traditional greasy spoon has been in sharp decline due to the rise ofast food fast food chains they nevertheless remainumerous all over the uk especially in certain parts of london birminghamanchester derby and in many seaside towns and villages the demand for their style of cuisine has resulted in thestablishment of greasy spoons all over the world and particularly in european coastal resorts located within an hour s coach ride from charter airlines destinations in which full breakfast s may be available all day see also bar mleczny coney island restaurant dhaban indian diner list of diners lunch counter mamak stall meat and three mickey s diner nick tahou hots pat s hubba salisbury house restaurantruck stop waffle housexternalinks classicafes the very best of london s twentieth century vintage formicaffs category types of 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carne generally available since many greek americans greek immigrants haventered business result native greek cuisine gyro food gyro meats common part repertoire often_served side dish breakfast replacement bacon sausage full meal may available special price sometimes_called sales promotion meal deal blue_plate special regional fare often_served coffee iced teand soft_drinks typical beverages pie savoury dish ice_cream popular snacks andesserts united_kingdom file thumb full breakfast full english breakfast dish baked beans black pudding sliced sausage fried mushrooms toast commonly associated greasy_spoon cafes england uk greasy_spoons typically offer ofoods often taking advantage inexpensive seasonal ingredients united_kingdom greasy_spoons also_commonly_referred cafes occasionally working men cafes colloquially caff take kids england joseph new holland publishers june p people language including slang ray robson april p shorter slang dictionary rosalind beale paul psychology press cafes greasy_spoons however greasy_spoon uk commonly independently owned business rarely ever part chain group increasingly forced business large coffeehouse chains fast_food franchises greasy_spoon crushed coffee giants typical working men cafe serves mainly fried grilled food egg food fried eggs bacon black pudding bubble mushrooms french_fries chips often accompanied baked beans cooked tomato fried bread served variety combinations generally referred breakfast even available british things british iain uk october hot cold sandwiches alsoften available bacon sausage sandwich particularly popular main drink british working men cafe usually tea especially builder tea nickname mug strong black tea english english usually served milk sugar typically robust character dark red colour often coffee drink coffee available instant coffee changed withe increased proliferation coffee drinking british working men cafes sometimes alsoffer bread butter pudding apple greasy_spoon british drivers travelled major trunk road road great_britain road great_britain prior opening motorways cafes stops driver could eat also_made convenient meeting_places trade unions could talk members uk press reported union attempting ban greasy_spoon cafes turned outo fairly typical based report eating habits long_distance drivers health united_kingdom traditional greasy_spoon sharp decline due rise ofast_food fast_food chains nevertheless uk especially certain parts london derby many seaside towns villages demand style cuisine resulted thestablishment greasy_spoons world particularly european coastal resorts located within hour coach ride charter airlines destinations full breakfast may available day see_also bar mleczny coney_island restaurant indian diner list diners lunch_counter mamak stall meat three mickey diner nick pat salisbury house stop waffle best london twentieth_century vintage category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Greek National Tourism Organization","description":"restablished in 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in greece since the s and advertises the country as a tourist destination currently the agency is the single largestourism promotion agency in the country and has offices in countries on four continentsince the organization has been subdivided into regional departments of tourism promotion work image seaside in greece posterpng thumb seaside in greece poster part of the xx in greece campaign of everyear the organization chooses a differentheme and motto for its advertising campaigns over the years variousuccessful advertising campaigns have been funded by the organization including the very successfulive your myth in greece campaign the campaign s motto was you in greece and xx in greece and mainly focused on the many opportunities the country provides for tourists with a variety of different destinations and activities you in athens and you in thessaloniki were also used to promote the country s two largest cities and centers of culture and entertainmenthe advertising campaign published a variety of promotional tv spots in line withe you in greece poster campaign which were translated to various languages including chinese bulgariand german previous campaign slogans include live your myth in greece years old a masterpiece you can afford greecexplore your senses my greek experience tv commercials using amateur videos greece kalimera greece you in greece all time classic offices abroad currently the gntoperates offices in the following countriesydney also serves vienna brusselsofia toronto beijing and shanghai prague nicosia copenhagen helsinki berlin frankfurt hamburg and munich tel aviv miland rome tokyo amsterdam bucharest russia madrid stockholm london also serves new york city see also tourism in greecexternalinks gnto website hellenic ministry of culture and tourism website category establishments in greece category national agencies of greece category tourism agencies category tourism in 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motto greece greece mainly focused many opportunities country provides tourists variety different destinations activities athens thessaloniki also_used promote country two largest cities centers culture entertainmenthe advertising campaign published variety promotional tv spots line withe greece poster campaign translated various languages including chinese german previous campaign slogans include live myth greece years_old afford senses greek experience tv commercials using amateur videos greece greece greece time classic offices abroad currently offices following also_serves vienna toronto beijing shanghai prague copenhagen helsinki berlin frankfurt hamburg munich tel_aviv miland rome tokyo amsterdam bucharest russia madrid stockholm london also_serves new_york city see_also tourism_website ministry culture_tourism website_category_establishments greece category_national agencies greece category_tourism agencies_category_tourism greece"},{"title":"Griebens Reise-Bibliothek","description":"file vulkanischeifelpng thumb right px cover of die vulkanischeifel file schwarzwaldpng thumb right px cover of schwarzwald file rhein reise griebens reisebucherpng px thumb right cover of rhein reise file norway and copenhagenpng thumb right px cover of norway and copenhagen griebens reise bibliothek est was a series of german language travel guide book s to europe founded by theobald grieben of berlin some titles occasionally appeared in english or french languageditions compared with its competitor baedeker griebens was cheaper and less detailed a british reviewer judged it informative and not bulky going easily into the coat pocket readers included thomas wolfe in publisher albert goldschmidt boughthe series and continued it in the s the goldschmidt office sat on in berlin by the s griebens was issued by j rgen e rohde of munich list of titles by geographicoverage index in english index czech republic great britain ed in english in english in 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casa pepe jpg thumb a guachinche is a typical canary island establishment more widely spread on the island of tenerife and to a lesser extent in gran canaria where a locally produced wine iserved accompanied by homemade traditional food history the origins of guachinches lie in the wine tasting parties thathe local wine growers organized at certain dates of the year to sell their products in particular the famous malvasia wine directly to the british buyers and later to the local consumers to avoid having to deal with intermediaries the guachinches are usually situated nexto important wine regions of the island of tenerifespecially in the northern municipalitiesuch as tacorontel sauzal tegueste la matanza de acentejo la victoria de acentejo santa rsula orotavand los realejos a few of them can also be found in the g mar valley that is in arafo candelariand g mar municipalities etymology the word bochinche mainly used in gran canariand its variant guachinche more typical of tenerife is used in the canarian dialect of spanish to refer to a popular establishment where local wine and typical foods are served according to the historical etymological dictionary of canarian dialect by marcial morera it derived from the latin american spanish word bochinche derived from buche sip gulp which means a poor tavern the other version claims thathe word guachinche comes from thenglish expression i m watching you apparently used by the british buyers to indicate thathey weready to try the local products and the canarian farmers understood the phrase as is there a guachinche that is if there was a party nearby or a stand or shop set up to taste the wine before finally making the purchase features long before the canarian wines received their first appellation of origin this was the region of tacoronte acentejo the guachinches were mounted in a room or a garage in the family house where the wife of the winemaker offered some tapas made in the family kitchen to accompany the home made wine the guachinche s clients don t look for an exquisite service or commodities they value above all the unique local wines and a familiar and traditional cuisine richomemade stewsuch as chickpeas with smoked meats garbanzas rabbit in spicy salmorejo sause pork ribs with potatoes and corn on the cob stuffed aubergines bubangos potatoes with mojo sause carne fiesta fried marinated pork and potatoes carne de cabra goat s meat churros de pescado local battered fish etc for dessert you can taste the baked milk flan or a typicalocal dessert called bienmesabe or you can also enjoy the locally grown fruits like mango bananas etc in essence the guachinches havemerged as an offshoot of wine production activity and not as properestaurants or food establishments for this reason they have never been regulated and guachinche owners didn t pay any taxes for this activity although over the time many winemakers and their families became restaurateurs on a professional basiso withe time along with legal guachinches plenty of clandestinestablishmentstarted to appear which served cheap wine from latin americas their own and actually functioned as restaurants but withouthe obligations to comply withe fiscal and health requirements applicable to restaurants in recent years legal restaurants and bars have complained heavily abouthe unfair competition from guachinchesince those attracted customers by ridiculously low prices and a wide range of dishes on the menu so in the canarian government has issued a decree regulating the guachinche activity as a complementary tourist activity aimed at a preservation of local traditions and the natural rural environment and introducing a number of rules that limithe food and beverages that can be served at a guachinche andefine its operating conditions these rules include but are not limited to the following file placa distintivo guachinchejpg thumb a distinctive guachinche plaque the wine to be marketed must come from vineyards belonging tor exploited by the person who runs the activity and must be of own production the winery must be duly registered in the register of agrarian industries and in the register of wine producers the person who runs the activity must accredithe origin of the wine through the harvest and production declarations that must be presented in accordance with european regulations the personnel of thestablishment must be certified for sanitary food manipulation training according to the applicable specific regulations the wine marketed in thestablishment must meethe safety and quality characteristics of this type of product according to the applicablegislation the opening period of thestablishment must not exceed four months a year in any case ceasing the activity from the momenthe home grown wine is depleted a maximum of three different culinary dishes can be offered and served as well as pickles nuts and fruit grown by the owner of the activity or produced in the area the food must be made mainly with ingredients also grown or produced by the owner of the activity or with local products orooted in the local culinary tradition the supply of beverageshall be limited to home grown wine and water the owner must inform customers of the prices of products offered through a listing placed in thexterior and interior of thestablishment and invoice the services in accordance withe prices of that listing the owner must inform customers of the opening period of thestablishment and of the days and hours of operation by placing an information poster athentrance the owner must display the distinctive plaque athentrance in the photo curiosities traditional guachinche opening day is the day of st andres november otherwise called the young wine festival the wine of the new harvest is traditionally served with roasted chestnuts maturing athe same time and grilled sardines most guachinches open on that day and close when all their wine isold out for this reason a guachinche seasonormally lasts from late autumn till early spring as withe onset of summer they would haveitherun out of wine or would be obliged to comply withe maximum permitted opening time canarians love their guachincheso much thathey have traditional guachinche routes rutas de guachinches when in a single day they visit several places at once to avoid getting lost on the way they even created a special mobile application guachapp despite the facthat guachinches representhe cultural heritage of tenerife the word guachinche cannot be legally used by canarians in it was registered as a trademark by an individual and since then the canary islands government is trying to challenge the registration and in parallel to register thexpression guachinches de tenerife so thathe legal establishments of this category can use it in their business names most guachinches do not accept credit cards references category drinking establishments category canarian 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particular famous wine directly british buyers later local consumers avoid deal guachinches usually situated nexto important wine_regions island northern la de acentejo la victoria de acentejo santa los also_found g mar valley g mar municipalities etymology word mainly used gran variant guachinche typical tenerife used canarian dialect spanish refer popular establishment local wine typical foods served according historical dictionary canarian dialect derived latin_american spanish word derived sip means poor tavern version claims thathe word guachinche comes thenglish expression watching apparently used british buyers indicate thathey try local products canarian farmers understood phrase guachinche party nearby stand shop set taste wine finally making purchase features long canarian wines received first origin region acentejo guachinches mounted room garage family house wife winemaker offered tapas made family kitchen accompany home made wine guachinche clients look service commodities value unique local wines familiar traditional cuisine smoked meats rabbit spicy pork ribs potatoes corn stuffed potatoes carne fiesta fried marinated pork potatoes carne de goat meat de local battered fish etc dessert taste baked milk dessert called also enjoy locally grown fruits like bananas etc guachinches wine production activity food establishments reason never regulated guachinche owners pay taxes activity although time many winemakers families became restaurateurs professional withe time along legal guachinches plenty appear served cheap wine latin_americas actually functioned restaurants withouthe comply withe fiscal health requirements applicable restaurants recent_years legal restaurants bars complained heavily abouthe unfair competition attracted customers low prices wide_range dishes menu canarian government issued decree regulating guachinche activity tourist activity aimed preservation local traditions natural rural environment introducing number rules limithe food beverages served guachinche operating conditions rules include limited following file thumb distinctive guachinche plaque wine marketed must come vineyards belonging tor exploited person runs activity must production winery must registered register industries register wine producers person runs activity must origin wine harvest production must presented accordance european regulations personnel thestablishment must certified sanitary food manipulation training according applicable specific regulations wine marketed thestablishment must meethe safety quality characteristics type product according opening period thestablishment must exceed four months year case activity home grown wine depleted maximum three different culinary dishes offered served well pickles nuts fruit grown owner activity produced area food must made mainly ingredients also grown produced owner activity local products local culinary tradition supply limited home grown wine water owner must inform customers prices products offered listing placed thexterior interior thestablishment services accordance withe prices listing owner must inform customers opening period thestablishment days hours operation placing information poster athentrance owner must display distinctive plaque athentrance photo traditional guachinche opening day day st november otherwise called young wine festival wine new harvest traditionally served roasted athe_time grilled guachinches open day close wine isold reason guachinche lasts late autumn till early spring withe onset summer would wine would comply withe maximum permitted opening time love much thathey traditional guachinche routes de guachinches single day visit several places avoid getting lost way even created special mobile_application despite facthat guachinches representhe cultural_heritage tenerife word guachinche cannot legally used registered trademark individual since canary islands government trying challenge registration parallel register guachinches de tenerife thathe legal establishments_category use business names guachinches accept credit_cards references_category drinking_establishments category canarian culture"},{"title":"Gueridon service","description":"redirect foodservice gueridon service category restauranterminology","main_words":["redirect","foodservice","gueridon","service","category_restauranterminology"],"clean_bigrams":[["redirect","foodservice"],["foodservice","gueridon"],["gueridon","service"],["service","category"],["category","restauranterminology"]],"all_collocations":["redirect foodservice","foodservice gueridon","gueridon service","service category","category restauranterminology"],"new_description":"redirect foodservice gueridon service category_restauranterminology"},{"title":"Guest ranch","description":"the guest ranch also known as a dude ranch is a type of ranch oriented towards visitors or tourism it is considered a form of agritourism guest ranches arose in response to the romanticization of the american westhat began toccur in the late th century in historian frederick jackson turner stated thathe united states frontier was demographically closed this in turn led many people to have feelings of nostalgia for bygone days but also given thathe risks of a true frontier were gone allowed for nostalgia to be indulged in relative safety thus the person referred to as a tenderfoot or a greenhorn by westerners was finally able to visit and enjoy the advantages of western life for a short period of time without needing to risk life and limb doi westhistquar the western adventures ofamous figures like theodore roosevelt were made available to payinguests from cities of theast calledude s in the west doin thearlyears the transcontinental railroad network brought paying visitors to a local depot where a wagon or buggy would be waiting to transport people to a ranch experiences varied some guest ranch visitors expected a somewhat edited and more luxurious version of the cowboy life while others were more tolerant of the odors and timetable of a working ranch while there were guest ranches prior to the th century the trend grew considerably after thend of world war i when postwar prosperity the invention of the automobile and the appearance of western movies all increased popular interest in the west in the dude ranchers association was founded in cody wyoming to representhe needs of this rapidly growing industry in the us guest ranches are now a long established tradition and continue to be a vacation destination depending on the climate some guest ranches are open only in the summer or winter while others offer yearound service santa barbara california offers a range of ranches yearound and is the home of alisal guest as well as hidden valley ranch circle bar b guest ranchoso guest and othersome of the activities offered at many guest ranches include horseback riding target shooting cattle sorting hayrides campfire sing alongs hiking camping whitewaterafting zip lining and fishing college students are often recruited to work at guest ranches during the summer months common jobs offered to college students include housekeeping wrangler dining staff and office staff or babysitters a number of working ranches have survived lean financial times by taking in payinguests for part of the year hunting ranchesome guest ranches cater to huntersome feature native wildlife such as whitetail deer mule deer bison or elk others featurexotic species imported from otheregions and nationsuch as africand india both types of ranches are controversial while many traditional ranch es allow hunters and outfitters on their land to hunt native game the act of confiningame to guarantee a kill is considered unsporting by some the introduction of nonative species on ranches is more controversial because of concerns thathesexotics may escape and contaminate the gene pool of native species or spread previously unknown diseases the advocates of hunting ranches argue in turn thathey helprotect native herds from over hunting and thathe stocking of exotic species actually increases their numbers and may help save them from extinct ion see alsoutfitter farm stay externalinks eastward ho the dude ranch from american studies athe university of virginia category ranches category history of the american west category hospitality services category types of tourism category dude ranches category dude ranches in the united states category tourist attractions in the united 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types of dietravel guides can also take the form of travel website s file a tour guide to the famous places of the capital from akizato rito s miyako meisho zue jpg thumb a japanese tourist consulting a tour guide and a guide book from akizato rit s miyako meisho zue antiquity a forerunner of the guidebook was the periplus an itinerary from landmark to landmark of the ports along a coast a periplusuch as the periplus of therythraean sea was a manuscript documenthat listed in order the ports and coastalandmarks with approximate intervening distances thathe captain of a vessel could expecto find along a shore this work was possibly written in the middle of the st century ce it served the same purpose as the lateroman itinerarium of road stops the periegesis or progress around was an established literary genre during thellenistic age a lost work by agaclytus describing olympia greece olympia is referred to by the sudand patriarch photios i of constantinople photiusuda sv dionysius periegetes literally dionysius the traveller was the author of a description of the habitable world in greek language greek hexameter verse written in a terse and elegant style intended for the klismos travellerather than the actual tourist on the ground he is believed to have worked in alexandriand to have flourished around the time of hadrian early remarkably well informed and interestinguidebook was thellados periegesis descriptions of greece of pausanias geographer pausanias of the nd century adj a cuddon the penguin dictionary of literary terms and literary theory london penguin books p this most famous work is a guide to the interesting places works of architecture sculpture and curious customs of ancient greece and istill useful to classicists today withe advent of christianity the guide for theuropeuropean religious pilgrim became a useful guidebook an early account is that of the pilgrim egeria pilgrim egeria who visited the holy land in the th century ce and left a detailed itinerary in the islamic golden age medieval arab world guide books for travelers in search of ancient near east ern artifact archaeology artifacts monuments and treasures were written by social theory sociology in medieval islam arabic treasure hunters and alchemy and chemistry in medieval islam alchemists this was particularly the case in history of arab egypt arab egypt where ancient egypt iantiquities were highly valued traveliterature became popular during the song dynasty of medieval china the genre was called travel record literature youji wenxue and was often written inarrative prosessay andiary style traveliterature authorsuch as fan chengdand xu xiake incorporated a wealth of geographical and topographical information into their writing while the daytrip essay su shi travel record literaturecord of stone bell mountain by the noted poet and statesman su shi presented a philosophical and moral argument as its central purpose in the westhe guidebook developed from the published personal experiences of aristocrats who traveled through europe on the grand tour as the appreciation of art architecture and antiquity becamever moressential ingredients of the noble upbringing so they predominated in the guidebooks particularly those devoted to the italian peninsula richard lassels wrote a series of manuscript guides which wereventually published posthumously in paris and london as the voyage of italy edward chaney the grand tour and the great rebellion geneva turin grand tour guidebooks poured off the presses throughoutheighteenth century those such as patrick brydone s a tour through sicily and malta being read by many who never left england edward chaney e chaney thevolution of the grand tourevised routledge an importantransitional figure from the idiosyncratic style of the grand tour travelogues to the more informative and impersonal guidebook was mariana starke her guide to travel in france and italy served as an essential companion for british travelers to the continent in thearly th century she recognized that withe growing numbers of britons traveling abroad after the majority of hereaders would now be in family groups and on a budget she therefore included for the firstime a wealth of advice on luggage obtaining passports the precise cost ofood and accommodation in each city and even advice on the care of invalid family membershe also devised a system of exclamation mark ratings a forerunner of today star classification staratings her books published by john murray publisher john murray served as a template for later guides in the united states the first published guidebook was gideon minor davison s the fashionable tour published in and theodore dwight s the northern traveller and henry gilpin s the northern tour both from richard gassan the first american tourist guidebooks authorship and print culture of the s book history pp modern guidebook file john murray b jpg thumb left px john murray john murray the modern guidebook emerged in the s withe burgeoning market for long distance tourism the publisher john murray publisher john murray began printing the murray s handbooks for travellers in london from the series covered tourist destinations in europe asiand northern africand he introduced the concept of sights whiche rated in terms of their significance using stars for starke s exclamation points according to scholar james buzard the murray stylexemplified thexhaustive rational planning that was much an ideal of themerging tourist industry as it was of british commercial and industrial organization generally image karl baedekerjpg thumb px karl baedeker in germany karl baedeker acquired the publishing house ofranz friedrich r hling in koblenz which in had published a handbook for travellers by professor johannes august klein entitled rheinreise von mainz bis c ln ein handbuch f r schnellreisende a rhine journey fromainz to cologne a handbook for travellers on the move he published this book with little changes for the nexten years which provided the seeds for baedeker s new approach to travel guides after klein died he decided to publish a new edition in to whiche added many of his own ideas on what he thought a travel guide should offer the traveller baedeker s ultimate aim was to free the traveller from having to look for information anywhere outside the travel guide whether about routes transport accommodation restaurants tipping sights walks or prices baedeker emulated the style of john murray publisher john murray s guidebooks but included unprecedentedetailed information in baedeker introduced histaratings for sights attractions and lodgings following mrstarke s and murray s this edition was also his first experimental red guide he also decided to call his travel guides handbooks following thexample of john murray iii baedeker s early guides had tan covers but from onwards murray s red bindings and gilt lettering became the familiar hallmark of all baedeker guides as well and the content became famous for its clarity detail and accuracyjames buzzard the grand tour and after in the cambridge companion to travel writing pp image murrays handbook for travellers in turkeypng thumb right cover of handbook for travellers in turkey px baedeker and murray produced impersonal objective guides works prior to this combined factual information and personal sentimental reflection the availability of the books by baedeker and murray helped sharpen and formalize the complementary genre of the personal traveliterature travelogue which was freed from the burden of serving as a guide book the baedeker and murray guide books were hugely popular and were standard resources for travelers well into the th century as william wetmore story said in the s every englishman abroad carries a murray for information and a george gordon byron th baron byron for sentiment and finds out by them what he is to know and feel by every step during world war i the two editors of baedeker s english language titles lefthe company and acquired the rights to murray s handbooks for travellers murray s handbooks the resultinguide books called the blue guides to distinguish them from the red covered baedekers constituted one of the major guide book series for much of the th century and are still published today post ww following world war ii two new names emerged which combined europeand american perspectives on international travel eugene fodor writer eugene fodor a hungarian born travel writing author of travel articles who had emigrated to the united states before the war wrote guidebooks which introduced english reading audiences to continental europe arthur frommer an american soldier stationed in europe during the korean war used his experience traveling around the continent as the basis for europe on a day which introduced readers toptions for budgetravel in europe both authors guidebooks became the foundations for extensive series eventually covering destinations around the world including the united states in the decades that followed let s go travel guides let s go lonely planet insight guides rough guides and a wide variety of similar travel guides were developed with varying focuses mountain guides file snowdonia scramblingjpg thumb right scrambling on crib goch snowdonia walespecialist guides for mountains have a long history owing to the special needs of mountaineering climbing hill walking and scrambling the guides by w a poucher for example are widely used for the hill regions of united kingdom britain there are many more special guides to the numerous climbingrounds in britain published by the climbers club for example digital world withemergence of digital technology many publishers turned to electronic distribution either in addition tor instead of print publication this can take the form of downloadable documents foreading on a portable computer or hand heldevice such a pda or ipod or online information accessible via web site this enabled guidebook publishers to keep their information more currentraditional guide book incumbents lonely planet frommers rough guides and in your pocket city guides and newcomersuch aschmap or ulysses travel guides are now offering travel guides for download new online and interactive guidesuch as tripadvisor wikivoyage and travellerspoint enable individual travelers to share their own experiences and contribute information to the guide wikivoyage cityleaves and travellerspoint make thentire contents of their guides updatable by users and make the information in their guides available as open content free for others to use guide book publishers this list is a select sample of the full range of english language guide book publishers either contemporary or historical bradshaw s guide wj adams american automobile association aaa canadian automobile association caa tourbook appletons travel guides d appleton co baedeker berlitz corporation berlitz black s guides adam and charles black blue guides bradtravel guides bradt cicerone publisher cicerone cook s travellers handbooks thomas cook son dorling kindersley dk eyewitness travel falconguides fodor s for dummies forbes travel guide footprint books frommer s harper s hand book for travellers harper brothers insight guides in your pocket city guides in your pocket let s go travel guides let s go lonely planet michelin guide moon publications moon handbooks mrsmith travel guide mrsmith murray s handbooks for travellers john murray national geographic traveler nicholson guides not for tourists rick steves rough guideschmap spartacus international gay guide spotted by locals time out company time outouring club italiano vinologue wallpaper magazine wallpaper city guides ward lock travel guides ward lock co weird travel guides weird wikivoyage wordtravelscom see also audioguide mirabilia urbis romae de mirabilibus urbis romae list of literary descriptions of cities beforenotourism outdoor literature tourism travel website travel 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language greek verse written elegant style intended actual tourist ground believed worked flourished around time early remarkably well informed descriptions greece pausanias geographer pausanias century penguin dictionary literary terms literary theory london penguin books_p famous work guide interesting places works architecture sculpture curious customs ancient_greece istill useful today withe_advent christianity guide religious pilgrim became useful guidebook early account pilgrim pilgrim visited holy_land th_century left detailed itinerary islamic golden_age medieval arab world guide_books travelers search ancient near east archaeology artifacts monuments treasures written social theory sociology medieval islam arabic treasure hunters chemistry medieval islam alchemists particularly case history arab egypt arab egypt ancient egypt highly valued traveliterature became_popular song dynasty medieval china genre called travel record literature often written style traveliterature 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by scholars both for its relationship to his romanticism romantic poetry and as an early influence on th century geography originally written because wordsworth needed money the first version was published in as anonymous text in a collection of engravings the work is now best known from its expanded and updated fifth edition according to wordsworth biographer stephen gill the guide is multi faceted it is a guide but it is also a prose poem about light shapes and textures about movement and stillness it is a paean to a way of life but also a lament for the inevitability of its passing what holds this diversity together is the voice of complete authority compounded from experience intense observation thought and love relation to wordsworth s life and thought file dove cottage jpg thumb dove cottage wordsworth s home near grasmere in the lake district wordsworth was born in the lake district and spent much of his life living there wordsworth and his friends robert southey and samuel taylor coleridge became known as lake poets not only because they lived in this area but also because its landscapes and people inspired their work by wordsworth was living near grasmere withisister and collaborator dorothy wordsworthisister in law his wife and their four small children a fifth child was born to them in several commentators have suggested that wordsworth agreed to writext for a new book of engravings because he needed money a suggestion supported by wordsworth scathing description of thengravings in an letter to lady beaumonthe drawings or etchings or whatever they may be called are intolerable you will receive from them that sort of disgust which i do from bad poetry they will please many who in all the arts are mostaken by what is worthless publishing history the beauty of the lake district was already well known in the year wordsworth s guide to the lakes was first published as anonymous introduction to a book of engravings of the lake district by the reverend joseph wilkinson for example in the poethomas gray published a journal of his visito the area describing the vale of grasmere as an unsuspected paradise the first lakeland visitors guide as opposed to a traveller s journal appeared in when thomas west priesthomas west published a route for travellers that included advice on viewing the landscape wordsworth explained his goal to a reader in may saying what i wished to accomplish was to give a model of the manner in which topographical descriptions oughto bexecuted in order to their being either useful or intelligible by evolving truly andistinctly one appearance from another in wordsworth published a second longer version of the guide attached to a book of sonnets he had written abouthe river duddon hexplained his reasoning as follows this essay which was published several years ago as an introduction to some views of the lakes by the rev joseph wilkinson an expensive work and necessarily of limited circulation is nowith emendations and additions attached to these volumes from a consciousness of its having been written in the same spirit which dictated several of the poems and from a belief that it will tend materially to illustrate them page in wordsworth s text was first published as a separate volume fourth and fifth reviseditions followed in and the last of these is generally consideredefinitive modern editions are based on thexpanded fifth edition published in directions and information for the tourist wordsworth begins thisection as follows in preparing this manual it was the author s principal wish to furnish a guide or companion for the minds of persons of taste and feeling for landscape who might be inclined to explore the district of the lakes withat degree of attention to which its beauty may fairly lay claim for the more sure attainment however of this primary object he will begin by undertaking the humble and tedious task of supplying the tourist with directions how to approach the several scenes in their best or most convenient order wordsworth s emphasis on the word minds reflectsays the norton anthology his constant interest in subject object interactions evidenthroughouthe book and in his poetry in general description of the scenery of the lakes whathe norton anthology calls wordsworth s lake district chauvinism is evident in his comparisons of its lakes and mountains to those of scotland wales and switzerland he finds much to praiseven in the region s climate which is marked by changeability with frequent clouds rain or even galesuch clouds cleaving to their stations or lifting up suddenly their glittering heads from behind rocky barriers or hurrying out of sight with speed of the sharpest edge will often tempt an inhabitanto congratulate himself on belonging to a country of mists and clouds and storms and make him think of the blank sky of egypt and of the cerulean vacancy of italy as an unanimated and even a sad spectacle page miscellaneous observations wordsworth begins by discussing the relative advantages of different seasons for a visito the lakes next hembarks on a long comparison of lake district scenery to the much praised landscapes of switzerland although withis initial disclaimer page nothing is more injurious to genuine feeling than the practice of hastily and ungraciously deprecating the face of one country by comparing it withat of another fastidiousness is a wretched travelling companion and the best guide to which in matters of taste we can entrust ourselves is a disposition to be pleased the description of an ascent of scawfell now sca fell and scafell pike is copied from a letter written by dorothy wordsworth describing her visito this mountain williambiguously credits this to a letter to a friend thisame account was copied by harriet martineau with attribution to william wordsworth in her widely used guide book of which was in its th edition by thereby ensuring a wide circulation of this account for much of the th centuryreviewed in the westmorland gazette saturday july pg column here wordsworth describeseveral itineraries a traveller might choose leading to some of the lake district s finest views he includes in thisection a long passage transcribed nearly intact from the journal of hisister dorothy wordsworth about a trip they took from their home in grasmere to ullswater see s lincourt footnote pp ode the pass of kirkstone throughouthis guide wordsworth includes poems by himself and by others expanding on topics being discussed in prose thisection of the guidebook is an ode in blank verse by wordsworth evoking the hard ascent and joyful descent of kirkstone pass a high mountain pass between ambleside and patterdale thisection of the book contains mileages measured between various lake district destinations according to the fifth edition text page the publishers withe permission of the author have added the following itinerary of the lakes for the benefit of the tourist hence the last part of the guide that was written by wordsworth was his ode concerning the pass of kirkstonexternalinksecond edition with duddon sonnets publication ofifth edition edited by ernest de s lincourt edition the first separate publication category works by william wordsworth category lake district category travel guide books category books category works published 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inflight","inflight magazine"],"new_description":"publisher chris founder founded firstdate company pacific travelogue united_states_based honolulu languagenglish_website_issn_oclc united_states american_monthly english_language inflight_magazine"},{"title":"Hanford Site","description":"image hanford n reactor adjustedjpg thumb right nucleareactors line the riverbank athe hanford site along the columbia river in january the n reactor is in the foreground withe twin ke and kw reactors in the immediate background the historic b reactor the world s first plutonium production reactor is visible in the distance the hanford site is a mostly decommissioned nuclear technology nuclear production complex operated by the united states federal government on the columbia river in the ustate of washington state washington the site has been known by many names including hanford project hanford works hanford engineer works and hanford nucleareservation established in as part of the manhattan project in hanford washington hanford south central washington the site was home to the b reactor the first full scale plutonium productionucleareactor technology reactor in the world plutoniumanufactured athe site was used in the first nuclear weaponuclear bomb tested athe trinity nuclear testrinity site and in fat man the bomb atomic bombings of hiroshimand nagasaki detonated over nagasaki japan during the cold war the project expanded to include nine nucleareactors and five large nucleareprocessing plutonium processing complexes which produced plutonium for most of the more than weapons built for the nuclear weapons and the united states us nuclearsenal nuclear technology developed rapidly during this period and hanford scientists produced major technological achievements many early safety procedures and waste disposal practices were inadequate and government documents have confirmed that hanford s operations released significant amounts of radioactive contamination radioactive materials into the air and the columbia river the weapons production reactors were decommissioned athend of the cold war andecades of manufacturing left behind of high level waste high level radioactive waste stored within storage tanks an additional of solid radioactive waste and of contaminated groundwater beneathe site in the federal agency charged with overseeing the site the us department of energy doemptied single shell tanks by pumping nearly all of the liquid waste out into newer double shell tanks doe later found water intruding into at least single shell tanks and that one of them had been leaking about per year into the ground since about in doe discovered a leak also from a double shell tank caused by construction flaws and corrosion in the bottom and that double shell tanks have similar construction flawsince then doe changed to monitoring single shell tanks monthly andouble shell tanks everyears and also changed monitoring methods in march doe announced further delays in the construction of the waste treatment plant which will affecthe schedule foremoving waste from the tanks intermittent discoveries of undocumented contamination have slowed the pace and raised the cost of cleanup in the hanford site represented two thirds of the nation s high level radioactive waste by volume hanford is currently the most contaminated nuclear site in the united states and is the focus of the nation s largest environmental remediation environmental cleanup besides the cleanuproject hanford also hosts a commercial nuclear power planthe columbia generating station and various centers for scientific research andevelopment such as the pacific northwest nationalaboratory and the ligo hanford observatory onovember it was designated as part of the manhattan project national historical park alongside other sites in oak ridge and los alamos geography image hanford reach national monumentpng thumb right a map shows the main areas of the hanford site as well as the buffer zone that was turned over to the hanford reach national monument in the hanford site occupies roughly equivalento half of the total area of rhode island within benton county washington this land is closed to the general public it is a desert environment receiving under inches of annual precipitation covered mostly by shrub steppe vegetation the columbia river columbia river flows along the site for approximately forming its northern and eastern boundary the original site was and included buffer areas across the river in grant county washington grant and franklin county washington franklin countiesome of this land has been returned to private use and is now covered with orchards and irrigated fields in large portions of the site were turned over to the hanford reach national monumenthe site is divided by function into three main areas the nucleareactors were located along the river in an area designated as the area the chemical separations complexes were located inland in the central plateau designated as the areand variousupport facilities were located in the southeast corner of the site designated as the area the site is bordered on the southeast by the tri cities washington tri cities a metropolitan area composed of richland washington richland kennewick washington kennewick pasco washington pasco and smaller communities and home toveresidents hanford is a primary economic base for these cities climate date april early history the confluence of the yakima river yakima snake river snake and columbia rivers has been a meeting place for indigenous peoples native peoples for centuries the archaeological record of native americans in the united states native american habitation of this area stretches back over ten thousand years tribes and nations including the yakama nez perce people nez perce and umatilla tribe umatilla used the area for hunting fishing and gathering plant foods hanford archaeology archaeologists have identified numerous native american sites including pit house villages open campsites fishing sites hunting kill sites game drive complex es quarries and spirit quest sites and two archaeological sites were listed on the national register of historic places in hanford island archaeological site nrhp and hanford north archaeological district nhrp see also the commercial site national register of historic places native american use of the area continued into the th century even as the tribes werelocated to indian reservations the wanapum people were never forced onto a reservation and they lived along the columbia river in the priest rapids priest rapids valley until euro americans began to settle the region in the s initially along the columbia river south of priest rapids they established farms and orchardsupported by small scale irrigation projects and railroad transportation with small town centers at hanford washington hanford white bluffs washington white bluffs and richland washington richland manhattan project during world war ii the section of the federal office of scientific research andevelopment osrd sponsored an intensive research project on plutonium the research contract was awarded to scientists athe university of chicago metallurgicalaboratory met lab athe time plutonium was a rarelementhat had only recently been isolated in a university of california laboratory the met lab researchers worked on producing chain reacting piles of uranium to convert ito plutonium and finding ways to separate plutonium from uranium the program was accelerated in as the united states government became concerned that scientists inazi germany were developing a nuclear weapons program site selection image pic hanford highschooljpg thumb hanford high school hanford washington hanford high school shown beforesidents were displaced by the creation of the hanford site image hanford high schooljpg thumb right hanford high after abandonment in september the united states army corps of engineers army corps of engineers placed the newly formed manhattan project under the command of leslie groves brigadier generaleslie r groves charging him withe construction of industrial size plants for manufacturing plutonium and uranium groves recruited the dupont company to be the prime contractor for the construction of the plutonium production complex dupont recommended that it be located far away from thexisting uranium production facility at oak ridge tennessee the ideal site was described by these criteria large and remote tract of land a hazardous manufacturing area of at least space for laboratory facilities at least from the nearest reactor separations plant no towns of more than people closer than from the hazardous rectangle no main highway railway or employee village closer than from the hazardous rectangle a cleand abundant water supply a largelectric power supply ground that could bear heavy loads in december groves dispatched his assistant franklin matthias colonel franklin t matthias andupont engineers to scout potential sites matthias reported that hanford was ideal in virtually all respects except for the farming towns of white bluffs washington white bluffs and hanford washington hanford general groves visited the site in january and established the hanford engineer works codenamed site w the federal government quickly acquired the land under its war powers authoritysecond war powers act stat and relocated some residents of hanford white bluffs and nearby settlements as well as the wanapum people confederated tribes and bands of the yakama nation the confederated tribes of the umatilla indian reservation and the nez perce tribe construction image hanford b reactor constructionjpg thumb right b reactor construction the hanford engineer works hew broke ground in march and immediately launched a massive and technically challenging construction project dupont advertised for workers inewspapers for an unspecified war construction project in southeastern washington offering attractive scale of wages and living facilities the construction workers who reached a peak of in june lived in a construction camp near the old hanford townsite the administrators and engineers lived in the governmentown established at richland village which eventually had accommodation in family units andormitories kenneth nichols k d the road to trinity page morrow new york construction of the nuclear facilities proceeded rapidly before thend of the war in augusthew built buildings at hanford including three nucleareactors b d and f and three plutonium processing canyons t b and u each long to receive the radioactive wastes from the chemical separations process thew builtank farms consisting of single shell underground waste tanks b c t and u the project required of roads of railway and four electrical substations thew used of concrete and shortons tonne t of structural steel and consumed million between and plutonium production the b reactor b at hanford was the first large scale plutonium production reactor in the world it was designed and built by dupont based on an experimental design by enrico fermi and originally operated at watt electrical and thermal watts megawatts thermal the reactor was graphite moderated and water cooled it consisted of a graphite cylinder lying on itside penetrated through its entire lengthorizontally by aluminium tubes t of uranium slugs diameter by long sealed in aluminium cans went into the tubes cooling water was pumped through the aluminium tubes around the uranium slugs athe rate of per minute file hanford b reactorjpg thumb lefthe b reactor during construction on b reactor began in august and was completed on september the reactor went critical mass critical in late september and after overcoming nuclear poison ing produced its first plutonium onovember plutonium was produced in the hanford reactors when a uranium atom in a fuel slug absorbed a neutron to form uranium u rapidly undergoes beta decay to form neptunium which rapidly undergoes a second beta decay to form plutonium the irradiated fuel slugs were transported by rail to three huge remotely operated chemical separation plants called canyons that were about away a series of chemical processing stepseparated the small amount of plutonium that was produced from the remaining uranium and the fission waste products this first batch of plutonium was refined in the t plant from december to february andelivered to the los alamos nationalaboratory los alamos laboratory inew mexicon february two identical reactors d reactor and f reactor came online in december and february respectively by april shipments of plutonium were headed to los alamos every five days and hanford soon provided enough material for the bombs tested atrinity nuclear testrinity andropped over fat managasaki throughouthis period the manhattan project maintained a top secret classification until news arrived of the bomb dropped on atomic bombings of hiroshimand nagasaki hiroshima fewer than one percent of hanford s workers knew they were working on a nuclear weapons project general groves noted in his memoirs that we made certain that each member of the projecthoroughly understood his part in the total efforthat and nothing more initially six reactors or piles were proposed when the plutonium was to be used in the gun type thin manuclear bomb thin man bomb in mid a simple gun type bomb was found to be impractical for plutonium and the more advanced fat man bomb required less plutonium the number of piles was reduced to four and then three and the number of chemical separation plants from four to three technological innovations in the shortime frame of the manhattan project hanford engineers produced many significantechnological advances as none had ever built an industrial scale nucleareactor before scientists were unsure how mucheat would be generated by fission during normal operationseeking the greatest possible production while maintaining an adequate safety margin dupont engineers installed ammonia based refrigeration systems withe d and f reactors to further chill the river water before its use as reactor coolant another difficulty thengineerstruggled with was how to deal with radioactive contaminationce the canyons began processing irradiated slugs the machinery would become so radioactive that it would be unsafe for humans ever to come in contact with ithengineers therefore had to devise methods to allow for the replacement of any component via remote control they came up with a modular cell concept which allowed major components to be removed and replaced by an operator sitting in a heavily shielded overhead crane this method required early practical application of two technologies that later gained widespread use polytetrafluoroethylene teflon used as a gasket material and closed circuitelevision used to give the crane operator a better view of the process cold war expansion image hanford reactorjpg thumb right decommissioning d reactor in september the general electric general electricompany assumed management of the hanford works under the supervision of the newly created united states atomic energy commission atomic energy commission as the cold war began the united states faced a new strategic threat in the rise of the soviet atomic bomb project soviet nuclear weapons program in augusthe hanford works announced funding for the construction of two neweapons reactors and research to develop a new chemical separations process entering a new phase of expansion by the hanford site was home to nine nucleareactors along the columbia river five reprocessing plants on the central plateau and more than support buildings and radiologicalaboratories around the sitextensive modifications and upgrades were made to the original three world war ii reactors and a total of underground waste tanks were built hanford was at its peak production from tover thentire years of operations the site produced about of plutonium supplying the majority of the weapons in the us arsenal uranium was also produced in a hanford technicianamed harold mccluskey received the largest recordedose of americium following a laboratory accident due to prompt medical intervention he survived the incident andied eleven years later of natural causes decommissioning most of the reactors were shut down between and with an average individualife span of years the last reactor n reactor continued toperate as a dual purpose reactor being both a powereactor used to feed the civilian electrical grid via the washington public power supply system wppss and a plutonium production reactor for nuclear weapons n reactor operated until since then most of the hanford reactors have beentombed cocooned to allow the radioactive materials to decay and the surrounding structures have been removed and buried the b reactor has not been cocooned and is accessible to the public on occasional guided tours it was listed on the national register of historic places inrhp site see also the commercial site national register of historic places and some historians advocate converting it into a museum b reactor was designated a national historic landmark by the national park service on august chemical engineering news vol no september hanford s b reactor gets landmark status p class wikitable weapons production reactors reactor name start up date shutdown date initial power mwt final power mwt b reactor align right sep align right feb align right align right d reactor align right dec align right jun align right align right f reactor align right feb align right jun align right align right h reactor align right oct align right apr align right align right dr d replacement reactor align right oct align right dec align right align right c reactor align right nov align right apr align right align right kw k west reactor align right jan align right feb align right align right ke k east reactor align right apr align right jan align right align right n reactor align right dec align right jan align right align right later operations image hanford site signjpg thumb right highway sign on a road entering the hanford site the united states department of energy assumed control of the hanford site in although uranium enrichment and plutonium breeding were slowly phased outhe nuclear legacy left an indelible mark on the tri citiesince world war ii the area hadeveloped from a small farming community to a booming atomic frontier to a powerhouse of the nuclear industrial complex decades ofederal investment created a community of highly skilled scientists and engineers as a result of this concentration of specialized skills the hanford site was able to diversify its operations to include scientific research test facilities and commercial nuclear power production operational facilities located athe hanford site included the pacific northwest nationalaboratory owned by the department of energy and operated by battelle memorial institute the fast flux test facility fftf a national research facility in operation from to whose last fuel was removed in ligo s hanford observatory an interferometer searching for gravitational waves columbia generating station a commercial nuclear power plant operated by energy northwest a us navy nuclear submarine reactor dry storage site containing sealed reactor sections of us navy submarines the department of energy and its contractors offer tours of the site sixty public tours each five hours long were planned for the tours are free require advance reservation via the department s web site and are limited to us citizens at least years of age tunnel collapse on the morning of may a section of a tunnel caved in it was used to store contaminated materials and was located nexto the plutonium uranium extraction purex facility in theast area in the center of the hanford site all non essential personnel werevacuated from the site some truckloads about of soil were used to fill in the holenvironmental concerns image hare hanfordreachjpg thumb righthe hanford reach of the columbia river where radioactivity was released from to a huge volume of water from the columbia river was required to dissipate theat produced by hanford s nucleareactors from to pump systems drew cooling water from the river and after treating this water for use by the reactors returned ito the river before its release into the river the used water was held in large tanks known as retention basin s for up to six hours longer lived isotope s were not affected by this retention and several becquerel terabecquerels entered the river every day the federal government kept knowledge abouthese radioactive releasesecret radiation was later measuredownstream as far west as the washington and oregon coasts the plutonium separation process resulted in the release of radioactive isotopes into the air which were carried by the wind throughout southeastern washington and into parts of idaho montana oregon and british columbia downwinders werexposed to radionuclides particularly iodine withe heaviest releases during the period from to these radionuclides entered the food chain via dairy cows grazing on contaminated fields hazardous fallout was ingested by communities who consumed radioactive food and milk most of these airborne releases were a part of hanford s routine operations while a few of the largereleases occurred in isolated incidents in an intentional release known as the green run released curies of iodine over two days another source of contaminated food came from columbia river fish an impact felt disproportionately by native americans in the united states native american communities who depended on the river for their customary diets a us government report released in estimated that curies of radioactive iodine had been released into the river and air from the hanford site between and image salmon at hanford sitejpg thumb left salmon spawning in the hanford reach near the h reactor beginning in the scientists withe united states public health service us public health service published reports about radioactivity released from hanford and there were protests from thealth departments of oregon and washington in response to an article in the spokane spokesman review in september the department of energy announced to declassify environmental records and in february released pages of previously unavailable historical documents about hanford s operations the washington state department of health collaborated withe citizen led hanford health informationetwork hhin to publicize databouthealth effects of hanford s operations hhin reports concluded that residents who livedownwind from hanford or who used the columbia river downstream werexposed to elevatedoses of radiation that placed them at increased risk for various cancers and other diseases a mass tort lawsuit brought by two thousand hanfordownwinders againsthe federal government has been in the court system for manyears hanfordownwinders litigation website downwinderscom retrieved on september twof six plaintiffs who wento trial in were awarded in damagesince radioactive materials are known to be leaking from hanford into thenvironmenthe highestritium concentration detected in riverbank springs during was pci l bq l athe hanford townsite the highest iodine concentration of pci l bq l was also found in a hanford townsite spring the who guidelines foradionuclides in drinking water limits levels of iodine at bq l and tritium at bq l concentrations of radionuclides including tritium technetium and iodine in riverbank springs near the hanford townsite have generally been increasing since this an area where a major groundwater pollution groundwater plume from theast area intercepts the river detected radionuclides include strontium technetium iodine uranium and tritium other detected contaminants include arsenichromium chloride fluoride nitrate and sulfate in february governor jay inslee announced that a tank storing radioactive waste athe site had been leaking liquids on average of to gallons per year he said thathough the leak posed no immediate health risk to the public it should not be an excuse for not doing anything on february the governor stated that more tanks at hanford site were leaking radioactive waste there are tanks at hanford of whichave a single shell historically single shell tanks were used for storing radioactive liquid waste andesigned to last years by some liquid waste was transferred from single shell tanks to safer double shell tanks a substantial amount of residue remains in the older single shell tanks with one containing an estimated gallons m of radioactive sludge for example it is believed that up to six of thesempty tanks are leaking two tanks areportedly leaking at a rate of gallons liters per year each while the remaining four tanks are leaking at a rate of gallons liters per year each occupational health concernsince workers have reported exposure to harmful vapors after working arounderground nuclear storage tanks with no solution found more than workers in alone reported smelling vapors and became ill with nosebleeds headaches watery eyes burning skin contact dermatitis increased heart rate difficulty breathing coughing sore throats expectorating dizziness and nausea several of these workers have long term disabilities doctors checked workers and cleared them to return to work monitors worn by tank workers have found no samples with chemicals close to the federalimit for occupational exposure in august occupational safety and health administration osha ordered the facility to rehire a contractor and pay in back wages for firing them for whistleblowing on safety concerns athe site onovember washington attorney general bob ferguson said the state planned to sue the doe and its contractor to protect workers from hazardous vapors at hanford a report by the doe savannah river nationalaboratory initiated by washington river protection solutions found that doe s methods to study vaporeleases were inadequate particularly thathey did not account for short but intense vaporeleases they recommended proactively sampling the air inside tanks to determine its chemical makeup accelerating new practices to prevent worker exposures and modifying medical evaluations to reflect howorkers arexposed to vapors cleanup under superfund image hanford site tank interiorjpg thumb right image of the surface of waste found inside double shell tank sy athe hanford site april on june the hanford site was divided into four areas and proposed for inclusion the national priorities list on may the washington department of ecology the united states environmental protection agency and the department of energy entered into the tri party agreement which provides a legal framework for environmental remediation at hanford the agencies arengaged in the world s largest environmental cleanup with many challenges to be resolved in the face of overlapping technical political regulatory and cultural interests the cleanup effort is focused on three outcomes restoring the columbia river corridor for other uses converting the central plateau to long term waste treatment and storage and preparing for the future the cleanup effort is managed by the department of energy under the oversight of the two regulatory agencies a citizen led hanford advisory board provides recommendations from community stakeholders including local and state governments regional environmental organizations business interests and native american tribes citing the hanford lifecycle scope schedule and cost reporthestimated cost of the remaining hanford clean up is billion more than billion per year for the next six years with a lower cost projection of approximately billion per year until about workers are on site to consolidate clean up and mitigate waste contaminated buildings and contaminated soil originally scheduled to be complete within thirtyears the cleanup was less than halfinished by of the four areas that were formally listed asuperfund sites on october only one has been removed from the list following cleanup file spent nuclear fuel hanfordjpg thumb left spent nuclear fuel stored underwater and uncapped in hanford s k east basin while majoreleases of radioactive material ended withe reactor shutdown in the s and many of the most dangerous wastes are contained there are continued concerns about contaminated groundwater headed toward the columbia river and about workers health and safety the most significant challenge at hanford istabilizing the of high level radioactive waste stored in underground tanks by about a third of these tanks had leaked waste into the soil and groundwater most of the liquid waste had been transferred to more secure double shelled tanks however of liquid waste together with of salt cake and sludge remains in the single shelled tanks doe lacks information abouthextento which the double shell tanks may be susceptible to corrosion without determining thextento which the factors that contributed to the leak in ay were similar to the other double shell tanks doe cannot be sure how long its double shell tanks can safely store waste that waste was originally scheduled to be removed by the revisedeadline was nearby aquifers contain an estimated of contaminated groundwater as a result of the leaks of radioactive waste is traveling through the groundwater toward the columbia river this waste is expected to reach the river in to years if cleanup does not proceed on schedule the site includes of solid radioactive waste image handfor erdf grand openingjpg thumb right grand opening of thenvironmental restoration disposal facility erdf under the tri party agreement lower level hazardous wastes are buried in huge lined pits that will be sealed and monitored with sophisticated instruments for manyears disposal of plutonium and other high level wastes is a more difficult problem that continues to be a subject of intense debate as an example plutonium has a half life of years and a decay of ten half lives is required before a sample is considered to cease its radioactivity in the department of energy awarded a billion contracto bechtel a san francisco based construction and engineering firm to build a radioactive waste vitrification planto combine the dangerous wastes with glass to render them stable construction began in the plant was originally scheduled to be operational by with vitrification completed by theconomist nuclear waste from bombs to handbags march p according to a study by the general accounting office there were a number of serious unresolved technical and managerial problems estimated costs were billion with commencement of operations estimated to be in and about decades of operation in may state and federal officials began closedoor negotiations abouthe possibility of extending legal cleanup deadlines for waste vitrification in exchange for shifting the focus of the cleanup to urgent prioritiesuch as groundwateremediation those talkstalled in october in early a million cuto the hanford cleanup budget was proposed washington state officials expressed concern abouthe budget cuts as well as missedeadlines and recent safety lapses athe site and threatened to file a lawsuit alleging thathe department of energy is in violation of environmentalaws they appeared to step back from thathreat in april after another meeting ofederal and state officials resulted in progress toward a tentative agreement during excavations from to a sample of purified plutonium was uncovered inside a safe in a waste trench and has been dated to abouthe s making ithe second oldest sample of purified plutonium known to exist analyses published in concluded thathe sample originated at oak ridge and was one of several sento hanford for optimization tests of the t plant until hanford could produce its own plutonium documents refer to such a sample belonging to watt s group which was disposed of in itsafe when a radiation leak wasuspected chemical engineering news antique plutoniumanhattan project era plutonium is found in a glass jug during hanford site cleanup some of the radioactive waste at hanford wasupposed to be stored in the planned yucca mountainuclear waste repository but after that project wasuspended washington state sued joined by south carolina their first suit was dismissed in july in a subsequent suit federal authorities were ordered to either approve oreject plans for the yucca mountain storage site a potential radioactive leak was reported in the clean up was estimated to have cost billion with billion morequired hanford organizations the hanford site operations were initially directed by colonel franklin matthias of the us army corps of engineers postwar the united states atomic energy commission atomic energy commission took over and then thenergy research andevelopment administration hanford operations are currently directed by the us department of energy it has been operated under government contract by various private companies over the years asummarized in the table through class wikitable sortable year begun month organization responsibility class unsortable remarks december us army corps of engineers lead us governmentity held role until january december ei dupont de nemours company dupont all site activities initial hanford site contractor september general electricompany ge all site activities replacedupont january united states atomic energy commission atomic energy commission lead us governmentity replaced us army corps of engineers may vitro engineers hanford engineering services assumed ges new facility design role june ja jones construction hanford construction services assumed ges construction role january us testing environmental bioassay testing assumed ges environmental and bioassay testing role january battelle memorial institute pacific northwest nationalaboratory pacific northwest laboratory pnl assumed ge s laboratory operationsubsequently renamed pacific northwest nationalaboratory july computer sciences corporation cscomputer services new scope august hanford occupational health foundation industrial medicine assumed ge s industrial medicine role september douglas united nuclear single pass reactor operations fuel fabrication assumed part of ge s reactor operations january isochemical processing assumed ge s chemical processing operations march itt federal support services inc support services assumed july douglas united nuclear n reactor operation assumed remainder of ge s reactor operationseptember atlantic richfield hanford company chemical processing replaced isochem august hanford environmental health foundation industrial medicine name change only february westinghouselectric westinghouse hanford company hanford engineering development laboratory spun offrom pnl with mission to build the fast flux test facility september arhco support services replaces itt pss april united nuclear industries inc all production reactor operations name change from douglas united nuclear only january energy research andevelopment administration erda lead us governmentity replaced aec managed site until october boeing computer services bcs computer services replaced csc october us department of energy doe lead us government agency replaced erda managesite presently octoberockwell hanford operations rho chemical processing support services replaces archo june braun hanford company bhc architect engineering services replaces vitro march kaiser engineering hanford keh architect engineering services replaces bhc march keh construction consolidated contract includes former ja jones work june westinghouselectric whc site management operations consolidated contract includes formerho unc keh work october fluor corp fluor daniel hanford inc fdh site management operations fdh is integrating contractor with subcontracted companies february fluor corp fluor hanford site cleanup operations transition to site cleanup fluor subcontractors held various roles december bechtel national inc engineering construction and commissioning of the waste treatment plant october ch m hill plateau remediation company central plateau cleanup and closure april washington closure hanford river corridor cleanup and closure may mission support alliance site infrastructure and services consolidated services contract october washington river protection solutions tank farm operations other divisions of the site historical plutonium finishing plant pfp made plutoniumetal for use in weapons b plant s plant plant processing separation and extraction of various chemicals and isotopes health instrumentsection an attempto keep workers and thenvironment safe redox plant c plant recovered wasted uranium from world war ii processes experimental animal farm and aquatic biology laboratory technical centeradiochemistry physics metallurgy biophysics radioactive sewer neutralization metal fab fuels manufacturing tank farmstorage of liquid nuclear waste metal recovery plant u plant recover uranium from tank farms uranium trioxide plant aka uranium oxide plant aka uo plantook output from other plants ie liquid uranyl nitrate hexahydrate from u plant and purex plant made uranium trioxide powder plutonium uranium extraction plant purex plant extracted useful material from spent fuel waste also see the purex article plutonium recycle test reactor prtr experimented with alternative fuel mixtures plutonium fuels pilot plant pfpp see prtr historic photos image hanford f reactor cooling basinsjpg cooling wateretention basins athe f reactor image hanford tank farmjpg underground tank farm with of the site s waste storage tanks image hanford waste tankjpg inside one of the waste storage tanks image hanford purex facilityjpg inside the purex facility image hanford from rattlesnake mountainjpg view of the central plateau from rattlesnake mountain benton county washington rattlesnake mountain image richland washingtonjpg the governmentown of richland washington richland in thearly days of the site image hanford workersjpg hanford workers lining up for paychecks image hanford sheep testing jpg hanford scientists feeding radioactive food to sheep image n d hanford sheep testingjpg testing a sheep s thyroid foradiation image hanford billboardjpg cold war era billboard image atomic frontier daysjpg atomic frontier days parade in richland washington richland image fftf hanfordjpg the fast flux test facility see also lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents timeline of nuclear weapons development references furthereading john m findlay and bruce hevly atomic frontier days hanford and the american west university of washington press pages explores the history of the hanford nucleareservation and the tri cities of richland pasco and kennewick washington externalinks official hanford website department of energy washington department of ecology nuclear waste program state agency that regulates hanford cleanup us environmental protection agency federal agency that regulates hanford cleanup category hanford site category geography of benton county washington category columbia river category environmental disasters in the united states category geography of washington state category history of washington state category manhattan project category buildings and structures in washington state category nuclear history of the united states category nuclear weapons infrastructure of the united states category radioactive waste repositories category tri cities washington category united states department of energy facilities category closed military facilities of the united states in the united states category buildings and structures in benton county washington category tourist attractions in benton county washington category radioactively contaminated areas category establishments in washington state category military superfund sites category superfund sites in washington state category nuclear accidents and incidents category military research of the united states category gravitational wave astronomy category atomic 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reactors immediate background historic b_reactor world first plutonium_production reactor visible distance hanford_site mostly decommissioned nuclear technology nuclear production complex operated united_states federal_government columbia_river ustate washington_state washington site known many names including hanford project hanford works hanford engineer works hanford established part manhattan_project hanford washington hanford south central washington site home b_reactor first full_scale plutonium technology reactor world athe_site used first nuclear bomb tested athe trinity nuclear site fat man bomb atomic_bombings hiroshimand_nagasaki detonated nagasaki japan cold_war project expanded include nine nucleareactors five large plutonium processing complexes produced plutonium weapons built nuclear_weapons united_states us nuclear technology developed rapidly period hanford scientists produced major technological achievements many early safety procedures waste disposal practices inadequate government documents confirmed hanford operations released significant amounts radioactive contamination radioactive materials air columbia_river weapons production reactors decommissioned athend cold_war manufacturing left behind high_level waste high_level radioactive_waste stored within storage tanks additional solid radioactive_waste contaminated groundwater beneathe site federal agency charged overseeing site us_department energy single shell_tanks nearly liquid waste newer double shell_tanks doe later found water least single shell_tanks one leaking per_year ground since doe discovered leak also double shell tank caused construction bottom double shell_tanks similar construction doe changed monitoring single shell_tanks monthly shell_tanks also changed monitoring methods march doe announced delays construction waste treatment plant affecthe schedule waste tanks discoveries contamination pace raised cost cleanup hanford_site represented two_thirds nation high_level radioactive_waste volume hanford currently contaminated nuclear site united_states focus nation largest environmental remediation environmental cleanup besides hanford also hosts commercial nuclear_power columbia generating station various centers scientific_research_andevelopment pacific_northwest nationalaboratory hanford observatory onovember designated part manhattan_project national_historical park alongside sites oak_ridge los_alamos geography image_hanford reach national thumb right map shows main areas hanford_site well buffer zone turned hanford reach national monument hanford_site occupies roughly equivalento half total area rhode_island within benton county washington land closed general_public desert environment receiving inches annual covered mostly vegetation columbia_river columbia_river flows along site approximately forming northern eastern boundary original site included buffer areas across river grant county washington grant franklin county washington franklin land returned private use covered fields large portions site turned hanford reach national monumenthe site divided function three main areas nucleareactors located along river area designated area chemical separations complexes located inland central plateau designated areand facilities located southeast corner site designated area site southeast tri cities washington tri cities metropolitan area composed richland washington richland washington washington smaller communities home hanford primary economic base cities climate date april early history river snake river snake columbia_rivers meeting_place indigenous peoples native peoples centuries archaeological record native_americans united_states native_american habitation area stretches back ten thousand years tribes nations including nez perce people nez perce tribe used area hunting fishing gathering plant foods hanford archaeology archaeologists identified numerous native_american sites including pit house villages open campsites fishing sites hunting kill sites game drive complex spirit quest sites two archaeological sites listed national_register historic_places hanford island archaeological site nrhp hanford north archaeological district see_also commercial site national_register historic_places native_american use area continued th_century even tribes indian reservations people never forced onto reservation lived along columbia_river priest rapids priest rapids valley euro americans began settle region initially along columbia_river south priest rapids established farms small_scale irrigation projects railroad transportation small_town centers hanford washington hanford white bluffs washington white bluffs richland washington richland manhattan_project world_war ii section federal office scientific_research_andevelopment sponsored intensive research project plutonium research contract awarded scientists athe_university chicago metallurgicalaboratory met lab athe_time plutonium recently isolated university california laboratory met lab researchers worked producing chain piles uranium convert ito plutonium finding ways separate plutonium uranium program accelerated united_states government became concerned scientists germany developing nuclear_weapons program site selection image_hanford thumb hanford high_school hanford washington hanford high_school shown displaced creation hanford_site image_hanford high thumb right hanford high september united_states army corps engineers army corps engineers placed newly formed manhattan_project command leslie groves brigadier r groves charging withe construction industrial size plants manufacturing plutonium uranium groves recruited dupont company prime contractor construction plutonium_production complex dupont recommended located far away thexisting uranium production facility oak_ridge tennessee ideal site described criteria large remote land hazardous manufacturing area least space laboratory facilities least nearest reactor separations plant towns people closer hazardous main highway railway employee village closer hazardous cleand abundant water supply power supply ground could bear heavy loads december groves assistant franklin matthias colonel franklin matthias engineers scout potential sites matthias reported hanford ideal virtually respects except farming towns white bluffs washington white bluffs hanford washington hanford general groves visited site january established hanford engineer works site w federal_government quickly acquired land war powers war powers act relocated residents hanford white bluffs nearby settlements well people tribes bands nation tribes indian reservation nez perce tribe construction image_hanford b_reactor thumb right b_reactor construction hanford engineer works broke ground march immediately launched massive technically challenging construction project dupont advertised workers war construction project southeastern washington offering attractive scale wages living facilities construction workers reached peak june lived construction camp near old hanford townsite administrators engineers lived established richland village eventually accommodation family units kenneth nichols k road trinity page new_york construction nuclear facilities proceeded rapidly thend war built buildings hanford including three nucleareactors b f three plutonium processing canyons b long receive radioactive_wastes chemical separations process farms consisting single shell underground waste tanks b c project required roads railway four electrical used concrete tonne structural steel consumed million plutonium_production b_reactor b hanford first large_scale plutonium_production reactor world designed built dupont based experimental design enrico fermi originally operated electrical thermal thermal reactor graphite water cooled consisted graphite lying entire aluminium tubes uranium slugs diameter long sealed aluminium cans went tubes cooling water aluminium tubes around uranium slugs athe rate per_minute file hanford b thumb lefthe b_reactor construction b_reactor began august completed september reactor went critical mass critical late september overcoming nuclear poison ing produced first plutonium onovember plutonium produced hanford reactors uranium fuel slug absorbed neutron form uranium rapidly beta decay form rapidly second beta decay form plutonium irradiated fuel slugs transported rail three huge remotely operated chemical separation plants called canyons away series chemical processing small amount plutonium produced remaining uranium fission waste products first batch plutonium refined plant december february andelivered los_alamos nationalaboratory los_alamos laboratory inew february two identical reactors reactor f reactor came online december february respectively april shipments plutonium headed los_alamos every five days hanford soon provided enough material bombs tested nuclear fat period manhattan_project maintained top secret classification news arrived bomb dropped atomic_bombings hiroshimand_nagasaki hiroshima fewer one percent hanford workers knew working nuclear_weapons project general groves noted memoirs made certain member understood part total nothing initially six reactors piles proposed plutonium used gun type thin bomb thin man bomb mid simple gun type bomb found impractical plutonium advanced fat man bomb required less plutonium number piles reduced four three number chemical separation plants four three technological innovations shortime frame manhattan_project hanford engineers produced many advances none ever built industrial scale nucleareactor scientists would generated fission normal greatest possible production maintaining adequate safety margin dupont engineers installed based systems withe f reactors river water use reactor coolant another difficulty deal radioactive canyons began processing irradiated slugs machinery would_become radioactive would unsafe humans ever come contact therefore methods allow replacement component via remote control came modular cell concept allowed major components removed replaced operator sitting heavily overhead crane method required early practical application two technologies later gained widespread use used material closed used give crane operator better view process cold_war expansion image_hanford thumb right reactor september general electric general assumed management hanford works supervision newly created united_states atomic_energy_commission atomic_energy_commission cold_war began united_states faced new strategic threat rise soviet atomic_bomb project soviet nuclear_weapons program augusthe hanford works announced funding construction two reactors research develop new chemical separations process entering new phase expansion hanford_site home nine nucleareactors along columbia_river five plants central plateau support buildings around modifications upgrades made original three world_war ii reactors total underground waste tanks built hanford peak production tover thentire years operations site produced plutonium supplying majority weapons us arsenal uranium also produced hanford harold received largest following laboratory accident due prompt medical intervention survived incident andied eleven years_later natural causes reactors shut average span years last reactor n reactor continued toperate dual purpose reactor used feed civilian electrical grid via washington public power supply system plutonium_production reactor nuclear_weapons n reactor operated since hanford reactors allow radioactive materials decay surrounding structures removed buried b_reactor accessible public occasional guided_tours listed national_register historic_places site see_also commercial site national_register historic_places historians advocate converting museum b_reactor designated national_historic landmark national_park service august chemical engineering news vol september hanford b_reactor gets landmark status p class wikitable weapons production reactors reactor name start_date shutdown date initial power mwt final power mwt b_reactor align right sep align right feb align right align right reactor align right dec align right jun align right align right f reactor align right feb align right jun align right align right h reactor align right oct align right apr align right align right replacement reactor align right oct align right dec align right align right c reactor align right nov align right apr align right align right k west reactor align right jan align right feb align right align right k east reactor align right apr align right jan align right align right n reactor align right dec align right jan align right align right_later operations image_hanford_site signjpg thumb right highway sign road entering hanford_site united_states department energy assumed control hanford_site although uranium enrichment plutonium breeding slowly outhe nuclear legacy left mark tri world_war ii area hadeveloped small farming community booming atomic frontier powerhouse nuclear industrial complex decades ofederal investment created community highly skilled scientists engineers result concentration specialized skills hanford_site able diversify operations include scientific_research test facilities commercial nuclear_power production operational facilities located_athe hanford_site included pacific_northwest nationalaboratory owned department energy operated memorial institute fast flux test facility national research facility operation whose last fuel removed hanford observatory searching waves columbia generating station commercial nuclear_power plant operated energy northwest us_navy nuclear submarine reactor dry storage site containing sealed reactor sections us_navy department energy contractors offer tours site sixty public tours five hours long planned tours free require advance reservation via department web_site limited us citizens least years age tunnel collapse morning may section tunnel used store contaminated materials located nexto plutonium uranium extraction purex facility theast area center hanford_site non essential personnel site soil used fill concerns image hare thumb_righthe hanford reach columbia_river radioactivity released huge volume water columbia_river required theat produced hanford nucleareactors pump systems drew cooling water river treating water use reactors returned ito river release river used water held large tanks known retention basin six hours longer lived isotope affected retention several entered river every_day federal_government kept knowledge radioactive radiation later far west washington oregon coasts plutonium separation process resulted release radioactive isotopes air carried wind throughout southeastern washington parts idaho montana oregon british_columbia radionuclides particularly iodine withe releases period radionuclides entered food_chain via dairy grazing contaminated fields hazardous fallout communities consumed radioactive food milk airborne releases part hanford routine operations occurred isolated incidents intentional release known green run released iodine two_days another source contaminated food came columbia_river fish impact felt native_americans united_states native_american communities depended river customary diets us_government report released estimated radioactive iodine released river air hanford_site image salmon hanford_sitejpg thumb left salmon hanford reach near h reactor beginning scientists withe united_states public_health service us public_health service published reports radioactivity released hanford protests thealth departments oregon washington response article spokane spokesman review september department energy announced environmental records february released pages previously unavailable historical documents hanford operations washington_state department health collaborated withe citizen led hanford health informationetwork effects hanford operations reports concluded residents hanford used columbia_river radiation placed increased risk various cancers diseases mass lawsuit brought two thousand againsthe federal_government court system manyears website_retrieved september twof six wento trial awarded radioactive materials known leaking hanford thenvironmenthe concentration detected springs l l athe hanford townsite highest iodine concentration l l also_found hanford townsite spring guidelines drinking water limits levels iodine l tritium l radionuclides including tritium technetium iodine springs near hanford townsite generally increasing since area major groundwater pollution groundwater plume theast area river detected radionuclides include technetium iodine uranium tritium detected include nitrate february governor jay announced tank storing radioactive_waste athe_site leaking average gallons per_year said leak posed immediate health risk public anything february governor stated tanks hanford_site leaking radioactive_waste tanks hanford whichave single shell historically single shell_tanks used storing radioactive liquid waste andesigned last_years liquid waste transferred single shell_tanks safer double shell_tanks substantial amount remains older single shell_tanks one containing estimated gallons radioactive example believed six tanks leaking two tanks leaking rate gallons per_year remaining four tanks leaking rate gallons per_year occupational health workers reported exposure harmful vapors working nuclear storage tanks solution found workers alone reported vapors became ill eyes burning skin contact increased heart rate difficulty breathing several workers long_term disabilities doctors checked workers cleared return work monitors worn tank workers found samples chemicals close occupational exposure august occupational safety health administration ordered facility contractor pay back wages firing safety concerns athe_site onovember washington attorney general bob ferguson said state planned sue doe contractor protect workers hazardous vapors hanford report doe savannah_river nationalaboratory initiated washington river protection solutions found doe methods study inadequate particularly thathey account short intense recommended air inside tanks determine chemical new practices prevent worker medical reflect vapors cleanup superfund image_hanford_site tank interiorjpg thumb right image surface waste found inside double shell tank athe hanford_site april june hanford_site divided four areas proposed inclusion national priorities list may washington department ecology united_states environmental_protection agency department energy entered tri party agreement provides legal framework environmental remediation hanford agencies world largest environmental cleanup many challenges face technical political regulatory cultural interests cleanup effort focused three outcomes columbia_river corridor uses converting central plateau long_term waste treatment storage preparing future cleanup effort managed department energy oversight two regulatory agencies citizen led hanford advisory board provides recommendations community stakeholders including local state governments regional environmental organizations business interests native_american tribes citing hanford scope schedule cost cost remaining hanford clean billion billion per_year next six years lower_cost approximately billion per_year workers site clean mitigate waste contaminated buildings contaminated soil originally scheduled complete within thirtyears cleanup less four areas formally listed sites october one removed list following cleanup file spent nuclear fuel thumb left spent nuclear fuel stored underwater hanford k east basin radioactive material ended withe reactor shutdown many dangerous wastes contained continued concerns contaminated groundwater headed toward columbia_river workers health safety significant challenge hanford high_level radioactive_waste stored underground tanks third tanks waste soil groundwater liquid waste transferred secure double tanks however liquid waste together salt cake remains single tanks doe lacks information double shell_tanks may susceptible without determining thextento factors contributed leak similar double shell_tanks doe cannot sure long double shell_tanks safely store waste waste originally scheduled removed nearby contain estimated contaminated groundwater result radioactive_waste traveling groundwater toward columbia_river waste expected reach river years cleanup proceed schedule site includes solid radioactive_waste image grand thumb right grand opening thenvironmental restoration disposal facility tri party agreement lower level hazardous wastes buried huge lined pits sealed monitored sophisticated instruments manyears disposal plutonium high_level wastes difficult problem continues subject intense debate example plutonium half life years decay ten half lives required sample considered cease radioactivity department energy awarded billion contracto bechtel san_francisco based construction engineering firm build radioactive_waste vitrification combine dangerous wastes glass stable construction_began plant originally scheduled operational vitrification completed nuclear waste bombs march p according study general accounting office number serious technical managerial problems estimated costs billion operations estimated decades operation may state federal officials began negotiations abouthe possibility extending legal cleanup waste vitrification exchange shifting focus cleanup urgent october early million hanford cleanup budget proposed washington_state officials expressed concern abouthe budget cuts well recent safety athe_site threatened file lawsuit alleging thathe department energy appeared step back april another meeting ofederal state officials resulted progress toward tentative agreement excavations sample plutonium uncovered inside safe waste trench dated abouthe making_ithe second oldest sample plutonium known exist analyses published concluded thathe sample originated oak_ridge one several sento hanford optimization tests plant hanford could produce plutonium documents refer sample belonging group disposed radiation leak chemical engineering news antique project era plutonium found glass hanford_site cleanup radioactive_waste hanford stored planned yucca waste project wasuspended washington_state sued joined south_carolina first suit dismissed july subsequent suit federal authorities ordered either plans yucca mountain storage site potential radioactive leak reported clean estimated cost billion billion hanford organizations hanford_site operations initially directed colonel franklin matthias us_army corps engineers postwar united_states atomic_energy_commission atomic_energy_commission took thenergy research_andevelopment administration hanford operations currently directed us_department energy operated government contract various private companies years table class wikitable sortable year begun month organization responsibility class unsortable remarks december us_army corps engineers lead us held role january december dupont de company dupont site activities initial hanford_site contractor september general site activities january united_states atomic_energy_commission atomic_energy_commission lead us replaced us_army corps engineers may vitro engineers hanford engineering services assumed ges new facility design role june jones construction hanford construction services assumed ges construction role january us testing environmental testing assumed ges environmental testing role january memorial institute pacific_northwest nationalaboratory pacific_northwest laboratory assumed laboratory renamed pacific_northwest nationalaboratory july computer sciences corporation services new scope august hanford occupational health foundation industrial medicine assumed industrial medicine role september douglas united nuclear single pass reactor operations fuel fabrication assumed part reactor operations january processing assumed chemical processing operations march federal support_services inc support_services assumed july douglas united nuclear n reactor operation assumed remainder reactor atlantic hanford company chemical processing replaced august hanford environmental health foundation industrial medicine name change february hanford company hanford engineering development laboratory spun offrom mission build fast flux test facility september support_services replaces april united nuclear industries inc production reactor operations name change douglas united nuclear january energy research_andevelopment administration lead us replaced aec managed site october boeing computer services computer services replaced october us_department energy doe lead us_government agency replaced presently hanford operations chemical processing support_services replaces june hanford company architect engineering services replaces vitro march engineering hanford architect engineering services replaces march construction consolidated contract includes former jones work june site management operations consolidated contract includes work october fluor corp fluor daniel hanford inc site management operations integrating contractor companies february fluor corp fluor hanford_site cleanup operations transition site cleanup fluor held various roles december bechtel national inc engineering construction commissioning waste treatment plant october hill plateau remediation company central plateau cleanup closure april washington closure hanford river corridor cleanup closure may mission support alliance site infrastructure services consolidated services contract october washington river protection solutions tank farm operations divisions site historical plutonium finishing plant made use weapons b plant plant plant processing separation extraction various chemicals isotopes health attempto keep workers thenvironment safe plant c plant recovered uranium world_war ii processes experimental animal farm aquatic biology laboratory technical physics radioactive sewer metal fuels manufacturing tank liquid nuclear waste metal recovery plant plant recover uranium tank farms uranium plant aka uranium oxide plant aka output plants liquid nitrate plant purex plant made uranium powder plutonium uranium extraction plant purex plant extracted useful material spent fuel waste also see purex article plutonium test reactor alternative fuel plutonium fuels pilot plant see historic photos image_hanford f reactor cooling cooling athe f reactor image_hanford tank underground tank farm site waste storage tanks image_hanford waste inside one waste storage tanks image_hanford purex inside purex facility image_hanford rattlesnake view central plateau rattlesnake mountain benton county washington rattlesnake mountain image richland washingtonjpg richland washington richland thearly days site image_hanford hanford workers lining image_hanford sheep testing jpg hanford scientists feeding radioactive food sheep image n hanford sheep testing sheep thyroid image_hanford cold_war era billboard image atomic frontier atomic frontier days parade richland washington richland image fast flux test facility see_also lists nuclear disasters radioactive incidents timeline nuclear_weapons development references_furthereading john_findlay bruce atomic frontier days hanford american west university washington press_pages explores history hanford tri cities richland washington externalinks_official hanford website department energy washington department ecology nuclear waste program state agency regulates hanford cleanup us environmental_protection agency federal agency regulates hanford cleanup category hanford_site_category geography benton county washington category columbia_river category environmental disasters united_states category geography washington_state category_history washington_state category manhattan_project category_buildings structures washington_state category_nuclear history united_states category_nuclear_weapons infrastructure united_states category radioactive_waste category tri cities washington category_united_states department energy facilities category closed military facilities united_states united_states category_buildings structures benton county washington category_tourist attractions benton county washington category contaminated areas category_establishments washington_state category_military superfund sites category superfund sites washington_state category_nuclear accidents incidents category_military research united_states category wave astronomy category_atomic_tourism"},{"title":"Hang gliding","description":"file d part deltaplanejpg thumb px hanglider just after launchangliding is an air sport orecreational activity in which a pilot flies a light non motorized foot launched heavier than aircraft called a hanglider most modern hangliders are made of an aluminium alloy or composite material composite frame covered with synthetic sailcloth to form a wing typically the pilot is in a harnessuspended from the airframe and controls the aircraft by shifting body weight in opposition to a control framearly hangliders had a low lifto drag ratio so pilots werestricted to gliding down small hills by the s this ratio significantly improved and since then pilots can lift soaring soar for hours gain thousands ofeet of altitude in thermal updrafts perform aerobatics and glide cross country for hundreds of kilometres the f d ration a ronautique internationale and national airspace governing organizations control some regulatory aspects of hangliding obtaining the safety benefits of being instructed is highly recommended history file lilienthal in flightjpg thumb otto lilienthal in flighthearliest forms of gliding had existed in china by thend of the sixth century ad the chinese had managed to build kites large and aerodynamic enough to sustain the weight of an average sized person it was only a matter of time before someone decided to simply remove the kite strings and see what happened most early glider designs did not ensure safe flighthe problem was that early flight pioneers did not sufficiently understand the underlying principles that made a bird s wing work starting in the s technical and scientific advancements were made that led to the firstruly practical glider aircraft glider s otto lilienthal built controllable gliders in the s with whiche could ridge lift ridge soar his rigorously documented work influenced later designers making lilienthal one of the most influential early aviation pioneers his aircraft was controlled by weight shift and isimilar to a modern hanglider file lavezzari hangliderjpg thumb left jan lavezzari with a double sail glider hangliding saw a stiffened flexible wing hanglider in when jan lavezzari flew a double lateen sail hanglider off berck beach france in breslau the triangle control frame withanglider pilot hung behind the triangle in a hanglider was evident in a gliding club s activity the biplane hanglider was very widely publicized in public magazines with plans for building such biplane hangliders were constructed and flown in several nationsince octave chanute and his tailed biplane hangliders were demonstrated in april a how to article by carl s bates proved to be a seminal hanglider article that seemingly affected builders even of contemporary times aseveral builders would have their first hanglider made by following the plan in his article volmer jensen with a biplane hanglider in called vj allowed safe three axis control of a foot launched hanglider file paresev b in tow flight gpn jpg thumb nasa s paresev glider in flight with tow cable onovember francis rogallo and gertrude rogallo applied for a kite patent for a fully flexible kited wing with approved claims for itstiffenings and gliding uses the flexible wing orogallo wing which in the american space agency nasa began testing in various flexible and semi rigid configurations in order to use it as a recovery system for the gemini space capsule s the varioustiffening formats and the wing simplicity of design and ease of construction along with its capability of slow flight and its gentle landing characteristics did not go unnoticed by hanglider enthusiasts in barry hill palmer adapted the flexible wing concepto make foot launched hangliders with four different control arrangements in mike burns adapted the flexible wing to build a towable kite hanglider he called skiplane in john w dickenson adapted the flexible wing airfoil concepto make another water skite glider for this the f d ration a ronautique internationale vestedickenson withe hangliding diploma for the invention of the modern hanglider since then the rogallo wing has been the most used airfoil of hangliders components file hangliding my firsthermalwebm thumb hangliding hanglider sailclothere are basically two types of sail materials used in hanglider sails woven polyester fabrics and composite laminated fabrics made of some combination of polyester film and polyester fibers woven polyester sailcloth is a very tight weave of small diameter polyester fibers that has been stabilized by the hot press impregnation of a polyesteresin the resin impregnation is required to provide resistance to distortion and stretch this resistance is important in maintaining the aerodynamic shape of the sail woven polyester provides the best combination of light weight andurability in a sail withe best overall handling qualities laminated sail materials using polyester film achieve superior performance by using a lower stretch material that is better at maintaining sail shape but istill relatively light in weighthe disadvantages of polyester film fabrics is thathe reduced elasticity under load generally results in stiffer and less responsive handling and polyester laminated fabrics are generally not as durable or long lasting as the woven fabrics triangle control frame in most hangliders the control is and has been achieved using a horizontal bar held by the pilot also known as triangle control frame tcf control bar or base bar this bar is usually pulled to allow for greater speed either end of the control bar is attached to an upright where both extend and are connected to the main body of the glider this creates the shape of a triangle or a frame in many of these configurations additional wheels or other equipment can be suspended from the bottom bar orod ends imageshowing a triangle control frame on otto lilienthal s hanglider prove thathe technology of such frames has existed since thearly design of gliders but he did not mention it in his patents a tcf shows also in octave chanute s designs it was a major part of the now common design of hangliders by george a spratt from the most simple a frame that is cable stayed was demonstrated in a breslau gliding club hangliding meet in a battened wing foot launchable hanglider in the year by w simon hanglider historian stephanitschas collected instances alsof the u control frame used in the first decade of the s the u is variant of the a frame training and safety image kittyhawkjpg thumb learning to hanglide due to the poor safety record of early hangliding pioneers the sport has traditionally been considered unsafe advances in pilotraining and glider construction have led to a much improved safety record modern hangliders are very sturdy when constructed to hanglider manufacturers association britishangliding and paragliding association bhpa deutscher h ngegleiterverband or other certified standards using modern materials although lightweighthey can beasily damaged either through misuse or by continued operation in unsafe wind and weather conditions all modern gliders have built in dive recovery mechanismsuch as luff lines in kingposted gliders or sprogs in topless gliders pilots fly in harnesses that supportheir bodieseveral differentypes of harnesses exist pod harnesses are put on like a jacket and the leg portion is behind the pilot during launch once in the air the feet are tucked into the bottom of the harness they are zipped up in the air with a rope and unzipped before landing with a separate rope a cocoon harness islipped over thead and lies in front of the legs during launch after getting into the air the feet are tucked into it and the back is left open a knee hanger harness is also slipped over thead buthe knee part is wrapped around the knees before launch and just pick up the pilots leg automatically after launch a supine or suprone harness is a seated harness the shoulder straps are put on before launch and after take off the pilot slides back into the seat and flies in a seated position pilots carry a parachutenclosed in the harness in case of serious problems the parachute is manually deployed and carries both pilot and glider down to earth pilots also wear helmets and generally carry other safety itemsuch as knives for cutting their parachute bridle after impact or cutting their harness lines and straps in case of a tree or water landing light ropes for lowering from trees to haul up tools or climbing ropes radios for communication with other pilots or ground crew and first aid equipmenthe accident rate from hanglider flying has been dramatically decreased by pilotraining early hanglider pilots learned their sporthrough trial and error and gliders were sometimes home builtraining programs have been developed for today s pilot with emphasis on flight within safe limits as well as the discipline to cease flying when weather conditions are unfavorable for examplexcess wind orisk cloud suck in the uk there is one death per flights a risk comparable to running a marathon or playing football for a year most pilots learn at recognised courses which lead to the internationally recognised international pilot proficiency information card issued by the f d ration a ronautique internationale fai launch image launch of a hangliderogg thumb videof a foot launching from a hillaunch techniques include foot launching from a hill tow launching from a ground based tow system aerotowing behind a powered aircraft powered hanglider powered harnesses and being towed up by a boat modern winch tows typically utilize hydraulic systems designed to regulate line tension this reducescenarios for lock out astrong winds result in additionalength of rope spooling out rather than directension the tow line other morexotic launch techniques have also been used successfully such as hot air balloon drops from very high altitude when weather conditions are unsuitable to sustain a soaring flighthis results in a top to bottom flight and is referred to as a sled run in denis cummings re introduced a safe tow system that was designed tow through the centre of mass and had a gauge that displayed the towing tension it also integrated a weak link that broke when the safe tow tension was exceeded after initial testing in the hunter valley denis cummings pilot john clark redtruck driver and bob silver officianado began the flatlands hangliding competition at parkes nsw the competition quickly grew from pilots the first year to hosting a world championship with pilots towing from several wheat paddocks in westernsw in denis and redtruck took a group of international pilots to alice springs to take advantage of the massive thermals using the new systemany world records were set withe growing use of the system other launch methods were incorporated static winch and towing behind a powered hanglider or ultralight soaring flight and cross country flying image goldenmedowsjpg thumb good gliding weather well formed cumulus cloud s with darker basesuggest active thermals and light winds a glider in flight is continuously descending to achieve an extended flighthe pilot must seek air currents rising faster than the sink rate of the glider selecting the sources of rising air currents is the skill that has to be mastered if the pilot wants to achieve flying long distances known as cross country flying cross country xc rising air masses derive from the following sources thermals the most commonly used source of lift is created by the sun s energy heating the ground which in turn heats the air above ithis warm airises in columns known as thermalsoaring pilots quickly become aware of land features which can generate thermals and their trigger points downwind because thermals have a surface tension withe ground and roll until hitting a trigger point when thermalifts the first indicator are the swooping birds feeding on the insects being carried aloft or dust devil s or a change in windirection as the air is pulled in below thermal as thermal climbs bigger soaring birds indicate thermal thermal rises until it either forms into a cumulus cloud or hits an inversion layer which is where the surrounding air is becoming warmer witheight and stops thermal developing into a cloud also nearly every glider contains an instrument known as a variometer a very sensitivertical speed indicator which shows visually and often audibly the presence of lift and sink having located a thermal a glider pilot will circle within the area of rising air to gain height in the case of a cloud streethermals can line up withe wind creating rows of thermals and sinking air a pilot can use a cloud streeto fly long straight line distances by remaining in the row of rising airidge lift ridge lift occurs when the wind encounters a mountain cliff or hill the air is pushed up the windward face of the mountain creating lifthe area of lift extending from the ridge is called the lift band providing the air is rising faster than the glidersink rate gliders can soar and climb in the rising air by flying within the lift band at right angle to the ridge soaring is also known aslope soaring mountain waves the third main type of lift used by glider pilots is the lee waves that occur near mountains the obstruction to the airflow can generate standing wave s with alternating areas of lift and sink the top of each wave peak is often marked by lenticular cloud formations convergence another form of lift results from the convergence zone convergence of air masses as with a sea breeze sea breeze front morexotic forms of lift are the polar vortices which the perlan project hopes to use to soar to great altitudes a rare phenomenon known as morninglory cloud morninglory has also been used by glider pilots in australia performance file hanggliding jpg thumb hanglider launching fromountamalpais with each generation of materials and withe improvements in aerodynamics the performance of hangliders has increased one measure of performance is the gliding flight glide ratio glide ratio for example a ratiof means that in smooth air a glider can travel forward metres while only losing metre of altitude some performance figures as of topless gliders no kingpost aviation kingpost gliding flight glide ratio glide ratio speed range best glide at rigid wings gliding flight glide ratio glide ratio speed range best glide at ballasthextra weight provided by ballast is advantageous if the lift is likely to be strong althougheavier gliders have a slight disadvantage when climbing in rising air they achieve a higher speed at any given glide angle this an advantage in strong conditions when the gliderspend only little time climbing in thermalstability and equilibrium image hyener pa jpg thumb high performance flexible wing hanglider because hangliders are most often used forecreational flying a premium is placed on gentle behaviour especially athe stall flight stall and natural flight dynamics aircraft pitch stability the wing loading must be very low in order to allow the piloto run fast enough to get above stall flight stall speed stall speed unlike a traditional aircraft with an extended fuselage and empennage for maintaining stability hangliders rely on the natural stability of their flexible wings to return to mechanical equilibrium in flight dynamics aircraft yaw and pitch flight dynamics aircraft roll stability is generally seto be near neutral in calm air a properly designed wing will maintain balanced trimmed flight with little pilot inputhe flex wing pilot isuspended beneathe wing by a strap attached to his harness the pilot lies prone sometimesupine within a large triangular metal control frame controlled flight is achieved by the pilot pushing and pulling on this control frame thushifting his weight fore or aft and right or left in coordinated maneuvers roll most flexible wings are set up with near neutral roll due to sideslip dihedral aircraft anhedral effect in the roll axis the pilot shifts his body mass using the wing control bar applying a rolling moment directly to the wing the flexible wing is builto flex differentially across the span in response to the pilot applied roll moment for example if the pilot shifts his weighto the righthe right wing trailing edge flexes up more than the left allowing the right wing to drop and slow down yaw the yaw angle yaw axis stabilized through the sweep back of the wings the swept planform when yawed out of the relative wind creates more lift force lift on the advancing wing and also more drag stabilizing the wing in yaw if one wing advances ahead of the other it presents more area to the wind and causes more drag on that side this causes the advancing wing to go slower and to fall back the wing is at equilibrium when the aircraft is traveling straight and both wings presenthe same amount of area to the wind pitch the pitch control response is direct and very efficient it is partially stabilized by the swept wing sweep of the wings the wing centre of gravity is close to the hang point and athe trim speed the wing will fly hands off and return to trim after being disturbed the weight shift control system only works when the wing is positively loaded right side upositive pitching devicesuch as reflex lines or washout rods aremployed to maintain a minimum safe amount of washout when the wing is unloaded or evenegatively loaded upside down flying faster than trim speed is accomplished by moving the pilot s weight forward in the control frame flying slower by shifting the pilot s weight aft pushing out furthermore the facthathe wing is designed to bend and flex provides favourable dynamics analogous to a spring suspension this provides a gentler flying experience than a similarly sized rigid winged hanglider instruments to maximize a pilot s understanding of how the hanglider is flying most pilots carry instruments the most basic being a variometer and altimeter often combined some more advanced pilots also carry airspeed indicators and radios when flying in competition or cross country pilots often also carry maps and or gps units hangliders do not have instrument panels asuch so all the instruments are mounted to the control frame of the glider or occasionally strapped to the pilot s forearm variometer image gleitschirmvariojpg righthumb upright vario altimeter c gliding pilots are able to sense the acceleration forces when they first hit a thermal but have difficulty gauging constant motion thus it is difficulto detecthe difference between constantly rising air and constantly sinking air a variometer is a very sensitivertical speed indicator the variometer indicates climb rate or sink rate with audio signals beeps and or a visual display these units are generally electronic vary in sophistication and often include an altimeter and an airspeed indicator more advanced units often incorporate a barograph forecording flight datand or a built in gps the main purpose of a variometer is in helping a pilot find and stay in the core of a thermal to maximize height gain and conversely indicating when he or she is in sinking air and needs to find rising air variometers are sometimes capable of electronicalculations to indicate the optimal speed to fly for given conditions the paul maccready theory answers the question how fast a pilot should cruise between thermals given the average lifthe pilot expects in the nexthermal climb and the amount of lift or sink hencounters in cruise mode somelectronic variometers make the calculations automatically allowing for factorsuch as the glider s theoretical performance glide ratio altitude hook in weight and windirection radio image aircraftradio jpg lefthumb upright aircraft radio pilots use way radio for training purposes for communicating with other pilots in the air and witheir ground crewhen traveling on cross country flights one type of radios used are ptt push to talk handheld transceiver s operating in vhfm usually a microphone is incorporated in thelmet and the ptt switch is either fixed to the outside of thelmet or strapped to a finger operating a vhf band radio without an appropriate license is illegal in most countries that have regulated airwaves including united states canada brazil etc so additional informations must be obtained withe national or local hangliding association as aircraft operating in airspace occupied by other aircraft hanglider pilots also use the appropriate type of radio ie the aircraftransceiver into aero mobile service vhf band it can of course be fitted with a ptt switch to a finger and speakers inside thelmethe use of aircraftransceivers isubjecto regulationspecific to the use in the air such as frequencies restrictions but haseveral advantages over fm ie frequency modulated radios used in other services first is the great range it has without repeaters because of its amplitude modulation ie am second is the ability to contact inform and be informedirectly by other aircraft pilots of their intentions thereby improving collision avoidance and increasing safety third is to allow greater liberty regarding distance flights in regulated airspaces in which the aircraft radio is normally a legal requirement fourth is the universal emergency frequency monitored by all other users and satellites and used in case of emergency or impending emergency gps global positioning system gps global positioning system can be used to mark the flight path as the pilot flies as it can be interesting to view a gps track of a flight when back on the ground to analyze flying technique and to assist flight performance in competitions and cross country flying wherestricted airspace needs to be considered records are sanctioned by the f d ration a ronautique internationale fai the world record for straight distance is held by dustin b martin with a distance of in originating from zapata texas judy leden gbr holds the altitude record for a balloon launched hanglider m ft at wadi rum jordan on october leden also holds the gain of height record m ft set in the altitude records for balloon launched hangliders class wikitable altitude location pilot date reference bgcolor e e align center wadi rum jordan judy leden october align center edmonton alberta canada john bird august edmonton journal august kerry bissell an official observer of the soaring association of canada it s feet if the reading is taken athe top of the trace mark the record is meters bgcolor e e align center california city california usa stephan dunoyer september hangliding magazine december p align center mojave desert california usa bob mccaffrey november bgcolor e e align center san jose california usa dennis kulberg december sarasota journal december p d competitionstarted with flying as long as possible and spot landings with increasing performance cross country flying replaced them usually two to four waypoints have to be passed with a landing at a goal in the late s low power global positioning system gps units were introduced and have completely replaced photographs of the goal every two years there is a world championship the rigid and women s world championship in was hosted by quest air in florida big spring texas big spring texas hosted the world championship hangliding is alsone of the competition categories in world air games organized by f d ration a ronautique internationale world air sports federation fai which maintains a chronology of the fai world hangliding championships classes image hg rheinebene aug jpg thumb right modern flexible wing hanglider for competitive purposes there are three classes of hanglider class the flexible wing hanglider having flight controlled by a wing whose shape changes by virtue of the shifted weight of the pilothis not a paraglider class the rigid wing hanglider having flight controlled by spoiler aeronauticspoiler s typically on top of the wing in both flexible and rigid wings the pilot hangs below the wing without any additional aircraft fairing class designated by the f d ration a ronautique internationale fai asub class o where the pilot is integrated into the wing by means of a fairing these offer the best performance and are the most expensive in addition to typicalaunch configurations a hanglider may be so constructed for alternative launching modes other than being foot launched one practical avenue for this for people who physically cannot foot launch aerobatics hangliders are not certified for aerobatic flight pilots perform aerobatics atheir own risk there are three basic maneuvers in a hanglider not counting a loop which is actually a climbover withe samentry and exit heading the following descriptions arexcerpts from a nationally recognized rules book official maneuvers a figure with a bank angle of more than is a maneuver loop a maneuver that starts in a wings level dive climbs without any rolling to the apex where the glider is upside down wings level heading back where it came from and then returning to the start altitude and heading again without rolling having completed an approximately circular path in the vertical plane spin a spin iscored from the moment one wing stalls and the gliderotates noticeably into the spin thentry heading is noted athis pointhe glider must remain the spin for at least of a revolution to score any versatility spin points rollover a maneuver where the apex heading is less than left oright of thentry heading climb over a maneuver where the apex heading is greater than left oright of thentry heading comparison of gliders hangliders and paragliders there can be confusion between gliders hangliders and paragliding paragliders and hangliders are both foot launched glider aircraft and in both cases the pilot isuspended hangs below the lift surface but hanglider is the defaulterm for those where the airframe contains rigid structures the primary structure of paragliders isupple consisting mainly of woven material see also glider disambiguation glider human powered aircraft kite types microlift glider nanolight powered paraglidereferences notes bibliography category hangliding category gliding category aircraft configurations category air sports category individual sports category outdoorecreation category unpowered flight category adventure travel 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outdoorecreation","outdoorecreation category","category unpowered","unpowered flight","flight category","category adventure","adventure travel","travel category","category articles","articles containing","containing video","video clips"],"new_description":"file part thumb px hanglider air sport activity pilot flies light non motorized foot_launched heavier aircraft called hanglider modern hangliders made aluminium alloy composite material composite frame covered synthetic form wing typically pilot airframe controls aircraft shifting body weight opposition control hangliders low drag ratio pilots gliding small hills ratio significantly improved since pilots lift soaring soar hours gain thousands ofeet altitude thermal perform aerobatics glide cross_country hundreds kilometres f ration ronautique internationale national_airspace governing organizations control regulatory aspects hangliding obtaining safety benefits instructed highly recommended history_file lilienthal thumb otto lilienthal forms gliding existed china thend sixth century chinese managed build large aerodynamic enough sustain weight average sized person matter time someone decided simply remove kite see happened early glider designs ensure safe flighthe problem early flight pioneers sufficiently understand underlying principles made bird wing work starting technical scientific made led practical glider aircraft glider otto lilienthal built gliders whiche could ridge lift ridge soar documented work influenced later designers making lilienthal one influential early aviation pioneers aircraft controlled weight shift isimilar modern hanglider file thumb left jan double sail glider hangliding saw flexible_wing hanglider jan flew double sail hanglider beach france triangle control frame pilot hung behind triangle hanglider evident gliding club activity biplane hanglider widely publicized public magazines plans building biplane hangliders constructed flown several octave biplane hangliders demonstrated april article carl bates proved hanglider article seemingly affected builders even contemporary times aseveral builders would first hanglider made following plan article jensen biplane hanglider called allowed safe three axis control foot_launched hanglider file b tow flight jpg thumb nasa glider flight tow cable onovember francis applied kite patent fully flexible_wing approved claims gliding uses flexible_wing wing american space_agency nasa began testing various flexible semi rigid configurations order use recovery system gemini space_capsule formats wing simplicity design ease construction along capability slow flight gentle landing characteristics go hanglider enthusiasts barry hill palmer adapted flexible_wing concepto make foot_launched hangliders four different control arrangements mike burns adapted flexible_wing build kite hanglider called john w adapted flexible_wing airfoil concepto make another water glider f ration ronautique internationale withe hangliding diploma invention modern hanglider since wing used airfoil hangliders components file hangliding thumb hangliding hanglider basically two types sail materials used hanglider woven polyester fabrics composite laminated fabrics made combination polyester film polyester woven polyester tight small diameter polyester stabilized hot press required provide resistance stretch resistance important maintaining aerodynamic shape sail woven polyester provides best combination light weight sail withe best overall handling qualities laminated sail materials using polyester film achieve superior performance using lower stretch material better maintaining sail shape istill relatively light disadvantages polyester film fabrics thathe reduced load generally results less handling polyester laminated fabrics generally durable long lasting woven fabrics triangle control frame hangliders control achieved using horizontal bar held pilot also_known triangle control frame control bar base bar bar usually pulled allow greater speed either end control bar attached upright extend connected main body glider creates shape triangle frame many configurations additional wheels equipment suspended bottom bar ends triangle control frame otto lilienthal hanglider prove thathe technology frames existed since_thearly design gliders mention shows also octave designs major part common design hangliders george simple frame cable stayed demonstrated gliding club hangliding meet wing foot hanglider year w simon hanglider historian collected instances control frame used first_decade variant frame training safety image thumb learning due poor safety record early hangliding pioneers sport traditionally considered unsafe advances pilotraining glider construction led much improved safety record modern hangliders constructed hanglider manufacturers association paragliding association h certified standards using modern materials although beasily damaged either continued operation unsafe wind weather conditions modern gliders built dive recovery lines gliders topless gliders pilots fly harnesses supportheir differentypes harnesses exist pod harnesses put like jacket leg portion behind pilot launch air feet tucked bottom harness air rope landing separate rope cocoon harness thead lies front legs launch getting air feet tucked back left open knee harness also thead buthe knee part wrapped around knees launch pick pilots leg automatically launch harness seated harness shoulder put launch take pilot slides back seat flies seated position pilots carry harness case serious problems parachute manually deployed carries pilot glider earth pilots also wear helmets generally carry safety itemsuch knives cutting parachute impact cutting harness lines case tree water landing light ropes lowering trees haul tools climbing ropes radios communication pilots ground crew first_aid accident rate hanglider flying dramatically decreased pilotraining early hanglider pilots learned trial error gliders sometimes home programs developed today pilot emphasis flight within safe limits well discipline cease flying weather conditions wind cloud uk one death per flights risk comparable running marathon playing football year pilots learn recognised courses lead internationally recognised international pilot proficiency information card issued f ration ronautique internationale fai launch image launch thumb videof foot launching techniques include foot launching hill tow launching ground based tow system behind powered_aircraft powered hanglider powered harnesses towed boat modern winch typically utilize hydraulic systems designed regulate line tension lock winds result rope rather tow line launch techniques also_used successfully hot_air balloon drops high_altitude weather conditions unsuitable sustain soaring results top bottom flight referred run denis introduced safe tow system designed tow centre mass gauge displayed towing tension also integrated weak link broke safe tow tension exceeded initial testing hunter valley denis pilot john_clark driver bob silver began hangliding competition parkes nsw competition quickly grew pilots first_year hosting world_championship pilots towing several wheat denis took group international pilots alice springs take_advantage massive thermals using new world_records set withe growing use system launch methods incorporated static winch towing behind powered hanglider ultralight soaring flight cross_country flying image thumb good gliding weather well formed cloud darker active thermals light winds glider flight continuously descending achieve extended flighthe pilot must seek air currents rising faster sink rate glider selecting sources rising air currents skill pilot wants achieve flying long_distances known cross_country flying cross_country rising air masses derive following sources thermals commonly_used source lift created sun energy heating ground turn heats air warm columns known pilots quickly become aware land features generate thermals trigger points thermals surface tension withe ground roll trigger point first indicator birds feeding insects carried dust devil change air pulled thermal thermal climbs bigger soaring birds indicate thermal thermal either forms cloud hits layer surrounding air becoming warmer stops thermal developing cloud also nearly every glider contains instrument known variometer speed indicator shows visually often presence lift sink located thermal glider pilot circle within area rising air gain height case cloud line withe wind creating rows thermals sinking air pilot use cloud streeto fly long straight line distances remaining row rising lift ridge lift occurs wind encounters mountain cliff hill air pushed face mountain creating lifthe area lift extending ridge called lift band providing air rising faster rate gliders soar climb rising air flying within lift band right angle ridge soaring also_known soaring mountain waves third main type lift used glider pilots lee waves occur near mountains generate standing wave alternating areas lift sink top wave peak often marked cloud formations convergence another form lift results convergence zone convergence air masses sea breeze sea breeze front forms lift polar project hopes use soar great altitudes rare phenomenon known morninglory cloud morninglory also_used glider pilots australia performance file_jpg thumb hanglider launching generation materials withe improvements performance hangliders increased one measure performance gliding flight glide_ratio glide_ratio example ratiof means smooth air glider travel forward metres losing altitude performance figures topless gliders aviation gliding flight glide_ratio glide_ratio speed range best glide rigid wings gliding flight glide_ratio glide_ratio speed range best glide weight provided lift likely strong gliders slight disadvantage climbing rising air achieve higher speed given glide angle advantage strong conditions little time climbing image jpg thumb high performance flexible_wing hanglider hangliders often_used forecreational flying premium placed gentle behaviour especially athe stall flight stall natural flight dynamics aircraft pitch stability wing loading must low order allow piloto run fast enough get stall flight stall_speed stall_speed unlike traditional aircraft extended fuselage maintaining stability hangliders rely natural stability flexible_wings return mechanical flight dynamics aircraft yaw pitch flight dynamics aircraft roll stability generally seto near neutral air properly designed wing maintain balanced flight little pilot wing pilot beneathe wing attached harness pilot lies prone within large triangular metal control frame controlled flight achieved pilot pushing pulling control frame weight fore aft right left coordinated maneuvers roll flexible_wings set near neutral roll due aircraft effect roll axis pilot shifts body mass using wing control bar applying rolling moment directly wing flexible_wing builto across span response pilot applied roll moment example pilot shifts righthe right wing edge left allowing right wing drop slow yaw yaw angle yaw axis stabilized back wings swept relative wind creates lift force lift advancing wing also drag stabilizing wing yaw one wing advances ahead presents area wind causes drag side causes advancing wing go slower fall back wing aircraft traveling straight wings presenthe amount area wind pitch pitch control response direct efficient partially stabilized swept wing wings wing centre gravity close hang point athe trim speed wing fly hands return trim disturbed weight shift control system works wing positively loaded right side lines rods aremployed maintain minimum safe amount wing loaded upside flying faster trim speed accomplished moving pilot weight forward control frame flying slower shifting pilot weight aft pushing furthermore facthathe wing designed bend provides dynamics analogous spring suspension provides flying experience similarly sized rigid hanglider instruments maximize pilot understanding hanglider flying pilots carry instruments basic variometer altimeter often combined advanced pilots also carry indicators radios flying competition cross_country pilots often also carry maps gps units hangliders instrument panels asuch instruments mounted control frame glider occasionally pilot variometer image righthumb upright altimeter c gliding pilots able sense acceleration forces first hit thermal difficulty constant motion thus difficulto difference constantly rising air constantly sinking air variometer speed indicator variometer indicates climb rate sink rate audio signals visual display units generally electronic vary sophistication often include altimeter indicator advanced units often incorporate flight datand built gps main purpose variometer helping pilot find stay core thermal maximize height gain conversely indicating sinking air needs find rising air sometimes capable indicate optimal speed fly given conditions paul theory answers question fast pilot cruise thermals given average lifthe pilot expects climb amount lift sink cruise mode make calculations automatically allowing factorsuch glider theoretical performance glide_ratio altitude hook weight radio image jpg lefthumb upright aircraft radio pilots use way radio training purposes communicating pilots air witheir ground traveling cross_country flights one type radios used ptt push talk operating usually microphone incorporated ptt switch either fixed outside finger operating band radio without appropriate license illegal countries regulated including united_states canada brazil etc additional must obtained withe national local hangliding association aircraft operating airspace occupied aircraft hanglider pilots also_use appropriate type radio aero mobile service band course fitted ptt switch finger speakers inside use isubjecto use air frequencies restrictions haseveral advantages frequency radios used services first great range without second ability contact inform aircraft pilots intentions thereby improving avoidance increasing safety third allow greater liberty regarding distance flights regulated aircraft radio normally legal requirement fourth universal emergency frequency monitored users satellites used case emergency emergency gps global positioning system gps global positioning system used mark flight path pilot flies interesting view gps track flight back ground analyze flying technique assist flight performance competitions cross_country flying airspace needs considered records sanctioned f ration ronautique internationale fai world_record straight distance held b martin distance originating texas judy holds altitude record balloon launched hanglider rum jordan october also holds gain height record set altitude records balloon launched hangliders class wikitable altitude location pilot date reference bgcolor e e align center rum jordan judy october align center edmonton_alberta_canada john bird august edmonton journal august kerry official observer soaring association canada feet reading taken athe_top trace mark record meters bgcolor e e align center california city california usa september hangliding magazine december p align center mojave desert california usa bob november bgcolor e e align center san_jose_california usa dennis december journal december p flying long possible spot landings increasing performance cross_country flying replaced usually two four passed landing goal late low power global positioning system gps units introduced completely replaced photographs goal every two_years world_championship rigid women world_championship hosted quest air florida big spring texas big spring texas hosted world_championship hangliding alsone competition categories world air games organized f ration ronautique internationale world air sports federation fai maintains fai world hangliding championships classes image aug jpg thumb right modern flexible_wing hanglider competitive purposes three classes hanglider class flexible_wing hanglider flight controlled wing whose shape changes virtue shifted weight paraglider class rigid wing hanglider flight controlled typically top wing flexible rigid wings pilot hangs wing without additional aircraft fairing class designated f ration ronautique internationale fai class pilot integrated wing means fairing offer best performance expensive addition configurations hanglider may constructed alternative launching modes foot_launched one practical avenue people physically cannot foot launch aerobatics hangliders certified flight pilots perform aerobatics atheir risk three basic maneuvers hanglider counting loop actually withe exit heading following descriptions nationally recognized rules book official maneuvers figure bank angle maneuver loop maneuver starts wings level dive climbs without rolling apex glider upside wings level heading back came returning start altitude heading without rolling completed approximately circular path vertical plane spin spin moment one wing stalls noticeably spin thentry heading noted athis pointhe glider must remain spin least revolution score spin points maneuver apex heading less left thentry heading climb maneuver apex heading greater left thentry heading comparison gliders hangliders paragliders confusion gliders hangliders paragliding paragliders hangliders foot_launched glider aircraft cases pilot hangs lift surface hanglider airframe contains rigid structures primary structure paragliders consisting mainly woven material see_also glider disambiguation glider human powered_aircraft kite types glider powered notes bibliography category hangliding category gliding category_aircraft configurations category_air sports_category individual sports_category outdoorecreation category unpowered flight category_adventure_travel_category articles_containing_video_clips"},{"title":"Hangar-7","description":"file aussenansicht red bull hangar nachtjpg thumb exterior of hangar at night hangar in salzburg austria owned by red bull founder dietrich mateschitz is not a hangar in a traditional sense but rather a multifunctional building with a collection of historical airplanes helicopters and formula one racing cars and is home of the flying bulls an austrian aviation team alsowned by mateschitz it houses a restaurantwo bars a lounge and aircraft and is open to the public it includes the michelin guide michelin starred restaurant ikarus the building is airfoil shaped constructed of tons of steel and sqft of glassurface hangar is the maintenance facility externalinks official english website category michelin guide starred restaurants category red bull racing category restaurants in austria category buildings and structures in salzburg category tourist attractions in salzburg","main_words":["file","red","bull","hangar","thumb","exterior","hangar","night","hangar","salzburg","austria","owned","red","bull","founder","dietrich","hangar","traditional","sense","rather","building","collection","historical","airplanes","formula","one","racing","cars","home","flying","austrian","aviation","team","houses","bars","lounge","aircraft","open","public","includes","michelin_guide","michelin_starred","restaurant","building","airfoil","shaped","constructed","tons","steel","sqft","hangar","maintenance","facility","externalinks_official","english","website_category","michelin_guide","starred_restaurants","category","red","bull","racing","category_restaurants","austria","category_buildings","structures","salzburg","category_tourist","attractions","salzburg"],"clean_bigrams":[["red","bull"],["bull","hangar"],["thumb","exterior"],["night","hangar"],["salzburg","austria"],["austria","owned"],["red","bull"],["bull","founder"],["founder","dietrich"],["traditional","sense"],["historical","airplanes"],["formula","one"],["one","racing"],["racing","cars"],["austrian","aviation"],["aviation","team"],["michelin","guide"],["guide","michelin"],["michelin","starred"],["starred","restaurant"],["airfoil","shaped"],["shaped","constructed"],["maintenance","facility"],["facility","externalinks"],["externalinks","official"],["official","english"],["english","website"],["website","category"],["category","michelin"],["michelin","guide"],["guide","starred"],["starred","restaurants"],["restaurants","category"],["category","red"],["red","bull"],["bull","racing"],["racing","category"],["category","restaurants"],["austria","category"],["category","buildings"],["salzburg","category"],["category","tourist"],["tourist","attractions"]],"all_collocations":["red bull","bull hangar","thumb exterior","night hangar","salzburg austria","austria owned","red bull","bull founder","founder dietrich","traditional sense","historical airplanes","formula one","one racing","racing cars","austrian aviation","aviation team","michelin guide","guide michelin","michelin starred","starred restaurant","airfoil shaped","shaped constructed","maintenance facility","facility externalinks","externalinks official","official english","english website","website category","category michelin","michelin guide","guide starred","starred restaurants","restaurants category","category red","red bull","bull racing","racing category","category restaurants","austria category","category buildings","salzburg category","category tourist","tourist attractions"],"new_description":"file red bull hangar thumb exterior hangar night hangar salzburg austria owned red bull founder dietrich hangar traditional sense rather building collection historical airplanes formula one racing cars home flying austrian aviation team houses bars lounge aircraft open public includes michelin_guide michelin_starred restaurant building airfoil shaped constructed tons steel sqft hangar maintenance facility externalinks_official english website_category michelin_guide starred_restaurants category red bull racing category_restaurants austria category_buildings structures salzburg category_tourist attractions salzburg"},{"title":"Happy hour","description":"image happy hourjpg righthumb happy hour sign on a pub in jerusalem in hebrew all draught beers buy one get one free happy hour is a marketing term for a period of time in which a venue such as a restaurant bar bowling alley stadium or state fair state or county fair offers discounts on alcoholic beverage alcoholic drinksuch as beer wine and cocktail s free hors d oeuvre s appetizers andiscounted menu items are often serveduring happy hour the words happy and hour have appeared together for centuries when describing pleasantimes in act i scene of william shakespeare s king henry v said to have been written in about for example king henry says therefore my lords omit no happy hour that may give furtherance tour expedition the use of the phrase happy hour to refer to a scheduled period of entertainment however is of much morecent vintage one possible origin of the term happy hour in the sense of a scheduled period of entertainment is from the united states navy in early a group of home makers called the happy hour social organized semi weekly smokers on board the name happy hour club happy hour social club and similar variants had been in use as the names of social clubs primarily by women social clubsince at leasthearly s by june the crew of arkansas had started referring to theiregularly scheduled smokers as happy hours the happy hours included a variety of entertainment including boxing and wrestling matches music dancing and movies by thend of world war i the practice of holding happy hours had spread throughouthentire navy the idea of drinking before dinner has its roots in the prohibition era when theighteenth amendmento the united states constitution th amendment and the volstead act were passed banning alcohol consumption people would host cocktail hours also known as happy hours at a speakeasy beforeating at restaurants where alcohol could not be served cocktailounge s continued the trend of drinking before dinner the random house dictionary of american slang dates happy hour as a term for afternoon drinks in a bar to a saturday evening post article on military life in that article detailed the lives of government contractors and military personnel who worked at missile tracking facilities in the caribbeand the atlantic except for those who spend too much during happy hour athe bar and there are few of these the money mounts up fast barry popick s onlinetymology dictionary the big apple listseveral pre citations to happy hour in print mostly from places near naval bases in california from as early the canadian province of alberta created restrictions to happy hours thatook effect in august all such promotions must end at pm andrink prices must conform to the alberta gaming and liquor commission alberta gaming and liquor commission s minimum price regulations at all times alberta sets new rules to improve bar safety minimum drink prices restricted happy hours among new policies to curbinge drinking alberta news release july in ontario whilestablishments may vary liquor prices as long as they stay above the minimum priceset by the alcohol and gaming commission of ontario they are not permitted to advertise these prices in a manner that may promote immoderate consumption in particular the phrase happy hour may not be used in such advertisement and promotion of liquor by liquor sales licensees alcohol and gaming commission of ontario information bulletin july happy hour has been illegal in the republic of ireland since under the intoxicating liquor act happy hour to end at midnight rt news and current affairs rt news augusthe khn a hospitality sector lobby group has agreed with its members to stop happy hours to discourage binge drinking byouth but only if the government would vote to not raise the minimum drinking age dutchnewsnl end of happy hours in sight if the legal drinking age remains in march the law to raise the drinking age to was passed united kingdom in glasgow banned happy hours to reduce binge drinking the national mandatory licensing conditions introduced in required all reasonable steps to be taken to prevent irresponsible drinks promotions which effectively banned traditional happy hours under the revision to these conditions the licensee must ensure such promotions do notake place although there is a subjective testhatakes account of the kind of establishment and its track record for any promotions that offer unlimited or unspecified alcohol free or for a fixed or discounted fee united states massachusetts was one of the first ustate s to implement a statewide ban on happy hours in happy hour ban starts in massachusetts bars new york times december other ustates also have similarestrictions including indianand north carolina the reason for each ban varies but most are for safety and health reasons in the us military abolished happy hours at military base clubs in the utah state legislature passed a ban on happy hours effective january in july pennsylvania extended the period of time for happy hour from two hours to four hours in june happy hour became legal in kansas after a year ban in july a year happy hour ban was ended in illinois by extension certain file hosting websitesuch as rapidshare and megaupload use the term happy hour to designate periods during which users have complimentary access to certain premium featuresuch as increased bandwidth elimination of queues and bypassing of captcha verificationsee also free lunch another means of promotion list of public house topics list of 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funfair s with a hung awning it has been moved a number of times in its history buthe van is now permanently fixed on a masonry base the caravan walls have been decorated with custom painted murals by alan puckett a motoring art specialisthe inside walls of the cart are decorated with pictures and murals ofamous visitors the site is considered a sydney icon and an institution in the local area the significance of the location is reflected by its inclusion the new south wales national trust of australia national trust register the version of harry s pie cart retired after years of use is now located in the powerhouse museum collection harry s cafe de wheels pie cart powerhouse museum harry s pies are supplied from hannah s pies its factory in the inner city suburb of ultimo new south wales ultimo file harry s cafe de wheels at powerhouse museumjpg thumb harry s cafe de wheels c at powerhouse museum file harryshistoricallocationsjpg thumb harryshistoricallocations historicalocations of harry s cafe de wheels on cowper wharf road woolloomooloo a b c d e present day note map shows current position of cowper wharf road the location was on the footpath of cowper wharf road before the road was relocated further west in harry tiger edwards opened the original caravan cafe named simply harry s near the gates of the woolloomooloo naval yard in he served withe second australian imperial force in world war ii during which time the cafe was not operational the cart re opened upon his return from the war in the name cafe de wheels came about because of the requirement from the city of sydney city council that mobile food caravans had to move a minimum of inches cm each day the cart has been moved to various locations on cowper wharf road mostly due to re development work in the woolloomooloo bay area localegend tells thathe name was temporarily changed to cafe de axle at one point when the wheels were stolen it was referred to as harry the axle s for most of the sixties throughoutheastern suburbsydney eastern suburbs of sydney as the years passed harry s cafe de wheels gained new fame as a tourist attraction a visito the caravan became a must for visiting celebritiesuch as frank sinatra robert mitchum and marlene dietrich in colonel sanderstopped at harry s and enjoyed the food so much that he ate three pies and peas whileaning on his walking stick in front of the caravan a picture of sanders taken during the visit still hangs in the caravan today harry specialises today in the same basic food that was popular back in the such as pies and mushy peas during the s harry s introduced hot dogs mostly to appease the american sailors the pies and hotdogs available on the menu include the famous tiger pie and its variations bacon and cheese tiger veggie tiger pie and peaseafood pie hot dog with veggies hot dog de wheels chilli dog dirty sanchez file harrys haymarketjpg thumb right hay st haymarket kiosk behind capitol theatre sydney capitol theatre in popular culture australian singer peter blakeley named his album harry s cafe de wheels with a photon the cover the cafe was featured in the amazing race second season of the reality television show the amazing race in the challenge was for a fast forward and the racers who chose to do the fast forward had to eat pies it was also featured in hamerotz lamillion the israeli version of the show harry s cafe de wheels was often seen in the australian television series waterats tv series waterats the discworld novel the last continent which parodies various aspects of australian culture includes cut me own throat dibbler s cafe de feet which is a tray around the proprieter s neck it was featured on the sydney episode of bizarre foods with andrew zimmern on the travel channel it was featured in the bachelor australia season episode of television series the bachelor australian tv series the bachelor other sources harry s cafe de wheels website accessed july national trust register harry s 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murals ofamous visitors site considered sydney icon institution local area significance location reflected inclusion new_south_wales national_trust australia national_trust register version harry pie cart retired years use located powerhouse museum collection harry cafe_de_wheels pie cart powerhouse museum harry pies supplied hannah pies factory inner city suburb new_south_wales file harry cafe_de_wheels powerhouse museumjpg thumb harry cafe_de_wheels c powerhouse museum file thumb harry cafe_de_wheels cowper wharf road woolloomooloo b c e present_day note map shows current position cowper wharf road location cowper wharf road road relocated west harry tiger edwards opened original caravan cafe named simply harry near gates woolloomooloo naval yard served withe second australian imperial force world_war ii time cafe operational cart opened upon return war name cafe_de_wheels came requirement city sydney city_council mobile_food caravans move minimum inches day cart moved various_locations cowper wharf road mostly due development work woolloomooloo bay_area tells thathe name temporarily changed cafe_de one point wheels stolen referred harry eastern suburbs sydney years passed harry cafe_de_wheels gained new fame tourist_attraction visito caravan became must visiting frank robert dietrich colonel harry enjoyed food much ate three pies peas walking stick front caravan picture sanders taken visit still hangs caravan today harry today basic food popular back pies peas harry introduced hot_dogs mostly american sailors pies available menu include famous tiger pie variations bacon cheese tiger tiger pie pie hot_dog hot_dog de_wheels dog dirty file thumb right hay st haymarket kiosk behind capitol theatre sydney capitol theatre popular_culture australian singer peter named album harry cafe_de_wheels cover cafe featured amazing race second season reality television show amazing race challenge fast forward racers chose fast forward eat pies also featured israeli version show harry cafe_de_wheels often_seen australian_television_series tv_series novel last continent various aspects australian culture includes cut cafe_de feet tray around neck featured sydney episode bizarre foods andrew travel_channel featured bachelor australia season episode television_series bachelor australian tv_series bachelor sources harry cafe_de_wheels website_accessed july national_trust register harry cafe_de_wheels register entry accessed_july burke n cafe_de_wheels danger walkers daily_telegraph r crash courses sydney morning herald externalinks powerhouse museum harry cafe_de_wheels harry caf_de wheels national_trust significance structure includes historic images including one late colonel sanders category_culture sydney_category buildings structures sydney_category_establishments australia_category_companies_based sydney_category food_trucks category_fast_food chains australia"},{"title":"Haute cuisine","description":"file cuisine trois toilesjpg thumb px an example ofrenchaute cuisine presentation haute cuisine french language french literally high cooking or grande cuisine refers to the cuisine of high level establishments gourmet restaurants and luxury hotels haute cuisine is characterized by meticulous preparation and careful presentation ofood at a high price level perhaps accompanied by expensive wine s early history haute cuisine developed out of political and social changes in france the high cuisine represented a hierarchy in th century france as only the privileged could eat it haute cuisine distinguished itselfrom regular french cuisine by what was cooked and served such as foods like tongue and caviar by serving foodsuch as fruit out of season by making it difficult and time consuming to cook and by using exotic ingredients notypically found in france mintz sidney w cuisine high low and not at all tasting food tasting freedom excursions into eating culture and the past boston beacon in addition to who was eating haute cuisine and what exactly it consisted of the term can also be defined by the who was making it and how they were doing so professionally trained chefs were quintessential to the birth of haute cuisine in france thextravagant presentations and complex techniques thathese chefs were known forequired ingredients timequipment and therefore money for this reason early haute cuisine was accessible to a small demographic of rich and powerful individuals professional frenchefs were not only responsible for building and shaping haute cuisine butheiroles in the cuisine were what differentiated it from regular french cuisine haute cuisine was characterized by french cuisine in elaborate preparations and presentationserved in small and numerous courses that were produced by large and hierarchical staffs athe grand restaurants and hotels of europe the cuisine was very rich and opulent with decadent sauces made out of butter cream and flour the basis for many typical french sauces that are still used today schehr lawrence r and allen s weiss tractatus logico gastronomicus french food on the table on the page and in french culture new york routledge the th century chef and writer fran ois pierre la varenne la varenne marked a change from cookery known in the middle ages to somewhat lighter dishes and more modest presentations in the following century marie antoine car me antonin car me also published works on cooking and although many of his preparations today seem extravagant he simplified and codified an earlier and even more complex cuisine classique georges augustescoffier is a central figure in the modernisation of haute cuisine as of about which became known as cuisine classique these were simplifications and refinements of thearly work of car me jules gouff and urbain dubois it was practised in the grand restaurants and hotels of europe and elsewhere for much of the th century the major developments were to replace service la fran aiservice la fran aiserving all dishes at once with service la russervice la russerving meals in courses and to develop a system of cookery based on escoffier s le guide culinaire which formalized the preparation of sauces andishes in its time it was considered the pinnacle of haute cuisine and was a style distinct from cuisine bourgeoise cuisine for families with cooks the working class cuisine of bistros and homes and cuisines of the french provinces file jacques lameloise dscf jpg thumb px a jacques lameloise a star michelin guide chef nouvelle cuisine presentationouvelle cuisine the s were marked by the appearance of nouvelle cuisine as chefs rebelled from escoffier s orthodoxy and complexity although the term nouvelle cuisine had been used in the pasthe modern usage can be attributed to authors andr gayot andr gayot of stars and tripes the true story of nouvelle cuisine henri gault and christian millau who used nouvelle cuisine to describe the cooking of paul bocuse alain chapel jeand pierre troisgros michel gu rard roger verg and raymond oliver many of whom were once students ofernand point mennel stephan all manners ofood eating and taste in england france from the middle ages to the present nd ed chicago university of illinois press in general nouvelle cuisine puts an emphasis onatural flavourso the freshest possible ingredients are used preparation isimplified heavy sauces are less common as are strong marinades for meat and cooking times are often reduced nouvelle cuisine was a movementowards conceptualism and minimalism and was a direct juxtaposition to earlier haute cuisine styles of cooking which were much morextravagant while menus were increasingly short dishes used more inventive pairings and relied on inspiration from regional dishes within years however chefs began returning to thearlier style of haute cuisine although many of the new techniques remained references furthereading cooking cuisine and class a study in comparative sociology jack goody university of cambridge june food and love a cultural history of east and west by jack goody verso april tasting food tasting freedom excursions into eating culture and the past by sidney wilfred mintz beacon press viandier attributed to guillaume tirel ditaillevent medieval manuscript haute cuisine how the french invented the culinary profession by amy b trubek university of pennsylvania press december food culture in france by juliabramson greenwood press november patrick rambourg histoire de la cuisinet de la gastronomie fran aises paris ed perrin coll tempus n pages category french cuisine category types of 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tourism_authority hawaii tourism_authority whichas global oversight state matters concerning tourism hawaii visitor industry funding receives funding including state hawaii tourism_authority development local convention_meeting conventions local hospitality related businesses serves three main functions official visitor industry marketing arm hawaii state hawaiin north_america major market area us canadand internationally following island visitor bureau chapters big island visitors_bureau visitors_bureau visitors_bureau visitors_bureau l visitors_bureau maui visitors_bureau visitors association visitors association oahu visitors_bureau oahu visitors_bureau point contact convention_meeting corporate meetings incentives planners conjunction withe hawaii convention_center hawaii convention_center provide visitors hawaii resources linking accommodations transportation local recreational sites events andining tourists_may visithe bureau regular office hours receive information maps frommer hawaii john wiley sons externalinks hawaii visitors convention_bureau official state tourism_website information visitors corporate meetings incentives destination specialist hawaii visitors convention_bureau corporate website big island visitors_bureau visitors_bureau l visitors_bureau maui visitors_bureau visitors association oahu visitors_bureau hawaii tourism_authority hawaii state state department business economic provides resources statistics promote_tourism hawaii convention_center category_tourism agencies_category_tourism hawaii category_non_profit organizations_based hawaii category_organizations established category_establishments hawaii"},{"title":"Hawker centre","description":"file lavenderfoodsquare singapore originaljpg thumb a hawker centre in lavender singapore file hawker centre glutinous ricejpg thumb upright a hawker stall sellinglutinous rice a hawker centre or cooked food centre or is an open air complex indonesia singapore malaysia hong kong and the riau islands housing many stalls that sell a variety of price inexpensive food they are typically found in city centres near public housing estates or transport hubsuch as bustation bus interchanges or train station s hawker centres were set up as a more sanitary option to street side outdoor alfresco hawker dining places instead of mobile food hawker carts permanent stalls in open air buildings are provided for the hawkers either common shared or stall dedicated tables and chairs are provided for customers this concept has totally eliminated street hawkers in singapore and reduced the numbers of street hawkers in major cities in south east asia this phenomenon is also helped by hawker licensing laws however it hinders new low capital hawker entrepreneurs from starting business resulting in high prices for established hawker centre stalls albeit hawker centres can provide a one stop good variety of high quality and sanitary food at down to earth prices for everyone in singapore file dsci jpg thumb a hawker centre in chinatown singapore the upper floor is for food stalls and the lower is for stallsellingoods hawker centresprang up in urban area urban areas following the rapid urbanization urbanisation in the s and s in many cases they were built partly to address the problem of unhygienic food preparation by unlicensed street hawkers morecently they have become less ubiquitous due to growing affluence in the urban populations of malaysiand singapore particularly in singapore they are increasingly being replaced by food court s which are indoor air conditioning air conditioned versions of hawker centres located in shopping malls and other commercial venues in the s and s hawker centres were considered to be a venue for the less affluenthey had a reputation for hygiene unhygienic food partly due to the frequent appearance oferal stray domestic pet s and pest animal pest s many hawker centres were poorly managed by their operators often lacking tap waterunning water and proper facilities for washing cleaning morecently hygiene standards have improved with pressure from the local authorities this includes the implementation of licensing requirements where a sufficient standard of hygiene is required for the stall toperate and rewarding exceptionally good hygiene upgrading oreconstruction of hawker centres was initiated in the late s in singapore the hawker centres in singapore are owned by three government bodies namely the national environment agency nea under the parent ministry of thenvironment and wateresources mewr housing andevelopment board hdb and jtcorporation all the centres owned by hdb and nea in turn aregulated by nea withe individual town councils managing the hdb owned centres jtc owned centres are self managed on march nea launched wwwmyhawkerssg which is an interactive web portal that isupposed toffer useful information hawker centres and food stalls the portal isupposed to allow registered users to review orecommend hawker stalls or hawker centres and to provide feedback to nea on hygiene matters in hawker centres as of two singaporean food stands both located in hawker centers became the firstreet food vendors to be awarded a michelin guide michelin star for excellence in eating the two stalls are hong kong soya sauce chicken rice and noodle and hill streetai hwa pork noodle in hong kong file wanchai hawker ctrjpg thumbowrington food centre a famous hawker centre in hong kong s wan chai district in hong kong most cooked food centres or cooked food markets areither located in market complexes of residential districts or as a standalone structure this being the case in most industrial areas with only a few exceptions eg mong kok cooked food market is located in the lower levels of langham place hotel cooked food centres are managed by food and environmental hygiene department most of the stalls from hawker centres are converted from former dai pai dong by strict regulations and managementhe hong kongovernment regards the provision of cooked food centres as a way to eliminate traditional dai pai dong s from local streets in the s in hong kong s during the industrial boom in the s in hong kong s and s the government also built cooked food markets industrial areas in order to serve the catering needs of the working class in major industrial centresuch as kwun tong tsuen wand fo tan stalls in cooked food centres usually provide local cuisine withoselling exotic delicacies a minority notable hawker centres the following listsome notable hawker centres abc brickworks market and food centre adam road food centre alexandra road hawker centre amoy street food centre ang mo kio market and food centre bedok central boon lay place food village bukitimah market and food centre changi village hawker centre changi village food centre chinatown complex chomp food centre circuit road food centre clementi market and food centreast coast park lagoon food villageunos crescent market and food centre fengshan market and food centre geylang serai market and food centre ghimoh market and food centre glutton s bay golden mile food centre golden shoe hawker centre hong lim complex kovan hougang market food centre lau pa sat lavender food square tanjong pagar maxwell food centre maxwell food centre marine parade food centre mei ling market and food centre newton food centre old airport cooked food centre queenstown food centredhill food centre people s park food centre serangoon garden market and food centre seah im food centre sembawang hill food centre shunfu martampines round marketaman jurong market and food centre teban gardens market and food centre tekka centre tiong bahru marketiong bahru market and food centre west coast market and food centre whampoa food centre jalan alor kuala lumpur malaysia taiping perak taiping perak malaysia sussex centre sydney australia market city sydney australia dixon house sydney dixon house sydney australia eating world sydney australia hunter connection sydney hunter connection sydney australia twighlight hawkers market forrest place perth suburb perth western australia hong kong bowrington road market chai wan kok cooked food market cheung chau cooked food market cheung sha wan cooked food market cheung tat road cooked food market fo tan cooked food market east fo tan cooked food market west hung cheung cooked food market ka ting cooked food market kik yeung road cooked food market kin wing cooked food market kin yip street cooked food market kut shing street cooked food market kwai san street cooked food market kwun tong ferry concourse cooked food market lockhart road market mong kok cooked food market mui woo cooked food market nam long shan road cooked food market queen street cooked food market sze shan street cooked food marketai tong road cooked food marketai yuen street cooked food marketsing yeung cooked food marketsun yip cooked food marketung yuen street cooked food market wo yi hop road cooked food market see also chaan teng hong kong diner dhaba indian roadside diner kopi tiamalayan coffee shopasar malamalayanight market food court western style greasy spoon in britain mamak stall malayan road stall truck stop inorth america externalinks where to find the best hawker food in singapore that are highly regarded by foodies reviews of hawker food in singapore an interactive web portal for hawker centres in singaporeviews of hawker food in malaysia looking out for good food at hawker centres in malaysia list ofehd public markets and cooked food markets centres in hong kong category hawker centres in singapore category economy of malaysia category hong kong cuisine category restaurants in hong kong category restaurants in malaysia category singaporean culture category types of 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the cayman islands a british overseas territory cayman islands healthcare city insights from thealth authority and project innovator specializing in chronic and acute cardiac orthopedic bariatric neurological and pediatricases the medical travel focused hospital has provided healthcare solution s tover as of march adult and pediatric patients who primarily reside in the caribbean latin american united states and canada the bed hospital iseen by the government of the cayman islands as a key driver in the diversification of the country s economy progress future of caymand has gained itsupport health city hospital on track cayman parameter must have latitude and longitude if using this logo hcci logo updatedjpg location high rock east end cayman islands british overseas territory region caribbean country coordinates addressea view road healthcare private type tertiary care medical travel affordable healthcare speciality orthopedics cardiac surgery cardiology neurology bariatricstandards joint commission international emergency helipad affiliationetwork beds founded february website wiki links background health city cayman islands was born from the vision of heart surgeon dr devi shetty and isupported by two major healthcare organizations devi shetty dr shetty serves as chairman of narayana health and oversees a network of hospitals across indiand the cayman islands ascension is the largest non profit health system in the us and the world s largest catholic faith based health system to make high quality care accessible to all history the square foot facility opened in february becoming the first advanced medical facility and tertiary care hospital in the cayman islands facility and current operations the bed tertiary care hospital features a reinforced roof walls doors and windows and was builto withstand the rigors of a category hurricane and shield all of its critical assets from flooding there are back up generators with built in poweredundancies that allow for days of power independent of the grid an advanced ventilation system that blocks potentially contaminated air from reaching beyond the rooms of infectious patients a system that allows the hospital to create its own medical grade oxygen by pulling it out of the air andistilling it in house an automated air conditioning that cuts energy consumption costs by monitoring footraffic and only gives air where needed and a solar farm that reduces the hospital s energy consumption by almost location and satellite offices the tertiary care hospital is located on sea view road near high rock in theast endistrict of grand cayman in health city opened a canadian satellite office located in hamiltontario this office istaffed by local canadian healthcare professionals that work closely with other in country medical practitioners who wanto move their patients off long waiting lists and refer them to health city cayman islands for non emergency procedures health city s canadian office fields general inquiries abouthe cayman islands hospital coordinates phone consultations withealth city s physicians and patient care teamsecures travel arrangements and supports patients journeys to and from the cayman islands and connects with canadian healthcare providers and translation services where necessary to ensure continuity of care features file private patient roomjpg thumb x px private patient room file waiting room with naturalightjpg thumb x px waiting room flooded with naturalight private and semi private patient rooms intensive care unit icu suite with icu beds a bed triage and bed recovery unithree operating theatres two hybrid operating theatres centralized patient monitoring system laboratory operating on a basis for both inpatient and outpatient services imaging suitencompassing mri gamma camera nuclear medicine and ct room dental suite professional grade kitchen medical grade oxygenerator autoclave underground cistern water storage tank sewer treatment plant complimentary wi fi free parking overnight stay for patients companions visitors natural herb garden and scenic walking paths four star visitor s cafile father and son pathway at health cityjpg thumb scenic walking path on health city campusustainability and conservation efforts in health city sustainability efforts resulted in million gallons of water saved and million gallons of sewageffluent was diverted from groundisposal a waste reduction and landfill diversion initiative which included recycling and onsite medical waste treatment was also introduced and yielded a result of total waste being diverted from landfills in terms of electricity conservation the caribbean hospital s infrastructure includes a building management monitoring system as well as an hvac heating ventilation and air conditioning system diversification the official conservation report showed that energy savings for were over million kwh saved just under gallons of diesel saved and million pounds of carbon saved technology according to robert pearl executive director and ceof the permanente medical group the largest integrated healthcare system in the us health city is bringing together thealthcare service of bangalore and the technology of silicon valley health city utilizes an integrated patient data platform called ikare thisystem which is accessed by an ipad besideachospital bed constantly monitors individual patient s clinical datand current medications to recommend specific protocols the system also monitors the patient s vitals if they fall beyond the accepted range it will immediately alerthe staff clinical specialities milestones general as of march over out patients treated over in patients treated over total proceduresurgeries performed cardiology first ever transcatheter aortic valve implantation tavi undertaken in thenglish speaking caribbean region was completed at health city cayman islands in february first ever artificial heart a left ventricular assistive device lvad successfully implanted in the caribbean by health city in augusthis complex heart surgery has only been successfully carried out approximately times in all of south america health city has performed two successful surgeries in its first year of operation first ever coronary artery bypass graft cabg surgery performed in the cayman islands was completed at health city in july as of april over cardiac surgeries performed over cath lab procedures performed including diagnostic angiography emergency cases coronary angioplasty emergency cases electrophysiology procedures paediatricardiology procedures through apartnership withe have a heart foundation over pediatric heart surgeries performed free of charge for indigent children from haiti jamaica nevis honduras orthopedics as of march over orthopedic surgeries performed health city introduced fdapproved computer navigation technology to increase precision and accuracy of its invasive and minimally invasive joint replacement surgeries futurexpansion and additions plans for expansion and additions to thealth city compound include increasing from beds to a bed facility with a bed unit dedicated to neurology and cancer care an academic institution and biotech research facility an assisted living community that offers living quarters tolder adults two adjoining hotels where patients can stay before and after procedures category medical 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cayman_islands jci accredited tertiary care hospital cayman_islands british overseas territory cayman_islands healthcare city insights thealth authority project specializing chronic acute cardiac orthopedic neurological medical_travel focused hospital provided healthcare solution tover march adult patients primarily reside caribbean latin_american united_states canada bed hospital iseen government cayman_islands key driver diversification country economy progress future gained health_city hospital track cayman must latitude longitude using logo logo location high rock east end cayman_islands british overseas territory region caribbean country coordinates view road healthcare private type tertiary care medical_travel affordable healthcare cardiac surgery joint_commission_international emergency beds founded february website links background health_city cayman_islands born vision heart isupported two_major healthcare organizations serves chairman narayana health oversees network hospitals across indiand cayman_islands largest non_profit health system us world largest catholic faith based health system make high_quality care accessible history square foot facility opened february becoming first advanced medical facility tertiary care hospital cayman_islands facility current operations bed tertiary care hospital features reinforced roof walls doors windows builto withstand category hurricane shield critical assets flooding back generators built allow days power independent grid advanced ventilation system blocks potentially contaminated air reaching beyond rooms infectious patients system allows hospital create medical grade oxygen pulling air house automated air_conditioning cuts energy consumption costs monitoring gives air needed solar farm reduces hospital energy consumption almost location satellite offices tertiary care hospital located sea view road near high rock theast grand cayman health_city opened canadian satellite office located office local canadian healthcare professionals work closely country medical practitioners wanto move patients long waiting lists refer health_city cayman_islands non emergency procedures health_city canadian office fields general abouthe cayman_islands hospital coordinates phone city physicians patient care travel arrangements supports patients journeys cayman_islands connects canadian healthcare providers translation services necessary ensure continuity care features file private patient thumb x px private patient room file waiting room thumb x px waiting room private semi private patient rooms intensive care unit suite beds bed bed recovery operating theatres two hybrid operating theatres centralized patient monitoring system laboratory operating basis services imaging gamma camera nuclear medicine room dental suite professional grade kitchen medical grade underground water storage tank sewer treatment plant complimentary free parking overnight stay patients companions visitors natural herb garden scenic walking paths four star visitor father son pathway health thumb scenic walking path health_city conservation_efforts health_city sustainability efforts resulted million gallons water saved million gallons diverted waste reduction initiative included recycling onsite medical waste treatment also introduced result total waste diverted terms electricity conservation caribbean hospital infrastructure includes building management monitoring system well heating ventilation air_conditioning system diversification official conservation report showed energy savings million saved gallons diesel saved million pounds carbon saved technology according robert pearl executive_director ceof medical group largest integrated healthcare system us health_city bringing together thealthcare service bangalore technology silicon valley health_city utilizes integrated patient data platform called thisystem accessed ipad bed constantly monitors individual patient clinical datand current recommend specific system also monitors patient fall beyond accepted range immediately staff clinical specialities milestones general march patients treated patients treated total performed first_ever undertaken thenglish speaking caribbean region completed health_city cayman_islands february first_ever artificial heart left device successfully caribbean health_city complex heart surgery successfully carried approximately times south_america health_city performed two successful surgeries first_year operation first_ever bypass surgery performed cayman_islands completed health_city july april cardiac surgeries performed lab procedures performed including emergency cases emergency cases procedures procedures withe heart foundation heart surgeries performed free charge children haiti jamaica honduras march orthopedic surgeries performed health_city introduced computer navigation technology increase accuracy invasive invasive joint replacement surgeries additions plans expansion additions thealth city compound include increasing beds bed facility bed unit dedicated cancer care academic institution research facility assisted living community offers living quarters adults two adjoining hotels patients stay procedures category_medical tourism"},{"title":"Health food restaurant","description":"a health food restaurant is a restauranthat serves primarily or exclusively health food s which may include vegetarian vegan raw foods raw macrobiotic organic food organic and low fat menu options this a summary timeline of important events in the development of thealth food restauranthealth food obsession began by introducing alcohol free restaurants and by promoting convenience food unprocessed foods ganda chagan kapitan opened gc kapitan one of the first vegetarian restaurants due to william childs concerns about healthe childs restaurants began serving only vegetarian food known as the child s unique dairy lunchowever this meatless menu led to a severe loss of business and the policy 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certain middle world_war iin toronto public conditions restaurants significantly september local board healthe board healthe food control director six health inspectors decided meet implement improvements sanitation mandate semi annual health inspection certificate food_restaurant subway founded peter buck restaurateur peter buck subway offered submarine sandwiches salads healthy alternatives fast_food_restaurants franchises throughouthe_united_states countries knowing best franchise businesses uber articles retrieved good earth restaurant_chain good earth health food_restaurant franchise based california founded eventually purchased general mills restaurant first certified organic food organic restaurant meanthat everything ate produced certified organic farming organic organic farming farmers share commitmento sustainable agriculture kfc parent brands yum brands placing calorie counts menu boards corporate owned restaurants nationwide january new us eventually require chain restaurant also food_guide pyramid health food store healthy eating pyramid list vegetarian restaurants_list vegetariand vegan companies nutrition spe certified externalinks vegan eating vegan restaurant fast_food chain guide_category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Heinrich Hansjakob","description":"heinrichansjakob pseudonym hans am see was a german roman catholichurch catholic priest and granduchy of baden historiand politician who was especially well known as a writer in addition to scientific works political writings and travel reports he also published short story stories and novel s based mainly on the local history of the central black forest and the mentality of people in that region life haslach period file infotafel hansjakobjpg thumb left board at hansjakob s place of birth in haslach file hansjakobgrafenvonfreiburgeinbandjpg uprighthumb hansjakob s dissertation file waldshut hansjakobjpg thumb upright exhibition at his residence in waldshut heinrichansjakoborn on august in haslach im kinzigtal haslach in the kinzig rhine kinzig valley as the son of baker and innkeeper philipp hansjakob and his wife cilie nee kaltenbachis mother came from the village of rohrbach in furtwangen im schwarzwald on his father side the family of hansjakob had lived on the kinzig since thend of the thirtyears war heinrichansjakob schneeballen dritte reihe new edition im verlag von adolf bonz comp stuttgart new edition von der waldkircher verlagsgesellschaft waldkirch p begebenheiten w hrender zeit als pfarrer von hagnau from to he wento the lyceum in rastatthereafter he studied theology philosophy and classical philology athe university ofreiburg in he was ordained as a priest in he graduated from the university of t bingen with a historical treatise on the counts ofreiburg donaueschingen and waldshut period from january after histudies he was a initially a studenteacher for a year at donaueschingen grammar school here he became friends withe director of the f rstenberg archives karl roth von schreckenstein and the librarian karl august barack witheir encouragement he wrote his dissertation the counts ofreiburg im breisgau at war witheir town die grafen von freiburg im breisgau im kampfe mit ihrer stadt in he was promoted to chairman of the citizen s high school heren b rgerschule in waldshutiengen waldshut in waldshut he ran his own household withisister philippine during his time in waldshut he published in adventhe paper the salpeterer s a politico religiousect and the biography of hermann von vicari archbishop ofreiburg both papers broughthe authorities onto the scene the latter publication was confiscated and banned as a result in he resigned from his position as head of the citizen school because he now felt unfettered he gave a talk in engen which was critical of the government under minister julius jolly politician jolly whereupon he was incarcerated in rastatt fortress for a month for slander here he published the book in the fortress auf der festung the short book the waldshut war of der waldshuter krieg von was also publisheduring his time at waldshut appearing in pastor in hagnau am bodensee file hansjakob wohnhaus hagnaujpg lefthumb hansjakob s house in hagnau am bodensee on december the suffragan bishop lothar von k bel moved him at his own requesto hagnau am bodenseejosef ruchansjakob in waldshut in heimat am hochrhein jahrbuch des landkreises waldshut jg pp from to he was the catholic pastor in hagnau am bodensee as the water doctor by the lake he counselled patients on moderation in their lives on the moderate use of water and compressesheinrichansjakob schneeballen dritte reihe new edition in verlag von adolf bonz comp stuttgart new edition by the waldkircher verlagsgesellschaft waldkirch p events during the period as pastor of hagnau the cultivation of wine in hagnau was threatened by partime farming infestation by mildew and the freezing over of lake constance during the winter of as result on october hansjakob founded the hagnau vintner society and thus helped to save the rich tradition of viticulture by lake constanceheinz k singer heinrichansjakobringt die hagnauer auf trab in lahrer hinkender bote kalender und kalendergeschichten jg p the society was the first winemaking cooperative in baden even today they still portray a picture of hansjakobs in their logo from to he was also a member of parliament in the catholic people s party in the landtag of baden in he was imprisoned for six weeks in radolfzell am bodensee radolfzell for slandering a state official in the same year his first son was born whereupon hansjakob called on a neurologisthere were supposed to be four children born out of wedlock in the years to he travelled to france italy austria belgium and the netherlands in he fell out withis political party pastor in freiburg in breisgau file hansjakob kapelle hofstettenjpg uprighthumb hansjakob chapel in hofstetten in he took up the post of pastor of st martin s church freiburg altstadt st martin s church in freiburg im breisgau freiburg whiche held until despite quarrels withe church authorities hansjakob had a predisposition to nervous disorders and suffered fromood swing s in he went for treatmento illenau sanatorium near achern for several months he fought his bouts of major depressive disorder depression with opiate s from he lived in the former freiburg charterhouse which athatime had already become a pfrundhaus a rest and living home for prebendary prebendaries pfr ndner ie pensioners who thanks to a legacy property law legacy had received the righto retire and be looked after freihof in haslach afteretiring he had the freihof in his home town of haslach built in the shape of a farmhouse he lived there from october until his death on june hansjakob verlag der stadt haslach publ dr heinrichansjakob pfarrer politiker schriftsteller ein kurzer abrisseines lebens eh druck haslach pp the freihof museum haslach im kinzigtal freihof was preserved as a museum heinrichansjakob died on june athe age of in the place of his birthe was interred in the crypt of his funerary chapel built by his good friend and architect max meckel and the sculptor joseph dettlinger inearby hofstetten baden hofstetten bebilderte webseite zur hansjakob grabkapelle in hofstetten werner wolf holz pfel der architekt max meckel studien zur architektur und zum kirchenbau des historismus in deutschland kunstverlag josefink lindenberg pp ff references literature alphabetical by authors andreas beck hansjakob gedanken ber sein leiden heinrichansjakob gesellschaft freiburg helmut bender hansjakob und freiburg waldkircher verlagsgesellschaft badische reihe der volksschriftsteller heinrichansjakob marginalien zu einem schwarzw lder original waldkircher verl heinz bischof anekdoten um hansjakob kehl ua morstadt oswald floeck heinrichansjakob ein bild seines geistigentwicklungsganges und schrifttums karlsruhe ua gutschansjakob verlag der stadt haslach publ dr heinrichansjakob pfarrer politiker schriftsteller ein kurzer abrisseines lebens eh druck haslachans heid heinrichansjakob und rastatt waldkircher verl gestadtgeschichtliche reihe stadt rastatt manfred hildenbrand heinrichansjakob rebell im priesterrock rd edn haslachansjakob verl der stadt haslach publications of the haslach municipal archives heinrichansjakob festschrift zum geburtstag haslach self publication by the town of haslach ik with peter sch fer ed hansjakob mit g nsekiel und tintenfass ausgew hlte briefe heinrichansjakob gesellschaft freiburg josef hoben heinrichansjakob derebell in der soutane uhldingen de scriptum pressedienst f r literatur geschichte kunst literatur der euregio artur j hofmann hansjakob under badische kulturkampf kehl ua morstadt johann kempf heinrichansjakob sein leben wirken undichten stuttgart bonz kurt klein heinrichansjakob ein leben f r das volk erw aufl kehl morstadt heinrich lehmann peter sch fer hrsg heinrichansjakob aus meinem tagebuchagnauer tagebuch verlag der 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industry in the context of modern globalization complex and often contradictory layers of meaning are produced in local societies and the marketing of one s cultural expressions can degrade a particular culture while simultaneously assisting in its integration into the global economy the repatriation of profits or leakage that occurs withe influx of tourist financial capital into a heritage tourist site including handicraft vendors food vendors basket makers and several other items that are produced locally and rely upon tourist capital is a crucial part of any sustainable developmenthat can be considered beneficial to local communitieschambers erve can the anthropology of tourismake us better travelers napa bulletin modern heritage tourism reproduces an economic dynamic that is dependent upon capital from tourists and corporations in creating sustained viability tourism is often directly tied to economic development so many populationsee globalization as providing increased access to vital medical services and important commoditiesjuarez ana m ecological degradation global tourism and inequality maya interpretations of the changing environment in quintana roo mexico human organization image sphinx athe louvrejpg thumb alt statue of a sphinx athe louvre statue of a sphinx athe mus e du louvre paris france the tourism industry has been rapidly growing during the pastwo decades and thexpansion will probably continue well into the futureworld tourism organization unwtourism highlights there were nearly one billion tourist arrivals in compared tonly twenty five million in moreover in tourism directly accounted for nearly one trillion us dollars worldwide approximately five percent of gdp is generated by tourism and a similar proportion of people aremployed in the tourism industry as each individual culture positioned for tourism needs a particular selling point in order to attractourist capital certain aspects of their heritage are allowed to be appropriated in order to give the touristhe impression that he or she is receiving an authentic experience in this way tourism also provides opportunities for communities to define who they are and bolster their identities through the commodification of certain cultural aspects thathe community deems important and worthy of reproductionadams kathleen m art as politics re crafting identities tourism and power in tana torajam indonesia honolulu hawaii univ of hawaii presschambers erve native tours the anthropology of travel and tourism nd ed longrove ill waveland press tourist destinations must have a specific set of characteristics that sethemselves apart from every other destination and this where local communities choose how they will representhemselves to the world this power to create an identity and reproduce the mechanisms of a group s identity in the realm of cultural tourism allows local populations to express their ethnic pride and imbue places and events with identities that best representheir particular interests and values authenticity and the tourist gaze image punch rhodes colossuspng thumb left alt imperialist cecil rhodes imperialist cecil rhodes during the scramble for africa the tourist gaze is explained by sociologist john urry sociologist john urry as the set of expectations thatourists place on local populations when they participate in heritage tourism in the search for having an authentic experience in response tourist expectations and often cultural and racial stereotypes local populations reflect back the gaze of thexpectations of tourists in order to benefit financiallyurry j tourism culture and social inequality in the sociology of tourism theoretical and empirical investigations ed y apostolopoulos leivadi a yiannakis pp new york routledge tourists cannot bear all of the blame for this process however as the aggressively promoted marketing efforts of tour operators popular mediand local governments all contribute to the production of the tourist gaze stronzamandanthropology of tourism forging new ground for ecotourism and other alternatives annu rev anthropol this gaze is often described as a destructive process in which often important local cultural expressions areduced to commodities and these traditions fall out ofavor with local populations they can also be destructive in that local populations become consumed by an economic process which values certain cultural expressions over others and cultural themes that cannot beasily commodified fall out ofavor and can beventually losthis gaze can also serve as a booster of ethnic identity as it can revive cultural traditions that may have fallen out ofavor under the vestiges of colonialism and imperialism because of the importance of tourist capital in many local societies indigenous peoples are placed in a dynamic where cultural authenticity becomesomething very tangible and necessary to achieveconomic success this reconstruction of ethnicity becomes important because locals tend to act out cultural patterns and behaviors thathey believe would satisfy tourists mostmaccannel dean reconstructed ethnicity tourism and cultural identity in third world communities annals of tourism research the local populations play on stereotypes that westerners have on their cultures and seek to perform them as besthey can to satisfy the consumer demand the power thathe tourist gaze has in supporting ethnic pride and identity can also be used to destroy ethnic pride and identity in the cases where tourist expectations do not align witheveryday reality of local populations in the village of san jose succotz in belize local maya people mayan populations had given up many of their traditional practices and traditionsmedina laurie k commoditizing culture tourism and maya identity annals of tourism research vol no pp however because of their close proximity to ancient maya ruins and the resultantourist interest in their areas the villagers began to go back into the past and recreate traditional maya cultural patterns and traditions in recreating these images their identities were changed completely and they were placed back within an ethnographic present of classical maya indigenous cultiural expressions and land use patterns unfortunately this act also gives more savvy tourists the impression thathe mayarextinct and their traditions are only being reenacted by local populations obscuring the reality thathere are over a million mayalive todaywalker cameron archaeological tourism looking for answers along mexico s maya riviera napa bulletin local populations often have to negotiate the terms of their identity with a staged reality for tourists and a contemporary reality for their everyday lives as these cultural performances for tourists often blend into realife ritual contested authenticity one anthropologist hastudied how in one maya village of yucat n mexico involvement in tourism iseen as dangerous and urban mayare seen as outsiders to the traditional maya society maya villages that supply much of the migrant labor that goes to cancun and other tourist destinations also reflect on what it means to be mayand migrants who go to cancun are seen as less maya than those who stay behind the migrant workers follow the promise of jobs and socioeconomic advancemento the tourist destinations of cancun and in the process they are considered to be de mayanized by traditional maya traditional maya dethnicize urban maya people as a strategy to keep their traditional ways of life intacthis one anthropologist believes thathe traditional maya fear the urbanization of maya people because of the cultural commodification that often accompanies the tourism industry this potential commodification iseen as detrimental to traditional maya ways of life mostly by anthropologists who carry a negative ideological perspective on tourismre cruz alicia milpas an ideological weapon tourism and maya migration to cancun ethnohistory this idea however cannot be generalized tother maya communities in yucat n or even tother indigenous communities in mexicor any wherelse in latin americataylor sarah community sustainability and solidarity understanding tourism and community development phdisseration anthropology department university at albany suny breglia lisa c monumental ambivalence austin university of texas press castaneda quetzil in the museum of maya culture minneapolis university of minnesota press in contrasthere arexamples throughout yucat n and quintana roo where maya people are heavily involved in tourism service sector in positive and willing ways in contrasto the one community mentioned above maya communitiesuch as tulum rio lagartos holbox isla mujeres dzitnup ebtun piste santa elenand xcalacoop to mention a few have local economies fully integrated into the tourism network and also maintain traditional culture because tourism is an economic service industry that is created out of capitalism there is therefore always unequal benefits this happens regardless of the racial or cultural identities of those who benefit and those who do not benefits as much while the maya people are not required to engage in the tourism industry tourism often incorporates entire maya towns and marketplaceslittle walter e performing tourismaya women strategies journal of women and culture in society although most of the people involved in the informal sector are aware of their subordinateconomic roles in a larger global system handicraft vendors continue to perform for western tourists in order to make their cultural commodities and goods appear to be more authentic and receive tourist capital this disjunction between public performance andaily life is a perpetual reality for many maya people living and working in central america heritage tourism excursions tend to be associated with onethnic group in a given locality in this contextopic and place becomes the defining characteristic of a people to thexclusion of other perspectives this creates a dynamic where tourists use the questioningaze in which travelers questions and skepticism penetrate the commercial presentation of the site and undermine the producer s dominant narrativethe maasai and the lion king authenticity nationalism and globalization in african tourism author s edward m bruner source american ethnologist vol nov pp if a tourist feels that a heritage site is producing a dubious interpretation of a cultural expression or experience the site loses its authenticity and it becomes less marketable and harder to commodify three sites in kenya trace the commodification of particular aspects of the maasai tribal culture and how these sites are marketed with varying degrees of commodification and authenticity in order to satisfy tourist expectations mayers ranch thisite built by a british family in the great rift valley miles away from nairobi commodified maasai people maasai cultural expressions throughistoric reenactments of maasai warriors in traditional song andance at a comfortably safe distance away from tourists in these performances maasai culture is presented as ahistorical and static there was a painstaking strive for satisfying the tourist gaze and provide a sense of authenticity most notably through contrasts between civilized europeand primitive african thisite was eventually closed by the kenyan government because of the colonial nature of the presentation of maasai culture was offensive to many kenyans because whites were producing images of blacks and african american african americans bomas village of kenya image maasai women and childrenjpg thumb alt maasai women and children maasai women and children in kenya thistoric site caters mostly by urban kenyanso the commodification of these particular themes arespecially problematic as in this case most of the tourists are actually stakeholders in the historic representation being marketed athisite to give a critical sense of authenticity national folklore troupes were formed to tell stories that purposely promote kenyanationalism equality among ethnic groups there are performances in a modern stadium arena which creates a juxtaposition of modern and traditional that reflects greater kenyan society the representation of several kenyan ethnic groups and culturally relevant narratives express a politically charged message kenyanationalism when the tourists that visithe site are the actual stakeholders in the process culture cannot simply be commodified as a good the commodification of the maasai culture is locally managed and produced in this circumstance kichwa tembout of africa sundowner this an upscale tourist site that caters mostly to wealthy western tourists athistoric site maasai performers mix with tourists during performance involving them into many aspects of the performance pop culture images of africa dominate performance reckoning back to classic moviesuch as out of africa film out of africall of the comforts of home are present in the luxury lodges and the site is mostly catered towards thentertainment of tourists not necessarily authenticity in this instance the tourist gaze is used as a pretext for the greater luxury experience of an upscale african safari all of the historical tensions and contrasts are dissolved and performances include a mash up of hakuna matata song hakuna matata kum ba yah kum bah yand reggae jamaican reggae theselements all meld together nonsensically into a locally placed african contexthe maasai culture is commodified into a representation of a popular american image of what african cultures are not authentic african performances these performances provide the greater accessibility of safe pleasant primitives the maasai are stakeholders in process but have relatively minor control over theirepresentation as tour agency production forces are hidden but dominate the interpretive process many of the maasai people are forced into a willingness to play into the commodified stereotypes of their culture for economic benefit place as a commodity eco tourism the specific natural attributes of a place also can become commodities as thenvironment of a locale can become a good just as important as the cultural heritage in attracting tourist capital a population s heritage is indubitably tied to their local environment however in the case of eco tourism education about sustainability and preservation are common themes that emerge in the rhetoric of the industry an alternative form of tourism ecotourism is defined as a form of tourism inspired primarily by the natural history of an area including its indigenous cultures ziffer karen ecotourism the uneasy alliance washington dconservation international ecotourism has a generally low impact on local environments and it allows tourists to gain an appreciation for the natural resources and attributes of the tourist destination these tourist programs provide capital that can be used to improve theconomic situations of local environments as well as help fund conservation efforts toffset years of environmental degradation caused by tourist activity because of the conservational goals of ecotourism local communities have the opportunity to engage more with governmental organizations non governmental organizations and private tourist firms in the design and production of tourist destinationsstronzamandanthropology of tourism forging new ground for ecotourism and other alternatives annual review of anthropology ecotourism can offer local populations political and economic agency over the products of their labor and levy a degree of control over their economic development references category economic anthropology category 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themes expressions come primarily terms exchange value specifically within context cultural e authenticity tourism ann cultural expressions aspects heritage become cultural goods transformed commodities bought sold theritage tourism_industry context modern globalization complex often layers meaning produced local societies marketing one cultural expressions particular culture simultaneously assisting integration global economy repatriation profits leakage occurs withe influx tourist financial capital heritage tourist site including handicraft vendors food_vendors basket makers several items produced locally rely upon tourist capital crucial part sustainable considered beneficial local anthropology us better travelers napa bulletin modern heritage_tourism economic dynamic dependent upon capital tourists corporations creating sustained viability tourism often directly tied economic_development many globalization providing increased access vital medical services important ecological degradation global tourism inequality maya interpretations changing environment roo mexico human organization image sphinx athe_thumb_alt statue sphinx athe louvre statue sphinx athe mus e louvre paris_france tourism_industry rapidly growing decades thexpansion probably continue well tourism_organization highlights nearly one billion tourist_arrivals compared tonly twenty five million moreover tourism directly accounted nearly one trillion us dollars worldwide approximately five percent gdp generated tourism similar proportion people aremployed tourism_industry individual culture positioned tourism needs particular selling point order capital certain aspects heritage allowed order give impression receiving authentic experience way tourism_also_provides opportunities communities define identities commodification certain cultural aspects thathe community important worthy kathleen art politics identities tourism power indonesia honolulu hawaii univ hawaii native tours anthropology travel_tourism ed ill press tourist_destinations must specific set characteristics apart every destination local_communities choose world power create identity reproduce mechanisms group identity realm cultural_tourism allows local_populations express ethnic pride places events identities best particular interests values authenticity tourist gaze image punch rhodes thumb left alt cecil rhodes cecil rhodes africa tourist gaze explained john urry john urry set expectations thatourists place local_populations participate heritage_tourism search authentic experience response tourist expectations often cultural racial stereotypes local_populations reflect back gaze tourists order benefit j tourism_culture social inequality sociology tourism theoretical empirical investigations ed pp new_york routledge tourists cannot bear blame process however aggressively promoted marketing efforts tour_operators popular mediand local_governments contribute production tourist gaze tourism_new ground ecotourism alternatives rev gaze often described destructive process often important local cultural expressions commodities traditions fall local_populations also destructive local_populations become consumed economic process values certain cultural expressions others cultural themes cannot beasily commodified fall gaze also_serve booster ethnic identity revive cultural traditions may fallen colonialism imperialism importance tourist capital many local societies indigenous peoples placed dynamic cultural authenticity necessary success reconstruction ethnicity becomes important locals tend act cultural patterns behaviors thathey believe would satisfy tourists dean reconstructed ethnicity tourism_cultural identity third_world communities annals tourism_research local_populations play stereotypes westerners cultures seek perform satisfy consumer demand power thathe tourist gaze supporting ethnic pride identity also_used destroy ethnic pride identity cases tourist expectations align reality local_populations village san_jose belize local maya people mayan populations given many traditional practices laurie k culture_tourism maya identity annals tourism_research vol pp however close_proximity ancient maya ruins interest areas villagers began go back past recreate traditional maya cultural patterns traditions recreating images identities changed completely placed back within ethnographic present classical maya indigenous expressions land use patterns unfortunately act also gives savvy tourists impression thathe traditions local_populations reality thathere million cameron archaeological tourism looking answers along mexico maya riviera napa bulletin local_populations often negotiate terms identity staged reality tourists contemporary reality everyday lives cultural performances tourists often blend realife ritual contested authenticity one anthropologist one maya village yucat n mexico involvement tourism iseen dangerous urban seen traditional maya society maya villages supply much migrant labor goes cancun tourist_destinations also reflect means migrants go cancun seen less maya stay behind migrant workers follow promise jobs socioeconomic tourist_destinations cancun process considered de traditional maya traditional maya urban maya people strategy keep traditional ways life one anthropologist believes thathe traditional maya fear urbanization maya people cultural commodification often tourism_industry potential commodification iseen detrimental traditional maya ways life mostly carry negative ideological perspective cruz alicia ideological weapon tourism maya migration cancun idea however cannot tother maya communities yucat n even tother indigenous communities latin sarah community sustainability solidarity understanding tourism community development anthropology department university albany suny lisa c austin university texas press museum maya culture minneapolis university minnesota press arexamples throughout yucat n roo maya people heavily involved tourism service sector positive willing ways contrasto one community mentioned maya rio isla santa mention local economies fully integrated tourism network also maintain traditional culture_tourism economic service_industry created capitalism therefore always benefits happens regardless racial cultural identities benefit benefits much maya people required engage tourism_industry tourism often incorporates entire maya towns walter e performing women strategies journal women culture society although people involved informal sector aware roles larger global system handicraft vendors continue perform western tourists order make cultural commodities goods appear authentic receive tourist capital public performance life reality many maya people living working central_america heritage_tourism excursions tend associated group given locality place becomes defining characteristic people perspectives creates dynamic tourists use travelers questions commercial presentation site undermine producer dominant maasai lion king authenticity nationalism globalization african tourism author edward bruner source american vol nov pp tourist feels heritage_site producing interpretation cultural expression experience site loses authenticity becomes less harder three sites kenya trace commodification particular aspects maasai tribal culture sites marketed varying degrees commodification authenticity order satisfy tourist expectations ranch thisite built british family great rift valley miles away nairobi commodified maasai people maasai cultural expressions maasai warriors traditional song andance comfortably safe distance away tourists performances maasai culture presented static strive satisfying tourist gaze provide sense authenticity notably contrasts europeand primitive african thisite eventually closed kenyan government colonial nature presentation maasai culture offensive many whites producing images blacks african_american african_americans village kenya image maasai women thumb_alt maasai women children maasai women children kenya site caters mostly urban commodification particular themes arespecially problematic case tourists actually stakeholders historic representation marketed give critical sense authenticity national folklore formed tell stories purposely promote equality among ethnic_groups performances modern stadium arena creates modern traditional reflects greater kenyan society representation several kenyan ethnic_groups culturally relevant narratives express politically charged message tourists visithe site actual stakeholders process culture cannot simply commodified good commodification maasai culture locally managed produced africa upscale tourist site caters mostly wealthy western tourists site maasai performers mix tourists performance involving many aspects performance pop_culture images africa dominate performance back classic africa film comforts home present luxury lodges site mostly catered towards thentertainment tourists necessarily authenticity instance tourist gaze used greater luxury experience upscale african safari historical tensions contrasts dissolved performances include mash song bah reggae reggae together locally placed african maasai culture commodified representation popular american image african cultures authentic african performances performances provide greater accessibility safe pleasant maasai stakeholders process relatively minor control tour agency production forces hidden dominate process many maasai people forced willingness play commodified stereotypes culture economic benefit place commodity eco_tourism specific natural attributes place also become commodities thenvironment locale become good important cultural_heritage attracting tourist capital population heritage tied local environment however case eco_tourism education sustainability preservation common themes emerge industry alternative form tourism_ecotourism defined form tourism inspired primarily natural_history area including indigenous cultures karen ecotourism alliance washington international ecotourism generally low_impact local environments allows tourists gain appreciation natural_resources attributes tourist_destination tourist programs provide capital used improve theconomic situations local environments well help fund conservation_efforts years environmental degradation caused tourist activity goals ecotourism local_communities opportunity engage governmental organizations non_governmental organizations private tourist firms design production tourist tourism_new ground ecotourism alternatives annual review anthropology ecotourism offer local_populations political economic agency products labor levy degree control economic_development references_category economic anthropology category_tourism"},{"title":"Heritage Rose District of New York City","description":"theritage rose district of new york city is the only rose district in the united states it is the result of thefforts of the office of the manhattan borough president and theritage rose foundation a non profit organization dedicated to the preservation of old rose scott stringer manhattan borough president mbpoorg retrieved on theritage rose district includes the western portion of northern manhattan between west nd and west rd streets with broadway manhattan broadway and trinity church cemetery trinity church cemetery and mausoleum trinity church cemetery at its center there are also additional plantings on the grounds of trinity cemetery and at several nearby locations theritage rose district with an initial collection of over a hundred roses was established in fall history of theritage rose district inew york city file heritage rose district of new york citypdf thumb heritage rose district of nyc updated may theritage rose foundation was established in and is devoted to the preservation of old roses it is a nonprofit organization committed to the preservation of heritage roses and promotion of their culture as well as to establish garden s where these roses may be grown and appreciated by the public to promote public knowledge and appreciation of heritage roses and their preservation heritage rose foundation heritage rose foundation retrieved on the foundation has an officialist of goals of theritage rose foundation in early a mobile walking tour was created for theritage rose districthe template for the mobile site was created by jacob graff a high school student from dallas texas an iphone version is being developed the tour takes visitors through the history each of the district sites june was officially proclaimed jacob graff day by new york city in honor of jacob s contribution future planting sites are currently being proposed sites will have plenty of sunlight protection from thelementseparation from walking path s protection from road salt and other de icing agents andedicated maintenance by an individual organization they will preferably also be surrounded by fencing and or on raised bed scott stringer manhattan borough president mbpoorg retrieved on the majority of roseselected for theritage rose district are known to be grown inew york city before the twentieth century they are described in the manhattan borough president s office website single quotes with a name denote a knowname double quotes denote a study nameaning the rose is in commerce but its origins have been losthe majority of roses for theritage rose district were donated and by june roses are on display matthew graff a high school student from dallas tx built a misting system to allow him to grow and then donate roses to the district matthew is expanding the system to allow him to grow overosesimultaneously hisystem has been featured in the dallas morning news and on the dallas nbc affiliate channel apothecary s rose and rosa gallica rosa mundi audubon baltimore belle celsiana rosa centifolia cramoisi sup rieur duchess of portland list of rose cultivars named after people fellemberg rosa moschata graham thomas single musk green mount red green rosa harison s yellow harison s yellow hermosa louis philippe list of rose cultivars named after people madame boll maggie maitland white princess de nassau puerto rico rose du roi russeliana rosa pimpinellifolia scotch roses the shipwreck rose rosa souvenir de la malmaison souvenir de la malmaison category rose gardens in the united states category cultural tourism category harlem category washington heights manhattan category non profit organizations based inew york 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establish garden roses may grown appreciated public promote public knowledge appreciation heritage roses preservation heritage rose foundation heritage rose foundation retrieved foundation goals theritage_rose foundation early mobile walking_tour created theritage_rose districthe mobile site created jacob high_school student dallas_texas iphone version developed tour takes visitors history district sites june officially proclaimed jacob day new_york city honor jacob contribution future planting sites currently proposed sites plenty protection walking path protection road salt de agents maintenance individual organization also surrounded raised bed scott manhattan borough president retrieved majority theritage_rose district known grown inew_york_city twentieth_century described manhattan borough president office website single quotes name denote double quotes denote study rose commerce origins losthe majority roses theritage_rose district donated june roses display matthew high_school student dallas built system allow grow donate roses district matthew expanding system allow grow featured dallas morning news dallas nbc affiliate channel rose rosa rosa audubon baltimore belle rosa sup portland list rose named people rosa graham thomas single musk green mount red green rosa yellow yellow louis philippe list rose named people maggie white princess de nassau puerto_rico rose rosa scotch roses rose rosa souvenir de_la malmaison souvenir de_la malmaison category rose gardens united_states category_cultural_tourism category harlem category washington heights manhattan category_non_profit organizations_based inew_york_city"},{"title":"Heritage tourism","description":"file tatev monastery from a distancejpg thumb tatev armenia file beiteddine palace innercourtyardjpg thumbeiteddine palace lebanon file jpg thumb wudang mountains china file gizeh cheops bw jpg thumb giza egypt cultural heritage tourism or just heritage tourism or diaspora tourism is a branch of tourism oriented towards the cultural heritage of the location where tourism is occurring the national trust for historic preservation in the united states defines heritage tourism as traveling to experience the places artifacts and activities that authentically representhe stories and people of the past and heritage tourism can include cultural historic and natural resources culture has always been a major object of travel as the development of the grand tour from the th century onwards attests in the th century some people have claimed culture ceased to be the objective of tourism is now culture cultural attractions play an important role in tourism at allevels from the global highlights of world culture to attractions that underpin local identities richards according to the weiler and hall culture heritage and the arts have long contributed to appeal of tourist destination however in recent years culture has been rediscovered as an important marketing tool to attracthose travellers with special interests in heritage and arts according to the hollinshead cultural heritage tourism defines as cultural heritage tourism is the fastest growing segment of the tourism industry because there is a trend toward an increase specialization among tourists this trend is evident in the rise in the volume of tourists who seek adventure culture history archaeology and interaction with local people cultural heritage tourism is important for various reasons it has a positiveconomic and social impact it establishes and reinforces identity it helps preserve the cultural heritage with culture as an instrument it facilitates harmony and understanding among people it supports culture and helps renew tourism richards as benjamin porter and noel b salazar havethnographically documented however cultural heritage tourism can also creatensions and even conflict between the different stakeholders involved porter and salazar cultural heritage tourism has a number of objectives that must be met within the context of sustainable development such as the conservation of cultural resources accurate interpretation of resources authentic visitors experience and the stimulation of thearned revenues of cultural resources we can see therefore that cultural heritage tourism is not only concerned with identification management and protection of theritage values but it must also be involved in understanding the impact of tourism on communities and regions achieving economic and social benefits providing financial resources for protection as well as marketing and promotion j m fladmark heritage tourism involves visiting historical or industrial sites that may include old canal s railway s battlegrounds etc the overall purpose is to gain an appreciation of the past it also refers to the marketing of a location to members of a diaspora who have distant family roots there decolonization and immigration form the major background of much contemporary heritage tourism falling travel costs have also made heritage tourism possible for more peoplewinter t post conflict heritage postcolonial tourism politics andevelopment at angkoroutledge korstanje m epistemology of tourism journal of travel and tourism research online another possible form involves religious travel or pilgrimage s many catholics from around the world come to the vatican city vaticand other sitesuch as lourdes or f tima portugal f tima islam commands its followers to take the hajj to mecca thus differentiating it somewhat from tourism in the usual sense though the trip can also be a culturally important event for the pilgrimbasu p highland homecomings genealogy and heritage tourism in the scottish diaspora routledge heritage tourism can also be attributed to historical events that have been dramatised to make themorentertaining for example a historical tour of a town or city using a theme such as ghosts or vikings heritage tourism focuses on certain historical events rather than presenting a balanced view of that historical period its aimay not always be the presentation of accurate historical facts as opposed to economically developing the site and surrounding areas a result heritage tourism can be seen as a blend of education entertainment preservation and profittimothy d olsen d eds tourism religion and spiritual journeys routledge indigenous peoples anthropology and ethnology were two major disciplines interested by the life of aborigines their customs and political structuresharris m the rise of anthropological theory a history of theories of culture altamira press although the firsts fieldworkers were not interested in expanding the colonization of main european powers the fact was thatheir notes books and field work notes weremployed by colonial officials to understand the aboriginal mindrestrepo escobar a other anthropologies and anthropology otherwise steps to a world anthropologies framework critique of anthropology from that moment on anthropology developed a strange fascination for the other s cultureclifford j dombrowski k graburn leitegoldberg n phillips r watkins j clifford j looking several ways anthropology and native heritage in alaska current anthropology the concepts of heritage and colonization were inextricably intertwinedstarzmann m t cultural imperialism and heritage politics in thevent of armed conflict prospects for an activist archaeology archaeologies maximiliano korstanje argues that literature played a vital role in configuring the image of others in the western imaginary and this was the rub aborigines internalized the western stereotypes aboutheir cultures in the threshold of history the meaning of heritage and patrimony accompanied the interests of european elite and their attachmento colonial orderkorstanje m exploring the connection between anthropology and tourism patrimony and heritage tourism in perspectivevent managementhe concept of heritage tourism has been recently criticized by some latin americanthropologists these radical voices focus on the ideological discourse that marksome human groups or ethnicities within heritage tourism while others arexcluded whitelitexpands its hegemony by marking others as different athe time it remains unmarked as normal tourism is based on the quest exploitation for otherness by re considering what is and not heritage tourism consists in an ideological mechanism of disciplinexerted by modernation states over aboriginal groupskorstanje m reconsidering cultural tourism anthropologist s perspective journal of heritage tourism file community tourism riveno webm thumb community tourism in sierra leone the story of a community in sierra leone trying to manage tourism in a socially responsible manner another problem witheritage tourism is theffect on indigenous peoples whose land culture is being visited by tourists if the indigenous people are not a part of the majority oruling power in the country they may not benefit from the tourism as greatly as they should for example in mexico tourism has increased because of the predicted end of the maya calendar however the indigenous maya peoples mayare not benefitting from the increased traffic through the ruins and other culturalandmarks cultural tourism see also heritage interpretation list of heritage railways world heritage site genealogy tourism notes externalinks family heritage tourism cultural heritage tourism euheritagetour culture and heritage travel challenge heritage tourism from the national trust for places of historic interest or natural beauty national trust weblog and information unesco world heritage topics european route of industrial heritage cultural heritage and religious tourism packages in romania european routes of jewisheritage and guide to synagogues and other jewisheritage sites in slovakia success factors for museums non profit cultural attractionsouth east asian tourism organisation a new south east asian based organization looking at ways to use other initiatives to spread the 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taverns are often situated at a distance of the wineyards and offer both food andrinks heurige where apple or pear cider iserved are called a mostheurige in the well known wine growing areas of the city of vienna grinzing sievering neustift liesing many eating establishments have a rustic interior design similar to heurige yethey have a normalicence and sell wine they buy from outside sources history on august austrian emperor joseph iissued a decree that permitted all residents topen establishments to sell and serve self produced wine and juices at first no food could be sold in order to prevent competition with restaurants but over time these restrictions lessened over the years well known areas for heurigen developed includingrinzing sievering neustift am walde perchtoldsdorf mauer vienna mauer stammersdorf guntramsdorf gumpoldskirchen traiskirchen gainfarn d rnstein langenlois the wachau wine wachau region rust austria rust k nigstetten gamlitz and kitzeck similar establishments exist in wine producing region s elsewhere in austria known as buschenschank in styriand strausse strau en besenwirtschaft or heckenwirtschaft in germany and other german speaking areas atmosphere a heuriger is prized both for the charms of what it offers and its limitations eacheuriger is only open briefly usually or weeks during a four month season in the fall although it may reopen again later in the season when more wine has been produced it serves only its own wine and but a limited selection ofood as an evening meal generally local homemade products offered asmall dishesuch as liptauer spread various meat or sausage and semmel combinations or cheese board s typical drinks found at heurigen include federweisser sturm a partially fermented wine sold athe beginning ofall that still contains a fair amount of grape and gr ner veltliner gruner veltliner which is one of the most popular types of austrian wine almdudler and spritzer gespritzer are also commonly found at modern heurigen lucky patrons will sometimes find ice wineiswein to enjoy with dessert heurigen indicate thathey are open and guests welcome by displaying a handful of conifer or fir twigs bound in a circlar buschen hung above thentrance door until the th century it was customary for guests to bring along their own food whenjoying wine at a heuriger to make an establishment more profitable in many places the tavern was leased tother winemakers winzer in german known as winzerstuben gem tlichkeit shared among a throng enjoying young wine simple food and traditional music is one of the greatest appeals of a heuriger as a result many establishments elsewhere such as in viennare made to look like heurigen but in fact are licensed restaurantselling wines from outside sources theseven serve beer and coffee unthinkable at an authentic heuriger music has traditionally been part of theuriger ambiance and contributes greatly to its gem tlichkeit when presentoday it is typically provided by a pair of heurigens nger who serenade from table to table for tip gratuity tips playing a guitar and accordion they take requests for songs from theirepertoire of wienerlied er and music of vienna schrammelmusik these songs themes invariably revolve around the quality of the wine its consumption and consequences vienna s beauty a nostalgia nostalgic longing for the pasthe transience of life the inevitability of suffering andeath at god s will and to a somewhat lesser degree romantic loveven trying to honor theuriger tradition music has changedramatically since performersuch as the third man sensation anton karas earned a living by playing his zither or hans moser actor hans moser sang a wienerlied from his movies visitors from germany will hope to hear songs from their native land as will those from others theurigens nger will try their best see also strausse references externalinks wine culture in vienna category types of restaurants category types of drinking establishment category wine terminology 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peace memorial park is a memorial park in the center of hiroshima japan it is dedicated to the legacy of hiroshimas the first city in the world to suffer atomic bombings of hiroshimand nagasaki nuclear attack and to the memories of the bomb s direct and indirect victims of whom there may have been as many as the hiroshima peace memorial park was planned andesigned by the japanese architect kenz tange atange lab the location of hiroshima peace memorial park was once the city s busiest downtown commercial and residential districthe park was built on an open field that was created by thexplosion today there are a number of memorials and monuments museums and lecture halls which draw over a million visitors annually the annual august hiroshima peace memorial ceremony peace memorial ceremony which isponsored by the city of hiroshima is also held in the park the purpose of the peace memorial park is to not only memorialize the victims but also to establish the memory of nuclear horrors and advocate world peace notable symbols file old and newjpg thumb px the a bomb dome a bomb dome the a bomb dome is the skeletal ruins of the former hiroshima prefectural industrial promotion hall it is the building closesto the hypocenter of the atomic bombings of hiroshimand nagasaki nuclear bomb that remained at least partially standing it was left how it was after the bombing in memory of the casualties the a bomb dome to which a sense of sacredness and transcendence has been attributed isituated in a distant ceremonial view that is visible from the peace memorial park s central cenotaph it is an officially designated site of memory for the nation s and humanity s collectively shared heritage of catastrophe the a bomb dome was added to the unesco world heritage site world heritage list on december unesco world heritage sites hiroshima peace memorial many a bomb survivors and hiroshima citizens were pushing for the a bomb dome to be registered as a world heritage site as it was a symbol of horror and nuclear weapons and humankind s pledge for peace this collective petition fromany citizens groups was finally given influence when the japanese government officially recommended the dome to the world heritage site committee in december a marker was placed on the a bomb dome on april by hiroshima city it reads children s peace monumenthe children s peace monument is a statue dedicated to the memory of the children who died as a result of the bombing the statue is of a girl with outstretched arms with a origami folded paper crane rising above her the statue is based on the true story of a youngirl who died from radiation from the bomb she believed that if she folded paper craneshe would be cured to this day people mostly children from around the world fold cranes and send them to hiroshima where they are placed near the statue the statue has a continuously replenished collection ofolded cranes nearby file hiroshima resthouse jpg thumb px the rest house of hiroshima peace park rest house the rest house of hiroshima peace park is another atomic bombed building in the park the building was built as the taishoya kimono shop in march it was used as a fuel distribution station when the shortage ofuel began in june on august when the bomb exploded the roof was crushed the interior destroyed and everything consumable burned except in the basement eventually people in the building died of the bombing year old eizo nomura survived in the basement whichad a concrete roof through which radiation had a more difficultime penetrating he survived into his in june as world war ll intensified and economicontrols became increasingly stringenthe building was purchased by the prefectural fuel rationing union it wasited approximately meters from the hypocenter at am on augusthexplosion of the atomic bomb about meters above the hypocenter destroyed the building s concrete roof the interior was also badly damaged and gutted by ensuing fires and everyone inside was killed except nomura who miraculously survived the building was restored soon after the war and used as the fuel hall in the hiroshima east reconstruction office which became the core the city s reconstruction program was established there the former nakajima district which today is peace memorial park was a prominent business quarter of the city during thearlyears of the showa period the nakajima district one of hiroshima s liveliest districts of the time had been the site of many wooden two story structures but in the three story taishoya kimono shop was constructed surrounded by shops and movie theaters it wasaid that if you went up to the roof a panoramic view of the city awaited file the basement of the rest housejpg thumb the basement of the rest house in the kimono shop was closed and became the fuel hall athe time of the bombing people were working there all of them perished withexception of nomura who had gone down to the basement athat moment and survived the bombing although the building was heavily damaged it stood still and was renovated soon after the war including a newooden roof eizo nomura who was then was the sole survivor in the building after the atomic bomb was dropped about meters northeast of the building he was a worker for the hiroshima prefectural fuel rationing union when the a bomb exploded in the sky he was in the basement retrieving some documents all other employees working in the building athatime were instantly killed by the blast nomura managed to escape through rising fire and vigorousmoke however after hisurvival he struggled withigh fever diarrhea bleedingums and other symptoms caused by the radiation after the war the hiroshima municipal government purchased the building and established a postwarecovery office in itoday it is used as the rest house in peace memorial park the rest house has been in debates many times over whether or not it should be preserved in the city decided to demolish the building buthe plan was put aside one of the reasons was because of the announcement of the a bomb dome as a world heritage site currently the first floor of the rest house is used as a tourist information office and a souvenir shop the second third floors as offices and the basement is preserved nearly as it was athe time of the bombing hiroshima peace memorial ceremony everyear on august a bomb day the city of hiroshima holds the hiroshima peace memorial ceremony to console the victims of the atomic bombs and to pray for the realization of lasting world peace the ceremony is held in the morning from in front of the memorial cenotaph with many citizens including the families of the deceaseduring the ceremony a one minute silence to honor the victims is observed athe time of the atomic bomb s explosion peace memorial ceremony peace memorial ceremony program lantern ceremony file hiroshima lantern festivaljpeg thumb drifting lanterns in thevening of the same day t r nagashi lantern ceremony is held to send off the spirits of the victims on lanterns with peace messages floating on the waters of the motoyasu river peace messages and lantern ceremony file hiroshima peace memorial museum jpg thumb px the main building of hiroshima peace memorial museum hiroshima peace memorial museum the hiroshima peace memorial museum is the primary museum in the park dedicated to educating visitors abouthe bomb the museum has exhibits and information covering the buildup to war the role of hiroshima in the war up to the bombing and extensive information the bombing and its effects along with substantial memorabiliand pictures from the bombing the building also has views of the memorial cenotaph peace flame and a bomb dome file international conferencenter hiroshima jpg righthumb px international conferencenter hiroshima international conferencenter hiroshima international conferencenter hiroshima is in the peace park west side of the main building of the hiroshima peace memorial museum file hiroshima national peace memorial hall for the atomic bomb victims jpg righthumb px hall of remembrance hiroshima national peace memorial hall the hiroshima national peace memorial hall for the atomic bomb victims is an effort by the japanese national governmento remember and mourn the sacred sacrifice of the atomic bomb victims it is also an expression of japan s desire for genuine and lasting peace the hall contains a number of displays on the roof near thentrance the museum is underground is a clock frozen athe time the bomb went off the museum contains a seminaroom library temporary exhibition areand victims information area the hall of remembrance contains a degree panorama of the destroyed hiroshima recreated using tiles the number of peoplestimated to have died from the bomby thend ofile cenotaphiroshimajpg righthumb px the memorial cenotaph memorial cenotaph near the center of the park is a concrete saddle shaped monumenthat covers a cenotapholding the names of all of the people killed by the bomb the monument is aligned to frame the peace flame and the a bomb dome the memorial cenotaph was one of the first memorial monuments built on open field on augusthe arch shape represents a shelter for the souls of the victims cenotaph for the a bomb victims the cenotaph carries thepitaph which means please rest in peace for we they shall not repeatherror in japanese the sentence subject is pro drop language omitted thus it could be interpreted as either we shall not repeatherror as they shall not repeatherror this was intended to memorialize the victims of hiroshima without politicizing the issue taking advantage of the facthat honorific speech in japanese polite japanese speech typically demands lexical ambiguity in the first place the japanese mind understanding contemporary japanese cultured by roger j davies and osamu ikeno rutland vermontuttle publishing thepitaph was written by tadayoshi saika professor of english literature at hiroshima university give peace a chance yoshihisa hagiwara east asian perspectives on politics the center of governance for civil society keio university he also provided thenglish translation let all the souls herest in peace for we shall not repeathevil onovember an explanation plaque in english was added in order to convey professor saika s intenthat we refers to all humanity not specifically the japanese or americans and thatherror is thevil of war perhaps unsurprisingly the ambiguity of the phrase has the potential toffend some right wing circles in japan have interpreted the words as an admission of guilt implicitly reading it as we the japanese people shall not repeatherror and they criticize thepitaph as a self accusation by the japanesempire in july the cenotaph was vandalized by a year old japanese affiliated withe japanese rightist destroys reference to japan s mistake at hiroshima memorial file peace flame and museumjpg righthumb px peace flame withe peace memorial museum in the background peace flame the peace flame is another monumento the victims of the bomb that destroyed hiroshima but it has an additional symbolic purpose the flame has burned continuously since it was lit in and will remain lit until all nuclear bombs on the planet are destroyed and the planet is free from the threat of nuclear annihilation file hiroshima peace belljpg righthumb px a schoolgirl rings the peace bell in the hiroshima peace park peace bells there are three peace bells in the peace park the smaller one is used only for the peace memorial ceremony excepthat day it is displayed in theast building of hiroshima peace memorial museum the more well known peace bell stands near the children s peace monument and consists of a large japanese bell hanging inside a small open sided structure visitors arencouraged to ring the bell for world peace and the loud and melodious tolling of this bell rings out regularly throughouthe peace park peace bell in hiroshima peace memorial park the peace bell was built out in the open on september the surface of the bell is a map of the world and the sweet spot is an atomic symbol designed by masahiko katori cast by oigo bell works in takaoka toyama the inscriptions on the bell are in greek language greek japanese language japanese and sanskrit is translated as know yourself the greek embassy donated the bell to the peace park and picked outhe most appropriate ancient greek philosophical quote of socrates the sanskrit was translated by the indian ambassador and the japanese by a university lecturer file atomic bomb memorial moundjpg thumb px atomic bomb memorial mound atomic bomb memorial mound the atomic bomb memorial mound is a large grass covered knoll that contains the cremated ashes of unidentified victims of the bomb cenotaph for korean victims among the people who were killed or exposed to lethal post explosion radiation at least were koreans korean buthe number is uncertain because the population has beeneglected as the minority additionally survivors of hiroshimand nagasaki returned to koreafter liberation from the korea under japanese rule japanese colonialism the monument beautified with koreanational symbols is intended to honour korean victims and survivors of the atomic bomb and japanese colonialism the monument s inscription reads the monument in memory of the korean victims of the a tomic bomb in memory of the souls of his highness prince yi wu and over other souls while the side inscription readsouls of the dead ride to heaven on the backs of turtles file peace gatesjpg righthumb px the gates of peace gates of peace added in this monument contains ten gates covered withe word peace in languages from around the world the gates represent inferno dante the nine circles of hell the nine circles of hell plus one the living hell of hiroshima caused by the atomic bombingates of peace hiroshima prefectureach gate is meters high and meters wide the word peace in languages on the gates of peace designed by clara halter designed by jean michel wilmotte file hiroshimamobilizedstudents jpg thumb px memorial tower to the mobilized students memorial tower to the mobilized students the association for the mobilized student victims of hiroshima prefecture builthis tower in may in order to console the souls of over students including those who were atomic bomb victims who died in bombings during the pacific war in hiroshima there were students who were mobilized of which were killed in the atomic bombing the memorial is twelve meters tall five stories and is decorated withe goddess of peace as well as eight doves which are placed around the tower to the sides of the tower are plaques which depicthe work thathe students did such as factory work female studentsewing or showing students working to increase food production there is a plaque in front of the tower whichas two buttons that narrate the background information in either japanese or english file a bomb dome hiroshima sunsetjpg righthumb px a bomb dome at sunset file hiroshima pond of peacejpg thumb px hiroshima pond of peace file hiroshimastatuefountainmuseum jpg righthumb px statue of mother and child in the storm fountain of prayer other monuments pond of peacencircling the cenotaph peace clock tower a bombed gravestone of jisenji temple the temple used to be there peace fountain hiroshima peace fountain monumento the old aioi bridge phoenix trees exposed to the a bomb also known as chinese parasols these trees have deep scars from the blasthey were moved here from the courtyard of the former hiroshima postelecommunications office in petersen david conti mandy survivors the a bombed trees of hiroshima lulu press morrisville nc linden tree monument hair monument hiroshima city zero milestone peace cairn stone lantern of peace friendship monument peace memorial post peace tower hiroshima peace tower fountain of prayer a small fountain pond monument of prayer monument for peace prayer haiku monument for peace hiroshima monument for the a bomb victimstatue of mother and child in the storm peace watch tower indicating the number of daysince the a bomb statue of peace new leaves from the words of hideki yukawa drhideki yukawa designed carved by katsuzo entsuba statue of merciful mother statue of a prayer for peace the figure of the merciful goddess of peace kannon mobilized students merciful kannon monument hiroshima second middle school a bomb memorial monument memorial monument of the hiroshima municipal commercial and shipbuilding industry schools monumento the a bombed teachers and students of national elementary schools a bomb monument of the hiroshima municipal girl s high school monument dedicated to sankichi t ge monumento tamiki hara literary monument dedicated to miekichi suzuki monument in memory of marcel junodrmarcel junod clock commemorating the repatriation of those who chose to return to the democratic people s republic of korea monument of the former north tenjin cho area monument of the former south tenjin cho area monument of the former zaimoku cho memorial tower for a bomb related victims memorial tower to console a bomb victims monument in memory of the korean victims of the a bomb monument of the volunteer army corps monument of zensonpo all japanonlife insurance labor union monumento those who died from the ch goku shikoku public works office monument of the hiroshima district lumber control corporation monument dedicated to construction workers and artisans monumento themployees of the hiroshima post office monument of the hiroshima gas corporation monumento themployees of the coal control related company monument for the a bomb victims from the hiroshimagricultural association monumento mr norman cousins monument of us pows at former chugoku mp hq file hana no to jpg thumb px flower of hiroshima flower festival hiroshima flower festival hiroshima flower festival is held from rd to may duringolden week japanese golden week in the peace park and peace boulevard hiroshima peace boulevard hiroshima dreamination hiroshima dreamination is held in winter file hiroden atomic bomb dome stationjpg thumb px hiroden genbaku dome mae station hiroshima peace memorial park bustop hiroden genbaku dome mae station hiroden chuden mae station astram line astram hond ri station astram line hond ri station file honkawa elementary school peace museum jpg thumb px honkawa elementary school peace museum atomic bombed former school building see also hiroshima peace memorial atomic bomb dome hiroshima peace memorial museum atomic bombings of hiroshimand nagasaki sadako sasaki children s peace monument hiroshima national peace memorial hall for the atomic bomb victims hiroshima peace memorial ceremony hiroshima witness nagasaki peace park norman cousins marcel junod peace boulevard hiroshima peace boulevard honkawa elementary school peace museum fukuromachi elementary school peace museum externalinks hiroshima peace memorial museum guide to peace memorial park hiroshima national 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nagasaki","nagasaki p","p category","category atomic","atomic tourism"],"new_description":"created april status open year website hiroshima_peace_memorial park memorial_park center hiroshima japan dedicated legacy first city world suffer atomic_bombings hiroshimand_nagasaki nuclear attack memories bomb direct indirect victims may many hiroshima_peace_memorial park planned andesigned japanese architect lab location hiroshima_peace_memorial park city busiest downtown commercial residential districthe park built open field created thexplosion today number memorials monuments museums lecture halls draw million_visitors annually annual august hiroshima_peace_memorial ceremony peace_memorial ceremony isponsored city hiroshima also held park purpose peace_memorial park victims also establish memory nuclear advocate world peace notable symbols file old thumb px bomb_dome bomb_dome bomb_dome ruins former hiroshima industrial promotion hall building hypocenter atomic_bombings hiroshimand_nagasaki nuclear bomb remained least partially standing left bombing memory casualties bomb_dome sense attributed isituated distant ceremonial view visible peace_memorial park central cenotaph officially designated site memory nation humanity collectively shared heritage bomb_dome added unesco_world_heritage_site world_heritage list december unesco_world_heritage_sites hiroshima_peace_memorial many bomb survivors hiroshima citizens pushing bomb_dome registered world_heritage_site symbol horror nuclear_weapons peace collective petition fromany citizens groups finally given influence japanese government officially recommended dome world_heritage_site committee december marker placed bomb_dome april hiroshima city reads children peace monumenthe children peace monument statue dedicated memory children died result bombing statue girl arms origami folded paper crane rising statue based true story died radiation bomb believed folded paper would cured day people mostly children around world fold send hiroshima placed near statue statue continuously collection nearby file hiroshima jpg thumb px rest house hiroshima_peace park rest house rest house hiroshima_peace park another atomic_bombed building park building_built shop march used fuel distribution station shortage ofuel began june august bomb exploded roof crushed interior destroyed everything burned except basement eventually people building died bombing year_old nomura survived basement whichad concrete roof radiation survived june world_war intensified became_increasingly building purchased fuel union approximately meters hypocenter atomic_bomb meters hypocenter destroyed building concrete roof interior also badly damaged fires everyone inside killed except nomura survived building restored soon war used fuel hall hiroshima east reconstruction office became core city reconstruction program established former district today peace_memorial park prominent business quarter city thearlyears period district one hiroshima districts time site many wooden two story structures three story shop constructed surrounded shops movie_theaters wasaid went roof panoramic view city awaited file basement rest thumb basement rest house shop closed became fuel hall athe_time bombing people_working withexception nomura gone basement athat moment survived bombing although building heavily damaged stood still renovated soon war including roof nomura sole building atomic_bomb dropped meters northeast building worker hiroshima fuel union bomb exploded sky basement documents employees working building athatime instantly killed blast nomura managed escape rising fire however struggled withigh fever diarrhea symptoms caused radiation war hiroshima municipal government purchased building established office used rest house peace_memorial park rest house debates many_times whether preserved city decided building buthe plan put aside one reasons announcement bomb_dome world_heritage_site currently first floor rest house used tourist_information office souvenir shop second third floors offices basement preserved nearly athe_time bombing hiroshima_peace_memorial ceremony everyear august bomb day city hiroshima holds hiroshima_peace_memorial ceremony console victims atomic_bombs pray realization lasting world peace ceremony held morning front memorial cenotaph many citizens including families ceremony one minute honor victims observed athe_time atomic_bomb explosion peace_memorial ceremony peace_memorial ceremony program lantern ceremony file hiroshima lantern thumb thevening day r lantern ceremony held send spirits victims peace messages floating waters river peace messages lantern ceremony file hiroshima_peace_memorial museum jpg thumb px main_building hiroshima_peace_memorial museum hiroshima_peace_memorial museum hiroshima_peace_memorial museum primary museum park dedicated educating visitors abouthe bomb museum exhibits information covering buildup war role hiroshima war bombing extensive information bombing effects along substantial pictures bombing building also views memorial cenotaph peace flame bomb_dome file international conferencenter hiroshima jpg_righthumb px international conferencenter hiroshima international conferencenter hiroshima international conferencenter hiroshima_peace park west side main_building hiroshima_peace_memorial museum file hiroshima national peace_memorial hall atomic_bomb victims jpg_righthumb px hall remembrance hiroshima national peace_memorial hall hiroshima national peace_memorial hall atomic_bomb victims effort japanese national governmento remember sacred atomic_bomb victims also expression japan desire genuine lasting peace hall contains number displays roof near thentrance museum underground clock frozen athe_time bomb went museum contains library temporary exhibition areand victims information area hall remembrance contains degree panorama destroyed hiroshima using number died thend righthumb_px memorial cenotaph memorial cenotaph near center park concrete saddle shaped covers names people killed bomb monument aligned frame peace flame bomb_dome memorial cenotaph one first memorial monuments built open field augusthe arch shape represents shelter souls victims cenotaph bomb_victims cenotaph carries means please rest peace shall repeatherror japanese sentence subject pro drop language thus could interpreted either shall repeatherror shall repeatherror intended victims hiroshima without issue taking advantage facthat honorific speech japanese polite japanese speech typically demands first place japanese mind understanding contemporary japanese roger j davies rutland publishing written professor english literature hiroshima university give peace chance east_asian perspectives politics center governance civil society university also_provided thenglish translation let souls peace shall onovember explanation plaque english added order convey professor refers humanity specifically japanese americans war perhaps phrase potential right wing circles japan interpreted words admission reading japanese people shall repeatherror self july cenotaph year_old japanese affiliated withe japanese reference japan mistake hiroshima memorial file peace flame museumjpg righthumb_px peace flame withe peace_memorial museum background peace flame peace flame another monumento victims bomb destroyed hiroshima additional symbolic purpose flame burned continuously since lit remain lit nuclear bombs planet destroyed planet free threat nuclear file hiroshima_peace righthumb_px rings peace bell hiroshima_peace park peace bells three peace bells peace_park smaller one used peace_memorial ceremony day displayed theast building hiroshima_peace_memorial museum well_known peace bell stands near children peace monument consists large japanese bell hanging inside small open structure visitors arencouraged ring bell world peace loud bell rings regularly throughouthe peace_park peace bell hiroshima_peace_memorial park peace bell built open september surface bell map world sweet spot atomic symbol designed cast bell works bell greek language greek japanese language japanese sanskrit translated know greek embassy donated bell peace_park picked outhe appropriate ancient_greek philosophical quote sanskrit translated indian ambassador japanese university lecturer file atomic_bomb memorial thumb px atomic_bomb memorial atomic_bomb memorial atomic_bomb memorial large grass covered contains ashes victims bomb cenotaph korean victims among people killed exposed post explosion radiation least koreans korean buthe number uncertain population minority additionally survivors hiroshimand_nagasaki returned liberation korea japanese rule japanese colonialism monument symbols intended honour korean victims survivors atomic_bomb japanese colonialism monument reads monument memory korean victims bomb memory souls highness prince souls side dead ride heaven backs file peace righthumb_px gates peace gates peace added monument contains ten gates covered withe word peace languages around world gates represent nine circles hell nine circles hell plus one living hell hiroshima caused atomic peace hiroshima gate meters high meters wide word peace languages gates peace designed designed jean michel file_jpg thumb px memorial tower mobilized students memorial tower mobilized students association mobilized student victims hiroshima prefecture tower may order console souls students including atomic_bomb victims died bombings pacific war hiroshima students mobilized killed atomic_bombing memorial twelve meters tall five stories decorated withe peace well eight placed around tower sides tower work thathe students factory work female showing students working increase food production plaque front tower whichas two background information either japanese english file bomb_dome hiroshima righthumb_px bomb_dome sunset file hiroshima pond thumb px hiroshima pond peace file_jpg_righthumb px statue mother child storm fountain prayer monuments pond cenotaph peace clock tower bombed temple temple used peace fountain hiroshima_peace fountain monumento old bridge phoenix trees exposed bomb also_known chinese trees deep moved courtyard former hiroshima office david survivors bombed trees hiroshima press tree monument hair monument hiroshima city zero milestone peace stone lantern peace friendship monument peace_memorial post peace tower hiroshima_peace tower fountain prayer small fountain pond monument prayer monument peace prayer monument peace hiroshima monument bomb mother child storm peace watch tower indicating number bomb statue peace new leaves words designed carved statue mother statue prayer peace figure peace mobilized students monument hiroshima second middle school bomb memorial monument memorial monument hiroshima municipal commercial industry schools monumento bombed teachers students national elementary_schools bomb monument hiroshima municipal girl high_school monument dedicated monumento literary monument dedicated monument memory marcel clock commemorating repatriation chose return democratic people republic korea monument former north cho area monument former south cho area monument former cho memorial tower bomb related victims memorial tower console bomb_victims monument memory korean victims bomb monument volunteer army corps monument insurance labor union monumento died public works office monument hiroshima district control corporation monument dedicated construction workers artisans monumento hiroshima post_office monument hiroshima gas corporation monumento coal control related company monument bomb_victims association monumento norman cousins monument us former file_jpg thumb px flower hiroshima flower festival hiroshima flower festival hiroshima flower festival held may week japanese golden week peace_park peace boulevard hiroshima_peace boulevard hiroshima hiroshima held winter file hiroden atomic_bomb dome stationjpg thumb px hiroden dome mae station hiroshima_peace_memorial park hiroden dome mae station hiroden mae station line station line station file elementary_school peace museum jpg thumb px elementary_school peace museum atomic_bombed former school building see_also hiroshima_peace_memorial atomic_bomb dome hiroshima_peace_memorial museum atomic_bombings hiroshimand_nagasaki children peace monument hiroshima national peace_memorial hall atomic_bomb victims hiroshima_peace_memorial ceremony hiroshima witness nagasaki peace_park norman cousins marcel peace boulevard hiroshima_peace boulevard elementary_school peace museum elementary_school peace museum externalinks hiroshima_peace_memorial museum guide peace_memorial park hiroshima national peace_memorial hall atomic_bomb victims hiroshima_peace camp hiroshima_peace_memorial park blog japanese peace message lantern ceremony us attending hiroshima memorial video report democracy category monuments memorials japan_category parks gardens hiroshima category peace_parks category peace monuments memorials category world_war ii memorials japan_category monuments associated_withe atomic_bombings hiroshimand_nagasaki p category_atomic_tourism"},{"title":"Historical archive on tourism","description":"the historical archive on tourism hat german languagerman historisches archiv zum tourismus isited in the city of berlin athe technische universit berlin where it is housed athe center for metropolitan studies cms and the zentrum technik und gesellschaft ztg the hat had been founded in athe free university of berlin freie universit berlin international protests helped to avert a planned shut down of the archive and the following year it moved from the free to the technical university website focusde date accessdate since the hat is headed by the historian hasso spode and co financed by the willy scharnow foundation step by step the collection was enlarged with material about historical travel and tourism research today the length of the shelves amounts to some running meter the focus of the material is not so much on travel generally but on tourism as a special sort of travelling the hat is gathering various materials ranging from baedeker s to private photo album s in particular there is an extensive collection oflyer pamphlet flyers and other so called ephemera mainly the material stems from central europe in particular from germany but nearly all other parts of the world are also represented eg southern africa or usa over leaflets are stored and more than journals and some books aregistered in addition statistics poster s and map s are gathered the bulk of the material is from the th and th century some books date back to around nonline public access catalog opac is installed but lists of titles are published in the internet landesarchiv berlin ed berliner archive th edn heenemann berlin externalinks homepage of the hat homepage of the cms athe tu berlin hat in university museums and collections engl hat in university collections germ in clionline germ category tourism in germany category archives in germany category travel 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archives","germany category","category travel","travel writing"],"new_description":"historical archive tourism hat german_languagerman tourismus city berlin athe berlin housed athe center metropolitan studies und gesellschaft hat founded athe free university berlin berlin international protests helped planned shut archive following_year moved free technical university website date accessdate since hat headed historian financed foundation step step collection enlarged material historical travel_tourism research today length shelves amounts running meter focus material much travel generally tourism special sort travelling hat gathering various materials ranging baedeker private photo album particular extensive collection pamphlet flyers called mainly material stems central_europe particular germany nearly parts world also represented southern africa usa stored journals books addition statistics poster map gathered bulk material th th_century books date back around public access catalog installed lists titles published internet berlin ed archive th berlin externalinks homepage hat homepage athe berlin hat university museums collections hat university collections category_tourism germany_category archives germany_category travel_writing"},{"title":"Holiday (magazine)","description":"holiday was an american travel magazine published from toriginally published by the curtis publishing company holiday s circulation grew to more than one million subscribers at its heighthe magazinemployed writersuch as graham greene jackerouac arthur clarke and truman capote who published his autobiographical essay brooklyn heights a personal memoir in the magazine history and profile holiday wastarted in the magazine had its headquarters in sharon hill pennsylvania withe magazine circulation suffering in the s curtisold holiday to the publisher of travel a competing magazine the two publications merged holiday magazine sold to travel the ledger lakeland florida july p b to form travel holiday was relaunched in april holiday relaunch announcement holiday magazinecom by the atelier franck durand a paris based art direction studio with marc beaug as editor in chief and franck durand franck durand re launches famous lifestyle magazine holiday a shaded view ofashion by diane pernet as creative director the magazine is a bi annual conceived in paris and written in english its official website mentions an upcoming caf holiday caf holiday magazinecom and clothing line the issue n of holiday magazine first issue since the relaunch was dedicated to the year and ibiza holiday magazine resurrects with a fashion vibe women s wear dailycom the issue n includes contributions from photographers josh olins holiday magazine is here again stylecom karim sadli and mark peckmezian a short novel about ibiza by novelist arthur dreyfus a story on inez van lamsweerde and vinoodh matadin s new york loft and the cover features a chosen fragment of remed s painting leonogonexternalinks website of the new holiday magazine holiday magazine archive paris review daily essay about holiday category american arts magazines category defunct magazines of the united states category magazinestablished in category magazines disestablished in category tourismagazines category magazines published in 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subscribers graham greene jackerouac arthur clarke truman published autobiographical essay brooklyn heights personal memoir magazine history profile holiday wastarted magazine headquarters sharon hill pennsylvania withe magazine circulation suffering holiday publisher travel competing magazine two publications merged holiday magazine sold travel ledger lakeland florida july p b form travel holiday relaunched april holiday relaunch announcement holiday atelier franck paris based art direction studio marc editor chief franck franck launches famous lifestyle_magazine holiday view ofashion creative director magazine annual conceived paris written english official_website mentions upcoming caf holiday caf holiday clothing line issue n holiday magazine first_issue since relaunch dedicated year ibiza holiday magazine fashion vibe women wear issue n includes contributions photographers josh holiday magazine mark short novel ibiza novelist arthur story van new_york loft cover features chosen painting website new holiday magazine holiday magazine archive paris review daily essay holiday category_american arts magazines_category defunct_magazines united_states category_magazinestablished category_magazines disestablished category_tourismagazines category_magazines_published pennsylvania"},{"title":"Holiday cottage","description":"file holiday cottagentrance geographorguk jpg thumb holiday cottages in converted farm buildings gloucestershirengland file holiday cottages geographorguk jpg thumb purpose built holiday cottages near portrush northern ireland file architecture s francejpeg thumb seventies architecture in port camargue france a holiday cottage holiday home or vacation property is accommodation used for holiday vacationsuch properties are typically small homesuch as cottage s that vacationers can rent and run as if it were their own home for the duration of their stay the properties may be owned by those using them for a vacation in which case the term second home applies or may be rented outo holidaymakers through an agency terminology varies among countries in the united kingdom this type of property is usually termed a holiday home or holiday cottage in australia holiday house home or weekender inew zealand a bach new zealand bach or crib characteristics and advantages a second home or vacation home can be a home owner s asset as renting it could provide additional income many vacationers are opting for a single family residence thathey can rent on a nightly or weekly basis in many cases the savings for them are significant compared to hotels or vacation packages for owners it can be as rewarding as paying the mortgage as people begin to realize this trend vacation type properties are becoming popular not only for existing homes but also for building one renting a holiday cottage gives vacationers the freedom to eat in eat out stay in bed all day and generally come and go as they please in contrasto this accommodation in a bed and breakfast or hotel usually involvesome sort of restriction the time of day guests need to vacate theirooms for cleaning and son young children and babies can be moreasily accommodated for in a holiday cottage where the parents do not feel pressure from other families eg in a hotel resort who may not have young children the facthat guests are on holiday in a home together often withree generations in larger houses brings a much different atmosphere to the holiday cottages are nowadays found across the length and breadth of the uk with many destinations from town houses to forests new forest holiday cottages have become more popular in recent years gaining a higher profile from such news as the new forest becoming a national park many other areas in the uk have seen a growth in the holiday cottage industry such as the lake district and cornwall there are typically two routes to renting a holiday cottageither direct with an owner or through the auspices of a holiday cottagency several holiday home portals list cottages available direct from the owner and charge an fee for listing the property the holiday cottage market in both canadand the uk is highly competitive and big business in the uk this increased competition has led to significant improvements in the quality of properties on offer so gone are the swirly carpets and tacky furniture of old to be replaced by tasteful hues character furnishings and quality appliances in some cases providing a standard of accommodation more akin to a boutique hotel this improvement in standards has in turn contributed to the increase in the popularity of holiday cottages for weekend breaks offering in many cases the same standard of accommodation as an hotel yet withe increased freedom that a holiday cottage offers one other significant development in the uk holiday cottage market is that ofarm stays driven partly by the farmers and the pooreturns they get from farming itself but also by the desire of parents wanting their children to experience ruralife first hand the rapidevelopment of the internet and technologiesuch as telephony and personal digital assistant s that allow people to work from home since circa has blurred the division between vacation property and a primary residence some business people including the british entrepreneurichard branson use their luxury real estate for both business and leisure purposes many internet services have developed to connect shorterm rental customers with owners or brokers of vacation properties united kingdom class infobox style text align right font size colspan style text align center font size font weight bold holiday second homes in england style text align left font weight bold region style text align left font weight bold number style text align left font weight bold align left cornwall and the isles of scilly align left cumbrialign left dorset align left norfolk align left devon align left east sussex align left northumberland align left north yorkshire align left west sussex align left suffolk holiday homes and second homes comprise of the housing stock in snowdonia wales compared to the figure ofor the whole of wales only in gwynedd has the council put in place measures to control the number of holiday homes buthey only control new developments by withholding permission where consent is likely to raise the figure in any community above they do not stop anyone from buying a holiday home the number in cornwall and the isles of scilly was calculated to be in and this the region whichas the highest number of second homes in england within a year alone between and the percentage of holiday second homes in england increased by class infobox style text align right font size colspan style text align center font size font weight bold holiday second homes in scotland style text align left font weight bold region style text align left font weight bold align left argyll and bute align left eilean siar align left scottishighlands align left orkney islands align left shetland islands align left perth and kinross align left north ayrshire align left dumfries and galloway align left scottish borders align left moray align left aberdeenshire align left south ayrshire align left stirling align left east lothian align left anguscotland angus align left fife align left edinburgh align left aberdeen align left clackmannanshire align left dundee align left east ayrshire align left falkirk align left glasgow align left inverclyde align left south lanarkshire align left west dunbartonshire align left east dunbartonshire align left east renfrewshire align left north lanarkshire align left renfrewshire align left west lothian there were holiday summer homes in scotland on the scottish census which accounted for of scotland s housing stock this figure was in buthe majority of the increase occurreduring the s the greatest increase waseen in urban areas contrary to the usual trends and increased especially in edinburgh and aberdeen buthe majority of holiday second homes are still to be found in rural areas notably of these are to be found in the remote rural areas where one in every eight house is a holiday or second home the figure in france is also fairly high approximately of all the housing stock is a holiday or second home buthe majority of these are owned by french there are approximately homes or of the total housing stock which are the property of owners from abroad of this percentage are owned by british owners italian belgian dutch spanish and american united states class infobox style text align right font size colspan style text align center font size font weight bold holiday second homes inorth east usa style text align left font weight bold state style text align left font weight bold number style text align left font weight bold align left maine align left vermont align left new hampshire align left delaware align left massachusetts align left new jersey align left new york state new york align left rhode island align left pennsylvanialign left maryland align left connecticut align left washington dc district of columbialign left west virginia in or of the united states american housing stock were holiday or second homes compared with in and in of all these are located in the north eastern states with approximately of all the second homes in the us located inew york state new york and maine having the largest percentage of its housing stock asecond homesecond homes are immensely popular particularly during canada summer season they areferred to differently in different parts of the country in ontario it is usually cottage while cabin or the lake is used in much of the rest of canada in ontario the most popular destination is the muskoka region of ontario known for its many lakes and forests muskoka is even referred to as cottage country and sees over million visitors annually on theast coasthe maritimes are home to many oceanfront cottages likewise british columbia on the west coast is another popular vacation destination for seekers of vacation properties in the canadian prairies and british columbia interior vacation properties are located near or on freshwater lakes chalets at ski resorts are also common during winter costs and effects financial and legal implications in the uk furnished holiday lettings offer other tax relief providing certain conditions are methe current conditions are it should be available for commercialetting to the public for a total of days in the month period it must be let for at least days in the month period where more than one qualifying property is held it is possible to average the number of days all properties are let in total in order to meethis condition the total periods of long term occupation may not exceedays during the month period second home and holiday home owners used to be able to claim discounts in their council tax in the united kingdom as the property is vacant for much of the year this no longer true in many areas including carmarthenshire if the property is empty but furnished no discount is permitted and the owner will be liable to pay the tax in full but in cornwall since second home owners can claim a discount in their council tax prior to they could claim a discount in cornwall they are still able to claim in many other areas in england the welsh movement cymuned movement cymuned promote the principle that owners of holiday homeshould pay double the standard rate of council tax as they do notherwise invest in the local community testimony of this to be seen in a report on theffect of holiday homes in scotland which found thathose who went on holiday to scotland spent an average of a day in comparison to just a day spent by those visiting their holiday or second homes owners of holiday homes will occasionally move to their second homes permanently upon retirementhis can be a threato the culture of an area especially in wales where the influx of non welsh speakers affects the percentage of welsh speakers in the areand reduces the use of welsh in everyday life hundreds of second homes were burnt between and the mid s as a part of a campaign by nationalist movement meibion glynd r to protecthe indigenous language and culture see also a frame house apartment beachouse cottage dacha log cabin moroccan riad sommerhus villa holidayurt mountain hut bothy wilderness hut vernacularchitecture flats airbnb homeaway housetrip roomorama wimdu timeshare condo hotel destination club mar del plata style lake house real estatexternalinks category house types category hotel types category holiday related topics category tourist 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significant compared hotels vacation packages owners rewarding paying people begin realize trend vacation type properties becoming popular existing homes also building one renting holiday_cottage gives vacationers freedom eat eat stay bed day generally come go please contrasto accommodation bed breakfast hotel usually sort restriction time day guests need cleaning son young children babies moreasily accommodated holiday_cottage parents feel pressure families hotel resort may young children facthat guests holiday home together often withree generations larger houses brings much different atmosphere holiday_cottages nowadays found across length breadth uk many destinations town houses forests new forest holiday_cottages become_popular recent_years gaining higher profile news new forest becoming national_park many_areas uk seen growth holiday_cottage industry lake_district cornwall typically two routes renting holiday direct owner auspices holiday several holiday home list cottages available direct owner charge fee listing property holiday_cottage market canadand uk highly competitive big business uk increased competition led significant improvements quality properties offer gone carpets furniture old replaced character quality appliances cases providing standard accommodation akin boutique_hotel improvement standards turn contributed increase popularity holiday_cottages weekend breaks offering many_cases standard accommodation hotel yet withe increased freedom holiday_cottage offers one significant development uk holiday_cottage market stays driven partly farmers get farming also desire parents wanting children experience first hand internet telephony personal digital assistant allow people work home since circa division vacation property primary residence business people including british branson use luxury real_estate business leisure purposes many internet services developed connect shorterm rental customers owners brokers vacation properties united_kingdom class infobox style_text align right font_size colspan_style_text align center font_size font_weight_bold holiday second_homes england style_text align left_font weight_bold region style_text align left_font weight_bold number style_text align left_font weight_bold align left cornwall isles align left left dorset align left norfolk align left devon align left east sussex align left northumberland align left north_yorkshire align left west sussex align left suffolk holiday homes second_homes comprise housing stock snowdonia wales compared figure ofor whole wales council put place measures control number holiday homes buthey control new developments permission consent likely raise figure community stop anyone buying holiday home number cornwall isles calculated region whichas highest number second_homes england within year alone percentage holiday second_homes england increased class infobox style_text align right font_size colspan_style_text align center font_size font_weight_bold holiday second_homes scotland style_text align left_font weight_bold region style_text align left_font weight_bold align left argyll align left_align left_align left islands align left islands align left perth align left north ayrshire align left_align left scottish borders align left_align left_align left south ayrshire align left stirling align left east align left angus align left_align left edinburgh align left aberdeen align left_align left_align left east ayrshire align left_align left glasgow align left_align left south lanarkshire align left west align left east align left east align left north lanarkshire align left_align left west holiday summer homes scotland scottish census accounted scotland housing stock figure buthe majority increase occurreduring greatest increase waseen urban_areas contrary usual trends increased especially edinburgh aberdeen buthe majority holiday second_homes still found rural_areas notably found remote rural_areas one every eight house holiday second home figure france also fairly high approximately housing stock holiday second home buthe majority owned french approximately homes total housing stock property owners abroad percentage owned british owners italian belgian dutch spanish american united_states class infobox style_text align right font_size colspan_style_text align center font_size font_weight_bold holiday second_homes inorth east usa style_text align left_font weight_bold state style_text align left_font weight_bold number style_text align left_font weight_bold align left maine align left vermont align left new_hampshire align left delaware align left massachusetts align left new_jersey align left new_york state_new_york align left rhode_island align left left maryland align left connecticut align left washington district left west_virginia united_states american housing stock holiday second_homes compared located north_eastern states approximately second_homes us located inew_york state_new_york maine largest percentage housing stock homes immensely popular particularly canada summer season areferred differently different_parts country ontario usually cottage cabin lake used much rest canada ontario popular_destination region ontario known many lakes forests even referred cottage country sees million_visitors annually theast_coasthe home many cottages likewise british_columbia west_coast another popular vacation destination seekers vacation properties canadian british_columbia interior vacation properties located_near lakes ski resorts also_common winter costs effects financial legal implications uk furnished holiday offer tax relief providing certain conditions methe current conditions available public total days month period must let least days month period one property held possible average number days properties let total order condition total periods long_term occupation may month period second home holiday home_owners used able claim discounts council tax united_kingdom property vacant much year longer true many_areas including property empty furnished discount permitted owner liable pay tax full cornwall since second home_owners claim discount council tax prior could claim discount cornwall still able claim many_areas england welsh movement movement promote principle owners holiday pay double standard rate council tax invest local_community seen report theffect holiday homes scotland found thathose went holiday scotland spent average day comparison day spent visiting holiday second_homes owners holiday homes occasionally move second_homes permanently upon culture area especially wales influx non welsh speakers affects percentage welsh speakers areand reduces use welsh everyday life hundreds second_homes burnt mid part campaign movement r protecthe indigenous language culture see_also frame house apartment cottage log cabin villa mountain hut wilderness_hut flats airbnb homeaway housetrip timeshare hotel destination club mar del plata style lake house real 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beach branson missouri branson and pigeon forge among the wax replicas on display include those of a listars classic entertainers and legendary singers elvis presley the museum brainchild of entrepreneur spoony singh opened on february and claims in promotionaliterature to be the only wax museum dedicated solely to celebrities it is the longest running wax museum in the united states when singh opened the hollywood wax museum the line to get in was mile long the former sawmill operator from canada builthe museum s fame by befriending celebrities gossip columnists members of the foreign press association and fans after singh s retirement hisons and grandson have continued town operate and further the hollywood wax museum s legacy in june the family was recognized as heroes of hollywood by the hollywood chamber of commerce community foundation for their staunch and generousupport of the hollywood community in popular culture the hollywood wax museum has appeared in the following movies 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museum pigeon_forge hollywood_wax museum pigeon_forge hollywood_wax beach hollywood_wax museum myrtle_beach externalinks hollywood_wax museum official_site_category hollywood history culture_category museums los_angeles category_museums established category_media museums california_category wax_museums california_category buildings structures hollywood category hollywood boulevard category_tourism"},{"title":"Holocaust tourism","description":"the holocaustourism is a term used by the media in relation to round trip travel to destinations connected withextermination of jews during the holocaust in world war iincluding visits to sites of jewish martyrology such as former nazi death camps and concentration camps turned into state museums it belongs to a category of the so called roots tourism usually across parts of central europe or more generally the western style dark tourism to sites of death andisaster the term holocaust first used in the late s was derived from the greek word holokauston meaning a completely burnt offering to god it has come to symbolize the systematic extermination of approximately six million european jews by nazi germany in german occupied europe occupied territories from to holocaust museum houston terms related to the holocaust retrieved augusthe term can also be applied to mean thestimated five to seven millionon jewish victims who were murdered by the nazis in the same time periodark tourism spectrum the term dark tourism was first coined in according to pr stone there is a dark tourism spectrum which differentiates between the shades of the dark tourism pr stone a dark tourism spectrum towards a typology of death and macabrelated tourist sites attractions and exhibition pdfile direct download kb vol no pp in pdfrom selected works of dr philip stone university of centralancashiretrieved augustyle width margin right auto border none border spacing px font size style text align center style backgroundarkestyle backgroundarker style backgroundark style background a a light style background c c lighter style background d lightesthe spectrum aids in identifying the intensity of bothe framework of supply and the consumption the darkestourism is characterized by the following elements education orientation historic background location authenticity in terms of relics non purposefulness and limited tourism infrastructure the objects of lightestourism have mostly opposite features entertainment orientation commercial centralization inauthenticity commercial purposefulness and higher level of tourism infrastructure professor william fs milestipulates that death and violent events transmitted between generations through survivors and witnesses are darker than other events miles also notes thathe level of darkness of a tourist destination may partially depend on the family background of the prospective touriststone distinguisheseven dark suppliers which create the dark tourism product and experience the model of seven dark suppliers demonstrate dark tourism as multi faceted phenomenon withextermination camp at auschwitz birkenau conceivably the darkest in terms of influence the dark camps of genocide are sites where genocide and violence were actually perpetrated all such sites belong to this category auschwitz was the largest of the nazi death camps in world war ii and is athe top of this list holocaust sites usually depend on government sponsorship among the seven dark suppliers are also war sites and battlefields dark conflict sites places of remembrances dark shrines cemeteries ofamous people dark resting places prisons and courthouses dark dungeons exhibits associated with death and suffering dark exhibitions and finally the tourist sites which emphasizentertainment dark fun factories postmemory and jewish identity file march of the living from auschwitz to birkenaujpg thumb upright march of the living from auschwitz to birkenau holocaustourism sites arelated to postmemory as well as cultural identity with postmemory being an important element in the motivations of holocaustourists marianne hirsch defines it in the following way postmemory is an interrelation between survivors and post holocaust generations of jews to save and transmithe holocaust experience the firstudies regarding the second generation began to appear in the s for example helen epstein s book children of the holocaust conversations with sons andaughters of survivors consists of interviews with survivors children from all over the worldhelen epstein children of the holocaust conversations with sons andaughters of survivors paw printsome survivors children s identities are dependent on their parents holocaust experience the jewish visits to holocaust sites are often efforts to explore the origins of their identity erica lehrer considers this jewish identity quest as a way to step into the flow ofamily community and history from which one feels displaced lehrerica t jewish poland revisited heritage tourism in unquiet places bloomington indiana university press p many jewish tours are made to establish a connection of survivors and second generation with an unknown place and or identity in central europe file ww holocaust polandpng thumb px holocaust map of polanduring the last years central europe has become the most popularegion for jewisheritage travels the recent increase in tourism is due to several historic events whichave opened the region poland solidarity polish trade union solidarity movement mikhail gorbachev s policies of glasnost and perestroikand the dissolution of the soviet union though many of the tourists have no direct experience of the holocaust many holocaustours visit authentic holocaust sitesuch as cemeteries and crematoria two principal destinations of holocaustourism are poland israel the relationship between those two countries in holocaustourism was best illustrated by the anthropologist jackugelmass who employed a performance approach to the shoa group missions in israel the march of the living motl was established in which organizes holocaustours for teenagers annually motl sends thousands of young people fromore than fifty countries to poland israel poland is one of the countries most visited by holocaustourists due to the number of death camp s in poland prior to world war ii poland had the largest jewish community in europe of which the holocaust in poland over three million were murderedeath and labor camps were built in central europe by the german occupational authorities in the late s and early s many of them in poland of which auschwitz was the first and largest in the period between and other death camps werestablished by the reich in occupied poland including majdanek in lublin birkenau in brzezinka treblinka near the village of treblinka bec extermination camp bec south east of lublin sobib r near the village of sobibor che mno near the village of che mno nad nerem robert d cherry annamaria orla bukowska rethinking poles and jews troubled past brighter future rowman littlefield google print p critical view holocaustourism despite itshort existence has come under criticism polish journalist and a jewish activist konstanty gebert noted anthropologist jackugelmass wrote thathe american trips to poland sponsored by the israeli ministry of education promote death rather than life because the holocaust sites allow for a strong emotional appeal to a mythologised identity by the same token the propagandist messages imposed by the organizers upon students participating in the shoah voyages are nationalistic rather than universalistic and inevitably impact on their empathy toward the palestinians as well the criticism of the shoah group missions by the israeli news and opinion had focused on its economic aspect with individual members calling for a generalized boycott of poland s holocaust related sites in order to stop the infusion of tourismonies prominent rabbis advocated that jews refrain from going to poland even if they wished to participate only in the official march of the living prof maximiliano korstanje from university of palermo wrote thathe holocaust site consumers unlikearly pilgrimseek to reinforce their own life vianother s deathe dark tourism bolsters the modern egocentrism on the principle thathe survivors are in a global competition for staying alive inevitably to enjoy the brother s tragedy rather than face the inevitability of one s own death korstanje m george b death and culture is thanatourism symptomatic of thend of capitalism in virtual traumascape and exploring the roots of dark tourism korstanje m george b eds hershey igi global this kind of survivalist superiority model however may lead to racist and ethnocentric tendencies questourism alternative questourism or the roots tourism is a type of cultural and ethnographic tourism focused on jewisheritage and their extermination as a historical tragedy this term was first used by e lehrer jewish poland revisited heritage tourism in unquiet places bloomington indiana university press it is different from holocaustourism because of its orientation to the tragic aspect of jewisheritage questourists have specific motivations and may be characterized by the following features they are as a rule descendants of holocaust survivors they travel individually or with close friends and family they are highly interested in travel they possesstrong postmemory their goal is to reveal the story and overcome the communal ideology virtual jewish communities there are three communities on the internet in which jewish related concerns and news are disseminated particularly regarding holocaustourism in germany and across central europe as described by js podoshen and jm hunthey are jewish current events a primarily north americand israeli forum withousands of postings concerning world events as well as jewish related news from global jewish periodicals religious judaism a community of over four thousands american orthodox and conservative jews whose mainterest is judaism and itspread throughouthe world the community isubdivided into groups based on geographic areas the group has published over one million posts and according to the community s archive the holocaust in relation tourism is one of the most discussed topics israeli news and opinion a site made up of jews living in and near israel which discusses news from popular israeli and jewish pressources references erica lehrer the quest scratching theart poland revisited bloomington indiana university press pp e jilovsky recreating postmemory children of holocaust survivors and the journey to auschwitz monash university pp r stone a dark tourism spectrum towards a typology of death and macabrelated tourist sites attractions and exhibition vol no pp a jankowska s m ller pohl e street a kosher shrimp the new museum in the context of holocaustourism in poland humanity in action poland c aviv d shneer new jews thend of the jewish diaspora new york university pp js podoshen jm hunt equity restoration the holocaust and tourism of sacred sites elsevier pp wmiles auschwitz museum interpretation andarker tourism usa pp korstanje m the rise of thana capitalism and tourism abingdon routledgexternalinks jewisheritage tours poland jewisheritage tours quest for family jewish currents auschwitz birkenau and memorial museum guided tour orthodox judaism the orthodox union israeli news and opinion history and meaning of the world holocaust vocabulary terms related to the holocaust furthereading t richmond konin one man s quest for a vanished jewish community vintage pp h epstein children of the holocaust conversations with sons andaughters of survivors putnam pp j benstock film documentary the holocaustourism uk tp thurnell read engaging auschwitz analysis of young travellers experiences of holocaustourism journal of tourism consumption and practice v pp issn x jfeldman above the death pits beneathe flag britain pp korstanje m e detaching thelementary forms of dark tourism anatolia verma s jain r exploiting tragedy for tourism research on humanities and social sciences korstanje m the anthropology of dark tourism cers unitersity of leeds uk working paper verma s exploiting tragedy dark tourism available at ssrn werdler k dark tourism and place identity managing and interpreting dark places journal of heritage tourism ahead of print gnoth j matteucci x a phenomenological view of the behavioural tourism research literature international journal of culture tourism and hospitality research potts t j dark tourism and the kitschification of touristudies wilson j z prison cultural memory andark tourism peter lang sather wagstaff j heritage that hurts tourists in the memoryscapes of september voleft coast press category the holocaustourism category cultural 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houston terms related holocaust retrieved augusthe term also applied mean five seven jewish victims murdered nazis time tourism spectrum term dark_tourism first coined according stone dark_tourism spectrum shades dark_tourism stone dark_tourism spectrum towards death tourist_sites attractions exhibition direct download vol pp selected works philip stone university width margin right auto border none border px font_size style_text align center style style style background light style background c c lighter style background spectrum aids identifying intensity bothe framework supply consumption characterized following elements education orientation historic background location authenticity terms relics non limited tourism infrastructure objects mostly opposite features entertainment orientation commercial commercial higher level tourism infrastructure professor william death violent events transmitted generations survivors darker events miles also notes thathe level darkness tourist_destination may partially depend family background prospective dark suppliers create dark_tourism product experience model seven dark suppliers demonstrate dark_tourism multi phenomenon camp auschwitz birkenau terms influence dark camps genocide sites genocide violence actually sites belong category auschwitz largest nazi death camps world_war ii athe_top list holocaust sites usually depend government sponsorship among seven dark suppliers also war sites battlefields dark conflict sites places dark shrines cemeteries ofamous people dark resting places dark exhibits associated death suffering dark exhibitions finally tourist_sites dark fun factories postmemory jewish identity file march living auschwitz thumb upright march living auschwitz birkenau holocaustourism sites arelated postmemory well cultural identity postmemory important element motivations defines following way postmemory survivors post holocaust generations jews save holocaust experience regarding second generation began appear example helen epstein book children holocaust conversations sons survivors consists interviews survivors children epstein children holocaust conversations sons survivors survivors children identities dependent parents holocaust experience jewish visits holocaust sites often efforts explore origins identity considers jewish identity quest way step flow community history one feels displaced jewish poland revisited heritage_tourism places bloomington indiana university_press_p many jewish tours made establish connection survivors second generation unknown place identity central_europe file holocaust thumb px holocaust map last_years central_europe become jewisheritage travels recent increase tourism due several historic events whichave opened region poland solidarity polish trade union solidarity movement policies dissolution soviet_union though many tourists direct experience holocaust many visit authentic holocaust sitesuch cemeteries two principal destinations holocaustourism poland israel relationship two countries holocaustourism best illustrated anthropologist employed performance approach group missions israel march living established organizes teenagers annually sends thousands young_people fromore fifty countries poland israel poland one countries visited due number death camp poland prior world_war ii poland largest jewish community europe holocaust poland three million labor camps built central_europe german occupational authorities late early many poland auschwitz first largest period death camps werestablished reich occupied poland including birkenau near village bec camp bec south_east r near village che near village che nad robert cherry poles jews past brighter future google print p critical view holocaustourism despite existence come criticism polish journalist jewish activist noted anthropologist wrote thathe american trips poland sponsored israeli ministry education promote death rather life holocaust sites allow strong emotional appeal identity token messages imposed organizers upon students participating voyages rather inevitably impact toward well criticism group missions israeli news opinion focused economic aspect individual members calling boycott poland holocaust related sites order stop prominent advocated jews going poland even wished participate official march living prof maximiliano korstanje university palermo wrote thathe holocaust site consumers reinforce life deathe dark_tourism modern principle thathe survivors global competition staying alive inevitably enjoy brother tragedy rather face one death korstanje george_b death culture thanatourism thend capitalism virtual traumascape exploring roots dark_tourism korstanje george_b eds hershey_igi_global kind survivalist superiority model however may lead racist alternative roots tourism type cultural ethnographic tourism focused jewisheritage historical tragedy term first_used e jewish poland revisited heritage_tourism places bloomington indiana university_press different holocaustourism orientation aspect jewisheritage specific motivations may characterized following features rule holocaust survivors travel individually close friends family highly interested travel postmemory goal reveal story overcome communal ideology virtual jewish communities three communities internet jewish related concerns news particularly regarding holocaustourism germany across central_europe described jewish current events primarily north_americand israeli forum concerning world events well jewish related news global jewish periodicals religious judaism community four thousands american orthodox conservative jews whose judaism throughouthe_world community groups based geographic areas group published one_million posts according community archive holocaust relation tourism one discussed topics israeli news opinion site made jews living near israel discusses news popular israeli jewish references quest theart poland revisited bloomington indiana university_press_pp e recreating postmemory children holocaust survivors journey auschwitz monash university pp r stone dark_tourism spectrum towards death tourist_sites attractions exhibition vol pp e street kosher shrimp new museum context holocaustourism poland humanity action poland c aviv new jews thend jewish diaspora new_york university pp hunt equity restoration holocaust tourism sacred sites elsevier pp auschwitz museum interpretation tourism usa pp_korstanje rise thana_capitalism tourism abingdon jewisheritage tours poland jewisheritage tours quest family jewish currents auschwitz birkenau memorial_museum guided_tour orthodox judaism orthodox union israeli news opinion history meaning world holocaust terms related holocaust furthereading richmond one man quest jewish community vintage pp h epstein children holocaust conversations sons survivors pp j film documentary holocaustourism uk read engaging auschwitz analysis young travellers experiences holocaustourism journal tourism consumption practice v pp issn x death pits beneathe flag britain pp_korstanje e forms dark_tourism anatolia r exploiting tragedy tourism_research humanities social sciences korstanje anthropology dark_tourism leeds uk working paper exploiting tragedy dark_tourism available k dark_tourism place identity managing interpreting dark places journal heritage_tourism ahead print j x view behavioural tourism_research literature international_journal culture_tourism hospitality research potts j dark_tourism wilson j prison cultural memory andark tourism peter lang j heritage tourists september coast press category holocaustourism category_cultural_tourism"},{"title":"Home (nightclub chain)","description":"the home chain of nightclubs were initially started atheight of popularity of house music the chain was originally called jacobs until being bought out in the clubs are notorious for its anti mobile phones policy where phones are confiscated beforentrance and when people breach this rule a form of punishment is implemented the two clubs athe time were twof the largest nightclubs in theirespective countries and were of a number of dance music enterprises operated by the one company including various other smaller clubs and the outdoor music festival homelands festival homelands background at its peak the home nightclub chaincluded two large clubs in sydney and london as well as hosting the outdoor homelands festival homelands dance music festival the nightclub chain was the dream of ron mcculloch and big beats inc who had intended for a broader worldwide chain of clubs including having advanced plans for a new york club as well as plans for clubs in singapore and buenos aires and outdoor events held in various part of the worl the club is notorious for its no drinks policy which comes with unfortunate punishments for people who fail to follow the rules dscatena dino night fever daily telegraph november p the idea of the clubs was thathey would beam performances of djs to each other and have international events by transmission the two clubs in sydney and london were among the biggest dance musiclubs in theirespected countries club openings the sydney club was the firstopen onovember in cockle bay darling harbour it was purposely built as a nightclub and holding people it is one of australia s biggest regular house music venues the interior was designed by ron mcculloch and it features a number of different spaces the main dancefloor holds people it costo buildmcdougalliam no place like home for king of clubs april scotland on sunday p the london home club see full article home nightclub was a superclub in the middle of london leicester square opened in it had eight levels and cost million gbp to build after hard negotiations over building athe leicester square site closure of london home and the collapse of big beat however home in london washut by police onlyears after its opening it had its licence revoked by police because of evidence of obvious drug dealing in the premises flagged by an undercover police operation which discovered open and serious class a drug dealing and usage home nightclub shut by police bbc entertainment athistage home london was owned by big beats pubs and club empire it being jointly owned by mr mcculloch george swanson the former whitbreadirector and royal bank development capitaltinning william beat goes off as nightclub group folds therald april p the closing of home london affected the big beats company which then went into receivership while the licence was reinstated it was too late for big beat big beat s home nightclubs assets were initially contracted by the receiver kpmg to be run by the mean fiddler businesssusie mesure big beat venues go to mean fiddler the independent london augusthe london club was then purchased for gbp million by the mean fiddler business owned by vince power john vincent power howeveron mcculloch from big beathen purchased the sydney home club himself and moved to australiaskew kate busted scot buys home sydney morning herald august p war sharon andavidson gina nightclub tycoon beats a retreat august scotland on sunday p continuation of sydney home sydney home continued and continues to this day in thearly s it incorporated the successful pitt street sydney pitt street club sublime in the late s run by simon page simon broughthe three nights that were being run at sublime beatfix cargo and voodoo and moved its djs including peewee ferris nik fish craig obey bextand kate monroe into home s friday nighthe friday sublime night has continued to run successfully since thatime after some arising family issuesimon sold his interesto mcculloch in ron mcculloch sold the cluback to simon page foroughly what he had purchased it for home nightclub turning a new page withe downturn from the peak of interest in dancemusic and the return of an interest in rock sydney home also expanded into rock music in hosting bands on saturday nights then followed by djscreagh sunanda if this house is rockin the sydney morning herald may smh p see also list of electronic dance music venues references category nightclubs category drinking establishment chains category nightclubs in australia category electronic dance music 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twof largest nightclubs theirespective countries number dance_music enterprises operated one company including various smaller clubs outdoor music_festival homelands festival homelands background peak home nightclub two large clubs sydney london_well hosting outdoor homelands festival homelands dance_music festival nightclub chain dream ron mcculloch big beats inc intended broader worldwide chain clubs including advanced plans new_york club well plans clubs singapore buenos_aires outdoor events held various part club notorious drinks policy comes people fail follow rules dino night fever daily_telegraph november p idea clubs thathey_would beam performances djs international events transmission two clubs sydney london among biggest dance countries club openings sydney club onovember cockle bay darling harbour purposely built nightclub holding people one australia biggest regular house_music venues interior designed ron mcculloch features number different spaces main holds people costo place like home king clubs april scotland sunday p london home club see full article home nightclub superclub middle london leicester square opened eight levels cost million build hard negotiations building athe leicester square site closure london home collapse big beat however home london_washut police opening licence police evidence obvious drug dealing premises undercover police operation discovered open serious class drug dealing usage home nightclub shut police bbc entertainment home london owned big beats pubs club empire jointly owned mcculloch george former royal bank development william beat goes nightclub group folds april p closing home london affected big beats company went licence late big beat big beat home nightclubs assets initially contracted run mean fiddler big beat venues go mean fiddler independent london augusthe london club purchased million mean fiddler business owned power john vincent power mcculloch big purchased sydney home club moved kate buys home sydney morning herald august p war sharon gina nightclub beats august scotland sunday p sydney home sydney home continued continues day thearly incorporated successful street sydney street club sublime late run simon page simon broughthe three nights run sublime cargo moved djs including ferris fish craig kate monroe home friday nighthe friday sublime night continued run successfully since thatime arising family sold interesto mcculloch ron mcculloch sold simon page purchased home nightclub turning new page withe downturn peak interest return interest rock sydney home also expanded rock music hosting bands saturday nights followed house sydney morning herald may p see_also list electronic_dance_music venues references_category_nightclubs_category drinking_establishment chains category_nightclubs australia_category_electronic_dance_music venues"},{"title":"Home exchange","description":"homexchange also known as house swapping is a type of hospitality service in which two parties agree toffer each other homestay s lodging in each other s homes for a set period of time since no monetary exchange takes place it is a form of barter collaborative consumption and sharing homexchange can cover any type of dwelling including apartments houses holiday cottage s boats orecreational vehicles it can include an exchange of thentire home or just a room the length of the swap can vary from a weekend to a year or more the swap can be simultaneous or non simultaneous like all homestay s homexchanges offer several advantages over hotelodging including the opportunities to save money and experienceveryday life in another country organized homexchange originated in withe creation of intervac international by a group of european teachers with plenty of vacation time looking for economic means to travel internationally facts about intervac that same year teacher david ostroff created a homexchange network called vacation exchange club now homelink inew york city homelink originally homexchange networks printed a yearly catalog of homes and charged members a yearly fee in the s the proliferation of the internet greatly increased the accessibility of homexchange providing users with easier communication information and a much larger pool of homes from which to choosed kushinstarted what is now homeexchangecom after a homexchangexperience in washington dc in he moved the business online in homexchange was estimated to be growing at per year in homexchange networks were continuing to experience rapid growth summer is traditionally the peak season for house swapping as families travel during summer vacations participant demographics participants tend to beducated and well traveled participants tend to be active conscientious and culturally curious travelers homexchanges are also popular with teachers during school holidays particularly during the summer homexchanges are also used by seniors who have more time to travel a survey conducted by homeexchangegurucom shows that have attended university and more than have done post graduate work of participants travel with children or consist of groups of three or more while travel without children or in groups of twor less a study by the university of bergamo shows a wide crossection of the public is represented with aged and only under age the study showed that of respondentseek out museums and the great outdoors valuenvironmentally friendly tourism and express interest in cultural heritage fair trade food and organic food are also importanthe study notes the strong degree of trust emotion trust necessary in collaborative consumption with agreeing that most people are trustworthy are satisfied witheir experience withaving swapped homes more than once guidebook legend arthur frommer calls homexchange the single most sensible logical and intelligent method of vacationing shelley miller who had completed homexchanges wrote in the huffington post wexperience the region like residents weat in a kitchen gather around the fireplace in the living room and ride through the community on bicycles from the garage we are part of a neighborhood not a business district how it worksee also signing up the user signs up with a service providing a network of members withomes as well as the online tools needed to execute thexchange see list below it is advantageous to sign up with several homexchange services the costo sign up ranges from free to us per year with most costing around per year before you join you should make sure thathe service has many listings in the cities that you wanto visit creating a listing members create their own listings consisting of a profile and a home description emphasis put on providing as much information as possible including neighborhood highlights and photos to attract members who are looking for whathe home has toffer it is recommended to create a listing well in advance of the proposed homexchange datesearching the search tools on many sites allow members to filter searches by destination date number of rooms and number of travelers additional criteria might include home amenities and local attractions reversearch tools which allow users to search for members interested in visiting their specific areare the most effective way ofinding a match receiving and sending inquiries most sites allow members to exchange messages without revealing any personal details until they aready to do so members also receive inquiries from other members withomes in their statedestinations look for members that have high response rates getting acquainted members geto know each other through the many emails and phone calls while negotiating thexchange nobody exchanges homes with a complete stranger preparing for thexchange cleand tidyour home before your exchange fix itemsuch as leaky faucets provide information using your appliances local information eg hospital restaurants grocery stores transportation and contact numbers eg family member or friends dentist car garagetiquette during thexchange once a member is in their exchange home it is understood thathey treat it withe same respecthey expect for their own home many specific house rules will have been previously arranged between the parties and the rest is common sense use of itemsuch as cars boats recreational vehicles or sports equipment will be addressed in thexchange agreement other amentities to be addressed include access to washing machines books music the internetoys for the kids and the general comforts that come withome living some agreements will require choresuch as pet or plant care homexchange was the subject of the romanticomedy the holiday directed by nancy meyers in which a home swap between kate winslet and cameron diaz leads to romance with jack black and jude law homeexchangecom seen in the movie the holiday permanent homexchange during the financial crisis which included a slump in the housing market house swapping evolved to help buyers and sellers find a more permanent match as with more traditional house swapping home owners were introduced to each other via the internet mutual exchange there are also mechanisms for tenants of public housing to swap their homes for example uk law allows a system of mutual exchanges that have seen up to six homeswapped in one coordinated move use in ethniconflicts in war torn areas homexchange can be used as a method of avoiding violence a member of an endangered ethnic minority in oneighborhood swaps homes with a friend who is a member of a different ethnic group who is an endangered minority in their owneighborhood the goal is that each minority resident ends up in a neighborhood where their ethnicity is in the majority see also hospitality service homestay mutual exchange collaborative consumption barter economy externalinks homexchange a how to guide category tourist accommodations category 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homexchange originated withe creation international group european teachers plenty vacation time looking economic means travel internationally facts year teacher david created homexchange network called vacation exchange club inew_york_city originally homexchange networks printed yearly catalog homes charged members yearly fee proliferation internet greatly increased accessibility homexchange providing users easier communication information much_larger pool homes washington moved business online homexchange estimated growing per_year homexchange networks continuing experience rapid growth summer traditionally peak season house swapping families travel summer vacations participant demographics participants tend well traveled participants tend active conscientious culturally curious travelers homexchanges also_popular teachers school holidays particularly summer homexchanges also_used seniors time travel survey conducted shows attended university done post graduate work participants travel children consist groups three travel without children groups twor less study university shows wide crossection public represented aged age study showed museums great outdoors friendly tourism express interest cultural_heritage fair trade food organic food also study notes strong degree trust emotion trust necessary collaborative_consumption people satisfied witheir experience withaving homes guidebook legend arthur_frommer calls homexchange single intelligent method miller completed homexchanges wrote huffington_post region like residents kitchen gather around fireplace living_room ride community bicycles garage part neighborhood business district also signing user signs service providing network members well online tools needed thexchange see list sign several homexchange services costo sign ranges free us per_year costing around per_year join make_sure thathe service many listings cities wanto visit creating listing members create listings consisting profile home description emphasis put providing much information possible including neighborhood highlights photos attract members looking whathe home toffer recommended create listing well advance proposed homexchange search tools many sites allow members filter searches destination date number rooms number travelers additional criteria might include home amenities local attractions tools allow users search members interested visiting specific areare effective way match receiving sending sites allow members exchange messages without revealing personal details members also receive members look members high response rates getting members geto know many emails phone calls negotiating thexchange nobody exchanges homes complete stranger preparing thexchange cleand home exchange fix itemsuch provide_information using appliances local information hospital restaurants grocery stores transportation contact numbers family member friends car thexchange member exchange home understood thathey treat withe expect home many specific house rules previously arranged parties rest common sense use itemsuch cars boats recreational vehicles sports equipment addressed thexchange agreement addressed include access washing machines books music kids general comforts come living agreements require pet plant care homexchange subject holiday directed nancy meyers home swap kate cameron diaz leads romance jack black law seen movie holiday permanent homexchange financial crisis included housing market house swapping evolved help buyers sellers find permanent match traditional house swapping home_owners introduced via internet mutual exchange also mechanisms tenants public housing swap homes example uk law allows system mutual exchanges seen six one coordinated move use war torn areas homexchange used method avoiding violence member endangered ethnic minority homes friend member different ethnic group endangered minority goal minority resident ends neighborhood ethnicity majority see_also hospitality_service homestay mutual exchange collaborative_consumption barter economy externalinks homexchange guide_category_tourist accommodations category houses"},{"title":"Homestay","description":"homestay is a popular form of hospitality and lodging whereby visitorstay in a house or apartment of a local of the city to which they are traveling the length of stay can vary from one nighto even a year and can be free in exchange for monetary compensation in exchange for a stay athe guest s property either simultaneously or at another time homexchange or in exchange for help on the hospitality host s property longer term homestays are popular with students that are participating in study abroad programs homestays arexamples of collaborative consumption and sharing in cases where money is not exchanged in return for accommodation they arexamples of a barter economy or gift economy arranging a homestay students that are studying abroad and wish to participate in a homestay typically arrange them via the same local educational consultant who alsorganizes the academic aspect of their program independent students who assume all of their own travel arrangements can contact a local homestay placement agency to tailor their accommodation details or alternatively may inquire via theirespective school of study travelers that wish to participate in a home stay typically arrange them via hospitality service the terms of the homestay are generally worked out in advance and will include itemsuch as the type of accommodation length of stay chores required to be performed eg cleaning laundering help on a farm curfews use of utilities and internetelevision or telephone and rules related to smoking drinking andrugs one form of homestay is a homexchange whereby two partieswap homes for a specific period of time there are websites that cater to thispecific type of homestay in scouting scoutsometimes live for a few days with a host family to experienceveryday life in that community this often takes place before or after a jamboree scouting jamboree and is usually organized by the organization running the jamboree home hospitality in the uk an introduction advantages andisadvantages for the hosts the homestay provides cultural exchange opportunities or in cases where compensation is provided hosts may receive monetary compensation and or help on their property however some hosts may be uncomfortable withe idea of others using their home stays can provide several opportunities to home stay guestsavings on lodging costs personal connections with people from a different culture and or social class local perspective and information abouthe city that is not easily found in guidebook s a deeper understanding of theveryday life of the locals more interactions with foreigners thereby strengthening intercultural competence and reducing prejudices and intolerance and easier immersion into foreign language opportunities to stay in areas under served by hotel s or hostel s opportunities to stay in unique propertiesuch as igloo s cabins and castle s compared to staying in a hotel a home stay may result in a lower carbon footprint in certain cases where students that are studying abroad stay with a family the host family may play a pseudo parental role giving advice and sometimesupervising students activities in some homestays families act as cross cultural advisers helping the students understand adjusto their new culture home stays may have disadvantages over hotel hostel accommodation may require additional planning before travelast minute changes or cancellations by either the host or the guest may inconvenience others lodging and sleeping surfaces may be less comfortable and or have less privacy guests may be required to adhere to a schedule or follow ruleset by a host which restrict freedom lodging may not be close tourist attractions if the guest and host do not get along the home stay can make a visito an otherwise pleasant city unbearable in cases where the guest must perform a 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this privacy in turn is believed to ease the comfort zone towards a physical relationship which is one of the primary means of bonding during the initial days of marriage thearliesterm for this in english was hony moone which was recorded as early as in western culture the custom of a newlywed couple going on a holiday together originated in early th century great britain upper class couples would take a bridal tour sometimes accompanied by friends or family to visit relatives who had not been able to attend the wedding the practice soon spread to theuropean continent and was known as voyage la fa on anglaisenglish style voyage in france from the s onwards honeymoons in the modern sense ie a pure holiday voyage undertaken by the married couple became widespreaduring the belle poque as one of the first instances of modern mass tourism this came about in spite of initial disapproval by contemporary medical opinion which worried about women s frail health and by savoir vivre guidebooks which referred the public attention drawn to what wassumed to be the wife sexual initiation the most popular honeymoon destinations athe time were the french rivierand italy particularly itseaside resorts and romanticitiesuch as rome verona or venice typically honeymoons would start on the nighthey were married withe coupleaving midway through the reception to catch a late train or ship however in the st century many couples will not leave until days after the ceremony and reception in order to tie up loosends withe reception venue or simply enjoy the reception to its fullest and have a relaxing night afterwards to recover before undertaking a long journey in jewish traditions honeymoons are often put off seven days to allow for the sevenights ofeasting if the visits to friends and family cannot be incorporated into the trip the oxford english dictionary offers no etymology but gives examples dating back to the th century the merriam webster dictionary reports thetymology as from the idea thathe first month of marriage is the sweetest in ancientimes honeymoon referred to the time of year when bee honey was ripe and cured to be harvested from hives or from the wild which made ithe sweetestime of the year this was usually around the summer solstice by end june a honeymoon can also be the first sweetest moments a newly wed couple spend together or the first holiday they spend together to celebrate their marriage one of the morecent citations in the oxford english dictionary indicates that while today honeymoon has a positive meaning the word was originally a reference to the inevitable waning of love like a moon phase of the moon this the first known literary reference to the honeymoon was penned in richard huloet s abecedarium anglico latinum huloet writes a widely disputed explanation of the term claims that it comes from a tradition in any of a number of cultures eg welsh german or scandinavian or babylonian where mead was drunk in great quantities at weddings and then after the ceremony nuptial couples were given a month supply of mead it was believed that by faithfully drinking mead for that first monthe woman would bear fruit and a child would be born within the year there are many words of similar meaning in other languages the sinhalese language sinhalese form translates as madhu samaya the french language french form translates as moon of honey lune de miel as do the spanish language spanish luna de miel romanian language romanian luna de miere nepali language nepali madhumas portuguese language portuguese lua de mel and italian language italian luna di mielequivalents the welsh language welsh word for honeymoon is mis m l which means honey month and similarly the ukranian language ukrainian polish language polish miesi c miodowy russian language russian arabic shahr el assal greek language greek and hebrew language hebrew yerach d vash versions yerach is used for month rather than the more common chodesh yerach is related to the word yare ach for moon and the twords are spelled alike the persian language persian word is m h e asal which means bothoney moon and honey month m h in persian means both moon and monthe same applies to the word ay in the turkish language turkish equivalent balay in hungarian language it is called honey weeks m zeshetek likewise the tamilanguage tamil word for honeymoon is thaenilavu withaen honey and nilavu moon and the marathi language marathi word for honeymoon is madhuchandra with madhu honey and chandra moon whereas in bangla bengali language it is referred to as modhuchondrima with modhu honey and chondrima moon see also bride kidnapping babymoon category wedding category types of tourism category types of 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known voyage la style voyage france onwards honeymoons modern sense pure holiday voyage undertaken married couple became belle one first instances modern mass_tourism came spite initial contemporary medical opinion worried women health guidebooks referred public attention drawn wife sexual popular honeymoon destinations athe_time french italy particularly resorts rome verona venice typically honeymoons would start married withe midway reception catch late train ship however st_century many couples leave days ceremony reception order tie withe reception venue simply enjoy reception night afterwards recover undertaking long journey jewish traditions honeymoons often put seven_days allow visits friends family cannot incorporated trip oxford_english_dictionary offers etymology gives examples dating_back th_century merriam_webster dictionary reports idea thathe_first month marriage ancientimes honeymoon referred time year bee honey cured harvested wild made ithe year usually around summer end june honeymoon also first moments newly couple spend together first holiday spend together celebrate marriage one morecent citations oxford_english_dictionary indicates today honeymoon positive meaning word originally reference love like moon phase moon first known literary reference honeymoon richard writes widely disputed explanation term claims comes tradition number cultures welsh german scandinavian mead drunk great quantities weddings ceremony couples given month supply mead believed drinking mead first monthe woman would bear fruit child would born within year many words similar meaning languages language form translates french_language french form translates moon honey de spanish_language spanish luna de romanian language romanian luna de_language portuguese_language portuguese de mel italian language italian luna welsh language welsh word honeymoon l means honey month similarly language ukrainian polish language polish c russian language russian arabic el greek language greek hebrew language hebrew versions used month rather common related word moon alike persian language persian word h e means moon honey month h persian means moon monthe applies word turkish language turkish equivalent hungarian language called honey weeks likewise tamil word honeymoon honey moon language word honeymoon honey moon whereas language referred honey moon see_also bride babymoon category wedding category_types tourism_category_types travel"},{"title":"Honeypot (tourism)","description":"a honeypot site is a location attracting a large number of tourists who due to their numbers place pressure on thenvironment and local people honeypots are very often used by cities or countries to manage their tourism industry the use of honeypots can protect fragile land away fromajor cities while satisfying tourists one such example is the construction of local parks to preventourists from damaging more valuablecosystems farther from their main destination honeypots have the added benefit of concentrating a large number of income generating visitors in one place thus developing that areand in turn making the area more appealing tourists however honeypots can suffer from problems of overcrowding including litter vandalism and strain on facilities and transport networks honeypots attractourists because of parking spaceshopping centres parks and public toilets the tourist shops are normally placed all over the shopping centre which creates pressure on the whole centre to keep the place looking tidy for example stratford upon avon hashops that are aimed mostly atourists on a particular streethere were shops that were aimed towards the locals and shops catering tourists reflecting the business opportunity thatourism presents for shopkeepers and other business people in the local economy category tourism geography category tourist attractions category geography 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terminalo wu arrival hall f lo wu terminal building lo wu control point hong kong island the peak piazza kowloon tsim sha tsui ferry pier star ferry concourse tsim sha tsui quality tourism services qtscheme launched inovember the quality tourism services qtscheme traditional chinese is an accreditation programme aimed at promoting servicexcellence among local businesses and assisting customers to identify quality service providers to qualify merchant must fulfill stringent criteriand undergo annual assessment all accredited merchants must display the gold and black qtsign on their shop windows forecognition initially shops and restaurants were the only categories covered by the qtscheme the scheme was extended to visitor accommodations and hair salons inovember and march respectively as at march over merchant outlets have been accredited under the qtscheme the qtscheme is one of the most successful consumer protection programmes in hong kong the intellectual property department reported in that outlets had joined its no fakes pledge another well known consumer protection programme in the territory after the launch of the qtscheme the use of membership badges bearing the iconic red junk logos of the former hkta was discontinued in the hkta membership badge was first introduced in tv commercial starring famous hong kong actor singer producer andy lau the commercial was inspired by lau s blockbuster movie infernal affairs a movie about an undercover cop and a bad cop working for the triads the core message of the commercial ishopsellingenuine goods and providing high standard service should sethemselves apart from dishonest merchants by getting the qts accreditation the commercial has been aired from time to time till these days the qts commercial is often confused with another public service announcement psa promoting quality services which was also fronted by andy lau the psa was filmed in by the information services departmenthere were different versions all featuring rude vs courteoushop assistants andrivers titled successtarts with quality service the psa was a huge success as one of lau s lineservice like this just is not good enough in today standard has become a popular hong konger slang used to describe a poor service or a bad tempered person vip offersimply by presenting his her travel document and a copy of qts promotionaleaflet at a participating qts merchant visitor could enjoy special privileges ranging from exclusive discounto small gift eg a free silk tee for purchasing a suit at a custom tailor in addition to displaying the qts gold and black sign participating qts merchants would also display the red vip offersign as recognition the vip offers programme was discontinued on dec d gold jewellery investigations were launched against one of the d gold outlets after customers complained they had been harassed by staff and prevented from leaving the shop thentire d gold chain store wastripped of its qtstatus with effect from dec this was the firstermination in the scheme s history the original d gold jewellery holdings got into more controversies withe sudden death of its chairman delisting from the stock exchange and it was on the verge of liquidation by thend of in july the jeweller was officially taken over by hong kong resources holdings the qtstatus of the new d gold chain was latereinstated after it had passed the assessment director of audit s reporthe audit commission hong kong audit commission carried out a comprehensive audit on the hktb in the report released in october an entire section was devoted to the qtscheme the commission made recommendationsuggesting hktb should take action to improve the scheme and reduce the number of complaints explore ways to achieve selfinancing and encourage more operators to apply for the qts visitor accommodation scheme in response hktb committed to create more places in the quality training workshops for merchants and coperate withe home affairs departmento proactively promote qts visitor accommodation scheme bird s nest vendors the qtstatus of merchantspecialised in bird s nest soup bird s nest a chinese delicacy were terminated on july the merchants had publicly admitted infringement of another merchant s trademark in a bid to save hk million annually us in operating costs hktb announced onov thathe assessment work of qts merchants has been outsourced to the hong kong productivity council productivity council while the work to engage merchants toffer discounts for visitors has been outsourced to aq communications the saving will fund extra marketing work for the qtscheme as a resulthe jobs of permanent and contract staff of the partnership quality tourism services department had been made redundant with immediateffect only staff would be retained to monitor the outsourced work local media reported thathe staffected were first notified at pm on the same day of the announcement and were asked to leave by day s end they were given 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board replaced hong_kong tourist association traditional branch offices representative offices around world primary mission maximise social community hong_kong city position works withe governmentravel industry partners market promote hong_kong worldwide improve range quality visitor facilities tourism service standards enhance visitors arrived visitor centres hong_kong international areand buffer halls b arrivals level arrival hall f terminal building control point hong_kong island peak kowloon sha tsui ferry pier star ferry concourse sha tsui quality tourism_services qtscheme launched inovember quality tourism_services qtscheme traditional chinese accreditation programme aimed promoting among local_businesses assisting customers identify quality_service providers qualify merchant must stringent undergo annual assessment accredited merchants must display gold black shop windows initially shops restaurants categories covered qtscheme scheme extended visitor accommodations hair inovember march respectively march merchant outlets accredited qtscheme qtscheme one successful consumer protection programmes hong_kong intellectual property department reported outlets joined another well_known consumer protection programme territory launch qtscheme use membership bearing iconic red former discontinued membership badge first introduced tv commercial starring famous hong_kong actor singer producer andy lau commercial inspired lau movie affairs movie undercover cop bad cop working core message commercial goods providing high standard service apart merchants getting qts accreditation commercial aired time time till days qts commercial often confused another public service announcement psa promoting quality_services also andy lau psa filmed information services different versions featuring rude assistants titled quality_service psa huge success one lau like good enough today standard become_popular hong slang used describe poor service bad person vip presenting travel document copy qts participating qts merchant visitor could enjoy special privileges ranging exclusive small gift free silk tee purchasing suit custom tailor addition displaying qts gold black sign participating qts merchants would_also display red vip recognition vip offers programme discontinued dec gold investigations launched one gold outlets customers complained staff prevented leaving shop thentire gold chain store effect dec scheme history original gold holdings got withe sudden death chairman stock exchange liquidation thend july officially taken hong_kong resources holdings new gold chain passed assessment director audit reporthe audit commission hong_kong audit commission carried comprehensive audit hktb report released october entire section devoted qtscheme commission made hktb take action improve scheme reduce number complaints explore ways achieve encourage operators apply qts visitor accommodation scheme response hktb committed create places quality training workshops merchants withe home affairs promote qts visitor accommodation scheme bird nest vendors bird nest soup bird nest chinese delicacy terminated july merchants publicly admitted another merchant trademark bid save million annually us operating costs hktb announced onov thathe assessment work qts merchants outsourced hong_kong productivity council productivity council work engage merchants toffer discounts visitors outsourced communications saving fund extra marketing work qtscheme resulthe jobs permanent contract staff partnership quality tourism_services department made staff would retained monitor outsourced work local media reported_thathe first notified day announcement asked leave day end given compensation accordance withe laws denied internal transfer tother vacant positions within organisation staff expressed kept dark abouthe outsourced work newspaper interview hktb deputy executive_director daisy event launch function thathe outsourcing result organizational review conducted year ago interview local newspapers lee yan abouthe quality work outsourcing lee also concerned thathe affected staff unable secure another job thend year another wong hktb setting bad example feared private_sector may follow suit daisy responded critics addition compensation affected may consider transfer bodies worried others would follow hktb move make judgment call externalinks hong_kong tourism_board official_website hong_kong tourism commission travel_industry council hong_kong hong_kong tourism_board youtube channel hong_kong tourism_board collection university hong_kong libraries digital initiatives hong_kong travel blogs category_government agenciestablished hong_kong tourism_category_tourism agencies_category hong_kongovernment departments agencies tourism_category_tourism hong_kong"},{"title":"Horeca","description":"horecalso horeca is an abbreviation used in europe for the food service industry the term is a syllabic abbreviation of the words hotel ho tel restaurant re staurant caf ca f the dutch uniforme voorwaarden horeca uvh is translated into english as uniform conditions for the hotel and catering industry this code covers hotels bars restaurants and related businesses in the netherlands koninklijk horeca nederland is the dutch trade association for the hotel and catering industry uniform conditions for the hotel and catering industry koninklijk horeca nederland thisector is one of the fastest growing in europe in more than million people weremployed eurostat and the sector generated more than billion turnovereurofound jobs tend to be temporary with irregular hours low pay and few career prospects there is a high proportion of young people working in the sector see also terms for market segments category 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generated billion jobs tend temporary hours low pay career prospects high proportion young_people working sector see_also terms market segments category_foodservice"},{"title":"Hospitality","description":"file bringing in the boar s headjpg thumbringing in the boar s head in heraldry the boar s head wasometimes used asymbol of hospitality often seen as representing the host s willingness to feed guests well it is likewise the symbol of a boar s head innumber of inns and taverns file de stratford coat of armsjpeg thumb trestles in the medieval stratford family de stratford coat of arms the trestle heraldry trestle also tressle tressel and threstle in heraldry is also used to mean hospitality as historically the trestle was a tripod used both as a stool and a table support at banquetsguillim john a display of heraldry hospitality refers to the relationship between a guest and a host wherein the host receives the guest with goodwill including the reception and entertainment of guests visitors or strangers louis chevalier de jaucourt describes hospitality in thencyclop die as the virtue of a great soul that cares for the whole universe through the ties of humanityjaucourt louis chevalier de hospitality thencyclopedia of diderot d alembert collaborative translation projectranslated by sophie bourgault ann arbor michigan publishing university of michigan library web fill in today s date in the form apr and remove square brackets trans of hospitalit encyclop die ou dictionnaire raisonn desciences des arts et des m tiers vol paris hospitality ethics is a discipline that studies this usage of hospitality etymology derives from the latin hospes c lewis elementary latin dictionary oxford univ press p meaning host guest or stranger hospes is formed from hostis which meanstranger or enemy the latter being where terms like hostile derive by metonymy the latin word hospital means a guest chamber guest s lodging an inncassell s latin dictionary revised by marchant j charles j thousand hospes is thus the root for thenglish words host where the p was dropped for convenience of pronunciation hospitality hospice hostel and hotel historical practice in ancient cultures hospitality involved welcoming the stranger and offering him food shelter and safety pohl christine d making room recovering hospitality as a christian tradition wm b eerdmans publishinglobal concepts ancient greece in ancient greece hospitality was a right withe host being expected to make sure the needs of his guests were methe ancient greek term xenia greek xenia or theoxenia when a god was involved expressed this ritualized guest friendship relation in greek society a person s ability to abide by the laws of hospitality determined nobility and social standing the stoics regarded hospitality as a duty inspired by zeus himself india nepal india nepal hospitality is based on the principle atithi devo bhav a meaning the guest is god this principle ishown in a number of stories where a guest is revealed to be a god who rewards the provider of hospitality from thistems the indian or nepal practice of graciousness towards guests at home and in all social situations file meister von san vitale in ravenna jpg thumb mosaic at basilica of san vitale san vitale ravennabraham and the angels pre judaism praises hospitality to strangers and guests based largely on thexamples of abraham and lot biblical person lot in the book of genesis and in hebrew the practice is called hachnasat orchim or welcominguests besides other expectations hosts arexpected to provide nourishment comfort and entertainment for their guests and athend of the visit hosts customarily escortheir guests out of their home wishing them a safe journeybabylonian talmud sotah b in christianity hospitality is a theological virtues virtue which is a reminder of sympathy for strangers and a rule to welcome visitors alain montandon l hospitalit au xviiie si cle presses universitaires blaise pascal france p this a virtue found in the old testament with for example the custom of the foot washing of visitors or the kiss of peace walter a elwell evangelical dictionary of theology baker academic usa p lawrence cunningham keith j egan christian spirituality themes from the tradition paulist press usa p it was taught by jesus in the new testament indeed jesusaid thathose who had welcomed a stranger had welcomed him gideon baker hospitality and world politicspringer uk p some western countries have developed a host culture for immigrants based on the bible j olaf kleist irial glynn history memory and migration perceptions of the past and the politics of incorporation palgrave macmillan usa p one of the main principles of pashtunwalis melmastia this the display of hospitality and profound respecto all visitors regardless of race religionational affiliation or economic status without any hope of remuneration or favour pashtuns will go to great lengths to show their hospitality celticultures celtic societies also valued the concept of hospitality especially in terms of protection a host who granted a person s request forefuge was expected not only to provide food and shelter for his her guest buto make sure they did not come to harm while under their carecharles mackinnon scottishighlanders barnes noble books page current usage in the westoday hospitality is rarely a matter of protection and survival and is more associated with etiquette and entertainment however it still involveshowing respect for one s guests providing for their needs and treating them as equals cultures and subcultures vary in thextento which one is expected to show hospitality to strangers as opposed to personal friends or members of one s ingroup anthropology of hospitality jacques derrida offers a model to understand hospitality that divides unconditional hospitality from conditional hospitality over the centuries philosophers have devoted considerable attention to the problem of hospitalityderrida j hospitality angelaki journal of theoretical humanities however hospitality offers a paradoxical situation like language since inclusion of those who are welcomed in the sacred law of hospitality implies others will be rejected julia kristevalerts readers to the dangers of perverse hospitality which consists of taking advantage of the vulnerability of aliens to dispossess themkristeva j extranjeros para nosotros mismos trade x gispert barcelona plaza janes editores hombre y sociedad hospitality serves to reduce the tension in the process of host guest encounters producing a liminal zone that combines curiosity about others and fear of strangersgraburn h the anthropology of tourism annals of tourism research in general terms the meaning of hospitality centres on the belief that strangershould be assisted and protected while travelinglashley c towards an understanding of employeempowerment in hospitality services international journal of contemporary hospitality management however not all voices are in agreement withis concept professor anthony pagden describes how the concept of hospitality was historically manipulated to legitimate the conquest of americas by imposing the right ofree transit which was conducive to the formation of the modernation state thisuggests that hospitality is a political institution which can be ideologically deformed toppress otherspagden a lords of all the worlds ideologies of empire in spain britain and france c yale university press overecent years and following padgen maximiliano korstanje argued that hospitality is an intertribal pact in which groups agree on self defence in times of war and an exchange of goods and merchandise in peacetime ref since the inception of the nation state the western concept of hospitality has been proposed as the main criteria for the free circulation and mobility of people and the main cultural value of modern capitalismkorstanje m a difficult world examining the roots of capitalism new york nova science pubs hospitality depends on the giving while receiving process which is the touchstone of social bonds hospitality and religion are also inextricably entwined in the same way thathe soul is protected by gods of thereafter strangershould be assisted while travelling failure to care for strangers is punished by the gods who send calamities earthquakes and other types of disasterkorstanje m e revisando la tica de la hospitalidad en daniel innerarity historiactual online a lack of hospitality may be seen to predicthe triumph of evilkorstanje m e tarlow p being lostourism risk and vulnerability in the post entertainment industry journal of tourism and cultural change korstanje m terrorism tourism and thend of hospitality new york palgrave macmillan in legends myths and horror movies rogues often violate their guests concealing theireal intentions and then seizing them when sleeping the guest host meeting necessarily engenders high levels of vulnerability and risk which are mitigated by the sacred law of hospitality where both agree noto attack the other while under the same roof in view of the advance of secularization the practice of unconditional hospitality has given way to a new sort of hospitality only for those who can pay for itkorstanje m e a difficult world examining the roots of capitalism new york novakorstanje m e olsen d h the discourse of risk in horror movies post hospitality and hostility in perspective international journal of tourism anthropology korstanje m e the fear of traveling a new perspective for tourism and hospitality anatolia over the recent years the activity of terrorist cells which target leisure spots and tourist destinations undermines the necessary trustoffer hospitality as a result of this west is facing serious problems to understand the alterity since one of its touchstones is being eroded terrorism not only affects tourism industry causing economic losses but also destroy thessence of hospitality which is the ideological core of western civilizationkorstanje m terrorism tourism and thend of hospitality in the west new york palgrave macmillan should also see couchsurfing hospitality management studies hospitality service s modern day hospitality networks hotel manager ma tre d h tel reciprocaltruism reciprocity social psychology reciprocity cultural anthropology furthereading danny meyer setting the table the transforming power of hospitality in business christine jaszay ethical decision making in the hospitality industry karen lieberman bruce nissen ethics in the hospitality and tourism industry rosaleen duffy and mick smithethics of tourism development conrad lashley and alison morrison in search of hospitality a socialens by conrad lashley and alison morrison the great good place by ray oldenburg customer service and the luxury guest by paul ruffino fustel de coulanges the ancient city religion laws and institutions of greece and rome bolchazy hospitality in antiquity livy s concept of its humanizing force jacques derrida of hospitality trans rachel bowlby stanford university press james a w heffernan hospitality and treachery in western literature new haven ct yale university pressteve reece the stranger s welcome oral theory and the aesthetics of the homeric hospitality scene ann arbor the university of michigan press mireille rosello postcolonial hospitality the immigrant as guestanford university press clifford j routes travel and translation in the late twentieth century cambridge ma harvard university press john b switzer hospitality in encyclopedia of love in world religionsanta barbara cabclio immanuel velikovsky mankind in amnesia garden city new york doubleday christian h nggi hospitality in the age of media representationew york dresden atropos press thomas claviez ed the conditions of hospitality ethics politics and aesthetics on the threshold of the possible bronx fordham university press korstanje m e terrorism in the global village how terrorism affects our daily lives new york nova science pubs korstanje m e the rise of thana capitalism and tourism abingdon routledge category etiquette category hospitality industry category cultural 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display heraldry hospitality refers relationship guest host wherein host receives guest goodwill including reception entertainment guests visitors strangers louis de describes hospitality die virtue great soul whole universe ties louis de hospitality thencyclopedia collaborative translation sophie ann michigan publishing university michigan library web fill today date form apr remove square trans encyclop die des arts des vol paris hospitality ethics discipline studies usage hospitality etymology derives latin c lewis elementary latin dictionary oxford univ press_p meaning host guest stranger formed latter terms like hostile derive latin word hospital means guest chamber guest lodging latin dictionary revised j charles j thousand thus root thenglish words host p dropped convenience pronunciation hospitality hostel hotel historical practice ancient cultures hospitality involved welcoming stranger offering food shelter safety christine making room recovering hospitality christian tradition b concepts ancient_greece ancient_greece hospitality right withe host expected make_sure needs guests methe ancient_greek term greek god involved expressed guest friendship relation greek society person ability laws hospitality determined nobility social standing regarded hospitality duty inspired zeus india nepal india nepal hospitality based principle meaning guest god principle ishown number stories guest revealed god rewards provider hospitality indian nepal practice towards guests home social situations file von san vitale jpg thumb mosaic basilica san vitale san vitale angels pre judaism praises hospitality strangers guests based largely abraham lot biblical person lot book genesis hebrew practice called besides expectations hosts arexpected provide nourishment comfort entertainment guests athend visit hosts customarily guests home wishing safe b christianity hospitality virtue reminder strangers rule welcome visitors alain l presses pascal france p virtue found old example custom foot washing visitors kiss peace walter dictionary baker academic usa p lawrence keith j christian themes tradition press usa p taught jesus new indeed thathose welcomed stranger welcomed gideon baker hospitality world uk p western countries developed host culture immigrants based bible j history memory migration perceptions past politics palgrave macmillan usa p one main principles display hospitality profound respecto visitors regardless race affiliation economic status without hope favour go great lengths show hospitality celtic societies also valued concept hospitality especially terms protection host granted person request expected provide food shelter guest buto make_sure come harm barnes noble books_page current usage hospitality rarely matter protection survival associated etiquette entertainment however still respect one guests providing needs treating equals cultures subcultures vary thextento one expected show hospitality strangers opposed personal friends members one anthropology hospitality jacques offers model understand hospitality unconditional hospitality hospitality centuries philosophers devoted considerable attention problem j hospitality journal theoretical humanities however hospitality offers paradoxical situation like language since inclusion welcomed sacred law hospitality implies others rejected julia readers dangers hospitality consists taking advantage vulnerability j para trade x barcelona plaza sociedad hospitality serves reduce tension process host guest encounters producing zone combines curiosity others fear h anthropology tourism annals tourism_research general terms meaning hospitality centres belief assisted protected c towards understanding hospitality_services international_journal contemporary hospitality_management however voices agreement withis concept professor anthony describes concept hospitality historically manipulated legitimate conquest americas imposing right ofree transit formation state thisuggests hospitality political institution lords worlds empire spain britain france c yale_university_press years following maximiliano korstanje argued hospitality groups agree self defence times war exchange goods merchandise ref since inception nation state western concept hospitality proposed main criteria free circulation mobility people main cultural value modern difficult world examining roots capitalism new_york nova_science pubs hospitality depends giving receiving process touchstone social bonds hospitality religion also inextricably way thathe soul protected gods thereafter assisted travelling failure care strangers punished gods send types e la tica de_la daniel online lack hospitality may seen e tarlow p risk vulnerability post entertainment_industry journal tourism_cultural change korstanje terrorism_tourism thend hospitality new_york palgrave macmillan legends myths horror movies rogues often violate guests intentions sleeping guest host meeting necessarily high_levels vulnerability risk sacred law hospitality agree noto attack roof view advance secularization practice unconditional hospitality given way new sort hospitality pay e difficult world examining roots capitalism new_york e olsen h discourse risk horror movies post hospitality hostility perspective international_journal tourism anthropology korstanje e fear traveling new perspective tourism_hospitality anatolia recent_years activity terrorist cells target leisure spots tourist_destinations necessary hospitality result west facing serious problems understand since one terrorism affects tourism_industry causing economic losses also destroy thessence hospitality ideological core western terrorism_tourism thend hospitality west new_york palgrave macmillan also see couchsurfing hospitality_management_studies hospitality_service modern_day hospitality networks hotel_manager tre h_tel reciprocity social psychology reciprocity cultural anthropology furthereading danny meyer setting table power hospitality business christine ethical decision_making hospitality_industry karen bruce ethics hospitality_tourism_industry tourism_development conrad alison morrison search hospitality conrad alison morrison great good place ray customer_service luxury guest paul de ancient city religion laws institutions greece rome hospitality antiquity concept force jacques hospitality trans rachel stanford university_press james w hospitality western literature new yale_university stranger welcome oral theory aesthetics hospitality scene ann university michigan press hospitality immigrant university_press j routes travel translation late twentieth_century cambridge harvard university_press john b hospitality encyclopedia love world barbara amnesia garden city_new_york christian h hospitality age media york dresden press thomas ed conditions hospitality ethics politics aesthetics threshold possible bronx university_press korstanje e terrorism global village terrorism affects daily lives new_york nova_science pubs korstanje e rise thana_capitalism tourism abingdon routledge category etiquette category_hospitality_industry category_cultural anthropology"},{"title":"Hospitality consulting","description":"hospitality consulting is the counsel and expertise given by professionals to hotel operators restaurant owners club management and other professionals in the hospitality industry in the united states consultants in the hospitality industry generally earn a degree in hospitality management course details february new york university retrieved from the average salary for consultantstarts around and can be up to salary survey for job february payscale retrieved from currently the average salary for a hospitality consultant is hospitaltiy consulting salaries march indeed retrieved from the bureau of labor statistics expects hotel management careers which include related business and financial careers all of which may require a bachelor s degree in hospitality managemento increase more than through bachelors degree in hospitality management career info march diploma guide retrieved from as a result of the global recession the hospitality industry is experiencing a downturn in revenue and operating profitsee also consultant hospitality industry hospitality management hospitality management studies category hospitality occupations category hospitality management category hospitality services category consulting 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recession hospitality_industry experiencing downturn revenue_operating also consultant hospitality_industry hospitality_management hospitality_management_studies category_hospitality_occupations_category hospitality_management_category_hospitality services_category consulting occupations"},{"title":"Hospitality industry","description":"the hospitality industry is a broad category ofields within service industry that includes lodging event planning theme parks transportation cruise line and additional fields within the tourism industry the hospitality industry is a multibillion dollar industry that depends on the availability of leisure time andisposable andiscretionary income disposable income a hospitality unit such as a restaurant hotel or an amusement park consists of multiple groupsuch as facility maintenance andirect operationservers housekeeper domestic worker housekeepers porters kitchen workers bartender s management marketing and human resources etc usage rate or its inverse vacancy rate is an important variable for the hospitality industry just as a factory owner would wish a productive asseto be in use as much as possible as opposed to having to pay fixed cost s while the factory is not producing so do restaurants hotels and theme parkseek to maximize the number of customers they process in all sectors this led to formation of services withe aim to increase usage rate provided by hotel consolidator s information about required or offered products are brokered on business networks used by vendors as well as purchasers in looking at various industries barriers to entry by newcomers and competitive advantages between current players are very important among other things hospitality industry players find advantage in old classics location initial and ongoing investment support reflected in the material upkeep ofacilities and the luxuries located therein and particular themes adopted by the marketing arm of the organization in question for example atheme restaurant s also very important are the characteristics of the personnel working in direct contact withe customers the authenticity professionalism and actual concern for the happiness and well being of the customers that is communicated by successful organizations is a clear competitive advantage hotel s motel s flotel s inn s resort serviced apartment s bed and breakfast bed and breakfasts restaurants and bars nightclub s pubs and public houses restaurant s bar establishment bar s travel and tourism travel agent s tour operator s leisure centre see also convention and visitor bureau hospitality management hospitality service leisure industry american hotelodging educational institute category hospitality 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services withe_aim increase usage rate provided hotel consolidator information required offered products business networks used vendors well looking various industries barriers entry competitive advantages current players important among things hospitality_industry players find advantage old classics location initial ongoing investment support reflected material ofacilities located particular themes adopted marketing arm organization question example restaurant also important characteristics personnel working direct contact withe customers authenticity professionalism actual concern happiness well customers successful organizations clear competitive advantage hotel motel inn resort serviced apartment bed breakfast bed breakfasts restaurants bars nightclub pubs public_houses restaurant bar_establishment_bar travel_tourism travel_agent tour_operator leisure centre see_also convention visitor bureau hospitality_management hospitality_service leisure industry american hotelodging educational institute category_hospitality_industry"},{"title":"Hospitality law","description":"hospitality law is a legal and social practice related to the treatment of a person s guests or those who patronize a place of business related to the concept of legaliability hospitality laws are intended to protect bothosts and guests against injury whether accidental or intentional duty to guests hotels and other business operators arexpected to act prudently and use reasonable care barth stephen hospitality law p to ensure thatheir premises areasonably free of risk while not specifically requiring that a business owner ensure his guests are safe most jurisdictions interpret prudent and reasonable to include foreseeable dangersuch as tripping hazards or unsecured shelving in most cases unless directly disclaimed for example with some insurance waivers hospitality law does not protect a business owner against charges of negligence use in common law common law holds innkeepers liable for any loss of guest property when the guest is on the premises of a place of business in practice such liability is often overlooked provided thathe business owner meets certain conditionsuch as having a guest sign a waiver of liability in most countries for liability waivers to benforceable notification of the waiver must be posted in an accessible visible location usually athe front desk or in a common area of the business and must be printed in clearly legible text american hospitality statutes also govern bailment s a bailment is the delivery of an item of property for some purpose withexpressed or implied understanding thathe person receiving it shall return it in the same or similar condition in which it was received when the purpose has been completed barth stephen hospitality law p coat checksafety deposit boxes and luggage storage are common examples of bailments for the hospitality industry the laws of innkeepers by john eh sherrythird edition published by cornell university press provides an in depth analysis of the laws affecting places of public accommodation see also nanawatai category law by issue category hospitality 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guest premises place business practice liability often overlooked provided thathe business owner meets certain guest sign liability countries liability notification must posted accessible visible location usually athe front_desk common area business must printed clearly text american hospitality statutes also delivery item property purpose implied understanding thathe person receiving shall return similar condition received purpose completed barth stephen hospitality law p coat deposit boxes luggage storage common examples hospitality_industry laws john edition_published cornell university_press_provides depth analysis laws affecting places public accommodation see_also category law issue category_hospitality_industry"},{"title":"Hospitality service","description":"the concept of hospitality service also known as accommodation sharing hospitality exchange short hospex home stay networks or home hospitality network hoho refers to centrally organized social networks of travelers whoffer or seek homestay s accommodation in a homeither with or without monetary exchange theservices generally connect users via the internet hospitality services arexamples of collaborative consumption and sharing in cases where money is not exchanged in return for accommodation they arexamples of a barter economy or gift economy in bob luitweiler founded servas international the first hospitality service as a cross national nonprofit volunteerun organization advocating interracial and international peace servas who we are in john wilcock set up the traveler s directory as a listing of his friends willing to host each other when traveling in joy lily rescued the organization from imminent shutdown forming hospitality exchange in a hospitality service for esperanto speakers called programo pasporto was created it became pasporta servo in us president jimmy carter announced the formation ofriendship force international which today operates programs everyear in communities in countries friendship force who we are in veit kuhne founded hospitality club the first internet only hospitality service in casey fenton founded couchsurfing the largest hospitality service in which accommodation is offered without monetary exchange in brian chesky and joe gebbia founded airbnb after a popular conference made it hard to find accommodation hosts receive monetary payment from guests paid online in advance and airbnb receives a fee on each transaction in mandy rowe founded broads abroad travel network which is the only online hospitality servicexclusively for womenotable international hospitality networks flats a network offering home stay accommodation primarily in europe guests must pay in advance for their home stay via credit card airbnb the largest network withe most members and home stay options toffer airbnb has over million users guests must pay in advance for their home stay via credit card and airbnb earns a fee on each transaction bewelcome a network based on open source community open source principles with approximately members bewelcome statistics in countries the network is organised as a registered non profit organisation with democratic structures couchsurfing with over million members in more than countries it is the largest hospitality service whereby gueststay without monetary exchange friendship force international a network with members that concentrates on building understanding across cultures hospitality club one of the first internet based hospitality exchanges mennonite your way a hospitality service with over hosts mostly mennonite s and schwarzenau brethren in more than countries guests arexpected to contribute financially to the host pasporta servo a hospitality service for esperanto speakers whereby lodging is provided without monetary exchange servas international with a history dating back to it is focused on human rights and global peace trippingcom an online review aggregator that pulls listings from several hospitality services wimdu a hospitality service focused renting homes for vacation purposes workaway a hospitality service aimed at budgetravelers and language learners whereby travelers provide help to their hosts in exchange for food and board approximately hosts wwoof worldwide opportunities on organic farms a network whereby help on the host s property is exchanged for food accommodation education and cultural interaction see alsonline platforms for collaborative consumption collaborative consumption hospitality industry lodging homestay sharing economy gift economy barter economy category tourist accommodations category social networking services category hospitality services category backpacking category hotel 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exchange hospitality_service esperanto speakers called created became pasporta_servo us president jimmy carter announced formation force international today operates programs everyear communities countries friendship force veit founded hospitality club first internet hospitality_service casey fenton founded couchsurfing largest hospitality_service accommodation offered without monetary_exchange brian joe founded airbnb popular conference made hard find accommodation hosts receive monetary payment guests paid online advance airbnb receives fee transaction rowe founded abroad travel network online hospitality international hospitality networks flats network offering home stay accommodation primarily europe guests must pay advance home stay via credit_card airbnb largest network withe members home stay options toffer airbnb million_users guests must pay advance home stay via credit_card airbnb earns fee transaction network based open source community open source principles approximately members statistics countries network organised registered non_profit organisation democratic structures couchsurfing million_members countries largest hospitality_service whereby without monetary_exchange friendship force international network members concentrates building understanding across cultures hospitality club one first internet based hospitality exchanges mennonite way hospitality_service hosts mostly mennonite countries guests arexpected contribute financially host pasporta_servo hospitality_service esperanto speakers whereby lodging provided without monetary_exchange servas international history dating_back focused human_rights global peace online review pulls listings several hospitality_services hospitality_service focused renting homes vacation purposes workaway hospitality_service aimed language whereby travelers provide help hosts exchange food board approximately hosts wwoof worldwide opportunities organic farms network whereby help host property exchanged food accommodation education cultural interaction see platforms collaborative_consumption collaborative_consumption hospitality_industry lodging homestay sharing economy gift economy barter economy category_tourist accommodations category social_networking services_category_hospitality services_category_backpacking category_hotel terminology"},{"title":"Hostel","description":"image hostel dormitoryjpg righthumb px hostel dormitory room in taiwan image altena burg asiojpg righthumb px the world s first hostel was established in at altena castle in germany hostels provide budget oriented sociable lodging accommodation where guests can rent a bed furniture bed usually a bunk bed in a dormitory and share a bathroom lounge and sometimes a kitchen rooms can be mixed or single sex and private rooms may also be available hostels are often cheaper for bothe operator and occupants many hostels have long term residents whom they employ as desk agents or housekeeping staff in exchange for experience or discounted accommodation in a few countriesuch as the united kingdom uk republic of ireland indiand australia the word hostel sometimes also refers to establishments providing longer term accommodation india pakistand south africa hostel also refers to boarding school s or student dormitory dormitories in resident colleges and universities in other parts of the world the word hostel mainly refers to properties offering shared accommodation to travelers or backpacking travel backpackers within the traveller category another distinction can be drawn between hostels that are members of hostelling international hi a uk based non profit organisation encouraging outdoor activities and cultural exchange for the young formerly the iyhand independently operated hostels backpackers hostels began in australiand new zealand differ from hostels by being open during the day time often abbreviated to just backpackers file affiche guerre femmes au travailjpg thumbnail this poster dating from promotesupporting the women s war time fund which provided hostel housing to women workers during the first world war in altena castle in germany richard schirrmann created the first permanent jugendherberge or youthostel these first youthostels were an exponent of the vision of the german youth movemento let poor cityoungsters breathe fresh air outdoors the youths were supposed to manage the hostel themselves as much as possible doing chores to keep the costs down and build character and be physically active outdoors because of this manyouthostels closeduring the middle part of the day while most hostelstill close during the day they no longerequire chores beyond washing up after self catered meals the words hotel hostel and hostal aretymologically related coming into thenglish language from old frenchostel itselfrom late latin hospitale denoting a hospice or place of rest nowadays however they each refer to distinctypes of accommodation in particular hostal is used in spanish either withe same sense as hostel or it can also refer to a certain type of pension lodging pension which is found mostly in spain differences from hotels image hostel in japanjpg righthumb youthostel in japan there are several differences between hostels and hotels including hostels tend to be budget oriented rates are considerably lower and many hostels have programs to share books dvds and other items for those who prefer an informal environment hostels do not usually have the same level oformality as hotels for those who prefer to socialize witheir fellow guests hostels usually have more common areas and opportunities to socialize the dormitory aspect of hostels also increases the social factor hostels are generally self catering hostels normally close during the day to keep down cost for the customer and the hostel communal accommodation image hostelockersjpg thumb high techostelockers with electronic key locks there is less privacy in a hostel than in a hotel sharing sleeping accommodation in a dormitory is very different from staying in a private room in a hotel or bed and breakfast and might not be comfortable for those requiring more privacy hostels encourage more social interaction between guests due to the shared sleeping areas and communal areasuch as lounges kitchens and internet cafes care should be taken with personal belongings as guests may share a common living space so it is advisable to secure guests belongings most hostels offer some sort of system for safely storing valuables and an increasing number of hostels offer private lockers there are other things to consider as well when choosing a safe hostel such as whether they have a guest curfew uphold fire codes hour security and cctv noise can make sleeping difficult on occasions whether from snoring talking human sexual activity sexual activity someoneithereturning late or leaving early or the proximity of so many people to mitigate thisome wearplugs and or sleeping maskself contained facilities and services in attempts to attract more visitors many hostels nowadays provide additional services not previously available such as airport shuttle transfers internet caf swimming pools and spas tour booking and carfree hire some hostels may include a hot meal in the price image aboriginal hostel budapestjpg thumb px dormitory from a hostel in budapest hungary file passatjpg thumb right px the shipassat shipassat is a floating hostel and museum the traditional hostel format involvedormitory style accommodation some newer hostels also includen suite accommodation with single double or quad occupancy rooms though to be considered a hostel they must also provide dormitory accommodation define hostel what is a hostel management in recent years the numbers of independent and backpackers hostels have increased greatly to cater for the greater numbers of overland multi destination travellersuch as gap year gap year travellers and rail trippers the quality of such places has also improvedramatically while most hostelstill insist on a curfew daytime lockouts very few require occupants to do chores apart from washing andrying up after food preparation hostelling international hi richard schirrmann s idea of hostels rapidly spread overseas and eventually resulted in hostelling international an organisation composed of more than different youthostel associations representing over youthostels in over countriesome hi youthostels cater more to school aged children sometimes through school trips and parents witheir children whereas others are more for travellers intent on learning new cultures however while thexploration of different cultures and places is emphasised in many hostels particularly in cities or popular tourist destinations there are still many hostels providing accommodation for outdoor pursuitsuch as hillwalking climbing and bicycle touring these are often small friendly hostels retaining much of the original vision and often provide valuable access to moremote regions in the past several years hostelling international have increasingly added hotels and package resorts to their networks in addition to hostels hostelling international selling hotel rooms despite their name in most countries membership is not limited to youth independent hostels independent hostels are not necessarily affiliated with one of the national bodies of hostelling international youthostel association or any other hostel network often the word independent is used to refer to non hi hostels even when the hostels do belong to another hostelling organization such as and backpackers canada the term youth is less often used withese properties unlike a hotel chain whereverything istandardised these hostels can be very diverse typically not requiring a membership card there are chains of independent hostels throughouthe world such as the jazz hostels on theast coast and banana bungalow hostels on the west coast of the united states or the generator hostels and equity point hostels of europe or zostel of india each offers their owniche of services to travellers and backpackers for example one independent hostel might feature a lot of in house gatherings another might feature daily and nightly tours or events in the surrounding city and another might have a quieter place to relax in serenity or be located on the beach this an independent hostel s personality and travellers will frequenthe hostels that offer the personality thathey findesirable there is frequently a distinction being a party hostel or not as the hostel industry evolves independent hostels and hi hostels are becoming more similar withe word backpackers also now applying to many hostelling international hostels googlecom boutique hostels the general backpacking community is no longer exclusively typified by studentravellers and extreme shoe string budgets the global nomad greg richards in response to demand as well as increasing competition between the rapidly growing number of hostels the overall quality of hostels has improved across the industry in addition to the increase in quality among all styles of hostel new styles of hostels have developed that have a focus on a more trendy design interior there are also now rated star hostels awarded by hostelgeeks the phrase boutique hostel an often arbitrary marketing term typically used to describe intimate luxurious or quirky hostel environments the term hastarted to lose meaning because the facilities of many boutique hostels are ofteno different from hostels that are not referred to withat label also marketers and online booking websitesometimes include boutique hotels in lists of boutique hostels further diluting any specific meaning of the phrase a related term flashpackers often refers to hostels thatargethemselves as catering to a slightly older tech savvy clientele but in practice many of the new class of higher quality hostels across the industry offer these tech oriented facilities and even the flashpacker websites that appeared in during the peak of the flashpacker hype are neglected or offline as of as the term has rapidly lost popularity flashpackers do it in style mobile hostels though very uncommon a mobile hostel is a hostel with no fixed location it can exist in the form of a campsite a temporary building bus van or a shorterm agreement in a permanent building mobile hostels have sprouted up at large festival s where therexists a shortage of budget accommodation as with regular hostels mobile hostels generally provide dormitory accommodation for backpacking travel backpackers or travelers on a shoe string budgethe first ever and only commercial example of a mobile hostel is hostival it hasprouted up at oktoberfest carnival san fermin las fallas and the fifa world cup world cup industry growth file wombats munichosteljpg thumb right px wintergarten at a munichostel image kitchen the secret garden krak w hostel jpg thumb px kitchen in a hostel in krak w the independent hostel industry is growing rapidly in many cities around the world such as new york rome buenos aires and miami this reflected in the development and expansion of dozens of hostel chains worldwide list of hostel chains hostel wiki the recent eruption independent hostels has been called probably the single biggest news in the world of low costravel and very safe arthur frommer online theruption of low cost private hostels all over the world is among the biggest developments in budgetravel the development of independent backpackers hostels is a strong business model with some cities reporting a higher average income peroom for hostels than hotels for example in the city of honolulu hawaii upscale hotels areportedly making to peroom while hostel rooms in the same city can bring in as much as per night due to several payinguests residing in one room starbulletincom business even during theconomicrisis many hostels areporting increased occupancy numbers in a time when hotel bookings are down cnn story though in the past hostels have been seen as low quality accommodation for less wealthy travellers at least one australian study hashown that backpackers who typically stay at hostelspend more thanon backpackers due to their longer stays australiacom backpacking travel backpackers in australia contribute nearly billion and stay on average nights compared to the nightspent by other travellers international backpacker snapshot destinationsw inew zealand backpackers hostels had a share of accommodation guest nights in tourismresearchgovtnz youth travel accommodation industry survey annually the association of youth travel accommodation undertakes a review of the business operations of the hostel sector to establish crucial business metrics and identify trends in this dynamic sector the study is undertaken in partnership withostelling international and web reservations international the findings of the study included average occupancy rates were around occupancy levels were highest in oceaniand asia the sale of beds accounted for of reported revenue f b sales accounted for of total revenue the average dorm bed rate varied between eur in the high season and eur in the low season the main cost items for hostel establishments are staff and premises which together accounted for of total expenses marketing costs accounted for almost of the total budget only of hostel operators currently participate in green certification schemes according to the youth travel accommodation s annual survey one of the main reasons for a relatively strong performance of the hostel sector is the tendency for operators to innovate and adaptheir products to suit market conditions the facthat hostel operators could generally sustain business levels through the downturn was one of the main reasons why overall average bed rates forose by more than compared with stay wyse in popular culture motion picture s have generally portrayed hostels in two ways as fun places for young people to stay for example the journey of jared price and a map for saturday or alternatively as dangerous places where unsuspecting united states americans face potential horrors in eastern europe seeg hostel film hostel part ii and eurotrip there are some urban legend popular misconceptions that a hostel is a kind of a flophouse homelesshelter or halfway house this does not reflecthe high quality and level of professionalism in many modern hostelsee also lodging backpacking travel boarding house hostal a differentype of lodging found in spain and hispanic america pension lodging pension bed and breakfast guest house notes and references history of hostels in german category hostels category adventure travel category backpacking category hotel 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student dormitory dormitories resident colleges universities parts world word hostel mainly refers properties offering shared accommodation travelers backpacking_travel backpackers within traveller category another distinction drawn hostels members hostelling_international uk based non_profit organisation encouraging outdoor activities cultural_exchange young formerly independently operated hostels backpackers hostels began australiand_new_zealand differ hostels open day time often abbreviated backpackers file thumbnail poster dating women war time fund provided hostel housing women workers first_world_war altena castle germany richard_schirrmann created first permanent youthostel first youthostels vision german youth movemento let poor fresh air outdoors supposed manage hostel much possible chores keep costs build character physically active outdoors middle part day close day chores beyond washing self catered meals words hotel hostel hostal related coming thenglish_language old itselfrom late latin place rest nowadays however refer accommodation particular hostal used spanish either withe sense hostel also refer certain type pension lodging pension found mostly spain differences hotels image hostel righthumb youthostel japan several differences hostels hotels including hostels tend budget oriented rates considerably lower many_hostels programs share books items prefer informal environment hostels usually level hotels prefer socialize witheir fellow guests hostels usually common areas opportunities socialize dormitory aspect hostels also increases social factor hostels generally self_catering hostels normally close day keep cost customer hostel communal accommodation image thumb high electronic key locks less privacy hostel hotel sharing sleeping accommodation dormitory different staying private room hotel bed breakfast might comfortable requiring privacy hostels encourage social interaction guests due shared sleeping areas communal areasuch lounges kitchens internet cafes care taken personal guests may share common living space secure guests hostels offer sort system safely storing increasing_number hostels offer private things consider well choosing safe hostel whether guest curfew fire codes hour security noise make sleeping difficult occasions whether talking human sexual_activity sexual_activity late leaving early proximity many_people mitigate sleeping contained facilities services attempts attract visitors many_hostels nowadays provide additional services previously available airport shuttle internet caf swimming_pools spas tour booking hire hostels may_include hot meal price image aboriginal hostel thumb px dormitory hostel budapest hungary file thumb right px floating hostel museum traditional hostel format style accommodation newer hostels also suite accommodation single double quad occupancy rooms though considered hostel must_also_provide dormitory accommodation define hostel hostel management recent_years numbers independent backpackers hostels increased greatly cater greater numbers overland multi destination gap year gap year travellers rail quality places also curfew daytime require occupants chores apart washing food_preparation hostelling_international richard_schirrmann idea hostels rapidly spread overseas eventually resulted hostelling_international organisation composed different youthostel_associations representing youthostels countriesome youthostels cater school aged children sometimes school trips parents witheir children whereas others travellers intent learning new cultures however thexploration different cultures places many_hostels particularly cities popular_tourist_destinations still many_hostels providing accommodation outdoor climbing bicycle_touring often small friendly hostels retaining much original vision often provide valuable access moremote regions past several_years hostelling_international increasingly added hotels package resorts networks addition hostels hostelling_international selling hotel_rooms despite name countries membership limited youth independent hostels independent hostels necessarily affiliated one national bodies hostelling_international_youthostel_association hostel network often word independent used refer non hostels even hostels belong another hostelling organization backpackers canada term youth less often_used withese properties unlike hotel_chain hostels diverse typically requiring membership card chains independent hostels throughouthe_world jazz hostels theast_coast banana bungalow hostels west_coast united_states generator hostels equity point hostels europe india offers services travellers backpackers example one independent hostel might feature lot house gatherings another might feature daily nightly tours events surrounding city another might place relax located beach independent hostel personality travellers frequenthe hostels offer personality thathey frequently distinction party hostel hostel industry independent hostels hostels becoming similar withe word backpackers also applying many hostelling_international hostels boutique hostels general backpacking community longer exclusively extreme shoe string budgets global nomad greg richards response demand well increasing competition rapidly growing number hostels overall quality hostels improved across industry addition increase quality among styles hostel new styles hostels developed focus design interior also rated star hostels awarded phrase boutique hostel often arbitrary marketing term typically used describe intimate luxurious hostel environments term lose meaning facilities many boutique hostels different hostels referred withat label also online booking include boutique_hotels lists boutique hostels specific meaning phrase related term often refers hostels catering slightly older tech savvy clientele practice many new class higher quality hostels across industry offer tech oriented facilities even websites appeared peak neglected offline term rapidly lost popularity style mobile hostels though uncommon mobile hostel hostel fixed location exist form campsite temporary building bus van shorterm agreement permanent building mobile hostels large festival shortage budget accommodation regular hostels mobile hostels generally provide dormitory accommodation backpacking_travel backpackers travelers shoe string budgethe first_ever commercial example mobile hostel carnival san las world_cup world_cup industry growth file thumb right px image kitchen secret garden krak w hostel jpg thumb px kitchen hostel krak w independent hostel industry growing rapidly many cities around world new_york rome buenos_aires miami reflected development expansion dozens hostel chains worldwide list hostel chains hostel recent eruption independent hostels called probably single biggest news world low safe arthur_frommer online low_cost private hostels world among biggest developments budgetravel development independent backpackers hostels strong business_model cities reporting higher average income peroom hostels hotels example city honolulu hawaii upscale hotels making peroom hostel rooms city bring much per night due several residing one room business even many_hostels increased occupancy numbers time hotel bookings cnn story though past hostels seen low quality accommodation less wealthy travellers least_one australian study hashown backpackers typically stay backpackers due longer stays backpacking_travel backpackers australia contribute nearly billion stay average nights compared travellers international backpacker inew_zealand backpackers hostels share accommodation guest nights youth travel accommodation industry survey annually association youth travel accommodation review business operations hostel sector establish crucial business identify trends dynamic sector study undertaken partnership international web reservations international findings study included average occupancy rates around occupancy levels highest asia sale beds accounted reported revenue f b sales accounted total revenue average bed rate varied high season low season main cost items hostel establishments staff premises together accounted total expenses marketing costs accounted almost total budget hostel operators currently participate green certification schemes according youth travel accommodation annual survey one main reasons relatively strong performance hostel sector tendency operators products suit market conditions facthat hostel operators could generally sustain business levels downturn one main reasons overall average bed rates compared stay popular_culture motion picture generally portrayed hostels two ways fun places young_people stay example journey price map saturday alternatively dangerous_places united_states americans face potential eastern_europe seeg hostel film hostel part ii urban legend popular hostel kind halfway house reflecthe high_quality level professionalism many modern also lodging backpacking_travel boarding house hostal lodging found spain hispanic america pension lodging pension bed breakfast guest house notes references history hostels german category hostels category_adventure_travel_category backpacking category_hotel types"},{"title":"Hostelling International","description":"file day chostelinternationaljpg thumb right px hostelling int l washington dc hostelling international hi formerly known as international youthostel federation iyhf is the federation of more thanational youthostel associations in more than countries whichave over affiliated hostel s around the world hostelling international is a non governmental not for profit organisation working closely with united nations educational scientific and cultural organisation unesco and the world tourism organisation unwto hi has also been identified as the sixth largest provider of travel accommodations in the world origins of youthostelling and iyhf the youthostel movement began in when richard schirrmann a germany german schoolteacher and wilhelm nker a conservationist saw the need for overnight accommodation for school groups wanting to experience the countryside thistarted with schools being useduring the holidays the first youthostel opened in schirrmann s own school in altena westphalia in a permanent hostel in altena castle superseded the school building and a hostel still stands in the castle groundschirrmann founded the nationwide german youthostel association in the movement spread rapidly worldwide leading to the founding of the international youthostel federation iyhf on october coburn p in amsterdam by representatives from associations in switzerland czechoslovakia germany poland the netherlands norway denmark united kingdom britain irish free state ireland france and belgium in richard schirrmann became the president buthe nazis german government forced him to resign by in coburn p youthostels originally differed in setup from other modern hostel s although the growing popularity of the backpacking travel backpacker culture forced them to adapt so as noto lose customers most notably abandoning the idea of chores in all but a few of their locations the youthostels in the united statestarted by monroe smith where backpackers have not made as much of an impact as elsewhere are still closesto the original setup modern organisation file a villa in marina di carrara jpg thumb the main building of an hi hostel in marina di massa tuscany seventy one national youthostel associations are members of hostelling international with over hostels available worldwide based in welwyn garden city in england opposite the welwyn garden city railway station train station and the howard centre the organisation provideservices for travellers and coordinates the national organisations it also facilitates youth work and international and cross cultural understanding in conjunction with unesco hostelling international celebrated its th anniversary in withe first international conference being held in the ymca hotel in amsterdam on october national associations were present athis conference and agreement was reached on a standard international pattern for membership cards and on minimum standards for thequipment and supervision of youthostels founders had a strong desire that by working together associations could assist international youth travel and pave the way for new and peaceful migration of people since the hi network of youthostels has recorded over billion overnights though the parent hostelling international organization has charity status in the uk not all member organizations have charity nonprofit status hostelling international canada hostelling international canada lost a legal battle for charity status in and the youthostels association england wales yha in england wales considered becoming a commercial company during a consultation partially in response to increased competition from independent for profit hostels with nearly four million members it is one of the world s largest youth membership organisation and is the only global network of youthostel associations first sustainability survey in hi carried out a survey in order to monitor specifically how the network was changing and adapting to become morenvironmentally friendly the research which includedata from hostel s in different countries that receive more than million overnights annually was very insightful and will continue to help us develop the sustainable network local interaction withostel s washown to be high with of hostels providing quality budget accommodation to travellers as well as having interactive initiatives withe local community these projects oftenable touristravellers to interact and grasp a better understanding of the area they are visiting the tourism industry represents of total global emissions hostels are working to counteracthis and of our hostels provide comprehensive information and actively promote the use of public transporto guests or give discounts to those arriving to the hostel by bicycle or foot another scheme to reducemissions is growing vegetables on site which of all hostelsurveyed are now doing see also category hostelling international member associations containing pages for the individual member associations of hi references citationsources coburn oliver youthostel story londonational council of social service grassl anton and heath graham the magic triangle a short history of the world youthostel movement sl international youthostel federation heath graham richard schirrmann the first youthosteller copenhagen international youthostel federation externalinks category backpacking categoryouthostelling category organizations established in category international organisations based in the united kingdom category charities based in 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castle founded nationwide german youthostel_association movement spread rapidly worldwide leading founding international_youthostel federation iyhf october coburn p amsterdam representatives associations switzerland czechoslovakia germany poland netherlands norway denmark united_kingdom britain irish free state ireland france belgium richard_schirrmann became president buthe nazis german government forced resign coburn p youthostels originally setup modern hostel although growing popularity backpacking_travel backpacker culture forced noto lose customers notably idea chores locations youthostels united monroe smith backpackers made much impact elsewhere still original setup modern organisation file villa marina jpg thumb main_building hostel marina tuscany one national youthostel_associations members hostelling_international hostels available worldwide based welwyn garden city england opposite welwyn garden city railway_station train station howard centre organisation travellers coordinates national organisations also facilitates youth work international cross cultural understanding conjunction unesco hostelling_international celebrated th_anniversary withe_first_international conference held ymca hotel amsterdam october national associations present athis conference agreement reached standard international pattern membership cards minimum standards thequipment supervision youthostels founders strong desire working together associations could assist international youth travel way new peaceful migration people since network youthostels recorded billion overnights though parent hostelling_international organization charity status uk member organizations charity nonprofit status hostelling_international canada hostelling_international canada lost legal battle charity status youthostels_association england_wales yha england_wales considered becoming commercial company consultation partially response increased competition independent profit hostels nearly four million_members one world largest youth membership organisation global network youthostel_associations first sustainability survey carried survey order monitor specifically network changing adapting become friendly research hostel different_countries receive million overnights annually continue help us develop sustainable network local interaction washown high hostels providing quality budget accommodation travellers well interactive initiatives withe local_community projects interact better understanding area visiting tourism_industry represents total global emissions hostels working hostels provide comprehensive information actively promote use public_transporto guests give discounts arriving hostel bicycle foot another scheme growing vegetables site see_also category hostelling_international_member_associations containing pages individual member_associations references coburn oliver youthostel story council social service anton heath graham magic triangle short history world youthostel movement international_youthostel federation heath graham richard_schirrmann first copenhagen international_youthostel federation externalinks_category_backpacking categoryouthostelling_category organizations_established category international organisations_based united_kingdom category charities based hertfordshire"},{"title":"Hostelling International \u2013 Canada","description":"hostelling international canada hi canada is an organization providing youthostel accommodation in canada it is a member of the hostelling international federation the youthostelling movement wastarted in by richard schirrmann a german schoolteacher the movement was disrupted by world war i andid not reach other countries until the s following the launch of youthostel associations in several european countries between and the idea spread across the atlantic ocean canada waslightly ahead of the united states and the canadian youthostels association was founded in the american youthostels inc was not formed until file ottawa jail hostel ontario canada jpg thumbnail the ottawa hostel is located in a former jail canada s and north america s first hostel was opened in at bragg creek near calgary alberta by mary belle barclay the national office was located in calgary from in canada to in canada it was then moved toronto in then ottawa vancouver and in canada back tottawa where it remains today in canada the name was changed to the canadian hostelling association modern hostelling today hi canada s national office is in ottawand as of the association has hostels withostels located in each of the provinces of canada provinces but nothe territories in overnight stays werecorded in canadian hostels the glenbow museum holds the canadian hostelling association fonds including a substantial number of sorted and catalogued records up to the mid s photographic records from the s through the s and unprocessed records from the s through the see also hostelling international externalinks hostelling international canada official site auberge internationale de qu becanadian hostelling association fonds glenbow museum category hostels in canada categoryouthostelling category hostelling international member 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american_youthostels inc formed file ottawa jail hostel ontario_canada jpg thumbnail ottawa hostel located former jail canada north_america first hostel opened creek near calgary alberta mary belle national_office located calgary canada canada moved toronto ottawa vancouver canada back remains today canada name changed canadian hostelling association modern hostelling today canada national_office association hostels located provinces canada provinces nothe territories overnight_stays canadian hostels museum holds canadian hostelling association including substantial number records mid photographic records records see_also hostelling_international externalinks hostelling_international canada official_site auberge internationale de hostelling association museum category hostels canada_categoryouthostelling_category hostelling_international_member_associations"},{"title":"Hostelling International Northern Ireland","description":"hostelling international northern ireland hinis a not for profit organisation providing hostel youthostel accommodation inorthern ireland it is a member of the hostelling international federation the youthostels association of northern ireland was formed in around the same time as the youthostels association england wales yha e w and the scottish youthostels association syhall three arose from a slightly earlier proposal to form the youthostel association of great britain like all associations in its early days it offered spartan facilities for those on walking or cycling holidays to give them the opportunity to explore and experience the countryside inorthern ireland modern hostelling the name of the association changed to hostelling international northern ireland in the s it runs three hostels and one affiliated hostel the hostels are in belfast bushmills and whitepark bay near ballycastle county antrim ballycastle and the newly refurbished affiliated hostel isituated in armagh all of the hostels provide a range of rooms including private twins andoubles and are suitable for individual backpackers couples families and groupsee also hostelling international youthostels association england walescottish youthostels association an igexternalinks hini official site category tourism inorthern ireland categoryouthostelling category hostelling international member associations category walking in the united 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days offered spartan facilities walking cycling holidays give opportunity explore experience countryside inorthern_ireland modern hostelling name association changed hostelling_international northern_ireland runs three hostels one affiliated hostel hostels belfast bay near county_newly refurbished affiliated hostel isituated hostels provide range rooms including private twins suitable individual backpackers couples families also hostelling_international_youthostels association england youthostels_association official_site_category tourism inorthern_ireland_categoryouthostelling_category hostelling_international_member_associations category walking united_kingdom"},{"title":"Hostelling International USA","description":"hostelling international usa hi usalso known as american youthostels inc ayh is a c organizationonprofit organization that operates youthostels and runs programs around those hostels it is the official united states affiliate of hostelling international hi also known as the international youthostel federation it is incorporated as a not for profit organization with its headquarters in silver spring maryland organizational profile national center for charitable statistics urban institute the first american youthostel was opened inorthfield massachusetts in by isabel and monroe smith and american youthostels was born within a year a network of more than hostels was operating throughout new england history of ayh official website accessed january josephine and frank duveneck opened hidden villa california s first youthostel in a rural setting withiking trails milesouth of san francisco accessed april in a preaching quaker minister leslie barry barret and his wife winnifred turned a rundownew england farm into a rustic retreat center and youthostel and called it friendly crossways julie moberly october like hidden villa friendly crossways attracted groups promoting peace and social justice when hidden villa dropped out of the hi usa system in friendly crossways became the longest continually operating hostel in the us pre war european political currents overshadowed much of the international movement in the late s during the war parts of theuropean youthostel system still continued toperate as well as a small network of ayhostels britain expanded its own hostel network while australiand new zealand started their associations thend of the war brought a time of worldwide rebuilding and reflection international youth travel was embraced by governments as a way of encouraging interaction and understanding and avoiding future conflict in the s and s the movement prospered public awareness and hostel use increased astudentravel becameven more widespread new hostel facility standards managementraining and more consistent operating policies improved the quality of the hostel stayh also sponsored self supported bicycle tours with overnights at its hostels to such places as the midwest and canadian rockies canadian rockies in the mid to late s the new york chapter staged the am ride through new york city riders began to assemble in washington square around am and at began to ride the deserted streets of manhattan aroundawn the riders took the staten island ferry and ended the ride at a beach on staten island the s marked a decade a growth for american youthostels major association hostels were opened in boston san francisco santa monica seattle and washington dc in ayh approved its firstrategic plan which affirmed the importance of ayhostels in major cities as well as membership growth and hostel based programming bothostel overnights and membership grew throughouthe decade the growth continued in hostel overnights throughouthe s and hostel programming exploded as ayh councils and hostels expanded their program offerings iyhf positioned the international movement for growth in the mid s withe adoption of a commoname and logo and new quality standards for its more than hostels as the us affiliate of iyhf ayh embraced hostelling international and the blue triangle and adopted a more focused hostel quality program becoming hi usa by thearly s hi usa made quality a priority and steadily closed hostels over the next decade that didn t meethe highest of standards the number of hostels went from in to in however hostel overnights have remained strong in fact in hi usa hosted as many overnights across as its hostels as it did in when it had hostels during the slimming down of hostels a new focus for hi usa took hold in the council model of governance whereby councils oversaw the majority of hostel operations was questioned as the most effective model for moving forward after several years of intensive research debate andiscussion the councils voted on june to dissolve their entities intone unified national organization as a way to combine assets and resources to become a stronger organization hi usa web page on unification plan accessed january by the process had begun and councils became part of the unified organization byear s end and hi usa had hostels in its network the rest of the councils arexpected to complete unification by thend of at which point hi usa will have one national office plus five regions northeast mid atlantic southeast central northwest and southwesthe flagship residence of the american youthostels in the united states is inew york city located in a landmark building designed by noted architect richard morris hunthis popular hostel occupies thentireast blockfront of tenth avenue manhattan amsterdam avenue between d and th streets in manhattanew york hostel the second largest hostel operated by american youthostels is in chicago illinois the mission of hi usa is to help all especially the youngain a greater understanding the world and its people throughostelling official site according to the hi usa website see also backpacking travel externalinks official site american youthostel records university archives and special collections joseph p healey library university of massachusetts boston category adventure travel category backpacking categoryouthostelling category hostelling international member 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longest continually operating hostel us pre_war european political currents much international movement late war parts theuropean youthostel system still continued toperate well small network britain expanded hostel network australiand_new_zealand started associations thend war brought time worldwide rebuilding reflection international youth travel embraced governments way encouraging interaction understanding avoiding future conflict movement prospered public awareness hostel use increased widespread new hostel facility standards consistent operating policies improved quality hostel also sponsored self supported bicycle_tours overnights hostels places midwest canadian_rockies canadian_rockies mid late new_york chapter staged ride new_york city riders began washington square around began ride deserted streets manhattan riders took island ferry ended ride beach island marked decade growth american_youthostels major association hostels opened boston san_francisco santa seattle_washington ayh approved plan importance major_cities well membership growth hostel based programming overnights membership grew throughouthe decade growth continued hostel overnights throughouthe hostel programming exploded ayh councils hostels expanded program offerings iyhf positioned international movement growth mid withe adoption logo new quality standards hostels us affiliate iyhf ayh embraced hostelling_international blue triangle adopted focused hostel quality program becoming usa thearly usa made quality priority steadily closed hostels next decade meethe highest standards number hostels went however hostel overnights remained strong fact usa hosted many overnights across hostels hostels hostels new focus usa took hold council model governance whereby councils oversaw majority hostel operations effective model moving forward several_years intensive research debate councils voted june entities intone unified national organization way combine assets resources become stronger organization usa web_page unification plan accessed january process begun councils became part unified organization byear end usa hostels network rest councils arexpected complete unification thend point usa one national_office plus five regions northeast mid atlantic southeast central northwest flagship residence american_youthostels united_states inew_york_city located landmark building designed noted architect richard morris popular hostel occupies tenth avenue_manhattan amsterdam avenue th_streets manhattanew york hostel second_largest hostel operated american_youthostels chicago_illinois mission usa help especially greater understanding world people official_site according usa website see_also backpacking_travel externalinks_official site american youthostel records university archives special collections joseph p library university massachusetts boston category_adventure_travel_category backpacking categoryouthostelling_category hostelling_international_member_associations"},{"title":"Hotel","description":"file the peninsula parisjpg thumb the peninsula paris hotel x px a hotel is an establishmenthat provides paid lodging on a shorterm basis facilities provided may range from a modest quality mattress in a small room to large suites with bigger higher quality beds a dresser a fridge and other kitchen facilities upholstered chairs a flatscreen television and en suiten suite bathroom smallower priced hotels may offer only the most basic guest services and facilities larger higher priced hotels may provide additional guest facilitiesuch as a swimming pool business centre with computers printers and other officequipment childcare conference and event facilities tennis or basketball courts gymnasium restaurants day spand social function services hotel rooms are usually room numbered or named in some smaller hotels and bed and breakfast bs to allow guests to identify theiroom some boutique high end hotels have custom decorated roomsome hotels offer meals as part of a room and board arrangement in the united kingdom a hotel is required by law to serve food andrinks to all guests within certain stated hours in japan capsule hotel s provide a tiny room suitable only for sleeping and shared bathroom facilities file mercure hotel taksimjpg thumb a typical hotel room with a bedesk and television x px the precursor to the modern hotel was the inn of medieval europe for a period of about years from the mid th century coaching inn served as a place for lodging for coach carriage coach travelers inns began to cater to richer clients in the mid th century one of the first hotels in a modern sense was opened in exeter in hotels proliferated throughout western europe and north america in thearly th century and luxury hotels began to spring up in the later part of the th century hotel operations vary in size function and cost most hotels and major hospitality companies have set industry standards to classify hotel types an upscale full service hotel facility offers luxury goods luxury amenities full service accommodations an on site restaurant and the highest level of personalized service such as a concierge room service and clothes pressing staff conference and resort hotels full service hotels often contain upscale full service facilities with a large number ofull service accommodations an on site full service restaurant and a variety of on site amenity amenities boutique hotel s are smaller independent non branded hotels that often contain upscale facilitiesmall to medium sized hotel establishments offer a limited amount of on site amenity amenities economy hotels are small to medium sized hotel establishments that offer basic accommodations with little to no services extended stay hotel s are small to medium sized hotels that offer longer term full service accommodations compared to a traditional hotel timeshare andestination clubs are a form of property ownership involving ownership of an individual unit of accommodation for seasonal usage a motel is a small sized low rise lodging with direct access to individual rooms from the car park boutique hotel s are typically hotels with a uniquenvironment or intimate setting a number of hotels haventered the publiconsciousness through popular culture such as the ritz london hotel ritz hotel in london some hotels are built specifically as a destination in itselfor example at casino s and holiday resort s most hotel establishments are run by a general manager who serves as thead executive often referred to as the hotel manager department heads whoversee various departments within a hotel eg food service middle manager s administration of business administrative staff and line level supervisors the organizational chart and volume of job positions and hierarchy varies by hotel size function and class and is often determined by hotel ownership and managing companies the word hotel is derived from the french tel coming from the same origin as hospital which referred to a french version of a building seeing frequent visitors and providing care rather than a place offering accommodation in contemporary french usage h tel now has the sameaning as thenglish term and h tel particulier is used for the old meaning as well as h tel in some place namesuch as h tel dieu de paris h tel dieu in paris whichas been a hospital since the middle ages the french spelling withe circumflex was also used in english but is now rare the circumflex replaces the s found in thearlier hostel spelling which over time took on a new but closely related meaningrammatically hotels usually take the definite article hence the astoria hotel or simply the astoria file tabard inn mid thjpg righthumb uprighthe tabard inn london borough of southwark london facilities offering hospitality to travellers have been a feature of thearliest civilizations in greco roman culture hospitals forecuperation and rest were built athermal bath s during the middle ages various religious orders at monastery monasteries and abbey s would offer accommodation for travellers on the road the precursor to the modern hotel was the inn of medieval europe possibly dating back to the rule of ancient rome these would provide for the needs of travelers including food and lodging stable stabling and fodder for the traveler s horse s and freshorses for the mail coach famous london examples of inns include the george southwark george and the tabard a typicalayout of an inn had an inner court with bedrooms on the two sides withe kitchen and parlour athe front and the stables athe back for a period of about years from the mid th century coaching inn served as a place for lodging for coach carriage coach travelers in other words a roadhouse facility roadhouse coaching inn stabled teams of horse s for stagecoach es and mail coach es and replaced tired teams with fresh teams traditionally they were seven miles apart buthis depended very much on the terrain file tremonthouse ca s byjamesbennett boston simonsupnepng thumb leftremont house boston tremont house in boston united states a luxury hotel the firsto provide indoor plumbing somengland english towns had as many as ten such inn s and rivalry between them was intense not only for the income from the stagecoach operators but for the revenue for food andrink supplied to the wealthy passengers by thend of the century coaching inns were being run more professionally with a regular timetable being followed and fixed menus for foodcoaching era the stage and mail coach travel in and around bath bristol and somerset roy gallop fiducia inns began to cater foricher clients in the mid th century and consequently grew in grandeur and the level of service provided one of the first hotels in a modern sense was royal clarence hotel opened in exeter in although the idea only really caught on in thearly th century in claridge s mivart s hotel opened its doors in london later changing its name to claridge s hotels proliferated throughout western europe and north america in the th century and luxury hotels including the savoy hotel in the united kingdom and the c saritz ritz chain of hotels in london and paris and tremont house boston tremont house and astor house in the united states began to spring up in the later part of the century catering to an extremely wealthy clientele international scale hotels cater to travelers fromany countries and languagesince none country dominates the travel industry class wikitable sortable border country hotel rooms in average rooms per hotel overnightourists traveling from each country annual united states china japan italy germany spain mexico united kingdom france thailand na indonesia greece brazil turkey austria russia classortbottom global total hotel operations vary in size function and cost most hotels and major hospitality companies that operate hotels have set widely accepted industry standards to classify hotel types general categories include the following a luxury hotel offers high quality amenities full service accommodations on site full service restaurants and the highest level of personalized and professional service luxury hotels are normally classified with at least a four diamond or aaa five diamond award five diamond rating by american automobile association or a four or star classification five starating depending on the country and local classification standards examples include intercontinental hotels resorts intercontinental waldorf astoria hotels and resorts waldorf astoria four seasons hotels and resorts four seasons and the ritz carlton boutique and lifestyle hotels boutique hotel s are smaller independent non branded hotels that often contain upscale facilities of varying size in unique or intimate settings with full service accommodations these hotels are generally rooms or less lifestyle hotels are branded properties that appeal to a guest with specific lifestyle or personal image they are typically full service and sometimes classified as luxury a key characteristic of boutique and lifestyle hotels is their focus on providing a unique guest experience as opposed to simply providing lodging examples include w hotels andaz and kimpton hotels restaurants kimpton hotels full service conference and resort hotels full service hotels often provide a wide array of guest services and on site facilities commonly found amenities may include on site food and beverage room service and restaurants meeting and conference services and facilities fitness center and business center full service hotels range in quality fromid scale to luxury this classification is based upon the quality ofacilities and amenities offered by the hotel examples include holiday inn sheraton hotels and resortsheraton hilton hotels resorts hilton marriott international marriott and hyatt regency brands focused or select service small to medium sized hotel establishments that offer a limited number of on site amenities that only cater and marketo a specific demographic of travelersuch as the single business traveler most focused or select service hotels may still offer full service accommodations but may lack leisure amenitiesuch as an on site restaurant or a swimming pool examples include hyatt place courtyard by marriott and hilton garden inn economy and limited service small to medium sized hotel establishments that offer a very limited amount of on site amenities and often only offer basic accommodations with little to no services these facilities normally only cater and marketo a specific demographic of travelersuch as the budget minded traveler seeking a no frills accommodation limited service hotels often lack an on site restaurant but in return may offer a limited complimentary food and beverage amenity such as on site continental breakfast servicexamples include ibis budget hampton inn aloft hotels aloft holiday inn express fairfield inn by marriott fairfield inn four points by sheraton andays inn extended stay extended stay hotel s are small to medium sized hotels that offer longer term full service accommodations compared to a traditional hotel extended stay hotels may offer non traditional pricing methodsuch as a weekly rate that caters towards travelers ineed of shorterm accommodations for an extended period of time similar to limited and select service hotels on site amenities are normally limited and most extended stay hotels lack an on site restaurant examples include staybridge suites candlewood suites homewood suites by hilton home suites by hilton residence inn by marriott element by westin element and extended stay hotels timeshare andestination clubs timeshare andestination clubs are a form of property ownership also referred to as a vacation ownership involving the purchase and ownership of an individual unit of accommodation for seasonal usage during a specified period of timesharesorts often offer amenitiesimilar that of a full service hotel with on site restaurant swimming pools recreation grounds and other leisure oriented amenities destination clubs on the other hand may offer morexclusive private accommodationsuch as private houses in a neighborhood style setting examples of timeshare brands include hilton grand vacations marriott vacation club international westgate resorts disney vacation club and holiday inn holiday inn club vacations a motel an abbreviation for motor hotel is a small sized low rise lodging establishment similar to a limited service lower cost hotel butypically with direct access to individual rooms from the car park motels were builto serve road travellers including travellers on road trip vacations and workers who drive for their job travelling salespeople truck drivers etcommon during the s and s motels were often located adjacento a major highway where they were built on inexpensive land athedge of towns or along stretches ofreeway new motel construction is rare in the s as hotel chains have been building economy priced limited service franchised properties at freeway exits which compete for largely the same clientele largely saturating the market by the s motels are still useful in less populated areas for driving travelers buthe more populated an area becomes the more hotels move in to meethe demand for accommodation many of the motels which remain operation have joined national franchise chains often rebranding themselves as hotels inns or lodges management hotel management is a globally accepted professional career field and academic field of study degree programsuch as hospitality management studies a business degree and or certification programs formally prepare hotel managers for industry practice most hotel establishments consist of a general manager who serves as thead executive often referred to as the hotel manager department heads whoversee various departments within a hotel middle manager s administration of business administrative staff and line level supervisors the organizational chart and volume of job positions and hierarchy varies by hotel size function and is often determined by hotel ownership and managing companies unique and specialty hotels historic inns and boutique hotels file hotel astoriajpg thumb left hotel astoria saint petersburg hotel astoriand statue of nicholas i of russia tsar nicholas in saint petersburg russia boutique hotel s are typically hotels with a uniquenvironment or intimate setting some hotels have gained theirenown through tradition by hosting significant events or personsuch aschloss cecilienhof in potsdam germany which derives its fame from the potsdam conference of the world war ii allies winston churchill harry trumand joseph stalin the taj mahal palace tower in mumbais one of india s most famous and historic hotels because of its association withe indian independence movement somestablishments have givename to a particular meal or beverage as is the case withe waldorf astoria hotel waldorf astoria inew york city united states where the waldorf salad was first created or the hotel sacher in viennaustria home of the sachertorte others have achieved fame by association with dishes or cocktails created on their premisesuch as the hotel de paris where the cr pe suzette was invented or the raffles hotel in singapore where the singapore sling cocktail was devised file hotel ritz parisjpg thumb right h tel ritz paris in france a number of hotels haventered the publiconsciousness through popular culture such as the ritz london hotel ritz hotel in london through its association with irving berlin irving berlin song puttin on the ritz the algonquin hotel inew york city is famed as the meeting place of the literary group the algonquin round table and hotel chelsealso inew york city has been the subject of a number of songs and the scene of the stabbing of nancy spungen allegedly by her boyfriend sid vicious resort hotels file wynn jpg thumb right wynn las vegas united statesome hotels are built specifically as a destination in itself to create a captive tradexample at casino s amusement park s and holiday resort s though of course hotels have always been built in popular destinations the defining characteristic of a resort hotel is that it exists purely to serve another attraction the two having the same owners on the las vegastrip there is a tradition of one upmanship with luxurious and extravagant hotels in a concentrated area this trend now has extended totheresorts worldwide buthe concentration in las vegas istill the world s highest nineteen of the world s twenty five largest hotels by room count are on the strip with a total of overooms in europe center parcs might be considered a chain of resort hotelsince the sites are largely man made though set inatural surroundingsuch as country park s with captive trade whereas holiday camp such as butlins and pontin s are probably not considered as resort hotelsince they are set atraditional holiday destinations which existed before the camps other speciality hotels file hmsqueenmary photo d ramey loganjpg thumb right upright rms queen mary long beach california united states the burj al arab hotel in dubai united arab emirates built on an artificial island istructured in the shape of a boat sail the library hotel inew york city is unique in that each of its ten floors is assigned one category from the dewey decimal classification dewey decimal system the jailhotel wengraben in lucerne switzerland is a converted prisonow used as a hotel the luxor hoteluxor a hotel and casinon the las vegastrip in paradise nevada united states is unusual due to its pyramidal structure the liberty hotel in boston used to be the charlestreet jail hotel kakslauttanen in finland a collection of glass igloos in lapland that allow you to watch the northern lights built in scotland completed in the former ocean liner in long beach california united states uses its first classtaterooms as a hotel afteretiring in from transatlantic service the wigwamotel s used patented novelty architecture in which each motel room was a free standing concrete wigwam or teepee various caboose motel ored caboose inn properties are built from decommissioned rail cars throughouthe world there are several hotels built from converted airliners bunker hotels the null stern hotel in teufen ar teufen appenzellerland switzerland the concrete mushrooms in albaniare former nuclear bunker s transformed into hotels cave hotels the cuevas pedro antonio de alarc named after the pedro antonio de alarc n author in guadix spain as well aseveral hotels in cappadocia turkey are notable for being built into natural cave formationsome with rooms underground the desert cave hotel in coober pedy south australia is built into the remains of an opal mine cliff hotels file hotel riosol en gran canariajpg thumb on top of the cliff the riosol hotel in mog n located on the coast but high above sea level these hotels offer unobstructed panoramic views and a great sense of privacy withouthe feeling of total isolation somexamples from around the globe are the riosol hotel in gran canaria caruso belvedere hotel in amalfi coast italy aman resorts amankila in bali birkenhead house in hermanusouth africa the caves in jamaicand caesar augustus in capri breathtaking clifftop hotels capsule hotels file capsulehoteljpg thumb interior of a capsule hotel in osaka japan capsule hotel s are a type of economical hotel first introduced in japan where people sleep in stacks of rectangular containers day room hotelsome hotels fill daytime occupancy with day room hotel day rooms for example rodeway inn and suites near port everglades in fort lauderdale floriday rooms are booked in a block of hours typically between am and pm before the typical night shifthese are similar to transit hotels in thathey appeal to travelers however unlike transit hotels they do not eliminate the need to go through customs garden hotels garden hotels famous for their gardens before they became hotels include gravetye manor the home of garden designer william robinson gardener william robinson and cliveden designed by charles barry with a rose garden by geoffrey jellicoe ice snow and igloo hotels file icehotel entre msjpg thumb ice hotel in jukkasj rvi sweden the ice hotel in jukkasj rvi sweden was the first ice hotel in the world first built in it is built each winter and melts every spring other ice hotels include the igloo village in kakslauttanen finland the hotel de glace in duschenay canada they can also be included within larger ice complexes for example the mammut snow hotel in finland is located within the walls of the kemi snow castle and the lainio snow hotel is part of a snow village near yll s finland referral hotel a referral hotel is a hotel chain that offers branding to independently operated hotels the chain itself is founded by or owned by the member hotels as a group many formereferral chains have been converted to franchises the largest surviving member owned chain is best western railway hotels the first recorded purpose built railway hotel was the great western hotel readingreat western hotel which opened adjacento reading railway station in shortly after the great western railway opened its line from london the building still exists and although it has been used for other purposes over the years it is now again a hotel and a member of the malmaison hotel chain malmaison hotel chain frequently expanding railway companies built grand hotels atheir termini such as the midland hotel manchester nexto manchester central railway station the former manchester central station and in london the ones above st pancras railway station and charing cross railway station london also has the chiltern court hotel above baker streetube station there are also canada s grand railway hotels they are or were mostly but not exclusively used by those traveling by rail straw bale hotels the maya guesthouse inax mont noble in the swiss alps is the first hotel in europe built entirely with straw bales due to the insulation values of the walls it needs no conventional heating or air conditioning system although the maya guesthouse is built at an altitude of in the alps transit hotels transit hotels are short stay hotels typically used at international airports where passengers can stay while waiting to change airplanes the hotels are typically on the airside airport airside ando not require a visa for a stay ore admission through security checkpoints treehouse hotelsome hotels are built with living trees astructural elements for example the treehotel near pite sweden the costa rica tree house in the gandoca manzanillo wildlife refuge costa rica the treetops hotel in aberdare national parkenya the ariau towers near manaus brazil on the rio negro amazon rio negro in the amazon basin amazon and bayram s tree houses in olympos lycia olympos turkey underwater hotels file ithaa insidejpg thumb ithaa the first undersea restaurant athe conrad hotels conrad maldives rangali island resort some hotels have accommodation underwater such as utter inn in lake m laren sweden hydropolis project in dubai would have had suites on the bottom of the persian gulf and jules undersea lodge in key largo florida requirescuba diving to access its rooms overwater hotels file rehendi suite deck service jpg thumb an overwater bungalow on the island resort in the maldives a resort island is an island or an archipelago that contains resorts hotels overwater bungalows restaurants tourist attractions and its amenities maldives has the most overwater bungalows resorts largest in guinness world records listed the first world hotel in genting highlands malaysias the world s largest hotel with a total of rooms genting s first world recognized as world s largest hotel bernamacom the izmailovo hotel in moscow has the most beds with followed by the venetian las vegas the venetiand the palazzo complex in las vegas rooms and mgm grand las vegas complex rooms oldest according to the guinness book of world records the oldest hotel in operation is the nisiyama onsen keiunkan in yamanashi japan the hotel first opened in ad has been operated by the same family forty six generations the title was held until by the hoshi ryokan in the awazu onsen area of komatsu ishikawa komatsu japan which opened in the year as the history of the nisiyama onsen keiunkan was virtually unknown hoshi ryokan website accessed june ho shicojp retrieved on highesthe ritz carlton hong kong claims to be the world s highest hotel it is located on the top floors of the international commercentre in hong kong at above ground level most expensive purchase in october the anbang insurance group based in china purchased the waldorf astoria new york in manhattan for us billion making ithe world s most expensive hotel ever sold file waldorf astoria exteriorjpg thumb right uprighthe waldorf astoria new york the most expensive hotel ever sold cost us billion in long term residence a number of public figures have notably chosen to take up semi permanent or permanent residence in hotels fashion designer coco chanelived in the h tel ritz paris on and offor more than years inventor nikola tesla lived the lasten years of his life athe new yorker hotel until he died in his room in larry fine of the three stooges and his family lived in hotels due to his extravagant spending habits and his wife s dislike for housekeeping they first lived in the president hotel in atlanticity new jersey where his daughter phyllis was raised then the knickerbocker hotel in hollywood not until the late s did larry buy a home in the los feliz los angeles los feliz area of los angeles the waldorf astoria hotel and its affiliated waldorf towers has been the home of many famous persons over the years including former president herbert hoover who lived there from thend of his presidency in until his death in general douglas macarthur lived his last years in the penthouse of the waldorf towers and the composer cole porter also spenthe last years of his life in an apartment athe waldorf towers billionaire howard hughes lived in hotels during the lasten years of his life primarily in las vegas well as acapulco beverly hills boston freeport bahamas freeport london managua nassau bahamas nassau vancouver and others vladimir nabokov and his wife vera lived in the montreux palace hotel in montreux switzerland his death in actorichard harris lived athe savoy hotel while in london hotel archivist susan scott recounts anecdote that when he was being taken out of the building on a stretcher shortly before his death in he raised his hand told the diners it was the food home suite home bbc news retrieved on egyptian actor ahmed zaki actor ahmed zaki lived his last years in ramses hilton worldwide hilton hotel cairo british entrepreneur jack lyons financier jack lyons lived in the hotel mirador kempinskin switzerland for several years until his death in american actress elaine stritch lived in the savoy hotel in london for over a decade uruguayand argentinian tango composer horacio ferrer lived almost years from until his death in an apartment inside the alvear palace hotel in buenos aires one of the most exclusive hotels in the city see also list of hotels lists of hotels list of chained brand hotels list of defunct hotel chains casino hotelist of casino hotels list of adjectival tourisms niche tourismarkets industry and careers bellhop concierge front desk clerk a type of clerk position clerk general manager hotels general manager gopparevpar trevpar hotel profitability equations hospitality industry hotel rating innkeeper night auditor property caretaker tourism human habitation types apartment hotel boutique hotel caravanserai cruise ship dharamshala type of building dharamshala dak bungalow eco hotel guest house glamping homestay hospitality service hostal category human habitats human habitats inn serviced apartment vacation rental pop 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offer meals part room board arrangement united_kingdom hotel required law serve_food_andrinks guests within certain stated hours japan capsule hotel provide tiny room suitable sleeping shared bathroom facilities file hotel thumb typical hotel_room television x px precursor modern hotel inn medieval_europe period years mid_th century coaching_inn served place lodging coach carriage coach travelers inns began cater richer clients mid_th century one first hotels modern sense opened exeter hotels proliferated throughout western_europe north_america thearly_th century luxury hotels began spring later part th_century hotel operations vary size function cost hotels major hospitality companies set industry standards hotel types upscale full_service hotel facility offers luxury goods luxury amenities full_service accommodations site restaurant highest level personalized service concierge room service clothes pressing staff conference resort hotels full_service hotels often contain upscale full_service facilities large_number ofull service accommodations site full_service restaurant variety site amenity amenities boutique_hotel smaller independent non branded hotels often contain upscale medium_sized hotel establishments offer limited amount site amenity amenities economy hotels small medium_sized hotel establishments offer basic accommodations little services extended_stay hotel small medium_sized hotels offer longer term full_service accommodations compared traditional hotel timeshare andestination clubs form property ownership involving ownership individual unit accommodation seasonal usage motel small sized low rise lodging direct access individual rooms car park boutique_hotel typically hotels intimate setting number hotels haventered popular_culture ritz london hotel ritz hotel london hotels built specifically destination example casino holiday resort hotel establishments run general_manager serves thead executive often_referred hotel_manager department heads various departments within hotel food_service middle manager administration business administrative staff line level supervisors organizational chart volume job positions hierarchy varies hotel size function class often determined hotel ownership managing companies word hotel derived french tel coming origin hospital referred french version building seeing frequent visitors providing care rather place offering accommodation contemporary french usage h_tel thenglish term h_tel used old meaning well h_tel place namesuch h_tel dieu de paris h_tel dieu paris whichas hospital since middle_ages french spelling withe also_used english rare replaces found thearlier hostel spelling time took new closely related hotels usually take definite article hence astoria hotel simply astoria file tabard inn mid righthumb uprighthe tabard inn london_borough southwark london facilities offering hospitality travellers feature thearliest civilizations greco roman culture hospitals rest built bath middle_ages various religious orders monastery monasteries abbey would offer accommodation travellers road precursor modern hotel inn medieval_europe possibly dating_back rule ancient_rome would provide needs travelers including food lodging stable traveler horse mail coach famous london_examples inns include george southwark george tabard inn inner court bedrooms two sides withe kitchen parlour athe front stables athe back period years mid_th century coaching_inn served place lodging coach carriage coach travelers words roadhouse facility roadhouse coaching_inn teams horse stagecoach mail coach replaced tired teams fresh teams traditionally seven miles apart buthis depended much terrain file boston thumb house boston house boston united_states luxury hotel firsto provide indoor plumbing english towns many ten inn rivalry intense income stagecoach operators revenue food_andrink supplied wealthy passengers thend century coaching_inns run professionally regular timetable followed fixed menus era stage mail coach travel around bath bristol somerset roy inns began cater clients mid_th century consequently grew level service provided one first hotels modern sense royal clarence hotel opened exeter although idea really caught thearly_th century claridge hotel opened doors london later changing name claridge hotels proliferated throughout western_europe north_america th_century luxury hotels including savoy hotel united_kingdom c ritz chain hotels london paris house boston house house united_states began spring later part century catering extremely wealthy clientele international scale hotels cater travelers fromany countries none country travel_industry class wikitable sortable border country hotel_rooms average rooms per hotel traveling country annual united_states china japan italy germany spain mexico united_kingdom france thailand indonesia greece brazil turkey austria russia global total hotel operations vary size function cost hotels major hospitality companies operate hotels set widely accepted industry standards hotel types general categories include following luxury hotel offers high_quality amenities full_service accommodations site full_service restaurants highest level personalized professional service luxury hotels normally classified least four diamond aaa five diamond award five diamond rating american_automobile_association four star classification five starating depending country local classification standards examples_include intercontinental hotels_resorts intercontinental waldorf astoria hotels_resorts waldorf astoria four seasons hotels_resorts four seasons ritz carlton boutique lifestyle hotels boutique_hotel smaller independent non branded hotels often contain upscale facilities varying size unique intimate settings full_service accommodations hotels generally rooms less lifestyle hotels branded properties appeal guest specific lifestyle personal image typically full_service sometimes classified luxury key characteristic boutique lifestyle hotels focus providing unique guest experience opposed simply providing lodging examples_include w hotels hotels_restaurants hotels full_service conference resort hotels full_service hotels often provide wide array guest services site facilities commonly found amenities may_include site food beverage room service_restaurants meeting conference services facilities fitness center business center full_service hotels range quality scale luxury classification based_upon quality ofacilities amenities offered hotel examples_include holiday_inn sheraton hotels hilton hotels_resorts hilton marriott international marriott hyatt regency brands focused select service small medium_sized hotel establishments offer limited number site amenities cater marketo specific demographic single business_traveler focused select service hotels may still offer full_service accommodations may lack leisure amenitiesuch site restaurant swimming_pool examples_include hyatt place courtyard marriott hilton garden inn economy limited_service small medium_sized hotel establishments offer limited amount site amenities often offer basic accommodations little services facilities normally cater marketo specific demographic budget minded traveler seeking accommodation limited_service hotels often lack site restaurant return may_offer limited complimentary food beverage amenity site continental breakfast include budget hampton inn hotels holiday_inn express fairfield inn marriott fairfield inn four points sheraton inn extended_stay extended_stay hotel small medium_sized hotels offer longer term full_service accommodations compared traditional hotel extended_stay hotels may_offer non traditional pricing weekly rate caters towards travelers ineed shorterm accommodations extended period time similar limited select service hotels site amenities normally limited extended_stay hotels lack site restaurant examples_include suites suites suites hilton home suites hilton residence inn marriott element westin element extended_stay hotels timeshare andestination clubs timeshare andestination clubs form property ownership also_referred vacation ownership involving purchase ownership individual unit accommodation seasonal usage specified period often offer full_service hotel site restaurant swimming_pools recreation grounds leisure oriented amenities destination clubs hand may_offer private private houses neighborhood style setting examples timeshare brands include hilton grand vacations marriott vacation club international westgate resorts disney vacation club holiday_inn holiday_inn club vacations motel abbreviation motor hotel small sized low rise lodging establishment similar limited_service lower_cost hotel direct access individual rooms car park motels builto serve road_travellers including travellers road_trip vacations workers drive job travelling truck_drivers motels often located adjacento major highway built inexpensive land towns along stretches new motel construction rare hotel_chains building economy priced limited_service franchised properties freeway exits compete largely clientele largely market motels still useful less populated areas driving travelers buthe populated area becomes hotels move meethe demand accommodation many motels remain operation joined national franchise chains often rebranding hotels inns lodges management hotel_management globally accepted professional career field academic field study degree programsuch hospitality_management_studies business degree certification programs formally prepare hotel_managers industry practice hotel establishments consist general_manager serves thead executive often_referred hotel_manager department heads various departments within hotel middle manager administration business administrative staff line level supervisors organizational chart volume job positions hierarchy varies hotel size function often determined hotel ownership managing companies unique specialty hotels historic inns boutique_hotels file hotel thumb left hotel astoria saint petersburg hotel statue nicholas russia nicholas saint petersburg russia boutique_hotel typically hotels intimate setting hotels gained tradition hosting significant events potsdam germany derives fame potsdam conference world_war ii allies winston harry joseph stalin taj mahal palace tower one india famous historic hotels association_withe indian independence movement somestablishments particular meal beverage case withe waldorf astoria hotel waldorf astoria inew_york_city united_states waldorf salad first created hotel viennaustria home others achieved fame association dishes cocktails created hotel de paris invented raffles hotel singapore singapore cocktail devised file hotel ritz thumb right h_tel ritz paris_france number hotels haventered popular_culture ritz london hotel ritz hotel london association irving berlin irving berlin song ritz hotel inew_york_city famed meeting_place literary group round table hotel inew_york_city subject number songs scene stabbing nancy allegedly resort hotels file wynn jpg thumb right wynn las_vegas united_statesome hotels built specifically destination create captive casino amusement_park holiday resort though course hotels always built popular_destinations defining characteristic resort hotel exists purely serve another attraction two owners las tradition one luxurious hotels concentrated area trend extended worldwide buthe concentration las_vegas istill world highest world twenty five largest hotels room count strip total europe center might considered chain resort sites largely man_made though set country park captive trade whereas holiday camp probably considered resort set holiday destinations existed camps hotels file photo ramey loganjpg thumb right_upright rms queen mary long_beach_california united_states burj arab hotel dubai united_arab_emirates built artificial island shape boat sail library hotel inew_york_city unique ten floors assigned one category dewey classification dewey system lucerne switzerland converted used hotel luxor hotel las paradise nevada united_states unusual due structure liberty hotel boston used jail hotel finland collection glass allow watch northern lights built scotland completed former ocean liner long_beach_california united_states uses first hotel service wigwamotel used patented novelty architecture motel room free standing concrete various caboose motel ored caboose inn properties built decommissioned rail cars throughouthe_world several hotels built converted bunker hotels stern hotel switzerland concrete mushrooms former nuclear bunker transformed hotels cave hotels pedro antonio de named pedro antonio de n author spain well aseveral hotels turkey notable built natural cave rooms underground desert cave hotel south_australia built remains mine cliff hotels file hotel gran thumb top cliff hotel n located coast high sea_level hotels offer panoramic views great sense privacy withouthe feeling total isolation somexamples around globe hotel gran belvedere hotel coast italy resorts bali house africa caves augustus capri breathtaking hotels capsule hotels file thumb_interior capsule hotel osaka japan capsule hotel type hotel first introduced japan people sleep rectangular containers day room hotels fill daytime occupancy day room hotel day rooms example inn suites near port fort_lauderdale rooms booked block hours typically typical night similar transit hotels thathey appeal travelers however unlike transit hotels eliminate need go customs garden hotels garden hotels famous gardens became hotels include manor home garden designer william robinson william robinson designed charles barry rose garden geoffrey ice snow hotels file icehotel entre thumb ice hotel jukkasj rvi sweden ice hotel jukkasj rvi sweden first ice hotel world first built built winter every spring ice hotels include village finland hotel de canada also_included within larger ice complexes example snow hotel finland located within walls snow castle snow hotel part snow village near finland referral hotel referral hotel hotel_chain offers branding independently operated hotels chain founded owned member hotels group many chains converted franchises largest surviving member owned chain best western railway hotels first recorded purpose_built railway hotel great western hotel western hotel opened adjacento reading railway_station shortly great western railway opened line london building still exists although used purposes years hotel member malmaison hotel_chain malmaison hotel_chain frequently expanding railway companies built grand hotels atheir midland hotel manchester nexto manchester central railway_station former manchester central station london ones st railway_station cross railway_station london also court hotel baker station also canada grand railway hotels mostly exclusively used traveling rail straw hotels maya mont noble swiss alps first hotel europe built entirely straw due values walls needs conventional heating air_conditioning system although maya built altitude alps transit hotels transit hotels short stay hotels typically used international_airports passengers stay waiting change airplanes hotels typically airport ando require visa stay admission security treehouse hotels built living trees elements example near sweden costa_rica tree house wildlife refuge costa_rica hotel national towers near brazil rio negro amazon rio negro amazon basin amazon tree houses turkey underwater hotels file thumb first restaurant athe conrad hotels conrad maldives island resort hotels accommodation underwater inn lake sweden project dubai would suites bottom persian gulf jules lodge key florida diving access rooms overwater hotels file suite deck service jpg thumb overwater bungalow island resort maldives resort island island archipelago contains resorts hotels overwater restaurants tourist_attractions amenities maldives overwater resorts largest guinness_world_records listed first_world hotel genting highlands world largest hotel total rooms genting first_world recognized world largest hotel hotel moscow beds followed venetian las_vegas complex las_vegas rooms mgm grand las_vegas complex rooms oldest according guinness book world_records oldest hotel operation onsen japan hotel first_opened operated family forty six generations title held ryokan onsen area japan opened year history onsen virtually unknown ryokan website_accessed june_retrieved ritz carlton hong_kong claims world highest hotel located top_floors international hong_kong ground level expensive purchase october insurance group based china purchased waldorf astoria new_york manhattan us_billion making_ithe world expensive hotel ever sold file waldorf astoria thumb right_uprighthe waldorf astoria new_york expensive hotel ever sold cost us_billion long_term residence number public figures notably chosen take semi permanent permanent residence hotels fashion designer h_tel ritz paris offor years inventor lived years life athe new_yorker hotel died room larry fine three family lived hotels due spending habits wife housekeeping first lived president hotel atlanticity new_jersey daughter raised hotel hollywood late larry buy home los los_angeles los area los_angeles waldorf astoria hotel affiliated waldorf towers home many famous persons years including former president herbert hoover lived thend presidency death general douglas macarthur lived last_years waldorf towers composer cole porter also last_years life apartment athe waldorf towers billionaire howard hughes lived hotels years life primarily las_vegas well beverly_hills boston bahamas london nassau bahamas nassau vancouver others wife vera lived palace hotel switzerland death harris lived athe savoy hotel london hotel susan scott taken building shortly death raised hand told diners food home suite home bbc_news retrieved egyptian actor ahmed actor ahmed lived last_years hilton worldwide hilton hotel cairo british entrepreneur jack lyons jack lyons lived hotel switzerland several_years death american actress lived savoy hotel london decade composer lived almost years death apartment inside palace hotel buenos_aires one exclusive hotels city see_also list hotels lists hotels list brand hotels list defunct hotel_chains casino casino hotels list adjectival niche tourismarkets industry careers bellhop concierge front_desk clerk type clerk position clerk general_manager hotels general_manager trevpar hotel profitability hospitality_industry hotel rating innkeeper night_auditor property tourism human habitation types apartment hotel boutique_hotel cruise_ship type building bungalow eco hotel guest house glamping homestay hospitality_service hostal category_human habitats human habitats inn serviced apartment vacation_rental pop hotel references_furthereading category_hotels category_buildings structures type category_hospitality management_category_hospitality_occupations_category_tourist accommodations category_travel technology"},{"title":"Hotel (book)","description":"hotel is a book by british writer illustrator and critic joanna walsh the book is in the bloomsbury series object lessons the book is an instalment in the bloomsbury academic series object lessons the series is intended to discuss the hidden lives ordinary things hotel examines the luxury sex power anonymity privacy of hotels places where desires gon holiday but also places where our desires are shaped by the hard realities of the marketplace in the financial times melissa harrison praised hotel as being densely patternedeeply personal and wrote that walsh s writing has intellectual rigour and bags oformal bravery and also stated thathe book is a boldly intellectual work that repays careful reading in the new statesman marina benjamin wrote that i loved hotel and would read it again for the pleasure of its playfulinguistic slips not all of them freudiand jokes and praised the hotel aslyly humorous and clever category non fiction books category bloomsbury publishing books category travel books category hotels","main_words":["hotel","book","british","writer","illustrator","critic","walsh","book","bloomsbury","series","object","lessons","book","bloomsbury","academic","series","object","lessons","series","intended","discuss","hidden","lives","ordinary","things","hotel","luxury","sex","power","anonymity","privacy","hotels","places","desires","gon","holiday","also","places","desires","shaped","hard","realities","marketplace","financial","times","melissa","harrison","praised","hotel","densely","personal","wrote","walsh","writing","intellectual","bags","also","stated_thathe","book","intellectual","work","careful","reading","new","statesman","marina","benjamin","wrote","loved","hotel","would","read","pleasure","jokes","praised","hotel","humorous","category_non","fiction","books_category","bloomsbury","publishing","books_category","travel_books","category_hotels"],"clean_bigrams":[["british","writer"],["writer","illustrator"],["bloomsbury","series"],["series","object"],["object","lessons"],["bloomsbury","academic"],["academic","series"],["series","object"],["object","lessons"],["hidden","lives"],["lives","ordinary"],["ordinary","things"],["things","hotel"],["luxury","sex"],["sex","power"],["power","anonymity"],["anonymity","privacy"],["hotels","places"],["desires","gon"],["gon","holiday"],["also","places"],["hard","realities"],["financial","times"],["times","melissa"],["melissa","harrison"],["harrison","praised"],["praised","hotel"],["also","stated"],["stated","thathe"],["thathe","book"],["intellectual","work"],["careful","reading"],["new","statesman"],["statesman","marina"],["marina","benjamin"],["benjamin","wrote"],["loved","hotel"],["would","read"],["praised","hotel"],["category","non"],["non","fiction"],["fiction","books"],["books","category"],["category","bloomsbury"],["bloomsbury","publishing"],["publishing","books"],["books","category"],["category","travel"],["travel","books"],["books","category"],["category","hotels"]],"all_collocations":["british writer","writer illustrator","bloomsbury series","series object","object lessons","bloomsbury academic","academic series","series object","object lessons","hidden lives","lives ordinary","ordinary things","things hotel","luxury sex","sex power","power anonymity","anonymity privacy","hotels places","desires gon","gon holiday","also places","hard realities","financial times","times melissa","melissa harrison","harrison praised","praised hotel","also stated","stated thathe","thathe book","intellectual work","careful reading","new statesman","statesman marina","marina benjamin","benjamin wrote","loved hotel","would read","praised hotel","category non","non fiction","fiction books","books category","category bloomsbury","bloomsbury publishing","publishing books","books category","category travel","travel books","books category","category hotels"],"new_description":"hotel book british writer illustrator critic walsh book bloomsbury series object lessons book bloomsbury academic series object lessons series intended discuss hidden lives ordinary things hotel luxury sex power anonymity privacy hotels places desires gon holiday also places desires shaped hard realities marketplace financial times melissa harrison praised hotel densely personal wrote walsh writing intellectual bags also stated_thathe book intellectual work careful reading new statesman marina benjamin wrote loved hotel would read pleasure jokes praised hotel humorous category_non fiction books_category bloomsbury publishing books_category travel_books category_hotels"},{"title":"Hotel Bristol","description":"file hotel bristoluggage labelsjpg thumb right px hotel bristolabels the hotel bristol is the name of more than hotels around the world they range from grand european hotelsuch as h tele bristol paris and the bristol in warsaw or vienna to budget hotelsuch as the sro single room only bristol in san francisco they are not a chain except in brazil where bristol hoteis resorts has around a dozen hotels throughouthe country withe bristol name file hotel bristol jpg thumb the hotel bristol in warsaw file hotel bristol neujpg thumb the hotel bristol in salzburg the first known hotel bristol was in place vend me in paris it opened in and became a favourite of the prince of wales later edward vii who had a suite there when it closed in its name was fought over and finally won by hippolyte jammet le bristol a palace hotel in its century by pierre jammet editions ho becke paris whopened h tele bristol paris inearby rue du faubourg saint honor today one of the city s five star palace hotels two possible origins of the name are the association withenglish port city of bristol and frederick hervey th earl of bristol frederick hervey the fourth earl of bristol and bishop of derry according to his biographer so widely famed was the bishop as a traveller and so great his reputation as a connoisseur of all good things that lord bristol s hotelcame to be the best known and regarded in every city or town where he sojourned and was thus the precursor of the hotels bristol to be found all over europe lord bristol died in italy athe start of the napoleonic wars which interrupted the grand tour the bristol in paris was one of many opened in thensuing peace hoping to restablish the continental touristrade the facthat many hotelsuch as the bernini bristol in rome use the coat of arms of the city of bristol in their logos leads to speculation thathey are named after the city and nothearl bishop buthere is no evidence thathe bristol family ever granted use of their arms to any hotel while the city s coat of arms can freely be adopted to give an aristocratic image modern distribution file bna fo jpg thumb right px the bristol hotel mar del plata italy now has the most hotels of this name with more than whilst france has around many luxury bristol hotels from thedwardian era for example in beaulieu sur mer london lugano mar del plata new york city naples and st petersburg have not survived but a new hotel bristol opened in st petersburg in and the bristol hotel odessa has reclaimed its name after changing ito the krasnaya hotel during the soviet era one of the oldestill functioning is the bernini bristol in rome which opened in bristol hotels also have a presence in the middleast in beirut since with le bristol hotel beirut modern hotels to use the name include those in frankfurt san diego and gurgaon india the city of bristol in englandid not have a bristol hotel until when jurys hotel bristol changed its name simply to the bristol h tele bristol paris a favourite ofilm stars and has monthly fashion shows in the bristol bar p g wodehouse was kepthere by the germans during world war ii amschel mayor james rothschild was found hanged in his room there in and polish millionairess kinga legg was murdered in heroom in valerie solanas author of the scumanifesto and attempted assassin of andy warhol died in room of the hotel bristol mason street san francisco richard ramirez aka richard ramirez night stalker stayed in the same hotel room during his killing spree in the comedy film what s up doc film what s up doc starring barbra streisand ryan o neal features the hilton hotel as the hotel bristol san francisco the famous black cat bar was originally in the basement of this building thenamed the athens hotel from to the black cat was later located inorth beach san francisco north beach at montgomery street in san francisco the hotel bristol oslo hotel bristol oslo was where inovember hans ferdinand mayer a german scientist who is on your side wrote the oslo report a major leak of technical information passed to the britishotel bristol warsaw opened in on krakowskie przedmie cie thoroughly refurbished in its original style in the s it was reopened by margarethatcher an eventhat forms the final chapter of her memoirsthatcher m the downing street years harpercollins hotel bristol berlin opened in and was destroyed in an airaid in it held the first 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on a key for the company market hotel consolidator s activity can be separated into two main operations buying blocks of rooms at volume discounts in certain major cities distributing excess rooms offered by hotels not anticipating full occupancy for given dates the strength inumbers in comparison to individuals who contact hotels directly and ask for discounts and allowances discount s the consolidators are able to achieve deep discounts due to their buying power hotels are willing toffer dramatically reduced room rates to consolidators because they know it will yield a greater number of reservations many hotels are interested in selling room blocks allotmentravel industry allotments to consolidators because they know that discounted rooms mean more business in the long run and subsequently a greater profit for them final client benefits when booking through a hotel consolidator from hotel consolidator s retailer you can either gethe least appealing room in the hotel or you can get a 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consolidators usually offer discounted rooms almost every major tourist wikt destination big city local consolidators focus particular geographic area trying competitive key company market hotel consolidator activity separated two_main operations buying blocks rooms volume discounts certain major_cities excess rooms offered hotels full occupancy given dates strength comparison individuals contact hotels directly ask discounts discount consolidators able achieve deep discounts due buying power hotels willing toffer dramatically reduced room rates consolidators know yield greater number reservations many hotels interested selling room blocks industry allotments consolidators know discounted rooms mean business long run subsequently greater profit final client benefits booking hotel consolidator hotel consolidator either gethe least appealing room hotel get surprising free upgrade higher class room standard rooms sold outhe key advantage booking hotel_room hotel consolidator one call one website visit get room discounted price key disadvantage prices cancellation amendment charges pretty harsh additional benefit hotel consolidators thathey rooms available hotels sold conventions trade fairs category_hospitality_occupations"},{"title":"Hotel detective","description":"a hotel detective is a plain clothes person engaged to monitor the security of a hotel and investigate variousecurity orule violations thereinothe same as uniformed security guard s employed by a hotel detectives are the type of detective s that were often retired and or ex police officer s with some training and feature prominently in certainoir fiction especially in the works of raymond chandler and are sometimes referred to as house dicks the term hotel detective is no longer widely used as most hotels now employ uniformed security staff who leave any investigations to law enforcement agenciesee also detectivexternalinks us bureau of labor and statistics private detectives and investigators category private detectives and investigators category hotel terminology detective category hospitality 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detectives investigators category_private detectives investigators category_hotel terminology detective category_hospitality_occupations"},{"title":"Hotel manager","description":"file sofia maria g fvert c jpg thumb hotel manager in the gamla stan old town of stockholm around a hotel manager hotelier or lodging manager is a person who manages the operation of a hotel motel resort or other lodging related establishment management of a hotel operation includes but is not limited to performance management of hotel staff management business management upkeep and sanitary standards of hotel facilities customer satisfaction guest satisfaction and customer service marketing management sales management revenue management financial accounting purchasing and other functions the title hotel manager or hotelier often refers to the hotel s general manager who serves as a hotel s head executive though their duties and responsibilities vary depending on the hotel size purpose and expectations from ownership the hotel s general manager is often supported by subordinate department managers that aresponsible for individual departments and key functions of the hotel operation hotel management structure the size and complexity of a hotel management organizational structure variesignificantly depending on the size features and function of the hotel oresort a small hotel operationormally may consist of a small core managementeam consisting of a hotel manager and a few key department supervisors who directly handle day to day operations on the other hand a large full service hotel oresort complex often operates more similarly to a large corporation with an executive board headed by the general manager and consisting of key directorserving as heads of individual hotel departments each department athe large hotel oresort complex may normally consist of subordinate line level managers and supervisors who handle day to day operations example of large full service hotel oresort complex a typical organizational chart for a large resort hotel operation may often resemble the followingeneral managereports to a regional vice president and or ownership investors general manager general manager or managing director assistant general manager oresident manager director of operations orooms division director ofront office or front office manager front desk manager shift manager bellhop bell captain concierge chief concierge valet parking valet captain or parking manager switchboard operator pbx communications manager night auditor overnight manager or head night auditor director of housekeeping or executive housekeeper assistant director of housekeeping or executive housekeeper floor manager shift manager industrialaundry laundry managerevenue management director of revenue management orevenue managereservations manager director of sales marketing senior sales manager sales manager leisure sales manager sales manager business travel sales manager sales manager social group sales manager sales manager corporate group sales manager sales manager marketing manager social media social media manager public relations public relations manager director ofood beverage restaurant managerestaurant manager assistant restaurant manager executive chef room service room service manager butlers manager club manager bar establishment bar lounge manager banquets manager director of events and catering assistant director of events convention services manager event management event manager catering manager comptroller director ofinance accounting manager payroll manager purchasing manager property maintenance director of engineering chief engineer maintenance manager facilities manager human resource manager director of human resources human resources managerecruitment recruiting manager training manager laborelations manager for unionized hotels chief of security recreation manager information technology manager additional management positions may exist for additional facilitiesuch as hotel owned golf courses casinos or spas example for smallimited service hotel a typical organizational chart for a smallow rise hotel operation may resemble the following hotel managereports to regional director and or ownership investors general manager guest service manager front of housekeeping manager chief engineer sales marketing manager food beverage manager administrative functions for a small scale hotel such as accounting payroll and human resources may normally be handled by a centralized corporate office or solely by the hotel manager additional auxiliary functionsuch asecurity may be handled by third party vendor services contracted by the hotel on an as needed basis hotel management is necessary to complete the look of the hotel typical qualifications the background and training required varies by the type of management position size of operation anduties involved industry experience has proven to be a basic qualification for nearly any management occupation within the lodging industry a bs degree bs degree in hospitality management studies hospitality management or an equivalent business degree is often strongly preferred by most employers in the industry but not always required a higher level graduate degree may be desired for a general manager type position but is oftenot required with sufficient management experience and industry tenure a graduate degree may however be required for a higher level corporatexecutive position or above such as a regional vice president whoversees multiple hotel properties and general managers working conditions hotel managers are generally exposed to long shifts that include late hours weekends and holidays due to the hour operation of a hotel the common workplacenvironment in hotels is fast paced withigh levels of interaction with guests employees investors and other managers upper management consisting of senior managers department heads and general manager s may sometimes enjoy a more desirable work schedule consisting of a more traditional business day with occasional weekends and holidays off depending on the size of the hotel a typical hotel manager s day may include assisting with operational duties managing employee performance handling dissatisfied guests managing work schedules purchasing supplies interviewing potential job candidates conducting physical walks and inspections of the hotel facilities and public areas and additional duties these duties may vary each day depending on the needs of the property the manager s responsibility also includes knowing about all current local events as well as thevents being held on the hotel property managers are often required to attend regular department meetings management meetings training seminars for professional development and additional functions a hotel casino property may require additional duties regarding special events being held on property for casino complimentary guestsalary expectations the mediannual 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management hotel staff management business management sanitary standards hotel facilities customer satisfaction guest satisfaction customer_service marketing management sales management revenue_management financial accounting purchasing functions title hotel_manager hotelier often refers hotel general_manager serves hotel head executive though duties responsibilities vary depending hotel size purpose expectations ownership hotel general_manager often supported department managers aresponsible individual departments key functions hotel operation hotel_management structure size complexity hotel_management organizational structure depending size features function hotel oresort small hotel may consist small core managementeam consisting hotel_manager key department supervisors directly handle day day operations hand large full_service hotel oresort complex often operates similarly large corporation executive board headed general_manager consisting key heads individual hotel departments department athe large hotel oresort complex may normally consist line level managers supervisors handle day day operations example large full_service hotel oresort complex typical organizational chart large resort hotel operation may often resemble regional vice_president ownership investors general_manager general_manager managing_director assistant general_manager manager director operations division director office front office manager front_desk manager shift manager bellhop bell captain concierge chief concierge valet_parking valet captain parking manager operator communications manager night_auditor overnight manager head night_auditor director housekeeping executive housekeeper assistant director housekeeping executive housekeeper floor manager shift manager laundry management director revenue_management manager director sales marketing senior sales_manager sales_manager leisure sales_manager sales_manager business_travel sales_manager sales_manager social group sales_manager sales_manager corporate group sales_manager sales_manager marketing manager social_media social_media manager public_relations public_relations manager director ofood beverage restaurant manager assistant restaurant manager executive chef room service room service manager butlers manager club manager bar_establishment_bar lounge manager manager director events catering assistant director events convention services manager event management event manager catering manager director accounting manager payroll manager purchasing manager property maintenance director engineering chief engineer maintenance manager facilities manager human_resource manager director human_resources human_resources manager training manager manager hotels chief security recreation manager information_technology manager additional management positions may exist additional facilitiesuch hotel owned golf courses casinos spas example service hotel typical organizational chart rise hotel operation may resemble following hotel regional director ownership investors general_manager guest service manager front housekeeping manager chief engineer sales marketing manager food beverage manager administrative functions small_scale hotel accounting payroll human_resources may normally handled centralized corporate office solely hotel_manager additional auxiliary may handled third_party vendor services contracted hotel needed basis hotel_management necessary complete look hotel typical qualifications background training required varies type management position size operation involved industry experience proven basic qualification nearly management occupation within lodging industry degree degree hospitality_management_studies hospitality_management equivalent business degree often strongly preferred employers industry always required higher level graduate degree may desired general_manager type position oftenot required sufficient management experience industry tenure graduate degree may however required higher level position regional vice_president multiple hotel properties general_managers working conditions hotel_managers generally exposed long shifts include late hours weekends holidays due hour operation hotel common hotels fast paced withigh levels interaction guests employees investors managers upper management consisting senior managers department heads general_manager may sometimes enjoy desirable work schedule consisting traditional business day occasional weekends holidays depending size hotel typical hotel_manager day may_include assisting operational duties managing employee performance handling dissatisfied guests managing work schedules purchasing supplies interviewing potential job candidates conducting physical walks inspections hotel facilities public areas additional duties duties may vary day depending needs property manager responsibility also_includes knowing current local events well thevents held hotel property managers often required attend regular 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square san francisco and five blocks from the moscone center the hotel opened in october description the hotel was designed by amtad inc and whisler patri architects and built by takenaka the hotel completed a million renovation commemorating its th anniversary in march the hotel has guest floors elevators a health club spa lounge cabaret room and a restaurant anzu is located on the nd floor and is visible from the lobby the hour health club nikko isq ft and includes a fitness center steam room sauna shiatsu massages and an atrium style poolocated on the th floor there is a sq ft outdoor terrace which includes a dog run both of which completeduring club nikko s renovation in early the terraces provides access to fresh air and naturalighthe hotel has an imperialounge located on the rd floor and is only accessible to gueststaying the imperial floors the lounge offers a light breakfast every morning as well as a wine and beereception every evening both available days a week in hotel nikko was named aaa diamond property and is also a forbestar property restaurant anzu specializes in californian cuisine with asian flare and is open for breakfast lunch andinner the critically acclaimed restautant anzu is overseen by hotel nikko s food and beverage director chef phillippe striffeler was named one ofive recipients of the prestigious antonin car medal presented by the american culinary federation san francisco chapter onovember amenities concierge hour business center hour in room dining restaurant anzu kanpai lounge feinstein s athe nikko laundry cleaning sq ft of event space in house audio visual anzu to you food truck starbucks coffee gift shop nicholas beauty salon beverley hills carental awards outstandingeneral manager of the year anna marie presutti bay area s best and brightest companies to work for by national association for business resources antonin car medal chef phillipe striffeler of restaurant anzu best hotel in the city by the san francisco examiner star of 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website_footnotes hotel nikko san_francisco high rise hotel mason street near union square san_francisco_california storey story hotel hotel_rooms owned llc operated nikko hotels hotel one block away union square san_francisco five blocks center hotel opened october description hotel designed inc architects built hotel completed million renovation commemorating th_anniversary march hotel guest floors health club spa lounge cabaret room restaurant anzu located floor visible lobby hour health club nikko includes fitness center steam room atrium style th_floor outdoor terrace includes dog run club nikko renovation early provides access fresh air hotel located floor accessible imperial floors lounge offers light breakfast every morning well wine every evening available days week hotel nikko named aaa diamond property also property restaurant anzu specializes cuisine asian flare open breakfast lunch andinner critically acclaimed anzu overseen hotel nikko food beverage director chef named one ofive recipients prestigious car medal presented american culinary federation san_francisco chapter onovember amenities concierge hour business center hour room dining restaurant anzu lounge feinstein athe nikko laundry cleaning event space house audio visual anzu food_truck starbucks coffee gift shop nicholas beauty salon hills carental awards manager year anna marie bay_area best companies work national association business resources car medal chef restaurant anzu best hotel city san_francisco examiner star industry award california hotel lodging association category special_events going epa energy star award aaa diamond since see_also nikko hotels francisco_category skyscraper hotels san_francisco category_establishments california_category buildings structures_completed category_hotels"},{"title":"Hotel thief","description":"a hotel thief isomeone who steals items from the rooms of guests at a hotel several factors may attract a thief to a hotel rooms are generally empty for most of the day with few hiding places for valuable possessions outside of a hotel safe which not all guests make use ofurthermore it is comparatively easy for a thief to leave a hotel without arousing suspicion as guests are continually coming and going with luggage althoughotel room security has improved with more advanced locks this has not eradicated hotel theft a thief can enter a room without needing to pick a lock for example by pretending to be a guest who has leftheir key in theiroom items can also be taken while a guest is distracted for example when checking in one of the most prolific hotel thieves was ernest le ford who stole thousands of dollars worth of jewels from hotels inew york city in thearly part of the twentieth century including taking worth from a room athe manhattan square hotel another nineteenth century hotel thief successfully stole worth of goldust from a san francisco hotel category hospitality industry category 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room security improved advanced locks hotel theft thief enter room without needing pick lock example guest key items also taken guest example checking one prolific hotel ernest ford thousands dollars worth hotels inew_york_city thearly part twentieth_century including taking worth room athe manhattan square hotel another nineteenth_century hotel thief successfully worth san_francisco hotel category_hospitality_industry category_theft"},{"title":"Hotelschool The Hague","description":"file hotelschool the hague brusselselaan img jpg thumb hotelschool the hague file hotelschool the hague brusselselaan img jpg thumb hotelschool the hague file hotelschool the hague brusselselaan img jpg thumb the self run restaurant of hotelschool the hague file hotelschool the hague brusselselaan img jpg thumb hotelschool the hague hotelschool the hague is an international university of applied sciencespecialising in hospitality management studies hospitality management located in the hague and in amsterdam the netherlands hotelschool the hague is one of the independent single sector universities of applied sciences in the netherlands hotelschool the hague was founded and funded in by horecaf the former employers organisation in the hotel and catering sector since its foundation the hotelschool has become an international school specialised in hospitality management offering a year bachelor s degree in hotel and hospitality managementhis degree course is also available as the accelerated international fastrack programme in hotelschool the hague opened a campus in amsterdam withe same curriculum as the campus in the hague bachelor of business administration in hotel management hotelschool the hague offers a single bachelor s programme on its campuses in the hague and amsterdam the programme is taught in english for both national as well as international students the four year bachelor s course results in an internationally recognised bachelor of business administration in hotel 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faculty facilities quality management and results of the programme in the hotel school was ranked number of the top hospitality and hotel management schools in the world by ceoworld magazine in hotelschool the hague was ranked among the top hospitality schools worldwide for preparing students for an international career in hospitality managementhe survey was conducted by tns global in hotelschool the hague was described as one of the besthree international centers of hotel management by caterer hotel keeper hotelschool the hague has a group of lecturers with experience in hospitality management education faculty dj russellabour law and legal issues of hospitality r gallicano specialist in food and beverage trends in hospitality d tromp statistical research in the hospitality industry sl feigenbaum services management and strategy g l hepburn ma leiden mapplied ethics utrecht business ethics and corporate social responsibility j lundy australia lecturer management leadership and human 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hotelschool hague opened campus amsterdam withe curriculum campus hague bachelor business_administration hotel_management hotelschool hague offers single bachelor programme campuses hague amsterdam programme taught english national well international students four year bachelor course results internationally recognised bachelor business_administration hotel_managementhe bachelor programme set context hospitality students learn hospitality strategic operational perspective participate two internships abroad university offers fastrack programme students previous hospitality qualifications firstwo years regular bachelor programme five week programme summer withe rest regular course master hospitality_management hotelschool hague offers month full_time programme focus business_development concept innovation change management ranked best master business netherlands international reputation course programmes accredited accreditation organisation netherlands bachelor programme accredited excellent score quality dimensions objectives theducation curriculum personnel faculty facilities quality management results programme hotel school ranked number top hospitality hotel_management schools world_magazine hotelschool hague ranked among top hospitality_schools worldwide preparing students international career hospitality_managementhe survey conducted global hotelschool hague described one international centers hotel_management hotel keeper hotelschool hague group experience hospitality_management education faculty law legal issues hospitality r specialist food beverage trends hospitality statistical research hospitality_industry services management strategy g l ethics business ethics corporate social responsibility j australia lecturer management leadership human_resource management j research hospitality_industry de senior lecturer marketing business_model innovation operations strategic management_category_hospitality_schools category universities 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house sitting is therefore considered a practical solution to managing properties which would otherwise stand vacant for long periods of time in the uk however homeowners are usually careful noto leave their properties in the care of a house sitter for longer than months it is often recommended that an agreement or form of contract is drawn up to ensure both parties are happy withe terms agreed in canada there can be insurance company issues with leaving homes empty for more than four days therefore it is important for homeowners to have someonenter their home at least oncevery four days they are absent hiring a house sitter can provide the support andocumentationeeded in theventhat claimust be made with an insurance company a newly developed version of house sitting whichas gained widespread acceptance is the contracting of house sitters who do not live on premises this house sitting arrangement requires the house sitter to provide regular visits to the homeowner s house the frequency of visits is determined in advance and is not less than the minimum requirements astipulated by the homeowner s insurance policy this type of service can perform similar functions as mentioned above it is becoming more popular as many homeowners do not wish to have someone living in their house while they are away the whole practice is open to negotiationotably as to whether a security deposit is required by the homeowner and whether a money payment should be made from one of the parties involved as itshare of the benefits is larger typically this considered to be the house sitter in lieu of paying for accommodation house sitting is a common way for either people on vacation or long term travelers to reduce the cost of travel thevolution of house sitting and the rise of the sharing economy house sitting has evolved from local paid sitters to networks of international house sitters thatravel the world looking after other peoples home and pets this a yearound phenomenon for people that now can live different and unorthodox lifestyles travelersoon realize the cost of traveling for extended periods can be daunting especially when living on a reduced income that s why house sitting has become an increasingly popular way to live away from home withouthe steeprice tag there are many popular international house sitting networks that matchouse sitters and homeowners allowing house sitters to find free accommodations in exchange for looking after a pet or home while the owners are away on holiday and homeowners to find someone reliable to look after their property or pets house sitters arecruited online and carry theireputations online withemembers of these websites pay annual subscription fee to be part of the network whether they wanto house sit or offer their house and pets up for sitting members can use the service as many times as they like for the duration of their memberships housesit match nomador trusted house sitters and housecarers arexamples of some of the more popular networks moreover these sites cater to pet owners who are happy to look after pets or have their pets looked after according to trusted house sitters percent of house sitting arrangements are due to pets for many peoplespecially parents the cost of pet care during holidays outstrips the cost of taking summer holidays pet sitting often pet sitter simultaneously assume the role of a house sitter while they are caring for a homeowner s pet sitters monitor a number of different animals this may or may not increase the pet sitter standard rate depending on the individual and the number of tasks required if the home pet owner is paying for a house sitter this depends on whether the homeowner is paying a house sitting agency or whether they have found a house pet sitter from a house sitting website that enables them to find house sitters free of charge there are a number of advantages andisadvantages to both including cost reading information about and choice of house pet sitter legal 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without prior arrangement house_sitting therefore considered practical solution managing properties would otherwise stand vacant long_periods time uk however homeowners usually careful noto leave properties care house sitter longer months often recommended agreement form contract drawn ensure parties happy withe terms agreed canada insurance company issues leaving homes empty four days therefore important homeowners home least oncevery four days hiring house sitter provide support made insurance company newly developed version house_sitting whichas gained widespread acceptance house sitters live premises house_sitting arrangement requires house sitter provide regular visits homeowner house frequency visits determined advance less minimum requirements homeowner insurance policy type service perform similar functions mentioned becoming popular many homeowners wish someone living house away whole practice open whether security deposit required homeowner whether money payment made one parties involved benefits larger typically considered house sitter paying accommodation house_sitting common way either people vacation long_term travelers reduce cost travel thevolution house_sitting rise sharing economy house_sitting evolved local paid sitters networks international house sitters thatravel world looking peoples home pets yearound phenomenon people live different lifestyles realize cost traveling extended periods especially living reduced income house_sitting become increasingly_popular way live away home withouthe tag many popular international house_sitting networks sitters homeowners allowing house sitters find free accommodations exchange looking pet home_owners away holiday homeowners find someone reliable look property pets house sitters online carry online websites pay annual subscription fee part network whether wanto house sit offer house pets sitting members use service many_times like duration match trusted house sitters arexamples popular networks moreover sites cater pet owners happy look pets pets looked according trusted house sitters percent house_sitting arrangements due pets many parents cost pet care holidays cost taking summer holidays pet sitting often pet sitter simultaneously assume role house sitter caring homeowner pet sitters monitor number different animals may may increase pet sitter standard rate depending individual number tasks required home pet owner paying house sitter depends whether homeowner paying house_sitting agency whether found house pet sitter house_sitting website enables find house sitters free charge number advantages including cost reading information choice house pet sitter legal requirements secured world withe limiting factor need visas house sitter accepting payment services required tobtain relevant work permit category personal care service occupations_category_tourism"},{"title":"Houseboat","description":"file lakeunionhouseboatjpg righthumb a houseboat on lake union in seattle washington ustate washington usa file floating house iquitosgjpg righthumb floating house on the amazon iquitos peru file country boat in kollam back waterjpg righ thumb a houseboat on ashtamudi lake in kollam city india houseboat different from boathouse which is a shed for storing boats is a boathat has been designed or modified to be used primarily as a home some houseboats are not motorized because they are usually moored kept stationary at a fixed point and often tethered to land to provide utilities however many are capable of operation under their own power float house is a canadiand american term for a house on a float raft a roughouse may be called a shanty boat in western countries houseboats tend to beither owned privately orented outo holiday goers and on some canals in europeople dwell in houseboats all yearound examples of this include but are not limited to amsterdam london and paris in zimbabwe specifically on lake kariba houseboats have been in use since the creation of the lake in the late s early s a houseboat makes it easy to experience the zambezi basin and all the associated wildlife as a lot of game come down to the water for drinking and to cool down hong kong there is a houseboat and fishing community on the southern district hong kong southern side of hong kong island known as aberdeen floating village there was alsone such community in the yau ma tei typhoon shelter file humbleadministrator sgardenjpg thumb houseboat in humble administrator s garden india houseboats as accommodation for tourists are common the backwaters of kerala see below and on the dalake near srinagar in jammu and kashmir kerala houseboats file boat beauty wjpg thumbnaileft a kerala house boat in alappuzha india file house boat jpg thumbnaileft house boat near alleppey kerala india houseboats in kerala south indiare huge slow moving barges used for leisure trips they are a reworked model of kettuvallams in the malayalam language kettu means tied with ropes and vallameans boat which in earlier times were used to carry rice and spice s from kuttanad to the kochindia kochi port kerala houseboats were considered a convenient means of transportation the popularity of kettuvallams has returned in the function as major tourist attractionsuch a houseboat is about long and about wide athe middle the hull is made of wooden planks that are held together by rope s of coconut fiber the usual wood is anjali the roof is made of bamboo poles and palm tree palm leaves thexterior of the boat is painted with protective coats of cashew nut oil kashmir houseboats file houseboat dalake srinagar kashmirjpg thumb houseboat on dalake in srinagar kashmir file kashmir houseboatsjpg thumbnail right house boats onageen lake srinagar jammu kashmir india unlike their kettuvalloms counterparts in kerala the houseboats in srinagar jammu kashmir are usually stationary they are usually moored athedges of the dalake and nageen lakesome of the houseboats there were built in thearly s and are still being rented outo tourists these houseboats are made of wood and usually have intricately carved wood paneling the houseboats are of different sizesome having up to three bedrooms apart from a living room and kitchen many tourists are attracted to srinagar by the charm of staying on a houseboat which provides the uniquexperience of living on the water in a cedar paneled elegant bedroom with all the conveniences of a luxury hotel srinagar s thousand or so houseboats are moored along sections of the dal and nagin lakes and the jhelum river each decorated fancifully and named romantically and even whimsically like hotels houseboats vary in degree of luxury and have been accordingly graded by the department of tourism a luxury houseboat like a luxury hotel has fine furniture good carpets and modern bathroom fittings while the d category the lowest category of houseboats like low budget hotels ispartanly furnished like hotels too houseboats vary widely in their locationsome overlook the main road others look out onto lotus gardens and others face tiny local markets and villages which are also floating on the lake all houseboats regardless of category have highly personalized service not only is there always a houseboy for every boat buthe owner and his family are often close by the cost per day of hiring a houseboat includes all meals and free rides from the houseboato the nearest jetty and back as no houseboat on the lakes is directly accessible from the banks every standard houseboat provides a balcony in the front a lounge dining room pantry and three or more bedrooms with attached bathrooms all houseboats not moored to the bank of the river or lakes provide a shikaras a free service from the houseboato the nearest ghat jetty virtually every houseboat in srinagar has been provided with a municipal water connection in laos houseboats are used to accommodate tourists on the mekong river the houseboats are usually referred to aslow boats and exist in wooden or steel variants file berlin landwehrkanal houseboats jpg thumb houseboats on landwehrkanal berlin the port of hamburg has a sizable water borne community that includes a flussschifferkirche or boatman s church berlin also hasome houseboat neighborhoods notably on the landwehrkanal in friedrichshain kreuzberg file studentenboot zwollejpg thumb left houseboat for students in zwolle netherlands file amsterdamhouseboatseanmccleanjpg thumb right houseboat in amsterdam netherlands in europe some of the finest and costliest examples of houseboats can be seen along the canals of amsterdam which even has houseboat hotels houseboats are very expensive in amsterdam because of the limited number of moorings this expense has reduced the likelihood thathe approximately families that live on the inner waters of amsterdam will find themselves confronted by new neighbor boats the bloemenmarkt is a houseboat borne flower market along the singel amsterdam singel in amsterdam the town of maasbommel is pioneering floating houses with flexible connections for fluids and electricity these are not primarily intended for travel but rather to be safe against floodingamphibious housesdutch answer to flooding build houses that swim spiegel online international accessed october dutch pioneer floating eco homes by alix kroeger bbc news march accessed october staying above water by richard warren financial times march accessed october file houseboats belgrade serbiajpg thumb px left houseboats on ada ciganlija belgrade serbia houseboats are popular forecreation dining and clubbing in serbia they can be seen in large numbers in belgrade on the banks of the danube and sava rivers and on river islands united kingdom file houseboats richmond surrey ukjpg thumb houseboats in richmond london richmond surrey uk file narrowboats at braunstonjpg thumbnail right narrowboats at braunston the grand union canal uk file houseboats at hayling islandjpg thumbnail right beached hull house boats at hayling island uk in the united kingdom canal narrowboat s are used as homes and also as mobile rented holiday accommodationarrowboats were originally used for bulk transport of raw materials and fuel on canals constructed athe start of the industrial revolutionowadays the canal network is mainly used forecreation and is different from typical holiday locations which are usually based in coastal orural areas because canals are inland often pass through many former historical industrial urban areas in coastal regions of the united kingdom the beached hull watercraft hull s of old boats and ships have been used as homes in the past for example peggotty s houseboat of the s in the novel david copperfield today in the very same area hoo peninsula there are hundreds of converted ships barges and other boats being used as homes by many families over people live afloat in great britain liveaboards are attracted to their lifestyle for many reasons including economies of combining home with pleasure closeness to nature camaraderiescape from day to day pressures of life ashoresearchashown that liveaboards are not a subculture actually they are a very diverse group often they have a strong sense of their local community and its environmenthere are a number of residential houseboats moorings in the london port health authority lpha district although a significant number of houseboats are permanent floating residences many are occupied only at weekends and seldomove whilst others may periodically leave the moorings for short cruises the various mooringstretch from broadness creek and benfleet creek in the lower part of the london port health authority district up to twickenham in the upper part many of these are port of london authority pla licensed moorings which also have riparian local authority planning approval for their existence whilst others have neither north america in canada houseboats are gaining popularity in british columbia ontario and quebec as there is an abundance of perfectly suited rivers and lakes for houseboaters to enjoy houseboats in canadare generally motorised and used recreationally rather than as a permanent dwelling this mainly due to cold winter temperatures and accompanying frozen waterways the rideau canal system is a historic waterway known for its picturesque setting and quaint villages the town of sicamous on shuswap lake british columbia isaid to be the houseboat capital of the world float houses arelatively common along the pacificoast a float is a raft like construction or flat bottom boatoxford english dictionary second edition cd rom v oxford university press float a b toronto s bluffer s park is home to a small float home community with properties within the park s marina the homes in toronto are built on concrete barges chained to the lake bottom andocked athe marina to allow residence yearound these homes have no motor and thus are not vessels united states of america file doghouse jpg thumb right a doghouseboat on the charles river in cambridge massachusetts usa file houseboat in floridaspringsjpg thumb right a houseboat in silver glen springs just off lake george florida lake george florida usa file cumberland hb jpg thumb right a modern houseboat in lake cumberland near albany kentucky usa file lake bigeaux houseboatjpg thumb right a houseboat in lake bigeaux near henderson louisiana usa seattle is home to a relatively large collection of houseboats capable of moving under their own power or floating homes houses built on floats in several neighborhoods particularly in lake union and portage bay these began to appear soon after the time ofirst european settlement atheir peak in the first half of the th century there were over suchomes in the city not even counting seaworthy live aboard boats from the firsthey included floating slums of shabby shacks but gentrified houseboats go back at leasto when the yesler way cable careached leschi seattleschi on lake washington and a string of luxury summer getaways none of them surviving today lined the shore from there north to madison park seattle madison park there were about floating homes on lake union and a lesser number elsewhere in the city most houseboats are designed and built for inland lakes and waterways only portland oregon also has many houseboats along bothe willamette river and the columbia river withe neighborhood of hayden island portland oregon hayden island as a prominent example float houses are mostly used on the pacificoast renting houseboats has also become popular in addition houseboats have been used for commerce on the northerneck of virginia chesapeake national bank had a floating bank branch called the boat n bank that provided bank services to watermen halibut cove alaska has one of the only floating post offices in the us mystic island new jersey had a botel hotel for boaters with water access when it started in the s buthe building hasince changed ownership and no longer operates asuch sausalito californialso has one of the most noted collections ofloat homes that were owned at various times by the likes ofamous musicians film stars authors and other notables from the hippiera until even today nearby belvedere s houseboats date to the late s and houseboats in the area were homes to railway men shipping logs to san francisco via the ferry at sausalito like many areas where float homes have taken hold battles have brewed between float home owners local and state government and the local establishment which includes land based home owners float home owners had fought established land based tax schemes whereby float home ownersought reliefrom real estate taxes the state won the battle withe shadow tax allowing the state to make the case that property beneathe float home was improved by the shadow the float home cast upon the bottom forecreation houseboating is a very popularecreational activity for groups of people of all ages aboard houseboats of all varieties ranging fromore modest foot boats to plus luxury houseboat models houseboating is appealing due to the ability to more completely explore the local scenery remain close proximity tother outdoor activities hiking boating beaches etc and finally retain the potential to move the living quarters for a change of view or neighbors on a whim recreational houseboating in the united statestarted in the late s when people were looking to stay on the water for longer periods of time lake cumberland in kentucky is considered the birthplace of houseboating in the usa of america s manufactured houseboats are in the countiesurrounding lake cumberland kentucky has more lake style houseboats thany other place in the world monticello kentucky is known as the houseboat capital of the world today one can find motorized houseboats with over of living space houseboating lakes houseboating on lake powell is a popular vacation option since the glen canyon dam impounds water from the colorado river to form almost of shoreline lake mead the largest man made lake inorth americabout minutes from las vegas new bullards bareservoir in the sierra nevada usierra nevada foothills about minutes from nevada city californiand lake shasta in the mountains just outside redding californiare also popular spots for houseboats fourivers or arms merge to create this the sacramento mccloud squaw creek and pit shasta dam the highest center spillway dam in the world can be found athe southwest corner of the lake shasta caverns can only be reached from the lake houseboating is also common lake cumberland often referred to as the houseboat manufacturing capital of the world as the majority of american built houseboats are manufactured in the countiesurrounding lake cumberland lake cumberland other lakes in the southeast usuch as norris lake tn dale hollow lake ky tn center hillake tn lake lanier gand more offer very favorable houseboating conditions as the geography provides a vast number of coves and fingers that allow houseboats to tie up or anchor away from the main channel and provides the user a peaceful secluded atmosphere due to the large number of houseboat manufacturers located in the southeast us the new and used houseboat marketplace in the southeast is one of the most competitive and affordable areas for houseboats to be purchased in the nation houseboatransporters can also deliver a houseboato any body of water in the us houseboating is also popular on lake amistad trinity lake mohave and lake mead national recreation area inew york state new york houseboats have also become a major part of the great south bay on long island houseboats are also available forental at lake billy chinook in central oregon where waterskiing is popular lake billy chinook has many little coves to anchor the houseboat shanty boats roughly built float houses are sometimes called shanty boats but may be built on a raft or hull in historic logging operations workmen sometimes used an ark river boat ark as mobile dwellings image coomera houseboat holidays on the coomera river gold coastjpg thumb right alt houseboats moored in a river houseboats for hire coomera river gold coast australia in australia especially on the murray river and the sunny coastline of victoriaustralia victoria there are many motorized pontoon boat pontoon based houseboats with twor more bedroomsome of these houseboats have more than one level or multiple stories floorsome are privately owned as either a primary residence or a holiday shack many are also available for hirent aself driven holiday destinations with accommodation for four to perhaps a dozen persons coomera river the great sandy straits near the world s largest sand island fraser island in recentimes the tweed river near barrislanduring the popular tournament crabbing competitions arespecially popular with queenslanders and interstate tourists lakeildon in victoriand the hawkesbury river near sydney inew south wales are popular houseboating areas new zealand inew zealand houseboating is developing as a holiday activity whangaroa harbour onorthland regionorthland s east coast is a land locked harbour that provides houseboating south america in maracaibo venezuela there is a big house called la casa barco which was built by a former captain of the venezuelanavy in the th century the building resembles a real ship with its anchors lifeboats and radars floating on water it is located in the neighborhood la estrella nowadays la casa barco has become a city icon for tourists carbon monoxide from gasoline powered generators file a talk about niosh field studies and partnership co and houseboatswebm thumb a videon mitigating carbon monoxide hazards from houseboats many houseboats use gasoline powered generators the carbon monoxidexhaust from these generators has caused problems for some houseboat inhabitants the us national institute for occupational safety and health in tandem withe us national park service and the us coast guard performed a number of evaluations on air quality particularly carbon monoxide co levels on houseboats beginning in august since that initial investigation over boating related poisonings in the united states have been identified with over of these poisonings resulting in death over of the poisonings occurred on houseboats with more than of these poisonings attributed to generator exhaust alone some houseboat and generator manufacturers have begun working withese agencies to evaluatengineering controls to reduce concentrations in occupied areas on houseboats carbon monoxide dangers in boating national institute for occupational safety and health retrievedecember image shikarat nightjpg houseboat night image houseboat in kashmirjpg houseboat h b indoora image alexzander houseboatjpg alexzandra houseboat image houseboat dalakejpg houseboat dalake see also boathouse a structure which stores boats and boating equipment botel cabin cruiser floating hospital floating restaurant hotelship hulk ship kettuvallam prison ship seasteading stilt housexternalinks houseboat museum amsterdam the case of the hospitable houseboat popular science july pp category boatypes category house types boat category houseboats category tourist 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float house american term house float may called boat western countries houseboats tend beither owned privately outo holiday goers canals dwell houseboats yearound examples_include limited amsterdam london paris zimbabwe specifically lake houseboats use since creation lake late early houseboat makes easy experience zambezi basin associated wildlife lot game come water drinking cool hong_kong houseboat fishing community southern district hong_kong southern side hong_kong island known aberdeen floating village alsone community typhoon shelter file thumb houseboat humble administrator garden india houseboats accommodation tourists common kerala see dalake near srinagar kashmir kerala houseboats file boat beauty kerala house boat india file house boat jpg house boat near kerala india houseboats kerala south indiare huge slow moving barges used leisure trips model language means tied ropes boat earlier times used carry rice spice port kerala houseboats considered convenient means transportation popularity returned function major tourist_attractionsuch houseboat long wide athe middle hull made wooden held together rope coconut fiber usual wood roof made bamboo poles palm tree palm leaves thexterior boat painted protective nut oil kashmir houseboats file houseboat dalake srinagar thumb houseboat dalake srinagar kashmir file kashmir thumbnail_right house boats lake srinagar kashmir india unlike counterparts kerala houseboats srinagar kashmir usually stationary usually moored dalake houseboats built thearly still rented outo tourists houseboats made wood usually carved wood houseboats different three bedrooms apart living_room kitchen many tourists attracted srinagar charm staying houseboat provides uniquexperience living water cedar elegant bedroom luxury hotel srinagar thousand houseboats moored along sections dal lakes river decorated named even like hotels houseboats vary degree luxury accordingly department tourism luxury houseboat like luxury hotel fine furniture good carpets modern bathroom fittings category lowest category houseboats like low budget hotels furnished like hotels houseboats vary widely overlook main road others look onto gardens others face tiny local markets villages also floating lake houseboats regardless category highly personalized service always every boat buthe owner family often close cost per_day hiring houseboat includes meals free rides nearest back houseboat lakes directly accessible banks every standard houseboat provides balcony front lounge dining_room pantry three bedrooms attached bathrooms houseboats moored bank river lakes provide free service nearest virtually every houseboat srinagar provided municipal water connection laos houseboats used accommodate tourists mekong river houseboats usually referred boats exist wooden steel variants file berlin houseboats jpg thumb houseboats berlin port hamburg water borne community includes church berlin also hasome houseboat neighborhoods notably file thumb left houseboat students netherlands file thumb right houseboat amsterdam netherlands europe finest examples houseboats seen along canals amsterdam even houseboat hotels houseboats expensive amsterdam limited number moorings expense reduced likelihood thathe approximately families live inner waters amsterdam find new neighbor boats houseboat borne flower market along amsterdam amsterdam town pioneering floating houses flexible connections electricity primarily intended travel rather safe answer flooding build houses swim spiegel online international accessed_october dutch pioneer floating eco homes bbc_news march accessed_october staying water richard warren financial times_march accessed_october file houseboats belgrade thumb px left houseboats ada belgrade serbia houseboats popular forecreation dining clubbing serbia seen large_numbers belgrade banks danube rivers river islands united_kingdom file houseboats richmond surrey thumb houseboats richmond_london richmond surrey uk file thumbnail_right grand union canal uk file houseboats thumbnail_right hull house boats island uk united_kingdom canal used homes also mobile rented holiday originally used bulk transport raw materials fuel canals constructed athe_start industrial canal network mainly used forecreation different typical holiday locations usually based coastal areas canals inland often pass many former historical industrial urban_areas coastal regions united_kingdom hull hull old boats ships used homes past example houseboat novel david today area peninsula hundreds converted ships barges boats used homes many families people live great_britain attracted lifestyle many reasons including economies combining home pleasure nature day day pressures life subculture actually diverse group often strong sense local_community number residential houseboats moorings london port health authority district although significant number houseboats permanent floating residences many occupied weekends whilst others may periodically leave moorings short cruises various creek creek lower part london port health authority district twickenham upper part many port london authority pla licensed moorings also local authority planning approval existence whilst others neither north_america canada houseboats gaining popularity british_columbia ontario quebec abundance perfectly suited rivers lakes enjoy houseboats generally used rather permanent dwelling mainly due cold winter temperatures accompanying frozen waterways rideau canal system historic waterway known picturesque setting quaint villages town lake british_columbia isaid houseboat capital world float houses arelatively common along pacificoast float like construction flat bottom english_dictionary second edition rom v oxford_university_press float b toronto park home small float home community properties within park marina homes toronto built concrete barges lake bottom athe marina allow residence yearound homes motor thus vessels united_states america_file_jpg thumb right charles river cambridge_massachusetts usa file houseboat thumb right houseboat silver glen springs lake george florida lake george florida usa file cumberland jpg thumb right modern houseboat lake cumberland near albany kentucky usa file lake thumb right houseboat lake near henderson louisiana usa seattle home relatively large collection houseboats capable moving power floating homes houses built several neighborhoods particularly lake union bay began appear soon time ofirst european settlement atheir peak first_half th_century city even counting live aboard boats included floating slums houseboats go back way cable lake washington string luxury summer none surviving today lined shore north madison park seattle madison park floating homes lake union lesser number elsewhere city houseboats designed built inland lakes waterways portland_oregon also many houseboats along bothe river columbia_river withe neighborhood hayden island portland_oregon hayden island prominent example float houses mostly used pacificoast renting houseboats also become_popular addition houseboats used commerce virginia chesapeake national bank floating bank branch called boat n bank provided bank services cove alaska one floating post_offices us mystic island new_jersey hotel boaters water access started buthe building hasince changed ownership longer operates asuch one noted collections homes owned various times ofamous musicians film stars authors even today nearby belvedere houseboats date late houseboats area homes railway men shipping logs san_francisco via ferry like many_areas float homes taken hold battles brewed float home_owners local state government local establishment includes land based home_owners float home_owners fought established land based tax schemes whereby float home real_estate taxes state battle withe shadow tax allowing state make case property beneathe float home improved shadow float home cast upon bottom forecreation houseboating activity groups people ages aboard houseboats varieties ranging fromore modest foot boats plus luxury houseboat models houseboating appealing due ability completely explore local scenery remain close_proximity tother outdoor activities hiking boating beaches etc finally retain potential move living quarters change view neighbors recreational houseboating united late people looking stay water longer periods time lake cumberland kentucky considered birthplace houseboating usa america manufactured houseboats lake cumberland kentucky lake style houseboats thany place world monticello kentucky known houseboat capital world today one find motorized houseboats living space houseboating lakes houseboating lake powell popular vacation option since glen canyon dam water colorado river form almost shoreline lake mead largest man_made lake inorth minutes las_vegas new sierra_nevada usierra nevada minutes nevada city californiand lake shasta mountains outside also_popular spots houseboats arms merge create sacramento mccloud creek pit shasta dam highest center dam world found athe southwest corner lake shasta caverns reached lake houseboating also_common lake cumberland often_referred houseboat manufacturing capital world majority american built houseboats manufactured lake cumberland lake cumberland lakes southeast norris lake dale hollow lake center lake gand offer favorable houseboating conditions geography provides vast number fingers allow houseboats tie anchor away main channel provides user peaceful atmosphere due large_number houseboat manufacturers located southeast us new used houseboat marketplace southeast one competitive affordable areas houseboats purchased nation also deliver body water us houseboating also_popular lake trinity lake lake mead national recreation area inew_york state_new_york houseboats also become major part great south bay long island houseboats also_available lake billy central oregon popular lake billy many little anchor houseboat boats roughly built float houses sometimes_called boats may built hull historic logging operations sometimes used ark river boat ark mobile dwellings image coomera houseboat holidays coomera river gold thumb right_alt houseboats moored river houseboats hire coomera river gold_coast australia australia especially murray river sunny coastline victoriaustralia_victoria many motorized boat based houseboats twor houseboats one level multiple stories privately_owned either primary residence holiday shack many also_available driven holiday destinations accommodation four perhaps dozen persons coomera river great sandy straits near world largest sand island fraser island recentimes tweed river near popular tournament competitions arespecially popular interstate tourists victoriand river near sydney inew south_wales popular houseboating areas new_zealand inew_zealand houseboating developing holiday activity harbour east_coast land locked harbour provides houseboating south_america venezuela big house called la casa built former captain th_century building resembles real ship floating water located neighborhood la nowadays la casa become city icon tourists carbon monoxide gasoline powered generators file talk field studies partnership thumb carbon monoxide hazards houseboats many houseboats use gasoline powered generators carbon generators caused problems houseboat inhabitants us_national institute occupational safety health tandem withe us_national_park service us coast guard performed number air quality particularly carbon monoxide levels houseboats beginning august since initial investigation boating related poisonings united_states identified poisonings resulting death poisonings occurred houseboats poisonings attributed generator alone houseboat generator manufacturers begun working withese agencies controls reduce occupied areas houseboats carbon monoxide dangers boating national institute occupational safety health retrievedecember image houseboat night image houseboat houseboat h b image houseboat image houseboat houseboat dalake see_also boathouse structure stores boats boating equipment cabin cruiser floating hospital floating_restaurant hulk ship prison ship houseboat museum amsterdam case houseboat popular_science july pp category category house types boat category houseboats category_tourist accommodations"},{"title":"HRC Culinary Academy","description":"hrculinary academy is an accredited cooking school culinary school in sofia bulgaria founded in february the academy has more than full time students from nations hrculinary academy is the first culinary school in eastern europe curriculum the academy s culinary arts program is a two year course that preparestudents for careers in the international hotel and culinary art culinary industry the course focuses on hands on training the hrculinary academy program covers a curriculum from knife skills and sauce making to budget ing and menu engineering classes are taught by international chef instructors and guest chefs from around the world the instruction language athe hrculinary academy is english languagenglish students athe academy have the opportunity to work in restaurant or hotel kitchens during their two paid industry placements in europe middleast south africand the united states campus hrc academy facilities include training kitchen s a types of restaurants fine dining fine dining restaurant a la carte kitchen demonstration theatre wine cellar and culinary library the hrc academy features branch locations in bulgaria s capital sofia references externalinks hrculinary academy website training restaurant by hrculinary academy category cooking schools in europe category education in sofia category hospitality schools category educational institutions established in category schools in bulgaria category bulgarian 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two_year course careers international_hotel culinary art culinary industry course focuses hands training hrculinary academy program covers curriculum knife skills sauce making budget ing menu_engineering classes taught international chef instructors guest chefs around world instruction language athe hrculinary academy english_languagenglish students athe academy opportunity work restaurant hotel kitchens two paid industry placements europe middleast south_africand united_states campus academy facilities include training kitchen types restaurants fine_dining fine_dining restaurant la_carte kitchen demonstration theatre wine cellar culinary library academy features branch locations bulgaria capital sofia references_externalinks hrculinary academy website training restaurant hrculinary academy category cooking schools europe_category_education sofia category_hospitality_schools category_educational institutions established category schools bulgaria category cuisine"},{"title":"Hutchings' Illustrated California Magazine","description":"file new almaden quicksilver mine png thumb new almaden quicksilver mine from hutchings california magazine vol i no iii front cover illustration hutchings illustrated california magazine was a magazine published between and in san francisco which played an important role in popularizing california in general and to a largextent yosemite national park in particular publisher and promoter james hutchings was born in towcester england in came to the united states along with a vast wave of europeans that werescaping a maelstrom of economic political and religious oppression in the late shortly after he arrived gold was found in the sierra nevada usierra nevadand hutchings decided to seek his fortune his was a common story insofar as he did not make a good living miningold but what little he did make he invested in addition to attracting settlers to the west coasthe gold rush also broughtechnology in particular printing presses and hutchings learned to make a moderately lucrative living publishing and selling letter sheets which were printed broad sheets purposely left blank on the back so they could be used to write lettersomething akin to large format postcards they became very popular among miners who used them when they wrote home to friends and relatives in theast aside fromaking a living selling the letter sheets as hutchings traveled around california he gained a sense of what was important in the popular mind and came up withe idea of an illustrated magazine the news of the mariposa battalion s incursion into a valley thathe battalion members named yosemite for the purpose of tracking down alleged renegade indians was fairly widely published buthe news focused on the confrontation hutchings was one of the few people to note the mention of a foot waterfall and in when he was first formulating the idea of his illustrated magazine he decided that a trip into that valley might make for interesting stories in the inaugural issue of the magazine in the late spring of he hired artists to join him and when the party arrived in the foothills he hired two mi wuk men as guides as the party came around inspiration pointhey stopped long enough for thomas ayres artisthomas ayres to get a detailed sketch which was published as a lithographic poster that fall the first published image of yosemite valley in june thentire account was published in volume i of the magazine and included five of ayres drawings the magazine was published monthly from july to june five volumes totalthough yosemite was prominent it was a magazine of general interesthat focused on california s nascentourist attractions each issue contained travel narratives ranging from simple day trips out of san francisco to arduous transierra treks longer articles were interspersed with shorter and lighter piecesuch as poetry and tables of interesting facts the magazine popularized a number of well known legendary stories of the west including the pony express grizzly adams and snowshoe thompson the story of the naming of yosemite was first published in the magazine in an article by lafayette bunnellinks to magazine archives the following are links to issues of the magazine on the internet archive direct links to representative articles are also provided note that page numbering continues between issues for example the first page of the august issue is page noteworthy articles our introductory the introductory story on the journey to yosemite july pp the quicksilver mine of new almaden early history of mercury mining near san jose including travel narrative of stage coach ride down the peninsula september ppacking in the mountains details abouthe mule packing industry which supplied the mining camps december pp noteworthy articles mining for gold in california illustrated andetailed explanation of several gold mining methods july pp the history of a letter illustrated andetailed explanation of early california mail delivery january pp noteworthy articlescenes in the valleys and mountains of california illustrated andetailedescription of many early california interior towns may pp how the yo semite valley was discovered and named first written account of the origin of the name by lafayette bunnell may pp noteworthy articles notes and sketches of the washoe country illustrated account of early mining settlements inevada then still part of utah territory april pp noteworthy articles the pony express an early popularization of this transcontinental mail route july pp adventures of james capen adams mountaineer and grizzly bear hunter of california possibly the first published popularization of grizzly adamseptember pp category establishments in california category disestablishments in california category american monthly magazines category city guides category defunct magazines of the united states category english language magazines category local interest magazines category magazinestablished in category magazines disestablished in category magazines published in california category tourismagazines categoryosemite national 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make invested addition attracting settlers west_coasthe gold rush also particular printing presses hutchings learned make moderately lucrative living publishing selling letter sheets printed broad sheets purposely left blank back could used write akin large format postcards became_popular_among used wrote home friends relatives theast aside living selling letter sheets hutchings traveled around california gained sense important popular mind came withe_idea illustrated magazine news battalion valley thathe battalion members named yosemite purpose tracking alleged renegade indians fairly widely published buthe news focused hutchings one people note mention foot waterfall first idea illustrated magazine decided trip valley might make interesting stories inaugural issue magazine late spring hired artists join party arrived hired two men guides party came around inspiration stopped long enough thomas ayres ayres get detailed sketch published poster fall first_published image yosemite valley june thentire account published volume magazine included five ayres drawings magazine_published monthly july june five volumes yosemite prominent magazine general focused california attractions issue contained travel narratives ranging simple day_trips san_francisco treks longer articles shorter lighter poetry tables interesting facts magazine popularized number well_known legendary stories west including pony express grizzly adams thompson story naming yosemite first_published magazine article lafayette magazine archives following links issues magazine internet_archive direct links representative articles also_provided note page numbering continues issues example first page august issue page noteworthy articles introductory introductory story journey yosemite july pp quicksilver mine new early history mercury mining near san_jose including travel narrative stage coach ride peninsula september mountains details abouthe packing industry supplied mining camps december pp noteworthy articles mining gold california illustrated andetailed explanation several gold mining methods july pp history letter illustrated andetailed explanation early california mail delivery january pp noteworthy valleys mountains california illustrated many early california interior towns may pp valley discovered named first written account origin name lafayette may pp noteworthy articles notes sketches country illustrated account early mining settlements inevada still part utah territory april pp noteworthy articles pony express early transcontinental mail route july pp adventures james adams grizzly bear hunter california possibly first_published grizzly pp category_establishments california_category disestablishments california_category american_monthly_magazines_category_city_guides category_defunct magazines united_states category_english_language_magazines category_local_interest_magazines category_magazinestablished category_magazines disestablished category_magazines_published 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clearly defines the scope of new distribution capability ndc enable airlines to respondirectly to shopping requests from travel agents manage order processing and enables true comparison shopping ndc is not a system or a software or a database but it is only a standard to exchange information between airlines and travel agents it is the various it providers who make it into systems and software certification process the ndcertification programanaged by iata confirms the scope and level of a particular organization s capability to provide ndc applications receive and sendc messages the certification program validates thathe ndc messages and application accurately follows the relevant version of the applicable ndc schemas and confirm the certification level iata is the only industry body that manages the ndc message validation and certification process following are the list of airlines who has already deployed andc based solution or working on launching a solution to address the same 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served in a cup sandwiched in a folded slice of bread pandan orainbow bread or between two thin wafer biscuits the ice cream flavors ice cream flavours that are usually sold around town are chocolate chip durian raspberry ripple raspberry ripple chocolate sweet potato yamango adzuki bean red beand sweet corn other flavours include blueberry caff mocha chipeppermint chocolate chip nata de coco matcha strawberry cheese caramel avocado cappucino and more the carts are run by singapore s pioneer generation and they are generally found in crowded public areasuch as the outside of the cathay and many spots along orchard road and bugis philippinesorbetesorbetero see also ice cream van references category commercial vehicles category food trucks category ice cream category street culture category types of 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gelateria while the origins of ice cream are often debated most scholars trace the first ice cream parlor back to france in the th century in francesco procopio del coltelli opened paris first caf the caf procope named by itsicilian founder introduced gelato the french public the dessert waserved to its elite guests in small porcelain bowls until ice cream remained a rare and exotic dessert enjoyed mostly by thelite the introduction of insulated ice houses in the first ice cream factory in pennsylvania in and industrial refrigeration in the s made manufacturing and storing ice creamuch simpler the first ice cream factory was built by jacob fussell a milk dealer who bought dairy products from philadelphia farmers and sold them in baltimore the mass production of ice cream cuthe product s cost significantly making it more popular and more affordable for people of lower classes in thearly s an early form of an ice cream parlor was existent in philadelphia pennsylvania united states that sold all kinds of refreshments as ice cream syrups french cordials cakes clarets of the best kind jellies etc according tone source the first ice cream parlor opened inew york city united states in product overview gelato is italian ice cream that contains more milk and less cream compared to ice cream is denser in consistency and has a smoother texture milk fat in gelato varies from percent up to the latter of which isimilar to standard ice cream gelato parlors often produce their own product and are less likely to serve american style ice cream or soft serve sorbet is a frozen treat made from fruit syrup and ice no milk or cream is used frozen yogurt is a common low fat ice cream alternative with a smooth texture that isimilar to soft serve ice cream all of these frozen products may be sold in ice cream cone s cupsundae s and milkshake some parlors may also sell ice cream cake s ice cream bar s and other pre packaged frozen sweets in addition to frozen dessert productsome modern ice cream parlors also sell a variety of hot fast food s image italian parlourjpg an italian ice cream parlour with varieties of gelato ice cream imagenglish parlourjpg an english ice cream parlour with varieties of traditional ice cream file notz ice cream parlorjpg thumb right entry to an ice cream parlor in the united states parlors vary in terms of environment some only have an order window and outside seating while others have complete indoor facilities additionally some parlors have drive through windowsome parlors remain open all yearound typically in warmer weather locations and others in colder climatestay open only during warmer months particularly fromarch to november for example some ice cream parlors in viennaustria close in the winter months parlors in major metro areas including those in colder climates often remain throughouthe year to satisfy high consumer demand for frozen ice creams yogurts and sorbetsome ice cream parlors in moscow russia offer alcoholic beverages along with ice cream ice cream parlor chains because ice cream parlors are located throughouthe world there are both smallocal franchising franchise s as well as large global enterprisesome of the most notable large global ice cream parlors include baskin robbins ben jerry s bruster s ice cream carvel restaurant carvel cold stone creamery dairy queen dippin dots friendly s h agen dazs and maggiemoo s ice cream and treateryogurtland yogen fr z and sweet frog sweetfrog are notable frozen yogurt parlors just as the size style and selection within each ice cream parlor may differ so may its notoriety each july in the united states in honor of national ice creamonth several prominent publications rank the popularity of ice cream parlors throughouthe united states in traveleisure national geographic business insider food wine and tripadvisor published their top ranked ice cream parlors traveleisure america s best ice cream shops national geographic toplaces to eat ice cream business insider the 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ice_cream gelato frozen consumers ice_cream typically sold regular ice_cream also_called hard packed ice_cream gelato soft serve usually machine limited number chocolate twist mix two customary ice_cream parlors toffer number items parlors often serve ice_cream frozen desserts dishes beaten spoon ice_cream parlours prepare ice_cream ice_cream topped syrup whipped cream milkshake file ice_cream thumb px gelato selections origins ice_cream often scholars trace first ice_cream parlor back france th_century francesco del opened paris first caf caf named founder introduced gelato french public dessert waserved elite guests small porcelain bowls ice_cream remained rare exotic dessert enjoyed mostly thelite introduction ice houses first ice_cream factory pennsylvania industrial made manufacturing storing ice simpler first ice_cream factory built jacob fussell milk dealer bought dairy products philadelphia farmers sold baltimore mass production ice_cream product cost significantly making popular affordable people lower classes thearly early form ice_cream parlor existent philadelphia_pennsylvania united_states sold kinds ice_cream french cakes best kind etc according tone source first ice_cream parlor opened inew_york_city united_states product overview gelato italian ice_cream contains milk less cream compared ice_cream consistency texture milk fat gelato varies percent latter isimilar standard ice_cream gelato parlors often produce product less likely serve american style ice_cream soft serve frozen treat made fruit syrup ice milk cream used frozen yogurt common low fat ice_cream alternative smooth texture isimilar soft serve ice_cream frozen products may sold ice_cream cone milkshake parlors may_also sell ice_cream cake ice_cream bar pre packaged frozen sweets addition frozen dessert modern ice_cream parlors also_sell variety hot fast_food image italian italian ice_cream parlour varieties gelato ice_cream english ice_cream parlour varieties traditional ice_cream file ice_cream thumb right entry ice_cream parlor united_states parlors vary terms environment order window outside seating others complete indoor facilities additionally parlors drive parlors remain open yearound typically warmer weather locations others open warmer months particularly fromarch november example ice_cream parlors viennaustria close winter months parlors major metro areas including climates often remain throughouthe year satisfy high consumer demand frozen ice_creams ice_cream parlors moscow russia offer alcoholic_beverages along ice_cream ice_cream parlor chains ice_cream parlors located throughouthe_world franchising franchise well large global notable large global ice_cream parlors include robbins ben jerry ice_cream restaurant cold stone dairy queen friendly h ice_cream sweet frog notable frozen yogurt parlors size style selection within ice_cream parlor may differ may notoriety july united_states honor national ice several prominent publications rank popularity ice_cream parlors throughouthe_united_states traveleisure national_geographic business insider food wine tripadvisor published top ranked ice_cream parlors traveleisure america best ice_cream shops national_geographic eat ice_cream business insider best ice_cream shops us according users food wine best ice_cream spots us tripadvisor best ice_cream parlors us ranked tripadvisor also_list ice_cream brands list ice_cream flavors list yogurt companies externalinks_category ice_cream parlors category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Ice cream van","description":"image vintage ice cream truckjpg thumb vintage ice cream truck in harper woods michigan united states an ice cream van british english british or ice cream truck american english american is a commercial vehicle that serves as a mobile retail outlet for ice cream usually during the summer ice cream van s are often seen parked at public events or near park s beach es or other areas where people congregate ice cream vans often travel near where children play outside school s in residential areas or in other locations they usually stop briefly before moving on to the next street image hollywood cone ice cream truck jpg lefthumb hollywood cone soft ice cream truck in torontontario canada ice cream vans are often brightly decorated and carry images of ice cream or some other adornment such as cartoon character s they may have painted onotices which can serve a commercial purpose stop me and buy one or a more serious one don t skid on a kid serving as a warning to passing motorists that children may run out into the road athe sight of the van or appear without warning from behind it along the sides a large sliding window acts as a serving hatch and this often covered with small pictures of the available products witheir associated prices a distinctive feature of ice cream vans is their melodichimes and often these take the form of a famous and recognizable tune usually in the united states usa mister softee the mister softee jingle turkey in the straw do your ears hang low pop goes the weasel thentertainerag thentertainer music box dancer home on the range it s a small world a tune from the opera le devin du village more commonly known as the american folk songo tell aunt rhody the picnic a japanese children song usually played with a recording of a woman saying hello athend of the song on ice cream trucks or camptown races or in australia new zealand the united kingdom greensleeves it s now or never song it s now or never song whistle while you work in crewe and nantwich you are my sunshine in vale royal teddy bears picnic in sheffield and match of the day in other places in some places in the us ice cream trucks play the song ice cream by andre nickatina essentially justurkey in the strawith bass image ice cream truck sydney australia croppng thumb right ford transit ice cream van in sydney australia image conequeenoperatorjpg thumb right ice cream van in brisbane australia most ice cream vans tend to sell both pre manufactured ice pop s in wrappers and soft serve ice cream from a machine served in a cone and often with a flake chocolate flake in britain or a sugary syrup flavoured with for example strawberry soft serve ice cream iserved topped with sprinkles for a slight extra charge while franchises or chains are rare within the ice cream truck community mostrucks are independently owned run some do exist in some locations ice cream van operators have diversified to fill gaps in the market economics market for soft drinks using their capacity forefrigeration refrigerated storage to sell chilled cans and bottles early ice cream vans carried simple ice cream during a time when most families did not own a freezer as freezers became more commonplace ice cream vans moved towardselling novelty ice cream itemsuch as bars and popsicles early vans used relatively primitive techniques theirefrigeration was ensured by large blocks of dry ice so thengine was always turned off when the van wastopped for sales the chimes were operated by a handriven crank or a take offrom thengine so they were not heard as often modern chimes are always electrically operated and amplified in asia file cambodia ice creamotorcyclejpg thumb motorcycle with attachment for ice cream vending in cambodia in southeast asia n countries including thailand cambodia ice cream is often sold fromodified motorcycles with freezer sidecars tunes played range from theme from titanic to the virginia company from pocahontas film disney s pocahontas file hk mobilesoftee saikungjpg righthumb px mobile softee ice cream van atsim sha tsui ferry pier in hong kong in hong kong ice cream vans operated by mobile softee serve soft ice creams and popcicles as in the united kingdom the vans play the blue danube to attract customers as the hong kongovernment no longer issues new mobile hawker licenses the company is restricted to just vans in all of hong kong there is usually one ice cream van parked outside the star ferry terminal on hong kong island on haiphong road in tsim sha tsui some organised crime syndicates used them for money laundering the proceeds of crime and as a front for drug dealing in australiand new zealand the original mrwhippy company commenced operations in sydney australia in october the vans were an instant hit withe australian public and soon appeared in most capital cities and larger towns approximately uk built commer karrier vans were imported to australia in thearly s precious few of these much loved original vans have survived today the staffamily of hervey bay queensland have been continuously operating ice cream vansince bob staff commenced working for the original mr whippy company in as a driver and later as a supervisor the family provided historical information stories and photos for british author steve tillyer s book the mr whippy story published in the family are dedicated to preserving these vintage mr whippy vans and continue operate a small fleet of s commer karrier whippy vans the immaculately presented vans feature their original italian carpigianice creamachinery the friend family of adelaide south australia were the firstown and operate ice creams vans on the streets of adelaide ice cream vans colloquially known as mr whippy vans are very popular near beaches parks and at major events in cities and towns most of the population buys the ice creams with standard cone or waffle cone there are a number of businesses that build custom ice cream vansuch as majors group mobile van builders nz and other business in australiand new zealand the first mr whippy business was adopted inew zealand in this was when the mr whippy brand began taking shape and worked towards creating a household name in the nation athis time the mr whippy brand was well established in the uk and australiand met rapid success and expansion inew zealand throughouthe s and s the brand name and business flourished as the lifestyles of kiwis changed mr whippy continued to remain a national icon representing the popular outdoor lifestyle and family values the soft serve ice cream sold in vans was popular among all kiwis it was much later that mr whippy also started its fixed sites inew zealand it started these sites at malls and shopping centres to testhe response of the community bothe mobile services as well as the fixed site services have been a great success today there are around mr whippy franchisees operating trucks and trading from northland regionorthland to southland region southland the mobile services franchise has also planned for a country wide rollout for fixed sites previously mr whippy was part of nz milk products which merged into fonterra in prior to this taylor freeze owned mr whippy and was also responsible for the reorganization of the franchising system over the past years the business has undergone a majorefurbishment into a modern franchise system under current owners flying kiwi holdings ltd mr whippy has grown dramatically and its brand products ensure it remains a much loved icon inew zealand home ice cream is another famous australian brand of ice cream the company is well known for its distribution system having over franchises from darwin to melbourne selling ice cream by the box unlike other ice cream vans in australia in canada file icecreamvantorontojpg thumb ice cream van in toronto ice cream trucks first appeared in toronto in the mid s they are a popular fixture and local torontonian tradition most are independently owned and operated in there are still numerous trucks operated by the same toronto vendors of the s and s outside city hall theaton center hospital row university avenue convention center lakefront royal ontario museum the beaches and at mirvish village at honest ed s the majority of truck operators are of greek descenthere are presently over ice cream trucks on the road in the greater toronto area delivering on side streets or in stationed positions products featured in the ice cream trucks include traditional soft serve treats conesundaes floatshakes parfaits blizzards cartwheels banana splits that are submerged with colourful coatings and toppingslush puppies and novelty frozen treats that are shipped from the us and part of the american ice cream truck culture ice cream distributors make ice cream fresh daily with premium quality cream unlike cheap versions found in chain stores while food trucks have gained some popularity in recent years given the television series food truck wars on the food network their heyday has long fizzled they were far more popular in the s and s when many street festival started popping up with little variety it is common to see vendors at variousporting events marchestreet festivals in parks and just about anywhere there is a crowd ice cream trucks have changed appearance over the years most are gruman painted white withand painted art in the late s the artwork first appeared on the truck owned and operated outside honest ed s today that artwork is a part of the tradition and seen on all trucksome recentrucks have been custom fabricated with unique quirky designsuch as the whirly s ice cream trucks in peru rather than vans or motorcycles ice cream sellers use an adapted bicycle to travel around the land witheir product using a trumpet rather than a music player they attract attention and mark their presence in beachesome gon foot with a special portable box to carry them in the nordicountries inordicountries the nordicountries the light blue hjem is trucks provide door to door sales of bulk pre packed ice cream the company is well known for its distribution system selling ice cream by the box unlike ice cream vans elsewhere in the world in the united kingdom image w ppy cps jpg righthumb a wall s ice cream ford transit van parked in clacton england image h eeu cps jpg righthumb a ford transit based ice cream van in colchester england there are mainly two types of ice cream vans in the united kingdom a hard van which sellscoop ice cream and is only equipped with a freezer and a soft van whichas a freezer and also a soft serve whippy machine for serving ice cream cone s and screwball ice cream screwballs they are usually converted from factory standard vans withe rear cut away and replaced with a fibre glass body to reduce the weight because of the climate of the united kingdom british climate running an ice cream van profitably is not only very difficult outside summer but is also an unpredictable business a summer heatwave climate heatwave can provoke a massive upturn in fortunes for a few days but after the weather has returned to a milder character sales drop off dramatically the need to take advantage of rare and short lived opportunities can result in fierce rivalry between ice cream vans in coterminous areas withe main disputes being over who is entitled to sell ice cream in a particular patch this has also led to some ice cream van vendors diversity business diversifying and selling other productsuch as crisps french fried potatoes chips burgers or hot dog s from their vehicles at other times of the year in a number of local authority areas particularly in london boroughs with existing street marketstreetrading regulations prohibit ice cream vans from remaining in one static location the legislation also contains powers to ban ice cream vans from specific streets proposals in the current london local authorities bill would allow only minutes trading per vehicle per street each day there also exists a nationwide code of practice for the use of chimes which limits the volume to db and the duration to four seconds buthese are rarely observed nor enforced chimes must not be played more often than every three minutes near hospitalschools and churches when they are in use also in scotland ice cream vans have been used to sell smuggled cigarettes and in the s glasgow ice cream wars as front organization s to sell illicit drugs the uk ice cream van industry has historically been a cash only industry however in keeping with public retail trends markes ices in kent claim it was the firsto introduce chip and pin to all their ice cream vans in the united states image jackandjilltruckjpg thumb right jack and jill ice cream truck in kentlands maryland united states apart from ice cream ice cream trucks may also sell snow cone s italian ice or italian ice water ice snack soft drink sodas and candy many trucks carry a sign in the shape of a stop sign that warns other drivers of children crossing the streeto buy food or ice cream they also play music to attract consumers to their trucks withe advent of social media networking many ice cream truck operators aredefining the traditional business model not satisfied withe traditional approach of cruising for customersome operatorsuch as gourmet ice cream sandwich maker coolhaus are developing followings on social media sites and announcing the location of their trucks novelty ice cream trucks professionally built ice cream trucks that sell prepackaged foods novelty trucks use commercial cold plate freezers that plug in overnight and when unplugged maintain their temperature for at least hours music systems are mechanical such as pianos or more commonly digital devices that have no tape or other moving parts each music box may be able to play one or multiple tunes the opening on the side that driverserve from is commonly referred to as a serving window and usually has a serving counter awnings can be attached to trucks over the serving window safety equipment usually comes in the form of an electric or vacuum swing out sign that may resemble a stop sign or a triangular shape as well as vinylettering or decals that advise others to use caution good humor is one of the most commoname brand ice cream trucks in america soft ice cream trucks a soft ice cream truck sellsoft serve ice cream instead of pre packaged novelties alone these trucks are not seen as often in the united states presumably because of thextra costs associated with building such a truck these trucks vary in their construction and how they power the machines on board power sources include an onboard generator an inverter system or power can be supplied from the vehicle s engine file london ice cream van at event with pearly king and queenjpg ice cream van at an event in the united kingdom image ice cream van interiorjpg the interior of an ice cream van with its enormous freezer image frosty treats vanjpg an chevrolet van used as an ice cream truck in metropolitan louisville kentucky louisville united states image conequeentruck rainbowjpg cone queen truck from brisbane australia file ice cream van at heath village fete derbyshirejpg a ford transit based ice cream van in the united kingdom file ice cream van helsinki helsingfors jpg finnish ice cream van ford transit in helsinki finland file ice cream vans for hire kent londonjpg ice cream vans in the united kingdom file ice cream van hire in london and kentjpg ice cream vans in the united kingdom file coolhaus truck with natashand freyajpg coolhaus gourmet ice cream truck in the united statesee also doner kebab good humor ice cream cart food truck refrigerator truck externalinks category ice cream van category vans category types of restaurants category street culture category food trucks category ice cream 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serving warning passing motorists children may run road athe sight van appear without warning behind along sides large window acts serving often covered small pictures available products witheir associated prices distinctive feature ice_cream vans often take form famous recognizable tune usually united_states usa softee softee jingle turkey straw ears hang low pop goes weasel music box dancer home range small world tune opera village commonly_known american folk tell aunt picnic japanese children song usually played recording woman saying athend song ice_cream trucks races australia new_zealand united_kingdom never song never song whistle work crewe sunshine vale royal teddy bears picnic sheffield match day places places us ice_cream trucks play song ice_cream andre essentially bass image ice_cream truck sydney_australia thumb right ford transit ice_cream van sydney_australia image thumb right ice_cream van brisbane australia ice_cream vans tend sell pre manufactured ice pop soft serve ice_cream machine served cone often chocolate britain sugary syrup flavoured example soft serve ice_cream iserved topped slight extra charge franchises chains rare within ice_cream truck community independently owned run exist locations ice_cream van operators diversified fill gaps market economics market soft_drinks using capacity storage sell cans bottles early ice_cream vans carried simple ice_cream time families freezer freezers became commonplace ice_cream vans moved novelty ice_cream itemsuch bars early vans used relatively primitive techniques ensured large blocks dry ice thengine always turned van sales chimes operated take offrom thengine heard often modern chimes always electrically operated amplified asia file cambodia ice thumb motorcycle ice_cream vending cambodia southeast_asia n countries_including thailand cambodia ice_cream often sold freezer tunes played range theme titanic virginia company film disney file righthumb_px mobile softee ice_cream van sha tsui ferry pier hong_kong hong_kong ice_cream vans operated mobile softee serve soft ice_creams united_kingdom vans play blue danube attract customers hong_kongovernment longer issues new mobile hawker licenses company restricted vans hong_kong usually one ice_cream van parked outside star ferry terminal hong_kong island road sha tsui organised crime used money proceeds crime front drug dealing australiand_new_zealand original company commenced operations sydney_australia october vans instant hit withe australian public soon appeared capital cities larger towns approximately uk built vans imported australia thearly precious much loved original vans survived today hervey bay queensland continuously operating ice_cream bob staff commenced working original whippy company driver later supervisor family provided historical information stories photos british author steve book whippy story published family dedicated preserving vintage whippy vans continue operate small fleet whippy vans presented vans feature original italian friend family adelaide south_australia operate ice_creams vans streets adelaide ice_cream vans colloquially known whippy vans popular near beaches parks major events cities towns population buys ice_creams standard cone waffle cone number businesses build custom ice_cream group mobile van builders business australiand_new_zealand first whippy business adopted inew_zealand whippy brand began taking shape worked towards creating household name nation athis time whippy brand well_established uk australiand met rapid success expansion inew_zealand throughouthe brand_name business flourished lifestyles kiwis changed whippy continued remain national icon representing popular outdoor lifestyle family values soft serve ice_cream sold vans popular_among kiwis much later whippy also started fixed sites inew_zealand started sites malls shopping centres testhe response community bothe mobile services well fixed site services great success today around whippy franchisees operating trucks trading southland region southland mobile services franchise also planned country wide rollout fixed sites previously whippy part milk products merged prior taylor freeze owned whippy also responsible reorganization franchising system past_years business modern franchise system current_owners flying holdings ltd whippy grown dramatically brand products ensure remains much loved icon inew_zealand home ice_cream another famous australian brand ice_cream company well_known distribution system franchises darwin melbourne selling ice_cream box unlike ice_cream vans australia canada file thumb ice_cream van toronto ice_cream trucks first_appeared toronto mid popular local tradition independently owned operated still numerous trucks operated toronto vendors outside city_hall center hospital row university avenue convention_center royal ontario museum beaches village honest ed majority truck operators greek presently ice_cream trucks road greater toronto area delivering side streets positions products featured ice_cream trucks include traditional soft serve treats banana colourful novelty frozen treats shipped us part american ice_cream truck culture ice_cream distributors make ice_cream fresh daily premium quality cream unlike cheap versions found chain stores food_trucks gained popularity recent_years given television_series food_truck wars food_network heyday long far popular many street festival started little variety common see vendors events festivals parks anywhere crowd ice_cream trucks changed appearance years painted white painted art late artwork first_appeared truck owned operated outside honest ed today artwork part tradition seen custom fabricated unique ice_cream trucks peru rather vans ice_cream sellers use adapted bicycle_travel around land witheir product using rather music player attract attention mark presence gon foot special portable box carry nordicountries nordicountries light blue trucks provide door door sales bulk pre packed ice_cream company well_known distribution system selling ice_cream box unlike ice_cream vans elsewhere world united_kingdom image w_jpg_righthumb wall ice_cream ford transit van parked england image h jpg_righthumb ford transit based ice_cream van england mainly two types ice_cream vans united_kingdom hard van ice_cream equipped freezer soft van whichas freezer also soft serve whippy machine serving ice_cream cone ice_cream usually converted factory standard vans withe rear cut away replaced fibre glass body reduce weight climate united_kingdom british climate running ice_cream van difficult outside summer also unpredictable business summer climate massive days weather returned character sales drop dramatically need take_advantage rare short_lived opportunities result fierce rivalry ice_cream vans areas withe main disputes entitled sell ice_cream particular patch also led ice_cream van vendors diversity business selling productsuch french fried potatoes chips burgers hot_dog vehicles times year number local authority areas particularly london_boroughs existing street regulations prohibit ice_cream vans remaining one static location legislation also contains powers ban ice_cream vans specific streets proposals current london local_authorities bill would allow minutes trading per vehicle per street day also exists nationwide code practice use chimes limits volume duration four seconds buthese rarely observed enforced chimes must played often every three minutes near churches use also scotland ice_cream vans used sell cigarettes glasgow ice_cream wars front organization sell illicit drugs uk ice_cream van industry historically cash industry however keeping public retail trends kent claim firsto introduce chip pin ice_cream vans united_states image thumb right jack jill ice_cream truck maryland united_states apart ice_cream ice_cream trucks may_also sell snow cone italian ice italian ice water ice snack soft_drink candy many trucks carry sign shape stop sign drivers children crossing streeto buy food ice_cream also play music attract consumers trucks withe_advent social_media networking many ice_cream truck operators traditional business_model satisfied withe traditional approach cruising gourmet ice_cream sandwich maker coolhaus developing social_media sites announcing location trucks novelty ice_cream trucks professionally built ice_cream trucks sell foods novelty trucks use commercial cold plate freezers plug overnight maintain temperature least hours music systems mechanical commonly digital devices moving parts music box may able play one multiple tunes opening side commonly_referred serving window usually serving counter attached trucks serving window safety equipment usually comes form electric vacuum swing sign may resemble stop sign triangular shape well advise others use good humor one brand ice_cream trucks america soft ice_cream trucks soft ice_cream truck serve ice_cream instead pre packaged alone trucks seen often united_states presumably costs associated building truck trucks vary construction power machines board power sources include onboard generator system power supplied vehicle engine file london ice_cream van event king ice_cream van event united_kingdom image ice_cream van interiorjpg interior ice_cream van enormous freezer image frosty treats van used ice_cream truck metropolitan louisville_kentucky louisville united_states image cone queen truck brisbane australia file ice_cream van heath village ford transit based ice_cream van united_kingdom file ice_cream van helsinki jpg finnish ice_cream van ford transit helsinki finland file ice_cream vans hire kent ice_cream vans united_kingdom file ice_cream van hire london ice_cream vans united_kingdom file coolhaus truck coolhaus gourmet ice_cream truck united_statesee also doner kebab good humor ice_cream cart food_truck refrigerator truck externalinks_category ice_cream van category vans category_types restaurants_category street culture_category food_trucks category ice_cream vans"},{"title":"Icebar Orlando","description":"icebar orlando stylized as icebar orlando is an ice bar located international drive in orlando floridat over the company claims that it is the world s largest permanent ice bar its decor furniture and glassware constructed entirely of ice and the bar also has various ice sculpture ice carving s icebar orlando also runs a bar and nightclub named the fire lounge which is located nexto the ice bar and is maintained at a standard room temperature file vodkat icebar orlandojpg thumb upright vodka bottles in an ice sculpture at icebar orlando alt vodka in an ice sculpture at icebar orlando icebar orlando is composed of over ton s of carved ice and is maintained at a temperature of its interior including the furniture such as couches tables and chairs wallsculptures and various decor is entirely constructed out of ice it also has a fireplace sculpted in the appearance of old man winter which is fired with lowatt electric flames icebar orlando was first sculpted by aaron costic an ohio based artisthe facility was later expanded in by ice sculptor david berman in the projected monthly electric bill for icebar orlando was bioclimatic filters are used to reducelectricity costs people of all ages are allowed to visit icebar orlando and are provided with an insulated thermal cape and gloves to endure the coldness and keepatrons comfortable an admission fee is charged adults are provided with an alcoholic drink and those under the legal drinking age of are provided with a non alcoholic drinks are served in glasses made out of ice by servers wearing fur hats and snow suits for safety reasons visitors are allowed to remainside the ice bar for only minutes and the bar also serves warm drinkstaff is on a rotational schedule whereby they are in the facility for minutes and then outside of it for minutesome staff membersuch as bartenders bundle up in severalayers of clothing to keep warm events are hosted at icebar orlando such as annual new year s eve masquerade ball it has been described as a popular meeting place in central florida the fire lounge the fire lounge stylized as fire lounge is a bar and nightclub that is also located at icebar orlando and is maintained at a normal room temperature visitors to icebar orlando are first led through the fire lounge where they are provided with gloves and a thermal cape in mass media icebar orlando has been featured in extreme barhopping on the travel channel america s best cook on the food network andrinking madeasy with comedian zane lamprey on hdnet externalinks category bars category buildings and structures in orlando florida category drinking establishments category nightclubs in the united 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international drive orlando company claims world largest permanent ice bar decor furniture constructed entirely ice bar_also various ice sculpture ice carving icebar_orlando also runs bar nightclub named fire lounge located nexto ice bar maintained standard room temperature file icebar thumb upright vodka bottles ice sculpture icebar_orlando alt vodka ice sculpture icebar_orlando icebar_orlando composed ton carved ice maintained temperature interior including furniture tables chairs various decor entirely constructed ice also fireplace appearance old man winter fired electric icebar_orlando first aaron ohio based facility later expanded ice sculptor david projected monthly electric bill icebar_orlando used costs people ages allowed visit icebar_orlando provided thermal cape gloves endure comfortable admission fee charged adults provided alcoholic drink legal drinking_age provided non_alcoholic drinks served glasses made ice servers wearing fur hats snow suits safety reasons visitors allowed ice bar minutes bar_also_serves warm schedule whereby facility minutes outside staff bartenders clothing keep warm events hosted icebar_orlando annual new year eve masquerade ball described popular meeting_place central florida fire lounge fire lounge fire lounge bar nightclub also located icebar_orlando maintained normal room temperature visitors icebar_orlando first led fire lounge provided gloves thermal cape mass media icebar_orlando featured extreme travel_channel america best cook food_network andrinking madeasy comedian externalinks_category bars category_buildings structures orlando_florida_category_drinking_establishments category_nightclubs united_states"},{"title":"Identity tourism","description":"identity tourism research dates back to a special issue of annals of tourism research annals of tourism research guest edited by pierre l van den berghe and charles f keyes this volumexamines the ways in which tourism intersects withe re formation and revision of various forms of identity particularly ethnic and cultural identitiesince thatime variouscholars havexamined the intersection between dimensions of identity and tourism an important early contribution to the study of identity tourism was lanfant allcock and bruner s edited volume international tourism identity and change international tourism identity and change retrieved on february as withe keyes and van den berghe special issue of annals of tourism research this volume moved us away from studying the impact of tourism on identity to investigating the intersection of tourism and identity in more dynamic ways among other things looking at how local and tourist identities are mutually constructed likewise michel picard and robert wood s path breaking edited volume tourism ethnicity and the state in asiand pacific societies university of hawaii press examined the ways in which tourism intersections with ethnicultural regional and national identities as well as withe political agendas of pacific island southeast asian states tourism ethnicity and the state in asiand pacific societies retrieved on february abrams waldren and mcleod s volume tourists and tourism identifying with people and places tourists and tourism identifying with people and places alsoffered compelling case studies examining issuesurrounding the construction of identity in the context of tourism among other things the chapters in their volume investigated tourists views of themselves and others in the course of their travels the relationship of travelers to resident populations and the ways in which tourists quests for authenticity arentangled witheir own sensibilities aboutheir own identities various case studies of tourism and identity merit mention heredward bruner s edward bruner article the masai and the lion king authenticity nationalism and globalization in african tourism offers a penetrating examination of how various kenyan tourist sites entail displays of particular identities masai colonialist etc and how tourists engagements withese identity displays are varied nuanced and complex articulating witheir ownarrativesensibilities about african heritage and quests kathleen m adams work on tourism identity and the arts in toraja indonesia illustrates how tourism is drawn upon by different members of the community to elaborate different dimensions of identity in art as politics re crafting tourism identities and power in tana toraja indonesiart as politics re crafting tourism identities and power in tana toraja indonesia retrieved on february adams documents how tourism challenges older elite identities in the community reconfiguring artistic and ritual symbols once associated with elites as broader symbols of toraja ethnic group identity amanda stronza s amanda stronza work on tourism and identity in the amazon has illustrated how tourism appears to be causing new differentiation of identities within the community she researched see through a new mirroreflections on tourism and identity in the amazon a edited volume by burns and novelli alsoffers a number of case studies on the topic of tourism and social identities cyberspace themergence of the internet as a venue of identity expression is also relevanto theme of tourism and identity a edited volume on tourism social media transformations in identity community and culture by hospitality and businesschool scholarspotlightsome of these issues as moreover there are various programs and applicationsuch as chat rooms forums muds moos mmorpgs and others in which a user is allowed to establish an identity in that particular space this online identity could be different from a user s physical identity in race gender height weight or even species in chat rooms and forums a user creates their identity through text and the way they interact with others in mmorpgs users create a visual representation of their identity an avatar this allows users to easily tour more than just ethnic and cultural identities withe development of the internet and virtual reality identity tourism can become more salienthan previously thought with virtual reality for example a those who identify as transgender could create that identity in an mmorpg or forum lisa nakamura l race in for cyberspace identity tourism and racial passing on the internet retrieved on october hastudied identity tourism in cyberspace using ito describe the process of appropriating an identity involving another gender and orace than one s own on the web this kind of cyber identity tourismainly refers to the webut also touch other media formsuch as video games flew t and humphreys games technology industry culture new median introduction oxford university pressouth melbourne being able tour the internet with a new identity opens the possibility of the net being an identifiable space category identity category virtual communities category 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identity tourism important early contribution study identity tourism bruner edited volume international_tourism identity change international_tourism identity change retrieved_february withe van den special issue annals tourism_research volume moved us away studying impact tourism identity investigating intersection tourism identity dynamic ways among things looking local tourist identities constructed likewise michel robert wood path breaking edited volume tourism ethnicity state asiand pacific societies university hawaii press examined ways tourism_regional national identities well withe political pacific island southeast_asian states tourism ethnicity state asiand pacific societies retrieved_february volume tourists tourism identifying people places tourists tourism identifying people places alsoffered case_studies examining construction identity context tourism among things chapters volume investigated tourists views others course travels relationship travelers resident populations ways tourists authenticity witheir aboutheir identities various case_studies tourism identity merit mention bruner edward bruner article lion king authenticity nationalism globalization african tourism offers examination various kenyan tourist_sites entail displays particular identities etc tourists withese identity displays varied complex witheir african heritage kathleen adams work tourism identity arts toraja indonesia illustrates tourism drawn upon different members community elaborate different dimensions identity art politics tourism identities power toraja politics tourism identities power toraja indonesia retrieved_february adams documents tourism challenges older elite identities community artistic ritual symbols associated broader symbols toraja ethnic group identity amanda amanda work tourism identity amazon illustrated tourism appears causing new identities within community researched see new tourism identity amazon edited volume burns alsoffers number case_studies topic tourism_social identities cyberspace themergence internet venue identity expression also relevanto theme tourism identity edited volume tourism_social_media transformations identity community culture hospitality businesschool issues moreover various programs chat rooms forums others user allowed establish identity particular space online identity could different user physical identity race gender height weight even species chat rooms forums user creates identity text way interact others users create visual representation identity allows_users easily tour ethnic cultural identities withe development internet virtual_reality identity tourism become previously thought virtual_reality example identify could create identity forum lisa l race cyberspace identity tourism racial passing internet retrieved_october identity tourism cyberspace using ito describe process identity involving another gender one web kind cyber identity refers also touch media video_games flew games technology industry culture new median introduction oxford_university melbourne able tour internet new identity opens possibility net space category identity category virtual communities category_tourism"},{"title":"Ikechi Uko","description":"birth place abia state nigeria occupation media consultantourism development expert organizations akwaabafrican travel market accra weizo abuja bantaba port harcourt bantaba years active present spouse married with children website ikechi uko born january andrew irokungbowadventures of ikechi uko new telegraph march retrieved on september is a nigerian travel business consultantravel promoter tourism development expert pan africanist ikechi uko shares thoughts on tourism the african dream septemberetrieved on september media consultant journalist and author he is the organizer of akwaabafrican travel markethe only international travel fair in west africaccra weizo abuja bantaband port harcourt bantaba he is the project director of seven wonders of nigeria naija wonders ceof jedidah promotions an international mediand tourismarketing firm for airlines hotels andestinations across africa ikechi uko appointed as carnival calabar consultant nigerian tribune septemberetrieved on september and publisher of africa travel quarterly magazine and atqnewscom early life ikechi uko is from abia state nigeria he was born on january into the family of mr samson uko and mrsalome uko n e azubuike at a young age uko had an eye on travel he could give up anything to discover new places he attended national secondary school nikenugu he worked as ticketing officer with nigeriairways abc in enugu he studied geography athe university of ibadand graduated in he did his national youth service corps in bauchi state from where he moved to kano state and taught in gwarzo secondary school gwarzo and rogo secondary school rogo in he returned to the university of ibadan tobtain his msc in geography with emphasis on environmental planning and remote sensing he graduated in and went ahead tobtain certificate in journalism from times institute of journalism and prince practitioners licence his father played a huge role in cementing his passion travel mr samson uko worked withe nigerian railway corporation and kept books as a child ikechi spent his holidays reading those books and travelling to new places in the course of his father s jobandrew irokungbowadventures of ikechi uko new telegraph march retrieved on may his late mother mrsalome uko a teacher steered his early life towards geography and taught him lessons in enterprise career file ikechi uko at akwaaba eventjpg thumb upright left upright alt at akwaaba event l r otunba runsewe ntdc former dg olusegun obasanjo former nigerian president dawda jawara former gambian president danny jordaan ikechi uko and obioma liyel imoke the abia state born travel enthusiast whose dressing is incomplete without a hat or a neck scarf is a very well traveled person traveling close to days in a yearandrew irokungbowadventures of ikechi uko new telegraph march retrieved on may he was editor of tourism factfinders a book onigeria published to mark nigeria s hosting of the organization of african unity oau summit in to he was tourism editor of happy land happy world tourist guide happy land happy world was the nigerian version of disneylandisney world a projecthat did not materialize when its certificate of occupancy was revoked by the lagostate government realizing the lack of literature that deeply documents the unique festive celebrations inigeria in he published festivals inigeria in collaboration withe nigerian tourism development corporationtdc his passion for traveling and adventures led him to the publication of travelers weekend magazine a weekly magazine in along whiche launched travelers awardsadie vanessa offiong nigeria will become major player in global tourism ikechi uko media trust may retrieved on may travelers weekend was the first regular travel magazine in west africa withe aim for the magazine to sethe pace and to be africa s forerunner in the travel world in travelers weekend magazine was rebranded as african travel quarterly atq in he launched travelers awards and exhibitions the first attempt at introducing an exhibition into the travel environment in travelers awards and exhibition was rebranded as akwaabafrican travel market akwaabafrican travel market is the only international travel fair in west africa with participation from international dealers in travel tourism aviation and the hospitality industries it is regarded as where africa meets the world akwaabafrican travel market is designated by the nigerian tourism development corporationtdc as the official travel exhibition inigeria it is the only international travel expo in west africa in partnership with ntdc listed by united nations world tourism organization unwto a partner event for african business travel association abta in west africabtannounces akwaaba partnership ghana web april retrieved on may partner event with national association of nigerian travel agencies nanta partners with akwaaba for w africa tourism fair media trust octoberetrieved on may and the only member of international tourism trade fairs association ittfa chinedu eze ittfa welcomes akwaabafrican travel markethisday july retrieved on may file ikechi uko at victoria falls zimbabwejpg thumb ikechi uko at victoria falls zimbabwe in withe atq magazine team he set up a committee to choose the wonders of nigeria popularly known as naija wondersearch for seven wonders inigeria begins the nigerian voice april retrieved on may this was inspired by the poems of pliny thelder on the ancient wonders of the world and the ancient principles of philof byzantium s collection of marvels from around the world seven wonders of nigeria jetlife nigeria july retrieved on may after a thorough andetailed search of two years by tourism hospitality and tour experts with public voting in by this day live beyond naija seven wonders nigerian homepage july retrieved on may the projecteam published the man made wonders of nigeriand the seven most sensitive critical and exquisitely unique of them were selected as the naija seven wonders naija wonders naija wonders announces results mainational daily national daily january retrieved on may kemi ashefon behold nigeria seven wonder sites the punch february retrieved on may these are the man made wonders of nigeria driven by the vision of the marcel proust quote the journey of discovery is not in seeing new things but in seeing old things with new eyes naija wonders nigeria most dramatic breathtaking and unique man made structure is endorsed by national bodies and associations in tourism and applauded by international organizations minister endorses naija wonders project for tourism development nigerian federal ministry of information february retrieved on may one of the least known of the seven wonders of nigeria sites the benin moat was visited by unesco led by prof wole soyinka naija wonders commends wole soyinka for benin moat visithe nation march retrieved on may visito benin moat uko commendsoyinka the punch march retrieved on may and former director general of nigerian tourism development corporation otunba segun runsewe referred to the naija wonders as an epoch in the advancement of tourism development inigeriaadewole ajao nigeria beyond naija seven wonders allafricacom july retrieved on may having noticed that inigeria mostravel businesses concentrate on lagos withoutaking cognizance of the huge travel potentials in other northern statespecially abuja being the capital of nigeria on july he launched abuja bantaba one day speedating event between investors and clients in the travel and tourism business the nation sheraton hosts abuja bantaba by akwaaba the nation june retrieved on may andrew irokungbowadventures of ikechi uko new telegraph march retrieved on may it also includes workshop that keeparticipants informed of what are going on in those industries to keep with pace withe rest of the world in celebration of the centenary of nigeria on april the th edition of abuja bantaba honored personalities who are key players tourism development inigeria wale olapade bantaba honours patriots nigerian tribune april retrieved on may oguru okorie bantaba to honour top nigerians the nation february retrieved on may in he launched atqnewscom the online version of african travel quarterly magazine according to uko it focuses on forecast market and political analyses which observe development in the areas of travel transport and tourism from a global perspective and the impact of these on theconomies of countries nigeriatqnews partners nanta for agm allafricacom april retrieved may on july he launched accra weizo an event which is targeted athe founding vision of ecowas to create a region of one people integrating and growing together accra weizo rallies travel professionals together to meet minds and work out a pathway for the future of the africa region hosting tourism aviation and immigration key players andecision makerswale olapade akwaaba launches weizo in ghana july nigerian tribune retrieved on august vanessa offiong weizo seekkseamless travel across w africa daily trust july retrieved on august in august he was appointed as the international tourism consultanto the calabar carnival ikechi uko appointed as carnival calabar consultant nigerian tribune septemberetrieved on september ikechi uko is presently pushing his proposal to build an aviation museum for nigeria using abandoned aircraft as exhibits he said thathe project would promote nigeria s tourism empower and educate a new generation of aviators draw international investors in the aviation industry to nigeriand would serve as an eye opener to look and work for a brighter future in the aviation industry let s use abandoned aircraft as aviation museum says ikechi uko thisday january retrieved on may naija wonders proposes aviation museum for disused planes national daily january retrieved on may tourism coy to build aviation museum silverbird television january retrieved on may awards and appointments in he was appointed a member of the tourism committee nigeria vision in the administration of president umaru musa yar adua ntdc fulfils promise records historic world tourism day the nigerian voice octoberetrieved on may file ikechi uko receiving his miceast africa s tourism and hospitality personality award in ethiopajpg thumb upright left upright alt ikechi uko receiving his miceast africa s tourism and hospitality personality award in ethiopia in july athe th anniversary of kwita izina the annual gorilla naming ceremony in rwanda one of the most prestigious festivals in rwanda uko was chosen by the government of rwandas a representative of nigeria to be a namer thousands gather to celebrate the th edition of kwita izinas newly born baby gorillas are givenames government of the republic of rwanda july retrieved on july file ikechi uko athe th kwita izina in rwandajpg thumb upright left upright alt ikechi uko athe th kwita izina in rwanda in he was appointed consultanto the calabar carnival by the cross river state governor prof ben ayade withe vision to reposition calabar carnival as the number one carnival event in africas the international tourism consultant for the calabar international festival ikechi uko brought in over ten countries across the continents of the world to participate in the calabar international festival brazilian band others return for calabar carnival the nation retrieved on january withe success of calabar carnival he was reappointed in for theditionchuks nwanne ikechi uko returns as calabar carnival consultanthe guardianigeria octoberetrieved on june ikechi uko vast expertise in tourism was in sheer display athe calabar carnival with accolades on the cross river state government in hosting thevento international standard to the delight of tourists international investors and nigerians in january the african sun times africa s number one and largest newspaper in americawarded mr ikechi uko as its tourism ambassador of the year charles ajunwa ikechi uko emerges tourism ambassador of the year thisday january retrieved on january according to the organizers of the award the award came on theels of ikechi s ardent practical tourism promotion andevelopment campaign inigeriand africa through different pet projectshowcasing the beauty and richness of africa to the world uko wins african man tourisman of the year nigerian tribune january retrieved on january athe miceast africa forum and expo held in addis ababa ethiopia ikechi uko was presented withe miceast africa s tourism and hospitality personality award the award was presented to him on his contributions towards the developments of tourism travel and hospitality businesses and investments in africachuks nwanne uko wins tourism awards in ethiopia the guardianigeria june retrieved on junexternalinks category births category st century nigerian businesspeople category branding consultants category igbo businesspeople category living people category media industry businesspeople category nigerian publishers people category tourism category travelers category university of ibadan 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september nigerian travel business promoter tourism_development expert pan ikechi_uko shares thoughts tourism african dream septemberetrieved september media consultant journalist author organizer akwaabafrican travel_markethe international_travel fair west weizo abuja port harcourt bantaba project director seven_wonders nigeria naija wonders ceof promotions international mediand tourismarketing firm airlines hotels andestinations across africa ikechi_uko appointed carnival calabar consultant nigerian tribune septemberetrieved september publisher africa travel quarterly magazine early_life ikechi_uko state nigeria born january family samson uko uko n e young age uko eye travel could give anything discover new places attended national secondary school worked ticketing officer abc studied geography athe_university graduated national youth service corps state moved state taught secondary school secondary school returned university tobtain geography emphasis environmental planning remote 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announces results daily national daily january_retrieved_may nigeria seven wonder sites punch february retrieved_may man_made wonders nigeria driven vision marcel quote journey discovery seeing new things seeing old things new eyes naija wonders nigeria dramatic breathtaking unique man_made structure endorsed national bodies associations tourism international organizations minister naija wonders project tourism_development nigerian federal ministry information february retrieved_may one least known seven_wonders nigeria sites benin moat visited unesco led prof naija wonders benin moat visithe nation march_retrieved_may visito benin moat uko punch march_retrieved_may former director general nigerian tourism_development corporation referred naija wonders advancement tourism_development nigeria beyond naija seven_wonders july_retrieved_may noticed inigeria businesses lagos huge travel northern statespecially abuja capital nigeria july launched abuja bantaba one_day event investors clients travel_tourism business nation sheraton hosts abuja bantaba akwaaba nation june_retrieved_may andrew irokungbowadventures ikechi_uko new telegraph march_retrieved_may_also includes workshop informed going industries keep pace withe rest world celebration centenary nigeria april th_edition abuja bantaba honored personalities key players tourism_development inigeria bantaba honours nigerian tribune april retrieved_may bantaba honour top nation february retrieved_may launched online version african travel quarterly magazine according uko focuses forecast market political analyses development areas travel transport tourism global perspective impact countries partners agm april retrieved_may july launched accra weizo event targeted athe founding vision create region one people integrating growing together accra weizo rallies travel professionals together meet minds work pathway future africa region hosting tourism aviation immigration key players akwaaba launches weizo ghana july nigerian tribune retrieved august weizo travel across w africa daily trust july_retrieved august august appointed international_tourism calabar carnival ikechi_uko appointed carnival calabar consultant nigerian tribune septemberetrieved september ikechi_uko presently pushing proposal build aviation museum nigeria using abandoned aircraft exhibits said thathe project would promote nigeria tourism educate new generation draw international investors aviation industry would serve eye look work brighter future aviation industry let_use abandoned aircraft aviation museum says ikechi_uko january_retrieved_may naija wonders aviation museum disused planes national daily january_retrieved_may tourism build aviation museum television january_retrieved_may awards appointed member tourism committee nigeria vision administration president promise records historic world_tourism day nigerian voice octoberetrieved may file ikechi_uko receiving miceast africa tourism_hospitality personality award thumb upright left upright alt ikechi_uko receiving miceast africa tourism_hospitality personality award ethiopia july athe_th_anniversary kwita annual gorilla naming ceremony rwanda one prestigious festivals rwanda uko chosen government representative nigeria thousands gather celebrate th_edition kwita newly born baby gorillas government republic rwanda july_retrieved july file ikechi_uko athe_th kwita thumb upright left upright alt ikechi_uko athe_th kwita rwanda appointed calabar carnival cross river state governor prof ben withe vision calabar carnival number one carnival event africas international_tourism consultant calabar international festival ikechi_uko brought ten countries across continents world participate calabar international festival brazilian band others return calabar carnival nation retrieved_january withe success calabar carnival ikechi_uko returns calabar carnival octoberetrieved june ikechi_uko vast expertise tourism sheer display athe calabar carnival accolades cross river state government hosting international standard delight tourists international investors january african sun times africa number one largest newspaper ikechi_uko tourism ambassador year charles ikechi_uko tourism ambassador year january_retrieved_january according organizers award award came ikechi practical tourism_promotion andevelopment campaign africa different pet beauty africa world uko wins african man year nigerian tribune january_retrieved_january athe miceast africa forum expo held ethiopia ikechi_uko presented withe miceast africa tourism_hospitality personality award award presented contributions towards developments tourism_travel hospitality businesses investments uko wins tourism awards ethiopia june_retrieved category_births_category st_century nigerian businesspeople category branding consultants category businesspeople category_living_people_category_media industry businesspeople category nigerian publishers people_category_tourism category_travelers 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the imagination towardscientific artisticommercial recreational or spiritual ends existing imaginariums the imaginarium convention of louisville kentucky louisville kentucky is a writers convention meeting convention that offers panels workshops art a film festival a masquerade ball that hosts a costume cosplay contest it is a melting pot for writers aspiring writers publishers readers and anyone in the creative writing business to meet and network and learn imaginarium takes place september st athe louisville kentucky crown plaza expo center imaginarium for kids is as educational center and licensedaycare in richmond hill ontario the center opened in and provides childcare after school camp and enrichment programs during the weekends the imaginarium aka the imaginarium at dreams playland is a recreational and educational center in vaughan ontario in the center launchedaycare after school and camprograms the imaginarium is a place where students build confidence creativity and 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history and iambulus islands of the sun their utopian islands are apparently modeled fromythological fortunate isles lucian s true history parodizes the whole genre of imaginary voyage and in his foreword lucian cites iambulus as one of objects of parody photios i of constantinople photiustates though in his bibliotheca photius bibliotheca that its main object was antonius diogenes the incredible wonders beyond thule a genre blending ofantastic voyage and greek romance which popularized pythagoreanism pythagorean teachings the firsto revive this form in the modern era was thomas more in his utopia book utopia to be followed a century later by proliferation of utopian islands johannes valentinus andreae s reipublicae christianopolitanae descriptio tommaso campanella s the city of the sun francis bacon s new atlantis jacobidermann s utopia denis vairasse the history of the sevarambi gabriel de foigny s la terre australe connue gabriel daniel s voyage du monde descartes fran ois lefebvre s relation du voyage de l isle d eutopie as well as many others lucian satiricaline was exploited by fran ois rabelais gargantuand pantagruel andeveloped later on in josephall bishop josephall s mundus alter et idem fran ois h delin s histoire du temps cyrano de bergerac writer cyrano de bergerac s histoire comique contenant les tats et empires de la lune and fragments d histoire comique contenant les tats et empires du soleil charlesorel s nouvelle d couverte du royaume de frisquemore margaret cavendish s the blazing world joshua barnes gerania bernarde fontenelle s relation de le de born o daniel defoe s the consolidator and most notably in jonathan swift s gulliver s travels imaginary voyage has become a natural medium for promoting new astronomic ideas first literary space flights after lucian were juan maldonado somnium johann kepler somnium francis godwin s the man in the moone john wilkins the discovery of a world in the moone athanasius kircher s itinerarium extaticum david russen s iter lunare diego de torres villarroel s viaje fant stico eberhard kindermann s die geschwinde reise auf dem luftschiff nach der obern welthe first flighto planets robert paltock s the life and adventures of peter wilkins voltaire s microm gas literature fantastic voyage in encyclopedia of science fiction ed by john clute david winston iambulus islands of the sun and hellenistic literary utopias in science fiction studies volume part november externalinks derrick moors imaginary voyages about us category science fiction genres category literary genres category travel writing category science 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romance popularized firsto revive form modern era thomas utopia book utopia followed century later proliferation islands johannes descriptio city sun francis bacon new atlantis utopia denis history gabriel de_la terre gabriel daniel voyage monde fran_ois relation voyage de l isle well many_others lucian exploited fran_ois andeveloped later bishop alter fran_ois h histoire temps de writer de histoire les empires de_la fragments histoire les empires nouvelle de margaret world joshua barnes relation de de born daniel consolidator notably jonathan travels imaginary voyage become natural medium promoting new ideas first literary space flights lucian juan maldonado johann francis man moone john discovery world moone david diego de viaje stico die reise auf dem nach der first_flighto robert life adventures peter gas literature fantastic voyage encyclopedia science_fiction ed john david winston islands sun literary science_fiction studies volume part november externalinks imaginary voyages us category science_fiction genres category literary genres category_travel writing_category science fantasy"},{"title":"Impacts of tourism","description":"the study of the impacthatourism has on environment and communities involved is relatively new impacts are not easily categorized having direct and indirect componentsmason tourism impacts planning and management an introduction tourism impacts chapter also tourism is often seasonal and impacts only become apparent after time with varying effects and at different stages of developmentpearce d g butler w tourism research critiques and challenges routledge tourism research critiques and challenges routledge there are three main categories environmental impacts that affecthe carrying capacity of the area vegetation air quality bodies of water the water table wildlife and natural phenomena social and cultural impacts associated with interactions between peoples and culture background attitudes and behaviors and relationships to material goodsmason p the socio cultural impacts of tourism impacts planning and management chapter the introduction of tourists to sensitive areas can be detrimental cause a loss of culture or alternatively contribute to the preservation of culture and cultural sites through increased resources economic impacts usually seen as positive contributing to employment better services and social stabilityrollins r dearden p and fennell d tourism ecotourism and protected areas in p dearden rollins and m needham ed parks and protected areas in canada planning and management fourth edition pp torontoxford universitypress yethese impacts can also contribute to high living costs within the community pushing local business out of the areas and raising costs for locals environmental impacts ecotourism nature tourism wildlife tourism and adventure tourism all take place in topologiesuch as rain forest s high alpine wilderness lakes and rivers coastlines and marinenvironment as well as rural villages and coastline resorts withe desire for people to more authentic and challenging experiences their destinations become moremote and occupy the few remaining pristine and natural environments left on the planethe positive impact of this can be an increased environmental awareness of pro environmental behaviourmoghimehfar f halpenny e a how do people negotiate through their constraints to engage in pro environmental behavior a study ofront country campers in alberta canada tourismanagementhe negative impact can be a destruction of the very experience that people are seeking there are direct and indirect impacts immediate and long term impacts and there are impacts that are both proximal andistal to the tourist destination these impacts can be separated into three categories facility impacts tourist activities and the transit effect facility impacts this when a regional area develops from exploration to involvement and then into the development stage of the tourist area life cycle modelbutler w the concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution implications for management of resources the canadian geographer le g ographe canadien during the latter phase there can be both direct and indirect environmental impacts through the construction of superstructure such as hotels restaurants and shops and infrastructure such as roads and power supply as the destination develops more touristseek outhexperience consequently their impacts increase accordingly the requirement for water for washing waste disposal andrinking increases rivers can be altered excessively extracted and polluted by the demand placed by the facility noise pollution has the capacity to disturb wildlife and alter behavior and light pollution can disrupthe feeding and reproductive behaviour of many creatures when power isupplied by diesel or gasoline generators there is additional noise and pollution general waste and garbage are also a result of the facilities as more tourists arrive there is an increase in food and beverages consumed which in turn creates waste plastic and non biodegradable products tourist activities for many tourists the main reason for their vacation is to engage in various types of physical activities and enjoy interacting with nature in a way thathey would not ordinarily be able to do these activitiesuch as hiking trekking kayaking bird watching wildlife safari surfing snorkelling scuba diving all have an impact on the local ecology even the most environmentally aware tourist cannot help cause some degree of impact while partaking in their activity there are a range of impacts from hiking trekking and camping that directly affecthe activity area the most obvious is therosion and compaction of the trail itself the daily use of the trail by hikers the trail wears the trail down and compacts it if there are any obstaclesuch as fallen trees or puddles of mud then the trail becomes widened or informal trails are created to bypass the obstaclemarion jl recreation ecology research findings implications for wilderness and park managers in proceedings of the national outdoor ethics conference april st louis mo gaithersburg md izaak walton league of america pp there is a multitude of other direct impacts exacted on the tread area such as damage oremoval of vegetation loss of vegetation height reduction in foliage cover exposure of tree root systems migration of trampled vegetation and immigration of nonative species marion j leung y f trail resource impacts and an examination of alternative assessmentechniques journal of park and recreation administration as well as the direct impacts there are indirect impacts on the trailsuch as a change in soil porosity changes to microflora composition problems with seedispersion and germination andegradation of the soil nutrient compositionhammitt w e cole d n monz c a wildland recreation ecology and management john wiley sons as many hikers and trekkers partake in multi day trips a large number will camp overnight either in formal orandom campgrounds there are similar impacts on campgroundsuch asoil compaction erosion and composition loss of vegetation and foliage plus the additional issues of campfires for cooking and heat informal trails are created around the campsite in order to collect firewood and water and trees and saplings can be trampledamaged or cut down for fuel theat or burning of the campfire can harm the tree root system in formal campgrounds tent pad areas are normally devoid of any vegetation while random camping can damage sensitive plants and grasses during a single overnight stay as with most recreation activities including hiking and camping there will be waste generated food scraps and human waste in both cases this can cause human wildlife interactionsuch as the habituation of wildlife to human contact and unusual food sources this can have a detrimental effect on the wildlife and cause danger for the human the provision for deposit collection and removal of all waste will also have a direct impact on the local environment another activity that can have severe direct and indirect impacts on thenvironment is wildlife viewing this happens in a range oformats on land in the ocean wildlife safaris in african countriesuch as kenya botswanand tanzania have been very popular for manyears they specialize in the big five game big five gamegafauna the african lion african elephant african leopard cape buffalo and rhinoceros as with every human wildlife interaction there is a change in the natural interaction of the species the very presence of humans can increase theart rate and stress hormones of even the largest animalmillspaugh j burke t dyk g slotow r washburn b e woods r j stress response of working african elephant s to transportation and safari adventures the journal of wildlife management other changes in behavior have been recognized for example baboons and hyenas have learnto track tourist safari vehicles to lead them to cheetah kills which they then stealroe d leader williams n dalal clayton d b take only photographs leave only footprints thenvironmental impacts of wildlife tourism no iied this direct impact of tourism can severely damage the delicate balance of the food webs and keystone species in a similar vein there is a small but significant number of tourists that choose to pay vast sums of money in order to trophy hunting trophy hunt lion s rhino leopard s and even giraffes it has been argued thathere is a positive and negative direct and indirect environmental impact caused by trophy hunting there is a continuediscussion at federal and international government level as to thethics ofunding conservation efforts throughunting activitiesripple w j newsome t m kerley g i does trophy hunting support biodiversity a response to di minin et al trends in ecology evolution another tourism destination activity iscuba diving there are many negative direct environmental impacts caused by recreational diving the most apparent is the damage caused by poorly skillediverstanding on the reef itself or by accidentally hitting the fragile coral witheir finstudies have shown that na ve divers who are participating in underwater photography are considerably more likely to accidentally damage the reefsorice m g oh c o ditton r b managing scuba divers to meet ecological goals for coral reef conservation ambio a journal of the human environment as the cost of underwater photography equipment has reduced and the availability increased it is inevitable thathere will be an increase of direct damage to reefs by divers other direct impact include over fishing for marine curiosedimentation and in fillhawkins j p roberts c m the growth of coastal tourism in the red sea present and futureffects on coral reefs ambio there is also direct environmental impact due to disturbed and altered species behaviour from fish feeding as well as import of invasive species and pollution caused by dive boats there are also indirect impactsuch ashoreline construction of superstructure and infrastructure transit effectsince there has been a steadyearly increase in the amount of tourist arrivals worldwide of approximately in there were million tourist arrivals worldwide of which arrived air travel by air million by motor vehicle ship transport by water million and percent by rail travel rail million world tourism organization unwtourism highlights edition internet accessed onov th to puthese figures into context a seven hour flight on a boeing produces tonnes of co which is thequivalent of driving an average size family saloon car for a days or thenergy requirement for an average family home for nearly seventeen yearsyou sustainternet available from wwwyousustaincom accessed onov th withever increasing amount of tourist arrivals there is an ever increasing amount of global greenhouse gases ghg being produced by the tourism industry in it is estimated that of the global ghg release was attributed to air travel alone the irony is that as moreco touristseek remote pristine undeveloped regions and practise low impact leave no trace adventure vacations their ghg contributions have increased exponentially as a result of the accumulation of ghgs the annual average global temperature is rising each year new records were set in and it is predicted that will yet again exceed the previous highest average global temperaturerosenzweig c karoly d vicarelli m neofotis p wu q casassa g tryjanowski p attributing physical and biological impacts to anthropogeniclimate change nature intergovernmental panel on climate change ipcc internet available from accessed onov th it is causing the oceans to warm and causing increased frequency of abnormal weather eventsuch as floods and hurricanes the increase in the amount of co dissolved into the oceans is changing the ph leading tocean acidification of the oceans which in turn has led to coral bleaching of coral reef s worldwide in it was determined thathe world s largest coral reef the great barriereef iso badly affected by bleaching that only ten percent remained unspoiled and the remaining ninety percent has varying degrees of degradationcoral coalition great barriereef bleaching internet available from wwwcoralcoeorgau accessed onov th a recently discovered issue in the pacific northwest caused by acidification is the decreased survival of pteropod s a key source ofood for salmon these microscopic invertebrates known asea butterflies are unable to form their outer shells andieorr j c fabry v j aumont o bopp l doney s c feely r a key r m anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty first century and its impact on calcifying organisms nature these tiny creatures make up a significant portion of the salmon diet withouthis nutrition available to the salmon they may not grow to maturity and return to their spawningrounds to reproduce and provide food for the bears nutrient cycle nutrients through the forest where tourist come to view or hunthe bears thus the food web is disturbed anthropogeniclimate change has both a direct and indirect impact on tourism socio cultural impacts of tourism an inherent aspect of tourism is the seeking of authenticity the desire to experience a different cultural setting in its natural environment fernandes fagence although cultural tourism provides opportunities for understanding and education there are some serious impacts that arise as a result it is not only the volume of tourism that is important here buthe types of social interaction s that occur between tourist and hosthere are three broad effects athe localevel the commodification of culture the demonstration effect and the acculturation of another culture commodification of culture it is common for destinations to use some aspect of culture as a means to attractourists this means making culture a commodity and hence packaging and selling it for consumption it is through this attaching of economic value to heritage that it loses its inherent meaning this in turn leads to fundamental social and cultural changes and sometimes even to themergence of a culture which is no longer authentic however the cultural tourists that come to experience the local culture wanto see authenticity and not what results from commodification the more staged a culture becomes the less attractive it becomes tourists hence increased commodification generally leads to a decrease in tourism yet commodification can bring benefits it allows for the sharing of culture griffin et al it brings economic benefits which can solve social problems empower the community and give it influence over governmental decisions it may also reinvigorate interest in lost arts and skills and foster community cohesion demonstration effect a demonstration effect occurs when there is a high degree of difference between the host and the tourist as is common when tourists visit developing communities mason tourism impacts planning and managementhe tourist demonstrates a way of life that seems desirable and this copied to varying extents it is mainly themulation of tourist consumption patterns but can also includes behaviours attitudes and even certain ways of thinking the youth are particularly vulnerable this can drive a wedge between the old and the new and widen the generation gap between parent and child the acculturation from tourism is not as pronounced as acculturation which occurs when the a culture isubsumed within a dominant culture as in migration here it is more a case of the developed world out competing the culture of the developing world this creates detachment for thexisting culture potentially it can also affects the visitors experience and affecthe authenticity of the cultural experience positive socio cultural impacts of tourism can beneficial for the host community as it provides the financial means and the incentive to preserve cultural histories local heritage sites and customs it stimulates interest in local crafts traditional activitiesongs dance and oral histories it alsopens up the community to the wider world new ideas new experiences and neways of thinkingryan c recreational tourism demand impacts vol channel view publications negative socio cultural impacts there can be negativeffects from cultural interactionslong v h techniques for socially sustainable tourism development lessons fromexico department of geography publication series university of waterloo tourists can violate customs dearden p cultural aspects of tourism and sustainable developmentourism and the hilltribes of northern thailandepartment of geography publication series university of waterloo andisrespect culturally sensitive locations the introduction of different cultural beliefs by visitors tends to create disconnects between the older and younger generations locals can suffer increased stresses trying to co exist with tourists the number of tourists can overwhelm the host community challenging their ability to preserve their lifestyle another potential impact is the rise of illicit activitiesuch as prostitution substance abuse drug use and crimeconomic impacts global tourism in contributed billion to the world s gross domestic product gdp with its total contribution rising to almost of world gross domestic product gdp turner travel and tourism economic impact world ppublication london wto this influx of gross domestic product gdp comes from the over billion international tourists worldwide a number that has been growing by annually since muchapondwa e stage j theconomic impacts of tourism in botswanamibiand south africa is poverty subsiding natural resources forum norjanah mohd b jaafar masturand mohamadiana perceptions of local communities on theconomic impacts of tourism development in langkawi malaysia shs web of conferences vol pp visitation and economicontributions to gross domestic product gdp arexpected to continue to rise in the near future as falling oil prices contribute to reduced living costs and increased available income for households as well as reduced costs for air travel tourism can be divided into subcategories into which impacts fall spending from visitors on tourism experiences like beacholidays and theme parks domestic and international spending on leisure items like bicycles businesspending and capital investmentzhang j madsen b jensen butler c regional economic impacts of tourism the case of denmark regional studies theconomicontribution of tourism is felt in both direct and indirect ways where direct economic impacts are created when commodities like the following are sold accommodation and entertainment food and beverageservices and retail opportunities residents visitors businesses and various levels of governments municipal to federall influence directourism impacts through their spending in or near a given tourism areagoeldner c ritchie j b tourism principles practices philosophies john wiley sons the key component of direct economic impacts of tourism is thathey occur within a country s borders and are implemented by residents and non residents for business and leisure purposes in contrast indirect economic impacts of tourism can be found investment spending surrounding a tourism offering from private and governmental interests this investment may not explicitly be related tourism but benefits the tourist and local project stakeholders all the same indirect impacts of tourism arexemplified by the purchase and sale of intermediary items like additional supplies forestaurants during the high tourism season or widened sidewalks in busy downtown centres indirect economic impacts the supply chainvestment and government collective account for of the total gdp contribution from travel and tourism induced spending the re circulation of a tourist dollar within a community is another way thatourism indirectly has an impact on a communityrollins r dearden p and fennell d tourism ecotourism and protected areas in p dearden rollins and m needham eds parks and protected areas in canada planning and management fourth edition pp torontoxford university press for example a foreign tourist injects money into the local economy when they spend a dollar on a souvenir made by a local athe tourism destination that individual goes on to spend that dollar on lunch from a local vendor and that vendor goes on to spend it locally toomason p tourism impacts planning and management routledgewagner j estimating theconomic impacts of tourism annals of tourism research positive and negativeconomic impacts of tourism there are both positive and negativeffects on communities related to theconomic impacts of tourism in their communities a positive impact can refer to the increase in jobs a higher quality of life for locals and an increase in wealth of an area tourism also has the advantage of rebuilding and restoring historic sites and encouraging the revitalization of culturesrobert wyllie tourism and society a guide to problems and issues venture publishing state college pennsylvania chapters a positive impact is to increase or to make better either for the touristhe host community and residence and or the tourist destination the positive impacts arelated more to the materialistic well being rather than to the happiness of a host community or tourist kyungmi k doctor of philosophy in hospitality and tourism and managementheffects of tourism impacts upon quality of life of residents in the community virginia polytechnic institute and state university retrieved from november the tourist destination is having positive impacts if there have been improvements to the natural environment such as protectionational parks or man made infrastructure waste treatment plantstourism provides theconomic stimulus to allow for diversification of employment and income potential andevelop resources within the community improvements infrastructure and services can benefit bothe locals and the tourists whereas heritage tourism focus on the local history or historical eventhat occurred in the areand tends to promoteducation pigram j planning for tourism in rural areas bridging the policy implementation gap tourism research critiques and challenges routledge london positive impacts begin when there is an increase in job opportunities for locals as the tourism industry becomes more developed there is also an increase in average income that spreads throughouthe community when tourism is capitalized on in addition the local economy istimulated andiversified goods are manufactured more locally and new markets open for local business owners to expand to unfortunately these benefits are not universal or invulnerable while moremployment may be available tourism related jobs are often seasonal and low paying for entrants into the job market prices are known to fluctuate throughouthe year they rise in the high tourism season to take advantage of more tourist dollars but have the sideffect of pricingoods above theconomic reach of local residents effectively starving them out of a place that was once their home negative impacts are theffects that are caused in most cases athe tourist destination site with detrimental impacts to the social and cultural areas well as the natural environment as the population increaseso do the impacts resources become unsustainable and exhausted the carrying capacity for tourists in a destination site may become depletedjg nelson r butler g wall tourism and sustainable development a civic approacheritage resourcentre joint publicationumber university of waterloo andepartment of geography publication series number university of waterloo typically whenegative impacts are occurring it is too late to place restrictions and regulations tourist destinationseem to discover that many of the negative impacts are found in the development stage of the tourism area life cycle talc nelson j g butler wall g tourism and sustainable development a civic approach department of geography university of waterloo canadadditionally theconomics of tourism have been shown to push out local tourism business owners in favour of strangers to the region foreign ownership creates leakage revenues leaving the host community for another nation or multi national business which strip the opportunity for locals to make meaningful profitstyrrell t johnston r j theconomic impacts of tourism a special issue journal of travel research the foreign companies are also known to hire non resident seasonal workers because they can pay those individuals lower wages which further contributes to economic leakage tourism can raise property prices near the tourism area effectively pushing out locals and encouraging businesses to migrate inwards to encourage and take advantage of more tourist spending employment and both its availability and exclusivity are subsets of economic impacts of tourism travel and tourism create of the total available jobs worldwide in bothe direct and indirectourism sectors directourism jobs those that provide the visitor witheir tourism experience include but are not limited to accommodation building cleaning managing food andrink services entertainment manufacturing and shopping indirectourism employment opportunities include the manufacturing of aircraft boats and other transportation as well as the construction of additional superstructure and infrastructure necessary to accommodate these travel products airports harbours etc tourism satellite accountsa the world travel and tourism council wttc tourism satellite accountsa is a system of measurement recognized by the united nations to define thextent of an economic sector that is not so easily defined as industries like forest industry forestry or oil and gas industry oil and gas tourism does not fit neatly into a statistical model because it is not so much dependent on the physical movement of products and services as it is on the position of the consumer therefore tsas were designed to standardize these many offerings for an international scale to facilitate better understanding of currentourism circumstances locally and abroad the standardization includes concepts classifications andefinitions and is meanto enable researchers industry professionals and the average tourism business owner to view international comparisons before tsas were widely implemented a gap existed in the available knowledge aboutourism as an economic driver for gross domestic product gdp employment investment and industry consumption indicators were primarily approximations and therefore lacking in scientific and analytical viewpointsbuhalis d costa c tourismanagement dynamics trends management and toolsroutledge this gap meant missed opportunities for development as tourism stakeholders were unable to understand where they might be able to better establish themselves in the tourism economy for example a tsa can measure tax revenues related tourism which is a key contributor to the level of enthusiasm any level of government might have towards potential tourism investment in addition tyrrell and johnston suggesthat stakeholders in tourism benefit from the tsa because it provides credible data on the impact of tourism and the associated employment is a framework forganizing statistical data on tourism is an international standard endorsed by the un statistical commission is an instrument for designing economic policies related tourism development provides data on tourism s impact on a nation s balance of payments provides information tourism human resource characteristics through collection of more qualitative datand translating it into a more concise and effective form for tourism providers tsas are able to fill the previous knowledge gap information delivered and measured by a tsa includes tax revenues economic impact onational balances human resources employment and tourism s contribution to gross domestic product projections for predictions for thextento which impacts of tourism will impacthe world economy world s economic system appear to agree thathe number of international tourist arrivals will reach approximately billion by the year of those tourists billion arexpected to be intra regional and million to be long haul of these travelers arrivals in developing countries arexpected to continue growing from the recorded of total arrivals recorded in as access to these moremote locations becomes easier direct contributions of travel and tourism to the world economy and gross domestic product gdp arexpected to rise from in to in withe most impacts found in the investment and supply chain sectors employment ratemployment is anticipated to rise parallel to gdp contributions reaching of world employment in up from in directourism employment in will be an estimated of total world employment up from approximately in while indirectourism employment will be at approximately up from in see also sustainable tourism references category tourism category economy and 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employment better services social r dearden p tourism_ecotourism protected_areas p dearden needham ed parks protected_areas canada planning management fourth_edition pp impacts also contribute high living costs within community pushing local business areas raising costs locals environmental_impacts ecotourism nature tourism_wildlife tourism adventure_tourism take_place rain forest high alpine wilderness lakes rivers well rural villages coastline resorts withe desire people authentic challenging experiences destinations become moremote occupy remaining pristine natural_environments left planethe positive impact increased environmental awareness pro environmental f e people negotiate constraints engage pro environmental behavior study country campers alberta_canada negative impact destruction experience people seeking direct indirect impacts immediate long_term impacts impacts tourist_destination impacts separated three categories facility impacts tourist_activities transit effect facility impacts regional area develops exploration involvement development stage tourist area life cycle w concept tourist area cycle evolution implications management resources canadian geographer g latter phase direct indirect environmental_impacts construction hotels_restaurants shops infrastructure roads power supply destination develops consequently impacts increase accordingly requirement water washing waste disposal andrinking increases rivers altered extracted demand placed facility noise pollution capacity disturb wildlife alter behavior light pollution feeding reproductive behaviour many creatures power diesel gasoline generators additional noise pollution general waste garbage also result facilities tourists arrive increase food beverages consumed turn creates waste plastic non products tourist_activities many tourists main reason vacation engage various types physical activities enjoy interacting nature way thathey_would ordinarily able activitiesuch hiking trekking kayaking bird watching wildlife safari surfing scuba diving impact local ecology even environmentally aware tourist cannot help cause degree impact activity range impacts hiking trekking camping directly affecthe activity area obvious trail daily use trail hikers trail trail fallen trees mud trail becomes informal trails created bypass recreation ecology research findings implications wilderness park managers proceedings national outdoor ethics conference april st_louis walton league america pp multitude direct impacts area damage vegetation loss vegetation height reduction foliage cover exposure tree root systems migration vegetation immigration species marion j leung f trail resource impacts examination alternative journal park recreation administration well direct impacts indirect impacts change soil changes composition problems soil w e cole n c recreation ecology management john wiley sons many hikers multi day_trips large_number camp overnight either formal campgrounds similar impacts erosion composition loss vegetation foliage plus additional issues campfires cooking heat informal trails created around campsite order collect firewood water trees cut fuel theat burning campfire harm tree root system formal campgrounds tent pad areas normally vegetation random camping damage sensitive plants grasses single overnight stay recreation activities including hiking camping waste generated food human waste cases cause human wildlife wildlife human contact unusual food sources detrimental effect wildlife cause danger human provision deposit collection removal waste also direct impact local environment another activity severe direct indirect impacts thenvironment wildlife viewing happens range land ocean wildlife safaris african countriesuch kenya tanzania popular manyears specialize big five game big five african lion african elephant african leopard cape buffalo rhinoceros every human wildlife interaction change natural interaction species presence humans increase theart rate stress even largest j burke g r b e woods r j stress response working african elephant transportation safari adventures journal wildlife management changes behavior recognized example baboons track tourist safari vehicles lead cheetah leader williams n clayton b take photographs leave thenvironmental impacts wildlife tourism direct impact tourism severely damage delicate balance food species similar vein small significant number tourists choose pay vast sums money order trophy hunting trophy hunt lion leopard even argued thathere positive negative direct indirect environmental_impact caused trophy hunting federal international government level thethics ofunding conservation_efforts w j g trophy hunting support biodiversity response trends ecology evolution another tourism_destination activity diving many negative direct environmental_impacts caused recreational diving apparent damage caused poorly reef accidentally fragile coral witheir shown divers participating underwater photography considerably likely accidentally damage g c r b managing scuba divers meet ecological goals coral reef conservation journal human environment cost underwater photography equipment reduced availability increased thathere increase direct damage reefs divers direct impact include fishing marine j p roberts c growth coastal tourism red sea present coral reefs also direct environmental_impact due disturbed altered species behaviour fish feeding well import invasive species pollution caused dive boats also indirect construction infrastructure transit increase amount tourist_arrivals worldwide approximately million tourist_arrivals worldwide arrived air_travel air million motor_vehicle ship transport water million percent rail travel rail million world_tourism organization highlights edition internet accessed onov th figures context seven hour flight boeing produces tonnes thequivalent driving average size family saloon car days thenergy requirement average family home nearly seventeen available accessed onov th increasing amount tourist_arrivals ever increasing amount global greenhouse ghg produced tourism_industry estimated global ghg release attributed air_travel alone irony remote pristine undeveloped regions low_impact leave trace adventure vacations ghg contributions increased result annual average global temperature rising year new records set predicted yet exceed previous highest average global c p g p physical biological impacts change nature intergovernmental panel climate_change internet available accessed onov th causing oceans warm causing increased frequency abnormal weather eventsuch increase amount dissolved oceans changing leading oceans turn led coral bleaching coral reef worldwide determined thathe world largest coral reef great barriereef iso badly affected bleaching ten percent remained remaining ninety percent varying degrees coalition great barriereef bleaching internet available accessed onov th recently discovered issue pacific_northwest caused decreased survival key source ofood salmon known butterflies unable form outer shells j c v j l c r key r ocean twenty first_century impact organisms nature tiny creatures make significant portion salmon diet nutrition available salmon may grow return reproduce provide food bears cycle forest tourist come view bears thus food web disturbed change direct indirect impact tourism socio cultural impacts tourism inherent aspect tourism seeking authenticity desire experience different cultural setting natural_environment although cultural_tourism provides opportunities understanding education serious impacts arise result volume tourism important buthe types social interaction occur tourist three broad effects athe commodification culture demonstration effect another culture commodification culture common destinations use aspect culture means attractourists means making culture commodity hence packaging selling consumption attaching economic value heritage loses inherent meaning turn leads fundamental social cultural changes sometimes even themergence culture longer authentic however cultural tourists come experience local_culture wanto see authenticity results commodification staged culture becomes less attractive becomes tourists hence increased commodification generally leads decrease tourism yet commodification bring benefits allows sharing culture griffin brings economic_benefits solve social problems community give influence governmental decisions may_also interest lost arts skills foster community demonstration effect demonstration effect occurs high degree difference host tourist common tourists visit developing communities mason tourism impacts planning managementhe tourist way life seems desirable copied varying mainly tourist consumption patterns also_includes behaviours attitudes even certain ways thinking youth particularly vulnerable drive old new generation gap parent child tourism pronounced occurs culture within dominant culture migration case developed world competing culture developing world creates detachment thexisting culture potentially also affects visitors experience affecthe authenticity cultural experience positive socio cultural impacts tourism beneficial host community provides financial means incentive preserve cultural histories local heritage_sites customs interest local crafts traditional dance oral histories community wider world new ideas new experiences c recreational tourism demand impacts vol channel view publications negative socio cultural impacts negativeffects cultural v h techniques socially sustainable_tourism_development lessons department geography publication series university waterloo tourists violate customs dearden p cultural aspects tourism sustainable northern geography publication series university waterloo culturally sensitive locations introduction different cultural beliefs visitors tends create older younger generations locals suffer increased stresses trying exist tourists number tourists host community challenging ability preserve lifestyle another potential impact rise illicit activitiesuch prostitution substance abuse drug_use impacts global tourism contributed billion world gross domestic product gdp total contribution rising almost world gross domestic product gdp turner travel_tourism economic_impact world london_wto influx gross domestic product gdp comes billion international_tourists worldwide number growing annually since e stage j theconomic impacts tourism south_africa poverty natural_resources forum b perceptions local_communities theconomic impacts tourism_development malaysia web conferences vol pp visitation gross domestic product gdp arexpected continue rise near future falling oil prices contribute reduced living costs increased available income households well reduced costs air_travel_tourism divided impacts fall spending visitors tourism experiences like theme_parks domestic international spending leisure items like bicycles capital j b jensen butler c regional economic_impacts tourism case denmark regional studies tourism felt direct indirect ways direct economic_impacts created commodities like following sold accommodation entertainment food retail opportunities residents visitors businesses various levels governments municipal influence impacts spending near given tourism c j b tourism principles practices john wiley sons key component direct economic_impacts tourism thathey occur within country borders implemented residents non residents business leisure purposes contrast indirect economic_impacts tourism found investment spending surrounding tourism offering private governmental interests investment may explicitly related_tourism benefits tourist local project stakeholders indirect impacts tourism purchase sale items like additional supplies forestaurants high tourism season busy downtown centres indirect economic_impacts supply government collective account total gdp contribution travel_tourism induced spending circulation tourist dollar within community another way thatourism impact r dearden p tourism_ecotourism protected_areas p dearden needham eds parks protected_areas canada planning management fourth_edition pp university_press example foreign tourist money local_economy spend dollar souvenir made local athe tourism_destination individual goes spend dollar lunch local vendor vendor goes spend locally p tourism impacts planning management j estimating theconomic impacts tourism annals tourism_research positive negativeconomic impacts tourism positive negativeffects communities related theconomic impacts tourism communities positive impact refer increase jobs higher quality life locals increase wealth area tourism_also advantage rebuilding historic_sites encouraging revitalization tourism society guide problems issues venture publishing state college pennsylvania chapters positive impact increase make better either host community residence tourist_destination positive impacts arelated well rather happiness host community tourist k doctor philosophy hospitality_tourism tourism impacts upon quality life residents community virginia polytechnic institute state_university retrieved_november tourist_destination positive impacts improvements natural_environment parks man_made infrastructure waste treatment provides theconomic stimulus allow diversification employment income potential andevelop resources within community improvements infrastructure services benefit bothe locals tourists whereas heritage_tourism focus local history historical eventhat occurred areand tends j planning tourism rural_areas policy implementation gap tourism_research critiques challenges routledge london positive impacts begin increase job opportunities locals tourism_industry becomes developed also increase average income spreads throughouthe community tourism addition local_economy goods manufactured locally new markets open local business owners expand unfortunately benefits universal may available tourism_related jobs often seasonal low paying entrants job market prices known throughouthe year rise high tourism season take_advantage tourist dollars theconomic reach local_residents effectively place home negative_impacts theffects caused cases athe tourist_destination site detrimental impacts social cultural areas well natural_environment population impacts resources become carrying_capacity tourists destination site may become nelson r butler g wall tourism sustainable_development civic joint university waterloo geography publication series number university waterloo typically impacts occurring late place restrictions regulations tourist discover many negative_impacts found development stage tourism area life cycle nelson j g butler wall g tourism sustainable_development civic approach department geography university waterloo theconomics tourism shown push local tourism_business owners favour strangers region foreign ownership creates leakage revenues leaving host community another nation multi national business strip opportunity locals make meaningful johnston r j theconomic impacts tourism special issue journal travel research foreign companies also_known hire non resident seasonal workers pay individuals lower wages contributes economic leakage tourism raise property prices near tourism area effectively pushing locals encouraging businesses encourage take_advantage tourist spending employment availability economic_impacts tourism_travel_tourism create total available jobs worldwide bothe direct sectors jobs provide visitor witheir tourism experience include limited accommodation building cleaning managing food_andrink services entertainment manufacturing shopping employment opportunities include manufacturing aircraft boats transportation well construction additional infrastructure necessary accommodate travel products airports etc tourism satellite world_travel_tourism council tourism satellite system measurement recognized united_nations define thextent economic sector easily defined industries like forest industry forestry oil gas industry oil gas tourism fit statistical model much dependent physical movement products services position consumer therefore designed many offerings international scale facilitate better understanding circumstances locally abroad standardization includes concepts meanto enable researchers industry professionals average tourism_business owner view international comparisons widely implemented gap existed available knowledge aboutourism economic driver gross domestic product gdp employment investment industry consumption indicators primarily therefore lacking scientific analytical costa c tourismanagement dynamics trends management gap meant missed opportunities development tourism stakeholders unable understand might able better establish tourism economy example tsa measure tax revenues related_tourism key contributor level enthusiasm level government might towards potential tourism investment addition johnston suggesthat stakeholders tourism benefit tsa provides data impact tourism associated employment framework statistical data tourism international standard endorsed statistical commission instrument designing economic policies related_tourism_development provides data tourism impact nation balance payments provides_information tourism human_resource characteristics collection qualitative datand effective form tourism providers able fill previous knowledge gap information delivered measured tsa includes tax revenues economic_impact onational human_resources employment tourism contribution gross domestic product projections thextento impacts tourism impacthe world economy world economic system appear agree thathe number international_tourist arrivals reach approximately billion year tourists billion arexpected regional million long_haul travelers arrivals developing_countries arexpected continue growing recorded total arrivals recorded access moremote locations becomes easier direct contributions travel_tourism world economy gross domestic product gdp arexpected rise withe impacts found investment supply chain sectors employment anticipated rise parallel gdp contributions reaching world employment employment estimated total world employment approximately employment approximately see_also sustainable_tourism references_category_tourism category_economy thenvironment"},{"title":"In Your Pocket City Guides","description":"file in your pocket logopng righthumb px in your pocket iyp is a european city guide publisher and online tourist information provider as of april it publishes city guides to destinations and provides free online information tover cities in countries in europe from athens to z rich belfasto bucharestallinn to tiranand st petersburg to sofia distributed locally mainly in hotels and newsstands thentire content of most guides can also be downloaded from the website free of charge as a pdf document which allows travellers to read and print outhe full guide before departure the first in your pocket city guide vilnius in your pocket was written in late by german journalist matthias l fkens and belgian brothers george oliver and nicolas ortiz in vilnius lithuania since then the four founders have franchised the in your pocket guides which cover key tourist cities as well as obscure off beat destinationsuch as athens belfast berlin bra ov bucharest cagliari eskrumlov derry dubrovnik frankfurt gda sk gdynia haapsalu kaliningrad kaunas kiev klaip da kor a krak w leipzig liep ja ljubljana d lviv milan minsk moscow narva nida lithuania nida odessa oristano palanga p rnu pe poiana bra ov pozna prague pristina prizren riga rijeka s hertogenbosch shkodra iauliai sofia sopot st petersburg tallinn tarn w tartu tirana trieste utrecht venice vilnius warsawroc aw zadar zagreb and z rich in june in your pocket published print and online city guides to all the football world cup venues in germany and in june is published bespoke guides for all euro venues in poland in september in your pocket published its first iphone application this free travel app in your pocket city essentials now available for ios android the guidebooks have received much praise in the international media the wall street journal described the style as tongue in cheek advice with brutal honesty visitors beware lithuania s unorthodox approach tourism wall street journal september accessed september the international herald tribune described them as an eastern european publishing phenomenon a pocketful of tips on eastern europe international herald tribune may accessed march and the times wrote thathey are the best guides to eastern europe alternative city guidebooks and websites the timeseptember accessed march adding thathe website is a literally priceless firstop before your holiday inside information the times july accessed march the new york times notes it is a good all around information site cultured traveler the new york times july accessed march and the independent lists their website among the ten bestravel websites because the writers compilers live locally and the guides are frequently updated the ten bestravel websites the independent january accessed march the guardian observes that inyourpocketcom was the first online travel guide to come up withe idea offering free downloadable city guides in printable pdformat best of the net essential sites the guardian may accessed march noting that it is a brilliant resource written by excellent writers whose slant is always off the trail blog by bloguide to art in europe the guardian february accessed march and the observer says it is the most reliable source what is a kerthe observer may accessed march the guides are frequently mentioned in traditional guidebooksuch as lonely planet let s go travel guides orough guides references externalinks category travel guide books category series of books category 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pocket logopng righthumb_px pocket european city_guide publisher online tourist_information provider april publishes city_guides destinations provides free online information tover cities countries europe athens rich st_petersburg sofia distributed locally mainly hotels newsstands thentire content guides also downloaded website free charge pdf document allows travellers read print outhe full guide departure first pocket city_guide vilnius pocket written late german journalist matthias l belgian brothers george oliver nicolas vilnius lithuania since four founders franchised pocket guides cover key tourist cities well obscure beat destinationsuch athens belfast berlin bra bucharest derry frankfurt kiev krak w leipzig lviv milan moscow lithuania p bra prague sofia st_petersburg tallinn w venice vilnius zagreb rich june pocket published print online city_guides football world_cup venues germany june published guides euro venues poland september pocket published first iphone application free travel app pocket city available ios android guidebooks received much praise international media wall_street_journal described style tongue advice brutal visitors lithuania approach tourism wall_street_journal september accessed september international herald tribune described eastern_european publishing phenomenon tips eastern_europe international herald tribune may accessed_march times wrote thathey best guides eastern_europe alternative city_guidebooks websites accessed_march adding thathe website literally holiday inside information times july accessed_march new_york times notes good around information site traveler new_york times july accessed_march independent lists website among ten bestravel websites writers live locally guides frequently updated ten bestravel websites independent january accessed_march guardian observes first online_travel_guide come withe_idea offering free city_guides best net essential sites guardian may accessed_march noting brilliant resource written excellent writers whose always trail blog art europe guardian february accessed_march observer says reliable source observer may accessed_march guides frequently mentioned traditional lonely_planet let go_travel_guides guides references_externalinks category_travel_guide_books category_series books_category travel_websites"},{"title":"Index of drinking establishment-related articles","description":"file ye olde fighting cocks jpg thumb px ye olde fighting cocks in st albans hertfordshire holds the guinness world records guinness world record for the oldest pub in england this an index of drinking establishment related articles file five bartenders behind st charles hotel barjpg thumbartender s athe st charles hotel in toronto circa types of drinking establishment alcohol free bar australian pubar establishment bar beer hall biker bar botequim brewpub cantina cider house cigar bar dance bar dive bar drinking establishment fern bar gastropub gay bar gothenburg public house system honky tonk host and hostess clubs ice bar inn irish pub izakaya juke joint lesbian bar micropub nightclub ratskelleroadhouse facility roadhouse shebeen speakeasy tavern tied house tiki bar western saloon lists of pubs list of award winning pubs in london list ofictional bars and pubs list oformer public houses and coffeehouses in boston list of pubs in australia list of pubs in dublin list of pubs in london list of pubs in sheffield list of pubs in the united kingdom list of pubs named carpenter arms pubs and inns in grantham bar terminology bar back bartender bartending terminology beer engine beer garden cocktail waitress flair bartending happy hour ladies night last call bar term last call act of parliament clock alcoholicensing laws of the united kingdom anti saloon league b image hofbraeukeller jpg thumb a beer garden in munich germany beerhouse act birmingham pubombings c file cantina el nivel jpg thumb customers at a cantina campaign foreale cheers sitcom classicocktail eire pub dorchester massachusetts visited by presidents and prime ministers and political candidates g the good pub guide guildford pubombings ice luge j d wetherspoon king street run l image longest bar mildurajpg righthumb the mildura working man s club in bar establishment bar length it has been considered as one of the longest bar in australia longest bars in australia list of microbreweries longest bar in australia microbrewery national pub of the year pub chain pub church pub crawl pub design awards pub games pub golf pub names pub philosophy image pubquizjpg thumb a pub quiz team in amsterdam pub quiz pub rock australia pub rock united kingdom pub song pub token cuisine of montevideo public houses public houses of montevideo punch taverns rail ale ramble s file steese roadhouse alaskajpg thumb steese roadhouse facility roadhouse in centralaska is the sole bar general store and gastation in central file shebeen in joe slovo parkjpg thumb a shebeen in joe slovo park cape town santacon six 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book the indonesia handbook thearlier editions in the late s were much smaller than the later editions during the suharto era the guide book was atimes banned by the time of the last edition published in the book was pages long moon expanded its range to publish a large number of travel handbooks following the successful format of the indonesia handbook to cover other areas for example the south pacific handbook moon handbooksouth pacific by david stanley moon travel guides website green travel talk with david stanley dalton sold his interest in moon publications in and the new owners dropped the title other publications the department of information of the government of indonesia published a volume withe same title between and it had been compiled and produced by japenpa foreign languages publishing institute in the title indonesia handbook was used for a new guide book by footprint books publisher of the south american handbook joshua eliot indonesia handbook publication details 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since but has taken on renewed interest in recentimes with both industrial heritage sites and modern industry attracting tourism attractiveness even if the concept isubjective depending on a person s preferences it has beenoticed through market researches that people like to see and experience the present or historic heritage production processes of goods with a symbolicharacter for a region from coal and energy in ruhr to bananas and coffee in guatemala branded luxury goods like cars watches and jewels technologically demanding innovative goods like computers and airplanes handcrafted goods like porcelain and blacksmith products drinks and foods an attractions directory for some central seuropean countries illustrates and includes this classification the attractiveness perception is also influenced by the cities of destination ability to build touristic packages that reflectheir industrial image and or identity respectively in the case of tour operators by mastering the industrial component in their attraction mix in the offered packages presently even on the mature markets there arelatively few tour operators providing industrial tourism packages completing other offers and almost always missing the specialized ones as researched in a market study conducted by one of the tour operators providing such specialized services destinations the most obvious industrial tourism destinations are cities and regions with a solid industrial base for them industrial tourism is a potential growth sector that matches witheir identity the sector offers opportunities to strengthen their distinctiveness and image notably by building onto their already existing assets however successful achievements are few and mostly in the developed countries in western europespecially germany the united kingdom the netherlands as well as in the usand japan where a culture of leadership and collaboration between the different stakeholders athe community s governance level already exists there is a positive trend and some remarkable achievements in central europe austria hungary the czech republic poland chinand india too also attention is being paid worldwide to reconvert economically collapsed mono industrial areas especially mining and metallurgic ones through industrial tourism krivoi rog re i and petro animportant conditions for evaluating a destination s industrial tourism potential are the quality of the location local infrastructure serviceconomy services environment biophysical environment other attractions etc the accessibility of the attractions thease of reaching the in situ visitor services facilities or at least free access to and information about cultural heritage objectives visitors centers or at leasthe possibility of scheduling individual guided tours at relevant companies qualified staff the availability of information public private marketing cooperation particularities of the demand the largest majority of industrial tourists are fromature outgoing markets 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deadurl bot unknown archiveurl archivedate df have tips will travel website wwwindependenttravelercom access date international expeditions date access date deadurl bot unknown archiveurl archivedate df the company s cruise adventures are tailored for customers who are years old well educated and affluent ie is a subsidiary of tui group a multinational travel and tourism company headquartered in hanover hannover germany capa centre for aviation website centreforaviationcom access date it is a part of the adventure specialist group within tui specialist group which also includes american adventures exodus grand american adventures headwater quark expeditionsawadee trekamerica world challenge and zegrahm expeditions ie is currently managed by travelopia the international ecotourism society website wwwecotourismorg languagen access date and steve cox ryel also served as the chairman of the board of the international ecotourism society van perry was appointed the president of international expeditions inovember he is also the president of zegrahm expeditions an adventure travel company located in seattle washington travel agent central date website wwwtravelagentcentralcom access date controversy in april a cabin on international expeditions estrellamazonica now known as amazon star caught fire killing two american passengers drs larry and christy hammer according to investigators the fire was caused by a power strip that wasupplied by the boat and lacked surge protection and safety and flammability ratings the hammers room lacked an in room fire alarm surveillance video footage shows that itook thestrellamazonica s crew more than minutes to extract dr larry hammer from the room after the fire was located and another six minutes to extract dr christy hammer in the days following the fire international expeditions claimed thathe chief ofire department loreto region a chief ofire prevention and investigation unit a chief of instruction and investigation the commanding deputy district attorney the tourism police force and port authorities cleared the vessel safe to carry guests these claims have not been verified perry and international expeditions are criticized for declaring the boat safe to travel and for the ship to resume sailing within two days of the tragedy given that perry and international expeditions did not know athatime what caused the fire why no alarm sounded anywhere on the boat and why the crew failed to respond effectively in september perry told people magazine people thathe boat now has enhanced fire fighting equipment and thathe crew has been provided with refresher fire training no safety officials or third parties have been able to publicly verify the statement in april the wall street journal the wall street journal s joe palazzolo shined new light on the hammer tragedy citing a newly released peruvianavy report on the fire palazzolo writes the riverboat s fire alarm did not operate at all and its crew lacking training and equipmentook more than minutes to enter the hammers cabin peruvian authoritiesaid in an octobereport on the fire citing a litany of violations of the nation s maritime regulations he also explains the death on the high seas act which may allow international expeditions to escape accountability for the hammers deaths because of the law the cruise industry enjoys broad immunity from damages in wrongful death cases involving retirees and other passengers who have no financial dependents international expeditions the alabama based company that charters the cruise and helpedesign the riverboat has told the daughters through its lawyers that it has no financial obligation to the family under the law the omaha world herald and cruise law news also covered the peruvianavy report in the words of jim walker a maritime lawyer and publisher of cruise law news the pointo come away with aftereading abouthis terrible ordeal is thathis thexactly the resulthathe cruise lines want after cruise passengers have been killed walker also calls the death on the high seas act one of the cruelest and most unfair if not completely callous laws imaginable references category travel and holiday companies of the united states category american companiestablished in category cruise lines category adventure travel category 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company overview international_expeditions group various include land based trips places kenya well wildlife natural areasuch peruvian amazon gal islands galapagos_islands focuses primarily land based activities charters variety yachts cruise programs patagonia india cuba amazon galapagos international_expeditions date access_date unknown tips travel_website access_date international_expeditions date access_date unknown company cruise adventures tailored customers years_old well educated affluent subsidiary tui group multinational travel_tourism_company headquartered hanover germany centre aviation website access_date part adventure specialist group within tui specialist group also_includes american adventures grand american adventures world challenge expeditions currently managed international ecotourism society website languagen access_date steve cox also_served chairman board international ecotourism society van perry appointed president international_expeditions inovember also president expeditions adventure_travel company located seattle_washington travel_agent central date website access_date controversy april cabin international_expeditions known amazon star caught fire killing two american passengers larry christy hammer according investigators fire caused power strip wasupplied boat lacked protection safety ratings room lacked room fire alarm surveillance video footage shows itook crew minutes larry hammer room fire located another six minutes christy hammer days following fire international_expeditions claimed thathe chief ofire department region chief ofire prevention investigation unit chief instruction investigation deputy district attorney tourism police force port authorities cleared vessel safe carry guests claims verified perry international_expeditions criticized boat safe travel ship resume sailing within two_days tragedy given perry international_expeditions know athatime caused fire alarm sounded anywhere boat crew failed respond effectively september perry told people magazine people thathe boat enhanced fire fighting equipment thathe crew provided fire training safety officials third parties able publicly verify statement april wall_street_journal wall_street_journal joe new light hammer tragedy citing newly released report fire writes riverboat fire alarm operate crew lacking training minutes enter cabin peruvian fire citing violations nation maritime regulations also explains death high seas act may allow international_expeditions escape accountability deaths law cruise industry enjoys broad immunity damages death cases involving passengers financial international_expeditions alabama based company charters cruise riverboat told daughters lawyers financial obligation family law omaha world herald cruise law news also covered report words jim walker maritime lawyer publisher cruise law news pointo come away abouthis thathis cruise_lines want cruise passengers killed walker also calls death high seas act one unfair completely laws references_category_travel holiday_companies united_states category_american companiestablished category cruise_lines category_adventure_travel_category_tourism"},{"title":"International healthcare accreditation","description":"due to the near universal desire for safe and good quality healthcare there is a growing interest international healthcare accreditation lovern e nov accreditation gains attention modern healthcare providing healthcarespecially of an adequate standard of care standard is a complex and challenging process healthcare is a vital and emotive issue its importance pervades all aspects of society societies and it has medical social political ethical business and financial ramifications in any part of the world healthcare services can be provided either by the public sector by the private sector by a combination of both and the site of delivery of healthcare can be located in hospitals or be accessed through practitioners working in the community such as general medical practitioners andentists this occurring in most parts of the developed world in a setting in which people arexpressing ever greater expectations of hospitals and healthcare services this trend is especially strong where socialized medicine socialised medical systems exist for example in theuropean union patients havever greater expectations of what health systems oughto deliver although there has been a continuous rise in costs of services determined by scientific and technological innovation office for international public health and social affairs contribution to the reflection process for a new eu health strategy venice italy regional health and social department and in one particular eu member state the united kingdom people are going to increase demand they have also got an increased expectation of whathe nhs can deliver uk parliament select committee on health february minutes of evidencexamination of witnesses bernie hurn and michael hall questions the usa manifestsome differences here and is an unusual andistinct oddity among developed western countries in million of the overall us population ie had no health insurance whatsoeversherman a r greenstein and s parrott august poverty and share of americans without healthcare were higher in washington centre for budget and policy priorities yet in the usa spent nearly trillion healthcare or of the country s gross domestic product more than twice as much per capitas the oecd average because of thisome us citizens are having to look outside of their country to find affordable healthcare through the medium of medical tourism also known as global healthcare see below apart from using hospital s and healthcare services to regain their health if it has become impaired or to prevent ill health occurring in the first place people the world over may also use them for a wide variety of other services for example improving uponatureg cosmetic surgery sex reassignment surgery gendereassignment surgery or acquiring help tovercome difficulties with becoming a parent eg infertility treatment healthcare and hospital accreditation fundamentally healthcare and hospital accreditation is about improving how care is delivered to patients and the quality of the care they receive accreditation has been defined as a self assessment and external peer assessment process used by health care organisations to accurately assess their level of performance in relation to established standards and to implement ways to continuously improve interest in hospital accreditation ascends as far as the world health organisation seexternalinks accreditation is one important component in patient safety however there is limited and contested evidence supporting theffectiveness of accreditation programs in the usa in thearly th century there was concern over how to best create an appropriatenvironment in which clinicians could work standards to improve the control of the hospital environment were thus generated and these subsequently grew into accreditation schemes withe remito facilitate and improve organisational development part of the process is not only about assessing quality but also about promoting and improving quality similar accreditation schemes were soon developed elsewhere in the world in countriesuch as the united kingdom the united states australia new zealand canada sophisticated accreditation groups have grown up to survey hospitals and in some cases healthcare in the community furthermore other accreditation groups have been set up with openly declared remits to look after just one particularea of healthcare such as laboratory medicine or psychiatric services or sexual health accreditation systems are structured so as to provide objective measures for thexternal evaluation of quality and quality management accreditation schemeshould ideally focus primarily on the patient and their pathway through thealthcare system this includes how they access care how they are cared for after discharge from hospital and the quality of the services provided for them atheart of these schemes is a list of standards which ideally serve to assess evaluate in a systematic and comprehensive way the standards of professional performance in a hospital this includes not only hand on patient care but also training and education of staff credentials clinical governance and audit research activity ethical standards etc the standards can also be used internally by hospitals to develop and improve their quality standards and quality management some international accreditation schemes believe thathe standards applied should be fixed and are nonegotiable while others operate a system of negotiation over standards however whatever approach is taken thevery aspect of the processhould bevidence based medicinevidence based international standardization groups also exist but it must be pointed outhathe mere achieving of set standards is nothe only factor involved in quality accreditation there is also the significant matter of the incorporating into participating hospitalsystems of self examination problem solving and self improvement and hence there is more to accreditation than following some sort of overall standardization process as governments and the general public have increasingly come to demand more and more openness about health care and its delivery including and especially hospital quality and safety and the clinical performance of doctors and these accreditation systems have generally adapted to fulfill this extended role however accreditation should ideally be independent of governmental control and accreditation groupshould assess hospitals holistically and not just some isolated facet of the hospital s activities or servicesuch as the laboratories pharmacy services infection control financial health or information technology services indeed partial accreditation of this type should be publicly acknowledged asuch by bothe accreditation scheme and the hospital the best accreditation schemes also assess academic and intellectual activity such as teaching and research within those hospitals thathey survey see later and have a clear andeclared interest in medical ethics in some parts of the world accessing healthcare can be very expensiveven prohibitively so while some countries havelected to provide comprehensive healthcare services for all of their populations others appear to be satisfied with leaving portions of their population without access to healthcare when it comes to who pays the bills for healthcare it may be the government or it may be the individual sometimes either by direct payment and sometimes through employerun schemes insurance companies etc or a combination of bothowever healthcare canever be truly free someone somewhere will always have to pay and the payer will always wanthe best value for money possible affordability of healthcare can be the insurmountable hurdle for some human beings value for money is hence another factor in assessing the true quality of healthcare background a number of larger countries engage in hospital accreditation that is provided internally taking the usas an example numerous groups provide accreditation for internal healthcare organizations including the aaahc accreditation association for ambulatory health care doing business internationally as acreditas global community health accreditation program chap the joint commission tjc the accreditation commission for health care inc achc thexemplary provider program of the compliance teamerican accreditation commission international aaci and thealthcare quality association accreditation hqaa some other countries have looked towards accessing the services of the major international healthcare accreditation groups based in other countries to assess their healthcare services there are many reasons for this including cost a desire to improve healthcare quality for one s own citizens good governance is athe basis of all high quality healthcare or a desire to market one s healthcare services to medical touristsee below some hospitals go for international healthcare accreditation as a de facto form of advertising in response to this marketing opportunity some national accreditation groups havexpanded their wings internationally and gone on to survey and accredit hospitals outside of their ownational borders when they choose to do thisuch groups can be said to be providing international healthcare accreditation this process of accreditation has been made increasingly complicated by the facthat in many parts of the world more and more human beings are choosing to cross international borders to access healthcare a phenomenon known as medical tourism or global healthcare medical tourism global healthcare cannot be ignored as a key issue international healthcare accreditation it is becoming increasingly important as millions of especially europeans and americanseek healthcare overseas outside of their own countries for a variety of reasons including and especially affordability and it represents a growing multibillion euro dollar pound business of increasing importance to theconomies of many countriesuch asingapore thailand india hong kong malaysiand the philippines the importance of medical tourism global healthcare to theconomy of developing countries is increasingly the subject of academic study and thisynergy has a clear knock on effect for those organizations based within the developed world who are seeking to develop the medical tourism global healthcare markethe reasons why patients are seeking out medical tourism global healthcare options are manifold a healthcare may be too expensive at home b waiting lists may be too long c patients wish to access treatments not available at homeg stem cell therapy termination of pregnancy unlicensed medications gendere assignment surgery d patients wish for greater confidentiality than may be feasible at homeg hiv aids treatment infertility treatment gendere assignment surgery face lifts e new challenges arise from time to time such as new medical developments which are not universally accessible themergence of the so called superbugs eg methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus mrsa vrsa vre clostridium difficilesbl producing e coli problems withe blood transfusion supply eg chaga s disease in the usa hiv htlv etc and the social imponderablesuch as war political change and natural disasters any of these factors may lead to a loss of publiconfidence in healthcare services and a desire to seek out healthcare overseas thenvironmental and political situation will constantly vary throughouthe world and this will need to be factored into thequations the following quotation taken from the website of partners harvard medical international crystallizes the increasing relevance of international health care accreditation and its growing commercial importance particularly in relation to medical tourism global healthcare in competitive health care markets where patients have an increasing array of choices quality is the most important differentiator forganizationstriving for sustainability and both national and regionaleadership international accreditation has become a powerful indicator of a health care organization s commitmento high quality care and patient safety reflecting this much of the discussion medical tourism blog sites reflects the increasing importance of international healthcare and hospital accreditation to this industry how does an individual contemplating becoming a medical tourist ensure thathe overseas healthcare they are planning to access is asafe as possible and is of adequate quality for sure it is not simply a matter of looking at hospital buildings and at mattresses and it is certainly not just an issue of looking only athe prices charged while architecturally pleasing rooms and easier access to satellitelevision and the internet may improve personal comfort and a bargain basement price may help the wallet what is often more important may include such issues as the standards of governance in the hospital or clinic thealthcare providing establishment s commitmento self improvement and to learn positively from errors the overall medical ethics medical ethical standards operating within the organization the clinical staff s ethical standards and their personal and collective commitmento caring for patients and the wider community the quality of the clinical staff including their background educational attainment and training and evidence of continuing professional development by those staff the quality and ethical standards of the management and their personal and collective commitmento caring for patients and the wider community the clinical track record of the hospital or clinic the infection control track record of the hospital or clinic the hospital may be located in a country where thenvironment and climate may bring a patient into contact with infectious and or tropical diseases that are unfamiliar to them evidence of a robust just and fair system to deal with complaints made by patients when things go wrong as they inevitably will from time to time and where appropriate to compensate the injured party in a fair and reasonable way the above list is not exhaustive but it represents a good start also the intending medical tourist should check whether or not a hospital is wholly accredited by an international accreditation group or if it is only partly accredited eg for infection control the latter being less inclined to create confidence in a potential consumer how does the person in the street access this type of quality information this can be very difficult accreditation schemes well recognised as providing services in the international healthcare accreditation field include joint commission international jci based in the united states trent accreditation scheme based in uk europe the former trent scheme which ended in was the first scheme to accredit a hospital in asia in hong kong in the different accreditation schemes vary in approach quality size intent sourcing of surveyors and the skill of their marketing they also vary in terms of how much they charge hospitals and healthcare institutions for their services they all have web sites umbrella organizations the international society for quality in health care isqua is an umbrella organisation for such organisations providing international healthcare accreditation its offices are based in the republic of ireland isqua is a small non profit limited company with members in over countries isqua works to provide services to guide health professionals providers researchers agencies policy makers and consumers to achievexcellence in healthcare delivery to all people and to continuously improve the quality and safety of care isqua does not actually survey or accredit hospitals or clinics itself the united kingdom accreditation forum or united kingdom accreditation forum ukaf is a uk based umbrella organisation forganisations providing healthcare accreditation its offices are based in london like isqua ukaf does not actually survey and accredit hospitals itself india becomes th nation to join isquaccreditation services if a hospital or clinic simply wishes to improve itservices to patients wherever those patients come from locally or from further afield or wishes to attract medical tourists how do they choose who to go to when contemplating accessing external peereview by an accreditation group such as those listed above none healthcare system has a monopoly of excellence and none provider country or scheme can claim to be the total arbiter of quality the same is true of healthcare accreditation schemes for example some countriesuch as the usa perform very poorly when it comes to providing anything close to universal access to healthcare of adequate quality to the population living within their own borders othersuch as the united kingdom and australia have created state funded systems which provideverything withouthe assistance of the private sector different accreditation schemes are sourced out of different parts of the world for example in hospitals there isee map joint commission international jci out of the accreditation canada qha trent out of the united australian council on health care standards international in as no single international accreditation schemenjoys exclusive rights to be seen as an overall worldwide relevant scheme some hospitals are looking towards multiple accreditation to achieve performance credibility in different parts of the world file locations of bases of int accred schemesjpg thumb locations of geographical bases ofour of the world s leading international hospital accreditation schemes other fields of accreditation exist such astronger use of general medical practicesometimes known as gp or family medicine isome westernised countries gp accreditation servicesuch as the royal college of general practitioners rgcp in the united kingdom and australian general practice accreditation limited agpal in australia provide accreditation services for these practices with respecto the cost of accreditation this can vary enormously and it can be hard to find out precise data in the case of joint commission international jci the costs can be substantial this based on the country size and operations of an organisation with respecto hospital work international organization for standardization iso the international organization for standardization is often mistakenly considered to be an international healthcare accreditation scheme however it is not see also accreditation hospital accreditation evidence based medicine health tourism provider health insurance hospitalist of international healthcare accreditation organizations medical tourism patient safety patient safety organization medical ethics international sos international organization for standardization united kingdom accreditation forum externalinks editorial arce hospital accreditation as a means of achieving international quality standards in health international journal for quality in health care volume number december pp role of who in hospital accreditation who regional office for theastern mediterranean partners harvard medical international making quality the competitivedge raik e aged care accreditation in australia bmj rapid response novemberobinson r book review accreditation protecting the professional or the consumer bmj rawlins r hospital accreditation is important bmj category quality assurance category healthcare industry category accreditation category healthcare quality category medical 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expectations hospitals healthcare_services trend especially strong medicine medical systems exist example theuropean_union patients greater expectations health systems deliver although continuous rise costs services determined scientific technological innovation office international public_health social affairs contribution reflection process new health strategy venice italy regional health social department one particular member state united_kingdom people going increase demand also got increased expectation whathe nhs deliver uk parliament select committee health february minutes michael hall questions usa differences unusual among developed western countries million overall us population health_insurance r august poverty share americans without healthcare higher washington centre budget policy priorities yet usa spent nearly trillion healthcare country gross domestic product twice much per average us citizens look outside country find affordable healthcare medium medical_tourism also_known global healthcare see apart using hospital healthcare_services regain health become prevent ill health occurring first place people world may_also use wide_variety services example improving cosmetic surgery sex surgery surgery acquiring help difficulties becoming parent infertility treatment healthcare hospital_accreditation fundamentally healthcare hospital_accreditation improving care delivered patients quality care receive accreditation defined self assessment external peer assessment process used health_care organisations accurately assess level performance relation established standards implement ways continuously improve interest hospital_accreditation far world health organisation accreditation one important component patient safety however limited contested evidence supporting accreditation programs usa thearly_th century concern best create could work standards improve control hospital environment thus generated subsequently grew accreditation_schemes withe facilitate improve organisational development part process assessing quality also promoting improving quality similar accreditation_schemes soon developed elsewhere world countriesuch united_kingdom united_states australia new_zealand canada sophisticated accreditation groups grown survey hospitals cases healthcare community furthermore accreditation groups set openly declared look one particularea healthcare laboratory medicine services sexual health accreditation systems structured provide objective measures thexternal evaluation quality quality management accreditation ideally focus primarily patient pathway thealthcare system includes access care discharge hospital quality_services provided atheart schemes list standards ideally serve assess evaluate systematic comprehensive way standards professional performance hospital includes hand patient care also training education staff credentials clinical governance audit research activity ethical standards etc standards also_used internally hospitals develop improve quality standards quality management international_accreditation schemes believe thathe standards applied fixed others operate system standards however whatever approach taken aspect based based international standardization groups also exist must pointed mere achieving set standards nothe factor involved quality accreditation also significant matter incorporating participating self examination problem self improvement hence accreditation following sort overall standardization process governments general_public increasingly come demand health_care delivery including especially hospital quality safety clinical performance doctors accreditation systems generally adapted extended role however accreditation ideally independent governmental control accreditation assess hospitals isolated hospital activities servicesuch laboratories services infection control financial health information_technology services indeed partial accreditation type publicly acknowledged asuch bothe accreditation scheme hospital best accreditation_schemes also assess academic intellectual activity teaching research within hospitals thathey survey see later clear interest medical ethics parts world accessing healthcare countries provide comprehensive healthcare_services populations others appear satisfied leaving portions population without access healthcare comes pays bills healthcare may government may individual sometimes either direct payment sometimes schemes insurance_companies etc combination healthcare truly free someone somewhere always pay always wanthe best value money possible affordability healthcare human beings value money hence another factor assessing true quality healthcare background number larger countries engage hospital_accreditation provided internally taking example numerous groups provide accreditation internal healthcare organizations including accreditation association health_care business internationally global community health accreditation program joint_commission accreditation commission health_care inc provider program compliance accreditation commission_international thealthcare quality association accreditation countries looked towards accessing services major_international_healthcare_accreditation groups based countries assess healthcare_services many reasons including cost desire improve healthcare quality one citizens good governance athe basis high_quality healthcare desire market one healthcare_services medical hospitals go international_healthcare_accreditation de facto form advertising response marketing opportunity national accreditation groups wings internationally gone survey accredit hospitals outside borders choose groups said providing international_healthcare_accreditation process accreditation made increasingly complicated facthat many_parts world human beings choosing cross international borders access healthcare phenomenon known medical_tourism global healthcare medical_tourism global healthcare cannot key issue international_healthcare_accreditation becoming_increasingly important millions especially europeans healthcare overseas outside countries variety reasons including especially affordability represents growing multibillion euro dollar pound business increasing importance many_countriesuch thailand india hong_kong malaysiand philippines importance medical_tourism global healthcare theconomy developing_countries increasingly subject academic study clear effect organizations_based within developed world seeking develop medical_tourism global healthcare markethe reasons patients seeking medical_tourism global healthcare options healthcare may expensive home b waiting lists may long c patients wish access treatments available stem cell therapy termination pregnancy unlicensed assignment surgery patients wish greater may feasible hiv aids treatment infertility treatment assignment surgery face e new challenges arise time time new medical developments universally accessible themergence called producing e coli problems withe blood supply disease usa hiv etc social war political change natural disasters factors may lead loss healthcare_services desire seek healthcare overseas thenvironmental political situation constantly vary throughouthe_world need following taken website partners harvard medical international increasing relevance international health_care accreditation growing commercial importance particularly relation medical_tourism global healthcare competitive health_care markets patients increasing array choices quality important sustainability national international_accreditation become powerful indicator health_care organization commitmento high_quality care patient safety reflecting much discussion medical_tourism blog sites reflects increasing importance international_healthcare hospital_accreditation industry individual becoming medical tourist ensure_thathe overseas healthcare planning access possible adequate quality sure simply matter looking hospital buildings mattresses certainly issue looking athe prices charged rooms easier access internet may improve personal comfort basement price may help wallet often important may_include issues standards governance hospital clinic thealthcare providing establishment commitmento self improvement learn positively errors overall medical ethics medical ethical standards operating within organization clinical staff ethical standards personal collective commitmento caring patients wider community quality clinical staff including background educational training evidence continuing professional development staff quality ethical standards management personal collective commitmento caring patients wider community clinical track record hospital clinic infection control track record hospital clinic hospital may located country thenvironment climate may bring patient contact infectious tropical diseases unfamiliar evidence robust fair system deal complaints made patients things go wrong inevitably time time appropriate injured party fair reasonable way list represents good start also intending medical tourist check whether hospital wholly accredited international_accreditation group partly accredited infection control latter less inclined create confidence potential consumer person street access type quality information difficult accreditation_schemes well recognised providing services international_healthcare_accreditation field include joint_commission_international jci based united_states trent accreditation scheme based uk europe former trent scheme ended first scheme accredit hospital asia hong_kong different accreditation_schemes vary approach quality size intent sourcing skill marketing also vary terms much charge hospitals healthcare institutions services web_sites umbrella organizations international society quality health_care isqua umbrella organisation organisations providing international_healthcare_accreditation offices based republic ireland isqua small non_profit limited company members countries isqua works provide services guide health professionals providers researchers agencies policy makers consumers healthcare delivery people continuously improve quality safety care isqua actually survey accredit hospitals clinics united_kingdom accreditation forum united_kingdom accreditation forum uk based umbrella organisation providing healthcare_accreditation offices based london like isqua actually survey accredit hospitals india becomes th nation join services hospital clinic simply wishes improve patients wherever patients come locally wishes attract medical_tourists choose go accessing external accreditation group listed none healthcare system monopoly excellence none provider country scheme claim total quality true healthcare_accreditation_schemes example countriesuch usa perform poorly comes providing anything close universal access healthcare adequate quality population living within borders othersuch united_kingdom australia created state funded systems withouthe assistance private_sector different accreditation_schemes sourced different_parts world example hospitals map joint_commission_international jci accreditation canada trent united australian council health_care standards international single international_accreditation exclusive rights seen overall worldwide relevant scheme hospitals looking towards multiple accreditation achieve performance credibility different_parts world file locations bases int thumb locations geographical bases ofour world leading international hospital_accreditation_schemes fields accreditation exist use general medical known family medicine countries accreditation servicesuch royal college general practitioners united_kingdom australian general practice accreditation limited australia provide accreditation services practices respecto cost accreditation vary hard find precise data case joint_commission_international jci costs substantial based country size operations organisation respecto hospital work international organization standardization iso international organization standardization often considered international_healthcare_accreditation scheme however see_also accreditation hospital_accreditation evidence based medicine health_tourism provider health_insurance international_healthcare_accreditation organizations medical_tourism patient safety patient safety organization medical ethics international international organization standardization united_kingdom accreditation forum externalinks editorial hospital_accreditation means achieving international quality standards health international_journal quality health_care volume number december pp role hospital_accreditation regional office theastern mediterranean partners harvard medical international making quality e aged care accreditation australia rapid response r book review accreditation protecting professional consumer r hospital_accreditation important category quality assurance category healthcare industry_category accreditation category healthcare quality category_medical tourism"},{"title":"International tourism","description":"international tourism refers tourism that crosses national borders globalization has made tourism a popular globaleisure activity the world tourism organization defines tourists as people traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure business and other purposes the world health organization who estimates that up to people are in flight at any one time swine flu prompts eu warning on travel to us the guardian april file boardingeasyjetarpjpg thumb modern aviation has made it possible to travelong distances quickly as a result of the late s recession international travel behavior travel demand suffered a strong slowdown from the second half of through thend of this negative trend intensifieduring exacerbated in some countries due to the outbreak of the flu pandemic h n influenza virus resulting in a worldwidecline of in to million international tourists arrivals and a decline international tourism receipts international tourism reached us b growing over corresponding to an increase in real versus nominal valueconomics real terms of in there were over million international tourist arrivals worldwide category tourism category economic 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tourism","tourism refers","refers tourism","crosses national","national borders","borders globalization","made tourism","world tourism","tourism organization","organization defines","defines tourists","people traveling","places outside","usual environment","one consecutive","consecutive year","leisure business","world health","health organization","one time","guardian april","april file","thumb modern","modern aviation","distances quickly","recession international","international travel","travel behavior","behavior travel","travel demand","demand suffered","strong slowdown","second half","negative trend","countries due","h n","virus resulting","million international","international tourists","tourists arrivals","decline international","international tourism","tourism receipts","receipts international","international tourism","tourism reached","reached us","us b","b growing","real versus","versus nominal","real terms","million international","international tourist","tourist arrivals","arrivals worldwide","worldwide category","category tourism","tourism category","category economic","economic globalization"],"new_description":"international tourism refers tourism crosses national borders globalization made tourism popular activity world_tourism organization defines tourists people traveling staying places outside usual environment one consecutive year leisure business purposes world health organization estimates people flight one_time flu warning travel us guardian april file thumb modern aviation made possible distances quickly result late recession international_travel behavior travel demand suffered strong slowdown second_half thend negative trend countries due outbreak flu h n virus resulting million international_tourists arrivals decline international_tourism receipts international_tourism reached us b growing corresponding increase real versus nominal real terms million international_tourist arrivals worldwide category_tourism category economic globalization"},{"title":"International tourism advertising","description":"file visitbamiyanjpg thumb visitbamiyan was created in augusto market bamiyan to the rest of the world international tourism advertising is tourism related marketing on the part of a private or public entity directed towards audiences abroad and mightarget potential travelers and non travelers alike wholly private firmsuch as travel agencies hotel chains cruise agencies non governmental organizationon governmental organizations ngos often run their own advertising campaigns to marketheir existence mission or services and or goods offered to the consumer and these advertisementseldom carry intentional political messages on the other hand advertising distributed by governments themselvesuch as through tourisministries or government owned private sector enterprises isometimes intended to convey more than simply the value of the product service or experience governments can use tourism ads as a channel for communicating directly to the public of other countries because tourism is a common and internationally encouraged industry and the advertising of it isubjecto minimal content regulation as the global travel market continues to expand with yearly increasing flights among international destinations advertising efforts on the part of the major actors in this market are also increasing advertising campaigns to promote travel to destinations abroad are particularly prevalent in western countries where the general public s expenditures on tourism tend to be consistently high even in light of the late s recession economic recession many advertisers which include both privatentities and foreign governments themselveshare the intended goal of increasing their own revenue by popularizing their serviceg airline or hotel chain or destination to boost receipts from travelers however some travel campaigns have additional or alternative purposesuch as promotingood public sentiments or improving existing ones towards them among the target audience sometimestates may use the branding of a product or service itself as a means of conveying a specific message without explicitly stating the message this tactic is often used to soften the implied message itself thus allowing the brander to sidestep or minimize controversy and or opposition tourism advertising can take many forms utilize a wide array of advertising tactics and be driven by a scope of private or public intents destination advertising is designed to make a location itself seemore appealing while travel services advertising seeks to gain an audience s buy in for the tourism related service or product below are some instances of international tourism advertising overlapping with states political economic and or social interests destination advertising a great degree of ads promoting foreign countries are produced andistributed by the tourisministries of those countrieso these ads often serve as public diplomacy vehicles for political statements and or depictions of the destination country s desired foreign public perception s following are only a few of the many examples of government produced tourism destination advertising that also serve political or social functions the bahamas are commonly considered to be a focal point of leisure and recreational travel in the caribbeand the island nation advertises itself asuch television ads and website produced by the government of the bahamaspecifically foster the image of the islands providing a care freexciting culturally rich and even romantic experience for travelers a recent slogan for the marketing campaign was it s better in the bahamas to reinforce the contrast between the desired perception as a low stress getaway and thectic nature of whatever living environmentourists would be leaving behind the bahamas have however actually traditionally seen high violent crime rateso the tourismarketing attempts to focus the audience s attention the azure water and beaches andraw it away from any negativelements of life there perception management managing perceptions is a common part of advertising of many consumer products and services focusing the audience s mind solely on the desirable aspects of whatever is being sold and away from any possible drawbacks or consequences the common impression of india in the west has long been either negative including perceptions of widespread poverty lack of sophisticated hygiene and violent ethnic and religious clashes or ambivalent so the indian government s ministry of tourism began a marketing campaign incredible ndia to emphasize the country s rich culture historic sites tourist attractions and general sense of excitement andynamism to western audiences tourism is an extremely lucrative and growinglobal industry so it is no surprise that india developing nation istriving to capitalize on that marketo boost its economy in addition india is also looking to strengthen its international security andiplomatic ties while broadening andeepening its trade relationships especially withe uso it is india s interesto promote a positive light for itself among the americand western voting populations in order to garner future international support and aid after the release of the sacha baron cohen comedy borat culturalearnings of america for make benefit glorious nation of kazakhstan borat which depicts a politically incorrect and socially oblivious fictional kazakhi reporter who travels throughouthe united states interviewing and meeting americans from various walks of life the government of kazakhstan was highly offended by the depiction of its less than two decade old country and borat culturalearnings of america for make benefit glorious nation of kazakhstan criticism by kazakhstan criticized the film and its creator as being defamatory and slanderous the issue of preserving kazakhstan s public image in light of the movie was of suchigh importance that kazakh president nursultanazarbayev had it listed as a main issue when he traveled to the us in september to meet withen president george w bush coupled with nazarbeyev s visit according to kazakhstan embassy spokesman roman vassilenko the kazakh government staged a large scale public relations blitz including running four page ads in the new york times and us news and world report and commercials on cnn and the local abc affiliate in washington dc as well as launching tv ads to promote tourism to kazakhstan these travel adspecifically featured cultural and historical features of the country as well as views of its developed infrastructure specifically to counter the type of impression given by the borat character to the westhat kazakhstan isocially and physically underdeveloped recently in the tourism board of mexico a public office that aggregates the resources and interests of the federal state and municipal governments launched a tourism advertising campaign in the united states and canada mexico s two north american free trade agreement north american free trade agreement nafta partners geared towards renovating common public political and social perceptions of mexico including impressions of poverty government and law enforcement corruption petty and organized crime andrug trading and illegal immigration into the us the new campaign s purpose is expressly demonstrated by its marketing slogan mexico the place you thought you knew the print and television ads feature views of mexico s beaches natural wonders cultural festivities and historical artifacts like mayan pyramids and spanish churches in order to provide a counterbalance to the less preferable popular preconceptions the tourism board stated goal of the advertising surge is to generat e more than three positive impressions person among the north american audience theventual goal is likely to increase tourism revenue for the country but for now the tourism board is focusing on public diplomacy managing perceptions among the general populations of mexico s two major neighboring trade partners official website of the tourism board of mexico destination slogans many countries use slogans in their international tourism advertising destination slogans aim to promote a positive identity for the country academic studies of these slogans have identified several common themesuch as the physical beauty of the location or the positivexperiences travellers can expecto have there class wikitable country slogan albania go your own way algeria tourism for everybody andorra the pyrenean country antiguand barbuda the beach is justhe beginning argentina beats to yourhythm armenia visit armenia it is beautiful australia there s nothing like australiaustriarrive and revive bahamas life is grand bahrain ours yours bahrain bangladesh beautiful bangladesh barbados brilliant barbados belarus hospitality beyond borders belgium the place to belize mother nature s best kept secret bhutan happiness is a place bolivia awaits you bosniand herzegovina theart shaped land botswana our pride your destination brazil brasil sensational brunei darussalam a kingdom of unexpected treasures bulgaria discovery to share burundi beautiful burundi cabo verde no stress cambodia kingdom of wonder cameroon all of africa in one country canada keep exploring chad oasis of the sahel chile all are welcome china like never before colombia the only risk is wanting to stay colombia is magical realism costa rica essential costa rica croatia full of life cubautentica cuba cyprus in your heart czech republic land of stories denmark happiest place on earth djibouti djibeauty dominica the nature islandominican republic dominican republic has it all ecuador all you need is equador egypt where it all begins el salvador the minute country estonia epic estonia ethiopia land of origins fiji where happiness finds you finland i wish i was in finland france rendez vous en france gambia the smiling coast of africa georgia country georgia for the 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china airlines is the official flag carrier airline of taiwan the taiwanese government refers to itstate as the republic of chinand considers itself to be the legitimate non communist leadership in exile of all of china since the communist overthrow in the mid s the name of the airline carries the message of the long lasting and ongoing cultural and crosstrait relations political conflict between communist mainland people s republic of china prc and taiwan thathe republic of china is the true chinand thathe state commonly referred to as china is illegitimate and usurped control of the country from the rightfuleadership similarly the prcounters this message by having named one of its largest international carriers air china to reinforce the prc s claim to be the legitimate of the two chinas the implicit conflict between the two states is likely lost on the majority of the general public outside theast asia immediate region such as the united states and europe buthe strategic use of using advertising and targeting the international community through tourism is apparent on both sides through advertising for themirates airline one of the major themes that dubai promotes is its evolving status as a geographic and economic player in the middleast emirates advertising describes dubai as the perfect hub for an expandinglobal network and illustrates this claim in the airline s centre of the world television ad on the other handubai subtly promotes an official stance of multinationalism and a stated intento cater to the comfort of travelers from abroad in themirates multinational cabin crew television ad these positions among others are portrayed via visually and audibly appealing commercials which are designed to relate to the target audience s and make the ads messages maximally amenable to global viewers emirates additionally adds to its efforto appeal to the westhrough itsponsorship of the arsenal fc arsenal football club including constructing the team s new venuemiratestadium which opened in july and prominently displays themirates branding on thexterior in this way any depictions of the stadium will result in de facto advertising and reinforce the public recognition of themirates company as one that is associated with western sports and culture in may three arsenal players kieran gibbs alex oxlade chamberlain and carl jenkinson took an a flight simulator challenge swapping their usual airline passenger seats and stepping into the cockpithe players attempted to land an a in dubai emirates along withe aviation services company dnata is owned by the parent company themirates group which in turn is wholly owned by the government of dubai the chairmand ceof themirates group hh sheikh ahmed bin saeed al maktoum ahmed bin saeed al maktoum is the younger brother of the formeruler of dubai hh sheikh rashid bin saeed al maktoum rashid bin saeed al maktoum and uncle of the current ruler hh sheikh mohammed bin rashid al maktoumohammed bin rashid al maktoum in sheikh ahmed was appointed president of the dubai department of civil aviation dca the governing body for airline regulation and airport control and operation the dca was restructured and expanded in thus creating the dubai civil aviation authority dcaa whichasince been the airline regulatory authority in themirate and the dubairports company which owns and operates dubai s airports dubainternational and the currently under construction dubai world central maktoum international dubainternational iata dxb is a primary international hub in the middleast offering flights to every continent except antarcticas of november dxb is the th busiest airport in the world for cargo traffic and the thighest passenger throughput of all international airportsheikh ahmed currently simultaneously holds the positions of chairmand ceof emirates airline group which includes themirates airline andnatair services company chairman of the dubairports company and president of the dubai civil aviation authority because dubai s government leadership is directly involved and intertwined with private sector enterprises including themirates airline and many other facets of the tourism industry the governmenthere necessarily has a vested interest in the public perception of dubai references externalinks forbes emirates air spoiling for a fight world economic forum s the travel tourism competitiveness report category advertising category 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wholly private travel_agencies hotel_chains cruise agencies non_governmental governmental organizations ngos often run advertising campaigns existence mission services goods offered consumer carry intentional political messages hand advertising distributed governments tourisministries government owned private_sector enterprises isometimes intended convey simply value product service experience governments use tourism ads channel communicating directly public countries tourism common internationally encouraged industry advertising isubjecto minimal content regulation global travel_market continues expand yearly increasing flights among international destinations advertising efforts part major actors market also increasing advertising campaigns promote travel_destinations abroad particularly prevalent western countries general_public expenditures tourism tend consistently high even light late recession economic recession many advertisers include foreign governments intended goal increasing revenue popularizing airline hotel_chain destination boost receipts travelers however travel campaigns additional alternative purposesuch public improving existing ones towards among target audience may use branding product service means specific message without explicitly stating message often_used implied message thus allowing minimize controversy opposition tourism advertising take many forms utilize wide array advertising tactics driven scope private public destination advertising designed make location appealing travel services advertising seeks gain audience buy tourism_related service product instances international_tourism advertising states political economic social interests destination advertising great degree ads promoting foreign_countries produced andistributed tourisministries ads often serve public vehicles political statements depictions destination country desired foreign public perception following many examples government produced tourism_destination advertising also_serve political social functions bahamas commonly considered focal point leisure recreational travel caribbeand island nation advertises asuch television ads website produced government foster image islands providing care culturally rich even romantic experience travelers recent slogan marketing campaign better bahamas reinforce contrast desired perception low stress getaway nature whatever living would leaving behind bahamas however actually traditionally seen high violent crime tourismarketing attempts focus audience attention water beaches away life perception management managing perceptions common part advertising many consumer products services focusing audience mind solely desirable aspects whatever sold away possible consequences common impression india west long either negative including perceptions widespread poverty lack sophisticated hygiene violent ethnic religious indian government ministry tourism began marketing campaign incredible emphasize country rich culture historic_sites tourist_attractions general sense western audiences tourism extremely lucrative industry surprise india developing nation capitalize marketo boost economy addition india also looking strengthen international security ties trade relationships especially withe india interesto promote positive light among americand western voting populations order garner future international support aid release baron cohen comedy borat america make benefit glorious nation kazakhstan borat depicts politically incorrect socially fictional reporter travels throughouthe_united_states interviewing meeting americans various walks life government kazakhstan highly depiction less two decade old country borat america make benefit glorious nation kazakhstan criticism kazakhstan criticized film creator issue preserving kazakhstan public image light movie importance kazakh president listed main issue traveled us september meet president george w bush coupled visit according kazakhstan embassy spokesman roman kazakh government staged large_scale public_relations blitz including running four page ads new_york times us news world report commercials cnn local abc affiliate washington well launching tv ads promote_tourism kazakhstan travel featured cultural historical features country well views developed infrastructure specifically counter type impression given borat character kazakhstan physically underdeveloped recently tourism_board mexico public office resources interests federal state municipal governments launched tourism advertising campaign united_states canada mexico two north_american free_trade agreement north_american free_trade agreement partners geared_towards common public political social perceptions mexico including impressions poverty government law_enforcement corruption petty organized crime andrug trading illegal immigration us new campaign purpose expressly demonstrated marketing slogan mexico place thought knew print television ads feature views mexico beaches natural wonders cultural festivities historical artifacts like mayan pyramids spanish churches order provide less popular tourism_board stated goal advertising e three positive impressions person among north_american audience theventual goal likely increase tourism revenue country tourism_board focusing public managing perceptions among general populations mexico two_major neighboring trade partners official_website tourism_board mexico destination slogans many_countries use slogans international_tourism advertising destination slogans aim promote positive identity country academic studies slogans identified several common physical beauty location travellers expecto class wikitable country slogan albania go way tourism country beach justhe beginning argentina beats armenia visit armenia beautiful australia nothing like revive bahamas life grand bahrain bahrain bangladesh beautiful bangladesh barbados brilliant barbados hospitality beyond_borders belgium place belize mother nature best_kept secret happiness place bolivia bosniand herzegovina theart shaped land pride destination brazil brasil kingdom unexpected treasures bulgaria discovery share burundi beautiful burundi cabo verde stress cambodia kingdom wonder cameroon africa one country canada keep exploring oasis chile welcome china like never colombia risk wanting stay colombia magical costa_rica essential costa_rica croatia full life cuba cyprus heart czech_republic land stories denmark place earth nature republic dominican republic ecuador need egypt begins el_salvador minute country estonia epic estonia ethiopia land origins fiji happiness finds finland wish finland france france gambia coast africa georgia country georgia best moments life germany simply time classic grenada pure grenada guatemala heart mayan world south_america undiscovered haiti experience honduras everything hungary think hungary expected iceland inspired iceland india incredible india incredible indonesia wonderful indonesia iran invited iraq iraq ireland jump ireland creation italy made italy jamaica get right japan discovery jordan yes jordan kazakhstan land wonders kenya magical kenya travellers oasis great silk road best enjoyed slowly lebanon live love lebanon kingdom sky experience princely moments lithuania see feel love real beautiful world_tourism organization unwto website languagen access_date luxembourg live unexpected luxembourg republic macedonia macedonia timeless madagascar genuine island world apart malawi warm heart africa malaysia truly asia maldives sunny side life malta truly mediterranean mauritius pleasure mexico live ito believe states experience warmth monaco easy going monaco discover routes life mongolia go nomadic experience mongolia nomadic nature montenegro wild beauty morocco much come started myanmar lethe journey nepal enough netherlands original cool new_zealand pure nicaragua original nigeria good people great powered nature oman beauty address hotelier middleast work access_date paradise panama papua_new_guinea million different journeys feel peru land philippines fun philippines poland move imagination portugal europe west_coast qatar dreams come life romania explore garden russian federation reveal russia rwanda remarkable rwanda saint follow heart saint simply beautiful saint vincent discover svg samoa beautiful samoa san marino san marino saudi_arabia experience discover serbia serbia another world sierra_leone freedom explore singapore singapore slovakia travel slovakia good idea slovenia feel slovenia solomon south_africa inspiring korea korea sri_lanka sri_lanka small miracle sri_lanka wonder asia wonder asia lanka website access_date colorful beyond royal experience switzerland get natural syrian arab republic always beautiful feel friendship tanzania land kilimanjaro zanzibar thailand amazing thailand begins withe people first rewards tonga true south_pacific trinidad tobago true caribbean tunisia tunisia turkey timeless welcome ukraine united_arab_emirates discover possible united_kingdom great_britain home amazing moments united_states within uruguay natural discover matters venezuela destination vietnam timeless charm zambia let explore zimbabwe world wonders travel services advertising additionally wide_range oforeign airlines travel_related services also destinations owned theirespective themirates airline dubai qatar airways qatar taiwan republic chinand air china people republic china airways air china airlines official flag carrier airline taiwan taiwanese government refers republic chinand considers legitimate non communist leadership china since communist mid name airline carries message long lasting ongoing cultural crosstrait relations political conflict communist mainland people republic china taiwan thathe republic china true chinand thathe state commonly_referred china control country similarly message named one largest international carriers air china reinforce claim legitimate two conflict two states likely lost majority general_public outside theast asia immediate region united_states europe buthe strategic use using advertising targeting international community tourism apparent sides advertising themirates airline one major themes dubai promotes evolving status geographic economic player middleast emirates advertising describes dubai perfect hub network illustrates claim airline centre world television promotes official stance stated cater comfort travelers abroad themirates multinational cabin crew television positions among_others portrayed via visually appealing commercials designed relate target audience make ads messages global viewers emirates additionally adds efforto appeal arsenal arsenal football club including constructing team new opened july prominently displays themirates branding thexterior way depictions stadium result de facto advertising reinforce public recognition themirates company one associated western sports culture may three arsenal players alex chamberlain carl took flight simulator challenge swapping usual airline passenger seats players attempted land dubai emirates along_withe aviation services company owned parent_company themirates group turn wholly owned government dubai chairmand ceof themirates group sheikh ahmed bin saeed maktoum ahmed bin saeed maktoum younger brother dubai sheikh rashid bin saeed maktoum rashid bin saeed maktoum uncle current sheikh mohammed bin rashid bin rashid maktoum sheikh ahmed appointed president dubai department civil_aviation governing body airline regulation airport control operation restructured expanded thus creating dubai civil_aviation authority airline regulatory authority company owns operates dubai airports currently construction dubai world central maktoum international iata primary international hub middleast offering flights every continent except november th busiest airport world cargo traffic passenger international ahmed currently simultaneously holds positions chairmand ceof emirates airline group includes themirates airline services company chairman company president dubai civil_aviation authority dubai government leadership directly involved private_sector enterprises including themirates airline many facets tourism_industry necessarily interest public perception dubai references_externalinks forbes emirates air fight world economic forum travel_tourism competitiveness report category advertising category_tourism"},{"title":"International volunteering","description":"international volunteering is when a volunteering volunteers their time to work forganisations or cause outside of their home country in most cases volunteers work in developing countries on international development programmes with local volunteer organisations that conduct activitiesuch as health promotion education and environmental conservation trendshow that international volunteering has become increasingly popular across many countries over the past few decadesanheier h k salamon l m volunteering in cross national perspective initial comparisons law and contemporary problems international volunteering is a broad term which is used to capture multi year skilled placements as well ashorterm roles recently termed voluntourism and a range of activities in between conducted by governments charities and travel agents formal overseas volunteering can be traced back over one hundred years to when the british red crosset up the voluntary aidetachment vad scheme in the vad volunteers as well as volunteers fromany other national red cross organisations worked in battlefields across europe and the middleast during world war i to treat soldiers and civilians regardless of the side they fought for fileleanoroosevelt jfk peace corpsjpg thumb px eleanoroosevelt and president john f kennedy discuss the peace corps up to the mid th century overseas volunteering projects were mainly undertaken by people with direct connections to a particular cause and were considered more ashorterm inature the more formal inception of international volunteering organisations can be linked torganisationsuch as australian volunteers international formerly the volunteer graduate scheme which formed international voluntary services in the united states and voluntary services overseas vso in the united kingdominternational voluntary services international voluntary services harpers ferry wv international voluntary services alumni association printheservices and that of the us peace corps established in during the kennedy administration paved the way for broaderecognition of overseas volunteering in later years during the s and s a movement of volunteerism and study abroad programs became popular among university students and graduates and the united nations launched the united nations volunteers un volunteers programme for young professionals to take part in a long term year plus overseas programme in recent years the accessibility of international volunteering has increased significantly with many smaller charities connecting volunteers with non governmental organisations in developing countries travel companies have also increasingly been offering paid for volunteering opportunities this growth coincided withe increasing number of young people takingap year s and has been termed volunteer tourism and voluntourism to denote shorterm voluntary work that is not necessarily the sole purpose of the trip however many opportunities medium and long term opportunities for skilled international volunteers remain for example the publicised role of volunteers in addressing thebola virus epidemic in west africa volunteer base international volunteering appeals to a broad crossection of society buthe majority of volunteers are in their twenties and thirties potentially due to perceptions of volunteering abroad being a more risky activity the average of vso volunteers however ishowing a broad range of participation across age groups many participants use these trips to boostheiresumes travel with friends and as a way to gain world experience and see new countries recently there has also been an increase in baby boomer volunteers one possiblexplanation for the increase is that baby boomers are transitioning into a new stage of life and their focus may shiftoward finding activities that give their life new meaning shorterm voluntourism is therefore appealing to some as it is targeted atravellers who wanto make a positive change in the world while still providing a touristic experience people generally volunteer in order to increase their international awareness to contextualize poverty and its effects as an education opportunity and to helpeople while having a morally rewarding experience many believe thathe trip will change the way they think when they return home however others are just looking to give tothers ando not believe thatheir experience will cause them to think twice aboutheir lives back home critiques and challenges there are noted critiques and challenges of international volunteering some critiques andifficulties are as follows outcomes of international volunteering measuring the outcomes of international volunteering is an ongoing challenge sometimes the costs invested in these partnerships are high the intangible nature of impact and outcomes is hard to measure and researchas been proposed in this areasherraden m s lough b mcbride a m effects of international volunteering and service individual and institutional predictors voluntas international journal of voluntary and nonprofit organizationsimilarly how to measure the success of a volunteer and the supporting organisation s performance is complicated to allow volunteers to integrate properly into the community it is essential that volunteers have some useful skills and areasonably well informed and trained before the placement costs associated with international volunteering related to the impact of international volunteering cost associated withaving an international volunteer has been cited as another area of concern especially costs for air tickets allowances insurance training and logistics local staff would not require such costs and the local organisations could puthese funds into more important issues however many volunteers pay thesexpenses personally some institutions provide scholarships for international volunteering volunteers are far cheaper than other forms of long term technical assistance because they live and work under local conditions expatriates who work in the same capacity can be paid multiple times more thany allowances volunteers receive if any the cost benefit of international volunteers is hard to quantify though studies have highlighted improvements in well being and inter cultural understanding in communities and schools as a result of international exchanges and volunteers integration in the workplace file plan te urgence cong solidaire indejpg thumb px an international volunteer provides technical assistance in southern india consideration is that volunteers may dominate the workplace undermine local management and work culturespecially in small organisations this due to volunteers often being considered more highly educated than local staff even if they do not have direct experience coming from a different culture can also lead to volunteers imposing their values on organisations indeed volunteers can have a strong influence on organisations especially those who deal with governance and management however volunteers are often trained to respecthe working culture and ethics also since they report directly to local organisations they can have their contracts terminated if they break any local regulations which further minimises the fear of domination skills experience and understanding of local context international volunteers come from outside the host community can lack an understanding of the local context and sometimes may not have the correct skill seto achieve their project goal there is often a vetting or selection process for volunteers before they arecruited to serve in developing countries however this vetting has atimes been found wantingmangold k struggling to do the righthing challenges during international volunteering third world quarterly however most international volunteers today receive significantraining before and often during their placement which can address this deficit filevs trainingroupjpg thumb px a group of european voluntary service volunteers during training motivations of volunteers people volunteer for many reasons but seldom does anyone volunteer strictly for monetary reasons as very few organisations offer a stipend for volunteeringpalmer michael on the pros and cons of volunteering abroadevelopment in practice vol no pp more compelling motives includexperience of another culture meeting new people or the advancement of one s career prospectsuch motivations are common among younger volunteers who are looking for experience or direction in their careers a common motivation is to make a difference and to achieve something positive for others rehberg w altruistic individualists motivations for international volunteering among young adults in switzerland voluntas international journal of voluntary and nonprofit organizations who are less fortunate than the volunteer many volunteers tend to concur thathere are disadvantaged people in their home countries buthe scale of disadvantage outside their home countries is felto be greater volunteering at home may elicit images of helping the less fortunate or campaigning with a local pressure group volunteering abroad has tended to be associated with international development and bridging the divide between the rich and poor worlds volunteering abroad often seems a more worthy contribution in this contexto the volunteers than work in their own country this perspective is particularly true of volunteers who are older and looking for something more value based as they near thend of their professional careers or after their children have left home neo colonialism there have been allegations from some quarters of neo colonial advances disguised as an efforto tackle poverty asome volunteer organisations are connected to national governments eg the peace corps waset up by the american government despite this challenge most volunteer organisations are non governmental ngos and are not influenced by government policiesdevereux p international volunteering for development and sustainability outdated paternalism or a radical response to globalisation development in practice the present structures of international volunteering are alsoften aimed at impacts on a local community scale which isharply in contrast withe macro political government strategies of the colonial era see also intervol peace corps institution for field research expeditions voluntary service overseas virtual volunteering category international relations category types of tourism category 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international_volunteering become increasingly_popular across many_countries past h k l volunteering cross national perspective initial comparisons law contemporary problems international_volunteering broad term_used capture multi year skilled placements well roles recently termed voluntourism range activities conducted governments charities travel_agents formal overseas volunteering traced back one hundred years british red voluntary scheme volunteers well volunteers fromany national red cross organisations worked battlefields across_europe middleast world_war treat soldiers civilians regardless side fought peace thumb px president john_f kennedy discuss peace corps mid_th century overseas volunteering projects mainly undertaken people direct connections particular cause considered inature formal inception international_volunteering organisations linked australian volunteers international formerly volunteer graduate scheme formed international voluntary services united_states voluntary services overseas vso united voluntary services international voluntary services ferry international voluntary services alumni association us peace corps established kennedy administration paved way overseas volunteering later years movement study abroad programs became_popular_among university students graduates united_nations launched united_nations volunteers volunteers programme young professionals take_part long_term year plus overseas programme recent_years accessibility international_volunteering increased significantly many smaller charities connecting volunteers non_governmental organisations developing_countries travel companies also increasingly offering paid volunteering opportunities growth coincided withe increasing_number young_people year termed volunteer tourism voluntourism denote shorterm voluntary work necessarily sole purpose trip however_many opportunities medium long_term opportunities skilled international volunteers remain example role volunteers addressing virus epidemic west africa volunteer base international_volunteering appeals broad crossection society buthe majority volunteers potentially due perceptions volunteering abroad risky activity average vso volunteers however broad range participation across age groups many participants use trips travel friends way gain world experience see new countries recently also increase baby volunteers one increase baby boomers new stage life focus may finding activities give life new meaning shorterm voluntourism therefore appealing targeted wanto make positive change world still providing touristic experience people generally volunteer order increase international awareness poverty effects education opportunity morally rewarding experience many believe thathe trip change way think return home however others looking give ando believe thatheir experience cause think twice aboutheir lives back home critiques challenges noted critiques challenges international_volunteering critiques follows outcomes international_volunteering measuring outcomes international_volunteering ongoing challenge sometimes costs invested partnerships high nature impact outcomes hard measure researchas proposed b effects international_volunteering service individual institutional international_journal voluntary nonprofit measure success volunteer supporting organisation performance complicated allow volunteers integrate properly community essential volunteers useful skills well informed trained placement costs associated international_volunteering related impact international_volunteering cost associated withaving international volunteer cited another area concern especially costs air tickets insurance training logistics local staff would require costs local organisations could funds important issues however_many volunteers pay_personally institutions provide scholarships international_volunteering volunteers far cheaper forms long_term technical assistance live work local conditions expatriates work capacity paid multiple times thany volunteers receive cost benefit international volunteers hard though studies highlighted improvements well inter cultural understanding communities schools result international exchanges volunteers integration workplace file plan thumb px international volunteer provides technical assistance southern india consideration volunteers may dominate workplace undermine local management work small organisations due volunteers often considered highly educated local staff even direct experience coming different culture also lead volunteers imposing values organisations indeed volunteers strong influence organisations especially deal governance management however volunteers often trained respecthe working culture ethics also since report directly local organisations contracts terminated break local regulations fear domination skills experience understanding local context international volunteers come outside host community lack understanding local context sometimes may correct skill seto achieve project goal often selection process volunteers serve developing_countries however atimes found k challenges international_volunteering third_world quarterly however international volunteers today receive often placement address thumb px group european voluntary service volunteers training motivations volunteers people volunteer many reasons anyone volunteer strictly monetary reasons organisations offer michael volunteering practice vol pp motives another culture meeting new people advancement one career motivations common among younger volunteers looking experience direction careers common motivation make difference achieve something positive others w motivations international_volunteering among young adults switzerland international_journal voluntary nonprofit organizations less volunteer many volunteers tend thathere people home_countries buthe scale disadvantage outside home_countries greater volunteering home may images helping less campaigning local pressure group volunteering abroad tended associated international_development divide rich poor worlds volunteering abroad often seems worthy contribution volunteers work country perspective particularly true volunteers older looking something value based near thend professional careers children left home neo colonialism allegations quarters neo colonial advances disguised efforto poverty asome volunteer organisations connected national governments peace corps waset american government despite challenge volunteer organisations non_governmental ngos influenced government p international_volunteering development sustainability outdated radical response development practice present structures international_volunteering alsoften aimed impacts local_community scale contrast withe political government strategies colonial era see_also peace corps institution field research expeditions voluntary service overseas virtual volunteering category international relations category_types tourism_category volunteering"},{"title":"Interplanetary Transport System","description":"file interplanetary transport system jpg thumb px rendering of an its launch vehicle departing launch pad a with an its tanker standing by at left for a rapid launch after the its boostereturns to the launch site file its interplanetary spaceship landed on europajpg thumb px artist s impression of the interplanetary spaceship on the jupiter planet jovian moon europa moon europa the interplanetary transport system its formerly known as the mars colonial transporter mct ispacex s privatequity privately funded new product development projecto design and build a system of spaceflightechnology and remote colonization of mars human settlements on mars including spacex reusable launch system development program reusable launch vehicle s and spacecraft earth infrastructure forapid rocket launch and reusable launch system relaunch low earth orbit zero gravity propellant depot propellantransfer technology and extraterrestrial technology to enable human mission to mars human colonization of mars the technology is also envisioned to eventually support spacexploration exploration missions tother locations in the solar system including the moons of jupiter and saturn development work began in earnest before when spacex began design work for the large raptorocket engine raptorocket engine to be used for bothe its launch vehicle and spacecraft its tanker and interplanetary spaceship new rocket engine designs are typically considered one of the longest of the development subprocesses for new launch vehicles and spacecraft by june the company publicly announced conceptual plans that included the first mars bound cargo flight of its launching no earlier than followed by the first its mars flight with passengers one synodic period later in following two preparatory research launches of mars probes in and on dragon falcon heavy equipment spacex ceo elon musk unveiledetails of the system architecture athe th international astronautical congress on september as publicly discussed spacex is concentrating its resources on the space transportation part of the project including a propellant planthat could be deployed on mars to make methalox rocket propellant from local resources however spacex ceo elon musk is championing a much larger set of long term interplanetary settlement objectives ones that go far beyond what spacex will build and that will ultimately involve many moreconomic actor s whether individual company or governmento facilitate the settlemento build out over many decades as early as elon musk stated a personal goal of eventually enabling exploration of mars human exploration and colonization of marsettlement of mars althoughis personal public interest in mars goes back at leasto bits of additional information abouthe mission architecture wereleased including a statementhat initial colonists would arrive at mars no earlier than the middle of the s company plans as of mid continue to call for the arrival of the first humans on mars no earlier than musk stated in a interview that he hoped to send humans to mars surface within years and in late he stated that henvisioned a mars colony of tens of thousands withe first colonists arriving no earlier than the middle of the s in october musk articulated a high level plan to build a second reusable rocket system with capabilitiesubstantially beyond the falcon heavy launch vehicles on which spacex had by then spent several billion us dollars this new vehicle was to be an evolution of spacex s falcon booster much bigger than falcon but musk indicated that spacex would not be speaking publicly about it until in june musk stated that he intended to hold off any potential initial public offering ipof spacex shares on the stock market until after the mars colonial transporter is flying regularly in august media sourcespeculated thathe initial flightest of the raptor driven super heavy launch vehicle could occur as early as in order to fully testhengines under orbital spaceflight conditions however any colonization effort was reported to continue to be deep into the future in january musk said that he hoped to release details in late of the completely new architecture for the system that would enable the colonization of mars buthose plans changed and by december the plan to publicly release additional specifics had moved to in january musk indicated that he hoped to describe the architecture for the mars missions withe next generation spacex rocket and spacecraft later in athe th international astronautical congress conference in september accessed january musk stated in june thathe first unmanned mct mars flight was planned for departure in to be followed by the first manned mct mars flight departing in by mid september musk noted thathe mct name would not continue as the system would be able to go well beyond mars and that a new name would be needed interplanetary transport system its on september athe th annual meeting of the international astronautical congress musk unveiled substantial details of the design for the transport vehicles including size construction material number and type of engines thrust cargo and passenger payload capabilities on orbit propellantankerefills representative transitimes etc as well as a few details of portions of the marside and earth side infrastructure that spacex intends to build to supporthe flight vehicles in addition musk championed a larger systemic vision a vision for a spontaneous order bottom up emergencemergent order of other interested parties whether companies individuals or governments to utilize the new and radically lower costransport infrastructure to build up a colonization of marsustainable human civilization mars potentially onumerous other locations around the solar system by innovation innovating and supply economics meeting the demand that such a growing venture would occasion file interplanetary transport system jpg thumb px interplanetary spaceship departing earth passing the moon the interplanetary transport system consists of a combination of several elements that are key according to musk to making long duration beyond earth orbit beo spaceflights possible by reducing the cost per ton delivered to mars this how spacex will explore mars and beyond seeker september a new fully reusable launch vehicle reusable super heavy lift launch vehicle that consists of a reusable booster stage interplanetary booster and a reusable integrated second stage with spacecrafthat comes in two versions the interplanetary spaceship a large long duration interplanetary spaceflight interplanetary spacecraft capable of carrying passengers or cargo to interplanetary space interplanetary destinations and an earth orbit cargonly propellantanker the its tanker the combination of a second stage of a launch vehicle with a long duration spacecraft is unusual for any space mission architecture and has not been seen in previouspaceflightechnology propellant depot refilling of propellants in orbit specifically to enable the long journey spacecrafto expend most all of its propellant loaduring the launch to low earth orbit while it serves as the second stage of the launch vehicle and then afterefilling on orbit provide the significant amount of delta v energy necessary to puthe spacecraft onto an interplanetary trajectory rocket propellant resourcextraction mars propellant production the surface of mars to enable the return trip back to earth and support reuse of the spacecraft enabling significantly lower costo transport cargo and passengers to distant destinations once again the large propellantanks in the integrated space vehicle are filled remotely selection of the right propellant methane ch oxygen o also known as deep cryo methalox waselected as it was considered better than other common space vehicle propellants likerolox or hydrolox principally due to ease of production mars and the lower cost of the propellants on earth when evaluated from an overall system optimization perspective methalox was considered equivalentone of the other primary options in terms of vehicle reusability on orbit propellantransfer and appropriateness for super heavy vehicles file spacex interplanetary transport system size comparisonsvg thumb scale comparison ofrom lefto righthe full stack its launch vehicle nasa s upcoming space launch system the big ben clocktower spacex falcon heavy and a human super heavy lift launch vehicle the super heavy lift launch vehicle for the interplanetary transport system will place up to reusable launch vehicle reusable mode or expendable launch vehiclexpendable mode or carry of propellant on an its tanker to low earth orbithe its launch vehicle will be powered by the raptorocket engine raptor bipropellant liquid rocket engines on both stages using exclusively subcooling densified liquid methane fuel and liquid oxygen oxidizer on both stages the tanks will be autogenously pressurized eliminating the need for the problematic helium gas pressurization the its launch vehicle is reusable making use of the spacex reusable rocket spacex reusable technology that was developeduring for falcon and falcon heavy on all earth away launches the long duration spacecraftanker or spaceship will also play a role briefly as the second stage of the launch vehicle to provide acceleration torbital speed orbital velocity a design approach not used in other launch vehicles interplanetary spaceship file spacex interplanetaryspaceship back quarter viewith solar extended cropped retouched jpg thumb upright a rendering of the interplanetary spaceship from engineering drawingshowing thengine configuration and withe solar panels on spacecraft solar panels extended the interplanetary spaceship is an interplanetary spaceflight interplanetary spacecraft ship with a carbon fiber primary structure propelled by nine raptor engines operating on densified methane oxygen propellants it is long has a maximum hull diameter of m and is diameter at its widest point and is capable of transporting up tof cargo and passengers per trip to mars with on orbit propellant refill before the interplanetary part of the journey early flights arexpected to carry mostly equipment and few people as of september there is no name for the class of spacecraft beyond the descriptor interplanetary spaceship musk did indicate however thathe first of those ships to make the mars journey might be named heart of gold in reference to the ship carrying the technology in the hitchhiker s guide to the galaxy heart of gold infinite improbability drive from the novel the hitchhiker s guide to the galaxy although it was noted thathe number of its booster firstagengineseemed to be inspired by answer the answer musk did not allude to such a connection the transport capacity of the spaceship from low earth orbito a mars trajectory with a trans mars injection trans mars trajectory insertion delta v energy gain of and full propellantanks is to mars orbit or landed on the surface with retropropulsive landing estimated earth mars transitimes vary between days depending on particular planetary alignments during the nine discrete synodic period mission opportunities assuming km s delta v added atrans mars injection file interplanetary transport system jpg lefthumb px an artist s conception of an interplanetary spaceship arrival at mars the spaceship is designed to mars atmospheric entry enter the martian atmosphere at entry velocities in excess of km s and allow aerodynamic force s to provide the major part of the deceleration before the three centeraptor engines perform the finalanding burn theat shield material protecting the ship on descent is pica x picand is reusablentry g force s at mars arexpected to be g s during the descenthe spaceship design g load would be g s nominal but able to withstand peak loads to times higher without breaking up energy for the journey is produced by two large solar panels on spacecraft solar panel arrays generating approximately kw of electric power while athe distance of earth from the sun and less as the journey progresses and the sun is farther away as the ship nears mars the spaceship may use a large internal water layer to help shield occupants from space radiation and may have a cabin oxygen contenthat is up to two times that which is found in atmosphere of earth s atmosphere the initial tests of the spaceship are not expected prior to withe its booster to follow only later according to musk the spaceship would effectively become the first human habitat on mars its tanker file its tanker cropped jpg thumb rendering of its tanker top transferring propellanto an interplanetary spaceship bottom in earth orbit a key feature of the system is a propellantanker propellant cargonly tanker the its tanker just as the spaceship the tanker would serve as the upper stage of the its launch vehicle during the launch from earthe vehicle is designed exclusively for the launch and shorterm holding of propellants to be transported to low earth orbit fore filling propellants in the interplanetary ships once on orbit a proximity operations rendezvous operation is effected with one of the interplanetary spaceships plumbing connections are made and a maximum of liquid methane and liquid oxygen propellants are transferred in one load to the spaceship to fully fuel an interplanetary spaceship for a long duration interplanetary flight it is expected that up to five tankers would be required to launch from earth carrying and transferring a total of nearly of propellanto fully load the spaceship for the journey the its tanker is the same physical dimensions as the interplanetary spacecraft long maximum hull diameter of m and is at its widest point it will also be powered by six vacuum optimized raptor engines each producing thrust and will have three lower expansion ratio raptor engines for flight maneuvering and earth return landings following completion of the on orbit propellant offloading the reusable tanker will atmospheric reentry reenter the atmosphere of earth s atmosphere land be prepared for another tanker flighthe tanker could also be used for cargo missions propellant plant on mars a key part of the systemusk is conceptualizing to radically decrease the cost of spaceflighto interplanetary destinations is the placement and operation of a physical plant on mars to handle production and storage of the propellant components necessary to launch and fly the interplanetary spaceships back to earth or perhaps to increase the mass that can be transported onward to destinations in the outer solar system coupled withearth orbitank filling prior to the journey to mars and the fully reusable launch vehicles and spacecraft all threelements are needed to reduce the transport cost by the multiple orders of magnitude that musk sees as necessary to support sustainable colonization of mars the first interplanetary spaceship to mars will carry a small propellant plant as a part of its cargo load the plant will bexpanded over multiple synods as morequipment arrives is installed and placed into mostly autonomous production the propellant plant will take advantage of the large supplies of carbon dioxide and water on mars wateresources on mars mining the water h o from subsurface ice and collecting co from the atmosphere of mars atmosphere a chemical plant will process the raw materials by means of electrolysis of water electrolysis and the sabatiereaction sabatier process to produce molecular oxygen o and methane ch and then vacuum distillation liquefy ito facilitate long term storage and ultimate use launch facility initialaunch site the initialaunch site for the launch and rapid reuse of the its launch vehicle will be the launch pad a spacex leased facility at historic launch pad along the florida space coast while originally thoughto be too small to handle the its launch vehicle the final optimized size of the raptor engine is fairly close to the physical size of the merlin d although each engine will have approximately three times the thrust falcon heavy willaunch from a with merlin engines its lv willaunch with raptor engines multiple launch sites musk indicated on september thathe its launch vehicle would launch fromore than one site a prime candidate for the second launch site isomewhere along the south texas coast its launch facility history no launch site had yet been selected for the super heavy lift rocket and thenamed mars colonial transporter spacex indicated athe time thatheir leased facility in floridat launch pad a would not be largenough to accommodate the vehicle as it was understood conceptually in and thatherefore a new site would need to be built in order to launch the rocket in september elon musk indicated thathe first person to go to another planet could possibly launch from the spacex south texas launch site but did not indicate athe time what launch vehicle might be used to carry humans torbit mission concepts mars early missions musk has indicated thathearliest spacex sponsored missions would have a smaller crew and use much of the pressurized space for cargo the first cargo mission of the interplanetary spaceship would be named heart of gold and would be loaded with equipmento build the spacex mars propellant plant propellant planthe first crewed mars mission would bexpected to have approximately people withe primary goal to build out and troubleshoothe propellant plant and mars base alpha power system as well as a rudimentary base in thevent of an emergency the spaceship would be able to return to earth without having to wait a full months for the next synodic period before any people are transported to marsome number of cargo missions would be undertaken first in order to transporthe requisite mars colonization equipment mars habitats and supplies equipmenthat would accompany thearly groups would include machines to produce fertilizer methane and oxygen fromars atmospheric nitrogen and carbon dioxide and the planet subsurface water ice as well as construction materials to build transparent domes for crop growthearly concepts for green livingreen living space habitats include glass panes with a carbon fiber frame geodesic dome s and a lot of automated mining miner tunneling autonomous robot droids for building out a huge amount of pressurized space for industrial operations buthese are merely conceptual and not a detailedesign plan marsettlement concept spacex the company is concentrating its resources on the space transportation part of the overall its project as well as an autonomous robot autonomouspacex mars propellant plant propellant planthat could be deployed on mars to produce methane and oxygen rocket propellants from local resources if built and if planned objectives are achieved then the transport cost of getting material and people to space and across interplanetary space will be reduced by several orders of magnitude spacex ceo elon musk is championing a much larger set of long term interplanetary settlement objectives ones thatake advantage of these lower costs to go far beyond whathe company spacex will build and that will ultimately involve many moreconomic actor s whether individual company or governmento emergence build outhe settlement over many decades in addition to explicit spacex plans and concepts for a transportation system and early missions musk has personally been a very public exponent of a large systemic vision for building a sustainable human presence on mars over the very long term a vision well beyond what his company or he personally can effecthe growth of such a system over decades cannot be planned in every detail but is rather a complex adaptive system that will come about only as others make their own independent choices as to how they might or might not connect withe broader system of an incipient and later growing marsettlement musk sees the new and radically lower costransport infrastructure facilitating the build up of a spontaneous order bottom up emergent phenomena economic order of other interested parties whether companies individuals or governments who will innovations innovate and supply economicsupply the demand economics demand that such a growing venture would occasion while the initial spacex marsettlement would start very small with an initial group of about a dozen people with time musk hopes that such an outpost would grow into something much larger and become self sustaining at least million people according to musk even at a million people you re assuming an incredible amount of productivity person because you would need to recreate thentire industrial base on mars you would need to mine and refine all of these different materials in a much more difficult environmenthan earthere would be no trees growing there would be noxygen or nitrogen that are justhere noilexcluding organic growth if you could take people at a time you would need trips to geto a million people but you would also need a lot of cargo to supporthose people in fact your cargo to person ratio is going to be quite high it would probably be cargo trips for every human trip so more like trips and we re talking trips of a giant spaceship musk expects thathe journeys would require to days of transitime with an average trip time to mars of approximately days for the nine synodic period s occurring between and in musk stated an aspirational price goal for such a trip might be on the order of person but in he mentioned that long termarginal costs might become as low as the complex project has financial commitments only from spacex and musk s personal capital the washington post pointed outhathe us government does not have the budget for mars colonization thus the private sector would have to see mars as an attractive business environment musk is willing to pour his wealth into the project but it will not benough to build the colony henvisions outer planet concepts file its interplanetary spaceship in orbit near the rings of saturnjpg thumb px artist s impression of the interplanetary spaceship over saturn the overview presentation the interplanetary transport system given by musk on september included concept slides outlining missions to the saturn planet saturnian moon enceladus the jupiter planet jovian moon europa moon europa kuiper belt objects a fuel depot on pluto and even the uses to take payloads to the oort cloud musk said the system can open up thentire solar system to people ifuel depots based on this design were put on asteroids or other areas around the solar system people could go anywhere they wanted just by planet or moon hopping the goal of spacex is to build the transport system once thatransport system is builthen there is a tremendous opportunity for anyone that wants to go to mars to create something new or build a new planet outer planetrips would likely require propellant refills at mars and perhaps other locations in the outer solar system funding thextensive new product development and manufacture of much of the space transportechnology has been to date through and is being private spaceflight privately funded by spacex thentire project is even possible only as a result of spacex multi faceted approach focusing on the reduction of launch cost spacex is expending a few tens of millions of dollars annually on development of the mars transport concept which amounts to well under percent of the company s total expenses but expects that figure to rise to some per year by around the cost of all work leading up to the first mars launch is expected to be on the order of and spacexpects to expend that much before it generates any transport revenue musk indicated in september thathe full build out of the mars colonialization plans willikely be funded by public private partnership both private and public funds the speed of commercially available mars transport for both cargo and humans will be driven in large part by demand economics market demand as well as constrained by the supply economics technology development andevelopment funding elon musk hasaid thathere is no expectation of receiving nasa contracts for any of the itsystem work he also indicated that such contracts if received would be good fabrication cost projections in september musk presented the following high level forward looking fabrication cost projections given a set of assumptions those assumptions include cost of propellant us tonne launch site costs us launch discount rate cargo delivered tonne per single interplanetary spaceship and full reuse all assumptions are about a single missionce thousands of launches and hundreds oflights to mars are a realistic prospecthey do not apply to costs for the much smaller number of early missions envisioned for the s given these assumptions musk presented the following long termission cost projections class wikitable booster tanker spaceship rowspan fabrication cost align left m align left m rowspan lifetime launches align left align left rowspan launches per mars trip align left align left rowspan average maintenance cost per use align left m align left m rowspan total cost per one mars trip amortization propellant maintenance align left m align left m calculated resultotal average cost based on the life cycle of the system included costs of the initial fabrication propellant maintenance and company s amortization of one interplanetary spaceship transported to mars or less than cost per tonne of mass transported to marspacex tentative calendar for mars missionspacex plans to fly its earliest missions to mars using its falcon heavy launch vehicle prior to the completion and first launch of any its vehicle later missions utilizing its technology the its launch vehicle and interplanetary spaceship with on orbit propellant refill via its tanker would begino earlier than the company is planning for launches of space probe research spacecrafto mars using falcon heavy launch vehicles and specialized modifiedragon v dragon spacecraft due to planetary alignment in the inner solar system the launches are typically limited to a window of approximately every months originally in june the first launch was planned for spring with announced intento launch again every mars launch window thereafter in february however the first launch to mars was pushed back to thearly missions will collect essential data to refine the design of the its and better select landing locations based on the availability of extraterrestrial resourcesuch as water and building materials the original tentative mission manifest now outdated included two falcon heavy missions to mars prior to the first possible flight of an its to mars initial spacex mars mission the redragon spacecraft redragon a modifiedragon spacecraft launched aboard a falcon heavy launch vehicle second preparatory mission at leastwo redragons to be injected into mars transfer orbit via falcon heavy launches third uncrewed preparatory mission first use of thentire itsystem to put a spacecraft on an interplanetary trajectory and carry heavy equipmento mars notably a isru local power plant first crewed its flighto mars according toptimistic schedule with about a dozen people the first launch is planned for and it is unclear whether the overall schedule is kept intact but pushed back by months however in may nasand sources in the industry claimed spacex was considering sending two dragon spacecrafto mars during the window one very early and one very late although spacex did not concurrently confirm that see also colonization of mars effect of spaceflight on the human body healthreat from cosmic rays human outpost human spaceflight in situ resource utilization life on mars list of manned mars mission plans in the th century human mission to mars direct mars to stay space medicine terraforming of mars externalinks between a rocket and a hard placelon musk to give the speech of his life arstechnica september colonization of marspacex s program aerospaceengineering october videospacex interplanetary transport system video at youtube by spacex september making humans a multiplanetary species category manned missions to mars category colonization of mars category spacex category proposed reusable space launch systems category space 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settlements mars including spacex_reusable launch_system development_program reusable_launch_vehicle spacecraft earth infrastructure rocket launch reusable_launch system relaunch low_earth_orbit zero gravity propellant depot propellantransfer technology extraterrestrial technology enable human mission mars human colonization mars technology also envisioned eventually support spacexploration exploration missions tother locations solar_system including jupiter development work began spacex began design work large raptorocket engine raptorocket engine used bothe launch_vehicle spacecraft tanker interplanetary_spaceship new rocket_engine designs typically considered one longest development new launch_vehicles spacecraft june company publicly_announced conceptual plans included first mars bound cargo flight launching earlier followed first mars flight passengers one synodic period later following two preparatory research launches mars dragon falcon_heavy equipment spacex ceo elon_musk system architecture athe_th international astronautical congress september publicly discussed spacex concentrating resources space_transportation part project including propellant could deployed mars make methalox rocket propellant local resources however spacex ceo elon_musk much_larger set long_term interplanetary settlement objectives ones go far beyond spacex build ultimately involve many actor whether individual company governmento facilitate build many decades early elon_musk stated personal goal eventually enabling exploration mars human exploration colonization marsettlement mars personal public_interest mars goes back bits additional information_abouthe mission architecture wereleased including initial colonists would arrive mars earlier middle company plans mid continue call arrival first humans mars earlier musk stated interview hoped send humans mars surface within years late stated mars colony tens thousands withe_first colonists arriving earlier middle october musk articulated high_level plan build second reusable rocket system beyond falcon_heavy launch_vehicles spacex spent several billion us dollars new vehicle evolution spacex falcon booster much bigger falcon musk indicated spacex would speaking publicly june musk stated intended hold potential initial public offering spacex shares stock market mars colonial transporter flying regularly august media thathe initial flightest raptor driven super_heavy launch_vehicle could occur early order fully orbital_spaceflight conditions however colonization effort reported continue deep future january musk said hoped release details late completely new architecture system would enable colonization mars plans changed december plan publicly release additional moved january musk indicated hoped describe architecture mars missions withe next_generation spacex rocket spacecraft later athe_th international astronautical congress conference september accessed january musk stated june thathe_first unmanned mct mars flight planned departure followed first manned mct mars flight departing mid september musk noted_thathe mct name would continue system would able go well beyond mars new name would needed interplanetary_transport_system september athe_th_annual meeting international astronautical congress musk unveiled substantial details design transport vehicles including size construction material number type engines thrust cargo passenger payload capabilities orbit representative etc well details portions earth side infrastructure spacex intends build supporthe flight vehicles addition musk larger vision vision spontaneous order bottom order interested parties whether companies individuals governments utilize new radically lower infrastructure build colonization human civilization mars potentially locations around solar_system innovation supply economics meeting demand growing venture would occasion file interplanetary_transport_system jpg thumb px interplanetary_spaceship departing earth passing moon interplanetary_transport_system consists combination several elements key according musk making long duration beyond earth_orbit spaceflights possible reducing cost per ton delivered mars spacex explore mars beyond september new fully reusable_launch_vehicle reusable super_heavy_lift launch_vehicle consists reusable booster stage interplanetary booster reusable integrated second_stage comes two versions interplanetary_spaceship large long duration interplanetary spaceflight interplanetary spacecraft capable carrying passengers cargo interplanetary space interplanetary destinations earth_orbit tanker combination second_stage launch_vehicle long duration spacecraft unusual space mission architecture seen propellant depot propellants orbit specifically enable long journey spacecrafto propellant launch low_earth_orbit serves second_stage launch_vehicle orbit provide significant amount delta v energy necessary puthe spacecraft onto interplanetary trajectory rocket propellant mars propellant production surface mars enable return trip back earth support reuse spacecraft enabling significantly lower_costo transport cargo passengers distant destinations large integrated space_vehicle filled remotely selection right propellant methane oxygen also_known deep methalox waselected considered better common space_vehicle propellants principally due ease production mars lower_cost propellants earth evaluated overall system optimization perspective methalox considered primary options terms vehicle orbit propellantransfer super_heavy vehicles file spacex interplanetary_transport_system size thumb scale comparison ofrom lefto righthe full stack launch_vehicle nasa upcoming space_launch_system big ben spacex falcon_heavy human super_heavy_lift launch_vehicle super_heavy_lift launch_vehicle interplanetary_transport_system place reusable_launch_vehicle reusable mode expendable launch mode carry propellant tanker low_earth_orbithe launch_vehicle powered raptorocket engine raptor liquid rocket_engines stages using exclusively liquid methane fuel liquid_oxygen oxidizer stages tanks pressurized eliminating need problematic helium gas launch_vehicle reusable making use spacex_reusable rocket spacex_reusable technology falcon falcon_heavy earth away launches long duration spaceship also play role briefly second_stage launch_vehicle provide acceleration speed orbital velocity design approach used launch_vehicles interplanetary_spaceship file spacex back quarter solar extended cropped jpg thumb upright rendering interplanetary_spaceship engineering thengine configuration withe solar panels spacecraft solar panels extended interplanetary_spaceship interplanetary spaceflight interplanetary spacecraft ship carbon fiber primary structure propelled nine raptor engines operating methane oxygen propellants long maximum hull diameter diameter point capable transporting tof cargo passengers per trip mars orbit propellant refill interplanetary part journey early flights arexpected carry mostly equipment people september name class spacecraft beyond interplanetary_spaceship musk indicate however thathe_first ships make mars journey might named heart gold reference ship carrying technology hitchhiker guide galaxy heart gold drive novel hitchhiker guide galaxy although noted_thathe number booster inspired answer answer musk connection transport capacity spaceship low_earth mars trajectory trans mars injection trans mars trajectory delta v energy gain full mars orbit landed surface landing estimated earth mars vary days depending particular planetary nine synodic period mission opportunities delta v added mars injection file interplanetary_transport_system jpg lefthumb px artist conception interplanetary_spaceship arrival mars spaceship designed mars atmospheric entry enter atmosphere entry excess allow aerodynamic force provide major part three engines perform burn theat shield material protecting ship descent x g force mars arexpected g spaceship design g load would g nominal able withstand peak loads times higher without breaking energy journey produced two large solar panels spacecraft solar panel generating approximately electric power athe distance earth sun less journey sun farther away ship mars spaceship may use large internal water layer help shield occupants space radiation may cabin oxygen two times found atmosphere earth atmosphere initial tests spaceship expected prior withe booster follow later according musk spaceship would effectively become first human habitat mars tanker file tanker cropped jpg thumb rendering tanker top interplanetary_spaceship bottom earth_orbit key feature system propellant tanker tanker spaceship tanker would serve upper_stage launch_vehicle launch_vehicle designed exclusively launch shorterm holding propellants transported low_earth_orbit fore filling propellants interplanetary ships orbit proximity operations rendezvous operation one interplanetary_spaceships plumbing connections made maximum liquid methane liquid_oxygen propellants transferred one load spaceship fully fuel interplanetary_spaceship long duration interplanetary flight expected five would required launch earth carrying total nearly fully load spaceship journey tanker physical dimensions interplanetary spacecraft long maximum hull diameter point also powered six vacuum optimized raptor engines producing thrust three lower expansion ratio raptor engines flight earth return landings following completion orbit propellant reusable tanker atmospheric reentry atmosphere earth atmosphere land prepared another tanker flighthe tanker could also_used cargo missions propellant plant mars key part radically decrease cost interplanetary destinations placement operation physical plant mars handle production storage propellant components necessary launch fly interplanetary_spaceships back earth perhaps increase mass transported destinations outer solar_system coupled filling prior journey mars fully reusable_launch_vehicles spacecraft needed reduce transport cost multiple orders magnitude musk sees necessary support sustainable colonization mars first interplanetary_spaceship mars carry small propellant plant part cargo load plant multiple arrives installed placed mostly autonomous production propellant plant take_advantage large supplies carbon dioxide water mars mars mining water h ice collecting atmosphere mars atmosphere chemical plant process raw materials means water process produce molecular oxygen methane vacuum distillation ito facilitate long_term storage ultimate use launch_facility site site launch rapid reuse launch_vehicle launch_pad spacex leased facility historic launch_pad along florida space coast originally thoughto small handle launch_vehicle final optimized size raptor engine fairly close physical size merlin although engine approximately three times thrust falcon_heavy willaunch merlin engines willaunch raptor engines multiple launch_sites musk indicated september thathe launch_vehicle would launch fromore one site prime candidate second launch_site along south texas coast launch_facility history launch_site yet selected super_heavy_lift rocket mars colonial transporter spacex indicated athe_time thatheir leased facility launch_pad would largenough accommodate vehicle understood conceptually new site would need built order launch rocket september elon_musk indicated thathe_first_person go another planet could possibly launch spacex south texas launch_site indicate athe_time launch_vehicle might used carry humans torbit mission concepts mars early missions musk indicated spacex sponsored missions would smaller crew use much pressurized space cargo first cargo mission interplanetary_spaceship would named heart gold would loaded equipmento build spacex mars propellant plant propellant first crewed mars mission would bexpected approximately people withe primary goal build propellant plant mars base alpha power system well base thevent emergency spaceship would able return earth without wait full months next synodic period people transported number cargo missions would undertaken first order mars colonization equipment mars habitats supplies would accompany thearly groups would include machines produce methane oxygen atmospheric nitrogen carbon dioxide planet water ice well construction materials build transparent crop concepts green living space habitats include glass carbon fiber frame dome lot automated mining autonomous robot building huge amount pressurized space industrial operations buthese merely conceptual plan marsettlement concept spacex company concentrating resources space_transportation part overall project well autonomous robot mars propellant plant propellant could deployed mars produce methane oxygen rocket propellants local resources built planned objectives achieved transport cost getting material people space across interplanetary space reduced several orders magnitude spacex ceo elon_musk much_larger set long_term interplanetary settlement objectives ones thatake advantage lower_costs go far beyond whathe company spacex build ultimately involve many actor whether individual company governmento build outhe settlement many decades addition spacex plans concepts transportation system early missions musk personally public large vision building sustainable human presence mars long_term vision well beyond company personally growth system decades cannot planned every detail rather complex adaptive system come others make independent choices might might connect withe broader system later growing marsettlement musk sees new radically lower infrastructure facilitating build spontaneous order bottom emergent phenomena economic order interested parties whether companies individuals governments innovations supply demand economics demand growing venture would occasion initial spacex marsettlement would start small initial group dozen people time musk hopes outpost would grow something much_larger become self sustaining least million_people according musk even million_people incredible amount productivity person would need recreate thentire industrial base mars would need mine refine different materials much difficult would trees growing would nitrogen organic growth could take people time would need trips geto million_people would_also need lot cargo people fact cargo person ratio going quite high would probably cargo trips every human trip like trips talking trips giant spaceship musk expects thathe journeys would require days average trip time mars approximately days nine synodic period occurring musk stated price goal trip might order person mentioned long costs might become low complex project financial spacex musk personal capital washington_post pointed us_government budget mars colonization thus private_sector would see mars attractive business environment musk willing pour wealth project build colony outer planet concepts file interplanetary_spaceship orbit near rings thumb px artist impression interplanetary_spaceship overview presentation interplanetary_transport_system given musk september included concept slides missions planet moon jupiter planet moon europa moon europa belt objects fuel depot pluto even uses take payloads cloud musk said system open thentire solar_system people based design put areas around solar_system people could go anywhere wanted planet moon hopping goal spacex build transport_system system tremendous opportunity anyone wants go mars create something new build new planet outer would likely require propellant refills mars perhaps locations outer solar_system funding thextensive new_product development manufacture much space date private_spaceflight privately_funded spacex thentire project even possible result spacex multi approach focusing reduction launch cost spacex tens millions dollars annually development mars transport concept amounts well percent company total expenses expects figure rise per_year around cost work leading first mars launch expected order much generates transport revenue musk indicated september thathe full build mars plans willikely funded public_private partnership private public funds speed commercially available mars transport cargo humans driven large part demand economics market demand well supply economics technology development andevelopment funding elon_musk hasaid thathere expectation receiving nasa contracts work also indicated contracts received would good fabrication cost projections september musk presented following high_level forward looking fabrication cost projections given set assumptions assumptions include cost propellant us tonne launch_site costs us launch discount rate cargo delivered tonne per single interplanetary_spaceship full reuse assumptions single thousands launches hundreds oflights mars realistic apply costs much_smaller number early missions envisioned given assumptions musk presented following long cost projections class wikitable booster tanker spaceship rowspan fabrication cost align left_align left rowspan lifetime launches align left_align left rowspan launches per mars trip align left_align left rowspan average maintenance cost per use align left_align left rowspan total cost per one mars trip propellant maintenance align left_align left calculated average cost based life cycle system included costs initial fabrication propellant maintenance company one interplanetary_spaceship transported mars less cost per tonne mass transported tentative calendar mars plans fly missions mars using falcon_heavy launch_vehicle prior completion first_launch vehicle later missions utilizing technology launch_vehicle interplanetary_spaceship orbit propellant refill via tanker would earlier company planning launches space probe research spacecrafto mars using falcon_heavy launch_vehicles specialized v dragon_spacecraft due planetary inner solar_system launches typically limited window approximately every months originally june first_launch planned spring announced launch every mars launch window thereafter february however first_launch mars pushed back thearly missions collect essential data refine design better select landing locations based availability extraterrestrial water building materials original tentative mission manifest outdated included two falcon_heavy missions mars prior first possible flight mars initial spacex mars mission redragon spacecraft redragon spacecraft launched aboard falcon_heavy launch_vehicle second preparatory mission leastwo mars transfer orbit via falcon_heavy launches third uncrewed preparatory mission first use thentire put spacecraft interplanetary trajectory carry heavy equipmento mars notably local power_plant first crewed flighto mars according schedule dozen people first_launch planned unclear whether overall schedule kept intact pushed back months however may nasand sources industry claimed spacex considering sending two dragon_spacecrafto mars window one early one late although spacex see_also colonization mars effect spaceflight human body cosmic human outpost human_spaceflight situ resource utilization life mars list manned mars mission plans th_century human mission mars direct mars stay space medicine mars externalinks rocket hard musk give speech life september colonization program october interplanetary_transport_system video youtube spacex september making humans species category manned missions mars category colonization mars category_spacex category_proposed reusable space_launch_systems category_space_tourism"},{"title":"Iper\u00fa","description":"extinction type status purpose headquarters lima per location coords region served nationwide membership language spanish english and sometimes others with publications in several other languages main organ parent organization affiliations promper and indecopi budget num staff num volunteers website iper tourist information and assistance or simply iper with lower case p is the per tourism office provided since by the peruvian governmenthrough the commission for the promotion of exports and tourism of per promper and the national institute for defense of competition and protection of intellectual property indecopi to provide domestic and foreign travelers with objective and impartial information as well asupport services the organization s logo is the international tourist information symbol a lower case white inside a blue circle followed by per the iper headquarters are in limand there are multilingual offices throughouthe country during iper handled cases including requests for information and for assistance or both all over peru iper has three core purposes to provide visitor information to advise tourists on relevant paperwork and procedures required by public and private institutions to contribute to the resolution of complaints from tourists against operators of tourist services iper provides free information and services for variousorts of travelers to and within peru including tourists businesspeople and academics before during and even after their trip the organization has a comprehensive database of registered tourism services in the country as well as information about places attractions routes and travel times iper also provides assistance in cases of problems arises during a trip or if tourist services are not provided as hired iper is responsible for handling claimsubmitted by tourists againsthe suppliers of tourism services with mediating and conciliatory but not punitive powers to resolve them a cooperation agreement on june between promper and indecopi established the tourist protection service spthrough this agreement indecopi gave to the new bureau the functions of thearlier consumer protection commission cpc in cases againstourism companies inoting the need for objective tourist information to visitors in order to prevent adverse incidents and improve the services provided by spt it was decided to add the tourist information service sit merging 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promotion exports tourism per promper national institute defense competition protection intellectual property indecopi provide domestic foreign travelers objective information well services organization logo international_tourist_information symbol lower case white inside blue circle followed per iper headquarters limand offices throughouthe_country iper handled cases including requests information assistance peru iper three core purposes provide visitor_information advise tourists relevant paperwork procedures required public_private institutions contribute resolution complaints tourists operators tourist services iper provides free information services travelers within peru including tourists businesspeople academics even trip organization comprehensive database registered tourism_services country well information places attractions routes travel times iper also_provides assistance cases problems trip tourist services provided hired iper responsible handling tourists againsthe suppliers tourism_services powers resolve cooperation agreement june promper indecopi established tourist protection service agreement indecopi gave new bureau functions thearlier consumer protection commission cases companies need objective tourist_information visitors order prevent adverse incidents improve services provided decided add tourist_information service sit merging functions services gave rise iper tourist_information assistance iper headquarters limand operations regions peruvian regions local offices usually named withe city located iper office iquitos peruvian amazon iper iquitos despite governmental organization accessible person phone e mail hours day every_day week year operators iper speak spanish_language english_languagenglish languages local offices typically handle languages staff hand given_time provide published materials spanish english french_language french german_languagerman italian language italian russian language russiand chinese_language chinese popular locales iper kiosks tourist_information events places large influx visitors celebration cusco feast saint john iquitos peruvian amazon list offices iper operates offices around country amazonas region amazonas region cusco lambayeque peru lambayeque la libertad region la libertad lima region peru also_tourism peru visitor_center externalinks_official tourism_website peru category_tourism agencies_category_tourism peru category visitor_centers"},{"title":"Irving Convention and Visitors Bureau","description":"the irving convention and visitors bureau also known as the icvb is an independent nonprofit organization which aims to direct individuals traveling to dallas and fort worth for convention meeting business conventions and for leisure it is a hospitality industry which makes billion annually icvb is funded by irving s hotel and motel tax collections which includes hundreds of restaurants and hotels whichave more than rooms the irving cvb is not a membership based organization irving was founded in by jo schulze and otis brown after purchasing of land which is now irving texas irving the firstwo town lotsold in december athe public auction the irving cvbuilding is located immediately adjacento dallas fort worth international airport alongside las colinas it is located in between dallas and fort worth icvb received the gold service award fromeetings and conventions magazine meetings and conventions magazine the awards of excellence from corporate incentive travel magazine corporate incentive travel magazine and the successful meetings pinnacle award abouthe irving cvb about irving externalinks irving cvb official website irving chamber of commerce mustangs of las colinas category organizations based in irving texas category tourism agencies category tourism in texas","main_words":["irving","convention_visitors_bureau","also_known","independent","nonprofit","organization","aims","direct","individuals","traveling","dallas","fort_worth","convention_meeting","business","conventions","leisure","hospitality_industry","makes","billion","annually","funded","irving","hotel","motel","tax","collections","includes","hundreds","restaurants_hotels","whichave","rooms","irving","cvb","membership","based","organization","irving","founded","otis","brown","purchasing","land","irving","texas","irving","firstwo","town","december","athe","public","auction","irving","located","immediately","adjacento","dallas","fort_worth","international_airport","alongside","las","located","dallas","fort_worth","received","gold","service","award","conventions","magazine","meetings","conventions","magazine","awards","excellence","corporate","incentive","travel_magazine","corporate","incentive","travel_magazine","successful","meetings","award","abouthe","irving","cvb","irving","externalinks","irving","cvb","official_website","irving","chamber","commerce","las","category_organizations_based","irving","agencies_category_tourism","texas"],"clean_bigrams":[["irving","convention"],["visitors","bureau"],["bureau","also"],["also","known"],["independent","nonprofit"],["nonprofit","organization"],["direct","individuals"],["individuals","traveling"],["dallas","fort"],["fort","worth"],["convention","meeting"],["meeting","business"],["business","conventions"],["hospitality","industry"],["makes","billion"],["billion","annually"],["motel","tax"],["tax","collections"],["includes","hundreds"],["hotels","whichave"],["irving","cvb"],["membership","based"],["based","organization"],["organization","irving"],["otis","brown"],["irving","texas"],["texas","irving"],["firstwo","town"],["december","athe"],["athe","public"],["public","auction"],["located","immediately"],["immediately","adjacento"],["adjacento","dallas"],["dallas","fort"],["fort","worth"],["worth","international"],["international","airport"],["airport","alongside"],["alongside","las"],["dallas","fort"],["fort","worth"],["gold","service"],["service","award"],["conventions","magazine"],["magazine","meetings"],["conventions","magazine"],["corporate","incentive"],["incentive","travel"],["travel","magazine"],["magazine","corporate"],["corporate","incentive"],["incentive","travel"],["travel","magazine"],["successful","meetings"],["award","abouthe"],["abouthe","irving"],["irving","cvb"],["irving","externalinks"],["externalinks","irving"],["irving","cvb"],["cvb","official"],["official","website"],["website","irving"],["irving","chamber"],["category","organizations"],["organizations","based"],["irving","texas"],["texas","category"],["category","tourism"],["tourism","agencies"],["agencies","category"],["category","tourism"]],"all_collocations":["irving 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conventions magazine awards excellence corporate incentive travel_magazine corporate incentive travel_magazine successful meetings award abouthe irving cvb irving externalinks irving cvb official_website irving chamber commerce las category_organizations_based irving texas_category_tourism agencies_category_tourism texas"},{"title":"Izakaya","description":"file izakaya exterior gotandajpg thumb upright an izakaya in gotanda tokyo the signboard on the right shows a menu with regular dishes left and season s entry nabe right an is a type of informal japanese gastropub they are casual places for after work drinking they have been compared to irish pubs tapas bars and early american saloons and tavern s etymology the word izakaya entered thenglish language by it is a compound word consisting of i to stay and sakaya sake shop indicating that izakaya originated from sake shops that allowed customers to sit on the premises to drink izakayare sometimes called akachin red lantern in daily conversation asuch paper lantern s are traditionally found in front of them history file taipeizakaya in jpg thumb taipeizakaya in historian penelope francks points to the development of the izakaya in japan especially in edo and along main routes as one indicator of the growing popularity of sake as a consumer good by the lateighteenth century before the meiji period people drank alcohol in sake shopstanding some storestarted using sake barrels astools later snacks were added an izakaya in tokyo made international news in when robert f kennedy ate there during a meeting with japanese labor leaders bobby regales japanese with song rendition monroe morning world february via newspaperscom dining style file uoshinogizaka jpg thumb upright people at an izakaya sitting by the bar and facing the kitchen izakayas are often likened to taverns or pubs buthere are a number of differences depending on the izakaya customers either sit on tatami mats andine from low tables as in the traditional japanese style or sit on chairs andrink dine from tables many izakaya offer a choice of both as well aseating by the bar some izakaya restaurants are also tachi nomi style literally translated as drinking while standing usually customers are given an oshibori wetowel to clean their hands the towels are cold in summer and hot in winter next a tiny snack an appetizer called an ot shin the tokyo area or tsukidashin the osaka kobe area will be served it is local custom and usually charged onto the bill in lieu of an cover chargentry fee the menu may be on the table displayed on walls or both picture menus are common in larger izakaya food andrink are ordered throughouthe course of the session as desired they are broughto the table and the bill is added up athend of the session unlike other japanese styles of eating food items are usually shared by everyone athe table similar to spanish tapas common formats for izakayas well as much other dining in japan are known as nomi h dai all you can drink and tabe h dai all you can eat for a set price person customers can continue ordering as much food and or drink as they wish usually with a time limit of twor three hours izakaya dining can be intimidating to non japanese because of the wide variety of menu items and the slow pace food is normally ordered slowly over several courses rather than all at once the kitchen will serve the food when it is ready rather than in the formal courses of western restaurants typically a beer is ordered when one isitting down before perusing the menu quickly preparedishesuch as hiyayakkor edamame are ordered first followed with progressively more robust flavorsuch as yakitori or karage finishing the meal with a rice or noodle dish to fill up how to izakaya kampai kampaius retrieved may typical menu items file izakayastylemenu dec svg px thumb right a mock up of an izakaya style menu there are a wide variety of izakaya offering all sorts of dishes items typically available are alcoholic drinksake nihonshu is a japanese rice wine that is made through the fermentation of rice that has been polished to remove the bran unlike wine the alcohol in sake is produced by the starch being converted into sugars beer biiru sh ch cocktail sour mix saw chuhai wine whisky somestablishments offer a bottle keep service where a patron can purchase an entire bottle of liquor usually sh ch or whisky and store the unfinished portion for a future visit food file tori karaage by clanchou in kanazawa ishikawajpg thumb chicken karaage file beer and edamame boild green soybeans jpg thumb cold edamame beans and a cold japanese beer izakaya food is usually more substantial than tapas or mezze many items are designed to be sharedamame boiled and salted soybean pods gomae various vegetableserved with a sesame dressing karaage bite sized fried chicken yakitori kushiyaki grilled meat or vegetable skewersalad sashimi slices of raw fish tebasaki chicken wings tofu agedashi dofu deep fried tofu in brothiyayakko chilled silken tofu with toppings tsukemono pickles yakisoba noodles yakitori grilled chicken skewers rice dishesuch as ochazuke and noodle dishesuch as yakisobare sometimes eaten athend to round off a drinking session for the most parthe japanese do not eat rice or noodleshushoku staple food athe same time as they drink alcohol since sake brewed from rice traditionally takes the place of rice in a meal types izakaya were traditionally down to earth places where men drank sake and beer after work thatrend is complemented by a growing population of independent women and students many izakaya today cater to a more diverse clientele by offering cocktails and wines as well as by improving the interior chain izakayare often large and offer an extensive selection ofood andrink allowing ito host big sometimes rowdy parties watami shoya shirokiya tsubohachi and murasaki are some well known chains in japan akachin file cyochin jpg thumbnail right upright akachin red lantern with kanjizakaya written on it file izakaya tokyojpg thumbnail right upright akachin for nikomi right and nobori banner for nabe center izakayas are often called akachin red lantern after the red paper lantern s that are traditionally displayed outside today the term usually refers to small non chain izakaya some unrelated businesses that are not izakayalsometimes display red lanterns cosplay izakaya became popular in the s the staff wears the costume and waits on customersometimeshows are run costumes include those for butlers and maids oden ya establishmentspecialising in oden are called oden ya they usually take the form of street food street stalls with seating and are popular in winterobatayaki robatayaki are places in which customersit around an open hearth on whichefs grill seafood and vegetables fresh ingredients are displayed for customers to point at whenever they wantorder file asakusa panoramio ryuetsu katojpg oden street stall in the property of sens jin asakusa file robatayakijpg activity at a robatayaki seafood and vegetables to cook displayed yakitori yakitori ya specialise in yakitori the chicken skewers are often grilled in front of customers file typical yakitori jpg yakitorin literature tv dramand film izakayappear in japanese novels with adaptations to tv dramand film they have also inspired mangand gekiga modernovel is an example where the main character manages an izakaya in the film adaptation ken takakura played the part of ch ji a tv drama was produced in on friday drama theater fuji television images of izakaya in jidaigeki novels and films reflecthe modern drinking andining style of today sitting atables this was not often seen in countryside aside from station towns along kaid highways in the th to mid th century capacities at izakaya werestricted in major cities in the period that jidaigeki tv shows and films movieset in edo see also cuisine of japan list of public house topics ramen shop snack bar sunakku tavern footnotes workokumino bungaku color 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left season entry right type informal japanese gastropub casual places work drinking compared irish_pubs tapas bars early american saloons tavern etymology word izakaya entered thenglish_language compound word consisting stay sake shop indicating izakaya originated sake shops allowed customers sit premises drink sometimes_called akachin red lantern daily conversation asuch paper lantern traditionally found front history_file_jpg thumb historian points development izakaya japan especially along main routes one indicator growing popularity sake consumer good century period people drank alcohol sake using sake barrels later snacks added izakaya tokyo made international news robert f_kennedy ate meeting japanese labor leaders bobby japanese song monroe morning world february via dining style file_jpg thumb upright people izakaya sitting bar facing kitchen often likened taverns pubs buthere number differences depending izakaya customers either sit low tables traditional japanese style sit chairs andrink dine tables many izakaya offer choice well bar izakaya restaurants also style literally translated drinking standing usually customers given clean hands towels cold summer hot winter next tiny snack appetizer called shin tokyo area osaka kobe area_served local custom usually charged onto bill cover fee menu may table displayed walls picture menus common larger izakaya food_andrink ordered throughouthe course session desired broughto table bill added athend session unlike japanese styles eating food_items usually shared everyone athe_table similar spanish tapas common formats well much dining japan known h dai drink h dai eat set price person customers continue ordering much food drink wish usually time limit twor three hours izakaya dining non japanese wide_variety menu_items slow pace food normally ordered slowly several courses rather kitchen serve_food ready rather formal courses western restaurants typically beer ordered one menu quickly ordered first followed progressively robust yakitori finishing meal rice noodle dish fill izakaya retrieved_may typical menu_items file dec svg px_thumb right mock izakaya style menu wide_variety izakaya offering sorts dishes items typically available alcoholic japanese rice wine made fermentation rice remove unlike wine alcohol sake produced converted beer cocktail sour mix saw wine whisky somestablishments offer bottle keep service patron purchase entire bottle liquor usually whisky store portion future visit food file thumb chicken file beer green jpg thumb cold beans cold japanese beer izakaya food usually substantial tapas many items designed boiled salted pods various sesame dressing bite sized fried_chicken yakitori grilled meat vegetable slices raw fish chicken wings tofu deep_fried tofu tofu pickles noodles yakitori grilled chicken rice dishesuch noodle dishesuch sometimes eaten athend round drinking session parthe japanese eat rice staple food athe_time drink alcohol since sake brewed rice traditionally takes_place rice meal types izakaya traditionally earth places men drank sake beer work growing population independent women students many izakaya today cater diverse clientele offering cocktails wines well improving interior chain often large offer extensive selection ofood andrink allowing ito host big sometimes parties well_known chains japan akachin file_jpg thumbnail_right_upright akachin red lantern written file izakaya thumbnail_right_upright akachin right banner center often_called akachin red lantern red paper lantern traditionally displayed outside today term usually refers small non chain izakaya unrelated businesses display red cosplay izakaya became_popular staff costume waits run costumes include butlers maids oden oden called oden usually take form street_food street stalls seating popular places around open grill seafood vegetables fresh ingredients displayed customers point whenever file oden street stall property jin file activity seafood vegetables cook displayed yakitori yakitori specialise yakitori chicken often grilled front customers file typical yakitori jpg literature tv film japanese novels adaptations tv film also inspired example main character manages izakaya film adaptation ken played part tv drama produced friday drama theater fuji television images izakaya novels films reflecthe modern drinking andining style today sitting atables often_seen countryside aside station towns along highways th mid_th century capacities izakaya major_cities period tv shows films see_also cuisine japan list public_house_topics ramen shop snack_bar tavern footnotes color edition volume last first date december publisher language japanese ref furthereading izakaya japanese pub cookbook mark robinson photographs international izakaya japanese bar food grant publishing photographs chris chen izakaya new holland publishers externalinks_category japanese culture_category japanese restaurants_category_types drinking_establishment_category types 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through social media based solely around travel james villa holidays appoints thingsmedia to create social firstrategy travolution january history file villa coral blue situated within marina del cantone in amalfi coastjpg thumb px villa coral blue situated within marina del cantone in amalfi coasthe founder of james villas is james needham who created the company in he firsthought of the idea when holidaying in lanzarote at which time he and his wife owned a holiday villand werenting it out in their absence following redundancy from his job athevening standard james needham invested his time in looking for new properties to purchase and rent outo prospective holidaymakers for the first few years james needham ran the business withis wife and later employed his late son darren james needham founder of james villas reveals the holiday firm secrets to success after years kent business december during the recession of the late s the company chose to purchase a chunk of the advertising space that was available athe time which was available at a cheaper costhan before the recession using word of mouth and tv advertising the company s growth increased by for a number of years change of ownership following hison s death james needham sold the company inow under the management of wyndham vacation rentals james villa holidays continues to employ many of its original employees in mark bloxham took over the role of managing director to replace malcom hoad who left after two years in the position bloxham has been working for james villas marketing director and oversaw bothe james villas holidays and villas you brands as managing director in august bloxham left james villas and was replaced by sean lowe bloxham appointed managing director at james villa holidays travel weekly june awards james villa holidays has won a number of awardsince its inception the awards in full are as follows winner athe british travel awards for best large villa self catering holiday booking company in and british travel awards and won the silver three years in a row from winner athe sunday times travel magazine awards for best villa company in and winner of cond nastraveller s favourite villa rental company in the readers travel awards conde nastraveller september and won the silver for this award in readers travel awards conde nastraveller october and readers travel awards conde nastraveller septemberunner up athe telegraph travel awards for specialistour operator in telegraph travel awards the winners in full externalinks james villa holidays official website james villa holidays blog references category holiday villages category travel and holiday companies of the united kingdom category tourism category travel category wyndham 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properties let outo customers wish use temporary holiday homes athe_start company handle media strategy decision came review previous revenues james villa_holidays aims bring holidays life new social_media strategy drum january responsible handling social first content handle brand image social_media based solely around travel james villa_holidays create social travolution january history_file villa coral blue situated within marina del thumb px villa coral blue situated within marina del coasthe founder james villas james needham created company idea time wife owned holiday villand absence following job standard james needham invested time looking new properties purchase rent outo prospective holidaymakers first_years james needham ran business withis wife later employed late son james needham founder james villas reveals holiday firm secrets success years kent business december recession late company chose purchase advertising space available athe_time available cheaper recession using word mouth tv advertising company growth increased number years change ownership following hison death james needham sold company management wyndham vacation_rentals james villa_holidays continues employ many original employees mark bloxham took role managing_director replace left two_years position bloxham working james villas marketing director oversaw bothe james villas holidays villas brands managing_director august bloxham left james villas replaced sean lowe bloxham appointed managing_director james villa_holidays travel_weekly june awards james villa_holidays number inception awards full follows winner athe british_travel_awards best large villa self_catering holiday booking company british_travel_awards silver three_years row winner athe sunday_times travel_magazine awards best villa company winner cond nastraveller favourite villa rental company readers travel_awards conde nastraveller september silver award readers travel_awards conde nastraveller october readers travel_awards conde nastraveller athe telegraph travel_awards operator telegraph travel_awards winners full externalinks james villa_holidays official_website james villa_holidays blog references_category holiday villages category_travel holiday_companies united_kingdom category_tourism category_travel category wyndham worldwide"},{"title":"Japan National Tourism Organization","description":"the or jnto provides information about japan to promote travel to and in the country its headquarters are in y rakuchiyoda tokyo chiyoda tokyo it operates tourist information centers tics as well as a website the jnto disseminates information aboutransportation lodging food and beverage and sight seeing it distributes photographs of japan suitable for computer wallpaper or printing for personal use jnto is an independent administrative institution of the government of japan its publication s and website assist in preparing travel itineraries within japan providing a wide range of travel information in english and other languages on transportation accommodationshopping and events the materials are updated frequently while traveling in japan visitors may take advantage of the nationwide information system which numbered outlets in each i center is an information source for the area it represents the i centers are ordinarily located at railway station s or in city centers and areasily recognized by their logo a red question mark withe word information printed underneath jnto sponsors a goodwill guide program through which some bilingual volunteers assist visitors from abroad they earn the righto wear the program s identifying badge a white pigeon superimposed upon a globe throughout japan there are systematized goodwill guide groupsgg consisting mostly of students housewives and retirees who engage in a variety of activities using their foreign language skillsome groups offer a free preset walking tour for which the visitor only needs to go to a prestablished place at a certain date 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internal affairs and communications house of councillors retrieved on committee resolutions in bothouses of the diet in the legislation process house of representatives of japan house of representatives retrieved on house of councillors retrieved on andecision at a cabinet meeting of basic plan in june ministry of land infrastructure transport and tourisministry of land infrastructure transport and tourism which was drawn as provided by the basic act one legal basis of the agency is act for establishment of the ministry of land infrastructure transport and tourism the two committee resolutions of almosthe same contents are made by the committee on land transport of eachouse of the dieto point out eight issues on which the government should take appropriate measures when it enforces the basic act in the issue no it wastated thathe government should makefforts to set up tourism agency or so in the basic plan five fundamental targets are set whose substances arespectively to increase the 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infrastructure transport tourism retrieved following legislation basic act promotion tourism nation december wholly tourism basic act ministry internal affairs communications house retrieved committee diet legislation process house representatives japan house representatives retrieved house retrieved cabinet meeting basic plan june ministry land infrastructure transport tourisministry land infrastructure transport tourism drawn provided basic act one legal basis agency act establishment ministry land infrastructure transport tourism two committee almosthe contents made committee land transport point eight issues government take appropriate measures basic act issue thathe_government set tourism agency basic plan five fundamental targets set whose substances increase number foreign tourists visiting japan b international meetings held japan c nights stay accommodations per one japanese domestic sightseeing tours japanese tourists expenditure japan sightseeing tours five targets eachave value many among total various targets eachave value see_also tourism_organization notes_externalinks japan tourism agency category ministry land infrastructure transport tourism japan tourism agency category_tourism japan agency category_establishments japan_category_tourism agencies"},{"title":"Jazz club","description":"file louis moholo quintetjpg thumb right px the louis moholo quintet performing at a jazz club a jazz club is a music venue where the primary entertainment is the performance of live jazz music although some jazz clubs primarily focus on the study and or promotion of jazz music jazz clubs are usually a type of nightclub or bar which is licensed to sell alcoholic beverages jazz clubs were in large rooms in theras of orchestral jazz and big band jazz big band jazz when bands were large and often augmented by a string section large rooms were also more common in the swing era because athatime jazz was popular as a dance music so the dancers needed space to move withe transition to s era styles like bebop and later stylesuch asoul jazz small combos of musiciansuch as quartets jazz quartets and jazz trios were mostly used and the music became more of a music to listen to rather than a form of dance music as a result smaller clubs with small stages became practical in the s jazz clubs may be found in the basement s of largeresidential buildings in storefront locations or in the upper floors of retail businesses they can be rather small compared tother music venuesuch as rock musiclubs reflecting the intimate atmosphere of jazz shows and long term decline in popular interest in jazz despite being called club organization clubs these venues are usually not exclusive some clubs however have a cover charge if a live band is playing some jazz clubs host jam session s after hours or on early evenings of the week at jam sessions both professional musicians and advanced amateurs will typically share the stage history in the th century before the birth of jazz popular forms of live music for most well to do white americans of european immigrant heritage included classical music played by orchestra s in coats and tails fancy opera house s and formal ball dance ball s where formally dressed musicians would play for these well off whites going out was a formal occasion and the music was treated asomething to listen to if at an orchestra or opera concert or dance formally to if at a ball in the s african american communities were marginalized from an economic perspective despite their lack of material wealth african american communities had a thriving community and culture based around informal music performancesuch as brass band performances at funerals music sung in church and music played for families eating picnics in parks african american culture developed communal activities for informal sharing such asaturday night fish friesunday camping along the shores of lake ponchartrain at milneburg and bucktown making red beans and rice banquettes on mondays and holding nightly dances at neighborhood halls all over town this long andeep commitmento music andance along withe mixing of musical traditions like spiritual music from the church the blues carried intown by rural guitar slingers the minstrel show s inspired by plantation life the beat and cadence of military marching band s and the syncopation of the ragtime piano led to the creation of a neway to listen to live music in the jazz history books cultural capitals like new orleans chicago harlem kansas city u street in washington dc and the central avenue zone of los angeles are traditionally cited as the key nurturing places of jazz the african musical traditions primarily made use of a single line melody and call and response musicall and response pattern and the rhythms have a cross beat counter metric structure and reflect african speech patterns lavish festivals featuring african basedances to drums were organized on sundays at place congor congo square inew orleans until the primary instrument for a cultural music expression was a long narrow african drum it came in variousized from three to eight feet long and had previously been banned in the south by whites other instruments used were the triangle a jawbone and early ancestors to the banjo many types of dances were performed in congo square including the flat footed shuffle and the bamboulafrican american registry another influence on black musicame from the style of hymn s of the church which black slaves had learned and incorporated into their own music aspirituals during thearly th century an increasing number of black musicians learned to play european instruments the black codes united states black codes outlawedrumming by slaves which meanthat african drumming traditions were not preserved inorth america unlike in cuba haiti and elsewhere in the caribbean african based rhythmic patterns weretained in the united states in large parthrough body rhythmsuch astomping clapping and juba dance patting juba palmerobert deep blues in the post civil war period after african americans were able tobtain surplus military bass drumsnare drums and fifes and an original african american drum and fife music emerged featuring tresillo and related syncopated rhythmic figureskubik gerhard africand the blues jackson mi university press of mississippi the abolition of slavery in led to new opportunities for theducation ofreed african americans although strict segregation limited employment opportunities for most blacks many were able to find work in entertainment black musicians were able to providentertainment in dances minstrel show s and in vaudeville during which time many marching bands were formed black pianists played in bars clubs and brothels as ragtime developed blues is the name given to both a musical form and a music genre kunzler s dictionary of jazz provides two separatentries blues an originally african american genre p and the blues form a widespread musical form p which originated in african american communities of primarily the deep south of the united states athend of the th century from their spiritual music spirituals work song s field holler s ring shouts and chant s and rhymed simple narrative ballad music ballads the music of new orleans had a profound effect on the creation of early jazz many early jazz performers played in venues throughouthe city such as the brothels and bars of the red light district around basin street known astoryville new orleanstoryville in addition to dance bands there were numerous marching bands who played at lavish funerals later called jazz funeral s which were arranged by the african americand european american communities the instruments used in marching band s andance bands became the basic instruments of jazz age despite its growing popularity not all who lived in the jazz age were keen on the sound of jazz music and especially of jazz clubs by the advent of the th century campaigns to censor the devil s music started to appear prohibiting when and where jazz clubs could be built for example a cincinnati home for expectant mothers won an injunction to prevent construction of a neighboring theater where jazz will be played convincing a courthathe music was dangerous to fetuses by thend of the s at least communities across the nation enacted laws prohibiting jazz in public dance halls prohibition in fostered themergence of the underground gangsterun jazz clubs these venueserved alcohol hired black musicians and allowed whites blacks and audiences of all social classes to mingle socially for the firstime although the underground jazz clubs encouraged the intermingling of races in the jazz age there were other jazz clubsuch as the cotton club inew york that were white only by the s jazz music as a form of popular music was on the decline and so was the popularity of jazz clubs in thearly s bebop style performers began to shift jazz from danceable popular music towards a more challenging musician s music since bebop was meanto be listened to not danced to it could use faster tempos drumming shifted to a morelusive and explosive style and highly syncopated musicfloyd samuel a jr the power of black music interpreting its history from africa to the united states new york oxford university press while bebop did not draw the huge crowds that had once flocked to swing era dance clubs the bebop style was based around small combosuch as the jazz quartet withese smaller combos on stage smaller clubs could afford to pay thensembles even with much smaller clubs than were common in the s heyday of the cotton club soul jazz soul jazz was a development of hard bop which incorporated strong influences from blues gospel music gospel and rhythm and blues to create music for small groups often the organ triof hammond organ drummer and tenor saxophonist unlike hard bop soul jazz generally emphasized repetitive groove music grooves and melodic hooks and improvisation s were often less complex than in other jazz styles it often had a steadier funk style groove which was different from the swing rhythms typical of muchard bop soul jazz proved to be a boon to jazz clubs because since organ trios were based around the powerful hammond organ a three piece organ trio could fill a nightclub withe same full sound that in previous years would have required a five or six piece band resurgence of traditionalism file wynton marsalis jpg thumb right wynton marsalis the saw something of a reaction againsthe fusion and free jazz that hadominated the s trumpeter wynton marsalis emerged early in the decade and strove to create music within what he believed was the tradition rejecting both fusion and free jazz and creating extensions of the small and large forms initially pioneered by such artists as louis armstrong andukellington as well as the hard bop of the s whether marsalis critical and commercial success was a cause or a symptom of the reaction against fusion and free jazz and the resurgence of interest in the kind of jazz pioneered in the s particularly modal jazz and post bop is debatable nonetheless there were many other manifestations of a resurgence of traditionalism even ifusion and free jazz were by no means abandoned and continued to develop and evolve well into the s the underground clubs where it is performed in these countries provide meeting places for political dissident s however attendance of these clubs is minuscule compared to the popularity of jazz clubs during the jazz age notable clubs north america new orleans louisiana known as the birthplace of jazz new orleans is home to some of the oldest and most famous jazz clubs in the united states including economy hall preservation hall storyville new orleans harlem new york savoy ballroominton s playhouse cotton club washington dc and u street howard theater crystal caverns lincoln theater chicago illinois the beehive lounge mandel hall cadillac bob s club delisa gerri s palm tavern seattle washington dimitriou s jazz alley london england ronnie scott s jazz club rome italy it bebop jazz club see also jazz list of jazz clubs references category jazz clubs category african american musicategory nightclubs category discrimination in the united states category racial 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jazz_clubs primarily focus study promotion jazz music jazz_clubs usually type nightclub bar licensed sell alcoholic_beverages jazz_clubs large rooms jazz big band jazz big band jazz bands large often augmented string section large rooms also_common swing era athatime jazz popular dance_music dancers needed space move withe transition era styles like bebop later jazz small quartets jazz quartets jazz mostly used music became music listen rather form dance_music result smaller clubs small stages became practical jazz_clubs may found basement buildings storefront locations upper floors retail businesses rather small compared tother music_venuesuch rock reflecting intimate atmosphere jazz shows long_term decline popular interest jazz despite called club organization clubs venues usually exclusive clubs however cover_charge live band playing jazz_clubs host jam session hours early evenings week jam sessions professional musicians advanced typically share stage history th_century birth jazz popular forms live_music well white americans european immigrant heritage included classical music played orchestra tails fancy opera_house formal ball dance ball formally dressed musicians would play well whites going formal occasion music treated listen orchestra opera concert dance formally ball african_american communities marginalized economic perspective despite lack material wealth african_american communities thriving community culture based around informal music brass band performances music sung church music played families eating parks african_american culture developed communal activities informal sharing night fish camping along shores lake making red beans rice holding nightly dances neighborhood halls town long commitmento music andance along_withe mixing musical traditions like spiritual music church blues carried rural guitar show inspired plantation life beat military marching band ragtime piano led creation listen live_music jazz history books cultural capitals like new_orleans chicago harlem kansas_city street washington central avenue zone los_angeles traditionally cited key places jazz african musical traditions primarily made use single line call response response pattern rhythms cross beat counter metric structure reflect african speech patterns lavish festivals featuring african drums organized sundays place congo square inew_orleans primary instrument cultural music expression long narrow african drum came three eight feet long previously banned south whites instruments used triangle early ancestors banjo many types dances performed congo square including flat shuffle american registry another influence black style church black slaves learned incorporated music thearly_th century increasing_number black musicians learned play european instruments black codes united_states black codes slaves meanthat african traditions preserved inorth_america unlike cuba haiti elsewhere caribbean african based patterns united_states large body dance deep blues post civil_war period african_americans able tobtain surplus military bass drums original african_american drum music emerged featuring related africand blues jackson university_press mississippi abolition slavery led new opportunities theducation african_americans although strict segregation limited employment opportunities blacks many able find work entertainment black musicians able dances show time many marching bands formed black played bars clubs brothels ragtime developed blues name given musical form music genre dictionary jazz provides two blues originally african_american genre p blues form widespread musical form p originated african_american communities primarily deep south united_states athend th_century spiritual music work song field ring simple narrative music music new_orleans profound effect creation early jazz many early jazz performers played venues throughouthe city brothels bars red light district around basin street known new addition dance bands numerous marching bands played lavish later called jazz funeral arranged african_americand european american communities instruments used marching band andance bands became basic instruments jazz age despite growing popularity lived jazz age keen sound jazz music especially jazz_clubs advent th_century campaigns devil music started appear jazz_clubs could built example cincinnati home mothers prevent construction neighboring theater jazz played convincing music dangerous thend least communities across nation enacted laws jazz public dance halls prohibition themergence underground jazz_clubs alcohol hired black musicians allowed whites blacks audiences social classes socially firstime although underground jazz_clubs encouraged races jazz age jazz_clubsuch cotton club inew_york white jazz music form popular music decline popularity jazz_clubs thearly bebop style performers began shift jazz popular music towards challenging musician music since bebop meanto could use faster shifted explosive style highly samuel power black music interpreting history africa united_states new_york oxford_university_press bebop draw huge crowds flocked swing era dance clubs bebop style based around small jazz withese smaller stage smaller clubs could afford pay even much_smaller clubs common heyday cotton club soul jazz soul jazz development hard bop incorporated strong influences blues music rhythm blues create music small groups often organ hammond organ unlike hard bop soul jazz generally emphasized groove music often less complex jazz styles often funk style groove different swing rhythms typical bop soul jazz proved jazz_clubs since organ based around powerful hammond organ three piece organ could fill nightclub withe full sound previous years would required five six piece band resurgence file marsalis jpg thumb right marsalis saw something reaction againsthe fusion free jazz marsalis emerged early decade create music within believed tradition fusion free jazz creating extensions small large forms initially pioneered artists louis armstrong well hard bop whether marsalis critical commercial success cause reaction fusion free jazz resurgence interest kind jazz pioneered particularly jazz post bop nonetheless many resurgence even free jazz means abandoned continued develop evolve well underground clubs performed countries provide meeting_places political however attendance clubs compared popularity jazz_clubs jazz age notable clubs north_america new_orleans louisiana known birthplace jazz new_orleans home oldest famous jazz_clubs united_states including economy hall preservation hall new_orleans harlem new_york savoy playhouse cotton club washington street howard theater crystal caverns lincoln theater chicago_illinois beehive lounge hall bob club palm tavern seattle_washington jazz alley london_england ronnie scott jazz_club rome_italy bebop jazz_club see_also jazz list jazz_clubs references_category jazz_clubs category african_american musicategory nightclubs_category discrimination united_states category racial segregation"},{"title":"JB's Dudley","description":"type nightclub genre rock music rock built opened renovated expanded closedemolished owner construction cost former nameseating type seating capacity website jb s dudley usually known simply as jb s was a nightclub and live music venue located on castle hill near the centre of dudley west midlands county west midlands originally opened on a different site in it claimed to be the longest running live music venue in the united kingdom and hosted early performances by actsuch as dire straits and u the club has been owned throughout its existence by former motorcycle speedway rider sam jukes who started the club with two friends in after hisporting career was ended by injury it began operation as a disco night held in the social club athe former home stadium of dudley town fc dudley town football club and was intended to raisextra funds for the cash strapped club it quickly outgrew these premises and relocated to a capacity venue behind a menswear shop on king street in thearly s before moving to its present location castle hill in which afforded a capacity of jukestates that he named the club after john bryant a local dj who was popular with women as he felt his association withe venue would help bring in customers although rumours persisthat it was named after led zeppelin drummer john bonham a native of nearby redditch it has now re open for venue bookingsuch as parties and marriages in rumours circulated thathe venue might be subjecto a compulsory purchase order and closedown as part of a multimillion pound redevelopment scheme for the town centre a spokesman for dudley metropolitan borough council stated however thathis was not part of the plan athatime although the redevelopment might extend to include castle hill at a future date the club went into administration during and it was hoped that a buyer would be found to continue to run the club in its then present state but new ownership failed to materialise and the club was closed in january the site of the club was eventually sold in late and was briefly transformed into a conference and banqueting centre file firewind jb s img jpg thumb right px gus g ofirewind playing at jb s in the venue has hosted performances by ublur band blur manic street preachers elvis costello skunk anansie the stone roses primal scream dr feelgood bandoctor feelgood sister love radiohead and judas priest it also regularly hosted concerts by up and coming local bands the three leading bands of the so called stourbridge music scene of thearly s pop will eat itself the wonder stuff and ned s atomic dustbin all cite the venue as a major influence over their early careers in the venue celebrated its th anniversary by hosting a two day music festival at nearby dudley castle featuring terrorvisioned s atomic dustbin and former wonder stuffrontman miles hunt frank sidebottomaintained that hiset at jb s a poorly attended gig at which the audience collectively decided to play football instead of watch the band was the best gig hever did externalinks official website original current category nightclubs category buildings and structures in dudley category nightclubs in 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attended","attended gig","audience collectively","collectively decided","play football","football instead","best gig","externalinks official","official website","website original","original current","current category","category nightclubs","nightclubs category","category buildings","dudley category","category nightclubs"],"new_description":"type nightclub genre rock music rock built opened renovated expanded owner construction cost former type seating_capacity website dudley usually known simply nightclub live_music venue located castle hill near centre dudley west_midlands county west_midlands originally opened different site claimed longest_running live_music venue united_kingdom hosted early performances straits club owned throughout existence former motorcycle rider sam jukes started club two friends career ended injury began operation disco night held social club athe former home stadium dudley town dudley town football club intended funds cash club quickly premises relocated capacity venue behind shop king_street thearly moving present location castle hill afforded capacity named club john bryant local popular women felt association_withe venue would help bring customers although named led john native nearby open venue parties circulated thathe venue might subjecto compulsory purchase order closedown part pound redevelopment scheme town centre spokesman dudley metropolitan borough council stated however thathis part plan athatime although redevelopment might extend include castle hill future date club went administration hoped would found continue run club present state_new ownership failed club closed january site club eventually sold late briefly transformed conference centre file img_jpg thumb right px g playing venue hosted performances band street elvis stone roses scream feelgood feelgood sister love priest also regularly hosted concerts coming local bands three leading bands called music scene thearly pop eat wonder stuff atomic cite venue major influence early careers venue celebrated th_anniversary hosting two_day music_festival nearby dudley castle featuring atomic former wonder miles hunt frank poorly attended gig audience collectively decided play football instead watch band best gig externalinks_official_website original current category_nightclubs_category buildings structures dudley category_nightclubs england"},{"title":"Jefferson Davis Highway","description":"the jefferson davis highway also known as the jefferson davis memorial highway was a planned transcontinental highway in the united states in the s and s that began in arlington virginiand extended south and westo san diego california it was named for jefferson davis president of the confederate states of america president of the confederate states united statesenate united statesenator and united statesecretary of war secretary of war because of unintended conflict between the national auto trail movement and the federal government it is unclear whether it evereally existed in the complete form that its unitedaughters of the confederacy udc founders originally intended in the first quarter of the th century as the automobile gained in popularity a system of roads began to develop informally through the actions of private interests these were known as auto trails they existed withouthe support or coordination of the federal government although in some states the state governments participated in their planning andevelopmenthe first of these national auto trails was the lincoln highway which was first announced as a project in withe need for new roads being so significant dozens of new auto trails were begun in the decade following one such roadway was the jefferson davis highway which wasponsored by the unitedaughters of the confederacy udc the udc planned the formation of the jefferson davis as a road that would start in arlington virginiand travel through the southern states until its terminus at san diego california more than ten years after the construction of the jefferson davis was begun it was announced that it would bextended north out of san diego and go to the canada us border end of the auto trails image gretnastonejeffdavishwymarkerjpg righthumb jefferson davis highway marker in the mid s the disparate system of national auto trails had grown cumbersome and the federal government imposed a numbering system on the nations highways using a system of evenumbers for east west routes and odd numbers for north south routes the numbers were imposed on the auto trails and rather than designate one number for each auto trail different sections of each trail were given different numerical designations however the udc petitioned the us bureau of public roads to designate the jefferson davis as a national highway with a single number the bureau s reply casts doubt on whether or nothe jdmh evereally existed as a transcontinental highway a careful searchas been made in our extensive map file in the bureau of public roads and three mapshowing the jefferson davis highways have been located buthe routes on these maps are themselves different and neitheroute is approximately that described byou so that i am somewhat a loss as to just what route your constituents are interested in for instance there is the jefferson davis memorial highway which extends fromiami florida to los angeles but noto san francisco and there is another jefferson davis highway shown on the rand mcnally maps which extends from fairview kentucky the site of the jefferson davis monument by a very circuitous route to new orleans but i find no route whatever bearing the name jefferson davis extending from washington dc to san francisco emphasis added this problemay well have been the fault of the udc themselves in addition to the planned transcontinental route they also designated an auxiliary route running from kentucky to mississippi as well as another that ran through georgia these ancillary routes were intended to commemorate important venues in davis life buthey also contributed to the confusion of the federal government in trying to locatexactly where the jefferson davis highway traveled what is known is that whenumbered highways came into existence the jefferson davis national highway wasplit among us us us us and others butoday many of these numbered routes themselves are no longer extant having been supplanted by the interstate highway system remaining portions although it may not be possible to view thentire length of the highway on a map today many parts of it still exist scattered across the country this an incomplete listing of some of the places today where one can see pieces of the jefferson davis highway the general assembly virginia general assembly defined the jefferson davis highway in virginia on march as traveling from the arlington virginiathe th street bridge potomac river th street bridge to the commonwealth s border with north carolina south of clarksville virginia this corridor was defined as us route in virginia us route in virginia us in although us took a shorteroute between south of mckenney virginia mckenney and southill virginia southill the jefferson davis highway used what was then virginia state route brunswick county sr and us route history sr virginia highways project va its original eastern terminus marker of the highway can still be found near the virginia end of the th street bridge which crosses the potomac river from washington dc the terminal marker was here until the s when it was moved to a nearby location for safety reasons virginia state route sr bears the name of jefferson davis highway as itravels pasthe pentagon in arlington county virginiarlington county between rosslyn arlington virginia rosslynear theodore roosevelt bridge and us in crystal city arlington virginia crystal city this a relatively recent extension to the original jefferson davis highway thextension was created as part of the pentagon s road system during world war ii state route brunswick county virginia state route and us route are still defined as the jefferson davis highway the jefferson davis highway now uses the following business route s virginia route index revised july pdf us route business in lawrenceville va lawrenceville us route business in boydton va boydton the falling creek udc jefferson davis highway marker falling creek and proctor creek jefferson davis highway marker proctor creek highway markers in chesterfield county virginia chesterfield county brook road marker jefferson davis highway brook road marker in henricounty virginia henricounty ashland udc jefferson davis highway marker ashland marker in hanover county virginia hanover county and elliott grays marker jefferson davis highway elliott grays marker and maury street marker jefferson davis highway maury street marker in richmond virginiare listed on the national register of historic places file jefferson davis highway marker crawfordville gajpg thumb right marker along us highway us in crawfordville georgia crawfordville ga north carolina the jefferson davis highway traverses through the state for starting athe virginia state line along us route inorth carolina us to sanford north carolina sanford then on us route inorth carolina us from sanford north carolina sanford to the south carolina state line designation of highway was approved on may south carolina the jefferson davis highway traverses through the state for starting athe north carolina state line it follows us route in south carolina us to the georgia ustate georgia state linear augusta georgiaugusta several monuments can be found along the route including in camden south carolina camden and aiken south carolinaiken file jeffdavishwy grantville gajpg thumb main street grantville ga file jefferson davis highway marker irwin county ga usjpg thumb marker in irwin county georgia highway markers can still be seen in certain spots along the old main transcontinental route through the state of georgia in taliaferro county georgia taliaferro county in crawfordville georgia crawfordville along us highway in georgia us georgia state route sr in morgan county georgia morgan county in madison georgia madison along main street us sr near its intersection with reese street in walton county georgia walton county also along usr approximately from the morgan county georgia morgan county line in dekalb county georgia dekalb county between atlantandecatur georgia decatur a marker stands in the traffic island athe intersection of ponce de leon avenue us us and east lake road us in coweta county georgia coweta county in grantville georgia on main street just north of the railroad crossing an auxiliary route through georgia went south of the main route through irwin county georgia irwin county and irwinville georgia irwinville where davis was ultimately captured athend of the civil war this route followed georgia state route sr to the west of irwinville into neighboring turner county georgia turner county where today sretains the official name of jefferson davis highway in lagrangeorgia lagrange a monument exists athe northeast corner of lagrange college which is within of confederate senator benjamin hill s national historical home in alabama the segment of us highway us from selmalabama selma to montgomery alabama montgomery is the most famous part of the jefferson davis memorial highway today on this road the reverend martin luther king jr dr martin luther king jr led the selma to montgomery marches voting rights march that helped prompt congress to pass the voting rights acthis road also extends through eastern montgomery and today is known as the atlanta highway although interstate i has replaced the route to atlanta in biloxi mississippi biloxi located at beach boulevard in front of beauvoir the last home of jefferson davis it is located on the coastline overlooking the gulf of mexico the originalignment of the main route traversed from sabine river texas louisiana sabine river to el paso texas el paso via houston texas houston austin texas austin santonio texasantonio alpine texas alpine and van horn texas van horn this routing today would predominantly be along us route in texas us with us route us and interstate in texas i connecting austin a coastal spur brancing from houston to brownsville texas brownsville travels along us route in texas us and us route in texas us at least markers are still in existence across the state new mexico parts along interstate inew mexico i are signed as jefferson davis highway there is a marker at a restop that indicates the highway and thathe marker was paid for by the daughters of the confederacy in the western terminus of the highway is identified by a monument on horton plaza in downtown san diego the formal opening of the highway athis terminus was performed by president warren harding photographs of this event are available in the archives of the san diego union tribune and in the files of the san diego historical society in the washington state legislature named us route as the jefferson davis highway making ithe final component of the jefferson davis memorial highway the northeastern virginia section of the highway approximates the route of the older washington and alexandria turnpike which received its charter from the united states congress in a street in crystal city once designated as old jefferson davis highway parallels theast side of us part of which is the present jefferson davis highway in the area thistreet which was the original route of the highway now ends beforeaching the th street bridgecoordinates of old jefferson davis highway in the arlington county board see arlington county virginia government voted to change the name of the streeto long bridge drive after the board s chairman who was originally from the northeastern part of the united statestated i have a problem with jefferson davis there are aspects of our history i m not particularly interested in celebrating however the name of jefferson davis highway itself a portion of us route in virginia us that only the virginia general assembly could rename remained unchanged in its legislative package the arlington county board asked the virginia general assembly to rename the portion of jefferson davis highway that was within the county however no member of arlington s legislative delegation offered any such legislation during the session of the general assembly in february the attorney general of virginia attorney general s office issued an advisory opinion thathe alexandria virginia city of alexandria unlike the neighboring arlington county had the legal authority to change the name of the portion of jefferson davis highway that was within the city s jurisdiction in september the alexandria city council voted unanimously to change the name of the city s portion of the highway in officials of the city of vancouver washington vancouveremoved a marker of the jefferson davis highway and placed it in a cemetery shed in an action that several years later became controversial the marker wasubsequently moved twice and eventually was placed alongside interstate in washington interstate on private land purchased for the purpose of giving the marker a permanent home in the washington house of representatives unanimously approved a bill that would have removedavis name from the road however a committee of the washington state senate state senate subsequently killed the proposal in march the washington state legislature unanimously passed a joint resolution joint memorial that asked the washington state department of transportation history state transportation commission to designate the road as the william p stewart memorial highway to honor an african american volunteer during the american civil war civil war who later became american pioneer of the town and city of snohomish washington snohomish in may the transportation commission agreed to the renaming see also list of memorials to jefferson davis furthereading externalinks government general information a brief history of the jefferson davis highway athe louisiana division udcategory establishments in the united states category auto trails in the united states category cultural tourism category historic trails and roads in alabama category historic trails and roads in arizona category historic trails and roads in california category historic trails and roads in georgia ustate category historic trails and roads in louisiana category historic trails and roads in mississippi category historic trails and roads inew mexico category historic trails and roads inorth carolina category historic trails and roads in south carolina category historic trails and roads in texas category historic trails and roads in virginia category jefferson davis highway category monuments and memorials to jefferson davis category udc monuments and memorials category us route category us route category us route category us route category us 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united_states began arlington virginiand extended south_westo san_diego california named jefferson_davis president confederate states america president confederate states united_statesenate united united war secretary war conflict national auto trail movement federal_government unclear whether existed complete form udc founders originally_intended first quarter th_century automobile gained popularity system roads began develop informally actions private interests known auto trails existed withouthe support coordination federal_government although states state governments participated planning andevelopmenthe first national auto trails lincoln highway first announced project withe need new roads significant dozens new auto trails begun decade following one roadway jefferson_davis_highway wasponsored udc udc planned formation jefferson_davis road would start arlington virginiand travel southern states terminus san_diego california ten_years construction jefferson_davis begun announced would bextended north san_diego go canada us border end auto trails image righthumb jefferson_davis_highway marker mid system national auto trails grown federal_government imposed numbering system nations highways using system east west routes odd numbers north south routes numbers imposed auto trails rather designate one number auto trail different sections trail given different designations however udc us bureau public roads designate jefferson_davis national highway single number bureau reply doubt whether nothe existed transcontinental highway careful made extensive map file bureau public roads three jefferson_davis_highways located buthe routes maps different approximately described somewhat loss route interested instance jefferson_davis memorial highway extends florida los_angeles noto san_francisco another jefferson_davis_highway shown maps extends kentucky site jefferson_davis monument route new_orleans find route whatever bearing name jefferson_davis extending washington san_francisco emphasis added well fault udc addition planned transcontinental route also designated auxiliary route running kentucky mississippi well another ran georgia ancillary routes intended commemorate important venues davis life buthey also contributed confusion federal_government trying jefferson_davis_highway traveled known highways came existence jefferson_davis national highway among us us us us others many numbered routes longer extant interstate highway_system remaining portions although may possible view thentire length highway map today many_parts still exist scattered across country incomplete listing places today one see pieces jefferson_davis_highway general_assembly virginia general_assembly defined jefferson_davis_highway virginia march traveling arlington th_street bridge river th_street bridge commonwealth border north_carolina south clarksville virginia corridor defined us_route virginia us_route virginia us although us took south virginia southill virginia southill jefferson_davis_highway used virginia state route brunswick county us_route history virginia highways project original eastern terminus marker highway still found near virginia end th_street bridge crosses river washington terminal marker moved nearby location safety reasons virginia state route bears name jefferson_davis_highway pasthe arlington county county arlington virginia theodore roosevelt bridge us crystal city arlington virginia crystal city relatively recent extension original jefferson_davis_highway created part road system world_war ii state route brunswick county_virginia state route us_route still defined jefferson_davis_highway jefferson_davis_highway uses following business route virginia route index revised july pdf us_route business us_route business falling creek udc jefferson_davis_highway marker falling creek creek jefferson_davis_highway marker creek highway markers county_virginia county brook road marker jefferson_davis_highway brook road marker virginia ashland udc jefferson_davis_highway marker ashland marker hanover county_virginia hanover county elliott grays marker jefferson_davis_highway elliott grays marker street marker jefferson_davis_highway street marker richmond listed national_register historic_places file jefferson_davis_highway marker crawfordville thumb right marker along us_highway us crawfordville georgia crawfordville north_carolina jefferson_davis_highway state starting athe virginia state line along us_route inorth_carolina us sanford north_carolina sanford us_route inorth_carolina us sanford north_carolina sanford south_carolina state line designation highway approved may south_carolina jefferson_davis_highway state starting athe north_carolina state line follows us_route south_carolina us georgia_ustate_georgia state linear augusta several monuments found along route including camden south_carolina camden aiken south file thumb main_street file jefferson_davis_highway marker irwin county thumb marker irwin county_georgia highway markers still seen certain spots along old main transcontinental route state georgia county_georgia county crawfordville georgia crawfordville along us_highway georgia us georgia state route morgan county_georgia morgan county madison georgia madison along main_street us near intersection street walton county_georgia walton county also along approximately morgan county_georgia morgan county line county_georgia county_georgia marker stands traffic island athe intersection ponce de leon avenue us us east lake road us county_georgia county_georgia main_street north railroad crossing auxiliary route georgia went south main route irwin county_georgia irwin county_georgia davis ultimately captured athend civil_war route followed georgia state route west neighboring turner county_georgia turner county today official name jefferson_davis_highway lagrange monument exists athe northeast corner lagrange college within confederate senator benjamin hill national_historical home alabama segment us_highway us montgomery alabama montgomery famous part jefferson_davis memorial highway today road reverend martin king martin king led montgomery voting rights march helped prompt congress pass voting rights road also extends eastern montgomery today known atlanta highway although interstate replaced route atlanta mississippi located beach boulevard front last home jefferson_davis located coastline overlooking gulf mexico main route river texas louisiana river el_paso texas el_paso via houston_texas houston austin_texas austin santonio_texasantonio alpine texas alpine van horn texas van horn today would predominantly along us_route texas us us_route us interstate texas connecting austin coastal houston brownsville texas brownsville travels along us_route texas us us_route texas us least markers still existence across state_new_mexico parts along interstate inew_mexico signed jefferson_davis_highway marker restop indicates highway thathe marker paid daughters western terminus highway identified monument plaza downtown san_diego formal opening highway athis terminus performed president warren harding photographs event available archives san_diego union tribune files san_diego historical_society washington_state legislature named us_route jefferson_davis_highway making_ithe final component jefferson_davis memorial highway northeastern virginia section highway route older washington alexandria turnpike received charter united_states congress street crystal city designated old jefferson_davis_highway theast side us part present jefferson_davis_highway area original route highway ends th_street old jefferson_davis_highway arlington county board see arlington county_virginia government voted change name streeto long bridge drive board chairman originally northeastern part united problem jefferson_davis aspects history particularly interested celebrating however name jefferson_davis_highway portion us_route virginia us virginia general_assembly could remained unchanged legislative package arlington county board asked virginia general_assembly portion jefferson_davis_highway within county however member arlington legislative offered legislation session general_assembly february attorney general virginia attorney general office issued advisory opinion thathe alexandria virginia city alexandria unlike neighboring arlington county legal authority change name portion jefferson_davis_highway within city jurisdiction september alexandria city_council voted unanimously change name city portion highway officials city vancouver washington marker jefferson_davis_highway placed cemetery shed action several_years later_became controversial marker wasubsequently moved twice eventually placed alongside interstate washington interstate private land purchased purpose giving marker permanent home washington house representatives unanimously approved bill would name road however committee washington_state senate state senate subsequently killed proposal march washington_state legislature unanimously passed joint resolution joint memorial asked washington_state department transportation history state transportation commission designate road william p stewart memorial highway honor african_american volunteer american_civil_war civil_war later_became american pioneer town city washington may transportation commission agreed renaming see_also list memorials jefferson_davis furthereading_externalinks government general information brief history jefferson_davis_highway athe louisiana division establishments united_states category auto trails united_states category_cultural_tourism category_historic_trails roads alabama category_historic_trails roads arizona category_historic_trails roads california_category historic_trails roads georgia_ustate category_historic_trails roads louisiana category_historic_trails roads mississippi category_historic_trails roads inew_mexico_category historic_trails roads inorth_carolina_category historic_trails roads south_carolina category_historic_trails roads texas_category historic_trails roads virginia category jefferson_davis_highway category monuments memorials jefferson_davis category udc monuments memorials category us_route category us_route category us_route category us_route category us_route"},{"title":"Jihadi tourism","description":"jihadi tourism also referred to as jihad tourism or jihadistourism is a term sometimes used to describe tourism travel to foreign destinations withe object of scouting for terroristraining pakistanis are posing as indians to escape discrimination times of india may us diplomaticable s made public by wikileaks in have raised concerns abouthis form of travel wikileaks jihadi tourism worries us uk cbs news december withintelligence circles the term is alsometimes appliedismissively to travellers who are assumed to be seeking contact with extremist groups mainly out of curiosity in previous timeseveral people from united kingdom britain and france along with middleastravelled to join soviet afghan war tourism for terroristraining or connections british police characterized a visito pakistan by homegrown terrorism homegrown terrorists mohammad sidique khand shehzad tanweer as jihad i tourism andoubted thathey were actual terroristsidique khand tanweer wereported to have met abd al hadi al iraqi one of al qaeda s most experienced commanders inovember when he tasked them to plan attack in england new york police department radicalization in the westhe homegrown threat p khand tanweer were later twof the four suicide bombers in the july london bombings neoconservative author laurent murawiec has alleged that wealthyoung men from saudi arabia have travelled to afghanistand pakistan for jihadi tourism al quds mosque hamburg the al quds mosque hamburg al quds mosque in hamburg where mohamed atta often prayed german authorities raid islamic groups in states nytimes december became a hub for jihadi 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alleged british american citizens travelling somalia undergo training terrorist attack uk british muslims travelling somalia jihadi tourism wikileaks indian express february wikileaks cables british muslims travelling somalia jihadi tourism telegraph february see_also historic site islamic terrorism jihad sex jihad category category_types tourism"},{"title":"Johnstown Magazine","description":"johnstown magazine is a monthly magazine describing events and activities in the johnstown pennsylvaniand surrounding area the magazine began in april the magazine is published by community newspaper holdings based in birmingham alabama externalinks johnstown magazine category american monthly magazines category city guides category local interest magazines category magazinestablished in category magazines published in alabama category media in birmingham 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needed a place to relax and socialize following a hard week particularly since they were barred fromost whitestablishments by jim crow lawset up on the outskirts of town often in ramshackle buildings or private houses juke joints offered foodrink dancing and gambling for weary workers owners madextra money sellingroceries or moonshine to patrons or providing cheap room and board file fsa dancing jukejointjpg thumb left px dancing at a juke joint outside of clarksdale mississippin the origins of juke joints may be the community rooms that were occasionally built on plantations to provide a place for blacks to socialize during slavery this practice spread to the work campsuch asawmills turpentine camps and lumber companies in thearly twentieth century which built barrel houses and chock houses to be used for drinking and gambling although uncommon in populated areasuch places were often seen as necessary to attract workers to sparsely populated areas lacking bars and other social outlets as well much like on base officer s clubsuch company owned joints allowed managers to keep an eye on their underlings it also ensured thathemployees pay was coming back to the company constructed simply like a field hand shotgun house shotgun style dwelling these may have been the first juke joints during the prohibition in the united states it became common to see squalid independent juke joints at highway crossings and railroad stops these were almost never called juke joint but rather were named such as lone star or colored cafe they were often open only on weekends juke joints may representhe first private space for blacks paul oliver writes that juke joints were the last retreathe final bastion for black people who wanto get away from whites and the pressures of the day jooks occurred on plantations and classic juke joints found for example at rural crossroads began to emerge after themancipation proclamation dancing was done to so called jigs and reel dance reels terms routinely used for any dance that struck respectable people as wild or unrestrained whether irish or african to music now thought of as old timey or hillbilly through the first years of the twentieth century the fiddle was by far the most popular instrument among both white and black southern musicians the banjo was popular before guitar s became widely available in the s juke joint music began withe black folk ragtime rags ragtime stuff and folk rags are a catch all term for older african american music and then the boogie woogie dance music of the late s or s and became the blues barrel house and the slow drag dance slow drag dance music of the rural south moving to chicago s black rent party circuit in the great migration african american great migration often raucous and raunchy good time secular music dance forms evolved from ring dances to solo and couples dancing some blacks opposed the amorality of the raucous jook crowd until the advent of the victroland juke boxes at least one musician was required to provide music for dancing but as many as three musicians would play in jooks in larger cities like new orleanstring trios or quartets were hired file victorodjblabeljpg thumb px right label of rpm gramophone record of livery stable blues fox trot mance lipscomb texas guitarist and singer so far as what was called blues that did not come till round what we had in my coming up days was music for dancing and it was of all different sorts musicians of thatime had a degree of versatility that is now extremely rare and styles were not yet codified and there was a goodeal of shading and overlapaul oliver who tells of a visito a juke joint outside of clarksdale mississippi clarksdale some fortyears ago and was the only white man there describes juke joints of the time as unappealing decrepit crumbling shacks that were often so small that only a few couples could hully gully the outside yard was filled with trash inside they are dusty and squalid withe wallstained to shoulder height in anthropologist zora neale hurston made the first formal attempto describe the juke joint and its cultural role writing thathe negro jooksare primitive rural counterparts of resort night clubs where turpentine workers take their evening relaxation deep in the pine forests jukes figure prominently in her studies of african american folklorearly figures of blues including robert johnson musician robert johnson house charley patton and countless others traveled the juke joint circuit scraping out a living on tips and free meals while musicians played patrons enjoyedances with long heritages in some parts of the african american community such as the slow drag dance slow drag many of thearly and historic juke joints have closed over the past decades for a number of socio economic reasons po monkey s is one of the last remaining rural jukes in the mississippi delta it began as a renovated sharecropper shack which was probably originally built in the s or so po monkey s features live blues music and family night on thursday nights run by po monkey until his death in the popular juke joint has been featured inational and international articles abouthe delta the blue front cafe is a historic old juke joint made of cinder block s in bentonia mississippi which played an important role in the development of the blues in mississippit wastill in operation as of smitty s red top lounge in clarksdale mississippis also still operating as of last notice juke joints are still a strong part of african american culture in deep south locationsuch as the mississippi delta where blues istill the mainstay although it is now more often featured by disc jockeys and on jukeboxes than by live bands urban juke joint peter guralnick describes many chicago juke joints as corner bars that go by an address and have no name the musicians and singers perform unannounced and without microphones ending with little if any applause guralnick tells of a visito a specific juke joint florence s in stark contrasto the streets outside florence s is dim and smoke filled withe music more of an accompanimento the various business being conducted than the focus of the patrons attention the sheer funk of all those packed together bodies the shouts and laughter draws his attention he describes the security measures and buzzer athe door there having been a shooting there a few years agon this particular day magic slim was performing withis band the teardrops on a bandstand barely big enough to hold the band katrina hazzard gordon writes that he honky tonk honky tonk was the first urban manifestation of the jook and the name itself later became synonymous with a style of music related to the classic blues in tonal structure honky tonk has a tempo that islightly stepped up it is rhythmically suited for many african american dances but cites no reference the low down allure of juke joints has inspired many large scale commercial establishments including the house of blues chain the blues club and cafe indianola mississippi and the ground zero blues club ground zero in clarksdale mississippi traditional juke joints however are under some pressure from other forms of entertainment including casinos jukes have been celebrated in photos and filmarion post wolcott s images of the dilapidated buildings and the pulsing life they contained are among the most famous documentary images of thera juke joint is featured prominently in the movie the color purple see also delta blues junior kimbrough list of public house topics furthereading cobb charles e jr traveling the blues highway national geographic magazine april v n hamilton marybeth in search of the blues william r ferris william ferris give my poor heart ease voices of the mississippi blues the university of north carolina press with cd andvd william r ferris william ferris glenn hinson the new encyclopedia of southern culture volume folklife the university of north carolina press cover phfotof jameson thomas william r ferris william ferris blues from the delta da capo press revisedition ted gioia delta blues the life and times of the mississippi masters who revolutionized american music w norton company sheldon harris music historian sheldon harris blues who is who da capo press robert nicholson mississippi blues today da capo press robert palmer writerobert palmer deep blues a musical and cultural history of the mississippi delta penguin reprint edition frederic ramsey jr been here and gone st edition rutgers university press london cassell uk andnew brunswick nj idem nd printing rutgers university press new brunswick nj idem university of georgia press charles reagan wilson william r ferris william ferris ann j adadiencyclopedia of southern culture pagine the university of north carolina press nd edition externalinks a collection of juke joint blues musicians and playlists random house word of the day accessed junior s juke joint accessed juke joint festival accessed jukin it out contested visions oflorida inew deal narratives juke joint video juke joint at queens category types of drinking establishment category types of restaurants category blues category african american cultural 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furthereading","furthereading cobb","cobb charles","charles e","blues highway","highway national","national geographic","geographic magazine","magazine april","april v","v n","n hamilton","blues william","william r","r ferris","ferris william","william ferris","ferris give","poor heart","heart ease","ease voices","mississippi blues","north carolina","carolina press","william r","r ferris","ferris william","william ferris","ferris glenn","new encyclopedia","southern culture","culture volume","north carolina","carolina press","press cover","thomas william","william r","r ferris","ferris william","william ferris","ferris blues","delta blues","mississippi masters","american music","music w","w norton","norton company","company sheldon","sheldon harris","harris music","music historian","historian sheldon","sheldon harris","harris blues","press robert","robert nicholson","nicholson mississippi","mississippi blues","blues today","press robert","robert palmer","palmer deep","deep blues","cultural history","mississippi delta","delta penguin","gone st","st edition","edition rutgers","rutgers university","university press","press london","london cassell","cassell uk","printing rutgers","rutgers university","university press","press new","new brunswick","georgia press","press charles","charles reagan","reagan wilson","wilson william","william r","r ferris","ferris william","william ferris","ferris ann","ann j","southern culture","north carolina","carolina press","edition externalinks","juke joint","joint blues","blues musicians","random house","house word","day accessed","accessed junior","juke joint","joint accessed","accessed juke","juke joint","joint festival","festival accessed","oflorida inew","inew deal","deal narratives","narratives juke","juke joint","joint video","video juke","juke joint","queens category","category types","drinking establishment","establishment category","category types","restaurants category","category blues","blues category","category african","african american","american cultural","cultural history"],"new_description":"file thumb right px exterior juke_joint belle florida photographed marion post juke_joint joint term informal establishment featuring music andrinking primarily operated african_american african_americans southeastern united_states term juke believed derive language word meaning juke_joint may_also called classic juke_joints found example rural crossroads catered rural work force began emerge plantation workers needed place relax socialize following hard week particularly since barred jim_crow outskirts town often buildings private houses juke_joints offered dancing gambling workers owners money patrons providing cheap room board file dancing thumb left_px dancing juke_joint outside clarksdale origins juke_joints may community rooms occasionally built plantations provide place blacks socialize slavery practice spread work camps companies thearly twentieth_century built barrel houses houses used drinking gambling although uncommon populated areasuch places often_seen necessary attract workers populated areas lacking bars social outlets well much like base officer clubsuch company owned joints allowed managers keep eye also ensured pay coming back company constructed simply like field hand house style dwelling may first juke_joints prohibition united_states became common see independent juke_joints highway railroad stops almost never called juke_joint rather named lone star colored cafe often open weekends juke_joints may representhe first_private_space blacks paul oliver writes juke_joints last final black people wanto get away whites pressures day occurred plantations classic juke_joints found example rural crossroads began emerge dancing done called reel dance terms routinely used dance struck respectable people wild whether irish african music thought old first_years twentieth_century fiddle far popular instrument among white black southern musicians banjo popular guitar became widely available juke_joint music began withe black folk ragtime ragtime stuff folk catch term older african_american music dance_music late became blues barrel house slow drag dance slow drag dance_music rural south moving chicago black rent party circuit great migration african_american great migration often good time secular music dance forms evolved ring dances solo couples dancing blacks opposed crowd advent juke boxes least_one musician required provide music dancing many three musicians would play larger cities like new quartets hired file thumb px right label record stable blues fox texas singer far called blues come till round coming days music dancing different sorts musicians thatime degree extremely rare styles yet oliver tells visito juke_joint outside clarksdale mississippi clarksdale fortyears ago white man describes juke_joints time often small couples could outside yard filled trash inside dusty withe shoulder height anthropologist made first formal attempto describe juke_joint cultural role writing thathe negro primitive rural counterparts resort night_clubs workers take evening relaxation deep pine forests jukes figure prominently studies african_american figures blues including robert johnson musician robert johnson house charley countless others traveled juke_joint circuit living tips free meals musicians played patrons long parts african_american community slow drag dance slow drag many thearly historic juke_joints closed past decades number socio economic reasons monkey one last remaining rural jukes mississippi delta began renovated shack probably originally built monkey features live blues music family night thursday nights run monkey death popular juke_joint featured inational international articles abouthe delta blue front cafe historic old juke_joint made block mississippi played important_role development blues wastill operation red top lounge clarksdale also still operating last notice juke_joints still strong part african_american culture deep south locationsuch mississippi delta blues istill although often featured disc jockeys live bands urban juke_joint peter describes many chicago juke_joints corner bars go address name musicians singers perform without ending little tells visito specific juke_joint florence contrasto streets outside florence dim smoke filled withe music various business conducted focus patrons attention sheer funk packed together bodies draws attention describes security measures athe door shooting years particular day magic performing withis band barely big enough hold band katrina gordon writes honky tonk honky tonk first urban manifestation name later_became synonymous style music related classic blues structure honky tonk tempo stepped suited many african_american dances cites reference low allure juke_joints inspired many large_scale commercial establishments including house blues chain blues club cafe indianola mississippi ground_zero blues club ground_zero clarksdale mississippi traditional juke_joints however pressure forms entertainment including casinos jukes celebrated photos post images buildings life contained among famous documentary images thera juke_joint featured prominently movie color see_also delta blues junior list public_house_topics furthereading cobb charles e traveling blues highway national_geographic magazine april v n hamilton search blues william r ferris william ferris give poor heart ease voices mississippi blues university north_carolina press william r ferris william ferris glenn new encyclopedia southern culture volume university north_carolina press cover thomas william r ferris william ferris blues delta press ted delta blues life times mississippi masters american music w norton company sheldon harris music historian sheldon harris blues press robert nicholson mississippi blues today press robert palmer palmer deep blues musical cultural_history mississippi delta penguin edition ramsey gone st edition rutgers university_press london cassell uk brunswick printing rutgers university_press new_brunswick university georgia press charles reagan wilson william r ferris william ferris ann j southern culture university north_carolina press edition externalinks collection juke_joint blues musicians random_house word day accessed junior juke_joint accessed juke_joint festival accessed contested oflorida inew deal narratives juke_joint video juke_joint queens category_types drinking_establishment_category types restaurants_category blues category african_american cultural_history"},{"title":"Jungle Cruise","description":"status operating cost soft opened july closed previousattraction replacement location magic kingdom section adventurelandisney adventureland coordinatestatus operating cost soft opened october closed previousattraction replacement location tokyo disneyland section adventurelandisney adventureland coordinatestatus operating cost soft opened april closed previousattraction replacement jungle cruise wildlifexpeditions altname jungle river cruise location hong kong disneyland section adventurelandisney hong kong disneyland adventureland coordinatestatus operating cost soft opened september closed previousattraction replacementype boat ride manufacturer designer walt disney imagineering model course lift height ft height m drop ft drop m length ft length m speed mph speed km h duration minutes angle capacity gforce restriction ft restriction in restriction cm boats riders perow rows per boat custom label custom value custom label custom value custom label custom value custom label custom value virtual queue name disney s fastpass fastpass virtual queue image fastpass logopng virtual queue status available single rider pay per use accessible transfer accessible the jungle cruise is an attraction located in adventurelandisney adventureland at many disney parks including disneyland magic kingdom and tokyo disneyland at hong kong disneyland the attraction is named jungle river cruise disneyland paris and shanghai disneyland are the only magic kingdom style disney parks that do not have the jungle cruise in their attraction rosters the attraction simulates a riverboat cruise down severalist of rivers by length majorivers of asiafricand south america park guests board replica tramp steamers from a s british empire british explorers lodge and are taken on a voyage past many different audio animatronics audio animatronic jungle animals the tour is led by a live disney cast member cast member delivering a humorous narration this narration is based on a written and practiced script but generally is largely delivered ad lib inspiration andesign sources of inspiration for the attraction include a true life adventures true life adventure the african lion about a pride of lions and the film the african queen film the african queen walt disney imagineering imagineer harper goff referenced the african queen frequently in his ideas even his designs of the ride vehicles were inspired by the african queen boat steamer used in the filmimagineers the walt disney imagineering a behind the dreams look at making the magic real disney editions c pg the project was placed on the schedule topen withe july debut of disneyland when plans began to develop bill evans the imagineeresponsible for landscaping disneyland most of walt disney world faced the daunting task of creating a convincing jungle on a limited budget aside from importing many actual exotic plants tropical plants he made wide use of character plants which while not necessarily exoticould give the appearance of exoticism in context in a particularly well known trick he uprooted local orange fruit orange trees and replanted them upside down growing vines on thexposed roots disney controls the clarity of the water known as turbidity in order tobscure from guests view the boat s guidance system and undesirable items like perches and mechanized platforms of the bathing elephants and hippos initially the clean water was dyed brown but after a few years the colorant was changed to a green hue and in recent years a bluish green has been used the water of the jungle cruise is approximately feet deep and is part of the park s dark water system which circulatesouthward from the northern end ofrontierland s rivers of america disney rivers of america through fantasyland creates the moat of sleeping beauty castle the water s journey continues flowing past frontierland s entrance and into adventureland where it meanders alongside the walt disney s enchanted tiki room tiki room beforentering the jungle cruise beside the ride s exithe watereturns to the south end of the rivers of america via diameter underground pipe near tarzan s treehouse originally the jungle cruise waterway was feet in length before being slightly shortened and re routed in although goff and evans can be credited withe creation and initial design of the ride marc davis animator marc davis recognized for his work on venerable attractionsuch as the haunted mansion and pirates of the caribbean theme park ride pirates of the caribbean added his own style to the ride in later versions andisneyland updates the indian elephant bathing pool and rhinoceros chasing explorers up a pole were among his contributionsminnick nathaniel the jungle cruise foray into the faux university of michigan the attraction was in the opening day roster of the park and has remained open and largely unchanged in theme and story since then the original plan was to use real animals buthe animals would have been sleeping during the day aside from alterations and maintenance changes four completely new show scenes have been added to date in the river channel was rerouted to make way for the queue buildings and entrance courtyard of the indiana jones adventure while the current version and most previous instances have made use of a comedic spiel filled with intentionally bad pun s the original intent of the ride was to provide a realistic believable voyage through the world s jungles until the original spiel had no jokes and sounded much like the narration of a nature documentary film documentary attraction summary the queue and station are themed as theadquarters and boathouse of the jungle navigation company a river trading company located in a british colony as evidenced by the union jack flying above the boathouse circa the queuing area is cluttered with appropriate theatrical property propsuch as pinned insects an old radion top of a bookshelf and a chess board with miniature animals andecorated shotgun shells replacing the chess pieces thextended queue winds upstairs underneath an audio animatronic hornbill and then downstairs again big band music from the s plays overhead punctuated by jungle related news bulletins helping to reinforce the setting and threading together the show scenes and boat once aboard the boats guests are introduced to their skipper boating skipper and they head into the jungle allegedly never to return the first riversimulated are the irrawaddy river irrawaddy and mekong rivers representing tropical southeast asia the boatsail through a dense rainforest inhabited by large butterflies and a pair of toucans before passing by the temple of the forbidden eye and a shrine to the hindu monkey deity hanuman passengers then glide precariously under the first of a pair of stone archeseverely damaged by an earthquake centuries ago these are part of the ruins of ancient cambodian city where a crumbling temple is one of the few things whichave managed to avoid tumbling into the river here passengersee an indo chinese tiger giant spider s king cobra s and mugger crocodile s passing a statue of thelephant headed hindu deity ganesha the boats pass under the second arch and enter the sacred indian elephant bathing pool here a large herd of indian elephants frolic and squirt water athe passing vessels theme moves to the list of rivers of africa rivers of africand ridersee a family of baboon s and a safari camp that has been overrun by gorilla s the boats narrowly avoid the dramatic waterfall schweitzer falls which riders are told is named after albert schweitzer dr albert falls and turn down africa s nile river where they pass between two african elephant s and large termite mounds a tableau of the african veld t followshowing zebra s wildebeest giraffe s and gazelle s watching a pride of lion s feasting on a zebra beneath a rocky outcropping beyond the lion s den angry rhinoceros has chased a safari party up a tree antelope and hyena s watch from nearby the skipper then pilots the boat into the congo river disturbing a pod of hippopotamus hippos that hippopotamus behavior aggression signal their intento attack the boat armed with a gun filled with blanks the skipper fires into the air to frighten them away drums and chanting are heard as the boats come to headhunting headhunterritory the vehicles pass a native village before sailing into an ambush by natives wielding spears the sound effects for which are usually provided by the skipper the boats now pass behind schweitzer falls referred to as the backside of water to enter the amazon river skeletal animal remains and warning signs featuring pictures of dagger toothed fish forewarn the next show scene where the boats encounter a swarm of leaping piranha the guests then pass a couple of bubalus water buffalo and a boa constrictor before they meet shrunken headealer trader sam he ll trade you twof his heads for just one of yours beforeturning to the dock major changes addition of rainforest pair of menacingorillas native war party andancing natives trader sam begins offering his two for one deal original two story boathouse removed open waterway between jungle cruise and rivers of america filled in to create space for the swiss family treehouse walk through attractionow tarzan s treehouse a million enhancement of adventureland includes the addition of the indian elephant pool and temple of ganesha lost city cambodia n ruinscenes along the jungle cruise african elephants re positioned on the nile river section removal of tworiginalions and pair of charging rhinos african veldt and trapped safari scenes addition and enhancement of several scenes crocodilesnapping at hornbill indo chinese tiger and cobras added to cambodian ruinsafari camp overrun by gorillas gorilla battling crocodile baboons on termite mounds lions feasting on zebra moved into new rock outcropping den python threatening water buffalo calf replacingorillas threatening from the river banks boats repainted and weathered in anticipation of indiana jones adventure addition of new two story boathouse queue attraction re themed to take place in june to coincide withe construction of indiana jones adventureplacement of the original ride boats with slightly longer models with increased capacity various replacements and reconstructions including complete replacement of schweitzer falls addition of piranhas updates to safari jeep camp scene including explodingasoline drums after years of growth and care disneyland s man made jungle is declared real and complete with its own ecosystem during the holiday season the jungle cruise turned into the jingle cruise a new christmas overlay this did not see many changes to the jungle itself other than the skippers using a holiday themed script buthe boathouse was decorated and the boats werenamed temporarily and covered in christmas lights the holiday jingle cruise overlay is redone and is a dramatic departure from the previous year this time there is very little decoration the boats and in the boathouse itself but instead the varioushow scenes out in the jungle are covered in christmas and hanukkah decorations the skippers are given another new script one that reflects the various holiday themed show scenes the boat sails through the jingle cruise is also given a new story a shipment of holiday supplies intended for the skippers crash landed in the jungle instead and the skippers are taking their passengers outo go find the decorations the boats are also givenew holiday names different from the ones used the year before the jingle cruise overlay from was reused for the holiday season using the script boat names and show scenes there was onew scene added involvingiant snowmen and snowflakes on the termite mounds by the african veldt a four month refurbishment lasting from january until may included a new dock designed to stabilize the boats while loading and unloading as well asomechanical animal repairs replacement of the on ride audio systems and tree replacement description of specifichanges the baboons athe safari jeep campreviously sat on the african termite mounds a total of six lions have been removed since opening day one that growled when the african veldt was added two lionesses from the veldthat were fighting over a bloody strand of zebra meat a lion and a lioness that eachad a zebra leg in their mouth and a dead lion hanging on a rotisserie spit over a fire in the native village also removed from the veldt were jackals barking athe pride there are vehicles with a maximum of in operation at any given time the boats in were painted as clean idealized replicas but have since been given a morealistic theming reflecting the grunge and wear of actual watercraft due to the addition of indiana jones adventure and its ruggedness names in use amazon river amazon belle renamed jingle belle during christmas congo river congo queen renamed congo caroler then candy cane queen during christmas ganges gal renamed ganges garland then gingerbread gal during christmas hondo river belize hondo hattie renamed hondo hollie then hanukkahattie during christmas irrawaddy river irrawaddy woman renamed irrawaddy snowwoman during christmas kissimmee kate renamed yule kissimmee then kissimmee under the mistetoe during christmas nile princess wheelchair equipped renamed nile nutcracker thenoel princess during christmas orinoco adventuress renamed orinocornamenthenavidadventuress during christmasuwannee river suwannee lady renamed sugar plum lady during christmas ucayali una wheelchair equipped renamed ucayali eggnog then evergreen una during christmas yangtze lotus renamed yuletide lotus during christmas zambezi miss renamed peppermint miss during christmas names decommissioned in magdalena river magdalena maiden mekong maiden magic kingdom and tokyo disneyland file jungle cruisentrance atokyo disneylandjpg thumb jungle cruise atokyo disneyland attraction summary the skipper introduces himself or herself and begins to take the boat full of guests down the tropical rivers of the world the ride starts out in the amazon river where the passengers encounter butterflies with one foot wingspans or as the skipper might say twelve inches the boathen passes inspiration falls which transitions into the congo river in africa the skipper explains thathere is a pygmy welcoming party waiting for them but when the boat arrives athe beach the canoes arempty and the place deserted the skipper wonders what scared off the pygmies and they soon discover that it was a giant python the boathen passes a camp that has been raided by gorillas which transitions the cruise into the nile river after encountering two elephants the boat passes along the african veldt where numerous africanimals watch a pride of lions eatheir kill the boathen passes a lost safari group that has been chased up a pole by angry rhinoceros and are now trapped the group then passes by another waterfall schweitzer falls which riders are told is named after dr albert falls and heads pasthe remains of a plane crash the boathencounters a pool of hippopotamus hippos abouto charge the boat until the skipper scares them off ominous drums are heard as the group enters headhunterritory natives are seen dancing near the boat and guestsoon find themselves in an ambush they escape and proceed into the mekong river they enter a temple whichas been destroyed by an earthquake inside baboons cobras and a tiger can be found after they exithey come across an elephant bathing pool where numerous elephants arelaxing in the water the boat narrowly avoids being sprayed by water from one of thelephants the cruise concludes after passing chief nami thead salesman of the jungle whoffers two shrunken heads for one of the passengers magic kingdom file magic kingdom jpg thumb a baby elephant has a shower in thelephant bathing pool scene the walt disney world jungle cruise iset as a depression era british outpost on the amazon river operated by the fictional company the jungle navigation co whose advertisement poster is painted on the wall near thexit of the attraction albert awol s broadcast is different from that of disneyland s being ride specific also unlike disneyland the queue never extended to a second level the skippers athe magic kingdom no longer carry revolvers loaded with blanks these real guns have been replaced with realistic props near the hippool a piece of a downed airplane can be seen along the shoreline this the back half of the lockheed modelectra junior found athe great movie ride at disney s hollywood studios in the casablanca film casablanca sceneach variety of planthroughouthe attraction was carefully selected by landscape architect bill evans to ensure thathe foliage would be able to endure florida s unique climate hot summers and relatively cool winters the most difficult aspect of this was making sure these plants had the appropriate look and feel of traditional tropical plants in thequatorial jungle a holiday overlay jingle cruise runs during the holiday season athe magic kingdom in walt disney world and the disneyland resorthistarted in the holiday season of a jungle cruise themed restauranthe skipper canteen opened in december and expanded on the jungle navigation co storyline making dr albert falls into the founder of the company in withis granddaughter alberta falls taking charge of the navigation company and the jungle cruise in the s the queue of the jungle cruise is heavily themed with period artifacts tools gear photos and more it is intended to resemble an outpost where an exploration of the jungle rivers may be booked it is divided into four main sections which may be opened or closed in sequence to accommodate crowd fluctuation the queue was designed to wind about extensively so that guests may see all of the different artifacts in the queue the most notable section of the queue is the office of albert awol there are vehicles with a maximum of in operation at any given time file sankuru sadiejpg thumb px righthe sankuru sadie is the only boat in the magic kingdom s fleeto havever sunk amazon river amazon annie renamed eggnog annie during christmas ubangi river bomokandi bertha wheelchair lift equipped renamed brrrrr bertha during christmas congo river congo connie renamed candy cane connie during christmas ganges river ganges gertie renamed garland gertie during christmas ayeyarwady river irrawaddy irma renamed icicle irma during christmas ebola river mongala millie renamed mistletoe millie during christmas nile nellie renamed noel nellie during christmas orinoco river orinoco ida renamed orino cocoa ida during christmas rutshuruby renamed reindeeruby during christmasankuru river sankuru sadie renamed sleigh ride sadie during christmasenegal river senegal sal renamed poinsettia sal during christmas ucayali river ucyali lolly renamed yule log lolly during christmas volta river volta val renamed vixen val during christmas kwango river wamba wanda wheelchair lift equipped renamed wassail wanda during christmas zambezi zelda renamed fruitcake zelda during christmas retired boats kwango river kwango kate retired in tokyo disneyland the magic kingdom and tokyo disneyland attractions are very similar to each other withexception of a few minor differences while the boats in the magic kingdom s attraction travel counter clockwise the boats atokyo disneyland travel in a clockwise direction in tokyo disneyland the station and surrounding areare themed to a more upscale african city as opposed to an isolated jungle outposthis version shares a station building withe park steam train ride western riverailroad the spiels in tokyo disneyland are delivered in japanese there are vehicles with a maximum of in operation at any given time all boat names except orinoco idare alliteration s file jungle cruisentrance atokyo disneylandjpg thumb px jungle cruise in tokyo disneyland shares a station complex withe western riverailroad amazon annie congo connie ganges gertie irrawaddy irma kwango kate nile nelly orinoco ida rutshuruby sankuru sadie senegal sal volta val wamba wanda zambezi zelda disneyland paris disneyland park paris disneyland paris does not have any jungle cruise attraction due to the cold temperature and weather of northern france because many copies of the original jungle cruise attractions exist in other french theme parks french guests might be used to thexperience and not find it exciting an indoor jeep ride called junglexpedition was originally planned athe opening of the park but was cancelledue to financial difficulties hong kong disneyland file hkdl jungle cruise overivew jpg thumb jungle river cruise at hong kong disneyland file jungle river cruise water effect jpg thumb fire god sets and a water bomb the shape of hong kong disneyland s route isignificantly different compared to the others and circumnavigates tarzan s treehouse a grand finale is included with a battle between angry fire and water gods three languages aregularly available cantonesenglish and mandarin each language has a separate queue allowing visitors to experience the journey in their preferred language attraction summary the queue takes place in a small boathouse of the jungle navigation co that is less elaborate than the boathouses found athe other parks after winding through the queue guests board one of the boats and meetheir skipper who speaks either english cantonese or mandarin to accompany the park s guests who speak many different languages themselves the boats then depart and headown the river pastarzan s treehouse where the skipper tells guests to wave goodbye to the guests traversing the treehouse for they will never see them again the boats then drift past a mother indian elephant and her calf playing in the water followed by another elephant showering in a waterfall a large bull indian elephant emerges from the water squirting a plume of water athe boats withe guests narrowly avoiding the free shower the vessels then drift down a narrow stream past ancient cambodian ruins whichave been claimed by the jungle giant spiders and king cobras watch the boats as they move on up ahead several crocodiles are seen resting on a small beach while a school of hungry piranhare jumping in the hopes of attacking the guests the boats escape into africand they pass a large safari camp where several curious gorillas have discovered clothes guns hammocks and books as the trashing the camp song from tarzan film tarzan plays on a nearby s radio the african veldt comes into viewhere antelope giraffes zebras and african elephantstare athe boats the vessels then drift into a small pool where a pod of hippos try to tip the boat several feet ahead a rhino iseen chasing a safari group a tree while several hyenas look on laughing skulls and cloth impaled on broken bamboo sticks appears as tribal drums and horns fill the air the skipper tells guests thathey haventered head hunter country and must quietly sneak by the boatslowly pass through the main village where several upright shields rest in the tall grass a native notices the boats and all the shields now revealed to have head hunters behind them begin firing spears and poison darts athe boats as they narrowly escape into a rocky canyon in the rocky canyon the boatstop near two unusual rock formations that look like faces revealed by the skipper to be the fire god and the water god who constantly feud over their differences the fire god sets the river ablaze while the water god vomits a water bomb causing the flames to die and the whole canyon to become a cloud of steam the boats escape the canyon and pass a baby elephant beforeturning to the boathouse major changes piranhattack and trapped safari scenes added enhancement of gorilla camp african veldt and headhunterritory temporary scenes addeduring the pirate takeover summer event fromay to august attractioname changed to jungle river cruise pirate takeover temporary scenes addeduring halloween event attractioname changed to jungle river cruise curse of themerald trinity there are vehicles with a maximum of in operation at any given time amazon annie congo queen wheelchair accessible ganges gal wheelchair accessible irrawaddy irma lijiang lady mekong maidenile nellie yangzi ying zambezi zeldalbert awol albert awol is a fictional jungle cruise boat captain andisc jockey for the disney broadcasting company considered the voice of the jungle he broadcasts everything from news to quizzes reminders weather etc on the dbc disney broadcast company he also serves as a periodisc jockey for the station filling the airwaves with music from the s great depression eralbert awol was added in to the jungle cruise during a refurbishment according tone report albert s broadcast is projected not just over the jungle cruise queuing area but over adventurelandisney adventureland as a whole setting the time period in disneyland albert is replaced by jungle radio various air personalities comment on thenvironmenthe luminaries who are in the area including references to the designers of the attraction harper goff bob mattey winston hibler true life adventure films upon which jungle cruise is based the music is a goodeal slower in pace and tempo than the tracks used at walt disney world the music was previously linked withe outdoor speakers athe temple of the forbidden eye indiana jones adventure however two separate tracks of material with similar tone and some songs now existhe jungle radio at disneylandoes connecthe setting withe nearby indiana jones attraction and ties in announcements that reference indiana jones and the temple in which the ride isetb minnick nathaniel disney s lands in the history of colonial displays of thexotic university of michigan jingle cruise since a christmas overlay called jingle cruise has run during the holiday season in the magic kingdom andisneyland versions of the jungle cruise in april of it was reported thathe ride will undergo extensive planning to change the ride the updated rengineering and redesign has extended to the future star of the film adaptation dwayne johnson and his film production company johnson is working with disney to implementhe changes for walt disney parks and resorts locations worldwide in popular culture there was a tribute to the ride in on an episode of the podcasthe radio adventures of dr floyd as well as a strong bad e mail titled theme park in the sing along songs video disney sing along songs disneyland fun disneyland fun during following the leader jungle cruise made an appearance jungle cruise was parodied as timon and pumbaa s virtual safari on the lion king special edition as their nighttime safari boatour a stand up comedy show featuring only jungle cruise skippers called the skipper stand up show has been doing shows in fullerton california since may weird al yankovic wrote and recorded a song titled skipper dan about a failed actor who ended up as a guide on the jungle cruise the song is included on his digital internet leaks ep and his album alpocalypse the cruise boat and the river expedition company boathouse were incorporated into an original painting and limitedition print offering by artist randy souders titled jungle cruise created for the official disneyana convention at disneyland a studio recorded soundtrack of the jungle cruise was released in by disneyland records included as the b side of the album walt disney presents thenchanted tiki room and the adventurous jungle cruise sthe jungle cruise attraction has always featured narration by a live disney cast member for the release the narration was provided by thurl ravenscrofthisoundtrack was also used in disneyland television features as early as film adaptation the jungle cruise is announcedisney motion picture loosely inspired by theme park attraction of the same name the film originally scheduled forelease in experienced various delays and changeshooting of the film originally scheduled for was postponed moreover the original screenplay by josh goldstein and johnorville was reportedly rewritten by al gough and miles millar the film plot follows a group s riverboat journey through a jungle in search of a cure though initially announced to star toy story franchise toy story duo tom hanks and tim allen a new iteration of the project is moving forward with dwayne johnson starring the film is described as a period piece in the vein of humphrey bogart s the african queen film the african queen later johnson signed on as a producer in addition to histarring role and the film ischeduled to start filming in spring in april johnson expressed his interest in having patty jenkins helm the project see also list of current disneyland attractions magic kingdom attraction and entertainment history trader sam s enchanted tiki bar externalinks disneyland jungle cruise magic kingdom jungle cruise tokyo disneyland jungle cruise wildlifexpeditions hong kong disneyland jungle river cruise category amusement rides introduced in category amusement rides introduced in category amusement rides introduced in category amusement rides introduced in category walt disney parks and resorts attractions category disneyland category magic kingdom category tokyo disneyland category hong kong disneyland category walt disney parks and resorts gentle boat rides category 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closed previousattraction replacement location magic_kingdom section adventurelandisney adventureland operating cost soft opened october closed previousattraction replacement location tokyo_disneyland section adventurelandisney adventureland operating cost soft opened april closed previousattraction replacement jungle_cruise jungle river_cruise location hong_kong disneyland section adventurelandisney hong_kong disneyland adventureland operating cost soft opened september closed previousattraction boat ride manufacturer designer walt_disney imagineering model course lift height height drop drop length length speed_mph speed h duration minutes angle capacity restriction restriction restriction boats riders rows per boat custom label custom value custom label custom value custom label custom value custom label custom value virtual queue name disney fastpass fastpass virtual queue image fastpass logopng virtual queue status available single_rider pay_per use accessible transfer accessible jungle_cruise attraction located adventurelandisney adventureland many disney_parks including disneyland magic_kingdom tokyo_disneyland hong_kong disneyland attraction named jungle river_cruise disneyland paris shanghai disneyland magic_kingdom style disney_parks jungle_cruise attraction attraction riverboat cruise rivers length south_america park guests board replica british empire british explorers lodge taken voyage past many_different audio animatronics audio animatronic jungle animals tour led live disney cast member cast member delivering humorous narration narration based written practiced script generally largely delivered inspiration andesign sources inspiration attraction include true life adventures true life adventure african lion pride lions film african queen film african queen walt_disney imagineering harper goff african queen frequently ideas even designs ride vehicles inspired african queen boat used walt_disney imagineering behind dreams look making magic real disney editions c project placed schedule topen withe july debut disneyland plans began develop bill evans landscaping disneyland walt_disney world faced task creating convincing jungle limited_budget aside many actual exotic plants tropical plants made wide use character plants necessarily give appearance context particularly well_known local orange fruit orange trees upside growing vines roots disney controls water known order guests view boat guidance system undesirable items like mechanized platforms bathing elephants hippos initially clean water brown years changed green recent_years green used water jungle_cruise approximately feet deep part park dark water system northern end rivers america disney rivers america creates moat sleeping beauty castle water journey continues flowing past entrance adventureland alongside walt_disney enchanted tiki room tiki room beforentering jungle_cruise beside ride south end rivers america via diameter underground pipe near tarzan treehouse originally jungle_cruise waterway feet length slightly shortened although goff evans credited withe creation initial design ride marc davis marc davis recognized work attractionsuch haunted mansion pirates caribbean theme_park ride pirates caribbean added style ride later versions updates indian elephant bathing pool rhinoceros chasing explorers pole among nathaniel jungle_cruise university michigan attraction opening day park remained open largely unchanged theme story since original plan use real animals buthe animals would sleeping day aside alterations maintenance changes four completely new show scenes added date river channel make way queue buildings entrance courtyard indiana_jones adventure current version previous instances made use filled intentionally bad pun original intent ride provide realistic voyage world jungles original jokes sounded much like narration nature documentary_film documentary attraction summary queue station themed theadquarters boathouse jungle navigation company river trading company located british colony union jack flying boathouse circa queuing area appropriate theatrical property insects old top chess board miniature animals shells replacing chess pieces queue winds upstairs underneath audio animatronic big band music plays overhead jungle related news helping reinforce setting together show scenes boat aboard boats guests introduced skipper boating skipper head jungle allegedly never return first irrawaddy river irrawaddy mekong rivers representing tropical southeast_asia dense rainforest inhabited large butterflies pair passing temple forbidden eye shrine hindu monkey passengers glide first pair stone damaged earthquake centuries ago part ruins ancient cambodian city temple one things whichave managed avoid river indo chinese tiger giant spider king crocodile passing statue headed hindu boats pass second arch enter sacred indian elephant bathing pool large indian elephants water athe passing vessels theme moves list rivers africa rivers africand family safari camp gorilla boats narrowly avoid dramatic waterfall schweitzer falls riders told named albert schweitzer albert falls turn africa nile river pass two african elephant large termite mounds african zebra wildebeest giraffe watching pride lion zebra beneath rocky beyond lion den angry rhinoceros safari party tree antelope watch nearby skipper pilots boat congo river disturbing pod hippopotamus hippos hippopotamus behavior aggression signal attack boat armed gun filled skipper fires air away drums heard boats come vehicles pass native village sailing natives sound effects usually provided skipper boats pass behind schweitzer falls referred water enter amazon river animal remains warning signs featuring pictures fish next show scene boats encounter guests pass couple water buffalo meet trader sam trade twof heads one beforeturning dock major changes addition rainforest pair native war party andancing natives trader sam begins offering two one deal original two story boathouse removed open waterway jungle_cruise rivers america filled create space swiss family treehouse walk tarzan treehouse million enhancement adventureland includes addition indian elephant pool temple lost city cambodia n along jungle_cruise african elephants positioned nile river section removal pair charging african veldt trapped safari scenes addition enhancement several scenes indo chinese tiger added cambodian camp gorillas gorilla crocodile baboons termite mounds lions zebra moved new rock den python threatening water buffalo calf threatening river banks boats indiana_jones adventure addition new two story boathouse queue attraction themed take_place june coincide withe construction indiana_jones original ride boats slightly longer models increased capacity various including complete replacement schweitzer falls addition updates safari jeep camp scene including drums years growth care disneyland man_made jungle declared real complete ecosystem holiday season jungle_cruise turned jingle cruise new christmas overlay see many changes jungle skippers using holiday themed script buthe boathouse decorated boats temporarily covered christmas lights holiday jingle cruise overlay dramatic departure previous year time little decoration boats boathouse instead scenes jungle covered christmas decorations skippers given another new script one reflects various holiday themed show scenes boat jingle cruise also given new story shipment holiday supplies intended skippers crash landed jungle instead skippers taking passengers outo go find decorations boats also holiday names different ones used year jingle cruise overlay reused holiday season using script boat names show scenes onew scene added termite mounds african veldt four month refurbishment lasting january may_included new dock designed stabilize boats loading well animal repairs replacement ride audio systems tree replacement description baboons athe safari jeep sat african termite mounds total six lions removed since opening day one african veldt added two fighting bloody strand zebra meat lion zebra leg mouth dead lion hanging rotisserie spit fire native village also removed veldt barking athe pride vehicles maximum operation given_time boats painted clean replicas since given theming reflecting wear actual due addition indiana_jones adventure names use amazon river amazon belle renamed jingle belle christmas congo river congo queen renamed congo candy cane queen christmas ganges gal renamed ganges garland gal christmas river belize renamed christmas irrawaddy river irrawaddy woman renamed irrawaddy christmas kate renamed yule christmas nile princess wheelchair equipped renamed nile princess christmas orinoco renamed river lady renamed sugar lady christmas ucayali una wheelchair equipped renamed ucayali evergreen una christmas renamed christmas zambezi miss renamed miss christmas names decommissioned river maiden mekong maiden magic_kingdom tokyo_disneyland file jungle atokyo thumb jungle_cruise atokyo disneyland attraction summary skipper introduces begins take boat full guests tropical rivers world ride starts amazon river passengers encounter butterflies one foot skipper might say twelve inches passes inspiration falls congo river africa skipper explains thathere pygmy welcoming party waiting boat arrives athe beach place deserted skipper wonders soon discover giant python passes camp gorillas cruise nile river two elephants boat passes along african veldt numerous watch pride lions eatheir kill passes lost safari group pole angry rhinoceros trapped group passes another waterfall schweitzer falls riders told named albert falls heads pasthe remains plane crash pool hippopotamus hippos abouto charge boat skipper scares drums heard group enters natives seen dancing near boat find escape proceed mekong river enter temple whichas destroyed earthquake inside baboons tiger found come across elephant bathing pool numerous elephants water boat narrowly water one cruise concludes passing chief thead jungle two heads one passengers magic_kingdom file magic_kingdom jpg thumb baby elephant shower bathing pool scene walt_disney world jungle_cruise iset depression era british outpost amazon river operated fictional company jungle navigation whose advertisement poster painted wall near thexit attraction albert awol broadcast different disneyland ride specific also unlike disneyland queue never extended second level skippers athe magic_kingdom longer carry loaded real guns replaced realistic props near piece airplane seen along shoreline back half lockheed junior found athe great movie ride disney hollywood_studios casablanca film casablanca variety attraction carefully selected landscape architect bill evans ensure_thathe foliage would able endure florida unique climate hot summers relatively cool winters difficult aspect making sure plants appropriate look feel traditional tropical plants jungle holiday overlay jingle cruise runs holiday season athe magic_kingdom walt_disney world disneyland holiday season jungle_cruise themed restauranthe skipper canteen opened december expanded jungle navigation making albert falls founder company withis alberta falls taking charge navigation company jungle_cruise queue jungle_cruise heavily themed period artifacts tools gear photos intended resemble outpost exploration jungle rivers may booked divided four main sections may opened closed sequence accommodate crowd queue designed wind extensively guests may see different artifacts queue notable section queue office albert awol vehicles maximum operation given_time file sankuru thumb px righthe sankuru sadie boat magic_kingdom amazon river amazon annie renamed annie christmas river bertha wheelchair lift equipped renamed bertha christmas congo river congo connie renamed candy cane connie christmas ganges river ganges renamed garland christmas river irrawaddy irma renamed irma christmas river renamed christmas nile renamed noel christmas orinoco river orinoco ida renamed ida christmas renamed river sankuru sadie renamed ride sadie river senegal sal renamed sal christmas ucayali river renamed yule log christmas volta river volta val renamed val christmas kwango river wanda wheelchair lift equipped renamed wanda christmas zambezi zelda renamed zelda christmas retired boats kwango river kwango kate retired tokyo_disneyland magic_kingdom tokyo_disneyland attractions similar withexception minor differences boats magic_kingdom attraction travel counter clockwise boats atokyo disneyland travel clockwise direction tokyo_disneyland station surrounding areare themed upscale african city opposed isolated jungle version shares station building withe park steam train ride western tokyo_disneyland delivered japanese vehicles maximum operation given_time boat names except orinoco file jungle atokyo thumb px jungle_cruise tokyo_disneyland shares station complex withe western amazon annie congo connie ganges irrawaddy irma kwango kate nile orinoco ida sankuru sadie senegal sal volta val wanda zambezi zelda disneyland paris disneyland park paris disneyland paris jungle_cruise attraction due cold temperature weather northern france many copies original jungle_cruise attractions exist french theme_parks french guests might used thexperience find exciting indoor jeep ride called originally planned athe opening park cancelledue financial difficulties hong_kong disneyland file jungle_cruise jpg thumb jungle river_cruise hong_kong disneyland file jungle river_cruise water effect jpg thumb fire god sets water bomb shape hong_kong disneyland route different compared others tarzan treehouse grand finale included battle angry fire water gods three languages aregularly available mandarin language separate queue allowing visitors experience journey preferred language attraction summary queue takes_place small boathouse jungle navigation less elaborate found athe parks queue guests board one boats skipper speaks either english cantonese mandarin accompany park guests speak many_different languages boats river treehouse skipper tells guests wave guests treehouse never see boats drift past mother indian elephant calf playing water followed another elephant waterfall large bull indian elephant water plume water athe boats withe guests narrowly avoiding free shower vessels drift narrow stream past ancient cambodian ruins whichave claimed jungle giant king watch boats move ahead several crocodiles seen resting small beach school hungry jumping hopes guests boats escape africand pass large safari camp several curious gorillas discovered clothes guns books camp song tarzan film tarzan plays nearby radio african veldt comes antelope african athe boats vessels drift small pool pod hippos try tip boat several feet ahead iseen chasing safari group tree several look cloth broken bamboo sticks appears tribal drums horns fill air skipper tells guests thathey haventered head hunter country must quietly pass main village several upright shields rest tall grass native notices boats shields revealed head hunters behind begin firing poison athe boats narrowly escape rocky canyon rocky canyon near two unusual rock formations look like faces revealed skipper fire god water god constantly differences fire god sets river water god water bomb causing die whole canyon become cloud steam boats escape canyon pass baby elephant beforeturning boathouse major changes trapped safari scenes added enhancement gorilla camp african veldt temporary scenes pirate takeover summer event fromay august changed jungle river_cruise pirate takeover temporary scenes halloween event changed jungle river_cruise trinity vehicles maximum operation given_time amazon annie congo queen wheelchair accessible ganges gal wheelchair accessible irrawaddy irma lady mekong zambezi awol albert awol fictional jungle_cruise boat captain jockey disney broadcasting company considered voice jungle broadcasts everything news quizzes weather etc disney broadcast company_also serves jockey station filling music great_depression awol added jungle_cruise refurbishment according tone report albert broadcast projected jungle_cruise queuing area adventurelandisney adventureland whole setting time_period disneyland albert replaced jungle radio various air personalities comment thenvironmenthe area including references designers attraction harper goff bob winston true life adventure films upon jungle_cruise based music slower pace tempo tracks used walt_disney world music previously linked withe outdoor speakers athe temple forbidden eye indiana_jones adventure however two separate tracks material similar tone songs jungle radio setting withe nearby indiana_jones attraction ties announcements reference indiana_jones temple ride nathaniel disney lands history colonial displays thexotic university michigan jingle cruise since christmas overlay called jingle cruise run holiday season magic_kingdom versions jungle_cruise april reported_thathe ride undergo extensive planning change ride updated redesign extended future star film adaptation johnson film production_company johnson working disney changes walt_disney parks resorts locations worldwide popular_culture tribute ride episode radio adventures well strong bad e mail titled theme_park sing along songs video disney sing along songs disneyland fun disneyland fun following leader jungle_cruise made appearance jungle_cruise virtual safari lion king special edition safari stand comedy show featuring jungle_cruise skippers called skipper stand show shows california since may weird wrote recorded song titled skipper dan failed actor ended guide jungle_cruise song included digital internet album cruise boat river expedition company boathouse incorporated original painting limitedition print offering artist randy titled jungle_cruise created official convention disneyland studio recorded soundtrack jungle_cruise released disneyland records included b side album walt_disney presents tiki room adventurous jungle_cruise jungle_cruise attraction always featured narration live disney cast member release narration provided also_used disneyland television features early film adaptation jungle_cruise motion picture loosely inspired theme_park attraction name film originally scheduled experienced various delays film originally scheduled postponed moreover original josh goldstein reportedly gough miles film plot follows group riverboat journey jungle search cure though initially announced star toy story franchise toy story duo tom tim allen new iteration project moving forward johnson starring film described period piece vein humphrey african queen film african queen later johnson signed producer addition role film ischeduled start filming spring april johnson expressed interest jenkins project see_also list current disneyland attractions magic_kingdom attraction entertainment history trader sam enchanted tiki bar externalinks disneyland jungle_cruise magic_kingdom jungle_cruise tokyo_disneyland jungle_cruise hong_kong disneyland jungle river_cruise category_amusement_rides introduced category_amusement_rides introduced category_amusement_rides introduced category_amusement_rides introduced category walt_disney parks resorts attractions_category disneyland category magic_kingdom_category tokyo_disneyland category hong_kong disneyland category walt_disney parks resorts gentle boat rides category_adventurelandisney category audio animatronic attractions_category_adventure_travel"},{"title":"Jungle tourism","description":"jungle tourism is a subcategory of adventure travel defined by active multifaceted physical means of travel in the jungle regions of thearth although similar in many respects to adventure travel jungle tourism pertainspecifically to the context of region culture and activity according to the glossary of tourism terms jungle tours have become a major component of green tourism in tropical destinations and are a relatively recent phenomenon of western international tourism of the regions thatake part in tourism driven sustainable development practices and eco tourismexican central and south american practices are the most pervasive in the industry notably mayan junglexcursions otheregions include jungle territories in africaustraliand the oceania south pacificentral and south america image chichen itza castillo seen from eastjpg thumb px chichen itza in mexico a unesco world heritage site world heritage site image tikalpanojpg thumb px the tikal in guatemala image copanruinsjpg thumb px cop n in honduras the majority of jungle tour operators are concentrated in what is known as the mayan world oruta maya the mayan world encompasses five different countries that hosted thentirety of the mayan civilization mexico guatemala belize honduras and el salvador mostours consist of visits to popular mayan archaeological sitesuch as tikal guatemala chichen itzand copan these day visits will usually consist of a guided tour of a heavily tourist concentrated mayand archaeological site tikal and chichen itzare primexamples of popular day visitesuch sites involve a tour guidesignated either by the state government or by a private company for the tourists these tour guides are predominantly trained professionals certified to take large parties ofifty througheavily populated archaeological sites nicaraguand costa ricare also popular destinations for this type of adventure travel although most of the visits to these more prominent sites involve day trips there are also many jungle tour operators that showcase less known remote mayan jungle ruinsuch as nakum yaxhand el mirador these tours involve much more preparation time and funding to explore as they are usually in very remote and generally inaccessible regions of the mayan jungles these ruins and sites areached by alternative and physically taxing means of travel such as bicycle canoe horseback or hiking this what essentially differentiates jungle tourism from any other sort of adventure travel tours there are several tour operator s that will employ the use of machetes during tours another difference is thathe majority of tour operators thatravel deep into the central and south american jungle will cap the number of persons traveling in the group aten to fifteen this done to minimize the impact on the jungle florand fauna federalaws in some countries prohibit any given group large than fifteen people traveling through the mayan jungle a generally protected region but limited resources for enforcing such laws have allowed such practices toccur under the radar see also ecotourism references externalinks encyclopedia of tourism pp category adventure travel category types of 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thatake part tourism driven sustainable_development practices eco central south_american practices industry notably mayan otheregions include jungle territories oceania south south_america image chichen seen thumb px chichen mexico unesco_world_heritage_site world_heritage_site image thumb px guatemala image thumb px cop n honduras majority jungle tour_operators concentrated known mayan world maya mayan world encompasses five different_countries hosted mayan civilization mexico guatemala belize honduras el_salvador consist visits popular mayan archaeological sitesuch guatemala chichen day visits usually consist guided_tour heavily tourist concentrated archaeological site chichen popular day sites involve tour either state government private_company tourists tour_guides predominantly trained professionals certified take large parties populated archaeological sites costa also_popular destinations type adventure_travel although visits prominent sites involve day_trips also many jungle tour_operators showcase less known remote mayan jungle el tours involve much preparation time funding explore usually remote generally regions mayan jungles ruins sites alternative physically means travel bicycle canoe horseback hiking essentially jungle_tourism sort adventure_travel tours several tour_operator employ use tours another difference thathe majority tour_operators thatravel deep central south_american jungle cap number persons traveling group fifteen done minimize impact jungle florand fauna countries prohibit given group large fifteen people traveling mayan jungle generally protected region limited resources enforcing laws allowed practices see_also ecotourism references_externalinks encyclopedia tourism pp category_adventure_travel_category types tourism"},{"title":"Justice tourism","description":"justice tourism or solidarity tourism is an ethic for travelling that holds as its central goals the creation of economic opportunities for the local community positive 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montenegrin language montenegrin and serbian language serbian kafeana in macedonian language macedonian kavana in croatian language croatian are terms used in the former yugoslavia former yugoslav countries for a distinctype of local bistro which primarily serves alcoholic beverage s and coffee and often also meze light snacks meze and other food most kafanas feature live music performances the concept of a social gathering place for men to drink alcoholic beverages and coffee originated in ottoman empire and spread to southeast europe during ottoman rule further evolving into the contemporary kafana nomenclature and etymology this distinctype of establishment is known by several slightly differing names depending on country and language serbian language serbian kafana plural pl kafane macedonian language macedonian kafeana pl kafeani croatian language croatian kavana pl kavane bosnian language bosnian kafana kahvana pl kafane kahvane albanian language albanian kafene kafehane greek language greekafenio plural pl kafenia romanian language romanian cafenea pl cafenele the word itself irrespective of regional differences is derived from the turkish language turkish kahvehane coffeehouse which is in turn derived from the persian language persian term qahveh khaneh a compound of the arabic language arabic qahve coffee and persian khane house in the republic of macedonia kafeana isometimes confused withe more traditional meyhane meana while the variant kafanadopted from commercial serbian folk songs and popularized by domestic artists may be used for thestablishment described in this article however both terms are used interchangeably by some nowadays in serbia the term kafana isimilarly usedescribe any informal eatery serving traditional cuisine as well asome other classical kafana dishes like wiener schnitzel file kafana kod albanijejpg thumb kafanat palace albania belgrade s in the days of th and early th century running a kafana then usually called mehana was a family business a craft passed on from generation to generation as the balkan cities grew in size and became more urbanized kafanalso shifted its focus a bit some started serving food and offering other enticements to potential customersince owners now had to compete with other similar establishments around the city most bigger towns and cities in this period had a gradskafana city kafana located in or around main square where the most affluent and important individuals of that city would come to see and be seen prices in this particular kafana would usually be higher compared tothers around the city that did not enjoy the privilege of such an exclusive location the concept of live music was introduced in thearly th century by kafana owners looking toffer different kinds of entertainmento their guests naturally in the absence of mass media these bandstrictly had a local character and would only play folk music that was popular within a particularegion where the city lies as the th century rolled on balkan citiesawaves upon waves of rural population coming in especially after world war ii and kafane diversified accordingly some continued to uphold a higher standard of service while others began to cater to newly arrived rural population that mostly found employment in factories and on construction sites this when the term kafana slowly began to be associated with something undesirable and suitable only for lower classes of society by the s term kafana became almost an insult and most owners would steer clear of calling their places by that name preferring westernized terms like restaurant cafe bistro coffee bar and son instead on the other hand terms birtija bircuz and kr mare also used to denote usually rural or suburban filthy kafane the stereotype it is not quite clear when the term kafana became instantly synonymous with decay sloth pain backwardnessorrow etc all acrossfr yugoslavia but it isafe to say it happened in the s or s pop culture played a significant part in this transformation massively popular folk singers began to emerge spurred on by thexpansion of radio and television often using kafana themes in their songsince the connection between commercial folk and rural regressiveness was already well established kafana too got a dodgy rap by extension during the s in contrasto the state sponsored partisan film s yugoslav movies of the yugoslav black wave black wave movement startedepicting contemporary individuals from the margins of society run down kafane would feature prominently in such storiesocially relevant films like skuplja i perja i even met happy gypsies otac na slu benom putu when father was away on business ivot je lep do you remember dolly bell specijalno vaspitanje kuduz etc all had memorable dramatic scenes thatake place in dilapidated rural or suburban kafana soon a distinct cinematic stereotype appeared in mate buli s album gori borovina there is a song ej kavano which describes the common stereotype of the kafana social stereotype kafana istereotyped as a place where sad lovers cure their sorrows in alcohol and music gambler squander entire fortunes husbands run away fromean wives while shady businessmen corrupt local politicians and petty criminals do business as in many other societies frequenting kafane iseen as a mainly male activity and honest women dare only visit finer ones usually in the company of men as mentioned it is a very frequent motif of late th century commercial folk songs perhaps the most famous being i tebe sam sit kafano i m sick of you kafana by haris d inovi kafana je moja sudbina kafana is my destiny by toma zdravkovi and the ubiquitous a e lomim breakinglasses originally by nezir eminovski regional differences bosnia probably the purest form of kafana can be found in bosniand herzegovina bosnia where no food iservedifferentiating kafana from evapi evabd inica inicand burek buregd inica staying true to the original turkish coffee and alcohol concept in bosnian cities with large muslim populations one can still find certain old kafane that probably did not look much different back when the ottomans ruled bosnia they are now mostly frequented by local elders as well as the occasional tourist and their numbers are dwindling most of the old centerpiece gradske kafane have been visually modernized and had their names changed in the process to something snappy and western sounding most other establishments that offer similar fare target a younger crowd and prefer noto use the term kafana however stereotypical kafanas hold some popularity amongst high schoolers and students as well as working class men who frequenthem as places to binge drink due to their affordable priceserbia image cafe kod znaka pitanjapng righthumb px famous bistro kafana in downtown belgrade city of belgrade features many establishments equipped with extensive kitchenserving elaborate menu s that are officially called restaurants yet most patrons refer to them as kafane according to some the first kafana in belgrade opened sometime after when the ottomans recaptured the city from the austrians its name was crni orao black eagle and it was located in dor ol neighbourhood athe intersection of today s kralja petrandu anova streets its patrons were only served turkish black coffee poured from silver ibrik into a demitasse fild an as well as nargile pohvala razvoju beogradske kafe kulture kafana politika july the concept of eating in serbian kafane was introduced in the th century when the menu consisted mostly of simply snacksuch as evap i the menusoon expanded as food became large part of the appeal of belgrade kafane that originated in the th and early th century like the famous znak pitanja question mark lipov lad the linden tree shade opened in and tri lista duvana three tobacco leaves as well askadarlija bohemianism bohemian spots tri e ira three hats kodva bela goluba the two white pigeons e ir moj this hat of mine zlatni bokal the golden jug and ima dana there s time another kafana that gained notoriety during thearly th century was zlatna moruna the golden belugathe zeleni venac neighbourhood where young bosnia conspirators frequently gathered while plotting the june assassination of archduke franz ferdinand of austriassassination of austro hungarian archduke franz ferdinand of austria franz ferdinand certain kafane had their names preserved through the structures that succeeded them in the same location palace albanija built in central belgrade got its name from the kafana that used to be there from until post world war ii period gave a rise in popularity to kafane like umatovac pod lipom under the lime tree and grme in makedonska street nicknamed the bermuda triangle film o beogradskom bermudskom trouglu mts mondo february manje as well as later establishments like madera kod ive ivo s and klub knji evnika the writers club even the traditionally upscale restaurant joints like ruski carussian tsar and gr ka kraljica greek queen were not above being referred to as kafana things have somewhat changed however since approximately the s withe influx of western pop culture pop and media culture s taking root most of the younger serbian crowd started to associate the term kafana with something archaic and passe so the owners of places that cater to them began avoiding it altogether termsuch as kafinitially and later kafe began to be used more frequently an example would be zlatni papagaj golden parrot in belgrade a kafi that opened in september and almost immediately became the main gathering point for the city s well dressed youngsters from affluent families pohvala razvoju beogradske kafe kulture kafi politika july similarly in the mid s kafi called nana in senjak neighbourhood became a favourite tough guy and mobster hangouthe trend of moving away from the term kafana continued into the s and early s with gentrification taking root in many parts of central belgrade these new establishments mostly stay away from traditionalism good examples of this would be the numerous watering holes that have sprung up over the last years in strahinji a bana street such as veprov dah ipanema kandahar andorian gray or various new restaurants in downtown belgrade none of these places areferred to as kafaneither by their owners or by their patrons in croatia the term for kafana is ka v anas coffee ispelled kava in croatian language croatiand they differ widely between continental croatiand the dalmatian coast kafi pl kafi is a more general term encompassing all establishmentserving coffee and alcohol drinks only while kavana is the name for distinctly styled bistros described in this article currently there are kafeanin the country according to the state statistical office there are kafeani of the total number in the capital skopje in tetovo in bitola in gostivar in kumanovo in struga in ohrid and in strumica dnevnik newspaper macedonia see also coffeehouse kafenio the greek equivalent coffee culture in former yugoslavia furthereading externalinks myhedonist portal o kafanama i restoranima u beogradu mojakafana sajt o kafanama u srbiji kafana republic inns were the soul of the city kafane pred izumiranjem press february kafane pi u istoriju b june ba li na istorija beogradskih kafana grge blic blog february ba li na istorija beogradskih kafana bermudski trougao blic blog february obecana zemlja category types of restaurants category types of coffeehouses category coffee culture categoryugoslav culture category serbian culture category bosniak culture category croatian culture category macedonian 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persian house republic macedonia isometimes confused withe traditional variant commercial serbian folk songs popularized domestic artists may used thestablishment described article however terms used nowadays serbia term kafana informal eatery serving traditional cuisine well asome classical kafana dishes like file kafana thumb palace albania belgrade days th early_th century running kafana usually called family business craft passed generation generation cities grew size became shifted focus bit started serving food offering potential owners compete similar establishments around city bigger towns cities period city kafana located around main square affluent important individuals city would come see seen prices particular kafana would usually higher compared around city enjoy privilege exclusive location concept live_music introduced thearly_th century kafana owners looking toffer different kinds guests naturally absence mass media local character would play folk music popular within particularegion city lies th_century rolled upon waves rural population coming especially world_war ii kafane diversified accordingly continued higher standard service others began cater newly arrived rural population mostly found employment factories construction sites term kafana slowly began associated something undesirable suitable lower classes society term kafana became almost owners would clear calling places name terms like restaurant cafe bistro coffee bar son instead hand terms mare also_used denote usually rural suburban kafane stereotype quite clear term kafana became instantly synonymous decay pain etc yugoslavia say happened pop_culture played significant part transformation popular folk singers began emerge thexpansion radio television often using kafana themes connection commercial folk rural already well_established kafana got extension contrasto state sponsored film movies black wave black wave movement contemporary individuals margins society run kafane would feature prominently relevant films like even met happy father away business remember dolly bell etc memorable dramatic scenes thatake place rural suburban kafana soon distinct cinematic stereotype appeared mate album song describes common stereotype kafana social stereotype kafana place sad lovers cure alcohol music entire husbands run away businessmen corrupt local politicians petty criminals business many societies frequenting kafane iseen mainly male activity honest women visit finer ones usually company men mentioned frequent late_th century commercial folk songs perhaps famous sam sit sick kafana kafana kafana destiny ubiquitous e originally regional differences bosnia probably form kafana found bosniand herzegovina bosnia food kafana staying true original turkish coffee alcohol concept bosnian cities large muslim populations one still find certain old kafane probably look much different back ottomans ruled bosnia mostly frequented local well occasional tourist numbers old centerpiece kafane visually modernized names changed process something western establishments offer similar fare target younger crowd prefer noto use term kafana however stereotypical hold popularity amongst high students well working_class men places drink due affordable image cafe righthumb_px famous bistro kafana downtown belgrade city belgrade features many establishments equipped extensive elaborate menu officially called restaurants yet patrons refer kafane according first kafana belgrade opened sometime ottomans city name black eagle located neighbourhood athe intersection today streets patrons served turkish black coffee poured silver well kafe kulture kafana july concept eating serbian kafane introduced th_century menu consisted mostly simply expanded food became large part appeal belgrade kafane originated th early_th century like famous question mark tree opened tri three tobacco leaves well bohemian spots tri e three hats two white pigeons e hat mine golden dana time another kafana gained notoriety thearly_th century golden neighbourhood young bosnia frequently gathered june assassination archduke franz ferdinand hungarian archduke franz ferdinand austria franz ferdinand certain kafane names preserved structures succeeded location palace built central belgrade got name kafana used post world_war ii period gave rise popularity kafane like pod lime tree street nicknamed bermuda triangle film february well later establishments like writers club even traditionally upscale restaurant joints like ruski greek queen referred kafana things somewhat changed however since approximately withe influx western pop_culture pop media culture taking root younger serbian crowd started associate term kafana something owners places cater began avoiding altogether termsuch later kafe began used frequently example would golden belgrade kafi opened september almost immediately became main gathering point city well dressed youngsters affluent families kafe kulture kafi july similarly mid kafi called neighbourhood became favourite tough guy trend moving away term kafana continued early taking root many_parts central belgrade new establishments mostly stay away good examples would numerous watering holes last_years street dah gray various new restaurants downtown belgrade none places areferred owners patrons croatia term kafana v coffee croatian language differ widely continental coast kafi kafi general term encompassing coffee alcohol drinks name distinctly styled bistros described article currently country according state statistical office total number capital newspaper macedonia see_also coffeehouse greek equivalent coffee culture former yugoslavia furthereading_externalinks portal kafana republic inns soul city kafane press february kafane b june kafana blog february kafana blog february category_types restaurants_category_types coffeehouses category coffee culture culture_category serbian culture_category culture_category croatian culture_category macedonian culture"},{"title":"Kelvin Natural Slush Co.","description":"founder zack silverman alex rein location city location country locations area served key people products production services revenue operating income net income assets equity owner num employees parent divisionsubsid homepage footnotes intl bodystyle kelvinatural slush co is a new york based food truck company specializing in slush beverage slush drinks the company wastarted by zack silvermand alex rein the business was named after the kelvin temperature scale their success has led to their slushes being sold at madison square garden and at selected whole foods market stores awards and recognitions the company was awarded best dessertruck by the vendy awardsee also list ofood trucks references externalinks category food production companies based inew york city category companiestablished in category food 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baxter was born in cortland new york on may the son of hoyt h baxter and maria zuzalzbeta kramerova baxter he and his family relocated torem utah in he graduated from orem high school in baxter is theldest ofive siblings he has two sisters radana clark and julie dansie along with two brothers mike andavid in a career spanning over four decades baxter has closed overeal estate transactions he began his career in idaho falls id athe age of twenty one in owning and operating a boutique style operation selling automobile and home stereos by baxter translated hisales aptitude to the real estate business by hiring motivating and training a staff of nearly new home specialists at heartland realty in salt lake city in the s baxter liquidated all of the reo high rise inventory in salt lake city relocating to las vegas in baxter continued his real estate career by opening his first real estate brokerage firm inevada today baxter carries on the tradition of rebuilding las vegas one family at a time throughis las vegas real estate office pma realty and his real estate investment and residential redevelopment company apollo realty investments baxter has also ventured into the new homes market via his new home building company liberty homes baxter has provided single story semi custom homes inorthwest las vegasince space tourism baxter publicly credits his fascination withe space program to reading from thearth to the moon by jules verne as a young boy baxter holds the distinction ofirst founder of virgin galactic a space tourism company announced by sirichard branson september baxter purchased the first commercial space flighticket at usd after viewing a minutesegment featuring burt rutan winner of the x prize for the first non governmental organization to launch a reusable manned spacecraft into space twice within two weeks and thereafter earning him the nickname rocket man rutan is also the designer of sirichard branson spaceshiptwo which attached to the mother ship will be carried to about kilometers or feet by a carrier aircraft white knightwo athat point when the carrier aircraft reaches its maximum heighthe spaceshiptwo vehicle will separate and continue tover km the k rm n line a common definition of where space begins despite the vss enterprise crash of the first iteration of spaceshiptwo during a test flight on october baxteremains optimistic about his upcoming flight and continues to hold his place athe top of the passenger listo become the world s first commercial space tourist baxter has contributed his time and resources to several charitablendeavors throughis publicharity green global baxter acts as an advocate in the war against global warming and climate change and focuses his efforts upon saving the amazon rainforest from the ill effects of deforestation the region another of baxter s publicharities made in america prides itselfor being the driving force of the new industrial revolution in americand is dedicated to supporting and strengthening the return and retention of american jobs in the manufacturing sector in an efforto reignite theconomic recovery of the usa made in america has also donated technology equipmento needy schools in and around the las vegas valley parent organization the ken and linda baxter family foundation was established in and provides philanthropic grants for education research and thenvironment category births category st century american businesspeople category living people category articles created via the article wizard category spacexploration category space tourism category virgin galacticategory real estate category las vegas category commercial 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passenger early_life baxter born new_york may son h baxter maria baxter family relocated utah graduated high_school baxter ofive two sisters clark julie along two brothers mike andavid career spanning four decades baxter closed estate transactions began career idaho falls athe_age twenty one owning operating boutique style operation selling automobile home baxter translated real_estate business hiring training staff nearly new home specialists salt lake_city baxter high rise inventory salt lake_city las_vegas baxter continued real_estate career opening first real_estate brokerage firm inevada today baxter carries tradition rebuilding las_vegas one family time throughis las_vegas real_estate office real_estate investment residential redevelopment company apollo investments baxter also ventured new homes market via new home building company liberty homes baxter provided single story semi custom homes las space_tourism baxter publicly credits fascination withe space_program reading thearth moon jules young boy baxter holds distinction ofirst founder virgin_galactic space_tourism company_announced sirichard branson september baxter purchased first_commercial space usd viewing featuring burt_rutan winner x_prize first non_governmental organization launch reusable manned spacecraft space twice within two_weeks thereafter earning nickname rocket man rutan also designer sirichard branson spaceshiptwo attached mother ship carried kilometers feet carrier_aircraft white_knightwo athat point carrier_aircraft reaches maximum spaceshiptwo vehicle separate continue tover k n line common definition space begins despite vss_enterprise crash first iteration spaceshiptwo test_flight october upcoming flight continues hold place athe_top passenger become world first_commercial space_tourist baxter contributed time resources several throughis green global baxter acts advocate war global warming climate_change focuses efforts upon saving amazon rainforest ill effects region another baxter made america driving force new industrial_revolution americand dedicated supporting strengthening return retention american jobs manufacturing sector efforto theconomic recovery usa made america also donated technology equipmento schools around las_vegas valley parent_organization ken linda baxter family foundation established provides philanthropic grants education research thenvironment category_births_category st_century american businesspeople category_living_people_category_articles_created_via article_wizard_category_spacexploration category_space_tourism category virgin_galacticategory real_estate category las_vegas category_commercial_spaceflight"},{"title":"Kids' meal","description":"file new kmjpg thumb a burger king kids meal file mcdonelds happy mealjpg thumb the mcdonald s kids meal is called a happy meal the kids meal or children s meal is a fast food combination meal tailored to and marketed to youngsters most kids meals come in colourful bags or cardboard boxes with depictions of activities on the bag or box and a plastic toy inside the standard kids meal comprises a hamburger a side item and a soft drink the first kids meal funmeal emerged at burger chef in and succeedediscerning the popularity of the kids meal mcdonald s introduced its happy meal in and other fast food corporations including burger king followed suit witheir own kids mealsome fast food corporations considered youngsters their most important customers owing to the success of the kids meal their effectiveness has been ascribed to the facthathe patronage of youngsters often means the patronage of a family and to the allure of the toys which often are in collectable series in million of thexpenditures ofast food corporations was for toys in kids meals which numbered over billion in recent years the popularity of the kids meal has receded with a study by npd group indicating thathere was a decrease in kids mealsales in explanations include parents realization that kids meals are unhealthy parents desire to save money opting instead torder from the value menu as well as kids outgrowing the meals earlier than before youngsters have become more sophisticated in their palates and seek items from the regular menu but in smaller servings kids meal toys are also no longer appealing to the increasingly technology oriented youth who prefer video game s also the kids meal toys of wendy s and chick fil are no longer appealing to ages kids meals havevolved in response to critics offering healthier selections and greater variety inineteen food chains participating in the kids live well initiative including burger king denny s ihop chili s friendly s chevy s and el polloco pledged toffer at least one children s meal that has fewer than calories no soft drinks and at leastwo items from the following food groups fruits vegetables whole grains lean proteins or low fat dairy there have been concerns from food critics abouthe nutritional value of the kids meal a study by the rudd center for food policy and obesity at yale rudd center for food policy and obesity inspecting the kids meals of twelve us food chains concluded that of entr e combinations twelve satisfied the advised levels ofat sodium and calories for preschool kids and fifteen those for older kids toys being inappropriate for the target audience s age group burger king has run kids meal promotions featuring toys of characters from pg movies at least four timesuch asmall soldiers in star wars episode iii revenge of the sith in and the simpsons movie in one of the mcdonald s toys featuring minions filminions characters in has caused controversy because parents have confused the gibberish talking minion with profanity as a resulthe minion toys promotion was ended early in july in the united states kids meals have been blamed for ingraining unhealthy dietary habits in youngsters and augmenting childhood obesity child obesity in santa clara county california implemented a ban on toys accompanying kids meals that fail nutritional standardsan franciscounty enacted the same band similar ones have been proposed or considered in other cities or states across the country superior wisconsinebraska conversely legislators in arizona prohibited such restrictions and florida state senators proposed the same outside the united statespain and brazil have also considered such measures chile has banned toys in kids meals altogether see also list of restauranterminology category childhood category fast food category 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architecture room or part of a room used for cooking and food preparation in a dwelling or in a commercial establishment in the west a modern residential kitchen is typically equipped with a kitchen stove a sink withot and cold running water a refrigerator counters and kitchen cabinet furniture cabinets arranged according to a modular kitchen modular design many households have a microwave oven a dishwasher and other electric appliances the main function of a kitchen iserving as a location for storing cooking and preparing food andoing related tasksuch as dishwashing but it may also be used for dining entertaining and laundry commercial kitchens are found in restaurant s cafeteria s hotel s hospital s educational and workplace facilities army barracks and similar establishments these kitchens are generally larger and equipped with bigger and more heavy duty equipmenthan a residential kitchen for example a large restaurant may have a huge walk in refrigerator and a large commercial dishwasher machine commercial kitchens are generally in developed countriesubjecto public health laws they are inspected periodically by public health officials and forced to close if they do not meet hygienic requirements mandated by law thevolution of the kitchen is linked to the invention of the kitchen stove cooking range or stove and the development of water infrastructure capable of supplying running water to private homes food was cooked over an open fire technical advances in heating food in the th and th centuries changed the architecture of the kitchen before the advent of modern pipes water was brought from an outdoor source such as water wells pumps or springs the houses in history of ancient greece ancient greece were commonly of the atrium architecture atrium type the rooms were arranged around a central courtyard for women in many suchomes a covered but otherwise open patio served as the kitchen homes of the wealthy had the kitchen as a separate room usually nexto a bathroom so that both rooms could be heated by the kitchen fire both rooms being accessible from the court in suchouses there was often a separate small storage room in the back of the kitchen used for storing food and kitchen utensil s file villa rusticahrweiler k che der mansiojpg thumb kitchen with stove and oven of a roman inn mansio athe roman villa of bad neuenahrweiler germany in the roman empire common folk in cities often had no kitchen of their own they did their cooking in large public kitchensome had small mobile bronze stoves on which a fire could be lit for cooking wealthy ancient rome romans had relatively well equipped kitchens in a roman villa the kitchen was typically integrated into the main building as a separate room set apart for practical reasons of smoke and sociological reasons of the kitchen being operated by slavery slaves the fireplace was typically on the floor placed at a wall sometimes raised a little bit such that one had to kneel to cook there were no chimney s middle ages file medieval kitchenjpg thumb the roasting spit in this europe an renaissance kitchen was driven automatically by a propeller the black cloverleaf like structure in the upper left early medieval european longhouse s had an open fire under the highest point of the building the kitchen area was between thentrance and the fireplace in wealthy homes there was typically more than one kitchen in some homes there were upwards of three kitchens the kitchens were divided based on the types ofood prepared in themthompson theodor medieval homesampson lowel house in place of a chimney thesearly buildings had a hole in the roof through which some of the smoke could escape besides cooking the fire also served as a source of heat and lighto the single room building a similar design can be found in the iroquois longhouses of north america in the larger homesteads of europeanobles the kitchen wasometimes in a separate sunken floor building to keep the main building which served social and official purposes free from indoor air quality indoor smoke the first known stoves in japan date from abouthe same time thearliest findings are from the kofun period rd to th century these stoves called kamado were typically made of clay and mortar they were fired with wood or charcoal through a hole in the front and had a hole in the top into which a pot could be hanged by its rim this type of stove remained in use for centuries to come with only minor modifications like in europe the wealthier homes had a separate building which served for cooking a kind of open fire pit fired with charcoal called irori remained in use as the secondary stove in most homes until thedo period th to th century a kamado was used to cook the staple food for instance rice while irori served both to cook side dishes and as a heat source file smoke kitchenjpg lefthumb th century cooks tended a fire and endured smoke in thiswitzerland swiss farmhouse smoke kitchen the kitchen remained largely unaffected by architectural advances throughouthe middle ages open firemained the only method of heating food european medieval kitchens were dark smoky and sooty places whence their name smoke kitchen in european medieval cities around the th to th centuries the kitchen still used an open fire hearth in the middle of the room in wealthy homes the ground floor was often used as a stable while the kitchen was located on the floor above like the bedroom and the hall in castle s and monastery monasteries the living and working areas were separated the kitchen wasometimes moved to a separate building and thus could not serve anymore to heathe living rooms in some castles the kitchen was retained in the same structure but servants were strictly separated from nobles by constructing separate spiral stone staircases for use of servants to bring food to upper levels the kitchen might be separate from the great hall due to the smoke from cooking fires and the chance the fires may get out of control few medieval kitchensurvive as they were notoriously ephemeral structures an extant example of such a medieval kitchen with servantstaircase is at muchalls castle in scotland in japanese homes the kitchen started to become a separate room within the main building athatime withe advent of the chimney thearth moved from the center of the room tone wall and the first brick and mortar hearths were builthe fire was lit on top of the construction a vault underneath served to store wood pots made of iron bronze or copper started to replace the pottery used earlier the temperature was controlled by hanging the pot higher or lower over the fire or placing it on a trivet or directly on the hot ashes using open fire for cooking and heating was risky fires devastating whole cities occurred frequently leonardo da vincinvented an automated system for a rotating spit for spit roasting a propeller in the chimney made the spiturn all by itself this kind of system was widely used in wealthier homes beginning in the late middle ages kitchens in europe lostheir home heating function even more and were increasingly moved from the living area into a separate room the living room was now heated by tiled stove s operated from the kitchen which offered the huge advantage of not filling the room with smoke freed from smoke andirthe living room thus began to serve as an area for social functions and increasingly became a showcase for the owner s wealth in the upper classes cooking and the kitchen were the domain of the servant domestic servants and the kitchen waset apart from the living roomsometimes even far from the dining room poorer homes often did not have a separate kitchen yethey kepthe one room arrangement where all activities took place or athe most had the kitchen in thentrance hall file woodcut kitchenpng right px woodcut of a kitchen file m leri genrebild ksinteri r skoklosterslottif thumb px kitchen interior cirka the medieval smoke kitchen or farmhouse kitchen remained common especially in rural farmhouse building farmhouses and generally in poorer homes until much later in a few european farmhouses the smoke kitchen was in regular use until the middle of the th century these houses often had no chimney but only a smoke hood above the fireplace made of wood and covered with clay used to smoke meathe smoke rose more or less freely warming the upstairs rooms and protecting the woodwork from vermin colonial america file belgian farm summer kitchen at heritage hill state historical parkjpg thumb left summer kitchen in connecticut colony connecticut as in other colonies of new englanduring colonial america kitchens were often built aseparate rooms and were located behind the parlor and hall keeping room or dining room onearly record of a kitchen is found in the inventory of thestate of a john porter of windsor connecticuthe inventory lists goods in the house over the kittchin and in the kittchin the items listed in the kitchen were silver spoon s pewter brass iron arms ammunition hemp flax and other implements abouthe room the public records of the colony of connecticut j hammond trumbull vol p separate summer kitchens were also common large farms in the northese were used to prepare meals for harvest workers and tasksuch as canning during the warm summer months in the southern states where the climate and society sociological conditions differed from the northe kitchen was often relegated to an outbuilding on plantations in the american south plantations it waseparate from the big house or mansion in much the same way as the feudal kitchen in medieval europe the kitchen was operated by slavery slaves and their working place had to be separated from the living area of the masters by the social standards of the time technological advances file kitchen rural jpg thumb a typical rural american kitchen of athe sauer beckmann farmstead texas technological advances during industrialization brought major changes to the kitchen iron stoves which enclosed the fire completely and were morefficient appeared early models included the franklin stove around which was a furnace stove intended for heating not for cooking benjamin thompson in englandesigned his rumford stove around thistove was much morenergy efficienthan earlier stoves it used one fire to heat several pots which were hung into holes on top of the stove and were thus heated from all sides instead of just from the bottom however histove was designed for large kitchens it was too big for domestic use the oberlin stove was a refinement of the technique that resulted in a size reduction it was patented in the us in and became a commercial success with some unitsold over the next years these stoves were still fired with wood or coalthough the first gas lightingastreet lamps were installed in paris london and berlin athe beginning of the s and the first us patent on a gastove was granted in it was not until the late th century that usingas for lighting and cooking became commonplace in urban areas image hoosier cabinetjpg thumb left a typical hoosier cabinet of the s before and after the beginning of the th century kitchens were frequently not equipped with built in cabinetry and the lack of storage space in the kitchen became a real problem the hoosier manufacturing cof indianadapted an existing furniture piece the baker s cabinet whichad a similar structure of a table top with some cabinets above it and frequently flour bins beneath to solve the storage problem by rearranging the parts and taking advantage of then modern metal working they were able to produce a well organized compact cabinet which answered the home cook s needs for storage and working space a distinctive feature of the hoosier cabinet is its accessories as originally supplied they werequipped with various racks and other hardware to hold and organize spices and varioustaples one useful feature was the combination flour bin sifter a tin hopper that could be used without having to remove it from the cabinet a similar sugar bin was also common the urbanization in the second half of the th century induced other significant changes that would ultimately change the kitchen out of sheer necessity cities began planning and building water supply network water distribution pipes into homes and built sanitary sewers to deal withe waste water gas pipe s were laid gas was used first for lighting purposes but once the network had grown sufficiently it also became available for heating and cooking on gastoves athe turn of the th century electricity had been mastered well enough to become a commercially viable alternative to gas and slowly started replacing the latter but like the gastove thelectric stove had a slow starthe first electrical stove had been presented in athe world s columbian exposition in chicago but it was not until the s thathe technology wastablenough and began to take offile mrs arthur beales in the kitchen of the beales homejpg thumb mrs arthur beales in the kitchen of the beales home torontontario canada circa note the water pipes along the back wall that fed the sink industrialization also caused social changes the new factory working class in the cities was housed under generally poor conditions whole families lived in small one or two room apartment s in tenement buildings up to six stories high badly aired and with insufficient lighting sometimes they shared apartments with night sleepers unmarried men who paid for a bed at nighthe kitchen in such an apartment was often used as a living and sleeping room and even as a bathroom water had to be fetched from wells and heated on the stove water pipes were laid only towards thend of the th century and then often only with one taper building or per story brick and mortar stoves fired with coal remained the norm until well into the second half of the century pots and kitchenware were typically stored on open shelves and parts of the room could be separated from the rest using simple curtains in contrasthere were no dramatichanges for the upper classes the kitchen located in the basement or the ground floor continued to be operated by servants in some houses water pump s were installed and someven had kitchen sinks andrains but no water on tap yet except for some feudal kitchens in castles the kitchen became a much cleaner space withe advent of cooking machines closed stoves made of iron plates and fired by wood and increasingly charcoal or coal and that had flue pipe s connected to the chimney for the servants the kitchen continued to also serve as a sleeping room they slept either on the floor later inarrow spaces above a lowered ceiling for the new stoves witheir smoke outlet no longerequired a high ceiling in the kitchen the kitchen floors were tiled kitchenware was neatly stored in cupboard s to protecthem from dust and steam a large table served as a workbench there were at least as many chairs as there were servants for the table in the kitchen also doubled as theating place for the servants world war ii cooking andining trends the urban middle class imitated the luxurious dining styles of the upper class as best as they could living in smaller apartments the kitchen was the main room here the family lived the study or living room wasaved for special occasionsuch as an occasional dinner invitation because of this these middle class kitchens were often more homely than those of the upper class where the kitchen was a work only room occupied only by the servants besides a cupboard to store the kitchenware there were a table and chairs where the family wouldine and sometimes if space allowed even a fauteuil or a couch filena horne conserves fuel gas ca nara jpg thumb left gastove s gas pipes were first laid in the late th century and gastovestarted to replace the older coal fired stoves gas was morexpensive than coal though and thus the new technology was first installed in the wealthier homes where workers apartments werequipped with a gastove gas distribution would go through a coin meter in rural areas the older technology using coal or wood stoves or even brick and mortar open fireplaces remained common throughout gas and water pipes were first installed in the big citiesmall villages were connected only much later file frankfurter kueche viennajpg thumb the frankfurt kitchen using taylorism taylorist principles the trend to increasingasification and electrification continued athe turn of the th century industry it was the phase of work process optimization taylorism was born and time and motion study time motion studies were used toptimize processes these ideas also spilled over into domestic kitchen architecture because of a growing trend that called for a professionalization of household work started in the mid th century by catharine beecher and amplified by christine frederick s publications in the s a stepstone was the kitchen designed in frankfurt by margarethe sch tte lihotzky working class women frequently worked in factories to ensure the family survival as the men s wages often did not suffice social housing projects led to the next milestone the frankfurt kitchen developed in this kitchen measured m by m approximately ft in by ft in with a standard layout it was built for two purposes toptimize kitchen work to reduce cooking time and lower the cost of building decently equipped kitchens the design created by margarete sch tte lihotzky was the result of detailed time motion studies and interviews with future tenants to identify whathey needed from their kitchensch tte lihotzky s fitted kitchen was built in some apartments in the housing projects erected in frankfurt in the s modernistriumph in the kitchen the initial reception was critical it waso small that only one person could work in it some storage spaces intended foraw loose food ingredientsuch as flour wereachable by children buthe frankfurt kitchen embodied a standard for the rest of the th century in rental apartments the workitchen it was criticized as exiling the women in the kitchen but post world war ii economic reasons prevailed the kitchen once more waseen as a work place that needed to be separated from the living areas practical reasons also played a role in this development just as in the bourgeois homes of the past one reason for separating the kitchen was to keep the steam and smells of cooking out of the living room unit fitted file poggenpohl png thumb a kitchen produced by the german company poggenpohl in the idea of standardized was first introduced locally withe frankfurt kitchen but later defined new in the swedish kitchen svensk ksstandard swedish kitchen standard thequipment used remained a standard for years to come hot and cold water on tap and a kitchen sink and an electrical or gastove and ovenot much later the refrigerator was added as a standard item the concept was refined in the swedish kitchen using unit furniture with wooden fronts for the kitchen cabinetsoon the concept was amended by the use of smooth synthetic door andrawer fronts first in white recalling a sense of cleanliness and alluding to sterile lab or hospital settings but soon after in more lively colors too some years after the frankfurt kitchen poggenpohl presented the reform kitchen in with interconnecting cabinets and functional interiors the reform kitchen was a forerunner to the later unit kitchen and fitted kitchen unit construction since its introduction has defined the development of the modern kitchen pre manufactured modules using mass manufacturing techniques developeduring world war ii greatly brought down the cost of a kitchen units which are kept on the floor are called floor units floor cabinets or base cabinets on which a kitchen countertop worktop originally often formicand oftenow made of granite marble tile or wood is placed the units which are held on the wall for storage purposes are termed as wall units or wall cabinets in small areas of kitchen in an apartment even a tall storage unit is available for effective storage in cheaper brands all cabinets are kept a uniform color normally white with interchangeable doors and accessories chosen by the customer to give a varied look in morexpensive brands the cabinets are produced matching the doors colors and finishes for an older more bespoke look open kitchenstarting in the s the perfection of thextractor hood allowed an open kitchen againtegrated more or less withe living room without causing the whole apartment or house to smell before that only a few earlier experiments typically inewly built upper middle class family homes had open kitchens examples are frank lloyd wright s house willey and house jacobs bothad open kitchens withigh ceilings up to the roof and were aired by skylight window skylight s thextractor hood made it possible to build open kitchens in apartments too where bothigh ceilings and skylights were not possible the re integration of the kitchen and the living area went hand in hand with a change in the perception of cooking increasingly cooking waseen as art creative and sometimesocial act instead of work and there was a rejection byounger home owners of the standard suburban model of separate kitchens andining rooms found in most houses many families also appreciated the trend towards open kitchens as it made it easier for the parents to supervise the children while cooking and to clean up spills thenhanced status of cooking also made the kitchen a prestige object for showing off one s wealth or cooking professionalism some architect s have capitalized on this object aspect of the kitchen by designing freestanding kitchen objects however like their precursor colani s kitchen satellite such futuristic designs arexceptions anothereason for the trend back topen kitchens and a foundation of the kitchen object philosophy is changes in how food is prepared whereas prior to the s most cooking started out with raw ingredients and a meal had to be prepared from scratch the advent ofrozen meal s and prepared convenience food changed the cooking habits of many people who consequently used the kitchen less and less for others who followed the cooking as a social actrend the open kitchen had the advantage thathey could be witheir guests while cooking and for the creative cooks it might even become a stage for their cooking performance the trophy kitchen is equipped with very expensive and sophisticated appliances which are used primarily to impress visitors and to project social status rather than for actual cooking the ventilation of a kitchen in particular a large restaurant kitchen poses certain difficulties that are not present in the ventilation of other kinds of spaces in particular the air in a kitchen differs from that of otherooms in that itypically contains grease smoke and odours the frankfurt kitchen of was made of several materials depending on the application the built in kitchens of today use particle board s or mdf decorated with veneers in some cases also wood very few manufacturers produce home built in kitchens from stainlessteel until the steel kitchens were used by architects buthis material was displaced by the cheaper particle board panelsometimes decorated with a steel surface domestic kitchen planning file beecher kitchenjpg thumbeecher s model kitchen brought early ergonomics ergonomic principles to the home file food over a kitchen jpg thumb food in a kitchen pantry file walnut solid floorjpg thumblockitchen domestic oresidential kitchen design is a relatively recent discipline the first ideas toptimize the work in the kitchen go back to catharine beecher s a treatise on domestic economy revised and republished together wither sister harriet beecher stowe as the american woman s home in beecher s model kitchen propagated for the firstime a systematic design based on early ergonomics the design included regular shelves on the walls ample work space andedicated storage areas for various food items beecher even separated the functions of preparing food and cooking it altogether by moving the stove into a compartment adjacento the kitchen christine frederick published from a series of articles onew household management in which she analyzed the kitchen following taylorism taylorist principles of efficiency presentedetailed time motion studies anderived a kitchen design from them her ideas were taken up in the s by architects in germany and austria most notably bruno taut erna meyer and margarete sch tte lihotzky a social housing project in frankfurthe r merstadt of architect ernst may realized in was the breakthrough for her frankfurt kitchen which embodied this new notion of efficiency in the kitchen while this workitchen and variants derived from it were a great success for tenement buildings home owners hadifferent demands andid not wanto be constrained by a m kitchenevertheless kitchen design was mostly ad hoc following the whims of the architect in the united states us the small homes council since the building research council of the school of architecture of the university of illinois at urbana champaign was founded in withe goal to improve the state of the art in home building originally with an emphasis on standardization for cost reduction it was there thathe notion of the kitchen work triangle kitchen work triangle was formalized the three main functions in a kitchen are storage preparation and cooking which catharine beecher had already recognized and the places for these functionshould be arranged in the kitchen in such a way that work at one place does not interfere with work at another place the distance between these places is not unnecessarily large and nobstacles are in the way a natural arrangement is a triangle withe refrigerator the sink and the stove at a vertex each this observation led to a few common kitchen forms commonly characterized by the arrangement of the kitchen cabinets and sink stove and refrigerator a single file kitchen also known as a one way galley or a straight line kitchen has all of these along one wall the work triangle degenerates to a line this not optimal but often the only solution if space is restricted this may be common in an attic space that is being converted into a living space or a studio apartmenthe double file kitchen or two way galley has two rows of cabinets at opposite walls one containing the stove and the sink the other the refrigerator this the classical workitchen and makes efficient use of space in the l kitchen the cabinets occupy two adjacent walls again the work triangle is preserved and there may even be space for an additional table at a third wall provided it does not intersecthe triangle a u kitchen has cabinets along three walls typically withe sink athe base of the u this a typical workitchen too unless the twother cabinet rows are short enough to place a table athe fourth wall a g kitchen has cabinets along three walls like the u kitchen and also a partial fourth wall often with a double basink athe corner of the g shape the g kitchen provides additional work and storage space and can supportwork triangles a modified version of the g kitchen is the double l which splits the g into two l shaped components essentially adding a smaller l shaped island or peninsula to the l kitchen the blockitchen or island is a morecent developmentypically found in open kitchens here the stove or bothe stove and the sink are placed where an l or u kitchen would have a table in a free standing island separated from the other cabinets in a closed room this does not make much sense but in an open kitchen it makes the stove accessible from all sidesuch thatwo persons can cook together and allows for contact with guests or the rest of the family since the cook does not face the wall any more additionally the kitchen island s counter top can function as an overflow surface for serving buffet style meals or sitting down to eat breakfast and snacks in the s there was a backlash against industrial kitchen planning and cabinets with people installing a mix of work surfaces and free standing furniture led by kitchen designer johnny grey and his concept of the unfitted kitchen modern kitchens often havenough informal space to allow for people to eat in it without having to use the formal dining room such areas are called breakfast areas breakfast nooks or breakfast bars if the space is integrated into a kitchen counter kitchens with enough space to eat in are sometimes called eat in kitchens during the s flat packitchens were popular for people doing diy renovating on a budgethe flat packitchens industry makes it easy to putogether and mix and matching doors bench tops and cabinets in flat pack systems many components can be interchanged other types file canteen kitchenjpg lefthumb a canteen place canteen kitchen restaurant and cafeteria canteen kitchens found in hotel s hospital s educational and work place facilities army barracks and similar establishments are generally in developed countriesubjecto public health laws they are inspected periodically by public health officials and forced to close if they do not meet hygienic requirements mandated by law canteen kitchens and castle kitchens were often the places where new technology was used first for instance benjamin thompson s energy saving stove an early th century fully closed iron stove using one fire to heat several pots was designed for large kitchens another thirtyears passed before they were adapted for domestic use as of western restaurant kitchens typically have tiled walls and floors and use stainlessteel for other surfaces workbench but also door andrawer fronts because these materials are durable and easy to clean professional kitchens are often equipped with gastoves as these allow cook profession cooks to regulate theat more quickly and more finely than electrical stovesome special appliances are typical for professional kitchensuch as large installedeep fryer steaming steamers or a bain marie file food tech roomarlingjpg thumb righthe food technology room at marling school in stroud gloucestershire the fast food and convenience food trends have also changed the way restaurant kitchens operate some restaurants tonly finish delivered convenience food or even just re heat completely prepared meals maybe athe utmost grilling a hamburger or a steak the kitchens in railway dining car s present special challengespace is constrained and nevertheless the personnel must be able to serve a great number of meals quickly especially in thearly history of railways this required flawless organization of processes in modern times the microwave oven and prepared meals have made this task much easier kitchens aboard ship s aircraft and sometimes railroad carailcars are often referred to as galley kitchen galleys on yacht s galleys are often cramped with one or two burners fueled by an liquefied petroleum gas lp gas bottle but kitchens on cruise ship s or large warship s are comparable in every respect with restaurants or canteen kitchens on passenger airliner s the kitchen is reduced to a mere pantry the only function reminiscent of a kitchen is theating of in flight meals delivered by a catering company an extreme form of the kitchen occurs in spaceg aboard a space shuttle where it is also called the galley or the international space station the astronaut s food is generally completely preparedehydration dehydrated and sealed in plastic pouches and the kitchen is reduced to a rehydration and heating module outdoor areas in which food is prepared are generally not considered to be kitchens even though an outdoor area set up foregular food preparation for instance when camping might be called an outdoor kitchen an outdoor kitchen at a campsite might be place near a well water pump or water tap and it might provide tables for food preparation and cooking using portable campstovesome campsite kitchen areas have a large tank of propane connected to burnerso that campers can cook their meals military camps and similar temporary settlements of nomad s may have dedicated kitchen tents whichave a vento enable cooking smoke to escape in schools where homeconomics food technology previously known as domestic science or culinary arts are taughthere will be a series of kitchens with multiplequipment similar in some respects to laboratory laboratoriesolely for the purpose of teaching these consist of multiple workstations each witheir own oven sink and kitchen utensils where the teacher can show students how to prepare food and cook it by region kitchens in chinare called more than years ago the ancient chinese used the ding vessel ding for cooking food the ding was developed into the wok and pot used today many chinese people believe thathere is a kitchen god who watches over the kitchen for the family according to this belief the god returns to heaven to give a reporto the jademperor annually abouthis family behavior every chinese new year eve families will gather together to pray for the kitchen god to give a good reporto heaven and wishim to bring back good news on the fifth day of the new year the most common cooking equipment in chinese family kitchens and restaurant kitchens are woksteamer baskets and pots the fuel or heating resource was also importantechnique to practice the cooking skills traditionally chinese were using wood or straw as the fuel to cook food a chinese chef had to master flaming and heat radiation to reliably prepare traditional recipes chinese cooking will use a pot or wok for pan frying stir frying deep frying or boiling kitchens in japan are calledaidokoro lit kitchen daidokoro is the place where food is prepared in a housing in japanese house until the meiji era kitchen was also called kamado lit stove and there are many sayings in the japanese language that involve kamado as it was considered the symbol of a house and the term could even be used to mean family or household similar to thenglish word hearth when separating a family it was called kamado wo wakeru which means divide the stove kamado wo yaburu lit break the stove means thathe family was bankrupt india kitchen is called a rasoi or a swayampak ghar in hindi sanskrit and therexist many other names for it in the various regionalanguages many different methods of cooking exist across the country and the structure and the materials used in constructing kitchens have variedepending on the region for example inorth and central india cooking used to be carried out in clay ovens called chulhas fired by wood coal or dried cowdung in households where members observed vegetarianism separate kitchens were maintained to cook and store vegetariand non vegetarian food religious families often treathe kitchen as a sacred space indian kitchens are built on an indian architectural science called vastushastra the indian kitchen vastu is of utmost importance while designing a kitchens india modern day architects also follow the norms of vastushastra while designing indian kitchens across the world while many kitchens belonging to poor families continue to use clay stoves and the older forms ofuel the urban middle and upper classes usually have gastoves with cylinders or piped gas attached electricooktops are rarer since they consume a great deal of electricity but microwave ovens are gaining popularity in urban households and commercial enterprises indian kitchens are also supported by biogas and solar energy as fuel world s largest solar energy kitchen is built india in association with government bodies india is encouraging domestic biogas plants to supporthe kitchen system see also cooking techniques cuisine dirty kitchen hearthoosier cabinet kitchen utensil kitchen ventilation universal design catharine beecher c e and harriet beecher stowe beecher stowe h the american woman s home the american woman s home cahill nicolas household and city organization at olynthus cromley elizabeth collins the food axis cooking eating and the architecture of american houses university of virginia press pages explores the history of american houses through a focus on spaces for food preparation cooking consumption andisposal harrison m the kitchen in history osprey kinchin juliet and aidan o connor counter space design and the modern kitchen moma new york lupton e and miller j a the bathroom the kitchen and the aesthetics of waste princeton architectural press the bathroom the kitchen and the aesthetics of waste snodgrass m encyclopedia of kitchen history fitzroy dearborn publishers november externalinks photo history of the kitchen check outhe differentypes of kitchens you can get design fit show you with images andetail no informative kitchen site category kitchen category rooms category food andrink preparation category 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workplace facilities army barracks similar establishments kitchens generally larger equipped bigger heavy duty residential kitchen example large restaurant may huge walk refrigerator large commercial dishwasher machine commercial kitchens generally developed public_health laws inspected periodically public_health officials forced close meet hygienic requirements mandated law thevolution kitchen linked invention kitchen stove cooking range stove development water infrastructure capable supplying running water private homes food cooked open fire technical advances heating food th th_centuries changed architecture kitchen advent modern pipes water brought outdoor source water wells springs houses history ancient_greece ancient_greece commonly atrium architecture atrium type rooms arranged around central courtyard women many covered otherwise open patio served kitchen homes wealthy kitchen separate room usually nexto bathroom rooms could heated kitchen fire rooms accessible court often separate small storage room back kitchen used storing food kitchen file villa k che der thumb kitchen stove oven roman inn athe roman villa bad germany roman_empire common folk cities often kitchen cooking large public small mobile bronze stoves fire could lit cooking wealthy ancient_rome romans relatively well equipped kitchens roman villa kitchen typically integrated main_building separate room set apart practical reasons smoke sociological reasons kitchen operated slavery slaves fireplace typically floor placed wall sometimes raised little bit one cook chimney middle_ages file medieval kitchenjpg thumb roasting spit europe renaissance kitchen driven automatically black like structure upper left early medieval_european open fire highest point building kitchen area thentrance fireplace wealthy homes typically one kitchen homes upwards three kitchens kitchens divided based types_ofood prepared medieval house place chimney buildings hole roof smoke could escape besides cooking fire also_served source heat single room building similar design found iroquois north_america larger kitchen separate floor building keep main_building served social official purposes free indoor air quality indoor smoke first known stoves japan date abouthe time thearliest findings period th_century stoves called kamado typically made clay mortar fired wood charcoal hole front hole top pot could rim type stove remained use centuries come minor modifications like europe wealthier homes separate building served cooking kind open fire pit fired charcoal called remained use secondary stove homes period th th_century kamado used cook staple food instance rice served cook side dishes heat source file smoke kitchenjpg lefthumb th_century cooks tended fire smoke swiss farmhouse smoke kitchen kitchen remained largely architectural advances throughouthe middle_ages open method heating food european medieval kitchens dark smoky places name smoke kitchen european medieval cities around th th_centuries kitchen still used open fire middle room wealthy homes ground_floor often_used stable kitchen located floor like bedroom hall castle monastery monasteries living working areas separated kitchen moved separate building thus could serve living_rooms castles kitchen retained structure servants strictly separated constructing separate spiral stone use servants bring food upper levels kitchen might separate great hall due smoke cooking fires chance fires may get control medieval notoriously structures extant example medieval kitchen castle scotland japanese homes kitchen started become separate room within main_building athatime withe_advent chimney thearth moved center room tone wall first brick mortar builthe fire lit top construction vault underneath served store wood pots made iron bronze copper started replace pottery used earlier temperature controlled hanging pot higher lower fire placing directly hot ashes using open fire cooking heating risky fires whole cities occurred frequently leonardo automated system rotating spit spit roasting chimney made kind system widely_used wealthier homes beginning late middle_ages kitchens europe lostheir home heating function even increasingly moved living area separate room living_room heated tiled stove operated kitchen offered huge advantage filling room smoke freed smoke living_room thus began serve area social functions increasingly became showcase owner wealth upper_classes cooking kitchen domain servant domestic servants kitchen waset apart living even far dining_room poorer homes often separate kitchen yethey kepthe one room arrangement activities took_place athe kitchen thentrance hall file right px kitchen file r thumb px kitchen interior medieval smoke kitchen farmhouse kitchen remained common especially rural farmhouse building generally poorer homes much later european smoke kitchen regular use middle th_century houses often chimney smoke hood fireplace made wood covered clay used smoke meathe smoke rose less freely warming upstairs rooms protecting colonial america_file belgian farm summer kitchen heritage hill state historical parkjpg thumb left summer kitchen connecticut colony connecticut colonies new colonial america kitchens often built aseparate rooms located behind parlor hall keeping room dining_room record kitchen found inventory thestate john porter windsor inventory lists goods house items listed kitchen silver spoon brass iron arms hemp implements abouthe room public records colony connecticut j hammond vol p separate summer kitchens also_common large farms used prepare meals harvest workers tasksuch canning warm summer months southern states climate society sociological conditions northe kitchen often plantations american south plantations big house mansion much way kitchen medieval_europe kitchen operated slavery slaves working place separated living area masters social standards time technological advances file kitchen rural jpg thumb typical rural american kitchen athe texas technological advances industrialization brought major changes kitchen iron stoves enclosed fire completely appeared early models included franklin stove around stove intended heating cooking benjamin thompson rumford stove around much earlier stoves used one fire heat several pots hung holes top stove thus heated sides instead bottom however designed large kitchens big domestic use stove technique resulted size reduction patented us became commercial success next years stoves still fired wood first gas installed paris london berlin athe_beginning first us patent gastove granted late_th century lighting cooking became commonplace urban_areas image hoosier thumb left typical hoosier cabinet beginning th_century kitchens frequently equipped built lack storage space kitchen became real problem hoosier manufacturing existing furniture piece baker cabinet whichad similar structure table top cabinets frequently flour beneath solve storage problem parts taking advantage modern metal working able produce well organized compact cabinet answered home cook needs storage working space distinctive feature hoosier cabinet accessories originally supplied werequipped various hardware hold organize spices one useful feature combination flour bin hopper could used without remove cabinet similar sugar bin also_common urbanization second_half th_century induced significant changes would ultimately change kitchen sheer necessity cities began planning building water supply network water distribution pipes homes built sanitary deal withe waste water gas pipe laid gas used first lighting purposes network grown sufficiently also_became available heating cooking gastoves athe turn th_century electricity well enough become commercially viable alternative gas slowly started replacing latter like gastove thelectric stove slow starthe first electrical stove presented athe world columbian_exposition chicago thathe technology began take mrs arthur beales kitchen beales thumb mrs arthur beales kitchen beales home torontontario canada circa note water pipes along back wall fed sink industrialization also caused social changes new factory working_class cities housed generally poor conditions whole families lived small one two room apartment buildings six stories high badly aired insufficient lighting sometimes shared apartments night men paid bed nighthe kitchen apartment often_used living sleeping room even bathroom water wells heated stove water pipes laid towards thend th_century often one building per story brick mortar stoves fired coal remained norm well second_half century pots kitchenware typically stored open shelves parts room could separated rest using simple upper_classes kitchen located basement ground_floor continued operated servants houses water pump installed kitchen water tap yet except kitchens castles kitchen became much cleaner space withe_advent cooking machines closed stoves made iron plates fired wood increasingly charcoal coal pipe connected chimney servants kitchen continued also_serve sleeping room either floor later spaces lowered ceiling new stoves witheir smoke outlet high ceiling kitchen kitchen floors tiled kitchenware stored dust steam large table served least many chairs servants table kitchen also doubled theating place servants world_war ii cooking andining trends urban middle_class luxurious dining styles upper_class best could living smaller apartments kitchen main room family lived study living_room special occasional dinner invitation middle_class kitchens often upper_class kitchen work room occupied servants besides store kitchenware table chairs family sometimes space allowed even couch conserves fuel gas nara jpg thumb left gastove gas pipes first laid late_th century replace older coal fired stoves gas morexpensive coal though thus new technology first installed wealthier homes workers apartments werequipped gastove gas distribution would go coin meter rural_areas older technology using coal wood stoves even brick mortar open remained common throughout gas water pipes first installed big villages connected much later file thumb frankfurt kitchen using principles trend continued athe turn th_century industry phase work process optimization born time motion study time motion studies used toptimize processes ideas also domestic kitchen architecture growing trend called household work started mid_th century catharine beecher amplified christine frederick publications kitchen designed frankfurt sch tte lihotzky working_class women frequently worked factories ensure family survival men wages often social housing projects led next milestone frankfurt kitchen developed kitchen measured approximately standard layout built two purposes toptimize kitchen work reduce cooking time lower_cost building equipped kitchens design created sch tte lihotzky result detailed time motion studies interviews future tenants identify whathey needed tte lihotzky fitted kitchen built apartments housing projects erected frankfurt kitchen initial reception critical waso small one person could work storage spaces intended loose food flour children buthe frankfurt kitchen standard rest th_century rental apartments workitchen criticized women kitchen post world_war ii economic reasons kitchen waseen work place needed separated living areas practical reasons also played role development homes past one reason separating kitchen keep steam cooking living_room unit fitted file png_thumb kitchen produced german company idea standardized first introduced locally withe frankfurt kitchen later defined new swedish kitchen swedish kitchen standard thequipment used remained standard years come hot cold water tap kitchen sink electrical gastove much later refrigerator added standard item concept refined swedish kitchen using unit furniture wooden fronts kitchen concept amended use smooth synthetic door fronts first white sense cleanliness lab hospital settings soon colors years frankfurt kitchen presented reform kitchen cabinets functional interiors reform kitchen forerunner later unit kitchen fitted kitchen unit construction since introduction defined development modern kitchen pre manufactured modules using mass manufacturing techniques world_war ii greatly brought cost kitchen units kept floor called floor units floor cabinets base cabinets kitchen originally often made marble tile wood placed units held wall storage purposes termed wall units wall cabinets small areas kitchen apartment even tall storage unit available effective storage cheaper brands cabinets kept uniform color normally white doors accessories chosen customer give varied look morexpensive brands cabinets produced matching doors colors finishes older look open hood allowed open kitchen less withe living_room without causing whole apartment house smell earlier experiments typically built upper middle_class family homes open kitchens examples frank lloyd wright house house jacobs open kitchens withigh roof aired window hood made possible build open kitchens apartments possible integration kitchen living area went hand hand change perception cooking increasingly cooking waseen art creative act instead work home_owners standard suburban model separate kitchens andining rooms found houses many families also appreciated trend towards open kitchens made easier parents supervise children cooking clean status cooking also_made kitchen prestige object showing one wealth cooking professionalism architect object aspect kitchen designing kitchen objects however like precursor kitchen satellite designs anothereason trend back topen kitchens foundation kitchen object philosophy changes food prepared whereas prior cooking started raw ingredients meal prepared scratch advent meal prepared convenience food changed cooking habits many_people consequently used kitchen less less others followed cooking social open kitchen advantage thathey could witheir guests cooking creative cooks might even become stage cooking performance trophy kitchen equipped expensive sophisticated appliances used primarily impress visitors project social status rather actual cooking ventilation kitchen particular large restaurant kitchen poses certain difficulties present ventilation kinds spaces particular air kitchen differs contains grease smoke frankfurt kitchen made several materials depending application built kitchens today use particle board decorated cases also wood manufacturers produce home built kitchens stainlessteel steel kitchens used architects buthis material displaced cheaper particle board decorated steel surface domestic kitchen planning file beecher kitchenjpg model kitchen brought early principles home file food kitchen jpg thumb food kitchen pantry file solid domestic kitchen design relatively recent discipline first ideas toptimize work kitchen go back catharine beecher domestic economy revised together wither sister harriet_beecher_stowe american woman home beecher model kitchen firstime systematic design based early design included regular shelves walls ample work space storage areas various food_items beecher even separated functions preparing food cooking altogether moving stove compartment adjacento kitchen christine frederick published series articles onew household management kitchen following principles efficiency time motion studies kitchen design ideas taken architects germany austria notably bruno meyer sch tte lihotzky social housing project r architect ernst may realized breakthrough frankfurt kitchen new notion efficiency kitchen workitchen variants derived great success buildings home_owners demands andid wanto kitchen design mostly hoc following architect united_states us small homes council since building research council school architecture university illinois urbana champaign founded withe_goal improve state art home building originally emphasis standardization cost reduction thathe notion kitchen work triangle kitchen work triangle three main functions kitchen storage preparation cooking catharine beecher already recognized places arranged kitchen way work one place work another place distance places large way natural arrangement triangle withe refrigerator sink stove observation led common kitchen forms commonly characterized arrangement kitchen cabinets sink stove refrigerator single file kitchen also_known one way galley straight line kitchen along one wall work triangle line optimal often solution space restricted may common space converted living space studio double file kitchen two way galley two rows cabinets opposite walls one containing stove sink refrigerator classical workitchen makes efficient use space l kitchen cabinets occupy two adjacent walls work triangle preserved may even space additional table third wall provided triangle kitchen cabinets along three walls typically withe sink athe base typical workitchen unless twother cabinet rows short enough place table athe fourth wall g kitchen cabinets along three walls like kitchen also partial fourth wall often double athe_corner g shape g kitchen provides additional work storage space modified version g kitchen double l g two l shaped components essentially adding smaller l shaped island peninsula l kitchen island morecent found open kitchens stove bothe stove sink placed l kitchen would table free standing island separated cabinets closed room make much sense open kitchen makes stove accessible persons cook together allows contact guests rest family since cook face wall additionally kitchen island counter top function surface serving buffet style meals sitting eat breakfast snacks backlash industrial kitchen planning cabinets people mix work surfaces free standing furniture led kitchen designer johnny grey concept kitchen modern kitchens often informal space allow people eat without use formal dining_room areas called breakfast areas breakfast breakfast bars space integrated kitchen counter kitchens enough space eat sometimes_called eat kitchens flat popular people diy budgethe flat industry makes easy putogether mix matching doors bench tops cabinets flat pack systems many components types file canteen kitchenjpg lefthumb canteen place canteen kitchen restaurant cafeteria canteen kitchens found hotel hospital educational work place facilities army barracks similar establishments generally developed public_health laws inspected periodically public_health officials forced close meet hygienic requirements mandated law canteen kitchens castle kitchens often places new technology used first instance benjamin thompson energy saving stove early_th century fully closed iron stove using one fire heat several pots designed large kitchens another thirtyears passed adapted domestic use western restaurant kitchens typically tiled walls floors use stainlessteel surfaces also door fronts materials durable easy clean professional kitchens often equipped gastoves allow cook profession cooks regulate theat quickly electrical special appliances typical professional large marie file food tech thumb_righthe food technology room school gloucestershire fast_food convenience food trends also changed way restaurant kitchens operate restaurants tonly finish delivered convenience food even heat completely prepared meals athe hamburger steak kitchens railway dining_car present special nevertheless personnel must able serve great number meals quickly especially thearly history railways required organization processes modern_times microwave oven prepared meals made task much easier kitchens aboard ship aircraft sometimes railroad often_referred galley kitchen yacht often one two fueled gas gas bottle kitchens cruise_ship large comparable every respect restaurants canteen kitchens passenger kitchen reduced mere pantry function kitchen theating flight meals delivered catering company extreme form kitchen occurs aboard space_shuttle also_called galley international_space_station astronaut food generally completely sealed plastic kitchen reduced heating module outdoor areas food prepared generally considered kitchens even_though outdoor area set food_preparation instance camping might called outdoor kitchen outdoor kitchen campsite might place near well water pump water tap might provide tables food_preparation cooking using portable campsite kitchen areas large tank connected campers cook meals military camps similar temporary settlements nomad may dedicated kitchen tents whichave enable cooking smoke escape schools food technology previously known domestic science culinary_arts series kitchens similar respects laboratory purpose teaching consist multiple witheir oven sink kitchen utensils teacher show students prepare food cook region kitchens called years_ago ancient chinese used ding vessel ding cooking food ding developed pot used today many chinese people believe thathere kitchen god kitchen family according belief god returns heaven give reporto annually abouthis family behavior every chinese new year eve families gather together pray kitchen god give good reporto heaven bring back good news fifth day new year common cooking equipment chinese family kitchens restaurant kitchens baskets pots fuel heating resource also practice cooking skills traditionally chinese using wood straw fuel cook food chinese chef master heat radiation prepare traditional recipes chinese cooking use pot pan frying stir frying deep frying boiling kitchens japan lit kitchen place food prepared housing japanese house era kitchen also_called kamado lit stove many japanese language involve kamado considered symbol house term could even used mean family household similar thenglish word separating family called kamado means divide stove kamado lit break stove means thathe family bankrupt india kitchen called sanskrit many names various many_different methods cooking exist across country structure materials used constructing kitchens region example inorth central india cooking used carried clay ovens called fired wood coal dried households members observed separate kitchens maintained cook store vegetariand non vegetarian food religious families often kitchen sacred space indian kitchens built indian architectural science called indian kitchen importance designing kitchens india modern_day architects also follow norms designing indian kitchens across world many kitchens belonging poor families continue use clay stoves older forms ofuel urban middle upper_classes usually gastoves gas attached since consume great_deal electricity microwave ovens gaining popularity urban households commercial enterprises indian kitchens also supported solar energy fuel world largest solar energy kitchen built india association government bodies india encouraging domestic plants supporthe kitchen system see_also cooking techniques cuisine dirty kitchen cabinet kitchen kitchen ventilation universal design catharine beecher c e harriet_beecher_stowe beecher_stowe h american woman home american woman home nicolas household city organization elizabeth collins food axis cooking eating architecture american houses university virginia press_pages explores history american houses focus spaces food_preparation cooking consumption harrison kitchen history connor counter space design modern kitchen new_york e miller j bathroom kitchen aesthetics waste princeton architectural press bathroom kitchen aesthetics waste encyclopedia kitchen history fitzroy publishers november externalinks photo history kitchen check outhe differentypes kitchens get design fit show images informative kitchen site_category kitchen category rooms category_food_andrink preparation category_restauranterminology"},{"title":"Kogi Korean BBQ","description":"image kogitruckjpg thumb right px a kogi bbq truckogi korean bbq is a fleet ofive fusion cuisine fusion food truck s in los angeles famous both for their combination of korean mexican fusion korean with mexican food and also for theireliance on internetechnology especially twitter and youtube to spread information aboutheir offerings and locations highlights of typical fare include bulgogi spicy pork tacos kimchi quesadillas and galbi short rib sliders its owner founder mark manguera filipino american married into a korean family and was inspired to combine mexicand korean food as a resulthe food truck has won much recognition including a bon app tit award in and best new cheforoy choi by food wine in the first for a food truck early days the kogi truck took a while to catch on after several weeks of parking in different locations and not getting any customers kogi began going to clubs and giving free samples to bouncer doorman bouncer s they enjoyed them and spread the word kogi s first big break came when it gothe idea outside of green door california green door in hollywood to contact food bloggers aboutrying the tacos who then wrote about kogitsubsequent use of twitter to announce its location led to considerable buzz on social networking service s leading newsweek to proclaim kogi america s first viral eatery in addition to co founders mark manguerand caroline shin mark manguera s friend roy choi a former valedictorian athe culinary institute of america is the chief chef and considered a sort of post abstract expressionist food artist while manguera sister in law alice shin is in charge of connectivity posting and tweeting regularly to keep theiroving clientele informed the name logo decision to use twitter and ongoing social media strategy came from consultant and twentysomething social networking and branding wunderkind kogi social media brandirector mike prasad who is a best friend of eric shin kogi lunch manager photographer and brother of caroline koginitially had no fixed location in the tradition of la taco trucks kogi operated entirely from a mobile vehicle driven around the city and parked for a few hours in different locations with some preparation done from a home base in culver city california its fan base has been built up through effective use of the internet and cell phones to promote an online kogi kulture by mid it had twitter followers and its first fixed location in the alibi room a localounge by mid kogi had expanded from the original truck to five in the creators of kogi opened two sisterestaurantserving korean inspired food the restaurant chego with a primary focus on bowls opened on april anotherestaurant and full bar the a frame was created from a former ihop and modeled around the sloped architecture it opened onovember to serve airline passengers aterminal kogi opened a stationary location within the secured areathe los angeles international airport in december what distinguish this airporterminal eatery from its competitors within the food court is that it is made to look like a kogi food truck inovember kogi quietly left lax and handed the food truck in the terminal over to border grill another locally owned restauranthe change is a part of the airport s plan to have a different vendor occupy the food truck every few months kogi taqueria in april kogi opened their first brick and mortar version of their food trucks in palms los angeles palms called kogi taqueria the new operation carried all of the favorites from the food truck menu some favorites from their alibi room plusomexican american standardsuch as carne asada carnitas and pollo asada the restaurant was designed to look like a garage that house the food trucks when they are not on the road seven months later a second kogi taqueria location was opened inside a whole foods market in el segundo california el segundo inovembereasons for success image kogilinejpg thumb right px a line forms for the kogi truck part of the reason for the sudden and strong interest in kogis the food the new york times opined the food at kogi korean bbq to go the taco vendor that has overtaken los angeles does not fit into any known culinary category los angeles like many large american cities has a large percentage of residents from different cultures and kogi relies on the familiarity people have with other cuisines the attraction however depends only partly on the flavors mediaccounts emphasize the social aspect of eating athever mobile kogi according to the new york times the truck and itstaff of merry makers have become a sort of roving party bringing people to neighborhoods they might not normally go to and allowing for interactions with strangers they might notherwise talk to see also korean mexican fusion komex don chow tacos list ofood trucks externalinks kogibbqcom official site roy choi kogi bbq on kcet departures venice interviews withe founder of kogi bbq category restaurants in los angeles category korean american culture in los angeles category korean cuisine category mexican american cuisine category mexican american culture in los angeles category food 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giving free samples bouncer_doorman bouncer enjoyed spread word kogi first big break came idea outside green door california green door hollywood contact food bloggers tacos wrote use twitter announce location led considerable buzz social_networking service leading kogi america first viral eatery addition founders mark caroline shin mark friend roy former athe culinary_institute america chief chef considered sort post abstract food artist sister law alice shin charge posting regularly keep clientele informed name logo decision use twitter ongoing social_media strategy came consultant social_networking branding kogi social_media mike best friend eric shin kogi lunch manager photographer brother caroline fixed location tradition la taco_trucks kogi operated entirely mobile vehicle driven around city parked hours different locations preparation done home base city california fan base built effective use internet cell phones promote online kogi kulture mid twitter followers first fixed location alibi room mid kogi expanded original truck five creators kogi opened two korean inspired food_restaurant primary focus bowls opened april full bar frame created former ihop modeled around architecture opened onovember serve airline passengers kogi opened stationary location within secured los_angeles international_airport december distinguish eatery competitors within food_court made look like kogi food_truck inovember kogi quietly left lax handed food_truck terminal border grill another locally owned restauranthe change part airport plan different vendor occupy food_truck every months kogi taqueria april kogi opened first brick mortar version food_trucks palms los_angeles palms called kogi taqueria new operation carried favorites food_truck menu favorites alibi room american carne asada pollo asada restaurant designed look like garage house food_trucks road seven months_later second kogi taqueria location opened inside whole foods market el segundo california el segundo success image thumb right px line forms kogi truck part reason sudden strong interest food new_york times food kogi korean bbq go taco vendor los_angeles fit known culinary category los_angeles like many large american cities large percentage residents different cultures kogi relies familiarity people cuisines attraction however depends partly flavors emphasize social aspect eating mobile kogi according new_york times truck itstaff merry makers become sort roving party bringing people neighborhoods might normally go allowing interactions strangers might talk see_also korean mexican fusion chow_tacos list_ofood_trucks externalinks_official site roy kogi bbq departures venice interviews withe founder kogi bbq category_restaurants los_angeles category korean american_culture los_angeles category korean cuisine_category mexican american cuisine_category mexican american_culture los_angeles category_food trucks"},{"title":"Kopi tiam","description":"file coffeeshopsgjpg thumb a typical open air kopitiam in singapore file coffee shop zzjpg thumb upright a stall sellingo hiang a kopitiam or kopi tiam is a traditional coffeehouse coffee shop found in southeast asia patronised for meals and beverages the word kopis a malay language malay hokkien term for coffee and tiam is the minan hokkien hakka chinese hakka term for shop menus typically feature simple offerings a variety ofoods based on egg food egg toast and kaya jam kaya plus coffee teand milo drink milo kopi tiam s in singapore are commonly found in almost all residential areas well asome industrial and business districts in the country numbering about in total the straits times interactive although most are an aggregate of small stalls or shopsome may be moreminiscent ofood courts although each stall hasimilar appearance and the same style of signage in a typical kopi tiam the drinkstall is usually run by the owner who sells coffee tea soft drinks and other beverages as well as breakfast items like kaya toast soft boiled egg s and snacks the other stalls are leased by the owner to independent stallholders who prepare a variety ofoodishes often featuring the cuisine of singapore cuisine of malaysia traditional dishes from different ethnicities are usually available at kopitiamso that people from different ethnic backgrounds and having different dietary habits couldine in a common place and even at a common table kopitiam is also the name of a food court chain singapore our company kopitiam some of the popular kopi tiams in singapore include kim san leng killiney kopitiam killiney tong ah eating house or ya kun kaya toast some of the more common foods that can be seen in kopi tiams besides thever popular eggs and toast consist of char kway tiao fried flat rice noodles hor fun sometimes cooked with eggs and cockles hokkien mee yellowheat noodleserved with variouseafood as well as egg and possibly the most commonasi lemak or coconut rice a malay dish of coconut flavoured rice served with sambal chilli pastegg and fried anchovies file kopi ojpg thumb traditional kopi o commonly served in malaysiand singapore at kopi tiams coffee and teare usually ordered using a specific vernacular featuring terms from different languages kopi coffee and teh tea can be tailored to suithe drinker s taste by using the following suffixes when ordering peng with ice c with evaporated milk hainanese dialect siew dai lessugar hockchew fuzhou dialect o black no milkosong nothing no sugar kao extra thick poh extra thin these are typically chained together to customize a drink order a kopi c kosong will result in a coffee with evaporated milk no sugar file oldtown white coffee outletjpg lefthumb an oldtown white coffee outlet in taman permata kuala lumpur this one of the contemporary kopi tiam outlets in malaysia in malaysias in singapore kopitiams are found almost everywhere however there are a few differences in malaysia the term kopitiam in malaysia is usually referred specifically to malaysian chinese coffee shops food in a kopitiam is usually exclusively malaysian chinese cuisine food courts and hawker centres are usually not referred to as kopitiams recently a new breed of modern kopitiams have sprung up the popularity of the old fashioned outlets along with society s obsession with nostalgiand increasing affluence has led to the revival of these pseudo kopitiams the new kopitiams are fast food outlets which areminiscent of the old kopitiams in terms of decor but are usually built in a more modern hygienic setting such as a shopping mall rather than in the traditional shophouse catering mainly for young adults toffer the true kopitiam experience modern kopitiams mostly offer authentic local coffee brews charcoal grilled toast served with butter and kaya jam kaya local version of jamade from coconut milk and eggs and soft boiled eggsome havextended menus where local breakfast lunch andinner meals are served to tap into the sizeable muslimarkethese kopitiams usually serve food that is halal permissible for consumption by muslims unlike the traditional shophouse kopitiams today there are no less than brand names of modern kopitiams operating in various parts of malaysia kopitiams in ipoh oldtown district serve ipoh white coffee the coffee beans are roasted with palm oil margarine and with lessugaresulting in a brew that is lighter in colour thanormal coffee beans that usesugar hence the name white coffee kopitiams indonesiare very similar to those in malaysia or singapore originally run by local chinese people they can be found in many residential areas old fashioned kopitiams are usually located at shop houses and often have a quite run down appearance the term kedai kopi or warkop which stands for warung kopis more often used morecently modern kopitiams havemerged and can be found in many shopping malls particularly in big citiesuch as jakarta medan batam and surabaya these attract customers from various backgrounds coffee shop talk coffee shop talk is a phrase used to describe gossip because it is often a familiar sight at kopi tiams where a group of workers or senior citizens would linger over cups of coffee and exchange news and comments on various topics including national politics office politics tv dramasports and food example of typical kopitiam beverage terms kopi ohot black coffee with sugar kopi oh peng iced black coffee with sugar kopi oh kosong hot black coffee unsweetened kopi oh peng kosong iced black coffee unsweetened kopi coffee with condensed milkopi peng iced coffee with condensed milkopi c hot coffee with evaporated milk with sugar kopi c kosong hot coffee with evaporated milkopi c peng iced coffee with evaporated milk with sugar kopi sterng iced coffeextra smooth teh ohotea without milk sweetened teh oh peng iced tea without milk sweetened teh oh kosong hotea without milk unsweetened teh oh kosong peng iced tea without milk unsweetened teh tea with condensed milk sweetened teh peng iced milk tea sweetened teh c hotea with evaporated milk sweetened teh c kosong hotea with evaporated milk unsweetened teh c beng iced tea with evaporated milk sweetened tiao hee or tiao her chinese tea tat kiu milo drink milo chamixed of coffee and tea sweetened cham peng iced version of cham sweetened yin yong yuan yang same as chamichael jackson mixture of soy milk and grass jelly black and whitexplanation of kopitiam terms kopi coffee oh black coffee without milk tea peng iced kosong malay for zero meaning without sugar c with evaporated milk teh tea tiao hee or tiao her hokkien for fishing reference to dipping up andown of tea bag tat kiu hokkien for kicking a ball as retro milo tins often feature a soccer player kicking a ball on their labelsiew tai foo chow hock chew or cantonese for min tim or lessweet base ie lessugar or sweet condensed milk added to the bottom of the cup ka tai foo chow hock chew for add sweet or cantonese for ga tim or add base ie a sweeter beverage with more sugar or condensed milk added these terms may be used in different configurations to suit one s liking if the stated term is in mandarin the pronunciation will be indicated in the mandarin hanyu pinyin spelling eg diao for bing for otherwise it will be indicated as much as possible in the local pronunciationon hanyu pinyin romanisation eg kopi and not gobi for tiu and not diu diao for peng and not beng for the interest of non mandarin hanyu pinyin usersee also malaysian cuisine singaporean cuisine hawker centre pasar malam night market mamak stall coffeehouse coffeeshop tea restaurant references furthereading category malaysian cuisine category singaporean cuisine category indonesian cuisine category restaurants in malaysia category fast food chains of singapore category food court in singapore category caf s in singapore category types of coffeehouses category types of restaurants category hokkien language 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coffee_shop thumb upright stall kopitiam kopi tiam traditional coffeehouse coffee_shop found southeast_asia patronised meals beverages word malay language malay hokkien term coffee tiam hokkien chinese term shop menus typically feature simple offerings variety ofoods based egg food egg toast kaya jam kaya plus coffee teand milo drink milo kopi tiam singapore commonly found almost residential areas well asome industrial business districts country numbering total straits times interactive although small stalls may ofood courts although stall appearance style signage typical kopi tiam usually run owner sells coffee tea soft_drinks beverages well breakfast items like kaya toast soft boiled egg snacks stalls leased owner independent prepare variety often featuring cuisine singapore cuisine malaysia traditional dishes different usually available people different ethnic backgrounds different dietary habits common place even common table kopitiam also name food_court chain singapore company kopitiam popular kopi tiams singapore include kim san kopitiam tong eating house kaya toast common foods seen kopi tiams besides popular eggs toast consist tiao fried flat rice noodles fun sometimes cooked eggs hokkien well egg possibly coconut rice malay dish coconut flavoured rice served fried file kopi thumb traditional kopi commonly served malaysiand singapore kopi tiams coffee usually ordered using specific featuring terms different languages kopi coffee teh tea tailored drinker taste using following ordering peng ice c evaporated milk dialect dai dialect black nothing sugar extra thick extra thin typically together drink order kopi c kosong result coffee evaporated milk sugar file_white coffee lefthumb white coffee outlet kuala_lumpur one contemporary kopi tiam outlets malaysia singapore kopitiams found almost everywhere however differences malaysia term kopitiam malaysia usually referred specifically malaysian chinese coffee_shops food kopitiam usually exclusively malaysian chinese cuisine food_courts hawker_centres usually referred kopitiams recently new breed modern kopitiams popularity old_fashioned outlets along society obsession increasing led revival pseudo kopitiams new kopitiams fast_food outlets old kopitiams terms decor usually built modern hygienic setting shopping_mall rather traditional catering mainly young adults toffer true kopitiam experience modern kopitiams mostly offer authentic local coffee brews charcoal grilled toast served butter kaya jam kaya local version coconut milk eggs soft boiled menus local breakfast lunch andinner meals served tap kopitiams usually serve_food halal consumption muslims unlike traditional kopitiams today less brand_names modern kopitiams operating various parts malaysia kopitiams ipoh district serve ipoh white coffee coffee beans roasted palm oil brew lighter colour coffee beans hence name white coffee kopitiams similar malaysia singapore originally run local chinese people found many residential areas old_fashioned kopitiams usually_located shop houses often quite run appearance term kopi stands often_used morecently modern kopitiams found many shopping_malls particularly big citiesuch jakarta attract customers various backgrounds coffee_shop talk coffee_shop talk phrase used describe gossip often familiar sight kopi tiams group workers senior citizens would cups coffee exchange news comments various topics including national politics office politics tv food example typical kopitiam beverage terms kopi black coffee sugar kopi peng iced black coffee sugar kopi kosong hot black coffee unsweetened kopi peng kosong iced black coffee unsweetened kopi coffee condensed peng iced coffee condensed c hot coffee evaporated milk sugar kopi c kosong hot coffee evaporated c peng iced coffee evaporated milk sugar kopi iced smooth teh without milk sweetened teh peng iced tea without milk sweetened teh kosong without milk unsweetened teh kosong peng iced tea without milk unsweetened teh tea condensed milk sweetened teh peng iced milk tea sweetened teh c evaporated milk sweetened teh c kosong evaporated milk unsweetened teh c iced tea evaporated milk sweetened tiao hee tiao chinese tea tat milo drink milo coffee tea sweetened peng iced version sweetened yuan jackson mixture soy milk grass black kopitiam terms kopi coffee black coffee without milk tea peng iced kosong malay zero meaning without sugar c evaporated milk teh tea tiao hee tiao hokkien fishing reference andown tea bag tat hokkien ball retro milo often feature soccer player ball tai chow cantonese min tim base sweet condensed milk added bottom cup tai chow add sweet cantonese tim add base beverage sugar condensed milk added terms may used different configurations suit one stated term mandarin pronunciation indicated mandarin spelling otherwise indicated much possible local kopi peng interest non mandarin also malaysian cuisine singaporean cuisine hawker_centre night market mamak stall coffeehouse tea restaurant references_furthereading category malaysian cuisine_category singaporean cuisine_category indonesian cuisine_category_restaurants malaysia_category fast_food chains singapore_category_food_court singapore_category caf singapore_category_types coffeehouses category_types restaurants_category hokkien language phrases"},{"title":"Korea Tourism Organization","description":"website hanja rr hanguk gwangongsa mr han gukwan kwang kongsa the korea tourism organization kto is an organization of the republic of korea south korea under the ministry of culture sports and tourisministry of culture and tourism it is commissioned to promote the country s tourism industry national archives of korea the kto was established in as a government invested corporation responsible for the south korean tourism industry according to the international tourism corporation acthe organization promotes koreas a tourist destination to attract foreign touriststarting in the s domestic tourism promotion also became a function of the kto inbound visitors totaled over million in and the tourism industry isaid to be one of the factors that hasome influence on the korean economy history the tourism promotion law is enacted the international tourism corporation itc is established to promote south korea s tourism industry through the management of major hotels taxis and the korea travel bureau as well as by training human resources to supporthe travel trade the number oforeign visitors passes the hotel institute is opened the first overseas office opens in tokyo development of bomun lake resort in gyeongju begins london office opens in the ukoreattracts over one million foreign visitors the international tourism corporation is renamed the korea national tourism corporation kntc the number oforeign visitorsurpasses two million the number oforeign visitors passes three million the company s name is changed from korea national tourism corporation to korea national tourism organization kumgangsan diamond mountains tour begins koreattracts five million foreign visitors kumgangsan diamond mountains land route tour begins hallyu korea wave becomes the major theme of the kto s overseas marketing united states branch offices issue newsletter bulletins offices are in los angeles and new york city kto reshuffles its organizational structure into six divisions kto introduces its new corporate identity koreattracts million visitors from abroad functions promotions to attract inbound tourists research andevelop tourism technology to nurture the tourism industry cooperation with local government and the tourism industries resort development and consulting lee joon gi park si hoo and jung ryeo won kim soo hyun song joong ki song joong ki see also tourism in south korean wavexternalinks visitkorea kto homepage kto homepage gokorea kto london homepage category tourism in south korea category government agencies of south korea category establishments in south korea category tourism agencies category 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jews the accommodations in these destinations include kosher foods kosher food and are within walking distance of synagogues flights to these destinations often have kosher airline meal kosher meals available holiday travel many vacation packages are geared toward the jewisholidays throughouthe year including passover sukkot and hanukkah in israel schools are on vacation and parents take advantage of the free time to travel within the country or overseas yeshiva s in other parts of the world also have a vacation perioduring these holidays known as bein hazmanim a seasonal subcategory of the kosher tourism industry is travel for passover a period of a week that otherwise involvespecial preparation of the personal home and kitchen it includespecially designed all inclusive passover cruises and resorts the week long holiday of sukkot involves the need to eat meals and sleep in a sukkah which destinations and locations wishing to attract observant jews will build either for eating only or overnight use as well during the holiday of hanukkah placesuch as modin maccabim re ut modin are popular for those who wanto see the historical sites where many of thevents leading up to the maccabees maccabean revoltook place haredi tourism an other subcategory of the kosher tourism industry is tourism products geared toward the haredi judaism haredi community thisegment of the kosher tourism industry has a potential customer base of about households important aspects of thisegment of the industry include separate hours for men and women at swimming pools and beaches and the hotels might remove televisions or internet access from rooms and the lobby category kashrut category types of tourism category religious 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format of the magazine comprised eight sections theatre cinema music dance cabarets expositions museums and churches of paris the hallmark of the publication was the information that would lead to itsuccess hours prices and addresses of each cultural event information about each film appearing that week in paris and le de france descriptions of plays and exhibitions between september and july editions were published with one sole interruption of one week during thevents of may in its earlyearseveral famous french writers wrote columns in the pages of the magazine cahier sp cial officiel despectacles f te son cinquantenaire l officiel despectacles no septembre p including maurice rostand from february to february sacha guitry from october to may androussin beginning in june in the format was established that istill utilised today l officiel despectacles l officiel despectacles no ao the contents of the sections have progressively evolved to adapto the changing language and mores of parisians and inhabitants of le de france in the guide was divided into nine major sections cinemas concerts theatres museums exhibitions travers paris monuments parks and gardens hidden places cemeteries activities for children cabarets restaurantsince june l officiel despectacles has been published by offi m dias the offspring of the association between christophe richemond the son of jean philippe richemond and xavier pauporthe director of theatreonlinecommuniqu de presse archive publication andistribution in the weekly publication figures wereported to be copies and the total distribution was copiessource archive see also pariscopexternalinks category establishments in france category cultural magazines category french magazines category french language magazines category french weekly magazines category listings magazines category magazinestablished in category magazines published in paris category city guides category local interest 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volcano aseen from downtown la fortuna costa rica image baldi hot springs fortuna san carlos costa ricajpg thumbaldi hot springs resort fortuna costa rica la fortuna is the name of a districts of costa rica district and a small city located in san carlos canton san carlos in the alajuela province of alajuela costa rica la fortuna ispanish for the fortune and aptly namedue its ample supply of tourist attractions and extremely fertile lands although there is a common mythathe town got its name due to itsparing from the arenal volcano s eruptions the town actually got its name before the latest eruption cycle and was named for the fertile lands the fortune where it is located basic history originally called el bur o la fortuna was founded in the mid s by settlers that came from ciudad quesada grecia canton alajueland other parts of the region in the arenal volcano erupted to the west causing extensive damage and casualties including deaths theruption did not reach the village of la fortuna this catastrophe nonetheless changed the geography of whole region making it one of the most visited tourist destinations of costa ricarenal volcano arenal is often cited by scientists as being in the top or top of the world s most active volcano es la fortuna is less than km from the peak of arenal and less than km from thentrance to arenal volcano national park thentrance is west of the peak whereas la fortuna is east of the peak cerro chato the cerro chato also known as the chato volcano is a dormant volcano that first erupted years ago and last erupted years agone of its eruptions paved the way for the nearby la fortuna waterfall costa rica la fortuna waterfall cerro chato has two peaks chatito little chato and espina thorn as well as a ft m crater filled with green water at an elevation oft m cerro chato stands much shorter than its neighbor volcano arenal buthis also makes it hike able classified as a difficult hike and atimes a climb it is only recommended for hikers of good physical condition the average hike lasts hours and can be very muddy when it rains due to certain minerals in the water some advise no swimming however most locals disagree and swim in it regardless other than the volcanos la fortuna has tourist attractionsuch as the la fortuna waterfall costa rica la catarata de la fortuna waterfall that falls from a height of meterseveral resorts with natural hot spring s temperatenough to bathe in other day spa services anday trips which involve horseback riding whitewaterafting hanging bridges a sky tram zip line s mountain biking kayaking stand upaddleboards atv or dirt bike rentals butterfly farms the venado cavern tours bungee jumping laguna cedeno el salto swimming hole and canyoneering there are a few taxis in the town which can be called if needed and mostourism companies provide their own means of transportation additionally there are carentalocations and even atv s andirt bikes if one wishes to goff roading la fortuna iserved by arenal airport east of town hot springs throughout la fortuna we can find several natural hot springs with temperatures ranging from to celsius which emanate from the depths of the volcano through rivers located in thearth s crust arenal volcano naturally heats the water of many such as tabacon river ecotermales hot springs and hot springs located on hotel property such as titok of kioro arenal paraiso royal corin los lagos pools and baldi hot springs there are alsother hot water sources which areither not currently being exploited for tourism or are being so in an incipient manner due to being in the tropics the climate of la fortunand costa rica in general does not vary greatly like those areas in the temperate zones the four seasons are not all experienced in la fortuna which means one can expect close to hours of daylight at any time of the year the biggest changes in temperature are theffect of the wet andry seasons withe dry season being more subjecto direct and intense sunlighthere is a resulting higher average temperature of above c f the wet season however also usually includes higher levels of humidity which may be perceived as very warm the annual average temperature in la fortuna is between c and c f to f medical care and local business la fortuna has a medical clinic but serious injuries may require a medical evacuation medivac la fortunalso houses a veterinary clinic dentist office a police station gastation banks groceries restaurants in addition to those in the resorts a post office thrift shops clothing stores and a hardware storextended history the town and surrounding province was founded by a small group of people namely elias kooper alberto quesada jose garro rufino and isolina quesada juana vargas ricardo quiros juan ledesma red porfirio and julio murillo this group and a few others were dedicated to the cultivating of the land are largely responsible for its development see also tourism in costa rica externalinks arenalnet 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costa_rica image hot_springs fortuna san carlos costa hot_springs resort fortuna costa_rica la_fortuna name districts costa_rica district small city located san carlos canton san carlos alajuela province alajuela costa_rica la_fortuna fortune ample supply tourist_attractions extremely fertile lands although common town got name due arenal volcano town actually got name latest eruption cycle named fertile lands fortune located basic history originally_called el la_fortuna founded mid settlers came ciudad canton parts region arenal volcano erupted west causing extensive damage casualties including deaths reach village la_fortuna nonetheless changed geography whole region making one visited tourist_destinations costa volcano arenal often cited scientists top top world active volcano la_fortuna less peak arenal less thentrance arenal volcano national_park thentrance west peak whereas la_fortuna east peak cerro chato cerro chato also_known chato volcano volcano first erupted years_ago last erupted years paved way nearby la_fortuna waterfall costa_rica la_fortuna waterfall cerro chato two peaks little chato thorn well crater filled green water elevation cerro chato stands much shorter neighbor volcano arenal buthis also makes hike able classified difficult hike atimes climb recommended hikers good physical condition average hike lasts hours due certain water advise swimming however locals disagree swim regardless la_fortuna tourist_attractionsuch la_fortuna waterfall costa_rica la de_la fortuna waterfall falls height resorts natural hot spring day spa services trips involve horseback riding hanging bridges sky tram zip_line mountain_biking kayaking stand dirt bike rentals butterfly farms cavern tours bungee jumping laguna el swimming hole taxis town called needed companies provide means transportation additionally even bikes one wishes goff la_fortuna iserved arenal airport east town hot_springs throughout la_fortuna find several natural hot_springs temperatures ranging volcano rivers located thearth crust arenal volcano naturally heats water many river hot_springs hot_springs located hotel property arenal royal los lagos pools hot_springs hot water sources areither currently exploited tourism manner due tropics climate la costa_rica general vary greatly like areas temperate zones four seasons experienced la_fortuna means one expect close hours daylight time year biggest changes temperature theffect wet seasons withe dry season subjecto direct intense resulting higher average temperature c f wet season however also usually includes higher levels humidity may perceived warm annual average temperature la_fortuna c c f f medical_care local business la_fortuna medical clinic serious injuries may require medical la houses veterinary clinic office police station gastation banks groceries restaurants addition resorts post_office shops clothing stores hardware history town surrounding province founded small group people namely alberto jose juana ricardo juan 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argentinand abroad time buenos_aires notable performances george clinton musician george clinton parker living colour ed national band national pavement band pavement band adri n martin wood bob band rice clarke category_music_venues argentina category_culture buenos_aires category_nightclubs_category buildings structures buenos_aires category_commercial buildings_completed category_music_venues completed category_establishments argentina"},{"title":"Lanarkshire Area Tourism Partnership","description":"the lanarkshire area tourism partnership formerly lanarkshire strategic tourismarketing partnership created the strategy for tourism and economic development in lanarkshire under the brand visitlanarkshire in this partnership is made up of representatives from north lanarkshire and south lanarkshire councils visitscotland private organisations across lanarkshire and is funded by the lanarkshire tourism association the development of tourism is in line withe objectiveset out in the lanarkshire tourism action plan the partnership s visitlanarkshire initiative was introduced to support growth in the tourism sector whichas been higher than most other sectors in the local areand makes a significant impacto lanarkshire s economy attracting over million tourism visitors a year and employing over people one of the partnership s main tasks is to manage local information through its dedicated website wwwvisitlanarkshirecom launched in which is a database to help locals and tourists find information towns attractions accommodationews and events in lanarkshire this tool is useful as it helps users a week to find information and benefits in particular a local audience social media is another tool used to promote local events in the area to the public and to push seasonal marketing campaigns which provide visitor boosts in spring and autumn the partnership works in close contact with lodging accommodation providers and attractions in the area to maintain requirement standardset out by visitscotland s quality grading schemes through the visitlanarkshire name the partnership also communicates the strategic aimset out by the scottish tourism alliance to ensure its partners are working in parallel withe rest of scotland the partnership dedicated resources into producing a website promoting venues in lanarkshire which was launched in afterecognising that business tourism is a key growth sector in the tourism industry externalinks official website official website for the venues category tourism in the united kingdom category tourism in scotland category tourism organisations in the united kingdom category tourism 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scotland partnership dedicated resources producing website promoting venues lanarkshire launched business_tourism key growth sector tourism_industry externalinks_official_website official_website venues category_tourism united_kingdom category_tourism scotland_category_tourism organisations united_kingdom category_tourism agencies"},{"title":"Landmark Marketing","description":"headquarters url imprints landmarks marketing is an united states american travel publishing company that provides travelers with information abouthe region in which they are visiting through publications placed in hotel s and businessesuch services include a hard bound in room publication the visitor s channel playing on in room televisions a key card welcome folder and internet visitor services these publications list major interests to visitors across cities in the american mid atlantic region including dining shopping and more the company headed by ron szpatura is headquartered in annapolis marylandmarks was 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leaders in the community in partnership with jordan publishing and benefits local charities in landmarks was created by founder and president ron szpatura the original product was a magazine style publication that developed into a four color hard bound publication it was placed in rooms in the annapolis and surrounding area creating annual readership of over million visitors in the landmarks hard bound publication ventured outo szpatura s almater the university of virginia creating landmarks of charlottesville from there ocean city maryland rehoboth beach delawarehoboth and wilmington delaware within three years publications were being produced on annual basis and nearly rooms were hosting a landmarks book creating over million landmarks readers in landmarks visitors channel began a dedicated channel is used in the hotel to play a minute video reset on a continuous loop that is centrally located in the hotel and cabled outo each room through the tv system in an internet service with traveler information was added to landmarks product line as well as the key card booklet in the prestige partnership was added to share a different business viewpoint of the area to visitorstaying in the hotel rooms in landmarks live was created which plays in hotels in markets that have landmarks visitor channelandmarks live provides guests with information including weather and local events in landmarks great deals was launched offering daily deals to local businesses and restaurants with a general savings of in landmarks acquired c ville saver to penetrate the charlottesville market witheir landmarks great deals website in landmarks acquired halfoff athe beach a local favorite of delmarvandelaware beach to enhance inventory as well as expand theireach to the market along theast coast beach towns history timeline landmarks embarks with maps of the area landmarks producesoft cover publications landmarks changes to a hardbound book landmarks expands markets in mid atlantic landmarks adds the visitor channelandmarks adds the prestige partnership landmarks adds internet site now searchlandmarkscom landmarksees increase in sales media references ron szpatura of landmarketing inc is mentioned as one of the up and coming entrepreneurs in the mid atlantic region by the baltimore sunarney june sticky fingers love what he publishes baltimore sun june businessec he is also mentioned in the mcintirexchange newsletter as a successful business owner and alumni externalinks category travel guide 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hotel_rooms landmarks minute visitor channel programs landmarks great_deals daily deals email promotions local_businesses internet find articles complete directory listings photographs surveys help travelers according recognizes leaders community partnership jordan publishing benefits local charities landmarks created founder president ron szpatura original product magazine style publication developed four color hard bound publication placed rooms annapolis surrounding area creating annual readership million_visitors landmarks hard bound publication ventured outo szpatura almater university virginia creating landmarks charlottesville ocean_city maryland beach delaware within three_years publications produced annual basis nearly rooms hosting landmarks book creating million landmarks readers landmarks visitors channel began dedicated channel used hotel play minute video continuous loop located hotel outo room tv system internet service traveler information added landmarks product line well key card booklet prestige partnership added share different business viewpoint area hotel_rooms landmarks live created plays hotels markets landmarks visitor live provides guests information including weather local events landmarks great_deals launched offering daily deals local_businesses restaurants general savings landmarks acquired c ville charlottesville market witheir landmarks great_deals website landmarks acquired athe beach local favorite beach enhance inventory well expand market along theast_coast beach towns history timeline landmarks maps area landmarks cover publications landmarks changes book landmarks markets mid atlantic landmarks adds visitor adds prestige partnership landmarks adds internet site increase sales media references ron szpatura inc mentioned one coming entrepreneurs mid atlantic region baltimore june fingers love publishes baltimore sun june also mentioned newsletter successful business owner alumni 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for the lvcva is the promotion and branding of las vegasince the las vegas brand is the second most recognized brand in the us followingoogle the authority is also responsible for the advertising campaigns for las vegas and southernevada working withe advertising company r partnersince they have developed advertising campaigns including only in vegas what happens here stays here what happens here stays here after the sale of the what happens here stays here trademark to r partners onovember the lvcva paid in attorney s fees because of an investigation into the legality of the controversial sale what happens in reno is a victory for vegas casino city times the sale was later overturned by a federal judge who claimed thathe sale was made withouthe knowledge of the board what happens here stays with lvcva las vegasun according to internalvcva documents the advertising campaign what happens here stays here has had little impact as most people about stated to r the advertising firm who created the ad and conducted the market research thathe slogan had no impact on their decision to visit las vegas destination las vegas advertising awareness a recent study by applied analysishows thathe advertising efforts of the lvcva return for every spent vegasmeansbusinesscom in march the lvcva launched vegasmeansbusinesscom a resource for the business community to keep up to date on the latest news and events in las vegas and the meetings and conventions industry the website also promotes las vegas attributes as a leading destination for meetings and conventions including the rooms and nearly of meeting space available and proximity to mccarran international airporten reasons to hold your event in las vegasmeansbusinesscom the lvcva created vegasmeansbusinesscom to increase awareness of las vegas the premier location to foster innovationew ideas and creativity las vegas convention center districthe authority has announced plans to expand the direction of the lvcc by creating a las vegas convention center districthose plans resulted in the announcement for a planned acquisition of the riviera hotel and casino riviera in february for million las vegasun the las vegas convention center is abouto undergo an million expansion the th in its history thexpansion is intended to increase the center s meeting space and improve the building s overall design thexpansion includes of dedicated meeting space the project is expected to add a meeting room addition spanning the fullength of the southall a grand concourse linking all three halls a signature facade in front enclosed pedestrian access for the las vegas monorail police and fire facilities on property the authority works to bring events to the las vegas area sometimes by providing funds to subsidizevents thesevents include national finals rodeo pbr world finals professional bull riders world finals usa sevens international rugby tournament nascar champions week nhl awards ceremony nball star game tennis channel 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monacoordinateseating capacity reservations yes other locations other information website le louis xv is a french cuisine french restaurant in monte carlo monaco run by chef alain ducasse it holds three michelin star s it has been featured in lists of the world s top restaurants le louis xv is the flagship restaurant of chef alain ducasse it is located inside the h tel de paris monte carlo in monte carlo monaco he opened the restaurant in may having been challenged by prince rainier iii of monaco and the soci t des bains de mer de monaco to win three michelin stars there within four years becoming the first hotel based restauranto win that level of the awarducasse won the three stars for the restaurant months later some fifteen months earlier than his objective the wine cellar contains around bottles of wine a number ofood trolleys are used by the waiters including for champagne cheese and one holding herbs to make herbal teas athe tableside several chefs who went on to lead michelin starred restaurants underwentraining at le louis xv including alexis gauthier and clare smyth food critic paolo tullio described le louis xv as one of the great french restaurants in the guardian identified it as one of the top five restaurants in the world howard jacobson wasento review it by the newspaper who thought initially thathe disheserved were droll but changed his mind when he tasted them henjoyed the ambiance of the place and thoughthathe numbers of staff gave it an air of professionalism fodor s travel guidescribeducasse s cuisine asuperb while also describing the interior of the restaurant as magnificent le louis xv holds three michelin star s it was included in the first published list of the world s top restaurants by the daily meal in it has also been included in the world s best restaurants by restaurant magazine restaurant in it was ranked the third best restaurant in the world behind the french laundry and el bulli by and it hadropped to eighth place dropping to 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that it partially neutralizes the money generated by tourism leakage occurs through seven different mechanisms it is an intrinsicomponent of international tourism and thus is present in every country to widely varying degrees goods and services many countries must purchase goods and services to satisfy their visitors this includes the cost of raw materials used to make tourism related goodsuch asouvenirs for starting tourism industries this a significant problem asome countries must import as much as of tourism related productsome less economically developed countries do not have the domestic ability to build tourism related infrastructure hotels airports etc the cost of such infrastructure is then leaked out of the country foreign factors of production smaller countries often require foreign investmento startheir tourism industry thus profits from tourismay be losto foreign investors in addition travel agents outside of the destination country remove money from that market as well promotional expenditures many countriespend considerable sums of money for advertisements and publicity maintaining a presence abroad may increase the volume of tourists to a country but also represent a considerable loss of money to foreign markets transfer pricing many foreign companies manipulate their pricing to reduce taxes and other duties in smaller or less developed countries where many tourism related companies may be foreign owned this can represent a substantialoss of income tax exemptions countries with a small tourism industry may have to give tax exemptions or other offers to increase foreign investment while this may enlarge the tourism industry there it must be taken into account as an instrument of income loss foreign workers often foreign workers aremployed in tourism and especially on a temporary base these workers typically stay a couple of months in the country they live on the premises and take all the salary home when they return home after their assignment depending the portion of this type oforeign workers it can represent a substantialoss of income a study of tourism leakage in thailand estimated that of all money spent by tourists ended up leaving thailand via foreign owned tour operators airlines hotels importedrinks and food etc estimates for other third world countries range from in the caribbean to indiagenda leakage is not restricted to less developed countries australia experiences a significant leakageffect from japanese tourists though they spend the most per capita of all tourists to australia much of whathey spend is through japanese travel companies japanese hotels and other foreign owned businesses there is thusignificant leakage to japan s economy leakage not only varies from country to country but also from industry to industry high income tourismay well significantly increase leakage as that industry likely involves importing more goods and services than usual ecological or adventure tourismay exhibit a very small degree of leakage however as they place value solely on whathe host country has toffer as a result of the leakageffectourism industries in developed countries often are much more profitable per dollareceived than tourism in smaller countries islands in particular suffer from significant leakage in countriesuch as turkey and the united kingdom the benefito theconomy from tourism is twice the dollar amount spent by tourists in smaller placesuch as micronesiand polynesia that benefit is half the dollar amount spent some locations have managed to nullify the leakageffect almost entirely new york city claims to generate seven dollars for the local economy per dollar spent by touristsomestimates of the degree of leakage claim only of money spent on tourism remains in a developing country s economy reducing leakage for many countriesome sources of leakage are unavoidable foreign owned hotels and airlines are necessary for all buthe most established of tourism industries however encouragement of domestic involvement in a country s tourism industry may reduce leakage in the long run currently the most popular measure is restrictions on spending countries may limithe use oforeign currency within their borders reducing theffect of transfer pricing see above many countries require visitors to have a certain amount of money beforentering as well see also demonstration effect category tourism category development economics category international 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countries often require foreign investmento startheir tourism_industry thus profits tourismay foreign investors addition travel_agents outside destination country remove money market well promotional expenditures many considerable sums money advertisements publicity maintaining presence abroad may increase volume tourists country also represent considerable loss money foreign markets transfer pricing many foreign companies pricing reduce taxes duties smaller less developed_countries many tourism_related companies may foreign owned represent income tax countries small tourism_industry may give tax offers increase foreign investment may tourism_industry must taken account instrument income loss foreign workers often foreign workers aremployed tourism especially temporary base workers typically stay couple months country live premises take salary home return home assignment depending portion type oforeign workers represent income study tourism leakage thailand estimated money spent tourists ended leaving thailand via foreign owned tour_operators airlines hotels food etc estimates third_world countries range caribbean leakage restricted less developed_countries australia experiences significant japanese tourists though spend per capita tourists australia much whathey spend japanese travel companies japanese hotels foreign owned businesses leakage japan economy leakage varies country country also industry industry high income tourismay well significantly increase leakage industry likely involves goods services usual ecological adventure_tourismay exhibit small degree leakage however place value solely whathe host country toffer result industries developed_countries often much profitable per tourism smaller countries islands particular suffer significant leakage countriesuch turkey united_kingdom benefito theconomy tourism twice dollar amount spent tourists smaller placesuch benefit half dollar amount spent locations managed almost entirely new_york city claims generate seven dollars local_economy per dollar spent degree leakage claim money spent tourism remains developing country economy reducing leakage many_countriesome sources leakage foreign owned hotels airlines necessary buthe established tourism_industries however domestic involvement country tourism_industry may reduce leakage long run currently popular measure restrictions spending countries may limithe use oforeign currency within borders reducing theffect transfer pricing see many_countries require visitors certain amount money beforentering well see_also demonstration effect category_tourism category development economics category international_development"},{"title":"Leigh's travel guides","description":"redirect samueleigh bookseller category travel guide books category series of books category publications established in the s category tourism in 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bakery is a portuguese bakery in honolulu hawaii known for popularizing the malasada the fried pastry slightly crispier and chewier than a doughnut and with no hole is known as a cuisine of hawaii though portuguese immigration to hawaii portuguese immigrants broughthe malasada to hawaii athe turn of the th century leonard s opened in and brought ito a wider audience they offer filled and sugar coated malasadas well as coffee cake s portuguese sweet bread sweet bread and portuguese cuisine pastries andesserts p o doce meat wraps leonard s is a household name in hawaii and is well known in the continental united states and internationally a franchising franchise location opened in japan in background and history margaret and frank leonard rego sr opened leonard s bakery in rego s mother had encouraged him to sell malasadas a holeless portuguese doughnut with a crispier outside and a chewier inside portuguese plantation economy plantation workers broughthe desserto the hawaiian islands when they portuguese immigration to hawaiimmigrated athe turn of the th century though leonard s is known for popularizing ithe plain malasadas are coated with white sugar buthe bakery sells variations garnished with cinnamon or filled withaupia custard or chocolate pudding the bakery sells anthropomorphized malasada stuffed animals and other malasada related items leonard s is otherwise an old fashioned plain jane bakery that sells coffee cake s portuguese sweet bread sweet bread and portuguese cuisine pastries andesserts p o doce meat wraps as of the bakery remains a family business owned by leonard rego jr whose own children participate in its operation just as he once did andrew mccarthy of the national geographic traveler wrote thathe bakery is an institution that anchored its neighborhood in hawaii leonard s is a household name residents from the other hawaiian islands often bring home leonard s malasadas an wikt omiyage souvenir gifthe friedoughnut like itemay be unique to hawaii but are well known both in the continental united states and internationally the honolulu bakery is a point of interest on at least one island tour in the honolulu star advertisereported thathe bakery sold over malasadas daily or over million since its opening rego jr opened a franchising franchise location in japan s yokohama world quarter shopping center in december the locationly sold cinnamon and sugar malasadas at first but later added malasadas with fillings japanese investors forest inc first asked rego jr about licensing the brand in march and rego jr felthathe timing withe great recession couldn t have been more perfecthe deal was completed three months prior to the opening and the owner flew in to train the staffor a week and a half rego jr plans topen more franchised locations in japand on the other islands of hawaiin the company employed people between three stores two in oahu and one in yokohamand twoahu food trucks reception fileonard s bakery honolulu hawaii jpg thumb left display case inside the bakery the bakery s malasadas were foodspotting s top hawaii food find and usa today described the doughnuts as having become a hawaiian icon sunset recognized leonard s for making the sweet a hawaiian classic that is now served at honolulu restaurants from drive ins to chef mavro the city s classiest restaurant vinnee tong of the new york sun wrote that leonard s was a required stop for foodies andessert addicts frommer s calls it a honolulu landmark and the huffington post lists leonard s malasadas alongside poke food poke spamusubi and shave ice as mustry hawaiian cuisinexperiences it is also profiled in mimi sheraton s critical food writing food book foods to eat before you die and john t edge s donuts an american passion see also list of bakeries notes and references notes references externalinks category establishments in hawaii category bakeries of the united states category companiestablished in category doughnut shops category food trucks 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hospitality education marbella spain is a private hospitality management university located in the mediterranean coastal city of marbella spain since its founding in the university offers accredited undergraduate degree undergraduate and postgraduateducation postgraduate degree programs international hospitality management file partial view of campusjpg thumb partial view of campus file classroom interactionjpg thumb classroom interaction the institution was originally formed in as an international boarding school called cole des roches located in switzerland s canton of valais region cole des roches evolved to become the les roches hotel tourism school and was recognized as the first hotel management school in switzerland toffer its courses in english in the les roches hotel and tourism school founded their first international campus located in marbella spain and under the name swisschool of hotel management and tourism in spain the university inaugurated its current campus and soon thereafter became known as the les roches marbella international school of hotel management in the school became a member institution of laureate international universities a private international network of degree granting post secondary institutions located around the worlduring its time under the leadership laureate international universities les roches global hospitality education formed part of the organization s accredited universities in countries files roches marbella logopng thumb x px les roches global hospitality education became the first school in spain to receive institutional accreditation from the new england association of schools colleges neasc in the united states neasc is one of six regional accrediting associations recognized by the us department of education also in the campus continued its expansion withe addition of a new academic wing an a la carte restaurant and adjoining kitchen operation as well as doubling its on campus residence capacity and recreational areas in and again the university was voted by the hospitality industry as the number one school in spain for preparing students for an international career in hospitality managementhis was the conclusion of a broad industry survey among hiring managers from international hospitality companies around the world the research was conducted by taylor nelson sofres tns travel tourism uk the world s largest provider of custom research and analysis the primary purpose of thisurvey was to establish the relative ranking of the various hospitality management schools who provide university level programmes in spain and from which international hospitality companies are likely to recruit staff in the les roches network of campuses worldwide was acquired by sommet education academic structure file academics at les roches marbellajpg thumb academiclassroom at les roches marbella file cbllrmjpg thumb alt les roches marbella international school of hotel management experientialearning les roches marbella international school of hotel management craft based learning the university teaches undergraduate and postgraduate degree programs that specialize international hospitality management undergraduate courses focus on developing advanced business management skills in hotel restaurant and service industry operations the school places emphasis on combining core academic knowledge withands on experientialearning as the basis for its educational model this achieved by combining traditional classroom learning with purpose built learning facilities that are designed to simulate a real world hotel environment during the firstwo years of the undergraduate course students alternate weekly between craft based learning classes in the school simulated facilities and core business related lecture subjects taught in the classroom the postgraduate academic structure is identical inature to the undergraduate program s however the curriculum involves an accelerated immersion into key areas thatakes into consideration the students previous educational and professional background additionally as part of the undergraduate programstudents complete between two and three internships international hotels and hospitality related organizations the postgraduate degree requires one internship semester to complete the program academic programs les roches hotel management diploma years the traditional swiss hotel management diploma is devised to providegree holders a fastrack access to entry level employment after completing an alternation of three semesters of academic study athe school and three semesters professional supervised internships coursework focuses on administration management marketing culinary arts and guest relationstudents who complete the six semester program can choose to exit and receive the les roches hotel management diploma or continue studying towards a bachelor s degree within the institution bachelor of business administration international hotel management years initially this internationally accredited program follows the same curriculum as the les roches hotel management diploma but includes two additional academic semesters and a total of two internshipsemesters in place of three during the final year of the bba degree program students have the option to study a specialization in strategic human resources managementrepreneurship with small medium enterprise management events management events management oresort management resort management bachelor of business administration international hotel management with intensivenglish language and service this program is geared towardstudents who lack thenglish proficiency requirements for entry into the bba program in addition to full immersion english courses the two semester preparatory program focuses on hospitality operations with practical and academiclasses upon completion of the two preliminary semesterstudents are directly admitted into the full bba program curriculum postgraduate intensive diploma international hotel managementhe university s postgraduate course is designed for students of diverse professional backgrounds this a professional one year program that provides an intensive academic semester covering hotel operations administration and general business courses it is designed for people who already have a university degree or diplomand would like to redirectheir careers into the international hospitality industry integrated into the program is operational management and craft based training in culinary arts food beverage as well as rooms division the program culminates with a second semester that includes a managementraining internship international hospitality establishments postgraduate diploma in marketing management for luxury tourism this postgraduate program in marketing management for luxury tourism is designed for graduates and professionals wishing to fastrack their career in marketing management for the hospitality industry the program aims to provide thexpert knowledge and perspective required by professionals andirectors in the global andynamic environment of tourism by understanding the impact of new technologies and new trends postgraduatexecutive diploma international hotel management internships in hotels and other hospitality tourism organizations are core to the university s educational system they believe thatogether with academic semesters alternating periods of practical training in the field preparestudents to comprehend real world circumstances and gain professional experience well in advance of earning a degree in addition there are more students carrying out professional internships in hotels in spain and abroad throughouthe academic year international transfer program as a branch campus of les roches global hospitality education the school offers international transfer opportunities to branch campuses located in spain switzerland chinand the united states in the institution broadened their program offer by providing students the option of an international transfer program and the opportunity to earn two degrees the dual degree program called experience the world offers a bba international hotel management from the university s campus in marbella spain and a ba in hospitality management from its affiliate campus kendall college in chicago usa upon completing the full undergraduate bba degree program students have the option to study an additional nine months at kendall college in the usand receive two accreditedegrees file lrmbalconyjpg thumb right alt les roches marbella international school of hotel management les roches marbella international school of hotel managementhe campus and joint student residence are located in a residential area in theart of marbella s golden mile district between marbella city center and the tourist destination of puerto ban s campus facilities the facilities of the les roches global hospitality education campus in marbella spainclude file auditoriumlrmjpg thumb right alt les roches marbella international school of hotel management auditorium les roches marbella international school of hotel management auditorium capacity for students classrooms including classrooms with audiovisual technology students meeting and conference roomstudents computer lab demonstration kitchen classroom demonstration bar classroom demonstration front office classroom study areastudent club library and media center wireless wi finternet access language laboratory restaurants fully equipped kitchens each built with its own f b concept and pastry areas parking facilities printing and laundry facilitiestudent residence les roches global hospitality education is accredited internationally by the new england association of schools and colleges neasc in the united states which is one of the six regional accreditation associations for quality assurance recognized by the us department of education alumni association all graduates of the university areligible to becomembers of the alumni association the association consists of over graduates worldwide provides news and employment opportunities to members as well as useful networking resources in addition annualumni reunions are organized both on the school s campus as well as abroad references externalinks les roches marbella international school of hotel management spain les roches international school of hotel management switzerland new england association of schools and colleges laureate international universities category hospitality schools category schools in spain category education in spain category for profit universities and 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hotel_management school switzerland toffer courses english les_roches hotel tourism school founded first_international campus located marbella spain name hotel_management tourism spain university inaugurated current campus soon thereafter became_known les_roches_marbella international_school hotel_management school became member institution laureate international universities private international network degree post secondary institutions located around time leadership laureate international universities les_roches global hospitality_education formed part organization accredited universities countries files roches_marbella logopng thumb x px les_roches global hospitality_education became first school spain receive institutional accreditation new_england association schools colleges united_states one six regional associations recognized us_department education also campus continued expansion withe addition new academic wing la_carte restaurant adjoining kitchen operation well doubling campus residence capacity recreational areas university voted hospitality_industry number one school spain preparing students international career hospitality conclusion broad industry survey among hiring managers international hospitality companies around world research conducted taylor nelson travel_tourism uk world largest provider custom research analysis primary purpose establish relative ranking various hospitality_management schools provide university level programmes spain international hospitality companies likely staff les_roches network campuses worldwide acquired education academic structure file academics les_roches thumb les_roches_marbella file thumb_alt les_roches_marbella international_school hotel_management les_roches_marbella international_school hotel_management craft based learning university teaches undergraduate postgraduate degree programs specialize international hospitality_management undergraduate courses focus developing advanced business management skills hotel restaurant service_industry operations school places emphasis combining core academic knowledge basis educational model achieved combining traditional classroom learning purpose_built learning facilities designed simulate real_world hotel environment firstwo years undergraduate course students alternate weekly craft based learning classes school simulated facilities core business related lecture subjects taught classroom postgraduate academic structure identical inature undergraduate program however curriculum involves accelerated immersion key areas consideration students previous educational professional background additionally part undergraduate complete two three internships international_hotels hospitality related organizations postgraduate degree requires one internship semester complete program academic programs les_roches hotel_management diploma years traditional swiss hotel_management diploma devised holders fastrack access entry level employment completing three semesters academic study athe school three semesters professional internships focuses administration management marketing culinary_arts guest complete six semester program choose exit receive les_roches hotel_management diploma continue studying towards bachelor degree within institution bachelor business_administration international_hotel_management years initially internationally accredited program follows curriculum les_roches hotel_management diploma includes two additional academic semesters total two place three final year bba degree program students option study specialization strategic human_resources small medium enterprise management events management events management oresort management resort management bachelor business_administration international_hotel_management language service program geared lack thenglish proficiency requirements entry bba program addition full immersion english courses two semester preparatory program focuses hospitality operations practical upon completion two preliminary directly admitted full bba program curriculum postgraduate intensive diploma international_hotel_managementhe university postgraduate course designed students diverse professional backgrounds professional one_year program provides intensive academic semester covering hotel operations administration general business courses designed people already university degree would like careers international hospitality_industry integrated program operational management craft based training culinary_arts food beverage well rooms division program second semester includes internship international hospitality establishments postgraduate diploma marketing management luxury tourism postgraduate program marketing management luxury tourism designed graduates professionals wishing fastrack career marketing management hospitality_industry program aims provide knowledge perspective required professionals global environment tourism understanding impact new technologies new trends diploma international_hotel_management internships hotels hospitality_tourism_organizations core university educational system believe academic semesters alternating periods practical training field real_world circumstances gain professional experience well advance earning degree addition students carrying professional internships hotels spain abroad throughouthe academic year international transfer program branch campus les_roches global hospitality_education school offers international transfer opportunities branch campuses located spain switzerland chinand united_states institution program offer providing students option international transfer program opportunity earn two degrees dual degree program called experience world offers bba international_hotel_management university campus marbella spain hospitality_management affiliate campus college chicago usa upon completing full undergraduate bba degree program students option study additional nine months college usand receive two file thumb right_alt les_roches_marbella international_school hotel_management les_roches_marbella international_school hotel_managementhe campus joint student residence located residential area theart marbella golden mile district marbella city center tourist_destination puerto ban campus facilities facilities les_roches global hospitality_education campus marbella file thumb right_alt les_roches_marbella international_school hotel_management auditorium les_roches_marbella international_school hotel_management auditorium capacity students classrooms including classrooms technology students meeting conference computer lab demonstration kitchen classroom demonstration bar classroom demonstration front office classroom study club library media center wireless access language laboratory restaurants fully equipped kitchens built f b concept pastry areas parking facilities printing laundry residence les_roches global hospitality_education accredited internationally new_england association schools colleges united_states one six regional accreditation associations quality assurance recognized us_department education alumni association graduates university alumni association association consists graduates worldwide provides news employment opportunities members well useful networking resources addition organized school campus well abroad references_externalinks les_roches_marbella international_school hotel_management spain les_roches international_school hotel_management switzerland new_england association schools colleges laureate international universities category_hospitality_schools category schools spain category_education spain category profit universities colleges"},{"title":"Let's Go (book series)","description":"let s go is a travel guide series researched written edited and run entirely by students at harvard university the first of the budget backpacking travel backpacker oriented travel guides history of let us go by harvard student agencies inc let s go promotes itself as the studentravel guide but is aimed at readers both young and young at heart let s go was founded in and is headquartered in cambridge massachusetts cambridge massachusetts the first let us go guide was a page mimeograph ed pamphlet putogether by an year old harvard university harvard freshmanamed g oliver koppell oliver koppell and handed out on student charter flights to europe the first professionally published guide was issued in early guides tended to be freewheeling for example advising travelers on motorbiking through southeast asia in the late s and financing travel in europe by busking singing in the streethe first edition described how to travel from europe to asia on just four cents by taking the ferry across the bosphorus from theuropean to the asian side of the city of istanbul turkey history of let us go by harvard student agencies inc as the guide became more popular throughouthe s increasing quantities were printed everyear let us go also commissioned an artist richard copaken to give the series a logo its trademark hot air balloon hot air balloon that other let us go logo the hitchhiking hitchhiker thumb did not appear until maps and a general introduction section the before you gof modern guidebooks were added and the venture went national saleskyrocketed after let us go business manager andrew tobias promoted the books on the today nbc program today show in history of let us go by harvard student agencies inc the company success inspired ito produce spin off titles in the late s one of let us go s most irreverentitles let s go ii the student guide to adventure covered exotic destinationsuch as red chinand wrote in its vietnam chapter just about none wants to go to vietnam these days most americans who do travel there go withe army and leave asoon as they can additional one offs for budgetravelers included let s go the student guide to united states americand let s go caribbean history of let us go by harvard student agencies inc in let us go became weary of self publishing ie cutting and pasting on oliver s living room floor and signed on with publisher ep dutton athis time let us go s only title remained the original flagship let s go europe the book s popularity however caused itstaff to consider additional titles the first permanent new guide let s go great britain and ireland was published in after excellent sales let s go france and let s go italy soon followed all four were updated everyear thereafter indeed for much of its history let us go was the only travel guide to updateach of its titles every single year history of let us go by harvard student agencies inc let us go continued expanding as it added further european titles as well as a new permanent book on domestic travel in let us go signed a contract with new publisher st martin s press to publish its roster of six titles by let us go was publishing books a year including let s go mexico the first new title not written from previously existing content in copies of let us go books were printed and sold in dozens of countries within three months of being researched a new industry record history of let us go by harvard student agencies inc by the s let us go branched out into city specific guidebooks allowing expansion to continue at a rate of multiple new guidebooks per yearound this time let us go earned some of its most famous monikers including the granddaddy of budget guides the new york times and the bible of the budgetraveler the boston globe history of let us go by harvard student agencies inc atitles in the student run company emphasizing travel on a budget had become one of the largestravel guides in the world history of let us go by harvard student agencies inc digital era in let us go launched its website letsgocom while publishing titles and a new line of mini map guides by this time let us go had branched out beyond just europe its traditional turf and north america to africand asias well the company s first south america n guide let s go ecuador and the gal pagos islands galapagos came in as the th titlet s go australiand let s go new zealand followed the next year putting let us gon every continent but antarctica history of let us go by harvard student agencies inc into the s the physical books evolved as well with updated covers new editorial features like a price diversity scale and photos in the guides for the firstime the company wastill expanding at a breakneck speed from titles in to in in and in athis point let us go employed over students everyear history of let us go by harvard student agencies inc let us go also expanded its web presence dramatically in this decade the company profited from strong online advertising and partnerships and gradually populated its website with blog s podcast s and videos in a redesigned website was unveiled that made let us go the firstravel guide toffer all of its book content online free of charge let us go has also brought its contento smartphone s and tablet computer tablets as well since its guidebooks have also been available for download as e book s and the company has releasedozens ofree destination specific mobile apps with more in the works history of let us go by harvard student agencies inc the let us go travel guides app has been rated as a must have brilliant app let us go also announced a new print publishers group west avalon travel upon thexpiration of its contract with st martin s press in the switch led to a new format for the insides of the books new retro covers for the outsides and a rebranding to emphasize let us go student origins theme has been changed in and in let us go began self publishing for the firstime since history of let us go by harvard student agencies inc business model as a subsidiary of harvard student agencies let us go s charter states thathe company may only employ degree seeking harvard students because of this let us go s business model is unique among publishers everyear a student managementeam is chosen from the previous year staff this core group works out of let us go s cambridge offices all yearound on the company s website publicity and editorial matters over the winter the managementeam hires a staff of editors who in turn hire the company s traveling travel writing researcher writers editors work partime throughouthe spring semester to prepare and train researcher writers for their trips after the semester ends the researcher writers leave cambridge for their destination while theditors begin working full time athe cambridge office researcher writers traveling alone typically spend from six to eight weeks of their summer june july on the road visiting the assigned establishments in their assigned cities and sending raw copy back to cambridge in order to keep the writing true to the budget heritage of the series researcher writers are paid a daily stipend intended to cover only basic expenses although let us go does cover airfare to and from their destination meanwhileditors work throughouthentire summer aiding the researcher writers and editing the copy the guides are assembled from thedited copy in august and september and areleased in bookstore s the following winter just as the publishing process for the next year s guides has begun editorial stylet us go has used many words to describe the style of its content witty and irreverent is possibly the most frequently usedescriptor the company takes pride in its youthful casual sometimes zany tone and trains its writers to avoid brochurese let us go also promotes the unvarnished opinions of its reviewstating thathey wanthe takeaway of every single listingood or bad to be clear to the reader this honesty led to a libelawsuit against let us go in as a result of a scathing review of an israel i hostel buthe travel guide was victorious in court upheld by the judges as the modern equivalents of thomas paine or john peter zenger other traits the company has emphasized include its budget roots and social consciousness as of the series of guidebooks let us go has published titles covering six continents the books range from country guides to adventure city budget and road trip guides many of which are still updated annually let us go has also published abridged pocket sized map guides amsterdam berlin boston chicago dublin florence hong kong london los angeles madrid new orleans new york city paris prague rome san francisco seattle sydney venice and washington dc washington dc though these have been discontinued class wikitable sortable book type continent first published last published notes let s go ii the student guide to adventure multiple limitedition let s go alaskadventure guide adventure north america let s go alaska the pacific northwest country north america split into let s go alaskadventure guide and let s go pacific northwest let s go amsterdam city europe let s go budget amsterdam budget europe let s go amsterdam brussels city europe let s go budget athens budget europe let s go australia country australia let s go austria switzerland country europe let s go barcelona city europe let s go budget barcelona budget europe let s go budget berlin budget europe let s go berlin prague budapest city europe let s go boston city north america let s go brazil country south america let s go great britain country europe originally called let s go britain ireland open library let s go buenos aires city south america let s go california country north america open library let s go california hawaii country north america became let s go california let s go california the pacific northwest country north america split into let s go alaska the pacific northwest and let s go california hawaii let s go caribbean country north america limitedition let s go central america country north america let s go chile country south america let s go china country asia let s go costa rica country north america let s go costa rica nicaragua panama country north america let s go eastern europe country europe let s go ecuador country south america two incarnations havexisted the original became let s go peru ecuador let s go egypt country africa let s go europe country europen library let s go europe top cities city europe let s go european riviera country europe let s go florence city europe let s go budget florence budget europe let s go france country europen library let s go germany country europen library let s go germany austria switzerland country europe split into let s go germany and let s go austria switzerland let s go greece country europe two incarnations havexisted the original became let s go greece turkey let s go greece israel egypt country multiple split into let s go greece and let s go israel egypt let s go greece turkey country multiple open library split into let s go greece and let s go turkey let s go guatemala belize country north america let s go hawaii country north america let s go india nepal country asia let s go ireland country europen library let s go israel country asia let s go israel egypt country multiple open library became let s go israelet s go budget istanbul budget europe let s go istanbul athens the greek islands city multiplet s go italy country europen library let s go japan country asia let s go london city europen library let s go budget london budget europe let s go london oxford cambridge city europe originally called let s go london oxford cambridgedinburgh let s go budget madrid budget europe let s go madrid barcelona city europe let s go mexicountry north america open library let s go middleast country multiplet s go new york city north america open library let s go new zealand country australia temporarily became let s go new zealand adventure guide let s go new zealand adventure guide adventure australia reverted to let s go new zealand let s go pacific northwest country north america became let s go pacific northwest adventure guide let s go pacific northwest adventure guide adventure north america let s go paris city europe let s go budget paris budget europe let s go paris amsterdam brussels city europe let s go peru country south america let s go peru ecuador country south america became let s go peru ecuador bolivia let s go peru ecuador bolivia country south america split into let s go peru and let s go ecuador let s go budget prague budget europe let s go puerto ricountry north america let s go roadtripping usa roadtrip north america let s go rome city europe let s go budget rome budget europe let s go rome venice florence city europe let s go san francisco city north america let s go south africa country africa let s go southeast asia country asia let s go southwest usadventure guide adventure north america let s go spain portugal country europe originally called let s go spain portugal moroccopen library let s go thailand country asia let s go turkey country multiplet s go usa country north america open library let s go vietnam country asia let s go washington dcity north america open library let s go western europe country europe let s go yucat n peninsula country north america notable alumni because let us go employees are all students when working for the travel guide many of its alumni have gone on to distinguished careers in travel writing and other areas megan amram comedy writer and twitter celebrity jesse andrews novelist and screenwriter of the novel me and earl and the dyingirl darren aronofsky film director jenny lyn bader playwright judy batalion author elif batuman turkish author and journalist jess bravin journalist and author lisa brennan jobs journalist author andaughter of steve jobs irin carmon writer and blogger pete deemer tech entrepreneur eleni n gage author kristin gore author screenwriter andaughter of al gore scottsboro an american tragedy barak goodman oscar nominatedocumentarian adam grant organizational psychologist and wharton school of the university of pennsylvania wharton professor nelson greaves comedy writer franklin huddle frank huddle jr former us ambassador to tajikistan pico iyer travel writer essayist and novelist kent m keith author and academic silvia killingsworth former managing editor of the new yorker g oliver koppell oliver koppell new york politician eric lesser massachusetts politician amelia lester former managing editor of the new yorker annie lowrey journalist ghen maynard television producer and executivemily naphtal competitive figure skater shyama patel writer and editor alex speier sportswriter for the boston globe adam stein screenwriter andirector nicholastoller screenwriter andirector andrew tobias columnist author andemocratic national committee dnc treasurer wvox notable past programming lisa tolliver media personality and academic practitioner graeme ca wood journalist and contributing editor athe atlantic in popular culture there have been references in a non review article contexto let us go in bridget jones diary film bridget jones diary 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cambridge_massachusetts first let_us_go guide page ed pamphlet putogether year_old harvard university harvard g oliver koppell oliver koppell handed student charter flights europe first professionally published guide issued early guides tended example advising travelers southeast_asia late financing travel europe singing streethe first_edition described travel europe asia four cents taking ferry across theuropean asian side city istanbul turkey history let_us_go harvard_student_agencies_inc guide became_popular throughouthe increasing quantities printed everyear let_us_go also commissioned artist richard give series logo trademark hot_air balloon hot_air balloon let_us_go logo hitchhiking hitchhiker thumb appear maps general introduction section modern guidebooks added venture went national let_us_go business manager andrew tobias promoted books today nbc program today show history let_us_go harvard_student_agencies_inc company success inspired ito produce spin titles late one let_us_go let go ii student guide adventure covered exotic destinationsuch red chinand wrote vietnam chapter none wants go vietnam days americans travel go withe army leave asoon additional one offs included let go student guide united_states americand let go caribbean history let_us_go harvard_student_agencies_inc let_us_go became self publishing cutting oliver living_room floor signed publisher athis time let_us_go title remained original flagship let go europe book popularity however caused itstaff consider additional titles first permanent new guide let go great_britain ireland published excellent sales let go france let go italy soon followed four updated everyear thereafter indeed much history let_us_go travel_guide titles every single year history let_us_go harvard_student_agencies_inc let_us_go continued expanding added european titles well new permanent book domestic travel let_us_go signed contract new publisher st_martin press_publish six titles let_us_go publishing books year including let go mexico first new title written previously existing content copies let_us_go books_printed sold dozens countries within three_months researched new industry record history let_us_go harvard_student_agencies_inc let_us_go city specific guidebooks allowing expansion continue rate multiple new guidebooks per_yearound time let_us_go earned famous including budget guides new_york times bible boston_globe history let_us_go harvard_student_agencies_inc student run company emphasizing travel budget become_one largestravel guides world history let_us_go harvard_student_agencies_inc digital era let_us_go launched website publishing titles new line mini map guides time let_us_go beyond europe traditional turf north_america africand well company first south_america n guide let go ecuador gal islands galapagos came th go australiand let go new_zealand followed next year putting let_us_gon every continent antarctica history let_us_go harvard_student_agencies_inc physical books evolved well updated covers new editorial features like price diversity scale photos guides firstime company wastill expanding speed titles athis point let_us_go employed students everyear history let_us_go harvard_student_agencies_inc let_us_go also expanded web presence dramatically decade company strong online advertising partnerships gradually populated website blog podcast videos redesigned website unveiled made let_us_go firstravel guide toffer book content online free charge let_us_go also brought contento smartphone tablet computer tablets well since guidebooks also_available download e book company ofree destination specific mobile_apps works history let_us_go harvard_student_agencies_inc let_us_go travel_guides app rated must brilliant app let_us_go also announced new print publishers group west avalon travel upon contract st_martin press switch led new format books new retro covers rebranding emphasize let_us_go student origins theme changed let_us_go began self publishing firstime since history let_us_go harvard_student_agencies_inc business_model subsidiary harvard_student_agencies let_us_go charter states thathe_company may employ degree seeking harvard_students let_us_go business_model unique among publishers everyear student managementeam chosen previous year staff core group works let_us_go cambridge offices yearound company website publicity editorial matters winter managementeam staff editors turn hire company traveling travel_writing researcher writers editors work partime throughouthe spring semester prepare train researcher writers trips semester ends researcher writers leave cambridge destination begin working full_time athe cambridge office researcher writers traveling alone typically spend six eight weeks summer june july road visiting assigned establishments assigned cities sending raw copy back cambridge order keep writing true budget heritage series researcher writers paid daily intended cover basic expenses although let_us_go cover destination work summer researcher writers editing copy guides assembled copy august september bookstore following winter publishing process next year guides begun editorial us_go used many words describe style content possibly frequently company takes pride casual sometimes tone trains writers avoid let_us_go also promotes opinions thathey wanthe takeaway every single bad clear reader led let_us_go result review israel hostel buthe travel_guide court upheld judges modern thomas paine john peter company emphasized include budget roots social consciousness series guidebooks let_us_go published titles covering six continents books range country guides adventure city budget road_trip guides many still updated annually let_us_go also_published pocket sized map guides amsterdam berlin boston chicago dublin florence hong_kong london los_angeles madrid new_orleans new_york city paris prague rome san_francisco seattle sydney venice washington washington though discontinued class wikitable 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greece turkey country multiple open_library split let go greece let go turkey let go guatemala belize country_north_america let go hawaii country_north_america let go india nepal country asia let go ireland country europen library_let go israel country asia let go israel egypt country multiple open_library became let go go_budget istanbul budget_europe let go istanbul athens greek islands city go italy country europen library_let go japan country asia let go london city_europen library_let go_budget london budget_europe let go london oxford cambridge city_europe originally_called let go london oxford let go_budget madrid budget_europe let go madrid barcelona city_europe_let go north_america open_library_let go middleast country go new_york city north_america open_library_let go new_zealand country australia temporarily became let go new_zealand adventure guide let go new_zealand adventure guide adventure australia reverted let go new_zealand let go pacific_northwest country_north_america became let go pacific_northwest adventure guide let go pacific_northwest adventure guide adventure north_america let go paris city_europe_let go_budget paris budget_europe let go paris amsterdam brussels city_europe_let go peru country south_america let go peru ecuador country south_america became let go peru ecuador bolivia let go peru ecuador bolivia country south_america split let go peru let go ecuador let go_budget prague budget_europe let go puerto north_america let go usa north_america let go rome city_europe_let go_budget rome budget_europe let go rome venice florence city_europe_let go san_francisco city north_america let go south_africa country africa let go southeast_asia country asia let go southwest guide adventure north_america let go spain portugal country europe originally_called let go spain portugal library_let go thailand country asia let go turkey country go usa country_north_america open_library_let go vietnam country asia let go washington north_america open_library_let go western_europe country europe_let go yucat n peninsula country_north_america notable alumni let_us_go employees students working travel_guide many alumni gone distinguished careers travel_writing areas megan comedy writer twitter celebrity jesse andrews novelist screenwriter novel earl film director playwright judy author turkish author journalist journalist author lisa jobs journalist author steve jobs writer pete tech entrepreneur n author author screenwriter american tragedy oscar adam grant organizational wharton school university pennsylvania wharton professor nelson comedy writer franklin frank former us ambassador pico travel_writer essayist novelist kent keith author academic former managing_editor new_yorker g oliver koppell oliver koppell new_york politician eric lesser massachusetts politician former managing_editor new_yorker annie journalist television producer competitive figure writer editor alex boston_globe adam screenwriter screenwriter andrew tobias columnist author national committee notable past programming lisa media personality academic wood journalist contributing editor athe atlantic popular_culture references non review article let_us_go jones diary film jones diary let go album let go album mad magazine mad magazine marriage plot novel girls met mother reporthe daily show onion simpsons wants millionaire category harvard university publications category_travel_guide_books"},{"title":"LGBT tourism","description":"file lgbt flag map of brazilsvg thumb px lgbt flag map of brazilgbtourism in brazil has grown annually s o paulo and rio de janeiro rio are the cities most sought gay tourism or lgbtourism is a form of niche tourismarketed to gay lesbian bisexual and transgender lgbt people preview they are usually open aboutheir sexual orientation and gender identity but may be more or less open when traveling for instance they may be closeted at home or if they have coming out come out may be more discreet in areas known for violence against lgbt people preview the main components of lgbtourism is for destinations accommodations and travel services wishing to attract lgbtourists people looking to travel to lgbt friendly destinations people wanting travel with other lgbt people when traveling regardless of the destination and lgbtravelers who are mainly concerned with cultural and safety issues preview the slang term gaycation has come to imply a version of a vacation that includes a pronounced aspect of lgbt cultureither in the journey or destination preview the lgbtourism industry includestinations tourism offices and cvbs travel agent s accommodations and hotel groups tour companies cruise lines and travel advertising and promotions companies who markethese destinations to the gay community coinciding withe increased visibility of lgbt people raising children in the s an increase in family friendly lgbtourism has emerged in the s for instance r family vacations which includes activities and entertainment geared towards couples including same sex wedding s r family s first cruise was held aboard norwegian cruise lines norwegian dawn with passengers including children major companies in the travel industry have become aware of the substantial money also known as the pink dollar or pink pound generated by this marketing niche and have made it a pointo align themselves withe gay community and gay tourism campaigns preview according to a travel university report of international tourists were gay and lesbian accounting for more than million arrivals worldwide this market segment is expected to continue to grow as a result of ongoing acceptance of lgbt people and changing attitudes towardsexual and gender minorities outside larger companies lgbtourists are offered other traditional tourism toolsuch as hospitality networks of lgbt individuals whoffer each other hospitality during their travels and even home swaps where people live in each other s homes home sweet swap who needs a hotel when you can trade your own abode for a fab flat welcome to the world of gay homexchange networks by lauren ragland outraveler spring also available worldwide are social groups foresident and visitingay lesbian bisexual and transgender expatriates and friends preview lgbtravel destinations file old puerto vallartajpg thumb typical gay club in lgbtourist destination old puerto vallarta mexico gay travel destinations are popular among practitioners of gay tourism because they usually have permissive or liberal attitudes towards gays feature a prominent gay infrastructure bars businesses restaurants hotels nightlifentertainment media organisations etc the opportunity to socialize with other gays and the feeling that one can relax safely among other gay people gay travel destinations are often large cities although not exclusively and often coincide withexistence of gay village gay neighborhoods these municipalities and their tourism bureaus often work actively to develop theireputations as places for gays to travel to commonly by aligning themselves to local gay organisations travel analyststate thathexistence of a core gay friendly population is often the primary catalyst for the development of a gay friendly tourist destination according to lonely planethe top friendly gay friendly destinations in the world are san francisco usa sydney australia brighton england amsterdam the netherlands berlin germany puerto vallarta mexico new york city united states rio de janeiro brazil prague czech republic bangkok thailand gay tourismight also coincide with special gay eventsuch as annual gay pride parades gay neighborhood festivals and such gay community gatherings as category lgbthemed musical groups gay chorus festivals and concerts gay square dance conventions gay sports meetsuch as gay games world outgames or eurogames lgbt sporting event eurogames and conferences of national and international gay organisations gay tourism blossoms during these peak periods the lgbtourism industry represents an estimated annual us billion gay travel in the usalone according to community marketing insights in europe the gay tourismarket has been estimated at billion per year by the gay european tourism association the adult lgbt community in the usa has a total economic spending power of more than billion per year according to wietck combs in a study for philadelphia community marketing insights found that for every one dollar invested in gay tourismarketing was returned in direct economic spending in shops hotels restaurants and attractionsince there has been a historic rise in gay tourismarketing destinationsuch as philadelphia dallas and ft lauderdale havengaged in gay tourism campaigns philadelphia pennsylvania philadelphia was the first destination in the world to create and air a television commercial specifically geared towards practitioners of gay tourism philadelphia was also the first destination to commission a research study aimed at a specific destination to learn about gay travel to a specificity gay tourism specialists the international gay and lesbian travel association iglta holds annual world convention and four symposia in differentourism destinations around the world each symposium attracts overepresentatives of convention visitor bureaus tour agencies and travel publications that specialise in the gay and lesbian markethe association was founded in and it currently represents over members its headquarters are in fort lauderdale florida the th international conference on gay lesbian tourism was held in las vegas nv on december conference is produced by community marketing insights an lgbt market research and communications firm with nine issues a year passport magazine is currently the only gay and lesbian travel magazine still in publication in the united states it is available internationally through ipad and nook spartacus international and funmaps of maplewood new jersey have promoted gay and lesbian friendly businessesince and publish free guides in print and online for overesort areas and major cities throughouthe united states and canada each funmap contains detailed street maps business directories hotels bars restaurantshops and service community resources curateditorial full color display advertisements and quick response codes all of which welcome and invite gay and lesbian patronage one of europe s gay and lesbian travel marketing specialists is out now consulting the gay european tourism association geta works to promote and enhance lgbtourism in europe lgbt family travel in july rosie o donnellaunched r family cruises the first cruise that ispecifically designed for andirected at lgbt parenting lgbt parents with kids they are also expanding toffer non cruise vacations as well since many lgbt friendly resorts and hotels have a no kids policy lgbt families have limited options of traveling withe whole family within their own community thanks to r family cruises they now have more options the washington dc based family pride coalition organizes family events at places like gay friendly provincetown massachusettsaugatuck michigandisney world family pride is now partnering with r family to make family prideven bigger with activities like bonfires on the beach picnics dances carnivals a pirate dinner and a r amahzing race throughouthe country there are also lgbt camps that help familiestruggling witheir unusual circumstances they can serve as a kind of therapy for familiesince they are with others they can relate to making these camps become more popular the camps offer fun activities like swimming horseback riding and campfires buthey alsoffer confidence building workshops affirmation exercises and social justice programs all very important offerings to the lgbt community lgbt events file csd berlin partytruck jpg thumberlin pride filesbischwulestadtfest berlin pic jpg thumb lesbiand gay city festival berlin according to gaytravelcom the top ten best gay pridevents are sydney mardi gras amsterdam s canal parade berlin pride buenos aires gay pridevent san francisco pride celebration london s pride festival new york city pride madrid pride montreal pensacola memorial day weekend the lesbiand gay city festival in berlin started in and about people attend everyear a couple more to note are twof the largest but in unique categories the first is the largest unofficial gay pridevent and the second is the largest free gay pridevent gay days at disney world in orlando fl held the first weekend in june is one of the biggest unofficial gay pridevents in the world since gay daystarted about people attend thisix day eventhat includes pool parties a business expo a comic book convention a film festival an after hours trip to a disney water park think dance music and guys in very small swimsuits bobble head painting and tie dying for the kids rivers of alcohol for the adults and on june the great culmination to lesbians gays and their families and 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destination mainly concerned cultural safety issues preview slang_term come imply version vacation includes pronounced aspect lgbt journey destination preview lgbtourism industry tourism offices travel_agent accommodations hotel_groups tour companies cruise_lines travel advertising promotions companies destinations gay community withe increased visibility lgbt people raising children increase family friendly lgbtourism emerged instance r family vacations includes activities entertainment geared_towards couples including sex wedding r family first cruise held aboard norwegian cruise_lines norwegian dawn passengers including children major companies travel_industry become aware substantial money also_known pink dollar pink pound generated marketing niche made pointo align withe gay community gay tourism campaigns preview according travel university report international_tourists gay_lesbian accounting million arrivals worldwide market segment expected continue grow result ongoing acceptance lgbt people changing attitudes gender outside larger companies offered traditional tourism_hospitality networks lgbt individuals hospitality travels even home people live homes home sweet swap needs hotel trade abode flat welcome world gay homexchange networks lauren spring also_available worldwide social groups lesbian bisexual expatriates friends preview destinations file old puerto thumb typical gay club destination old puerto vallarta mexico gay travel_destinations popular_among practitioners gay tourism usually liberal attitudes towards gays feature prominent gay infrastructure bars businesses restaurants_hotels media organisations etc opportunity socialize gays feeling one relax safely among gay people gay travel_destinations often large_cities although exclusively often coincide gay village gay neighborhoods municipalities tourism bureaus often work actively develop places gays travel commonly local gay organisations travel core gay friendly population often primary catalyst development gay friendly tourist_destination according lonely_planethe top friendly gay friendly destinations world san_francisco usa sydney_australia brighton england amsterdam netherlands berlin_germany puerto vallarta mexico new_york city_united_states rio_de janeiro brazil prague czech_republic bangkok thailand gay also coincide special gay eventsuch annual gay pride gay neighborhood festivals gay community gatherings category_musical groups gay chorus festivals concerts gay square dance conventions gay sports gay games world lgbt sporting event conferences national international_gay organisations gay tourism peak periods lgbtourism industry represents estimated annual us_billion gay travel according community marketing insights europe gay tourismarket estimated billion per_year gay european tourism_association adult lgbt community usa total economic spending power billion per_year according study philadelphia community marketing insights found every one dollar invested gay tourismarketing returned direct economic spending shops hotels_restaurants historic rise gay tourismarketing destinationsuch philadelphia dallas lauderdale gay tourism campaigns philadelphia_pennsylvania philadelphia first destination world create air television commercial specifically geared_towards practitioners gay tourism philadelphia also first destination commission research study aimed specific destination learn gay travel gay tourism specialists international_gay_lesbian travel_association holds annual world convention four destinations around world symposium attracts convention visitor bureaus tour agencies travel publications specialise gay_lesbian markethe association founded currently represents members headquarters fort_lauderdale florida th international conference gay_lesbian tourism held las_vegas december conference produced community marketing insights lgbt market research communications firm nine issues year passport magazine currently gay_lesbian travel_magazine still publication united_states available internationally ipad spartacus international new_jersey promoted gay_lesbian friendly publish free guides print online areas major_cities throughouthe_united_states canada contains detailed street maps business hotels bars service community resources full color display advertisements quick response codes welcome invite gay_lesbian patronage one europe gay_lesbian travel_marketing specialists consulting gay european tourism_association works promote enhance lgbtourism europe lgbt family travel july r family cruises first cruise designed andirected lgbt lgbt parents kids also expanding toffer non cruise vacations well since many lgbt friendly resorts hotels kids policy lgbt families limited options traveling withe whole family within community thanks r family cruises options washington based family pride coalition organizes family events places like gay friendly world family pride r family make family bigger activities like beach dances carnivals pirate dinner r race throughouthe_country also lgbt camps help witheir unusual circumstances serve kind therapy others relate making camps become_popular camps offer fun activities like swimming horseback riding campfires buthey alsoffer confidence building workshops exercises social justice programs important offerings lgbt community lgbt events file berlin jpg pride berlin jpg thumb gay city festival berlin according top ten best gay sydney gras amsterdam canal parade berlin pride buenos_aires gay san_francisco pride celebration london pride festival new_york city pride madrid pride montreal memorial day weekend gay city festival berlin started people attend everyear couple note twof largest unique categories first largest unofficial gay second_largest free gay gay days disney_world orlando held first weekend june one biggest unofficial gay world since gay people attend day eventhat includes pool parties business expo comic book convention film_festival hours trip disney water_park think dance_music guys small head painting tie dying kids rivers alcohol adults june great gays families friends descending disney_world everyone clad red shirts presence cloud seattle held_athe last weekend june largest free pride festival country includes capitol hill pride festival outdoor stages kids zone family_entertainment events sunday gay pride parade goes downtown seattle ends larger festival athe seattle center world class entertainment action advocacy lgbt community thousands vendors please refer list lgbt events listings andates gay resources one popular websites website includes many_different places around world extensive list friendly events around world specials page hotels offers gay travel search option gay travel expedia page list top popular lgbt friendly hotels famous lgbt events top gay travel_destinations including san_francisco new_orleans curao amsterdam travel_destination includes good places stay things romantic places nightlife know go see_also lgbtourism south_africa lgbt marketing sydney gay_lesbian gras friend dorothy meeting friends dorothy gay gran lgbt cruises report number value gay european tourists gay european tourism_association externalinks cloud j gay days magic_kingdom time link fantastic family fun advocate scott lgbtourism category_types tourism"},{"title":"Libel tourism","description":"libel tourism is a term first coined by geoffrey robertson to describe forum shopping for libel suits it particularly refers to the practice of pursuing a case in england wales in preference tother jurisdictionsuch as the united states which provide morextensive defenses for those accused of making derogatory statements libel tourism chills investigative journalism a critic of english defamation law journalist geoffrey wheatcroft attributes the practice to the introduction of no wino fee agreements the presumption that derogatory statements are false the difficulty of establishing fair comment and the caprice of juries and the malice of judges wheatcroft contrasts this with united states law since the new york times co v sullivan case any american public figure bringing an actionow has to prove that what was written was not only untrue but published maliciously and recklessly twother critics of english defamation law the us lawyersamuel abady and harvey silverglate have cited thexample of republic of ireland irish saudi arabia saudi businessman khalid bin mahfouz who by the time of his death in had threatened suit more than times in england againsthose who accused him ofunding terrorismahfouz also took legal action in belgium france and switzerland againsthose repeating the accusations george w bush advisorichard perle threatened to sue investigative reporter seymour hersh in london because of a series of critical articles hershad written about himarcel berlins marcel index on censorship july vol issue p in american actress kate hudson won a libel action in england againsthe british edition of the national enquirer magazine after it published an article suggesting she had an eating disorder case law berezovsky v michaels in the house of lords gave boris berezovsky businessman boris berezovsky and nikolai glushkov permission to sue forbes for libel in thenglish courts in the case wasettled when forbes offered a partial retractionthe following statement appended to the article on the forbes website summarises on march the resolution of the case was announced in the high court in london forbestated in open courthat it was nothe magazine s intention to state that berezovsky was responsible for the murder of listiev only that he had been included in an inconclusive police investigation of the crime there is no evidence that berezovsky was responsible for this or any other murder in light of thenglish court s ruling it was wrong to characterize berezovsky as a mafia boss berezovsky vs forbes march the issues relating to jurisdiction of thenglish courts in such actions were appealed to the judicial functions of the house of lords house of lords athatime the highest court in england wales making this the key test case on libel tourism thehrenfeld case khalid bin mahfouz and two members of his family sued rachel ehrenfeld an israeli born writer and united states citizen over her book on terrorist financing funding evil alyssa lappen the fly in the bin mahfouz ointment aug which asserted that mahfouz and his family provided financial supporto islamic terrorist groups britain a destination for libel tourism the book was not published in britain although copies of her book had been purchased online through web sites registered in the uk and excerpts from the book had been published globally on the abc news web sitehrenfeld was advised by english lawyer mark stephensolicitor mark stephens to claim thathe suit in england violated her first amendment rights under the us constitution and chose noto defend the action instead she countersued in the uslappen the fly in the bin mahfouz ointment aug in his judgment justice david eady criticisedr ehrenfeld for attempting to cash in on the libel action without being prepared to defend it on its merits and specifically rebutted her suggestion oforum shopping eady ruled that ehrenfeld should pay to each claimant plus costs apologize for false allegations andestroy existing copies of her book full text of the high court judgment eady has been internationally criticized for his perceived bias in the case and his general restrictive approach to free speech additionally the libelaws which were applied are under scrutiny in england where calls for libelaw reform have increased sincehrenfeld s case analyzing english libelaw the united nations human rights committee cautioned that practical application of the law of libel haserved to discourage critical media reporting on matters of serious public interest adversely affecting the ability of scholars and journalists to publish their work including through the phenomenon known as libel tourism the advent of the internet and the international distribution oforeign medialso create the danger that a state party s unduly restrictive libelawill affect freedom of expression worldwide on matters of valid public interest laws addressing libel tourism england wales on january st a lawas enactedefamation act requiring plaintiffs who bring actions in the courts of england wales alleging libel by defendants who do not live in europe to demonstrate thathe court is the most appropriate place to bring the action serious harm to an individual s reputation or serious financial harm to a corporation must also be proven good faith belief that a disclosure was in the public interest was made a defense united states the free speech protection act of and were both bills aimed at addressing libel tourism by barring us courts from enforcing libel judgments issued in foreign courts against us residents if the speech would not be libelous under american law these protections were passed in the speech act which passed unanimously in bothe united states house of representatives house of representatives and the united statesenate senate before being signed by us president barack obama on august new york in late december the second circuit court of appeals based on a decision by the new york state court of appeals ruled thathe state s current long arm statutes governing business transactions did not give it jurisdiction to protect author ehrenfeld ny court of appeals ruling dec the court noted however that if the lawere to changehrenfeld could go back to court on jan two members of the new york state legislature new york state assemblyman rory i lancman d queens and new york state senate senator dean skelos r lintroduced a libel terrorism protection act in both legislative houses bills no and s b alyssa lappen america s first amendment lifeline human events jan to amend the new york civil procedures in response to thehrenfeld case the bill passed the new york state legislature on a rare unanimous vote and on april gov paterson signed the bill into law the libel terrorism protection act enables new york courts to assert jurisdiction over anyone whobtains a foreign libel judgment against a new york publisher or writer and to limit enforcemento those judgments that satisfy the freedom of speech and press protections guaranteed by bothe united states and new york constitutions in october california governor arnold schwarzenegger signed into law protections against libel tourism california s libel tourism acthatook effect january the act provides that california courtshall not recognize a foreign country judgment if the judgment includes recovery for a claim of defamation unless the court determines thathe defamation law applied by the foreign court provided at least as much protection for freedom of speech and the press as provided by bothe united states and california constitutions cccp sec and other protectionsee cal code of civil procedure sections and as amended by chapter statutes of sb corbetthe law received significant bi partisan support see ca leg counsel bill vote records in august illinois enacted a libel tourism law that isimilar to the statute passed inew york see ill comp stat b ill comp stat b in may floridalso enacted a libel tourism law similar to the law passed inew york florida statutes h see also defamation forum shopping khalid bin mahfouz investigative journalism simon singh chiropractic lawsuit simon singh furthereading barbour emily c the speech acthe federal response to libel tourism washington dcongressional research service library of congress bell avi libel tourism international forum shopping for defamation claims jerusalem center for public affairs brower amy j libel tourism and foreign libelawsuits new york nova science publishers henning anna c and vivian s chu libel tourism background and legal issues washington dcongressional research service library of congress melkonian harry defamation 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published twother critics english defamation law us harvey cited thexample republic ireland irish saudi_arabia saudi businessman bin mahfouz time death threatened suit times england accused ofunding also took legal action belgium france switzerland accusations george w bush threatened sue investigative reporter seymour london series critical articles written marcel index censorship july vol issue p american actress kate hudson libel action england againsthe british edition national magazine_published article suggesting eating disorder case law berezovsky v house lords gave boris berezovsky businessman boris berezovsky permission sue forbes libel thenglish courts case forbes offered partial following statement article forbes website march resolution case announced high_court london open nothe magazine intention state berezovsky responsible murder included police investigation crime evidence berezovsky responsible murder light thenglish court ruling wrong berezovsky mafia boss berezovsky forbes march issues relating jurisdiction thenglish courts actions appealed judicial functions house lords house lords athatime highest court england_wales making key test case libel_tourism case bin mahfouz two members family sued rachel ehrenfeld israeli born writer united_states citizen book terrorist financing funding evil alyssa fly bin mahfouz aug mahfouz family provided financial supporto islamic terrorist groups britain destination libel_tourism book published britain although copies book purchased online web_sites registered uk book published globally abc news web advised english lawyer mark mark stephens claim thathe suit england violated first amendment rights us constitution chose noto defend action instead fly bin mahfouz aug judgment justice david eady ehrenfeld attempting cash libel action without prepared defend specifically suggestion shopping eady ruled ehrenfeld pay plus costs false allegations existing copies book full text high_court judgment eady internationally criticized perceived bias case general restrictive approach free speech additionally applied scrutiny england calls reform increased case english united_nations human_rights committee practical application law libel haserved discourage critical media reporting matters serious public_interest affecting ability scholars journalists publish work including phenomenon known libel_tourism advent internet international distribution oforeign create danger state party restrictive affect freedom expression worldwide matters valid public_interest laws addressing libel_tourism england_wales january st lawas act requiring bring actions courts england_wales alleging libel live europe demonstrate thathe court appropriate place bring action serious harm individual reputation serious financial harm corporation must_also proven good faith belief public_interest made defense united_states free speech protection act bills aimed addressing libel_tourism us courts enforcing libel issued foreign courts us residents speech would american law protections passed speech act passed unanimously bothe united_states house representatives house representatives united_statesenate senate signed us president barack obama august new_york late december second circuit court appeals based decision new_york state court appeals ruled thathe state current long arm statutes governing business transactions give jurisdiction protect author ehrenfeld court appeals ruling dec court noted however could go back court jan two members new_york state legislature new_york state rory queens new_york state senate senator dean r libel terrorism protection act legislative houses bills b alyssa america first amendment human events jan new_york civil procedures response case bill passed new_york state legislature rare vote april signed bill law libel terrorism protection act enables new_york courts jurisdiction anyone foreign libel judgment new_york publisher writer limit satisfy freedom speech press_protections guaranteed bothe united_states new_york constitutions october california governor arnold signed law protections libel_tourism california libel_tourism effect january act provides california recognize foreign_country judgment judgment includes recovery claim defamation unless court determines thathe defamation law applied foreign court provided least much protection freedom speech press_provided bothe united_states california constitutions sec cal code civil procedure sections amended chapter statutes law received significant support see leg counsel bill vote records august illinois enacted libel_tourism law isimilar passed inew_york see ill comp b ill comp b may enacted libel_tourism law similar law passed inew_york florida statutes h see_also defamation forum shopping bin mahfouz investigative journalism simon singh lawsuit simon singh furthereading emily c speech acthe federal response libel_tourism washington research service library congress bell libel_tourism international forum shopping defamation claims jerusalem center public affairs amy j libel_tourism foreign new_york nova_science publishers anna c vivian libel_tourism background legal issues washington research service library congress harry defamation libel_tourism speech act first amendment withe common law amherst press digital media law wiley blackwell externalinks libel tourist short documentary detailing one case involving bin mahfouz category conflict laws category defamation category_english defamation law category category_types tourism_category disputed judicial practices"},{"title":"Life in Mexico","description":"life in mexico is a th century th century traveliterature travel account abouthe life culture and landscape of mexico written during scottish people scottish writer frances erskine inglist marquise of calder n de la barca fanny calderon de la barca sojourn in mexico from october to february it was published in by historian william hickling prescotthe account itself life in mexiconsists of letters fanny calder n wrote during her sojourn in mexico from october to february in terms of content calder n s book includes her personal experiences of mexico from the standpoint of an aristocracy aristocratic lady the wife of a foreign relations of spain spanish diplomat a position that allowed her unique immersion into mexican culture her account covers both public and private life although only the latter was thoughto be the domain of women writers as well as the politics people and landscape of mexicocabanas miguel a north of eden romance and conquest in fanny calderon de la barca s life in mexico the cultural other inineteenth century travel narratives how the united states and latin america described each other lewiston edwin mellen print originally calder n s letters were not intended for publication but her friend historian william h prescott william hickling prescott urged her to publisher writings into a travel book with prescott s instrumental role in the publication of life in mexico the credibility and authenticity of her account was elevated beyond that of an ordinary female traveliterature travel narrative prescott praised her book for its ethnography ethnographical and historiography historiographical significance and even included some of her observations in his own work the conquest of mexico citing calder n as the most delightful of modern travelers his book was bettereceived than calder n s which came under mexican scrutiny her book was first published in english in boston by prescott and in london by prescott s friend charles dickens having been most likely intended for a broad english speaking audience life in mexico provides insights on the inner social workings of mexico including class distinctions of mexican women perspectives on the indians and the chaotic political climate of the time and rising nationalism during her time in mexico calder n observed and recorded two revolution s ashe was caught in the political turmoil of the recently independent nation involving conflict between the liberal federalists and conservative centralists politics with sarcasm and irony calder n critiques the male dominated society patriarchy associated with mexican politics effectively demystifying the malelite in a manner that stems from a strong sense ofemale identity when describing a scene in which the president is captured later escapes and thensuring chaos that results calder n writes with a mixture of historical facts and personal reactions including quotes of the men involved which elevate her as a locus of authority in the narrative she mocks the malelites and apologizes but in recording the second revolution in revolution again santanna returnshe discusses the primary political figures no longer apologetic for speaking on politics although the subject was considered to be outside of a woman sphere in witnessing the revolution from the hacienda of san xavier she becomes more struck by the sight of ordinary people being forced to fighthan the warring factions of significant figures involved in the political spectrum she treats women asubjects in the scheme of this revolutionot passive pawns by recounting their escape amidsthe bloodshed thushe downplays the significance of the revolution by infusing it with everyday life and using irony to diminish the historical importance of violence overall she is less interested in the topoliticians than the statesmen and literary figures in a sense representing the underside of spanish americanationalism andemonstrating her female agency her awareness of the political strife in mexico solidifies her pro spanish view and belief in mexico s inability to run the country without spain this perspective is potentially connected to imperialism and calder n s view that mexico s maintenance of spanish empire spanish ties would promote progress coming from a scottish people scottish and american background calder n is also prone to recognize theconomic and religiousystems of capitalism and protestantism asolutions to mexico s internal problems which might suggest an imperialist agenda religion another one of these problems that calder n criticizes in addition to politics relates to the romand eastern catholicism in mexico mexican catholichurch specifically its treatment of women in a section titled life in the convent she notes the oppressive confinement associated withe initiations of young women into the convent nunnery calder n s moral outcry of this institution in its removal ofemale agency juxtaposes the more positive interpretations of the catholichurch from the male perspective through irony she contrasts the prison like conditions of nun s which include practicesuch aself mutilation with a crown of thorns to the relatively comfortable conditions monk s enjoy her critique of patriarchy extends to her sympathetic descriptions of women in prison for murdering husbands who mistreated them conveying an opposition to the cruelty faced by mexican women landscape irrespective of these assertions calder n also gives vividepictions of the mexican landscape which are labeled by commentators as reflective of the picturesque romanticism romantic sensibilitypical of th century th century writing despite her scientific knowledge as an educated woman of classhe subverts the male travel writing trope of astute observation ofacilitiesuch as the mining industry in favor ofocusing on the natural scenery in the vein of romanticism she fuses her historical knowledge of mexico with personal experience identifying withern cort spanish conquistador cort s in her first impression of the ancient aztecity tenochtitlan tenochtitl n modern day mexico city describing it as an intact bustling unruinous city by romanticizing hern cort s cort s as the discoverer of mexico and the destroyer of aztec immorality human sacrifice calder n participates in this initial discovery herself ignoring hern cort s cort s brutalities of conquest and mythicizing the mexican landscape as a paradise comparable to the biblical garden of eden through itsublimity in doing so she highlights mexico s unexploited resources which would become part of the motivation for the united states invasion of mexico despite her identification with cort s calder n s later description of chapultepec implies a greater affinity for cort s indigenous mistress la malinche or do a marina who held substantial political authority for a woman of her background she is haunted by this woman ghost of chapultpec a constructhat calder n created which became an almost mythical tradition associated with chapultepechapultpec speculation this topic suggests that calder n being herself between scottish people scottish american spanish and mexicans mexicanationalities might have identified with la malinche in terms of cultural displacement classystem this transcendence of national identity along wither classification as an aristocracy aristocratic lady also served an important role informing her perceptions of the mexicans mexican people as the wife of a foreign relations of spain spanish diplomat sheld the spanish women of mexico in higher standing thany other class denoting a sense of superiority in calder n s caste mexican caste system the white women of spanish nationality are considered beautiful withis beauty diminishing with every class down to the indians and remaining negroes of the country who she deemed ugly additionally calder n s role as the proper lady traveler makes her most comfortable within her own class away from the beggars and indians that constantly interrupt her narrative she ultimately perceives mexican racial diversity as a hindrance to mexican progress and connected to their uncivilized nature however in the realm of self discovery calder n admits to finding secret pleasure in the barbaric mexican bullfights although it is un ladylike her other draws to mexican culture despite her classtatus and in lieu of complicated national identity arevident in her preoccupation with mexican concert balls and the dress of mexican women of various classes including the rebozo and serape sarape one such garmenthe peasant china poblana dress related to both native and spanish myths and having no single originterests calder n so much sherself desires to wear it possibly due to her own mixed nationality and the anxieties caused by her adjustmento marriage and the otherness of mexico however bound by male and class dominated social strictures calder n istrongly advised against it for fear of a scandal related to the dress association with prostitution and the impropriety of it for a woman of her stature in later defiance of the limits of the mexican social code she does dawn an indigenous inspired headdress as if reasserting her female agency througher female identification and mixed nationalities calder n offers a unique perspective on post independent mexico that stands out as the only mexican travel account of its time written by a woman critical response and impact while calder n s life in mexico was initially well received in boston and london in part due to prescott s approval it was ridiculed by spaniards in mexico and the mexican press for its negative portrayals of mexicans in fact calder n s account was considered to be soffensive she was compared to frances milton trollope frances trollope a female travel writer who had conveyed her dislike for americans and their customs part of the offensive nature of her narrative likely stemmed from the scottish people scottish age of enlightenment european enlightenmenthought abouthe superiority of ethnic groups in europeans and the inferiority of de colonized peoples on the other extreme the account with its detailedepictions of mexican politics and landscape along with prescott s conquest of mexico provided the federal government of the united states united states government with intel on mexico that served as a prelude for invasion the books were so influential thathe united states government actually met with calder n and prescotthemselves which eventually proved to be instrumental in facilitating the military transactions that led to the mexican american war mexican american war of externalinks at a celebration of women writers references category books category travel writing category books about 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scottish writer frances erskine calder_n de_la barca fanny de_la barca mexico october february published historian william account life letters fanny calder_n wrote mexico october february terms content calder_n book includes personal experiences mexico aristocracy aristocratic lady wife foreign relations spain spanish diplomat position allowed unique immersion mexican culture account covers public_private life although latter thoughto domain women writers well politics people landscape miguel north eden romance conquest fanny de_la barca life mexico cultural century travel narratives united_states latin_america described edwin print originally calder_n letters intended publication friend historian william h prescott william prescott urged publisher writings travel_book prescott instrumental role publication life mexico credibility authenticity account elevated beyond ordinary female traveliterature travel narrative prescott praised book ethnography significance even included observations work conquest mexico citing calder_n modern travelers book calder_n came mexican scrutiny book first_published english boston prescott london prescott friend charles_dickens likely intended broad english_speaking audience life mexico provides insights inner social mexico including class distinctions mexican women perspectives indians political climate time rising nationalism time mexico calder_n observed recorded two revolution ashe caught political recently independent nation involving conflict liberal conservative politics irony calder_n critiques male dominated society associated mexican politics effectively manner stems strong sense ofemale identity describing scene president captured later escapes results calder_n writes mixture historical facts personal reactions including quotes men involved authority narrative recording second revolution revolution discusses primary political figures longer speaking politics although subject considered outside woman sphere witnessing revolution hacienda san xavier becomes struck sight ordinary people forced significant figures involved political spectrum treats women scheme passive recounting escape significance revolution everyday life using irony historical importance violence overall less interested literary figures sense representing spanish female agency awareness political mexico pro spanish view belief mexico run country without spain perspective potentially connected imperialism calder_n view mexico maintenance spanish empire spanish ties would promote progress coming scottish people scottish american background calder_n also prone recognize theconomic capitalism protestantism mexico internal problems might suggest agenda religion another one problems calder_n addition politics relates eastern mexico mexican catholichurch specifically treatment women section titled life convent notes associated_withe young women convent calder_n moral institution removal ofemale agency positive interpretations catholichurch male perspective irony contrasts prison like conditions include crown relatively comfortable conditions monk enjoy critique extends descriptions women prison husbands opposition cruelty faced mexican women landscape calder_n also gives mexican landscape labeled commentators reflective picturesque romanticism romantic th_century th_century writing despite scientific knowledge educated woman male travel_writing observation mining industry favor natural scenery vein romanticism historical knowledge mexico personal experience identifying cort spanish cort first impression ancient n modern_day mexico_city describing intact bustling city cort cort mexico aztec human calder_n participates initial discovery cort cort conquest mexican landscape paradise comparable biblical garden eden highlights mexico resources would_become part motivation united_states invasion mexico despite identification cort calder_n later description implies greater affinity cort indigenous la marina held substantial political authority woman background haunted woman ghost calder_n created became almost mythical tradition associated topic suggests calder_n scottish people scottish american spanish mexicans might identified la terms cultural national identity along_wither classification aristocracy aristocratic lady also_served important_role informing perceptions mexicans mexican people wife foreign relations spain spanish diplomat spanish women mexico higher standing thany class sense superiority calder_n caste mexican caste system white women spanish nationality considered beautiful withis beauty diminishing every class indians remaining negroes country deemed ugly additionally calder_n role proper lady traveler makes comfortable within class away indians constantly narrative ultimately mexican racial diversity mexican progress connected nature however realm self discovery calder_n finding secret pleasure mexican although draws mexican culture despite complicated national identity mexican concert balls dress mexican women various classes including one china dress related native spanish myths single calder_n much desires wear possibly due mixed nationality caused marriage mexico however bound male class dominated social calder_n advised fear scandal related dress association prostitution woman later limits mexican social code dawn indigenous inspired female agency female identification mixed nationalities calder_n offers unique perspective post independent mexico stands mexican travel account time written woman critical response impact calder_n life mexico initially well received boston london part due prescott approval mexico mexican press negative mexicans fact calder_n account considered compared frances milton trollope frances trollope female travel_writer americans customs part offensive nature narrative likely scottish people scottish age enlightenment european abouthe superiority ethnic_groups europeans de colonized peoples extreme account mexican politics landscape along prescott conquest mexico provided federal_government united_states united_states government mexico served invasion books influential thathe united_states government actually met calder_n eventually proved instrumental facilitating military transactions led mexican american war mexican american war externalinks celebration women writers references_category_books category_travel writing_category_books mexico"},{"title":"Limpopo Tourism and Parks Board","description":"limpopo tourism and parks board is a governmental organisation established in and responsible for maintaining wilderness areas and public natureserves in limpopo province south africa parks managed by limpopo tourism and parks board lekgalameetse provincial park letaba ranch provincial park mano mbe provincial park mokolo dam provincial park nwanedi provincial park tzaneen dam provincial park see alsouth africanational parks protected areas of south africa references externalinks limpopo tourism and parks 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tourism parks board provincial_park ranch provincial_park provincial_park dam provincial_park provincial_park dam provincial_park see parks protected_areas south_africa references_externalinks limpopo tourism parks board game natureserves limpopo category_tourism agencies_category limpopo provincial_parks category_tourism south_africa"},{"title":"List of adjectival tourisms","description":"file mount kilimanjaro jpg thumb mount kilimanjaro in tanzania file blue linckia starfishjpg thumb upright great barriereef australia is one of the most visited places of diving tourists file hagia sophia b jpg thumb the hagia sophia in istanbul turkey file peru machu picchu sunrise jpg uprighthumb machu picchu in cusco peru one of the most visitedestinations in south america file hemispheric valencia spain jan jpg righthumb ciutat de les arts i les ci ncies in valencia spain valencia spainotoc adjectival tourism is the numerous niche or specialty travel forms of tourism each with its own 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south_america file valencia spain jan jpg_righthumb de les arts les valencia spain valencia adjectival tourism numerous niche specialty travel forms tourism tourismarkets include adventure extreme adventure_travel adventure_tourism extreme tourism_space_tourism culture arts bookstore tourism_cultural_tourism heritage_tourism literary tourism pop_culture_tourism tolkien tourism child_sex_tourism drug tourism female_sex_tourism sex_tourism suicide tourism food_andrink culinary_tourism wine_tourism archaeological tourism atomic_tourism genealogy heritage_tourism low_impact couchsurfing ecotourism geotourism sustainable dental tourism fertility tourism wellness_tourism accessible_tourism garden tourism libel_tourism sports_tourism nature rural agritourism jungle_tourism rural_tourism village tourism_wildlife tourism nightlife party weekend tourism stag party tourism youth party tourism christian tourism halal_tourism kosher tourism religious_tourism science education astronomy tourism dark_tourism disaster_tourism ghettourism jihadi tourism poverty tourism township tourism war_tourism nautical tourism shark tourism water tourism_category_tourism related lists adjectival category_types tourism"},{"title":"List of Baedeker Guides","description":"image baedeker paris hardcover guide book frontcoverjpg thumb right baedeker s paris baedeker guides are travel guide book s published by the karl baedeker firm of germany beginning in the s list of baedeker guides byear of publication s in german part central italy and rome or part southern italy and sicily part southern italy and sicily with excursions into the liparia islands malta sardinia tunis and corfu part northern italy including leghorn florence ravennand routes through switzerland austria part northern italy including leghorn florence ravennand routes through switzerland austria index index index index note theditions before this were published as belgium and holland no english baedekers published the first post world war ii old style baedekers in english were published in the s by karl baedeker verlag hamburg after the firm was revived in list of baedeker guides by geographicoverage image baedeker paris jpg thumb right baedeker s paris with a few exceptions classic baedekers were published in german english and french these lists enlisthenglish baedekers only where geographical areas were not covered in english editions this indicated in german only dalmatia western yugoslavialbania viz dalmatien undie adria westliches dslawien istrien budapest albanien korfu karl baedeker leipzig see mediterranean index index belgium via hathitrust bosniand herzegovina see austria see india indien see india indien see russia for peking see united states united states czechoslovakia see austria see turkey and palestine see norway index see russia in german title only schweden finnland undie hauptreisewege durch d nemarkarl baedeker leipzig see also russia france index via hathitrust via internet archive s index s s index index s great britaindex index see austria see norway in german only indien including ceylon burma siam parts of malaya java st ed karl baedeker leipzig in michael wild the baedeker historian see karl baedeker published his translation of the indien edition into english see india indien for java see russia for teheran see palestine for babylonia ireland appeared only in the german editions of great britain viz grossbritannien th and last ed karl baedeker leipzig italy part central italy and rome or part southern italy and sicily part southern italy and sicily with excursions into the liparia islands malta sardinia tunis and corfu index via hathitrust via hathitrust index see palestine for petra see russia see palestine see italy southern and palestine see russia see belgium see india indien see italy southern index see united states united states austria hungary including dalmatia bosnia bucharest belgrade and montenegro th ed and th ed karl baedeker leipzig see mediterranean netherlandsee belgium index see russia and germany portugal see spain austria hungary including dalmatia bosnia bucharest belgrade and montenegro th ed and th ed karl baedeker leipzig index see yugoslavia siam thailand see india indien spaindex index see palestine see norway switzerland see palestine transiberian railway see russia st ed karl baedeker leipzig see mediterranean in german only constaninople and asia minor viz konstantinopel und kleinasien karl baedeker leipzig in german only constaninople and asia minor viz konstantinopel und kleinasien balkanstaaten archipel cypernd ed karl baedeker leipzig also see mediterranean only english edition with constantinople united states index yugoslavia in german only dalmatia western yugoslavialbania viz dalmatien undie adria westliches dslawien istrien budapest albanien korfu karl baedeker leipzig austria hungary including dalmatia bosnia bucharest belgrade and montenegro th ed and th ed karl baedeker leipzig see also karl 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published karl_baedeker firm germany beginning list baedeker_guides byear publication german part central italy rome part southern italy sicily part southern italy sicily excursions islands malta sardinia corfu part northern_italy including florence routes switzerland austria part northern_italy including florence routes switzerland austria index_index index_index note published belgium holland english baedekers published first post world_war ii old style baedekers english published karl_baedeker verlag hamburg firm revived list baedeker_guides geographicoverage image baedeker paris jpg thumb right baedeker paris exceptions classic baedekers published german english french lists baedekers geographical areas covered english editions indicated german dalmatia western viz undie budapest karl_baedeker leipzig see mediterranean index_index belgium via hathitrust bosniand herzegovina see austria see india indien see india indien see russia see united_states united_states czechoslovakia see austria see turkey palestine see norway index_see russia german title undie baedeker_leipzig see_also russia france index_via hathitrust via internet_archive index_index index great index_see austria see norway german indien including ceylon burma parts java st ed karl_baedeker leipzig michael wild baedeker historian see karl_baedeker published translation indien edition english see india indien java see russia see palestine ireland appeared german editions great_britain viz th last ed karl_baedeker leipzig italy part central italy rome part southern italy sicily part southern italy sicily excursions islands malta sardinia corfu index_via hathitrust via hathitrust index_see palestine petra see russia see palestine see italy southern palestine see russia see belgium see india indien see italy southern index_see united_states united_states austria hungary including dalmatia bosnia bucharest belgrade montenegro th_ed th_ed karl_baedeker leipzig see mediterranean belgium index_see russia germany portugal see spain austria hungary including dalmatia bosnia bucharest belgrade montenegro th_ed th_ed karl_baedeker leipzig index_see yugoslavia thailand see india indien index_see palestine see norway switzerland see palestine transiberian railway see russia st ed karl_baedeker leipzig see mediterranean german asia minor viz und karl_baedeker leipzig german asia minor viz und ed karl_baedeker leipzig also see mediterranean english edition constantinople united_states index yugoslavia german dalmatia western viz undie budapest karl_baedeker leipzig austria hungary including dalmatia bosnia bucharest belgrade montenegro th_ed th_ed karl_baedeker leipzig see_also karl_baedeker founder verlag baedeker baedeker publishing firm baedeker history house baedeker furthereading_externalinks line catalogue guides english translations parts book category_travel_guide_books category_series books_category publications_established"},{"title":"List of bars","description":"file bar inew haven ct march jpg thumb upright a bar named bar inew haven connecticuthis a list of bars public houses and taverns a bar is a retail business andrinking establishmenthat serves alcoholic beverage such as beer wine distilled beverage liquor cocktail s and other beveragesuch as mineral water and soft drink s and often sell snack foodsuch as crisps or peanut s for consumption premises cocktailounge definition from the free dictionary club abbey lounge cafe d mongo speakeasy friar s inn giger bar kgbar kgb krazy kat klub lucky lou s tobacco road bar tobacco road vesuvio cafe biker bars file cookscorner jpg thumb px cook s corner a biker bar circa biker bar is a bar that is frequented by motorcycling motorcyclists bikersome are owned or managed by people who are friendly toward motorcyclists biker gangs and organized crime thomas barker p biker bars are patronized by people from all walks of life including bikers non bikers and motorcycle club adherents including outlaw motorcycle club s traveling with philosophes ken ewell p ace cafe cook s corner full throttle saloon hogs and heifers hurley mountainneptune s net ma s roadhouse strokers dallas a gastropub is a bar and restauranthat serves high end beer and food file hinds head public house high street bray geographorguk jpg thumb the hinds head in the hand flowers the hinds head the old bull and bush sir charles napier inn tkk fried chicken also has a location in china united states red raven gastropub red raven the spotted pig auburn alehouse chez melange father s office ford s filling station ice bars an ice bar sometimes associated with an ice hotel is a drinking establishment primarily made of ice the bars usually contain ice sculptures and other formations and are kept at low temperatures generally about c to hinder melting the walls and seating are also usually made of ice mostly a novelty the ice bar is often considered a tourist destination icebar orlando icehotel jukkasj rvicehotel image icehotel se jpg absolut icebar athe icehotel jukkasj rvicehotel inorthern sweden december public houses a pub also referred to as public house is a house licensed to sell alcohol to the general public it is a drinking establishment in british culture britain public house britannicacom subscription required retrieved july culture of ireland food andrink ireland new zealand canadand australian culture australian drinking culture convict creations retrieved april in many placespecially in villages a pub is the focal point of the community samuel pepys described the pub as theart of england by location irish pub kabul breakfast creek hotel empire hotel fortitude valley gambaro group grand view hotel jubilee hotel norman hotel normanby hotel orient hotel brisbane plough inn regatta hotel royal exchange hotel brisbane transcontinental hotel victory hotel wickham hotel file punters clubjpg thumb punters club was a pub and live music venue located in fitzroy inner melbourne victoriaustralia corner hotel devonshire arms fitzroy empress hotel fitzroy north esplanade hotel melbournesplanade hotel punters club the tote hotel young and jackson hotel albion hotel bald rock hotel beachotel sydney beachotel bowlers club of new south wales dick s hotel dry dock hotel eastern suburbs leagues club exchange hotel balmain forth clyde hotel grand hotel broadway jetsports club kent hotel newport arms hotel north sydney leagues club the oriental hotel phoenician club the riverview hotel balmain royal oak hotel the rugby club sandringham hotel newtown shipwright s arms hotel sir william wallace hotel star hotel balmain unsw venues volunteer hotel white bay hotel white horse hotel surry hills list of pubs in dublin united kingdom anchor inn birmingham anchor inn angel and crown covent garden the blind beggar the crown inn birmingham the trout inn list of pubs in london list of award winning pubs in london united states fly s tie irish pub isle of skye bar isle of skye pig n whistle the cat fiddle former pubs adam eve birmingham the alexandra new barnet bull and crown chingford fishmongers arms fleece hotel flying horse inn the antelope public house lord high admiral pimlico lamb hotel nantwich queen s head tavern apollo tavern a micropub is a very small one room public house the concept is attributed to publican martyn hillier and his pub the butchers arms in herne kent england pub chains a pub chain is a group of pubs or bars with a brand image the brand may be owned outright by one company or there may be multiple financiers the chain may be a division within a larger company or may be a single operation anticollective bay restaurant group belushi s brewers fayre caf oz australian bar chef brewer chicago rock cafeerie pub company ettamogah pub firkin brewery inventive leisure mana bar o neill s pub chain o neill s punch taverns revolution bar scream pubslug and lettuce spirit group spirit pub company steamin billy stonegate pub company tynemill varsity bar varsity walkabout pub chain walkabout wetherspoons yates young s mitchells butlers pub chains mitchells butlers runs around managed public house bars and restaurants throughouthe united kingdom all bar one bass brewery harvesterestaurant harvester innkeeper s lodge miller carter mitchells butlers mitchells butlers brewery mitchells butlers ground nicholson s o neill s pub chain o neill s phil urban toby carvery comstock saloon located in san francisco california speakeasy is an illicit establishmenthat sells alcoholic beveragesuch establishments came into prominence in the united states during the prohibition in the united states prohibition era longer in some statespeakeasies largely disappeared after prohibition was ended in and the term is now used to describe some retro style barsome former speakeasies continue toperate as bars chumley s delmonico s dil pickle club gallagher steakhouse kgbar kgb krazy kat klub light horse tavern tobacco road bar tobacco road a tavern is a place of business where people gather to drink alcoholic beverages and be served food and in most cases where travel ers receive lodging an inn is a tavern whichas a license to put up guests as lodgers the worderives from the latin taberna whose original meaning was a shed workshop market stall or pub upper flask united states nick s original big train bar old tavern sacramento california old tavern tun tavern brewery taverns in the american revolution alden tavern site buckman tavern burnham tavern cedar bridge tavern city tavern clifton house fraunces tavern french arms tavern gabreil daveis tavern house golden plough tavern green dragon tavern indian king tavern mosby tavern munroe tavern lexington massachusetts munroe tavern the old house peleg arnold tavern putnam cottage raleigh tavern red lion inn brooklyn red lion inn rising sun tavern fredericksburg virginia rising sun tavern rose and crown tavern smith tavern three pigeons tun tavern warren tavern white horse tavernewport rhode island white horse tavern wright s tavern tiki bars file sip n dip mermaid jpg thumb people dressed up as mermaidswim athe sip n dip tiki bar in great falls montana tiki bar is an exotic themedrinking establishmenthat serves elaborate cocktails especially rum based mixedrinksuch as the mai tai and zombie cocktail these bars are aesthetically defined by their tiki culture d cor which is based upon a romanticized conception of tropical cultures most commonly polynesian culture polynesian bahooka jardin tiki mai kai restaurant sip n dip lounge the hawaiian inn tiki boyd s tiki ti tonga room trader sam s enchanted tiki bar trader vic see also list of microbreweries index of drinking establishment related articles types of drinking establishmentypes of drinking establishments category bars category drinking establishments category lists of pubs category lists of 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united_states_prohibition era longer largely disappeared prohibition ended term_used describe retro style former speakeasies continue toperate bars chumley delmonico club steakhouse kat light horse tavern tobacco road bar tobacco road tavern place business people gather drink alcoholic_beverages served food cases travel ers receive lodging inn tavern whichas license put guests latin taberna whose original meaning shed workshop market stall pub upper flask united_states nick original big train bar old tavern sacramento california old tavern tavern brewery taverns american revolution tavern site tavern tavern cedar bridge tavern city tavern clifton house fraunces tavern french arms tavern tavern house golden plough tavern green dragon tavern indian king tavern tavern tavern lexington massachusetts tavern old house arnold tavern cottage raleigh tavern red_lion inn brooklyn red_lion inn rising_sun tavern virginia rising_sun tavern rose crown tavern smith tavern three pigeons tavern warren tavern white_horse rhode_island white_horse tavern wright tavern tiki bars file sip n dip jpg thumb people dressed athe sip n dip tiki bar great falls montana tiki bar exotic establishmenthat serves elaborate cocktails especially rum based mai tai cocktail bars aesthetically defined tiki culture cor based_upon conception tropical cultures commonly culture tiki mai kai restaurant sip n dip lounge hawaiian inn tiki tiki tonga room trader sam enchanted tiki bar trader vic see_also list microbreweries index drinking_establishment related_articles types drinking drinking_establishments category bars category_drinking_establishments category_lists pubs_category_lists restaurants"},{"title":"List of fictional guidebooks","description":"some fictional universe s feature useful guidebook s which assisthero and friends through difficult situations features of a great fictional guidebook such books are ideally compact enough to carry on even the mostrenuous adventures yet detailed enough to contain exactly the information the reader needs athat particular point in the plot many guidebooks arelectronic inature some can access relevant information through a wireless connection class wikitable width fictional guidebook width universe thencyclopedia generica the simpsons encyclopedia galactica the foundation series by isaac asimov the philosophy of time travel donnie darko the guide character the hitchhiker s guide to the galaxy encyclopedia galactica the hitchhiker s guide to the galaxy hitchhiker trilogy in five parts by douglas adams the junior woodchucks guidebook donalduck comics by carl barks anducktales encyclopedia frobozzica zork all of them witches rosemary s baby novel rosemary s baby book by ira levin movie by roman polanski the book of origin stargate universe priors of the ori the book of rules the dancingodseries by jack l chalker a young lady s illustrated primer neal stephenson s novel the diamond age necronomicon ex mortis thevil dead franchisevil dead series fictional sumerian book series created by sam raimi planetary guides annual planetary comics planetary by warren ellis pok dex pok mon games and pok mon anime animation highly unpleasanthings it isometimes necessary to know things that are not good to know at all john barnes author john barnes novel one for the morninglory the mrin andarine codices david eddings the belgariad and the malloreon ferengi rules of acquisition star trek marcoh s notes aka timarcoh s guide on baking desserts a guide written by the alchemistimarcoh on the philosopherstone it is thought of as a cookbook but is actually an alchemy reference written in code fullmetalchemist roylance guide of secret societies and sects tobin spirit guide spates catalog of nameless horrorspengler spirit guide ghostbusters the spells of astoroth bedknobs and broomsticks handbook for the recently deceased beetlejuice the code of masked wrestling mucha lucha the slayer handbook buffy the vampire slayer tv series buffy the vampire slayer the messiah s handbook and reminders for the advanced soul richard bach s novel illusions the necronomicon the hound by h p lovecraft see other appearances under necronomicon for more a really useful book mirrormask da rules the fairly oddparents the guide ned s declassified school survival guide orange catholic bible frank herbert s dune franchise dune series the nice and accurate prophecies of agnes nutter witch good omens by terry pratchett and neil gaiman thievus racoonusly cooper and the thievius raccoonus hogwarts a history harry potter series the code pirates of the caribbean series the uselessness of everything moomin series by tove jansson voyager guidebook voyagerspace core directive manual redwarf series the tome of eternal darkness eternal darknessanity s requiem video game lost in the wilds by d croyle this handbook iseen being read by billionaire magazine publicist charles morse anthony hopkins athe beginning of the movie thedge film thedge it appears to be a guide to survival in the wilderness but was mocked up by the props departmenthe director s assistant was calledarragh croyle thedge film thedge real guidebooks to fictional matters a few guides to fictional places have also been published the dictionary of imaginary places by alberto manguel and gianni guadalupi macmillan expandedition hbj is a comprehensive survey ofictional places mentioned in fantasy and other literature the book paris out of hand by karen elizabeth gordon barbara hodgson and nick bantock is a guide to a fictionalized version of paris there are guidebooks to the fictional countries of molvan a the land that dentistry forgot phaic t n sunstroke on a shoestring and san sombro a land of carnivals cocktails and coups written by tom gleisner santo cilauro and rob sitch the tough guide to fantasyland by diana wynne jones vista books firebird books revised and updated is real book about high fantasy fiction cast as a tourist guidebook it may be considered fantasy or parody or criticism ofantasy or a reference book the us library of congress calls it a dictionary lcsh the tough guide to fantasyland first edition library of congress catalog record retrieved the internet speculative fiction database calls it non fiction as did the administrators of some genre awards retrieved see also false document fictional book category lists ofictional books guidebooks category consumer guides category travel guide books list ofictional 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annual planetary comics planetary warren ellis pok pok mon games pok mon anime animation highly isometimes necessary know things good know john barnes author john barnes novel one morninglory david rules acquisition star_trek notes aka guide baking desserts guide written thought cookbook actually reference written code guide secret societies spirit guide catalog spirit guide handbook recently deceased code wrestling handbook tv_series handbook advanced soul richard novel h p see appearances really useful book rules fairly guide school survival guide orange catholic bible frank herbert dune franchise dune series nice accurate agnes witch good terry neil cooper history harry_potter series code pirates caribbean series everything series voyager guidebook core directive manual series eternal darkness eternal video_game lost handbook iseen read billionaire magazine charles morse anthony hopkins athe_beginning movie thedge film thedge appears guide survival wilderness props director assistant thedge film thedge real guidebooks fictional matters guides fictional places also_published dictionary imaginary places alberto macmillan comprehensive survey ofictional places mentioned fantasy literature book paris hand karen elizabeth gordon barbara nick guide version paris guidebooks fictional countries molvan land dentistry phaic n shoestring san_sombro land carnivals cocktails written tom gleisner santo cilauro rob sitch tough guide diana wynne jones vista books books revised updated real book high fantasy fiction cast tourist_guidebook may considered fantasy parody criticism reference book us library congress calls dictionary tough guide first_edition library congress catalog record retrieved internet fiction database calls non_fiction administrators genre awards retrieved see_also false document fictional book category_lists ofictional books guidebooks category consumer guides_category_travel_guide_books list ofictional guidebooks"},{"title":"List of food trucks","description":"file maximus minimus food truck seattle washingtonjpg thumb px the maximus minimus food truck athe corner of pike street and avenue in downtown seattle washington a food truck mobile kitchen mobile canteen roach coach gutruck catering truck or in austin texas food trailer is a mobile venue thatransports and sells food some including ice cream truck sell frozen or prepackaged food others resemble restaurants on wheelsome may cater to specific mealsuch as the breakfastruck lunch truck or lunch wagon snack truckebab trailer uk break truck or taco truck this list includes notable food trucks companies and is not a comprehensive list of all food trucks companies notable food trucks file bigay ice cream truckjpg thumb the bigay ice cream truck file donchowtacosfoodtruckjpg thumb don chow tacos food truck image kogitruckjpg thumb right a kogi korean bbq food truck bigay ice cream truck new york city chef jeremiah miami florida chi lantro bbq texas austin fort hood houston clover food laboston massachusetts coolhausouthern california new york city austin andallas don chow tacos los angeles california grease trucks rutgers university inew brunswick new jersey the grilled cheese truck southwest united states the halal guys new york city honeysuckle gelato atlanta georgia kelvinatural slush co new york new yorkind movementours the united states kogi korean bbq los angeles california korilla bbq new york city maximus minimuseattle washington pincho man miami florida p lsevogn literally meaning sausage wagon these food trucks arendemic to danish cuisine denmark and are a staple in mostowns taco bus tampa florida off the grid food organization off the grid philadelphia mobile food association ice cream van p lsevogn sausage wagon see also dickie dee a fleet of canadian ice cream vending carts field kitchen food cart food truckin food truck rally food trucks in tampa florida hot dog cart hot dog stand list of the great food truck racepisodes mobile 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entertainment is the performance of live jazz music jazz clubs are usually a type of nightclub or bar which is licensed to sell alcoholic beverages jazz clubs were in large rooms in theras of orchestral jazz and big band jazz big band jazz when bands were large and often augmented by a string section large rooms were also more common in the swing era because athatime jazz was popular as a dance music so the dancers needed space to move withe transition to s era styles like bebop and later stylesuch asoul jazz small combos of musiciansuch as quartets jazz quartets and jazz trios were mostly used and the music became more of a music to listen to rather than a form of dance music as a result smaller clubs with small stages became practical in the s jazz clubs may be found in the basement s of largeresidential buildings in storefront locations or in the upper floors of retail businesses they can be rather small compared tother music venuesuch as rock musiclubs reflecting the intimate atmosphere of jazz shows and long term decline in popular interest in jazz despite being called club organization clubs these venues are usually not exclusive some clubs however have a cover charge if a live band is playing some jazz clubs host jam session s after hours or on early evenings of the week at jam sessions both professional musicians and advanced amateurs will typically share the stage belgium antwerp jazz club ajc hot club of belgium jazz station brussels l archiduc brussels the music village brusseld canada toronto colonial tavern george spaghetti house town tavern the rex jazz blues bar denmark jazzhus montmartre copenhagen france paris le baiser sale caveau de la huchette le chat qui p che le duc des lombards new morning club new morning sunset sunside marseille la caravelle germany berlin a trane b flat jazz club flat cologne the loft subway hamburg birdland hamburg jazz clubirdland mojo club greece half note jazz club athens italy blue note jazz clubs blue note milan divino jazz clubs divino jazz rome portugal hot club of portugalisbonetherlands bimhuis amsterdam turkey shaft club shaft istanbul turkey istanbul united kingdom the concorde club eastleighampshire oxford university jazz society oxford redcar jazz club redcar and cleveland redcar bristol east bristol jazz club london club eleven ealing jazz club jazz caf ronnie scott s jazz club vortex jazz club the bull s head barnes manchester band on the wall matt and phreds jazz bar united states regal theater chicago regal theater lulu white s mahogany hall storyville new orleanstoryville new orleans preservation hall french quarter new orleans tipitina s uptownew orleans ryles jazz club cambridge massachusetts cambridge five spot cafive spot blue note jazz clublue note the bottom line venue the bottom line caf bohemia caf society eddie condon s condon s nick s the village gate village vanguard cotton club savoy ballroom birdland jazz clubirdland carnegie hall smalls jazz clublue whale jazz clublue whale los angelesee also jazz club list of jazz festivals list of concert halls list of contemporary amphitheatres list of opera houses references externalinks venue listings category jazz clubs category lists of music venues jazz category nightclubs category jazz related lists 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performance live jazz music jazz_clubs usually type nightclub bar licensed sell alcoholic_beverages jazz_clubs large rooms jazz big band jazz big band jazz bands large often augmented string section large rooms also_common swing era athatime jazz popular dance_music dancers needed space move withe transition era styles like bebop later jazz small quartets jazz quartets jazz mostly used music became music listen rather form dance_music result smaller clubs small stages became practical jazz_clubs may found basement buildings storefront locations upper floors retail businesses rather small compared tother music_venuesuch rock reflecting intimate atmosphere jazz shows long_term decline popular interest jazz despite called club organization clubs venues usually exclusive clubs however cover_charge live band playing jazz_clubs host jam session hours early evenings week jam sessions professional musicians advanced typically share stage belgium antwerp jazz_club hot club belgium jazz station brussels l brussels music village canada toronto colonial tavern george house town tavern rex jazz blues bar denmark copenhagen france paris sale de_la chat p che des new morning club new morning sunset marseille la germany berlin b flat jazz_club flat cologne loft subway hamburg hamburg jazz_club greece half note jazz_club athens italy blue note jazz_clubs blue note milan jazz_clubs jazz rome portugal hot club amsterdam turkey shaft club shaft istanbul turkey istanbul united_kingdom concorde club oxford_university jazz society oxford redcar jazz_club redcar cleveland redcar bristol east bristol jazz_club london club eleven ealing jazz_club jazz caf ronnie scott jazz_club vortex jazz_club bull head barnes manchester band wall matt jazz bar united_states regal theater chicago regal theater white hall new new_orleans preservation hall french quarter new_orleans orleans jazz_club cambridge_massachusetts cambridge five spot spot blue note jazz note bottom line venue bottom line caf bohemia caf society eddie nick village gate village cotton club savoy ballroom jazz hall jazz whale jazz whale los also jazz_club list jazz festivals list concert halls list contemporary list opera_houses references_externalinks venue listings category jazz_clubs category_lists music_venues jazz category_nightclubs_category jazz related lists venues"},{"title":"List of literary descriptions of cities (before 1550)","description":"file de laude cestrie folio jpg thumb right initial foliof de laude cestrie a c eulogy to thenglish town of chester literary descriptions of cities also known as urban descriptiones form a literary genre that originated in ancient greece ancient greek epideictic rhetoric they can be prose or poetry many take the form of an urban eulogy variously referred to as an encomium urbis laudes urbium encomium civis laus civis laudes civitatum or in english urban or city encomium panegyric laudation or praise poem which praise their subject laments to a city s past glories are sometimes also included in the genre descriptiones often mix topography topographical information with abstract material on the spiritual and legal aspects of the town or city and with social observations on its inhabitants they generally give a morextended treatment of their urban subjecthan is found in an encyclopedia or general geographical work influential examples include benedict s mirabilia urbis romae of around the greek rhetorician dionysius of halicarnassus in the first century ad was the firsto prescribe the form of a eulogy to a city in detail features he touches on include the city s location size and beauty the qualities of its river its temple s and secular buildings its origin and founder and the acts of its citizens the ancient rome roman rhetorician quintilian expounds on the form later in the first century stressing praise of the city s founder and prominent citizens as well as the city site and location fortifications and public worksuch as temples the third century rhetorician menanderhetor menander expands on the guidelines further including advice on how to turn a city s bad points into advantages these works were probably not directly available to medieval writers buthe form is outlined in many later grammar primers including those by aelius donatus and priscian s praeexercitamina translation into latin of ancient greek work by hermogenes of tarsus hermogenes was a particular influence on medieval authorsurviving late roman examples of descriptiones include ausonius ordo urbium nobilium ordo nobilium urbium a fourth century latin poem that briefly describes thirteen cities including miland bordeaux rutilius claudius namatianus rutilius namatianus de reditu suo is a longer poem dating from thearly fifth century that includes a section praising rome numerous medieval examples have survived mainly but not exclusively in latin thearliest dating from theighth century they adapthe classical form to christianity christian theology the form was popularised by widely circulated guidebooks intended for pilgrim s common topics include the defensive wall city walls and gates markets churches and local saint s descriptiones were sometimes written as a preface to the biography of a sainthearliest examples are in verse the first known prosexample was written in around the tenth century and later medieval examples were more often written in prose miland rome are the most frequent subjects and there are also examples describing many other italian cities outside italy prexamples are known for chester durham englandurham london york and perhaps bath somerset bath in england newborough anglesey newborough in wales and angers paris and senlis in france the form spread to germany in the first half of the th century with nuremberg being the most commonly described city kennethyde j k hyde who surveyed the genre in considers thevolution of descriptiones written before to reflecthe growth of cities and the rising culture and self confidence of the citizens rather thany literary progression later medieval examples tend to be more detailed and less generic than early ones and to place an increasing emphasis on secular overeligious aspects for example bonvesin da la riva bonvesin della riva s description of milan de magnalibus urbis mediolani contains a wealth of detailed facts and statistics about such matters as local crops these trends were continued in renaissance descriptiones which flourished from thearlyears of the th century especially after the popularisation of the printing press from the middle of that century selected examples the following chronologicalist presents urban descriptions and eulogies written before thend of the th century based mainly on the reviews of kennethyde hyde and margaret schlauch with a selection from the many examples written from to class wikitable sortable plainrowheaderstyle margin right scope col title scope col data sortype number date scope col author scope col city scope col country scope col format scope colanguage scope col class unsortable notescope row ordo urbium nobilium ordo nobilium urbium th century ausonius various poetry latin de reditu suo early th century rutilius claudius namatianus rutilius namatianus rome italy poetry latin scope row laudes mediolanensis civitatis milan italy poetry latin or versum de mediolano civitate scope row poema de pontificibus et sanctis eboracensis ecclesiaearly or mid s alcuin york england poetry latin scope row versus destructione aquileiae late th century paulinus ii of aquileia paulinus of aquileia or paul the deacon aquileia italy poetry latin attribution disputed scope row versus de verona laudes veronensis civitatis verona italy poetry latin or veronae rhythmica versus de verona scope row the ruin th late th century an unnamed roman spa probably bath somerset bath england poetry old english date uncertain subject has also been suggested to be chester or a townear hadrian s wall scope row versus de aquilegiaquileia italy poetry latin scope row de situ civitatis mediolani milan italy prose latin or de siturbis mediolanensiscope row durhamid th century to durham englandurham england poetry old english or de situ dunelmi date disputed scope row liber pergaminus moses of bergamoses de brolo bergamo italy poetry latin scope row mirabilia urbis romae benedict rome italy prose latin scope row descriptio nobilissimae civitatis londoniae william fitzstephen london england prose latin or descriptio nobilissimi civitatis londoniae scope row de mirabilibus urbis romae master gregory rome italy latin scope row de laude cestrie lucian of chester england prose latin or liber luciani de laude cestrie scope row in ymagines historiarum ralph de diceto angers angevin empire prose latin scope row graphiaureae urbis romae rome italy latin scope row de laude civitatis laude an unnamed franciscan lodi lombardy loditaly poetry latin scope row de magnalibus urbis mediolani bonvesin da la riva bonvesin della riva milan italy prose latin scope row de mediolano florentissima civitate benzo d alessandria milan italy prose latin scope row visio egidii regis patavii giovanni da nono padua italy prose latin scope row recommentatio civitatis parisiensis paris france prose latin scope row tractatus de laudibus parisius jean de jandun parisenlis france prose latin written in response to recommentatio civitatis parisiensiscope row libellus descriptione papie opicinus de canistris opicino de canistris pavia italy prose latin or liber de laudibus civitatis ticinensiscope row polistoria de virtutibus et dotibus romanorum giovanni caballini rome italy prose latin scope row cronaca extravagans galvano fiamma milan italy prose latin contains material from bonvesin da la riva bonvesin della riva s text scope row nuova cronica book xi giovanni villani florence italy prose italian scope row florentie urbis et reipublice descriptio florence italy prose latin manuscript is untitled scope row cywydd rhosyr mid th century dafydd ap gwilym newborough anglesey newborough wales poetry welsh date and attribution uncertain scope row laudatio florentinae urbis leonardo bruni florence italy prose latin scope row laudatio urbis romaet constantinopolis manuel chrysoloras rome italy prose greek scope row o wunnikliches paradis or after oswald von wolkenstein konstanz holy roman empire poetry german von wolkenstein also wrote poems on other cities including nuremberg and augsberg scope row descriptio urbis romaeiusquexcellentiae niccol signorili rome italy prose latin scope row roma instaurata flavio biondo rome italy prose latin scope row lobspruch auf n rnberg hans rosenpl t de hans rosenpl t de nurembergermany poetry german scope row ye solace of pilgrimes john capgrave rome italy prose middlenglish scope row canmol croesoswallt mid th century guto r glyn oswestry england poetry welsh scope row i varedydd ab hywel ab morus ac i drev croes oswallt mid th century lewys glyn cothi oswestry england poetry welsh scope row y ddewistref ddiestron mid th century ieuan ap gruffudd leiaf conwy wales poetry welsh scope row die bamberger traktate albrecht von eybambergermany latin scope rowhat a splendid appearance this city presents late s enea silvio piccolomini nurembergermany prose latin scope row lobspruch auf bamberg hans rosenpl t de hans rosenpl t de bambergermany poetry german scope row brodyr aeth i baradwys late th century ieuan ap huw cae llwyd cy ieuan ap huw cae llwyd cy brecon wales poetry welsh scope row cistiau da n costio dierth end of the th century tudur aled oswestry england poetry welsh scope row lobspruch auf n rnberg kunz has nurembergermany poetry german scope row de origine situ moribus et institutis norimbergae conrad celtes conrad celtis nurembergermany prose latin scope row to the city of london sometimes attributed to william dunbar london england poetry english or in honour of the city of london scope row tractatus de civitate ulmensi by felix fabri ulm germany latin scope row blyth aberdeane william dunbar aberdeen scotland poetry middle scotscope row ein lobspruch der statt n rnberg hansachs nurembergermany poetry german sachs also wrote praise poems to salzburg munich frankfurt and hamburg scope row ein lobspruch der hochloeblichen weitberuembten khuenigklichen stat wienn in osterreich wolfgang schmeltzl de wolfgang schmeltzl de viennaustria poetry german see also guide book traveliterature category non fiction literature category city guides category literature lists category late antique literature category medievaliterature category th century 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city praise poem praise subject city past sometimes also_included genre descriptiones often mix topography topographical information abstract material spiritual legal aspects town city social observations inhabitants generally give treatment urban found encyclopedia general geographical work influential examples_include benedict urbis romae around greek first_century firsto form eulogy city detail features include city location size beauty qualities river temple secular buildings origin founder acts citizens ancient_rome roman form later first_century praise city founder prominent citizens well city site location public temples third century guidelines including advice turn city bad points advantages works probably directly available medieval writers buthe form outlined many later including translation latin ancient_greek work particular influence medieval late roman examples descriptiones include ordo urbium nobilium ordo nobilium urbium fourth century latin poem briefly describes thirteen cities including miland bordeaux rutilius namatianus rutilius namatianus de longer poem dating thearly fifth century includes section rome numerous medieval examples survived mainly exclusively latin thearliest dating century classical form christianity christian form widely circulated guidebooks intended pilgrim common topics include wall city walls gates markets churches local saint descriptiones sometimes written preface biography examples verse first known written around tenth century later medieval examples often written prose miland rome frequent subjects also examples describing many italian cities outside italy known chester durham london york perhaps bath_somerset bath england newborough anglesey newborough wales paris_france form spread germany first_half th_century nuremberg commonly described city j k hyde surveyed genre considers thevolution descriptiones written reflecthe growth cities rising culture self confidence citizens rather thany literary progression later medieval examples tend detailed less generic early ones place increasing emphasis secular aspects example bonvesin la riva bonvesin della riva description milan de urbis contains wealth detailed facts statistics matters local crops trends continued renaissance descriptiones flourished thearlyears th_century especially printing press middle century selected examples following presents urban descriptions written thend th_century based mainly reviews hyde margaret selection many examples written class wikitable sortable margin right scope col title scope col data number date scope col author scope col city scope col country scope col format scope scope col class unsortable row ordo urbium nobilium ordo nobilium urbium th_century various poetry latin de early_th century rutilius namatianus rutilius namatianus rome_italy poetry latin_scope row laudes civitatis milan_italy poetry latin de scope row_de mid york england poetry latin_scope row versus late_th century ii paul italy poetry latin disputed scope row versus de verona laudes civitatis verona italy poetry latin versus de verona scope row th late_th century unnamed roman spa probably bath_somerset bath england poetry old english date uncertain subject also suggested chester wall scope row versus de italy poetry latin_scope row_de situ civitatis milan_italy_prose_latin de row th_century durham england poetry old english de situ date disputed scope row liber moses de italy poetry latin_scope row urbis romae benedict rome_italy_prose_latin scope row_descriptio civitatis william london_england prose_latin descriptio civitatis scope row_de urbis romae master gregory rome_italy latin_scope row_de_laude cestrie lucian chester england prose_latin liber de_laude cestrie scope row ralph de empire prose_latin scope row urbis romae rome_italy latin_scope row_de_laude civitatis laude unnamed poetry latin_scope row_de urbis bonvesin la riva bonvesin della riva milan_italy_prose_latin scope row_de milan_italy_prose_latin scope row regis giovanni padua italy_prose_latin scope row civitatis paris_france prose_latin scope row_de jean de_france prose_latin written response civitatis row_de de italy_prose_latin liber de civitatis row_de giovanni rome_italy_prose_latin scope row milan_italy_prose_latin contains material bonvesin la riva bonvesin della riva text scope row book giovanni florence italy_prose italian scope row urbis descriptio florence italy_prose_latin manuscript scope row mid_th century gwilym newborough anglesey newborough wales poetry welsh date uncertain scope row urbis leonardo florence italy_prose_latin scope row urbis manuel rome_italy_prose greek scope row von konstanz holy_roman_empire poetry german von also wrote poems cities including nuremberg scope row_descriptio urbis rome_italy_prose_latin scope row rome_italy_prose_latin scope row lobspruch auf n rnberg hans rosenpl de hans rosenpl de nurembergermany poetry german scope row john rome_italy_prose scope row mid_th century r england poetry welsh scope row mid_th century england poetry welsh scope row mid_th century wales poetry welsh scope row die von latin_scope splendid appearance city presents late nurembergermany prose_latin scope row lobspruch auf bamberg hans rosenpl de hans rosenpl de poetry german scope row late_th century wales poetry welsh scope row n end th_century england poetry welsh scope row lobspruch auf n rnberg nurembergermany poetry german scope row_de situ conrad conrad nurembergermany prose_latin scope row city london sometimes attributed william london_england poetry english honour city london scope row_de felix germany latin_scope row william aberdeen scotland poetry middle row ein lobspruch der n rnberg nurembergermany poetry german also wrote praise poems salzburg munich frankfurt hamburg scope row ein lobspruch der wolfgang de wolfgang de viennaustria poetry german see_also guide_book traveliterature category_non fiction literature_category_city_guides category literature lists category late antique literature_category category_th_century literature"},{"title":"List of Michelin 3-star restaurants","description":"michelin stars are a rating system used by the red michelin guide to grade restaurants on their quality the guide was originally developed in to show french drivers where local amenitiesuch as restaurants and mechanics were the rating system was first introduced in as a single star withe second and third stars introduced in according to the guide one star signifies a very good restaurantwo stars arexcellent cooking that is worth a detour and three stars mean exceptional cuisine that is worth a special journey the listing of starred restaurants is updated once a year list of michelin starestaurants by country in belgium class wikitable sortable location restaurant head chef year of award zedelgem hertog jan restaurant hertog jan gert de mangeleer kruishoutem hof van cleve peter goossens china class wikitable sortable location restaurant head chef year of award shanghai t ang court justin tan denmark class wikitable sortable location restaurant head chef year of award copenhagen geranium rasmus kofoed france class wikitable sortable location restaurant head chef year of award chagny sa net loire chagny maison lameloise ric pras courchevele yannick alleno eug nie les bains les pr s d eug nie michel gu rard fontjoncouse l auberge du vieux puits gilles goujon illhaeusern auberge de l ill paul haeberlin chef paul haeberlin laguiole bras michel bras greater collonges au mont d or lyon l auberge du pont de collonges paul bocuse marseille petit nice g rald pass dat meg ve flocons de sel emmanuel renaut paris l arp ge alain passard paris l astrance pascal barbot paris ledoyen le pavilion ledoyen yannick alleno paris h tele bristol paris epicure ric fr chon paris restaurant guy savoy guy savoy paris l ambroisie bernard pacaud paris pierre gagnaire pierre gagnaire paris le pr catelan fr d ric anton paris le cinq christian le squer paris plazath n e alain ducasse reims l assiette champenoise arnaud lallement roanne la maison troisgros family michel troisgrosaint bonnet le froid r gis et jacques marcon r gis marcon saint martin de belleville la bouitte ren maximeilleur saintropez la vague d or arnaudonckele valence dr me valence maison pic anne sophie pic vonnas georges blanc georges blanchef georges blanc germany class wikitable sortable location restaurant head chef year of award baiersbronn restaurant bareiss claus peter lumpp baiersbronn schwarzwaldstube harald wohlfahrt bergisch gladbach vendome restaurant vend me joachim wissler dreis waldhotel sonnora helmuthieltges hamburg the table kevin fehling osnabr ck la vie thomas b hner perl saarland perl victor s gourmet restaurant schloss berg christian bau rottach egern restaurant berfahrt christian j rgense saarbr cken g stehaus erfort klaus erfort wolfsburg aqua sven elverfeld hong kong class wikitable sortable location restaurant head chef year of award hong kong otto e mezzo bombana umberto bombana edmund li hong kong l atelier de jo l robuchong kong l atelier de jo l robuchon olivier elzer hong kong lung king heen chan yan tak chan yan tak hong kong bo innovation alvin leung hong kong sushi yoshitake hong kong sushikon masahiro yoshitake yoshiharu kakinuma hong kong langham hospitality group michelin starred restaurants t ang court kwong wai keung italy class wikitable sortable location restaurant head chef year of award alba piedmont alba piazza duomo enrico crippa brusaporto da vittorio cerea castel di sangro reale niko romito canneto sull oglio dal pescatore nadia santini florencenoteca pinchiorri annie f olde italo bassi and riccardo monco modena osteria francescana massimo bottura rubano le calandre massimiliano alajmo rome la pergola heinz beck japan class wikitable sortable location restaurant head chef year of award kobe c sento shinya fukumoto kobe komago kenichi fujiwara kyoto chihana katsuyoshi nagata kyoto hyotei yoshihiro takahashi kyoto kichisen yoshimi tanigawa kyoto kikunoi honten yoshihiro murata kyoto kitcho arashiyama kunio tokuoka kyoto mizai hitoshishihara kyoto nakamura motokazu nakamura nara nara wa yamamura nobuharu yamamura osakashiwaya hideaki matsuosaka koryu matsuo shintarosaka taian hitoshi takahata tokyo esaki restaurant esaki shintaro esaki tokyo ishikawa restaurant ishikawa hidekishikawa tokyo jo l robuchon jo l robuchon tokyo kanda restaurant kanda hiroyuki kanda tokyo kohaku koji koizumi tokyo makimura akio tokyo quintessence restaurant quintessence shuzo kishida tokyo nihonryori ryugin seiji yamamotokyo sukiyabashi jiro ono tokyo sushi saito takashi saitokyo sushi yoshitake masahiro yoshitake tokyo usukifugu yamadaya yoshio kusakabe tokyo yukimura restaurant yukimura jun yukimura macau class wikitable sortable location restaurant head chef year of award macau robuchon au d me francky semblat macau theight cheung tan leung monaco class wikitable sortable location restaurant head chef year of award monte carlo le louis xv restaurant louis xv alain ducasse netherlands class wikitable sortable location restaurant head chef year of award vaassen de leest jacob jan boerma zwolle de librije jonnie boer norway class wikitable sortable location restaurant head chef year of award oslo maaemo esben holmboe bang singapore class wikitable sortable location restaurant head chef year of award singapore jo l robuchon jo l robuchon south korea class wikitable sortable location restaurant head chef year of award seoul gaon kim byoung jin seoula yeon kim sung il spain class wikitable sortable location restaurant head chef year of award nia quique dacosta quique dacosta barcelona lasarte mart n berasategui girona el celler de can roca joan roca lasarte oria mart n berasategui mart n berasategui larrabetzu azurmendi eneko atxa madridiverxo david mu oz chef david mu oz sant pol de mar sant pau restaurant sant pau carme ruscalleda san sebasti n akelare pedro subijana san sebasti n arzak juan mari arzak switzerland class wikitable sortable location restaurant head chef year of award crissierestaurant de l h tel de ville franck giovannini f rstenau switzerland f rstenau schlosschauenstein andreas caminada basel cheval blanc peter knogl united kingdom class wikitable sortable location restaurant head chef year of award london alain ducasse athe dorchester alain ducasse london restaurant gordon ramsay matt abray berkshire bray the fat duck jonny lake bray berkshire bray the waterside inn alain roux united states class wikitable sortable location restaurant head chef year of award chicago alinea restaurant alinea grant achatz chicago grace restaurant grace curtis duffy new york city jean georges mark lapico new york city le bernardin ric ripert new york city per se restaurant per se thomas keller new york city masa restaurant masa takayama new york city eleven madison park daniel humm new york city chef s table at brooklyn fare c saram rez yountville california the french laundry thomas keller st helena california the restaurant at meadowood christopher kostow san francisco benu corey lee san francisco saison restaurant saison joshua skenes los gatos california manresa restaurant manresa david kinch san francisco quince restaurant quince michael tusk see also list of michelin starred restaurants in ireland list of michelin starred restaurants in the netherlands list of michelin starred restaurants inew york city list of michelin starred restaurants in the san francisco bay area list of michelin starred restaurants in scotland list of michelin starred restaurants in singapore list of three michelin starred restaurants in the united kingdom list of michelin starred restaurants in washington dc lists of restaurants the world s best restaurants references bibliography jean fran ois mespl de and preface by alain ducasse trois toiles au michelin une histoire de la haute gastronomie fran aise and europ enne dition gr nd externalinks the michelin guide 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nightclub s in sweden stockholm file cafe opera entrejpg righthumb caf opera file stureplanmord jpg righthumb sturecompagniet defunct bacchi wapen defunct caf opera nightclub located in the opera building it was formerly a football club defunct crazy horse stockholm defunct defunct defunct sturecompagniet one of sweden s biggest and best knownightclubsite of a mass murder in see defunct elsewhere barbarella nightclub v xj defunct sundbybergothenburg visby v stervik gothenburg externalinks category nightclubs in sweden category sweden related lists category lists of buildings and structures category nightclubs category lists of music 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located opera building formerly football club defunct crazy horse stockholm defunct defunct defunct sturecompagniet one sweden biggest best mass murder see defunct elsewhere nightclub v defunct v stervik gothenburg externalinks_category_nightclubs sweden category sweden related lists category_lists buildings structures category_nightclubs_category lists music_venues"},{"title":"List of people by number of countries visited","description":"this a list of people by number of countries and territories visited there are a number of people claiming to have visited every country in the world though there is great debate as to number of countries on earthow many countries there are in the world the most commonly agreed base number is the number of united nations member states of which there are according to the united nations the recognition of a new state or government is an acthat only other states and governments may grant or withhold as a resulthe membership of some countries to the united nations is blocked by one or more other membersuch as taiwand kosovo and there are also two united nations general assembly observers observer states the holy see and the state of palestine additionally there are various dependencies and territories that maintain autonomy their own government immigration and or printheir own currency and can be widely held as de facto countries by travellers iso is maintained by iso as an updated list of the aforementionederived from united nationsources terminology bulletin country names and the country and region codes for statistical use maintained by the united nationstatistics divisions and lists countries the travelers century club whose membership is limited to those travellers who have visited one hundred or more territories of the world maintains its own officialist of countries and territories a total of as of january which includes geographically separated areasuch as hawaii and other areas of cultural interesthis list of people by countries visitedoes not prescribe one list as correct rather it lists the number of countries visited from any of these competing lists the bestravelled is also considered a reference for the world regions and well travelled people and hold a verification process to check on traveller s claims their un master list regroups all those travellers definition of visithere are nofficial criteria of what constitutes a visit istrongly advocated by seasoned travellers thatransiting in an airport does not qualify as visiting a country for example on a question posed on travelblog how do you counthe countries you have been in of the respondents who expressed an opinion this common question stated thato visit a country a person must clear immigration and exithe airport some travellers propose that actionsuch astaying one night in a hotel or buying a meal aressential yet others note that countries and territoriesuch as the vatican city or antarctica do not have hotels orestaurants based on the opinions on traveller s blogs it is wise to focus on a core set of criteria where there is agreement by the majority as follows generally accepted criteria for visiting a country clearing immigration where available and exiting the airport or vessel terminal immigration arrival stamp in passport where available generally not accepted criteria for visiting a country transiting in an airport overflying airspace skirting a coastline in a boat or ship skirmishing across a border by foot vehicle or otherwise without passing through immigration handling oformer states where a country splits into independent statesuch as the ussr then travellers can counthe new states if they had formerly travelled in them but not count states they had not physically visited prior to disintegration for example if a traveller had visited kiev and moscow in the former ussr they could counthe new independent states of ukraine and russia but not armenia list class wikitable sortable colspan style width px person date countries territories visited notes file sascha grabow algeria jpg px sascha grabow sascha grabow is a getty photographer and former association of tennis professionals atp tennis player he is the founder of the website greatestglobetrotterscom his final country wasomalia where he arrived on june visited un members taiwan vatican city antarctica gagauzia kosovo northern cyprustate of palestine pridnestrovie western sahara scotland wales northern ireland south ossetiabkhazia file igor sergeev nadezda lazarevajpg px igor sergeev nadezda lazareva only they visited all un countries together most of them before they are members of thebesttravelledcom and mosttraveledpeoplecom visited un members antarctica gagauzia kosovo northern cyprus northern ireland state of palestine pridnestrovie scotland taiwan vatican city wales western saharartemy lebedev first person in russia even more precisely among all the inhabitants of the former ussr and eastern europe to visit every country in the world his final country wasaudi arabia september where he was trying to get for five years visited un members taiwan vatican city antarctica kosovo state of palestine western sahara scotland wales northern ireland file graham hughes jpg px graham hughes january december guinness certified him for un member countries while thebesttravelledcom certified him for un member countries only for merely stepping over the dmz korea he visited all countries without using any aircraft and the first person to do so target visited un members taiwan vatican city kosovo state of palestine western sahara scotland wales northern ireland file gunnargarforsjpg frameless px gunnar garfors gunnar decided to make it his mission to travel to every single country in the world he accomplished his goal on may earning him the title of the youngest person to travel to every country while maintaining a full time job he was years old un members taiwan vatican city kosovo state of palestine western sahara james asquith a british traveller who is the official guinness world record holder for being the youngest person to visit every country in the world target un members taiwan vatican city kosovo albert podell albert podell a former editor of playboy magazine un members taiwan vatican city kosovo file chris guillebeau in sepiajpg px chris guillebeau april chris guillebeau writes books and travels over the pasten years he has visited every country in the world travelers century club anthony asael anthony asael is an international photographer who works for the corbis getty agency he is also the founder of the not for profit organization art in all of us he photographed and organised creative programs in schools in each of the un countries mike spencer bown countries canadian adventurer kashi samaddar first person to have visited all countries on may at kosovo later visited south sudan on july on the independence day of south sudand also certified as mostravelled person fastesto travel all sovereign countries holder ofour world records certified by guinness world records world records academy world amazing records asia book of records limca book of records india book of records others audrey walsworth has visited all united nations member states including all territories listed by the travelers century club an organization for the world s most widely travelled people which countseparately regions that are geographically politically or ethnologically removed from their parent country john bougen and james irving august february two new zealanders who attempted to visit all the world sovereign countries in existence athe time in six months raising money for charity they visited all butwo countries afghanistand s o tom and pr ncipe guinness world records most sovereign countries visited in six months retrieved february around the world in days retrieved february cassandra depecol she visited sovereign countries from july to february she thus obtained the guinness world record for fastest person female to travel to all sovereignations fastest americand youngest american to do such a trip she has been criticized for falsely claiming to be the first woman to visit every country albert podell albert podell a former editor of playboy magazine un members taiwan vatican city kosovo file prince philip march jpg prince philip duke of edinburgh prince philip accompanied her majesty the queen around the world on commonwealth tourstate visits and trips across the uk that globetrotting haseen him visit countries in an official capacity in the decades that followed file johannespaul portraitjpg px pope john paul ii list of pastoral visits of pope john paul ii outside italy in his years of travel the pope john paul ii made pastoral trips outside italy in all he visited countries file queen elizabeth ii march jpg px elizabeth ii queen elizabeth ii present list of state visits made by queen elizabeth ii the queen has travelled thequivalent of circumnavigations of thearth visiting countries according to royal historian kate williams file hillary clinton official secretary of state portrait cropjpg px hillary clinton during her tenure as the usecretary of state she visited countries covering a total of air miles making her the most widely travelled secretary of state in history file michael palin jpg frameless px michael palin present as part of numerous travel documentaries file matt harding in tokyo jpg px matt harding present he has filmed several videos withis travels that have become quite popular see details in where thell is matt file cropped rtejpg px recep tayyip erdo an present erdogan visited countries during his time as prime minister and president including vatican city kosovo state of palestine wales monaco file dumitru danjpg px dumitru dan he crossed five continents over three oceans through countries and over citiesee also list of sovereign states list of pedestrian circumnavigators iso dependenterritory travelers century club 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immigration available airport vessel terminal immigration arrival stamp passport available generally accepted criteria visiting country airport airspace coastline boat ship across border foot vehicle otherwise without passing immigration handling oformer states country independent statesuch ussr travellers counthe new states formerly travelled count states physically visited prior example traveller visited kiev moscow former ussr could counthe new independent states ukraine russia armenia list class wikitable sortable colspan_style width_px person date countries territories visited notes file_jpg_px getty photographer former association tennis professionals tennis player founder website final country arrived june visited members taiwan vatican_city antarctica kosovo northern palestine western sahara scotland wales northern_ireland south file px visited countries together members visited members antarctica kosovo northern cyprus northern_ireland state palestine scotland taiwan vatican_city wales western first_person russia even among inhabitants former ussr eastern_europe visit every_country world final country arabia september trying get five_years visited members taiwan vatican_city antarctica kosovo state palestine western sahara scotland wales northern_ireland file graham hughes jpg_px graham hughes january december guinness certified member_countries certified member_countries merely korea visited countries without using aircraft first_person target visited members taiwan vatican_city kosovo state palestine western sahara scotland wales northern_ireland file px decided make mission travel every single country world accomplished goal may earning title youngest person travel every_country maintaining full_time job years_old members taiwan vatican_city kosovo state palestine western sahara james british_traveller official guinness_world_record holder youngest person visit every_country world target members taiwan vatican_city kosovo albert podell albert podell former editor playboy magazine members taiwan vatican_city kosovo file chris px chris april chris writes books travels years visited every_country world_travelers century club anthony anthony international photographer works getty agency also_founder profit_organization art us photographed organised creative programs schools countries mike spencer countries canadian adventurer first_person visited countries may kosovo later visited south_sudan july independence day south also certified person travel sovereign countries holder ofour world_records certified guinness_world_records world_records academy world amazing records asia book records book records india book records others visited united_nations member_states including territories listed travelers century club organization world widely travelled people regions geographically politically removed parent country john james irving august february two new_zealanders attempted visit world sovereign countries existence athe_time six months raising money charity visited countries afghanistand tom guinness_world_records sovereign countries visited six months retrieved_february around world days retrieved_february visited sovereign countries july february thus obtained guinness_world_record fastest person female travel fastest americand youngest american trip criticized claiming first woman visit every_country albert podell albert podell former editor playboy magazine members taiwan vatican_city kosovo file prince philip march jpg prince philip duke edinburgh prince philip accompanied queen around world commonwealth visits trips across uk haseen visit countries official capacity decades followed file px pope john paul ii list pastoral visits pope john paul ii outside italy years travel pope john paul ii made pastoral trips outside italy visited countries file queen elizabeth ii march jpg_px elizabeth ii queen elizabeth ii present list state visits made queen elizabeth ii queen travelled thequivalent thearth visiting countries according royal historian kate williams file hillary clinton official secretary state portrait cropjpg px hillary clinton tenure state visited countries covering total air miles making widely travelled secretary state history_file michael_palin jpg_px michael_palin present part numerous travel documentaries file matt harding tokyo jpg_px matt harding present filmed several videos withis travels become quite popular see details matt file cropped px present visited countries time prime_minister president including vatican_city kosovo state palestine wales monaco file px dan crossed five continents three oceans countries also_list sovereign states list pedestrian iso travelers century club references_category lists people place category_adventure_travel"},{"title":"List of restaurant terminology","description":"this a list of restauranterminology a restaurant is a business that prepares and serves food andrink to customers in return for money either paid before the meal after the meal or with a running tab meals are generally served and eaten on premises but many restaurants alsoffer take out andelivery commerce foodelivery services restaurants vary greatly in appearance and offerings including a wide variety of the main chef s cuisine s and customer service models restauranterminology file blue plate special mullan idaho jpg thumb a blue plate special file pollardjpg thumb a garde manger chaud froidish used as a display piece file lotos club jpg thumb px a table d h te menu from the new york city lotos club term a term used when the restaurant has run out of or is unable to prepare a particular menu item increasingly when a bar patron is ejected from the premises and refused readmittance usually it is only for the rest of that nighthough if the patron is especially violenthe ban may be longer term or even permanent la carte bartender blue plate special brigade cuisine byob an initialismeanto stand for bring your own bottle bring your own beer bring your own beverage or bring your own booze charcuterie chef combination meal cooked tordereferring to a food item that is cooked upon patron s request restaurant chef s table chef s table counter service dine andash early birdinner family meal fast food free lunch garde manger ghost restaurant a restaurant which operates exclusively via foodelivery gueridon service happy hour kids meal main course ma tre d h tel meat and three menu misen place monkey dish a small or cm bowl used for sauces nuts or as repository for bones or citrus peel omakase on the fly one bowl with two pieces online food ordering plate lunch platter dinner tisseur saucier signature dish sous chef the chef who isecond in command within a kitchen sous meaning under chef table d h te a menu where multi course meal course meals with only a few choices are charged at a fixed total price table reservation table service table sharing take outhree martini lunch value meal see also brigade cuisine culinary arts diner lingo a 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display piece file lotos club jpg thumb px table h menu new_york city lotos club term term_used restaurant run unable prepare particular menu item increasingly bar patron ejected premises refused usually rest patron especially ban may longer term even permanent la_carte bartender blue_plate special brigade_cuisine byob stand bring bottle bring beer bring beverage bring booze charcuterie chef combination meal cooked_food item cooked upon patron request restaurant chef table chef table counter service dine early family meal fast_food free_lunch garde_manger ghost restaurant restaurant operates exclusively via foodelivery gueridon service happy_hour kids_meal main course tre h_tel meat three menu place monkey dish small bowl used sauces nuts bones citrus peel fly one bowl two pieces online_food ordering plate_lunch platter dinner saucier signature_dish sous_chef chef command within kitchen sous meaning chef table h menu multi course meal course meals choices charged fixed total price 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titled restaurant went on to become his first and only three michelin starestaurant ramsay has become one of the chefs withe most michelin stars in the world in following the awarding of two stars for gordon ramsay athe londonew york gordon ramsay athe london inew york he drewith alain ducasse as the holder of the most michelin stars with twelve however he hasince been overtaken by both ducasse and jo l robuchon and currently has eight stars as of the new york city michelin guide ramsay s restaurant empirexpanded greatly after he began to collaborate with blackstone group topen restaurants within hotels he first worked withem when he opened gordon ramsay at claridge s within claridge s hotel in london ramsay p he subsequently opened angela hartnett athe connaught a restaurant athe connaught hotel the connaught hotel ramsay p and then began topen restaurants at blackstone s london hotels inew york city and west hollywood ramsay p his first overseas restaurant was verrestaurant verre which was based in the hilton hotels resorts hilton dubai creek in the united arab emirates ramsay pp he hasince opened restaurants in france japan qatar australia italy and south africa ramsay has installed a number of proteges in restaurants both angela hartnett and jason atherton worked at verre before moving back to london to the connaught and maze respectively atherton leftopen his own restaurant pollen street social and hartnett purchased murano restaurant murano from ramsay in wareing was made head chef of ramsay second london based restaurant p trus restaurant p trus ramsay p it went on to win two michelin stars but in the two chefs fell out when wareing kepthe restaurant premises and the stars while ramsay received rights to the name the restaurant was renamed marcus wareing athe berkeley while a new petrus was opened in ramsay has alsoughto create both restaurant chains and casual dining restaurants maze restaurant maze won a michelin star in athe originalondon location and wasubsequently expanded around the globe with several of restaurants opened the boxwood cafe was intended to be a more family friendly restaurant when it originally opened ramsay p and a second restaurant was later opened in west hollywood although ramsay intended to turn foxtrot oscar into a chain when he purchased the restaurant no further expansions have taken place using that name ramsay p ramsay has also acquired several pub s within the uk turning them into gastropub s the first of these was the narrow pub the narrow in london ramsay pp he has also signalled his intention to expand gordon ramsay plane food into a chain withe intention topen restaurants in airports within the united states gordon ramsay athe london in west hollywood closed as of meaning he only has two fine dining establishments left in the us maze inew york and gordon ramsay steak in las vegas class wikitable sortable plainrowheaderscope col width restaurant scope col width location scope col width opened scope col width closed scope col width michelin star scope col class align center unsortable width ref scope row amaryllis restaurant amaryllis glasgow scotland michelin guide align center scope row aubergine london restaurant aubergine london england michelin guide align center scope row london england align center scope rowest hollywood california united states align center scope row bread street kitchen london england align center scope row london england michelin guide align centeramsay ramsay p scope row bordeaux france align center scope row london england michelin guide align centeramsay ramsay p scope row london england align center scope row los angeles california united states align center scope row foxtrot oscar london england align center scope row gordon ramsay at castel monastero tuscany italy align center scope row gordon ramsay at conrad tokyo japan michelin guide align center scope row gordon ramsay at fortevillage sardinia italy align center scope row gordon ramsay at powerscourt enniskerry ireland align center scope row gordon ramsay au trianon versailles france michelin guide present align center scope row gordon ramsay burger las vegas nevada united states align center scope row gordon ramsay fish chips las vegas nevada united states align center scope row gordon ramsay plane food london england align center scope row gordon ramsay pub grillas vegas nevada united states align center scope row gordon ramsay steak las vegas nevada united states align center scope row gordon ramsay athe londonew york gordon ramsay athe londonew york city new york united states michelin guide align center scope row gordon ramsay athe london west hollywood gordon ramsay athe london west hollywood california united states february michelin guide align center gordon ramsay s last restaurant in la closes gordon ramsay closed retrieved march scope row la veranda versailles france scope row l oranger london england align center scope row maze restaurant maze cape town south africalign center scope row maze restaurant maze doha qatar align center scope row maze restaurant maze london england michelin guide align center scope row maze restaurant maze melbourne australialign center scope row maze restaurant maze new york city new york united states closed align center scope row maze restaurant maze prague czech republic align center scope row maze restaurant maze grillondon england align center scope row maze restaurant maze grill melbourne australialign center scope row murano restaurant murano london england michelin guide present align center scope row london england align center scope row after la noisette closed the site was used as a private dining location by the group london england michelin guide align center scope row p trus restaurant p trus london england michelin guide align center scope row p trus restaurant p trus london england michelin guide present align center scope row restaurant gordon ramsay london england michelin guide present align center scope row savoy hotel grill room savoy grillondon england michelin guide align center scope row union street caf london england align center scope row verrestaurant verre dubai united arab emirates align center scope row london england align center scope row york and albany london england align center see also lists of restaurants externalinks gordon ramsay official website category lists of restaurants gordon ramsay category michelin guide starred 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category","category lists","restaurants gordon","gordon ramsay","ramsay category","category michelin","michelin guide","guide starred","starred restaurants"],"new_description":"file gordon_ramsay thumb right chef gordon_ramsay opened variety restaurantsince one_time holding twelve michelin_stars gordon_ramsay owned operated series restaurantsince first became head_chef aubergine london restaurant aubergine owned restaurant firstwo michelin_stars following marcus wareing l organised staff restaurants subsequently took topen restaurant gordon_ramsay royal hospital road london titled restaurant went become first three michelin ramsay become_one chefs withe michelin_stars world following awarding two stars gordon_ramsay athe londonew york gordon_ramsay athe london inew_york alain ducasse holder michelin_stars twelve however hasince ducasse l robuchon currently eight stars new_york city michelin_guide ramsay restaurant greatly began group topen restaurants within hotels first worked withem opened gordon_ramsay claridge within claridge hotel london ramsay p subsequently opened angela athe connaught restaurant athe connaught hotel connaught hotel ramsay p began topen restaurants london hotels inew_york_city west hollywood ramsay p first overseas restaurant based hilton hotels_resorts hilton dubai creek united_arab_emirates ramsay pp hasince opened restaurants france japan qatar australia italy south_africa ramsay installed number restaurants angela jason atherton worked moving back london connaught maze respectively atherton restaurant street social purchased murano restaurant murano ramsay wareing made head_chef ramsay second london based restaurant p trus restaurant p trus ramsay p went win two michelin_stars two chefs fell wareing kepthe restaurant premises stars ramsay received rights name restaurant renamed marcus wareing athe berkeley new opened ramsay create restaurant_chains casual_dining restaurants maze restaurant maze michelin_star athe location wasubsequently expanded around globe several restaurants opened cafe intended family friendly restaurant originally opened ramsay p second restaurant later opened west hollywood although ramsay intended turn oscar chain purchased restaurant taken_place using name ramsay p ramsay also acquired several pub within uk turning gastropub first narrow pub narrow london ramsay pp also intention expand gordon_ramsay plane food_chain withe intention topen restaurants airports within united_states gordon_ramsay athe london_west hollywood closed meaning two fine_dining establishments left us maze inew_york gordon_ramsay steak las_vegas class wikitable sortable col_width restaurant scope col_width location scope col_width opened scope col_width closed scope col_width michelin_star scope col class align center unsortable width ref scope row restaurant glasgow scotland michelin_guide align center_scope row aubergine london restaurant aubergine london_england michelin_guide align center_scope row london_england align center_scope hollywood california united_states align center_scope row bread street kitchen london_england align center_scope row london_england michelin_guide align ramsay p scope row bordeaux france align center_scope row london_england michelin_guide align ramsay p scope row london_england align center_scope row los_angeles california united_states align center_scope row oscar london_england align center_scope row_gordon ramsay tuscany italy align center_scope row_gordon ramsay conrad tokyo_japan michelin_guide align center_scope row_gordon ramsay sardinia italy align center_scope row_gordon ramsay ireland align center_scope row_gordon ramsay versailles france michelin_guide present align center_scope row_gordon ramsay burger las_vegas nevada united_states align center_scope row_gordon ramsay fish chips las_vegas nevada united_states align center_scope row_gordon ramsay plane food london_england align center_scope row_gordon ramsay pub vegas_nevada united_states align center_scope row_gordon ramsay steak las_vegas nevada united_states align center_scope row_gordon ramsay athe londonew york gordon_ramsay athe londonew york_city new_york united_states michelin_guide align center_scope row_gordon ramsay athe london_west hollywood gordon_ramsay athe london_west hollywood california united_states february michelin_guide align center gordon_ramsay last restaurant la closes gordon_ramsay closed retrieved_march scope row la versailles france scope row l london_england align center_scope row maze restaurant maze cape_town south center_scope row maze restaurant maze qatar align center_scope row maze restaurant maze london_england michelin_guide align center_scope row maze restaurant maze melbourne center_scope row maze restaurant maze new_york city_new_york united_states closed align center_scope row maze restaurant maze prague czech_republic align center_scope row maze restaurant maze england_align center_scope row maze restaurant maze grill melbourne center_scope row murano restaurant murano london_england michelin_guide present align center_scope row london_england align center_scope row la closed site used private dining location group london_england michelin_guide align center_scope row p trus restaurant p trus london_england michelin_guide align center_scope row p trus restaurant p trus london_england michelin_guide present align center_scope row restaurant gordon_ramsay london_england michelin_guide present align center_scope row savoy hotel grill room savoy england_michelin_guide align center_scope row union street caf london_england align center_scope row dubai united_arab_emirates align center_scope row london_england align center_scope row york albany london_england align center see_also lists restaurants externalinks gordon_ramsay official_website_category lists restaurants gordon_ramsay category_michelin_guide starred_restaurants"},{"title":"List of The Great Food Truck Race episodes","description":"the following is a list of episodes for the reality television series the great food truck race series overview class wikitable colspan season episodeseason premiere season finale bgcolor b height px align center season align center align center align center bgcolor ff b height px align center season align center align center align center bgcolor ccf height px align center season align center align center align center bgcolor fce f height px align center season align center align center align center bgcolor ff height px align center season align center align center align center bgcolor c height px align center season align center align center align center bgcolor ffcc height px align center season align center align center align center season class wikitable plainrowheaders width style background ffffff style background b width ep style background b width total style background b title style background b width location style background b width airdate aux san diego california shortsummary the first season begins with seven teams embarking on a journey to win a prize in the premiere the teams arrive in los angeles california but before they can even begin the race they encounter their firstruck stop an early challenge that gives the advantage tone truck in the main elimination challenge they are told that instead of the race beginning in los angeles it begins in san diego california to make the race fair all teams begin with an empty truck and an equal amount of seed money to buy supplies they are given three days to prepare promote and sell their food by any means necessary after a weekend of selling the totals are tallied and the teams find out who continues on to the next location after experiencing fryer issues causing them to lose a day of sales and having to pay appearance fee at a festival the nana queens were the firsteam eliminated nana queens linecolor b aux santa fe new mexico shortsummary the six remaining trucks continue on to santa fe new mexico where teams make calls to local tastemakers to help them up their sales while the teams are busy selling they are interrupted by tyler calling witheir truck stop challenge they must add chili peppers and make a new dish with it a mystery shopper who turns outo be chef eric distefano tastes all the dishes and picks the best one spencer on the go wins the challenge and receives immunity from the weekend s competition after failing to properly promote themselves and unsuccessfully attempting to poach off nom s business ragin cajun was eliminated from the raceliminated ragin cajun linecolor b aux fort worth texashortsummary with five teams remaining it is off to fort worth texas the beef capital of the world where they meet in front of the courthouse withe competition underway tyler calls them witheir nextruck stop teams must butcher a quarter cow and make a new dish with it like week two a mystery shopper who turns outo be the king ofort worth tim love selects which dish is the best grill em all wins the challenge and receives a texan rodeo buckle which is estimated at which is the amounthat is added toward their final total after a badecision their location which costhem customers crepes bonaparte was eliminated from the race however they earned the fourth greatest amount of money in raw sales but were defeated by grill em all in the truck stop challenge in which they placed second if they had won the truck stop they would have been pushed into first for the round eliminated crepes bonaparte linecolor b aux new orleans louisiana shortsummary the final four trucks arrive inew orleans and meetyler athe louisiana superdome the competitors run into shockingly unpredictable weather one minute it s clear and the next it s a major downpour putting even more pressure on the teams tyler calls them withe truck stop challenge the teams must close down their trucks for the night and meet him near the mississippi river at day break to prepare a classicatfish dish for a localegend chef jacques leonardi jaques imo and crabby jack s the winning team earns and the opportunity to immediately open their truck for business while the three losing teams endure filleting pounds of catfish beforeturning to their trucks eliminated austin daily press linecolor b aux jonesborough tennessee shortsummary the remaining three teams pull into jonesborough tenn populationervous about how thismall town will reacto them the teams meetyler on main street and realize thathis leg of the race will hinge on their sales acumen and food quality the trucks battle over the crowd assembled for a music festival but keeping their attention proves difficult in the truck stop challenge tyler tells the team s to meet him at old man johnson s farm to cook an authentic five course prairie meal over an open fire to be judged by two cowboy historians from the american chuck wagon association as a reward the winning teamoves their truck to a greater populated town where they have the chance to beat outhe competition eliminated spencer on the go linecolor b aux new york new york shortsummary the final two teams meetyler in manhattan for an epic battle on the hungry streets of the big apple in the final sprint of the competition the trucks race through the five boroughs and scramble to make at each location before moving on to turn up theatyler calls the teams in the middle of the race with a truck stop challenge that brings them back to brooklyn where they have an hour to prepare the other team signature dish for judge chef nate appleman pulino s bar and pizzeria chef appleman awards a hefty advantage to the winning team and it s a nail biting finish as both teams chase the manhattan finish line where the winner of the great food truck race is crowned and receives the well deserved prize of runner up nom truck winner grill em allinecolor b season class wikitable plainrowheaders width style background ffffff style background ff b width ep style background ff b width total style background ff b title style background ff b width location style background ff b width airdate aux las vegas valley las vegas nevada shortsummary the second season begins with eight gourmet food trucks arriving athe malibu pier in malibu california to begin their quest for after arriving at malibu pier the trucks then head to las vegas valley las vegas nevada to make their first food truck sales a blowout delays the arrival of sky s gourmetacos reducing their sales meanwhile an east coast west coast rivalry is born the teams experience their first speed bump in which they werequired to stop using propane with six hours of the day left sky s gourmetacos fallshort due to their tire blowouthat costhem an exclusive appearance at a festival and is the firsteam eliminated from the raceliminated sky s gourmetacos linecolor ff b aux salt lake city utah shortsummary the remaining seven trucks go to salt lake city utah immediately upon arrival the teams encounter the truck stop in which they arequired to make a dish using sausage thathey made themselves and five ingredients from an ingredientable however the sausage is missing from the ingredientable the teams then have to drive to creminelli fine meats where they must make three customized links of sausage they are judged by chef ryan lowder the rivalry between the lime truck and roxy s grilled cheese begins to heat up hodge podge wins the truck stop earning an additional doubling their seed money to and immunity from the speed bump during the speed bump the trucks werequired to relocate at least one mile away from their current location devilicious gives one dollar off their food causing them to fall short and they areliminated from the raceliminatedevilicious linecolor ff b aux denver colorado shortsummary the six remaining trucks arrive at a ranch outside of denver colorado and are met by tyler and good morning america good morning america s co host robin roberts newscasterobin roberts for the truck stop the teams had minutes to forage for morchella morel mushrooms and create a dish featuring the local mushrooms which would then be judged by local chefrank bonanno the lime truck wins the truck stop and earned an exclusive interviewithe local abc affiliate along with of seed money however the remaining trucks received no seed money at all for the speed bump john elway proposes the teams to pick a quarterback meaning that each teamust choose only one teammate to run thentire truck on their own cafe con leche is eliminated from the race after they had to pay premium prices for supplies they received from a restauranthey partnered withey fell only short behind seabirds eliminated cafe con leche linecolor ff b aux manhattan kansashortsummary the five remaining trucks think thathey are going to manhattan new york city but find outhey are going to manhattan kansas the home of kansastate universityler gives the teams a college based truck stop challenge in which they arequired to make a meal based on the local cuisine but on a college budget of or less they are then judged by charles fezzura in hope of receiving exclusive rights to sell their food on campus during commencement weekend seabirds win the truck stop and is the only team allowed to park in aggieville a popularestaurant area near the university campus the teams are then hit with a challenging speed bump they arequired to sell everything on their menus for less than after slow service on their first day prevented them from taking advantage of the prime location they won in the truck stop the seabirds are the fourth team eliminated seabirds linecolor ff b aux memphis tennessee shortsummary the final four trucks head to the barbecue capital of the world memphis tennessee for their truck stop the teams have only four hours to travel to the rendezvous a local barbecue restaurant where they must retrieve a pound pig carry it back to their truck butcher it and then prepare a barbecue sauce to go along witheir dish their dishes are judged by jim neely a legend on the memphis barbecue scene and owner of jim neely s interstate bar b que roxy s grilled cheese wins the challenge and earns an additional doubling their seed money to in addition they were allowed to leave the truck stop immediately while the other teams as a punishment had to butcher the remainder of the pork including the winning truck s to donate to a local food bank before leaving the challenge then hits a speed bump when tyler tells the teams they can only servegetarian food korilla bbq was disqualified for cheating after an overage of was found in their cash box through verification of receipts taken in by the trucks disqualified korilla bbq linecolor ff b aux atlanta georgia ustate georgia shortsummary with only three teams remaining the trucks head to centennial olympic park in downtown atlanta georgia ustate georgia there they learn that georgia is famous for two things peaches and peanuts for their truck stop challenge they must incorporate both items into an original dish but instead of buying their items they must beg and borrow from the locals in downtown atlanta the winner is determined by local chef kevin rathbun roxy s grilled cheese wins the challenge and receives the speed bump is then revealed to the teams the lead chefs on each truck are sidelined and their two remaining teammates have to man the truck with approximately one hour leftheir lead chefs were allowed to return despite winning the truck stop roxy s grilled cheese came up short by and is the sixth team eliminated roxy s grilled cheese linecolor ff b aux miami beach florida shortsummary the final two teams roll into miami floridand upon their arrival they receive their final challengeach teamust make and then race to the finish line at south pointe park in south beachowever the road to the finish line is filled with twists and turns that neither team canticipate tyler sends the members of both trucks out selling with in seed money hodge podge sets up in a food truck meet up spot while the lime truck takes a little longer to find a prime location tyler then calls them witheir first speed bump each team had five minutes to grab whatever they needed off their trucks before they were towed to getheir truck back they needed to make from the food they had after their truck is gone hodge podge is the firsteam to getheir truck back while the lime truck struggles to earn their money by offering a mussels cooking demonstration during the seconday they encountered their final truck stop challenge in which they had to create a seafoodish for local chef michael schwartz buthey must venture out five miles into the atlantic ocean by boat and go fishing they had minutes to catch a fish and minutes to prepare ithe lime truck wins the challenge and receives athend of the seconday tyler calls them and informs them of their second speed bump the teams werequired to shut down for the rest of the seconday and reopen as a dessertruck for two hours athis pointhe lime truck needs and hodge podge needs to reach the goal in the morning the lime truck decides to headowntown and hodge podge sets up in parking lot of the wholesaler where they boughtheir supplies both teams then race to meetyler athe finish line where the lime truck arrives first and wins the prize withodge podge arriving a few minutes laterunner up hodge podgewinner the lime truck linecolor ff b season class wikitable plainrowheaders width style background ffffff style background ccf width ep style background ccf width total style background ccf title style background ccf width location style background ccf width airdate aux los angeles california shortsummary the third season begins with eight aspiring food truck owners arriving in long beach california where they are given their own food truck and begin to compete for of seed money to startheir own business they then travel to los angeles california where the teams arequired to buy materials and supplies for their trucks and then make their first sale there is no truck stop in this episode during day two they encounter their first speed bump of the season which requires that all teams must relocate to hollywood boulevard to compete against each other in a sell off under the crust was eliminated after they could not park at la live and could not sell anything fast enough once they parked on hollywood boulevard and end up making only less than barbie babes and areliminated after they wereliminated tyler florence announced that food network wouldonate to the americancer society in honor of teamember hannah s deceased husband keith eliminated under the crust linecolor ccf aux flagstaff arizona shortsummary the seven remaining trucks arrive in flagstaff arizona where they arequired to create a dish to put on their menu featuring a local delicacy the prickly pear cactus and are then judged by local chef beau macmillan pop a waffle wins the challenge and receives immunity during the seconday in flagstaff the trucks arequired to serve only vegan food pop a waffle made the least money finishing seventh but had immunity instead barbie babes after a mishap with an underpriced menu and finishing sixth were sent homeliminated barbie babes linecolor ccf aux amarillo texashortsummary the six remaining trucks travel to amarillo texas to the amarillo national bank sox stadium home of the amarillo sox a professional minor league baseball team for their truck stop they are challenged to create and add a ballpark special an item that would be available at any stadium anywhere in the country to their menu they are judged by stadium concessionaire john ciarrachi seoul sausage wins the truck stop and earns and a mysterious key during the seconday they encounter a speed bump in which the trucks were given boots on their wheels and were immobilized for the whole day the key that seoul sausage won during the truck stop ends up being the key to unlock the boot on their truck which gives them the advantage of being able to remove the boot and move their truck pizza mike s was eliminated because of parking at a dog park temporarily for an event only to later find outhathey have to stay in the park for the rest of the day because of the speed bump which made them lose customers they make less than coast of atlantand areliminated from the raceliminated pizza mike s linecolor ccf aux fayetteville arkansashortsummary with five teams remaining the trucks head to donald w reynolds razorback stadium razorback stadium on the campus of the university of arkansas in the college town ofayetteville arkansas the teams meet up with tyler who tells them thatheir prices menu and strategy must reflecthe facthathey are in a college town and the facthat everyone is on a budgethey are then given seed money while teams are justarting the day tyler calls them witheir truck stop challenge which requires them to shut down for the rest of the day reopen in the morning during breakfast hours and then create breakfast dishes using pop tarts the teams are then judged by acclaimed teen chef jeremy salamononna s kitchenette wins the truck stop having made vanilla cinnamon battered french toast crusted with pop tarts and earns a token worth towards their till after the truck stop challenge is completed tyler announces the speed bump he ishutting their trucks down again and they have to reopen at am coast of atlanta finishes fifth and is eliminated from the race after not being able to park at a thriving local farmer s markethey lost outo momma s grizzly gruby just eliminated coast of atlanta linecolor ccf aux nashville tennessee shortsummary the four teams remaining travel to nashville tennessee they are immediately greeted witheir truck stop challenge in which the teams must prepare a picnic basket featuring their takes on classic southern dishes for the country music duo joey rory tyler then gives each team seed money for them to shop at a local farmer s market pop a waffle wins the challenge and receives toward their till and thexclusive rights to serve people at an event hosted by joey rory tyler then calls them witheir speed bump which requires two members from each truck to sit out of the challenge while their third teammate anthony from pop a waffle lisa from nonna s kitchenette chris from seoul sausage and angela fromomma s grizzly grub trains culinary students to do their jobs momma s grizzly grub was eliminated after they parked at a cupcake shop and could not get any business they had to scramble to find customers and end up making less than seoul sausageliminated momma s grizzly grub linecolor ccf aux cleveland ohio shortsummary with only three teams lefthe remaining trucks roll into cleveland ohio in honor of the famous bloomin onion of outback steakhouse the teams are challenged to take an everyday vegetable an ohio locally grown beefsteak tomato beefsteak tomato and create an appetizer they are then sampled and judged by outback steakhouse co founder and executive chef j timothy gannon pop a waffle wins the challenge and receives toward their till and gets to make sales for threextra hours while the other trucks are shut down tyler then informs the teams of their speed bump they must shiftheir entire operation from their food truck to a hot dog cart and continue to make sales on foot until pm pop a waffle was eliminated falling behind nonna s kitchenette after a badecision with one hour left in the day to park at a concert down the road through traffic eliminated pop a waffle linecolor ccf aux boston massachusetts portland maine lubec maine shortsummary the two final teams arrive to the first city for the final boston massachusetts there they encounter their final truck stop in which the teams must make a new england style dish featuring lobster nonna s kitchenette wins the challenge and receives added to their till and gets to move on to the next city while seoul sausauge has to shuck bushels pounds of clams they then travel to their second city portland maine where they continue to sell they arrive in their third and final city lubec maine where they werequired to sell everything for under they finish their day in lubec and meetyler at quoddy head state park where their totals are counted nonna s kitchenette is the final team eliminated making only less than seoul sausage seoul sausage makes winning the grand prize of and being able to keep their food truck runner up nonna s kitchenettewinner seoul sausage linecolor ccf season class wikitable plainrowheaders width style background ffffff style background fce f width ep style background fce f width total style background fce f title style background fce f width location style background fce f width airdate aux beverly hills california san francisco california shortsummary the fourth season begins with eight aspiring food truck owners arriving in hollywood california where they are given their own food truck and begin to compete for of seed money to startheir own business they then travel to beverly hills beverly hills california where the teams arequired to buy materials and supplies for their trucks and then make their first sale there they must sell one signature dish buthe dish must be sold for at leasthere is no truck stop in this episode the teams thencounter their first speed bump of the season which requires that all trucks must close down and head to san francisco california but in minute increments of how much money they earned in beverly hills bowled and beautiful are the firsto get going followed by philly s finest sambonis the slide show murphy spud truck boardwalk breakfast empire aloha plate tikka taco and lastly the frankfoota truck once in san francisco teams can sell their signature dish for whatever they want buthey must create a new signature dish murphy spud truck was eliminated after failing to properly getheir propane working in time to sell their initial dish and end up making only less than the frankfoota truck eliminated murphy spud truck linecolor fce f aux portland oregon shortsummary the seven remaining trucks travel to portland oregon where they arequired to make the most of whathey already have while the teams are beginning their day they encounter a speed bump which requires them to go their entire first day without restocking their supplies on day two the teams encounter their truck stop in which they are given a local delicacy geoduck which must be the maingredient in all of their dishes after selling worth ofood witheir geoduck menus the teams race to council crest park for the chance to win a token worth toward their till bowled and beautiful is the firsto arrive and wins the token boardwalk breakfast empire was eliminated after getting lost on the way to council crest park and missing out on the added to their till despite being the firstruck to geto the threshold causing them to make only less than the frankfoota truck after they wereliminated tyler florence announced thatrucks wouldonate their profits from portland to sea bright rising to help withe recovery efforts from hurricane sandy eliminated boardwalk breakfast empire linecolor fce f aux pocatello idaho shortsummary the six remaining trucks travel to pocatello idaho as the teams are preparing for their first day they encounter a speed bump which requires them to remove all items containing starch from their trucks andonate them to a local food bank tyler then calls aloha plate and the frankfoota truck to tell them they are out of pocatello city limits and will be penalized for every hour they were out of bounds aloha plate was out of bounds for hours thus being penalized and the frankfoota truck was out of bounds for hour thus being penalized on day two tyler calls them witheir truck stop challenge which requires teams to go dig up their own potatoes and then reopen their trucks as a potato truck after selling worth ofood witheir potato menus the teams race to the city creek trailhead for the chance to win one of three tokens that will add to their till one large token worth one medium token worth and one small token worth bowled and beautiful wins the token aloha plate wins the token and philly s finest sambonis wins the token the frankfoota truck was eliminated after poor location decisions costhem customers and they were penalized for selling outside the city limits causing them to make less than philly s finest sambonis eliminated the frankfoota truck linecolor fce f aux rapid city south dakota shortsummary the five remaining trucks travel to rapid city south dakota where they meetyler athe crazy horse memorial and are given their seed money before heading outo shop for supplies once reaching rapid city the teams are given a logistic speed bump where their follow cars are towed preventing one member of the team from traveling in the truck witheir teammates thus finding other ways to travel by thend of the day the teams have to pay to getheir cars back but only when all members of the team are present however their cash boxes are counted as well this leads to the truck stop which once again team leave in minute increments where they must go an butcher bisonce the meat is butchered the trucks are to become bison food trucks for thentire day tikka comes up with a strategy and buys aloha plates lastwo plates to prevent bowled and beautiful or philly s finesto get parking in market street which allows them to come in second slide show then comes in third and with minutes remaining however bowled and philly both failed to complete the truck stop eliminated bowled and beautifulinecolor fce f aux minneapolis minnesota saint paul minnesota shortsummary the fouremaining teams travel to the twin cities geographical proximity twin cities minneapolis and saint paul minnesota where they meetyler along the banks of the mississippi river and are given of seed money tyler then tells the teams thathere will be no speed bump during day one and sends them on their way to sell in minneapolis while the teams are preparing for day one tyler calls them witheir first of two truck stops all of their menu items must be served on a stick buthey must sell worth ofood by pm as teams complete the truck stop they must race to stone arch bridge minneapolistone arch bridge for the chance to win one of the two tokens to add to their till one large token worth and one small token worthowever no team completes the challenge on the start of day two tyler calls the teams witheir speed bump which requires all teams to move to saint paul minnesota saint paul while the teams are doing their besto sell food while it is pouring rain tyler calls the teams witheir second truck stop the teams must create a special dish on their menu out of spam food spam after selling worth ofood witheir spam food spamenus the teams race to the peace officers memorial athe minnesota state capitol building the firsteam to arrive wins immunity and the other teams that complete the challenge by pm win toward their till aloha plate completes the challenge and arrives first winning immunity tikka taco arrivesecond and philly s finest sambonis arrives third and both win toward their till the slide show is eliminated after failing to completeither truck stop and finished behind philly s finest sambonis eliminated the slide show linecolor fce f aux chicago illinoishortsummary the three remaining trucks travel to chicago illinois where they meetyler at grant park chicago grant park and are given of seed money however they are not going to start selling yetyler announces thathe teams will startheir first day in chicago with a truck stop challenge in which the teams have to create their own deep dish chicago style pizza using a portable wood fired oven to be judged by chicago mayorahm emanuel tikka taco wins the challenge and receives a proclamation from the mayor and earns toward their till after the truck stop challenge tyler surprises the teams in telling them thathe finaleg of the race began aboutwo hours earlier and they will have to cross over miles and through six states beforeaching the finish line as the teams are preparing to gout and sell on the rest of the first day they are given their speed bump which requires them to keep a minimum ofive dishes on their menu for the rest of the race while the teams are selling during day two tyler calls the teams witheir second truck stop challenge the teams must add a sixth item to their menu an authentichicago style hot beef polish sausage sandwich for each which are the same ones mike ditka sells in his restaurant after selling sausage sandwiches the teams race to mike ditka s restauranthe firsteam to arrive wins a five hour head starto the next city annapolis maryland tikka taco wins the challenge aloha plate and philly s finest sambonis did not meethe goal of selling with philly s finest sambonis only selling ten with tikka taco having left chicagonly minutes earlier the twother teamspend the rest of the four hours and minutes cleaning mike ditka s restaurant kitchen linecolor fce f aux annapolis maryland washington dc shortsummary the final three teams are sento theast coast in the finaleg of the race after stopping in annapolis maryland the teams meetyler on a chesapeake bay island where they learn they will have to haul crab that willater become part of an original crab dish the team withe best original crab dish wins a prize that could potentially change the game toward their till tyler then surprises the teams with an elimination leaving only two teams remaining the final two teams then race to washington dc and meetyler athe united states capitol building to find out who will win the prize and geto keep their food truck eliminated philly s finest sambonisrunner up tikka tacowinner aloha plate linecolor fce f season class wikitable plainrowheaders width style background ffffff style background ff width ep style background ff width total style background ff title style background ff width location style background ff width airdate aux santa barbara california venice los angeleshortsummary hostyler florence welcomes eight new teams of aspiring food truck owners to santa barbara calif where they must first define their brands and create a signature dish for an afternoon of sales then tyler sends them to venice calif where the owners of la s top food truck will tasteach team signature dish the seven surviving teams realize they are in the ride for their lives as they continue to battle it out for the grand prize of and their very own food truck eliminated chatty chicken linecolor ff aux tucson arizona shortsummary tyler greets the teams in tucson ariz where they must come up with a creative marketing campaign later they must putheir twists on a local hot dog favorite withe top sellers winning bonus cash the next day the teams must create and perform a catchy jingle athe tucson folk music festival eliminated gourmet graduates linecolor ff aux austin texashortsummary this week tyler tests each team on their partnership skills in austin texas the teams are first paired up to sell together all weekend long and are then sent for a matchcom event feeding the hungriest singles in austin the next day the teams must switch trucks and sell their partners food then thelimination comes down to a six dollar deficit eliminated military moms linecolor ff aux oklahoma city oklahoma city oklahoma shortsummary tyler meets the teams in oklahoma city where he tests their time management skills penalizing the team who takes the longesto getheir day started the teams must also embrace local favorites adding a steak dish to their menu on the first day and then grinding pounds of primeat by hand to sell the local classic fried onion burger on the second and only four teams will be lefto push through the midway point of this competition eliminated madres mexican meals linecolor ff aux st louist louis missouri shortsummary when the final four teams hithe streets of st louis tyler is there to give them a challenge illustrating how a premium product is as good as money in bank the next morning tyler gives them a truck stop challenge withe ultimate prize the winning team will see their week s till doubled emotions are high at elimination as only three teams will geto head southward on the next leg of the great food truck raceliminated beach cruisers linecolor ff aux mobile alabama shortsummary the three remaining teams roll into mobile ala where tyler challenges them to cook locally after enduring sub zero temperatures one team walks away with nearly pounds ofresh gulf shrimp free of charge from a local wholesaler once they hithe streets of mobile tyler challenges them to add a brunch dish to their menu and local chef pete bloeme is on hand to help tyler determine the winner of the truck stop cooking challenge one team is eliminated on the deck of the uss alabama leaving the final two teams primed for the grand finaleliminated lethere be bacon linecolor ff aux key west florida shortsummary tyler lays down the final gauntlet as the teams must revisit each of the six lessons learned throughouthe race on an epic florida road trip they finalize their menu in tampa create a radio spot on the beach partner up inaples take airboats into theverglades for fresh alligator and then battle head to head in a cooking challenge to double their till all before arriving in key westhe teamsell on duvall street before being called to the white street pier for the final tally announcement where one team will be crowned the winner of the great food truck race driving away with and the keys to their very own food truck runner up lone star chuck wagon winner middle feast linecolor ff season class wikitable plainrowheaders width style background ffffff style background c width ep style background c width total style background c title style background c width location style background c width airdate aux santa monicalifornia lake havasu city arizona shortsummary seven teams ofood truck ownerstarthe great food truck race selling their signature dishes on the santa monica pier they then embark down historic route stopping in lake havasu city ariz for their firstruck stop cooking challenge the firsteam to sell orders of their twist on fish and chips will get a bonus that might benough to keep them safe from eliminationwaffle love postcards gd bro diso s italian sandwichespice it upho nomenal dumplings eliminated the guava tree linecolor c aux flagstaff arizona sedonarizona shortsummary before the six remaining teams make ito flagstaff ariz tyler florence calls them up to lethem know thatheir first challenge is underway the team who sells the most in flagstaff will get a one hour head starto their next stop sedonariz in sedona the teams must make a dish incorporating the local delicacy rattlesnake rabbit sausage and leave the comfort of their trucks to sell from pink jeepsspice it up waffle love gd bro postcards pho nomenal dumplings eliminatediso s italian sandwiches linecolor c aux santa fe new mexico shortsummary in santa fe nm tyler florence challenges the five teams to use peppers to create the ultimate spicy sante fe meal the hot challenge comes with a hot prize then the teams must putheir planning skills to the test as they only have one hour to shop for thentire weekend selling head to head athe farmers market some teams discover their best laid plans are their worst enemieswaffle love postcards pho nomenal dumplings gd bro eliminated spice it up linecolor c aux amarillo texashortsummary in amarillo texas the final four teams are in for a steak filleday the seed money is determined by a steak eating contest and all the teams must add a steak dish to their menu the team to sell the most of their steak dishes earns as will the team withe bestasting dish prior to elimination tyler florence makes each team send two members to pick up essentials leaving their chances athe top three in the hands of theiremaining teammategd bro waffle love pho nomenal dumplings eliminated postcards linecolor c aux tulsa oklahoma shortsummary when the top three teams arrive in tulsa tyler florence takes away their phones and internet abilities all of theiresearch outreach marketing and navigation have to be done the old fashioned way he then challenges them to build roadside attractions to pull in customers on their seconday the teamsell at one of the last drive ins on route they race from car to car knowing that each lost sale could be the one that sends them homewaffle love pho nomenal dumplings eliminated gd bro linecolor c aux st louist louis missouri springfield illinois chicago illinoishortsummary the two remaining teams arrive in st louis ready for their final big sell tyler florence challenges the teams to create three different dishes in minutes to serve to twof the most renowned grill chefs in st louis withe winner getting a valuable head start on the finale weekend on their way to the chicago showdown they hit springfield ill for a lincoln themed sale once in chicago the teams have to hithree different ethnic neighborhoods withree different ethnic dishes the team that first sells dishes in each location will be crowned the champion of the great food truck race andrive away richerunner up waffle love winner pho nomenal dumplings linecolor c season class wikitable plainrowheaders width style background ffffff style background ffcc width ep style background ffcc width total style background ffcc title style background ffcc width location style background ffcc width airdate aux los angeles california shortsummary linecolor ffcc aux oxnard california shortsummary linecolor ffcc aux santa barbara california solvang california shortsummary linecolor ffcc aux palm springs california shortsummary linecolor ffcc aux san pedro los angelesan pedro california shortsummary linecolor ffccategory lists of reality television series episodes category food 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trucks"],"new_description":"following list episodes reality television_series great_food_truck race series overview class wikitable_colspan season premiere season finale bgcolor b height px_align center season align center align center align center bgcolor b height px_align center season align center align center align center bgcolor ccf height px_align center season align center align center align center bgcolor fce_f height px_align center season align center align center align center bgcolor height px_align center season align center align center align center bgcolor c height px_align center season align center align center align center bgcolor ffcc height px_align center season align center align center align center season_class wikitable plainrowheaders width_style background ffffff style background_b width_style background_b width total style background_b title style background_b width location_style background_b width airdate aux san_diego california shortsummary first season begins seven teams journey win prize premiere teams arrive los_angeles california even begin race encounter firstruck stop early challenge gives advantage tone truck main elimination challenge told instead race beginning los_angeles begins san_diego california make race fair teams begin empty truck equal amount seed_money buy supplies given three_days prepare promote sell food means necessary weekend selling teams find continues next location experiencing issues causing lose day sales pay appearance fee festival queens firsteam eliminated queens linecolor_b_aux santa new_mexico shortsummary six remaining_trucks continue santa new_mexico teams make calls local help sales teams busy selling interrupted tyler calling witheir truck_stop challenge must add chili peppers make new dish mystery shopper turns outo chef eric tastes dishes picks best one spencer go wins challenge receives immunity weekend competition failing properly promote unsuccessfully attempting business eliminated raceliminated linecolor_b_aux fort_worth texashortsummary five teams remaining fort_worth texas beef capital world meet front withe competition tyler_calls witheir stop teams_must butcher quarter cow make new dish like week two mystery shopper turns outo king worth tim love dish best grill wins challenge receives texan rodeo estimated added toward final total location costhem customers eliminated race however earned fourth greatest amount money raw sales defeated grill truck_stop challenge placed second truck_stop would pushed first round eliminated linecolor_b_aux new_orleans louisiana shortsummary final four trucks arrive inew_orleans meetyler athe louisiana competitors run unpredictable weather one minute clear next major putting even pressure teams tyler_calls withe truck_stop challenge teams_must close trucks night meet near mississippi_river day break prepare dish chef jacques jack winning team earns opportunity immediately open truck business three losing teams endure pounds beforeturning trucks eliminated austin daily press linecolor_b_aux tennessee shortsummary remaining three teams pull town teams meetyler main_street realize thathis leg race sales food_quality trucks battle crowd assembled music_festival keeping attention difficult truck_stop challenge tyler tells team meet old man johnson farm cook authentic five course prairie meal open fire judged two cowboy historians american chuck wagon association reward winning truck greater populated town chance beat outhe competition eliminated spencer go linecolor_b_aux new_york new_york shortsummary final two teams meetyler manhattan epic battle hungry streets big apple final sprint competition trucks race five boroughs make location moving turn calls teams middle race truck_stop challenge brings back brooklyn hour prepare team signature_dish judge chef bar chef awards advantage winning team biting finish teams chase manhattan finish line winner great_food_truck race crowned receives well prize runner truck winner grill b season_class wikitable plainrowheaders width_style background ffffff style background_b width_style background_b width total style background_b title style background_b width location_style background_b width airdate aux las_vegas valley las_vegas nevada shortsummary second season begins eight gourmet food_trucks arriving athe malibu pier malibu california begin quest arriving malibu pier trucks head las_vegas valley las_vegas nevada make first food_truck sales delays arrival sky reducing sales meanwhile east_coast west_coast rivalry born teams experience first speed_bump werequired stop using six hours day left sky due tire costhem exclusive appearance festival firsteam eliminated raceliminated sky linecolor_b_aux salt lake_city utah shortsummary remaining seven trucks go salt lake_city utah immediately upon arrival teams encounter truck_stop arequired make dish using sausage thathey made five ingredients however sausage missing teams drive fine meats must make three customized links sausage judged chef ryan rivalry lime truck roxy grilled_cheese begins heat hodge podge wins truck_stop earning additional doubling seed_money immunity speed_bump speed_bump trucks werequired least_one mile away current location gives one dollar food causing fall short linecolor_b_aux denver colorado shortsummary six remaining_trucks arrive ranch outside denver colorado met tyler good morning america good morning america host robin roberts roberts truck_stop teams minutes mushrooms create dish featuring local mushrooms would judged local lime truck wins truck_stop earned exclusive local abc affiliate along seed_money however remaining_trucks received seed_money speed_bump john teams pick meaning choose one run thentire truck cafe con eliminated race pay premium prices supplies received partnered fell short behind seabirds eliminated cafe con linecolor_b_aux manhattan five remaining_trucks think thathey going manhattan new_york city find going manhattan kansas home gives teams college based truck_stop challenge arequired make meal based local cuisine college budget less judged charles hope receiving exclusive rights sell food campus weekend seabirds win truck_stop team allowed park area near university campus teams hit challenging speed_bump arequired sell everything menus less slow service first_day prevented taking advantage prime location truck_stop seabirds fourth team eliminated seabirds linecolor_b_aux memphis tennessee shortsummary final four trucks head barbecue capital world memphis tennessee truck_stop teams four hours travel rendezvous local barbecue restaurant must pound pig carry back truck butcher prepare barbecue sauce go along_witheir dish dishes judged jim legend memphis barbecue scene owner jim interstate bar b que roxy grilled_cheese wins challenge earns additional doubling seed_money addition allowed leave truck_stop immediately teams punishment butcher remainder pork including winning truck donate local_food bank leaving challenge hits speed_bump tyler tells teams food korilla bbq found cash box verification receipts taken trucks korilla bbq linecolor_b_aux atlanta georgia_ustate_georgia shortsummary three teams remaining_trucks head centennial olympic park downtown atlanta georgia_ustate_georgia learn georgia famous two things truck_stop challenge must incorporate items original dish instead buying items must locals downtown atlanta winner determined local chef kevin roxy grilled_cheese wins challenge receives speed_bump revealed teams lead chefs truck two remaining man truck approximately one hour lead chefs allowed return despite winning truck_stop roxy grilled_cheese came short sixth team eliminated roxy grilled_cheese linecolor_b_aux miami beach_florida shortsummary final two teams roll miami floridand upon arrival receive final make race finish line south park south road finish line filled twists turns neither team tyler sends members trucks selling seed_money hodge podge sets food_truck meet spot lime truck takes little longer find prime location tyler_calls witheir first speed_bump team five minutes grab whatever needed trucks towed getheir truck back needed make food_truck gone hodge podge firsteam getheir truck back lime truck earn money offering mussels cooking demonstration seconday encountered final truck_stop challenge create local chef michael buthey must venture five_miles atlantic_ocean boat go fishing minutes catch fish minutes prepare ithe lime truck wins challenge receives athend seconday tyler_calls second speed_bump teams werequired shut rest seconday reopen two hours athis pointhe lime truck needs hodge podge needs reach goal morning lime truck decides hodge podge sets parking_lot wholesaler supplies teams race meetyler athe finish line lime truck arrives first wins prize podge arriving minutes hodge lime truck linecolor_b season_class wikitable plainrowheaders width_style background ffffff style background ccf width_style background ccf width total style background ccf title style background ccf width location_style background ccf width airdate aux los_angeles california shortsummary third season begins eight aspiring food_truck owners arriving long_beach_california given food_truck begin compete seed_money startheir business_travel los_angeles california teams arequired buy materials supplies trucks make first sale truck_stop episode day two encounter first speed_bump season requires teams_must hollywood boulevard compete sell crust eliminated could park la live could sell anything fast enough parked hollywood boulevard end making less barbie babes tyler florence announced food_network americancer society honor hannah deceased husband keith eliminated crust linecolor ccf aux flagstaff arizona shortsummary seven remaining_trucks arrive flagstaff arizona arequired create dish put menu featuring local delicacy cactus judged local chef macmillan pop waffle wins challenge receives immunity seconday flagstaff trucks arequired serve vegan food pop waffle made least money finishing seventh immunity instead barbie babes menu finishing sixth sent barbie babes linecolor ccf aux amarillo texashortsummary six remaining_trucks travel amarillo texas amarillo national bank stadium home amarillo professional minor league baseball team truck_stop challenged create add special item would available stadium anywhere country menu judged stadium john seoul sausage wins truck_stop earns mysterious key seconday encounter speed_bump trucks given boots wheels whole day key seoul sausage truck_stop ends key boot truck gives advantage able remove boot move truck pizza mike eliminated parking dog park temporarily event later find stay park rest_day speed_bump made lose customers make less coast raceliminated pizza mike linecolor ccf aux five teams remaining_trucks head donald w reynolds stadium stadium campus university arkansas college town arkansas teams meet tyler tells thatheir prices menu strategy must reflecthe college town facthat everyone given seed_money teams day tyler_calls witheir truck_stop challenge requires shut rest_day reopen morning breakfast hours create breakfast dishes using pop teams judged acclaimed teen chef jeremy kitchenette wins truck_stop made cinnamon battered french toast pop earns token worth towards till truck_stop challenge completed tyler announces speed_bump trucks reopen coast atlanta finishes fifth eliminated race able park thriving local farmer lost outo grizzly eliminated coast atlanta linecolor ccf aux nashville tennessee shortsummary four teams remaining travel nashville tennessee immediately greeted witheir truck_stop challenge teams_must prepare picnic basket featuring takes classic southern dishes country music duo rory tyler gives team seed_money shop local farmer market pop waffle wins challenge receives toward till rights serve people event hosted rory tyler_calls witheir speed_bump requires two members truck sit challenge third anthony pop waffle lisa nonna kitchenette chris seoul sausage angela grizzly grub trains culinary students jobs grizzly grub eliminated parked shop could get business find customers end making less seoul grizzly grub linecolor ccf aux cleveland_ohio shortsummary three teams lefthe remaining_trucks roll cleveland_ohio honor famous onion outback steakhouse teams challenged take everyday vegetable ohio locally grown tomato tomato create appetizer judged outback steakhouse founder executive chef j timothy pop waffle wins challenge receives toward till gets make sales hours trucks shut tyler teams speed_bump must entire operation food_truck hot_dog cart continue make sales foot pop waffle eliminated falling behind nonna kitchenette one hour left day park concert road traffic eliminated pop waffle linecolor ccf aux boston_massachusetts portland maine maine shortsummary two final teams arrive first city final boston_massachusetts encounter final truck_stop teams_must make new_england style dish featuring lobster nonna kitchenette wins challenge receives added till gets move next city seoul pounds clams travel second city portland maine continue sell arrive third final city maine werequired sell everything finish day meetyler head state_park counted nonna kitchenette final team eliminated making less seoul sausage seoul sausage makes winning grand prize able keep food_truck runner nonna seoul sausage linecolor ccf season_class wikitable plainrowheaders width_style background ffffff style background fce_f width_style background fce_f width total style background fce_f title style background fce_f width location_style background fce_f width airdate aux beverly_hills california_san_francisco_california shortsummary fourth season begins eight aspiring food_truck owners arriving hollywood california given food_truck begin compete seed_money startheir business_travel beverly_hills beverly_hills california teams arequired buy materials supplies trucks make first sale must sell one signature_dish buthe dish must sold truck_stop episode teams first speed_bump season requires trucks must close head san_francisco_california minute much money earned beverly_hills bowled beautiful firsto get going followed philly finest sambonis slide show murphy truck boardwalk breakfast empire aloha plate tikka taco frankfoota truck san_francisco teams sell signature_dish whatever want buthey must create new signature_dish murphy truck eliminated failing properly getheir working time sell initial dish end making less frankfoota truck eliminated murphy truck linecolor fce_f aux portland_oregon shortsummary seven remaining_trucks travel portland_oregon arequired make whathey already teams beginning day encounter speed_bump requires go entire first_day without supplies day two teams encounter truck_stop given local delicacy must dishes selling worth ofood witheir menus teams race council crest park chance win token worth toward till bowled beautiful firsto arrive wins token boardwalk breakfast empire eliminated getting lost way council crest park missing added till despite firstruck geto threshold causing make less frankfoota truck tyler florence announced profits portland sea bright rising help withe recovery efforts hurricane sandy eliminated boardwalk breakfast empire linecolor fce_f aux idaho shortsummary six remaining_trucks travel idaho teams preparing first_day encounter speed_bump requires remove items containing trucks local_food bank tyler_calls aloha plate frankfoota truck tell city limits penalized every hour bounds aloha plate bounds hours thus penalized frankfoota truck bounds hour thus penalized day two tyler_calls witheir truck_stop challenge requires teams go dig potatoes reopen trucks potato truck selling worth ofood witheir potato menus teams race city creek chance win one three add till one large token worth one medium token worth one small token worth bowled beautiful wins token aloha plate wins token philly finest sambonis wins token frankfoota truck eliminated poor location decisions costhem customers penalized selling outside city limits causing make less philly finest sambonis eliminated frankfoota truck linecolor fce_f aux rapid city south_dakota shortsummary five remaining_trucks travel rapid city south_dakota meetyler athe crazy horse memorial given seed_money heading outo shop supplies reaching rapid city teams given speed_bump follow cars towed preventing one member team traveling truck witheir thus finding ways travel thend day teams pay getheir cars back members team present however cash boxes counted well leads truck_stop team leave minute must go butcher meat trucks become food_trucks thentire day tikka comes strategy buys aloha plates plates prevent bowled beautiful philly get parking market street allows come second slide show comes third minutes remaining however bowled philly failed complete truck_stop eliminated bowled fce_f aux minneapolis minnesota saint paul minnesota shortsummary teams travel twin cities geographical proximity twin cities minneapolis saint paul minnesota meetyler along banks mississippi_river given seed_money tyler tells teams thathere speed_bump day one sends way sell minneapolis teams preparing day one tyler_calls witheir first two truck_stops menu_items must served stick buthey must sell worth ofood teams complete truck_stop must race stone arch bridge arch bridge chance win one two add till one large token worth one small token team completes challenge start day two tyler_calls teams witheir speed_bump requires teams move saint paul minnesota saint paul teams besto sell food pouring rain tyler_calls teams witheir second truck_stop teams_must create special dish menu spam food spam selling worth ofood witheir spam food teams race peace officers memorial athe minnesota state capitol building firsteam arrive wins immunity teams complete challenge win toward till aloha plate completes challenge arrives first winning immunity tikka taco philly finest sambonis arrives third win toward till slide show eliminated failing truck_stop finished behind philly finest sambonis eliminated slide show linecolor fce_f aux chicago three remaining_trucks travel chicago_illinois meetyler grant park chicago grant park given seed_money however going start selling announces thathe teams startheir first_day chicago truck_stop challenge teams create deep dish chicago style pizza using portable wood fired oven judged chicago tikka taco wins challenge receives mayor earns toward till truck_stop challenge tyler teams telling thathe race began hours earlier cross miles six states finish line teams preparing gout sell rest first_day given speed_bump requires keep minimum ofive dishes menu rest race teams selling day two tyler_calls teams witheir second truck_stop challenge teams_must add sixth item menu style hot beef polish sausage sandwich ones mike sells restaurant selling sausage sandwiches teams race mike restauranthe firsteam arrive wins five hour head starto next city annapolis maryland tikka taco wins challenge aloha plate philly finest sambonis meethe goal selling philly finest sambonis selling ten tikka taco left minutes earlier twother rest four hours minutes cleaning mike restaurant kitchen linecolor fce_f aux annapolis maryland washington shortsummary final three teams sento theast_coast race stopping annapolis maryland teams meetyler chesapeake bay island learn haul crab become part original crab dish team withe best original crab dish wins prize could potentially change game toward till tyler teams elimination leaving two teams remaining final two teams race washington meetyler athe united_states capitol building find win prize geto keep food_truck eliminated philly finest tikka aloha plate linecolor fce_f season_class wikitable plainrowheaders width_style background ffffff style background width_style background width total style background title style background width location_style background width airdate aux santa_barbara california venice los florence welcomes eight new teams aspiring food_truck owners santa_barbara calif must first define brands create signature_dish afternoon sales tyler sends venice calif owners la top food_truck team signature_dish seven surviving teams realize ride lives continue battle grand prize food_truck eliminated chicken linecolor aux tucson arizona shortsummary tyler teams tucson must come creative marketing campaign later must putheir twists local hot_dog favorite withe top sellers winning bonus cash next_day teams_must create perform jingle athe tucson folk music_festival eliminated gourmet graduates linecolor aux austin_texashortsummary week tyler tests team partnership skills austin_texas teams first paired sell together weekend long sent event feeding austin next_day teams_must switch trucks sell partners food comes six dollar eliminated military linecolor aux oklahoma_city oklahoma_city oklahoma shortsummary tyler meets teams oklahoma_city tests time management skills team takes getheir day started teams_must also local favorites adding steak dish menu first_day grinding pounds hand sell local classic fried onion burger second four teams lefto push midway point competition eliminated mexican meals linecolor aux st_louis missouri shortsummary final four teams hithe streets st_louis tyler give challenge premium product good money bank next morning tyler gives truck_stop challenge withe ultimate prize winning team see week till doubled emotions high elimination three teams geto head next leg great_food_truck raceliminated beach cruisers linecolor aux mobile alabama shortsummary three remaining teams roll mobile tyler challenges cook locally enduring sub zero temperatures one team walks away nearly pounds ofresh gulf shrimp free charge local wholesaler hithe streets mobile tyler challenges add brunch dish menu local chef pete hand help tyler determine winner truck_stop cooking challenge one team eliminated deck uss alabama leaving final two teams grand bacon linecolor aux key west florida shortsummary tyler final teams_must six lessons learned throughouthe race epic florida road_trip menu tampa create radio spot beach partner take fresh alligator battle head head cooking challenge double till arriving key westhe street called white street pier final announcement one team crowned winner great_food_truck race driving away keys food_truck runner lone star chuck wagon winner middle feast linecolor season_class wikitable plainrowheaders width_style background ffffff style background c width_style background c width total style background c title style background c width location_style background c width airdate aux santa lake_city arizona shortsummary seven teams ofood truck great_food_truck race selling signature_dishes santa pier historic route stopping lake_city firstruck stop cooking challenge firsteam sell orders twist fish chips get bonus might keep safe love postcards bro italian nomenal dumplings eliminated tree linecolor c aux flagstaff arizona shortsummary six remaining teams make ito flagstaff tyler florence calls know thatheir first challenge team sells flagstaff get one hour head starto next stop teams_must make dish incorporating local delicacy rattlesnake rabbit sausage leave comfort trucks sell pink waffle love bro postcards pho nomenal dumplings italian sandwiches linecolor c aux santa new_mexico shortsummary santa tyler florence challenges five teams use peppers create ultimate spicy meal hot challenge comes hot prize teams_must putheir planning skills test one hour shop thentire weekend selling head head athe farmers market teams discover best laid plans worst love postcards pho nomenal dumplings bro eliminated spice linecolor c aux amarillo texashortsummary amarillo texas final four teams steak seed_money determined steak eating contest teams_must add steak dish menu team sell steak dishes earns team withe dish prior elimination tyler florence makes team send two members pick leaving chances athe_top three hands bro waffle love pho nomenal dumplings eliminated postcards linecolor c aux tulsa oklahoma shortsummary top three teams arrive tulsa tyler florence takes away phones internet abilities outreach marketing navigation done old_fashioned way challenges build roadside attractions pull customers seconday one last drive_ins route race car car knowing lost sale could one sends love pho nomenal dumplings eliminated bro linecolor c aux st_louis missouri springfield illinois chicago two remaining teams arrive st_louis ready final big sell tyler florence challenges teams create three different dishes minutes serve twof renowned grill chefs st_louis withe winner getting valuable head start finale weekend way chicago hit springfield ill lincoln themed sale chicago teams different ethnic neighborhoods withree different ethnic dishes team first sells dishes location crowned champion great_food_truck race away waffle love winner pho nomenal dumplings linecolor c season_class wikitable plainrowheaders width_style background ffffff style background ffcc width_style background ffcc width total style background ffcc title style background ffcc width location_style background ffcc width airdate aux los_angeles california shortsummary linecolor ffcc aux california shortsummary linecolor ffcc aux santa_barbara california california shortsummary linecolor ffcc aux palm springs california shortsummary linecolor ffcc aux san pedro los pedro california shortsummary linecolor lists reality television_series episodes category_food trucks"},{"title":"Lists of tourist attractions","description":"file victoria jpg thumb victoria falls zimbabwe the following lists of tourist attractions include tourist attraction s in various countries by type file mauritius beachpng thumb list of beaches mauritius file casinodulibanjpg thumb list of casinos casino du liban file louvre aile richelieujpg thumb list of museums louvre list of airshows list of amusement parks list of aquaria list of beaches list of botanical gardens list of casino hotels list of casinos list of castles list ofestivals list oforts list of heritage railways list of memorials list of museums list of most visited art museums in the world list of national parks list of renaissance fairs list of ski areas and resorts list of sports facilities list of indoor arenas list of motoracing tracks list of stadia list of tennis venues list of velodromes list of tourist attractions providing reenactment list of zoosee also category natureserves touristrap s tall buildings and structures list of tallest buildings and structures in the world list of tallest buildings in the world list of tallest freestanding structures in the world list of tallestructures in the world list of tallestowers in the world observation deck s by country file foz de igua u panorama nov jpg thumb right iguaz falls in brazil one of the newonders of nature seven wonders of nature tourism in brazilist of attractions in brazil file brisbane townhall jpg thumb 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associated with a novel or a novelist such as writer s home their home or tombstone tourist visiting a poet s grave some scholars regard literary tourism as a contemporary type of secular pilgrimage there are also long distance walking routes associated with writersuch as the thomas hardy way literary tourists are specifically interested in how places have influenced writing and athe same time howriting has created place in order to become a literary tourist you need only book love and an inquisitive mindset however there are literary guides literary maps and literary tours to help you on your way there are also many museums associated with writers and these are usually housed in buildings associated with a writer s birth or literary career such as their writer s home file william shakespeares birthplace stratford upon avon l jpg thumb left john shakespeare s house believed to be shakespeare s birthplace shakespeare s birthplace in stratford upon avon while most literary tourism is focused on famous works more modern works that are written to specifically promote tourism are called tourism fiction modern tourism fiction can include travel guides within the story showing readers how to visithe real places in the fictional tales with recentechnological advances in publishing digital tourism fiction books can even allow literary tourists to follow direct links tourism websites related to the story this can be done onew e reading devices like the kindle ipad iphone smart phones tablets and regular desktop and laptop computers these links within the story allow readers to instantly learn abouthe real places without doing their own web searches the first classic novel to take advantage of tourism fiction technology was f scott fitzgerald s thiside of paradise interactive tourism edition published by the southeastern literary tourism initiative in the tourism edition offered web links tours of princeton university where fitzgerald attended in realife and where the 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avon literary tourism focused famous works modern works written specifically promote_tourism called tourism fiction modern tourism fiction include travel_guides within story showing readers visithe real places fictional tales advances publishing digital tourism fiction books even allow literary tourists follow direct links tourism_websites related story done onew e reading devices like kindle ipad iphone smart phones tablets regular laptop computers links within story allow readers instantly learn abouthe real places without web searches first classic novel take_advantage tourism fiction technology f scott fitzgerald paradise interactive tourism edition_published southeastern literary tourism initiative tourism edition offered web links tours princeton university fitzgerald attended realife fictional protagonist novel attended tourism edition alsoffered links montgomery alabama fitzgerald fell love withis future wife zelda much like fictional character fell love rosalind addition 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tourism responsibility was transferred to a new company london partners tourism in london is now one of london s three most important industries with finance and retailing when the london tourist board was founded in a mere million overseas visitors came to london in the year this had grown to million plus million from overseas the london tourist board set up by industry representatives including charles forte baron forte sir charles forte later lord forte famous hotelier with support from the london county council played a majorole in promoting london in providing information for visitors establishing standards and in shaping the tourism product we see today throughout its year history london tourist board receive up to per cent of its funding from public sources greater london council english tourist board london boroughs and greater london authority british tourism the remarkable story of growth by victor t c middleton l j lickorish published by elsevier this articlexplores the history and achievements of the london tourist board and the london visitor and convention bureau leading to thestablishment of visit london in visit london took over the marketing of london while the london development agency was responsible for planning research andevelopment in visit london was put into administration by the greater london authority its main funder and replaced with a new organisation london partners early history and objectives the london tourist board ltb was founded on may by representatives of the tourist industry led by sir charles forte later lord forte its first objectives were to carry out information and reception services for overseas visitors in association withe british travel association later british tourist authority and now visitbritain and after and the passing of the development of tourism acthenglish tourist board visit england information and accommodation services were the main part of ltb s activities in thearlyears to develop services and amenities for visitors to london to attract visitors to london from all parts of britain and to extend the london visitor season to encourage the holding of national and international conferences and exhibitions in london through the convention bureau set up as department of ltb to consult with and advise the bta on publicity and promotions to attract visitors to london an important aim apart from seasonal spread has always been to achieve a better geographical spread of tourists through london and latterly throughouthe uklondon tourist board annual reports onwards achievements in thearlyears ltb played a majorole in developing london s appeal to visitors through tourist information in person and on the phone providing accommodation booking services training of tourist guides developing the producthrough events promotionsuch as london in bloom and providing information for conference and exhibition organisers here are some of the highlights the provision of information services from the beginning in person by mail and telephone by ltb were handling enquiries a yearising tover million in later years there were tourist information centres in victoria station london victoriat selfridges and harrods tower of london liverpool street station and eventually at heathrow airport heathrow sourcing student accommodation was a key challenge for ltb services during the period of swinging london ltb set up a student centre at international student house on june students housed in the first summer the ltb ran a private accommodation bureau from its offices in piccadilly in because of rising demand ltb appealed for more private home owners to take in visitors took part andealt with over visitors became an established core of inexpensive accommodation other initiatives included tent city at wormwood scrubs and a camp site on hackney marshes opened a budget accommodation centre in buckingham palace road in to cope withe growing number of youth visitors ltb ran the teletourist recorded message service fromarch in english and other languages m users in first year the london convention bureau publication was issued in london capital for conferences and conventions the lcb was recognised as being one of the best of its kind in the world and won many awards the lcb diary was first published in followed by this month in london in the year that london was the number city for international association meetings the running of the blue badge guide course the register examinations etc from the course was rightly recognised as being one of the best in the world london log a monthly magazine for the industry was first published in a source of information and news about london and ltb membership scheme for the industry was launched in may from the beginning the river waseen as a significantourism asset ltb took the lead in promotions and other activity to improve services for visitors piers pooling services providing accurate data for crews to usetc the organisation of theaster parade in battersea park and theaster bunny and princess competitions for years until up to million people attended each year the organisation and promotion of son et lumiere at hampton court and the tower of london the introduction and organisation of the london in bloom competition from as part of britain bloom early promotions ltb worked in partnership withe greater london council the london boroughs and others initiating a series of marketing campaigns aimed atourists from the uk and overseas here are some of them joint regional promotions with british rail city for all seasons great london fair at swiss centre jan feb festival of london entertains feb enjoy the river thames let us go to london short breaks campaign from borough activity and planning from ltbegan to take a lead role for the industry in planning matters and working more closely with london boroughs this was the period when district plan s were being prepared and it was importanto ensure thathe requirements of the tourist industry were featured this included making constructive objections to bothe plans from westminster and royal borough of kensington and chelsea kensington and chelsea prior to this a documentourism in london a plan for management was published in by the ltb working with greater london council english tourist board and the london boroughs association the key elements wereasing trafficongestion congestion regional spread better management at key sites quality of lodging accommodation product improvement some of the other activities were as follows mini guides richmond london richmond and hounslowere the first hillingdon tourist information centre tic opened in there were tics across london by may ltb support included staff training reference kits and tic managers meetings richmond set up a tourism association following a presentation and urging by ltb developing ideas and activity with borough such as islington greenwich croydon meetingsite promotion environmental improvement more promotions from london did not rest on its laurels a series of major marketing campaigns followed in the s helped by such events as the wedding of prince charles andiana spencer in july ltb s press and information staff set up a london information point athe royal wedding official press centre london is geordie s london let us go to london for the weekend press campaign an example of many excursions etc annual trade fair for london and adjoining rtbs presidents marketing awards ran for years in the sponsored by the ltb s presidenthe duke of westminster london s capital guide book of the year competition during the s it s not only londoners who love london included training for frontline staffunded by centec precursor for welcome host in london be part of it beyond london s west end london welcomes visa part ofocus london campaign take time to discover the thames years from sectoral campaigns restaurantshopping theatre arts etc pr and crisis management while most of ltb s public relations activities were aimed at promoting the capital it also had to deal with a number of crises during the s and s whichad an impact not just on residents but on visitors to london some of the many provisional irish republican army bombings affected tourist sites directly here are just a few of the many incidents which killed and maimed londoners and visitors july tower of london a member of the ltb tic staff was injured march daily mail ideal homexhibition marchouse of commons of the united kingdom house of commons airey neave mp killed april baltic exchange july hyde park london hyde park and regent s park december harrods christmas bombing april bishopsgate and st ethelburga s bishopsgate st ethelburga list of terrorist incidents in london other incidents which affected tourism negatively included the high jacking of the cruise ship achille lauro hijacking achille lauro in the mediterranean in october and the us bombing of libya in apriltb led a london pr group to cordinate media responses as many americans cancelled trips to europe london visitor and convention bureau the abolition of the greater london council in had been preceded by the withdrawal ofunding from ltby glc in as ltb wasqueezed between the margarethatcher government and the left winglc led by ken livingstone ltb relaunched itself as the london visitor and convention bureau relying extensively on commercial membersupport etb contributions until public funding from the london boroughs became available silver jubilee in the london tourist board and convention bureau celebrated itsilver jubilee five prominent artists were invited to create original paintings celebrating london these were featured at an exhibition in covent garden and used for manyears on posters promoting the capital the artists included fred cuming ra consumer protection from its early days ltb has championed the cause of the visitor in getting fair treatment from service providers bureau de change restaurantstreet photographers general price display etc somexamples of where ltb was involved charter for tourists complaint handling a way of monitoring visitor concerns price marking order streetraders etc had to display prices code of conduct for bureau de change made legal in by the consumer protection act restaurant prices codealing with tip gratuity tiping and price display price indications resale of tickets regulations ticket agencies and ticketoutouts required to show face value of tickets this was a long campaign with solt etcode of conduct for sightseeing tours code for coach drivers eg only park in designated places do not cause nuisance to local residents ltb produced the coach parking map for several years from research statistics from early on ltb has been involved in a range of research activities ltb took over the annualondon visitor survey from bta in and produced annual compendium of statistics for the industry and planners the last london visitor survey coordinated by london partners was conducted in using a face to face methodology since an ongoing london visitor survey is being conducted by lj research using an online methodology latest publicly available information from the london visitor survey incl a series of profile questionsuch as nationality age purpose of visit and type and location of accommodation used are available on ltb s website joint london tourism forum the abolition of the glc in was a significant event for london and for ltb took the prime role for developing and implementing strategic activity across a range of topics the firstourism strategy for london was produced in this led to a whole range of activity theadlines are as follows london tourist board annual reports london log monthly publication british library working with lpac to undertake research into economic impact and into hotel development and securing tourism as a topic for all borough plans the agreement of the need for more hotels in london led to campaign for more rooms by achieved first outer london site list produced in the securing ofunding from dept of employment for a local collaborative projecto develop training programmes for tourism in london this led to setting up the london tourismanpower project and springboard which was opened in october by michael howard it is now a national programme a series of presentation to london boroughs and their growing involvement in tourism either individually or in sub regional groups egateway london consisting of south east london boroughs an environment charter launched in and a litter charter in a campaign to secure longer term licences for boat operators which encourage them to invest inew boats the pla introduced five year licences in otheriver activity included training for boat crews and support for new piersecuring of lbgc london boroughs grant scheme funding enabled ltb to undertake research promote outer boroughs and participate in government funded local initiatives worked with government city action team secured funding for southwark heritage assn in canal way marking east end tourism trust and the three mills regeneration other activities included islington tdap discover islington supported by ltb from greenwich strategic development initiative from royal arsenal woolwich arsenal cutty sark gardens improvements etc toureast london ltb secured srb funding for years from april support for other programmes cross river partnershipool of london partnership london s waterways partnership the new london brand launch in themes heritage and pageantry diversity friendly and safe accessible arts culture and entertainment securing funds from department of national heritage later department for culture mediand sport dcms in for focus london ltbecomes visit london in ltbecame visit london a private company funded partly by partnership subscriptions and commercial activity its main funding up to per cent came from the mayor of london s london development agency visit london built on ltb success in the marketing and promotion of london visit london s key activities included written by robert chenery director of development ltb and edited bylva frenchead of public relations ltb marketing worldwide marketing campaigns partnership working withe tourism industry travel trade publications and trade shows media relations londonews and images digital wwwvisitlondoncom event solutions a complete service for event organisers events for london a one stop shop for major events london partners on april mayor of london boris johnson launched london partners a new promotional agency for the capitalondon partners brings together the work of visit london study london and think london in attracting visitorstudents and foreign direct investmento the capital visit london ltd was wound upresidents chairmen and chief executives of london tourist board and visitlondon may lord mancroft octhe very reverend martin sullivan sir anthony milward the duke of westminster dec sir john egan may mr charles forte lord forte october mr ben russell october nov mr e c tubbv garner january summer mr c d hopkinson summer october sir anthony milward october march lord ponsonby of shulbrede april march mary baker now lady baker april september john hajdu acting chairman october september sir christopher leaver october january dame shelagh roberts january july john salisse acting chairman july september sir hugh bidwell september december sir john egan january december david batts december march teresa wickham july march tamara ingram april august dame judith mayhew jonaseptember present kit malthouse chief executives may july john howard williams general manager july rodney scrase july geoffrey smith obe acting director london convention bureau january peter stevens january february graham jackson feb september tom webb september march colin hobbs april march paul hopper david campbell james bidwell april sally chatterjee april may danny lopez june present gordon innes category articles created via the article wizard category tourism in london category history of london tourist board category local government in london category organizations established in category establishments in england category tourism organisations in the united kingdom category tourism 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forte baron forte sir charles forte later lord forte famous hotelier support london county council played majorole promoting london providing information visitors establishing standards shaping tourism product see today throughout year history london_tourist_board receive per_cent funding public sources greater_london council english tourist_board london_boroughs greater_london authority british tourism remarkable story growth victor c middleton l j published elsevier history achievements london_tourist_board london visitor convention_bureau leading thestablishment visit_london visit_london took marketing london london development agency responsible planning research_andevelopment visit_london put administration greater_london authority main replaced new organisation london partners early history objectives london_tourist_board ltb founded may representatives tourist_industry led sir charles forte later lord forte first objectives carry information reception services overseas visitors association_withe british_travel_association later british tourist authority visitbritain passing development tourism tourist_board visit england information accommodation services main part ltb activities thearlyears develop services amenities visitors london attract visitors london parts britain extend london visitor season encourage holding national international conferences exhibitions london convention_bureau set department ltb advise bta publicity promotions attract visitors london important aim apart seasonal spread always achieve better geographical spread tourists london throughouthe tourist_board annual reports onwards achievements thearlyears ltb played majorole developing london appeal visitors tourist_information person phone providing accommodation booking services training tourist_guides developing events london bloom providing information conference exhibition organisers highlights provision information services beginning person mail telephone ltb handling tover million later years tourist_information centres victoria station london harrods tower london liverpool street station eventually airport sourcing student accommodation key challenge ltb services period london ltb set student centre international student house june students housed first summer ltb ran private accommodation bureau offices rising demand ltb appealed private home_owners take visitors took part visitors became established core inexpensive accommodation initiatives included tent city camp site hackney opened budget accommodation centre palace road cope withe growing number youth visitors ltb ran recorded message service fromarch english_languages users first_year london convention_bureau publication issued london capital conferences conventions recognised one best kind world many awards diary first_published followed month london year london number city international_association meetings running blue_badge guide course register etc course recognised one best world london log monthly magazine industry first_published source information news london ltb membership scheme industry launched may beginning river waseen asset ltb took lead promotions activity improve services visitors piers services providing accurate data crews organisation theaster parade battersea park theaster bunny princess competitions years million_people attended year organisation promotion son hampton court tower london introduction organisation london bloom competition part britain bloom early promotions ltb worked partnership withe greater_london council london_boroughs others series marketing campaigns aimed uk overseas joint regional promotions british rail city seasons great london fair swiss centre jan feb festival london feb enjoy river_thames let_us_go london short breaks campaign borough activity planning take lead role industry planning matters working closely london_boroughs period district plan prepared importanto ensure_thathe requirements tourist_industry featured included making constructive objections bothe plans westminster royal_borough kensington chelsea kensington chelsea prior london plan management published ltb working greater_london council english tourist_board london_boroughs association key elements trafficongestion regional spread better management key sites quality lodging accommodation product improvement activities follows mini guides richmond_london richmond first hillingdon tourist_information centre tic opened tics across london may ltb support included staff training reference kits tic managers meetings richmond set tourism_association following presentation urging ltb developing ideas activity borough islington greenwich promotion environmental improvement promotions london rest series major marketing campaigns followed helped events wedding prince charles spencer july ltb press information staff set london information point athe royal wedding official press centre london london let_us_go london_weekend press campaign example many excursions etc annual trade fair london adjoining presidents marketing awards ran years sponsored ltb duke westminster london capital guide_book year competition love london included training frontline precursor welcome host london part beyond london_west end london_welcomes visa part london campaign take time discover thames years campaigns theatre arts etc crisis management ltb public_relations activities aimed promoting capital also deal number whichad impact residents visitors london many irish army bombings affected tourist_sites directly many incidents killed visitors july tower london member ltb tic staff injured march daily_mail ideal commons united_kingdom house commons killed april baltic exchange july hyde park_london hyde park regent park december harrods christmas bombing april st st list terrorist incidents london incidents affected tourism negatively included high cruise_ship mediterranean october us bombing libya led london group cordinate media responses many americans cancelled trips europe london visitor convention_bureau abolition greater_london council preceded withdrawal ofunding ltb government left led ken ltb relaunched london visitor convention_bureau relying extensively commercial contributions public funding london_boroughs became available silver jubilee london_tourist_board convention_bureau celebrated jubilee five prominent artists invited create original paintings celebrating london featured exhibition covent_garden used manyears posters promoting capital artists included fred consumer protection early days ltb cause visitor getting fair treatment service_providers bureau de change photographers general price display etc somexamples ltb involved charter tourists handling way monitoring visitor concerns price marking order etc display prices code conduct bureau de change made legal consumer protection act restaurant prices tip gratuity price display price tickets regulations ticket agencies required show face value tickets long campaign conduct sightseeing tours code coach drivers park designated places cause nuisance local_residents ltb produced coach parking map several_years research statistics early ltb involved range research activities ltb took visitor survey bta produced annual statistics industry planners last london visitor survey coordinated london partners conducted using face face methodology since ongoing london visitor survey conducted research using online methodology latest publicly available information london visitor survey incl series profile nationality age purpose visit type location accommodation used available ltb website joint london tourism forum abolition significant event london ltb took prime role developing implementing strategic activity across range topics strategy london produced led whole range activity follows london_tourist_board annual reports london log monthly publication british library working undertake research economic_impact hotel development securing tourism topic borough plans agreement need hotels london led campaign rooms achieved first outer london site list produced securing ofunding employment local collaborative projecto develop training programmes tourism london led setting london project opened october michael howard national programme series presentation london_boroughs growing involvement tourism either individually sub regional groups london consisting south_east london_boroughs environment charter launched litter charter campaign secure longer term licences boat operators encourage invest inew boats pla introduced five year licences activity included training boat crews support new london_boroughs grant scheme funding enabled ltb undertake research promote outer boroughs participate government funded local initiatives worked government city action team secured funding southwark heritage canal way marking east end tourism trust three mills regeneration activities included islington discover islington supported ltb greenwich strategic development initiative royal arsenal arsenal cutty sark gardens improvements etc london ltb secured funding years april support programmes cross river london partnership london_waterways partnership new london brand launch themes heritage diversity friendly safe accessible arts culture entertainment securing funds department national_heritage later department culture mediand sport focus london visit_london visit_london private_company funded partly partnership subscriptions commercial activity main funding per_cent came mayor london london development agency visit_london built ltb success marketing promotion london visit_london key activities included written robert director development ltb edited public_relations ltb marketing worldwide marketing campaigns partnership working withe tourism_industry travel_trade publications trade shows media relations images digital event solutions complete service event organisers events london one stop shop major events london partners april mayor london boris johnson launched london partners new promotional agency partners brings together work visit_london study london think london attracting foreign direct investmento capital visit_london ltd wound chief_executives london_tourist_board may lord reverend martin sullivan sir anthony duke westminster dec sir john may charles forte lord forte october ben russell october nov e c garner january summer c summer october sir anthony october march lord april march mary baker lady baker april september john acting chairman october september sir christopher october january dame roberts january july john acting chairman july september sir hugh september december sir john january december david december march july march april august dame judith present kit chief_executives may july john howard williams general_manager july july geoffrey smith acting director london convention_bureau january peter stevens january february graham jackson feb september tom webb september march colin hobbs april march paul hopper david campbell james april sally april may danny lopez june present gordon category_articles_created_via article_wizard_category_tourism london_category_history london_tourist_board category_local government london_category_organizations established category_establishments england_category_tourism organisations united_kingdom category_tourism agencies"},{"title":"Lonely Planet","description":"file tibe day hall australiapavilion thewheelersjpg thumb maureen and tony wheeler co founders of lonely planet lonely planet is the largestravel guide book publisher in the world the company is owned by american billionaire brad kelley s nc media which bought it in from bbc worldwide for united states dollar us million thequivalent of million in may after it was valued at us million in originally called lonely planet publications the company changed its name to lonely planet in july to reflect its broad travel industry coverage and an emphasis on digital products after the let s go travel guides let s go travel guide series that was founded in and the bit alternative information centre bit guide bit guides from the lonely planet books were the third series of travel books aimed at backpacking travel backpackers and other low costravellers the company had sold million booksinception and by early it had sold around million units of its travel mobile app s lonely planet s largest office is located in footscray victoria footscray a suburb of melbourne australia but its franklin tennessee franklin tennessee united states us office is the company s de facto headquarters other lonely planet offices are spread throughouthe world in locationsuch as london united kingdom uk beijing chinandelhindia history earlyears file lonely planet australia travel guide th editionpng lefthumb upright lonely planet s guide to australia th edition lonely planet was founded by married couple maureen wheeler maureen and tony wheeler tony wheeler graduated from the university of warwick and london businesschool and was a former engineer athe chrysler corporation the pair met in london in and in july they embarked on an overland trip through europe and asia eventually arriving in australia in december the route thathey followed was first undertaken by vehicle on the oxford and cambridge far eastern expedition oxford cambridge overland expedition the company name originated from tony wheeler s appreciation of a mondegreen misheard line in space captain a song written by matthew moore and first popularized by joe cocker and leon russell on the madogs englishmen tour of the actualyrics are lovely planet lonely planet s first book across asia on the cheap consisting of pages was written by the couple in their home the original print run consisted of stapled booklets and sold out following the success of the original bookletony wheelereturned to asia withe deliberate intention of writing a travel guide and across asia on the cheap a complete guide to making the overland trip was published in october observer writer carol cadwalladr who also coauthored travellersurvival kit lebanon described the book as canonical across asia on the cheap offered the advice of amateur travelers who had completed the overland trip from london to sydney australia in just under six months the wheelers offer practical advice such as the importance of not mentioning arch enemies iran or israel in iraq as it is a very hard line socialist arab country casual observationsuch as their description of singapore as a groovy place tips of an illegal nature such as where tobtain fake identification or an explanation of why one should have their last drag of the drug cannabis before they arrive athe iranian border and emergency options for people ineed of money whereby places that have a good price for blood are identifieduring the s traveling was considered an aspect of the counterculture and tony wheeler said in the boomers were setting off to places their parents had not gone what became known as the hippie trail was a popularoute for such travelers as the price of travel dropped and numerous asian travel companies were launched cadwalladr explained in thathe introduction of the across asia on the cheap booklet was a generational call to arms as it contained tony wheeler s motivational cry all you have goto do is decide to go and the hardest part is over so go cadwalladr further states that wheeler s peers throughouthe world subsequently made the decision to travel regardless of whether they possessed a lonely planet guide other travel guide brand names also emerged in thearly such as rough guides and bradtravel guides bradthe popularity of the hippy trail combined withe success of the originalonely planet publications led the wheelers to further develop the brand they had founded the couple discovered writers in bars and also told people that if they could return to australia with a completed book then lonely planet would publish itony wheeler explained you couldn t just look for travel book writers because they weren t outhere there wasn t such animal we justold people that if you turn up in a year and a half with a book we ll publish it and we did it was very rough and ready the popularity of the overland route taken by the wheelers in declined when iran s borders closed in expansion the lonely planet guide book series initially expanded in asia withe india guide book that was first published in but progressively became a dominant brand in the rest of the world as consumers appreciated the way thathe manner in which the guides were written as former ceo judy slatyer explained telling it like it is without fear or favor wheeler explained in as part of the brand s year anniversary that working withe company s early writers who were primarily travelers was often challenging one writer came back with a page guide to jamaica every pirate who stopped in got his biography and we had to cut it by two thirds for a long time we had a problem that every writer wanted to rewrite the history we d say why are we rewriting the history of india for the th time surely it s not changing every two years in a interview tony wheeler discussed one of the originalonely planet writers geoff crowther who wrote guides for india south americafricand korea crowther was renowned for frequently inserting his opinions into the text of the guides he wrote giving the guide books real gritty and un politically correct passion and sometimes covering topicsuch as where to purchase the best hashishis writing was instrumental to the rise of lonely planetony wheeler explained in the same interview that crowther was athatime a broken man living in goa while the journalist used the term geoffness in tribute to crowther to describe a quality that has been lost over time in travel guides however crowther athe time was not living in goa nor was he a broken man instead he was living in the rainforests of east coast australia by lonely planet had sold million copies of its travel guides and by thistage the company was recognized beyond hippie trail adventurers and wealthiereaders were an established part of the readership the company s authors consequently benefited from profit sharing and expensivevents were held athe melbourne office at which limousines would arrive filled with lonely planet employees by lonely planet had officially been classified as a superbrand having published over titles and had sold million titles translated into more than eight languages cadwalladrelayed a rumor that during one of his visits to australia bill clinton requested an audience withe prime minister and someone from lonely planet file lonelyplanetbuildingfootscrayjpg thumb lonely planet headquarters in footscray victoria footscray purchase by bbc worldwide in october the wheelers and australian businessman john singleton australian entrepreneur john singleton who became a shareholder in sold a stake in the company to bbc worldwide the commercial arm of the british broadcasting corporation bbc the stake was worth an estimated million athe time athe same time a put option was negotiated on the remaining the owners of a put option eg the wheelers and singleton have the righto sell a specified amount of an underlying security eg the remaining at a specified price within a specified time the deal was led by david king chiefinancial officer and ian watson international director and advice was provided by deloitte corporate finance and ashurst llp blake dawson waldron in australia managing director of bbc worldwide s global brands division marcus arthur who became the chairman of lonely planet after the finalization of the agreement explained in that implementing a put option arrangement allowed the bbc to benefit from the wheelers experience over the lasthree and a half years further explaining thathe founding couple supported lonely planet s ongoing migration from a traditional book publisher to a multi platform brand in the bbc press release published on october the bbc worldwide ceo athe time john smith bbc executive john smith explained lonely planet is a highly respected international brand a globaleader in the provision of travel information this deal fits well with our strategy to create one of the world s leading content businesses to grow our portfoliof content brands online and to increase our operations in australiand america the wheelers also shared their motivation in the press release stating we felthat bbc worldwide would provide a platform true tour vision and values while allowing us to take the business to the next level the founders have since written an autobiographical book titled once while travelling the lonely planet story known as unlikely destinations the lonely planet story inorth america describing theirelationship their initial overland journey and the founding of lonely planet slatyer was the ceof lonely planet athe time and in addition to the melbourne headquarters offices existed in the us and the uk the company was publishing titles and the next level thathe wheelers referred to involved venturesuch as the production of the third season of its flagship television series lonely planet six degrees in partnership with discovery networks and screened in over countries the company s website which was attracting million unique visitors each month and the further development of lonelyplanettv lonely planet s travel video website that was used by an online community of travelers who could upload and watch their own videos as well as those created by lonely planet also in companies in the same category were making significant changes to their business operations in early bradt guides founder hilary bradt announced heretirement alongside veteran independent publisher charles james of vacation work both founded their companies in thearly s like the wheelers then shortly before the lonely planet deal the owners of rough guidesold their year old company to penguin bookslatyer latereflected in relation to the bbc acquisition we should have moved much more aggressively into creating a digital space where travelers could engage interact write their own guides the bbc dealso received a significant degree of criticism from rival media companiesuch as time out and the guardian media group who argued that it represented an inappropriatexpansion beyond the core programming and content of the media corporation such a sentiment was also evident within the bbc and the bbc trust consequently ruled that similar acquisitions must not be sought out by the corporation s commercial arm in the future unless exceptional circumstances are present bbc worldwide then struggled in the initial period following the acquisition registering a million loss in the year to thend of marchowever the dire financial situation was eventually reversed withe implementation of a strategy that exploited new channelsuch as lonely planet s non print products by thend of march profits of million had been generated as digital revenues had risen year on year over the preceding monthspinoff productsuch as a lonely planet magazine had grown and non print revenues increased from in to lonely planet s digital presence athis time included apps and million unique users for lonelyplanetcom whichosted the well known thorn tree travel forum theventual success achieved by bbc worldwide led to the acquisition of the remaining of the company purchased for million a million from the wheelers the lonely planet magazine launched in was described by the managing director of bbc magazines as the star of the show and athe time of the acquisition eight editions were printed globally and thexisting circulation of continued to significantly grow nc mediacquisition bbc worldwide had been unable to sustain the success that it had achieved in by early and was interested in divesting itself of the company factorsuch as a global recession and the appreciation of the australian dollar were cited as influential kelley noticed the opportunity and approached bbc worldwide in april without an explanation for why he was interested in lonely planethe bbc did not make an offer immediately but in march the details of the sale were announced to the public on march the bbconfirmed the sale of lonely planeto kelley s nc media for united states dollar us million significantly less than the million the bbc had paid for the company at nearly an million us million loss the bbc received million us million after the completion of the deal followed by the remaining million u million twelve months later the bbc reassured the public that public money was not lost in the sale as bbc worldwide used its own money rather than the bbc s main budget which is primarily derived from a license fee on british television owning households to purchase lonely planet however as the new york times reported any financialosses impact upon the bbc s overall funding because all bbc worldwide profits become part of the bbc s monetary assets the trust consequently initiated a review of the investment while the trust vice chairperson said to the media that the time of purchase there was a credible rationale for this deal tony wheeler stated in that upon reflection the decline in the company s television production was a key aspect of the bbc s eventual inability to maintain profitability explaining that innovation is tough appointment of new ceo and restructure in mid before the lonely planet consideration kelley met with daniel houghton a young photojournalism graduate from western kentucky university the same institution that kelley attended based solely on a handshake agreement kelley hired houghton to help establish media company nc media the name nc ishort for in situ meaning in position in latin which then launched its first venture outwildtv a website featuring sponsored expeditions followed by a gear blog kelley eventually explained in that his hiring decision was based upon a fortunatevent and houghton s intense focus on becoming something in march the month before they first approached the bbc kelley bought a us million square foot studio facility to house nc media the lonely planet deal was closed in april and houghton appointed by kelly as thead of the newly acquired operation visited the company s international offices to acquaint himself withe global nature of thenterprise worldwide staff members were bewildered by houghton s appointment and one longtime lonely planet author wrote in i figured there had to be more to the story than reclusive billionaire hires year old with no known experience to run the joint but i think it is asilly and fucked up as it sounds athe london office a visual taunt was projected onto a wall prior to houghton speech to the team houghton then met with employees athe footscray australia headquarters on july to announce a restructuring process that would result in staff layoffs he revealed to the mediathe time that between and positions would be made redundant from the overall business houghton confirmed the ongoing existence of a melbourne based office while the restructure occurred over a to month period following the july meeting ultimately of lonely planet s full timemployees were made redundant on july athe footscray headquarters houghton walked up in front of a microphone in melbourne where most of the redundancies occurred and told them today is going to be a really tough day houghton and nc media era houghton spends a good amount of time on the road visiting lonely planet s offices around the world according to an interviewith vice about a year into my job i realised i hadone miles in a year and something like or days away from home on the road that s tough you miss your dog after that point you do wanto go home and relax tony wheeler has publicly stated certainlyou do not want someone old and set in his ways like me athe controls however asking the rhetorical question is he houghton the right year old the jury is out on that one wheeler said that houghton seems a nice guy houghton revealed elements of the content strategy in a feature article on him stating we wanthe latest content in real time inovember the company purchased the touristeye app that is used for planning trips and offers guidance while people are traveling lonely planet s new head of mobile products matthew mccroskey explained also in we have tons of information all of lonely planet s historicontent and we are building really greatechnology to analyze that content and understand all the ways you can put itogether you are in rome standing by the colosseum it is pm on a thursday in summer you open your phone and it says hey glad you enjoyed the colosseum which was on the itinerary we helped you make we know you love coffee time for a cappuccino the best cappuccino place in rome is two blocks away here are walking instructions and while you are walking you should know do not order a cappuccino in the afternoon in italy they only drink them for breakfast and they are going to think you are a stupid american so you should get a macchiato and this how you ask for it we have got most of the people who can deliver that kind of experience andaniel houghton is finding more in lonely planet acquired budgetravel to expand its international magazine presence for the us market and launch a us edition in lonely planet magazine launched in the united states expanding the number of global edition to in january a mobile app called guides launched and reached number in the travel category of apple s app store in an interviewith vice houghton described the app s purpose and functionality we really wanted to build something that was really useful for i m here what do i do so this very much focused on you are out on the road and you wanto interact with lonely planet let s just sayou show up in amsterdam you re on the ground you can download the app it s free and it starts by saving all the information your maps offline because a lot of people are still traveling on airplane mode or they don t havery much data to use in february of the company launched its released new version of destinations on lonelyplanetcomarking one of the most significant project launchesince the nc acquisition internet presence lonely planet s online community the thorn tree was created in it is named for acacia naivasha thorn tree acacia xanthophloea that has been used as a message board for the city of nairobi kenya since the tree still exists in the stanley hotel nairobi stanley hotel it is used by over travelers to share their experiences and look for advice thorn tree has many different forum categories including different countries places to visit depending one s interests travel buddies and lonely planet supporthe lonely planet website includes travel articles destination and point of interest guides hotel hostel and accommodations listings and the ability to rate and review sites and restaurants lonely planetemporarily closed the thorn tree community on the december with a notification stating we re sorry to let you knowe have found it necessary to temporarily close the thorn tree section of lonelyplanetcom as it has come tour attention that a number of posts do not conform to the standards of the lonely planet website asoon as we have completed the necessary editorial and technical updates we willet you know but in the meantime we are very grateful for your understanding and patience later lonely planet clarified the alerto say that it had found numerous posts containing inappropriate language and themes and the site would be reopened once these posts were found andeletedjohnson andrew bbc shuts down thorn tree travel forum thorn tree returned on january having shut forums they felt were non travel related lonely planethorn tree reopens now the forum is regulated regularly and allows users to flag responses they deem inappropriate or not relevanthe sydney morning herald reported that a disgruntled former user alerted the bbc to numerous posts related to paedophilia source close to lonely planet managementold therald that bbc executivestill smarting from the jimmy savile scandal went into full freak out panic attack mode over posts abouthe age of consent in mexico and child prostitution in thailand however a bbc worldwide spokesman denied there was any evidence of paedophilia discussions on the sitemoses asher lonely planet shuts thorn tree forum over paedophilia posts the sydney morning herald the bbc subsequently stated thathe cause of the shutdown wasn t paedophilia but general concern with language and themes thathe bbc was uncomfortable with in lonely planet began publishing a monthly travel magazine called lonely planetraveller in the uk and in it launched the indiand the argentineditions its korean edition with a digital edition for ipad was launched in march its chinese version was launched in mainland china in aug in october lonely planet announced a us version of the travel magazine television series lonely planet also has its own television production company whichas produced numerouseriesuch as the sportraveller going bush vintage new zealand bluelist australialong withe followinglobe trekker television series also known as pilot guides inspired by and originally broadcast under the name lonely planet lonely planet six degrees hosted by asha gill and toby amies lonely planet roads less travelled a co production between singapore s beachouse and lonely planetelevision airing on the national geographic adventure channel rlt is a reality based travel series following nine lp guidebook authors and photographers controversies a mention in a lonely planet guidebook can draw large numbers of travellers which invariably brings change to places mentioned for example lonely planet has been blamed for the rise of what isometimes referred to as the banana pancake trail in south east asia critics argue thathis has led to the destruction of local culture andisturbance of once quiet sites as well for travelers looking for hostels or places to eathe ones mentioned are usually at full capacity or super busy it is often easier to find places to stay at hostels not mentioned in the book lonely planet s view is that it encourages responsible travel and that its job is to inform people and that it is up to guidebook users to make their informed choice in response to a visit myanmar campaign by the state peace andevelopment council military regime the burmese oppositionationaleague for democracy nld and its leader aung san suu kyi called for a tourism boycottread more as the publication of lonely planet s guidebook to myanmar burma iseen by some as an encouragemento visithat country this led to calls for a boycott of lonely planet lonely planet s view is that it highlights the issuesurrounding a visito the country and that it wants to make sure that readers make an informedecision in the nld formally dropped its previoustance and nowelcomes visitors who are keen to promote the welfare of the common people in popular culture in april american writer thomas kohnstamm published the memoir do travel writers go to hell which touched on his experience writing a guide book for lonely planet in brazil after a review of kohnstamm s guidebooks publisher piers pickard agreed that no inaccuracies had been found in australian author and former lonely planet guidebook writer mic looby published a fictional account of the guidebook writing business entitled paradise updated in which the travel guide industry isatirised see also languageducation list of language self study programs externalinks the new yorker april the parachute artist category bbc publications category companies based in melbourne category publishing companies of australia category travel guide books category australian travel television series category travel websites category tourismagazines category establishments in australia category publishing companiestablished in category australian magazines category media in melbourne category magazinestablished 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sold million early sold around million units travel mobile_app lonely_planet largest office located footscray victoria footscray suburb melbourne australia franklin tennessee franklin tennessee united_states us office company de facto headquarters lonely_planet offices spread throughouthe_world locationsuch london_united_kingdom uk beijing history earlyears file lonely_planet australia travel_guide th lefthumb upright lonely_planet guide australia th_edition lonely_planet founded married couple maureen wheeler maureen tony_wheeler tony_wheeler graduated university warwick london businesschool former engineer athe corporation pair met london july embarked overland trip europe asia eventually arriving australia december route thathey followed first undertaken vehicle oxford cambridge far eastern expedition oxford cambridge overland expedition company name originated tony_wheeler appreciation line space captain song written matthew moore first popularized joe leon russell tour planet lonely_planet first book across asia cheap consisting pages written couple home original print run consisted sold following success original asia withe deliberate intention writing travel_guide across asia cheap complete guide making overland trip published october observer writer carol also kit lebanon described book across asia cheap offered advice amateur travelers completed overland trip london sydney_australia six months wheelers offer practical advice importance arch iran israel iraq hard line socialist arab country casual description singapore place tips illegal nature tobtain fake identification explanation one last drag drug cannabis arrive athe iranian border emergency options people ineed money whereby places good price blood traveling considered aspect tony_wheeler said boomers setting places parents gone became_known hippie_trail travelers price travel dropped numerous asian travel companies launched explained thathe introduction across asia cheap booklet call arms contained tony_wheeler cry decide go part go states wheeler peers throughouthe_world subsequently made decision travel regardless whether lonely_planet guide travel_guide brand_names also emerged thearly rough_guides bradtravel guides popularity trail combined withe success planet publications led wheelers develop brand founded couple discovered writers bars_also told people could return australia completed book lonely_planet would publish wheeler explained look travel_book writers animal people turn year half book publish rough ready popularity overland route taken wheelers declined iran borders closed expansion lonely_planet guide_book series initially expanded asia withe india guide_book first_published progressively became dominant brand rest world consumers appreciated way thathe manner guides written former ceo judy explained telling like without fear favor wheeler explained part brand year anniversary working withe company early writers primarily travelers often challenging one writer came back page guide jamaica every pirate stopped got biography cut two_thirds long_time problem every writer wanted history say history india th time changing every two_years interview tony_wheeler discussed one planet writers geoff crowther wrote guides india south_korea crowther renowned frequently opinions text guides wrote giving guide_books real politically correct passion sometimes covering topicsuch purchase best writing instrumental rise lonely wheeler explained interview crowther athatime broken man living goa journalist used term tribute crowther describe quality lost time travel_guides however crowther athe_time living goa broken man instead living east_coast australia lonely_planet sold million copies travel_guides company recognized beyond hippie_trail adventurers established part readership company authors consequently benefited profit sharing held_athe melbourne office would arrive filled lonely_planet employees lonely_planet officially classified published titles sold million titles translated eight languages one visits australia bill clinton requested audience withe prime_minister someone lonely_planet file thumb lonely_planet headquarters footscray victoria footscray purchase bbc_worldwide october wheelers australian businessman john singleton australian entrepreneur john singleton became shareholder sold stake company bbc_worldwide commercial arm british broadcasting corporation bbc stake worth estimated million athe_time athe_time put option negotiated remaining owners put option wheelers singleton righto sell specified amount underlying security remaining specified price within specified time deal led david king officer ian watson international director advice provided deloitte corporate finance blake dawson australia managing_director bbc_worldwide global brands division marcus arthur became chairman lonely_planet agreement explained implementing put option arrangement allowed bbc benefit wheelers experience half years explaining thathe founding couple supported lonely_planet ongoing migration traditional book publisher multi platform brand bbc press_release published october bbc_worldwide ceo athe_time john smith bbc executive john smith explained lonely_planet highly respected international brand provision travel_information deal well strategy create one world leading content businesses grow portfoliof content brands online increase operations australiand america wheelers also shared motivation press_release stating bbc_worldwide would provide platform true tour vision values allowing us take business next level founders since written autobiographical book titled travelling lonely_planet story known unlikely destinations lonely_planet story inorth_america describing initial overland journey founding lonely_planet ceof lonely_planet athe_time addition melbourne headquarters offices existed us uk company publishing titles next level thathe wheelers referred involved production third season flagship television_series lonely_planet six degrees partnership discovery networks screened countries company website attracting million unique visitors month development lonely_planet travel video website used online community travelers could upload watch videos well created lonely_planet also companies_category making significant changes business operations early bradt guides founder bradt announced alongside veteran independent publisher charles james vacation work founded companies thearly like wheelers shortly lonely_planet deal owners rough year_old company penguin relation bbc acquisition moved much aggressively creating digital space_travelers could engage interact write guides bbc received significant degree criticism rival media companiesuch time guardian media_group argued represented beyond core programming content media corporation sentiment also evident within bbc bbc trust consequently ruled similar acquisitions must sought corporation commercial arm future unless exceptional circumstances present bbc_worldwide struggled initial period following acquisition registering million loss year thend financial situation eventually reversed withe implementation strategy exploited new lonely_planet non print products thend march profits million generated digital revenues risen year year preceding productsuch lonely_planet magazine grown non print revenues increased lonely_planet digital presence athis time included apps million unique users well_known thorn tree travel forum theventual success achieved bbc_worldwide led acquisition remaining company purchased million million wheelers lonely_planet magazine launched described managing_director bbc magazines star show athe_time acquisition eight editions printed globally thexisting circulation continued significantly grow bbc_worldwide unable sustain success achieved early interested company factorsuch global recession appreciation australian dollar cited influential kelley noticed opportunity approached bbc_worldwide april without explanation interested lonely_planethe bbc make offer immediately march details sale announced public march sale lonely kelley media united_states dollar us_million significantly less million bbc paid company nearly million_us_million loss bbc received million_us_million completion deal followed remaining million million twelve months_later bbc public public money lost sale bbc_worldwide used money rather bbc main budget primarily derived license fee british_television owning households purchase lonely_planet however new_york times reported impact upon bbc overall funding bbc_worldwide profits become part bbc monetary assets trust consequently initiated review investment trust vice chairperson said media time purchase deal tony_wheeler stated upon reflection decline company television production key aspect bbc eventual maintain profitability explaining innovation tough appointment new ceo mid lonely_planet consideration kelley met daniel houghton young photojournalism graduate western kentucky university institution kelley attended based solely agreement kelley hired houghton help establish media company media name situ meaning position latin launched first venture website featuring sponsored expeditions followed gear blog kelley eventually explained hiring decision based_upon houghton intense focus becoming something march month first approached bbc kelley bought us_million square foot studio facility house media lonely_planet deal closed april houghton appointed kelly thead newly acquired operation visited company international offices withe global nature thenterprise worldwide staff members houghton appointment one longtime lonely_planet author wrote story billionaire year_old known experience run joint think sounds athe london office visual projected onto wall prior houghton speech team houghton met employees athe footscray australia headquarters july announce restructuring process would result staff layoffs revealed time positions would made overall business houghton confirmed ongoing existence melbourne based office occurred month period following july meeting ultimately lonely_planet full made july athe footscray headquarters houghton walked front microphone melbourne occurred told today going really tough day houghton media era houghton spends good amount time road visiting lonely_planet offices around world according interviewith vice year job realised miles year something like days away home road tough miss dog point wanto go home relax tony_wheeler publicly stated want someone old set ways like athe controls however asking question houghton right year_old jury one wheeler said houghton seems nice guy houghton revealed elements content strategy feature article stating wanthe latest content real_time inovember company purchased app used planning trips offers guidance people traveling lonely_planet new head mobile products matthew explained also tons information lonely_planet building really analyze content understand ways put rome standing thursday summer open phone says enjoyed itinerary helped make know love coffee time cappuccino best cappuccino place rome two blocks away walking instructions walking know order cappuccino afternoon italy drink breakfast going think american get ask got people deliver kind experience houghton finding lonely_planet acquired budgetravel expand international magazine presence us market launch us edition lonely_planet magazine launched united_states expanding number global edition january mobile_app called guides launched reached number travel_category apple app store interviewith vice houghton described app purpose really wanted build something really useful much focused road wanto interact lonely_planet let show amsterdam ground download app free starts saving information maps offline lot people still traveling airplane mode much data use february company launched released new version destinations one significant project acquisition internet presence lonely_planet online community thorn tree created named thorn tree used message board city nairobi kenya since tree still exists stanley hotel nairobi stanley hotel used travelers share experiences look advice thorn tree many_different forum categories including different_countries places visit depending one interests travel lonely_planet supporthe lonely_planet website includes travel articles destination point interest guides hotel hostel accommodations listings ability rate review sites restaurants lonely closed thorn tree community december notification stating let found necessary temporarily close thorn tree section come tour attention number posts conform standards lonely_planet website asoon completed necessary editorial technical updates know understanding later lonely_planet say found numerous posts containing inappropriate language themes site would reopened posts found andrew bbc shuts thorn tree travel forum thorn tree returned january shut forums felt non travel_related lonely tree forum regulated regularly allows_users flag responses inappropriate sydney morning herald reported former user bbc numerous posts related paedophilia source close lonely_planet bbc jimmy scandal went full freak panic attack mode posts abouthe age consent mexico child_prostitution thailand however bbc_worldwide spokesman denied evidence paedophilia lonely_planet shuts thorn tree forum paedophilia posts sydney morning herald bbc subsequently stated_thathe cause shutdown paedophilia general concern language themes thathe bbc lonely_planet began publishing monthly travel_magazine called lonely uk launched indiand korean edition digital edition ipad launched march chinese version launched mainland china aug october lonely_planet announced us version travel_magazine television_series lonely_planet also television production_company whichas produced going bush vintage new_zealand withe trekker television_series also_known pilot guides inspired originally broadcast name lonely_planet lonely_planet six degrees hosted gill lonely_planet roads less travelled production singapore lonely airing national_geographic adventure channel reality based travel series following nine guidebook authors photographers mention lonely_planet guidebook draw large_numbers travellers invariably brings change places mentioned example lonely_planet blamed rise isometimes referred banana pancake trail south_east_asia critics argue thathis led destruction local_culture quiet sites well travelers looking hostels places eathe ones mentioned usually full capacity super busy often easier find places stay hostels mentioned book lonely_planet view encourages responsible_travel job inform people guidebook users make informed choice response visit myanmar campaign state peace andevelopment council military regime burmese democracy leader san called tourism publication lonely_planet guidebook myanmar burma iseen country led calls boycott lonely_planet lonely_planet view highlights visito country wants make_sure readers make formally dropped visitors keen promote welfare common people popular_culture april american writer thomas published memoir travel_writers go hell experience writing guide_book lonely_planet brazil review guidebooks publisher piers agreed found australian author former lonely_planet guidebook writer published fictional account guidebook writing business entitled paradise updated travel_guide industry see_also list language self study programs externalinks new_yorker april parachute artist category bbc publications category_companies_based melbourne category_publishing companies australia_category_travel_guide_books category_australian travel_television_series_category_travel websites_category_tourismagazines category_establishments australia_category publishing_companiestablished category_australian magazines_category media melbourne category_magazinestablished"},{"title":"Lonely Planet: Roads Less Travelled","description":"roads less travelled is a reality based travel series documenting lonely planet authors and photographers researching content for lonely planet guidebooks in realtime on the ground airing internationally beginning inovember on the national geographic adventure tv channel the program is a co production of lonely planetelevision and singapore s beachouse the series features episodes of one hour length each season hosts include lonely planet founder tony wheeler writer john vlahides photographer dominic arizona bonuccelli shawn low tamara sheward amelia thomas katarina kane archaeologist iain shearer and kerry lorimer season destinations include colombia morocco the mexican sierra madrespain cambodia laos australia madagascar china kazakhstan israel west bank ethiopiand alaska roads less travelled home lonelyplanetcom retrieved on pandey rayana marketing mdall for lonely planet global media production alliances handsetv market interactivecomarketing interactivecom retrieved on singapore production company teams up with lonely planetv itsreal aplink itsreal aplinkwordpresscom retrieved on externalinks lonely planet s official roads less travelled website australianational geographichannel s officialonely planet roads less travelled website united kingdom national geographichannel s officialonely planet roads less travelled website category australian travel television series category adventure 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length season hosts include lonely_planet founder tony_wheeler writer john photographer dominic arizona low thomas archaeologist iain kerry season destinations include colombia morocco mexican sierra cambodia laos australia madagascar china kazakhstan israel west bank ethiopiand alaska roads less travelled home retrieved marketing lonely_planet global media production market retrieved singapore production_company teams lonely retrieved externalinks lonely_planet official roads less travelled website australianational geographichannel planet roads less travelled website united_kingdom national_geographichannel planet roads less travelled website_category australian travel_television_series_category_adventure_travel"},{"title":"Long Way Down","description":"long way down is a television series book andvdocumenting a motorcycle journey undertaken in by ewan mcgregor and charley boorman from john o groats in scotland through eighteen countries in europe and africa to cape town in south africa it is a follow up to the long way round of when the pairodeast from london to new york via eurasiand north america the journey started on may and finished on augusthey were accompanied by the same key teamembers from long way round including cameramandirector of photography claudio von plantand cameraman jimmy simak who alsoversaw music supervision and soundtrack production and producers russ malkin andavid alexanian they also decided to travel with medic dai jonesecurity officer jim foster and various fixers local guides and interpreters they rode the bmw r gs bmw r gs adventure the successor to the bmw r gs r gs adventure bikes in long way round as witheir previous trip and boorman s race to dakaruss malkin s company big earth produced the series the television series began broadcast on bbc twon october with clips also shown online route the team travelled from their base in shepherds bush london to john o groats athe northern tip of scotland to begin their journey the start was nearly delayed after boorman frustrated by an official at gatwick airport made an off the cuff comment regarding bombs and was detained for questioning after being released without charge he took a later flighto inverness and the journey began ascheduled the team took four days to ride from john o groats back to london via the mcgregor family home in crieff and the silverstone circuit silverstone racetrack where they camped in the middle of the circuithey took the channel tunnel to france and rode south to italy theuropean leg ended in sicily where they caught a ferry to tunisia in tunisia mcgregor and boorman visited the set of star wars mcgregor was not recognisedespite the pictures of him there and then rode into libya however american producer david alexaniand cameraman jimmy simak were unable tobtain the necessary entry visas and were forced to fly from tunisia to egypt after visiting the pyramids they boarded a ferry to sudan continued into ethiopiand then into kenya where they crossed thequator from kenya they rode to ugandand then rwanda where they had an audience with president paul kagame they went from there to tanzaniand then into malawi where they were joined by ewan mcgregor s wifeve the finaleg took them through zambia namibia botswanand into south africa the journey ended at cape agulhas the southernmost point of the continent from where they were accompanied to cape town by a phalanx of bikersimilar to their arrival inew york on the long way round border crossings the team anticipated problems athe various borders they would need to cross particularly in africa given their experiences on the long way round which included problems with russian visas a fine due to a missing stamp in their ata carnet andelays of up to twelve hours a major focus of their preparation was planning for transit between countries although the american crew members were barred from entering libya this was anticipated ahead of their arrival athe border upon arrival in tunisia the team had to bribe the local authorities with a few bottles of vodka to ease their passage into the country which they assumed would become a regular event as they travelled through africa however although delays of a few hours were common there were few significant problems at crossing points as they made their way further south breakdowns and accidents they were often pleasantly surprised by the quality of road surfaces throughout east africa buthere were some sections through bumpy or sandy terrain as well as a small river and mud wallow the shock absorbers bore the brunt with both mcgregor and von planta suffering broken springs as the only spare had been fitted to mcgregor s bike von planta had to ride in a support vehicle while his bike wasent on ahead forepair mcgregor and von plantalso came off andamaged their bodywork with von planta involved in the more serious incident on a motorway in south africa boorman admitted he had been putting on a show for a roadside garage and braked sharply as part of a manoeuvre von planta who admits he was riding too closely fell while avoiding a collision he washaken but uninjured his motorcycle wasubstantially damaged and the footage of the rest of the journey to cape agulhas appears only to include support vehicle and helmet cam footage suggesting that von planta s motorcycle was not being used mcgregor s wifeve who learned to ride only as part of the preparations joined them for part of the trip and took several falls on the sandy terrain of malawi and zambiapparently without injury filewan mcgregor s motorbike from long way downow in the riverside museum glasgowjpg thumb upright ewan mcgregor s motorbike from long way downow in the riverside museum glasgow during the trip the pair visited three united nations children s fund unicefacilities to promote the work done by the organisation in ethiopia they visited a land mine awareness project and met children injured by mines in uganda they met former child soldiers of the lord s resistance army and saw the work being done to rehabilitate them in malawi they visited care centres for children orphaned by aids both mcgregor and boorman had visited such centres in africa previously music the title song was performed by welsh group stereophonics and is identical to the long way round theme withe lyric round replaced with down the soundtrack features music drawn substantially from the catalogue of real world records which produced the accompanying album co director of photography jimmy simak also acted as musical coordinator broadcast schedule file bmw r gs adv charley boorman lwdjpg thumb right boorman s bmw r gs motorcycle the original broadcast dates in the united kingdom were class wikitablepisode original airdate october november november december future trips in the final pages of the long way down book there is a mention of long way to go buthis nothe intended title for a third series but a reference to the continual supporthat unicef needs for its work in the dvd extras while preparing the bikes for cargo mcgregorefers to a possible future trip in south america perhaps called long way up on the late showith david letterman february mcgregor said he was not planning another trip because he has finds it difficulto be away from his family for such a long time but he also mentioned wanting to do a trip from south to north america in september boorman said thathe third installment of the long way series was planned with mcgregor for saying it should be crazy stuff riding up through south america i m expecting jungles bandidos andrug lords in june mcgregor indicated thathe long discussed south american trip wastill athe planning stage but hexpected that an excursion through baja california peninsula would take place first in march during a reddit ama ewan said there were no plans athe momento do a third instalment of the seriesee also list of long distance motorcycle riders long way down dvd emi elixir productions 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also shown online route team travelled base shepherds bush london john groats athe northern tip scotland begin journey start nearly delayed boorman frustrated official airport made comment regarding bombs released without charge took later flighto inverness journey began team took four days ride john groats back london via mcgregor family home circuit middle took channel tunnel france rode south italy theuropean leg ended sicily caught ferry tunisia tunisia mcgregor boorman visited set star wars mcgregor pictures rode libya however american producer david jimmy unable tobtain necessary entry visas forced fly tunisia egypt visiting pyramids boarded ferry sudan continued ethiopiand kenya crossed kenya rode ugandand rwanda audience president paul went malawi joined ewan mcgregor took zambia namibia south_africa journey ended cape point continent accompanied cape_town arrival inew_york long_way round border team anticipated problems athe various borders would need cross particularly africa given experiences long_way round included problems russian visas fine due missing stamp ata twelve hours major focus preparation planning transit countries although american crew members barred entering libya anticipated ahead arrival athe border upon arrival tunisia team bribe local_authorities bottles vodka ease passage country assumed would_become regular event travelled africa however although delays hours common significant problems crossing points made way south accidents often surprised quality road surfaces throughout east africa buthere sections sandy terrain well small river mud shock bore brunt mcgregor von planta suffering broken springs spare fitted mcgregor bike von planta ride support vehicle bike wasent ahead mcgregor von came von planta involved serious incident motorway south_africa boorman admitted putting show roadside garage sharply part von planta riding closely fell avoiding motorcycle damaged footage rest journey cape appears include support vehicle helmet cam footage suggesting von planta motorcycle used mcgregor learned ride part preparations joined part trip took several falls sandy terrain malawi without injury mcgregor motorbike long_way riverside museum thumb upright ewan mcgregor motorbike long_way riverside museum glasgow trip pair visited three united_nations children fund promote work done organisation ethiopia visited land mine awareness project met children injured mines uganda met former child soldiers lord resistance army saw work done malawi visited care centres children aids mcgregor boorman visited centres africa previously music title song performed welsh group identical long_way round theme withe round replaced soundtrack features music drawn substantially catalogue real_world_records produced accompanying album director photography jimmy also acted musical broadcast schedule file bmw r charley boorman thumb right boorman bmw r motorcycle original broadcast dates united_kingdom class original airdate october november november december future trips final pages long_way book mention long_way go buthis nothe intended title third series reference unicef needs work dvd preparing bikes cargo possible future trip south_america perhaps called long_way late david february mcgregor said planning another trip finds difficulto away family long_time also mentioned wanting trip south north_america september boorman said thathe third long_way series planned mcgregor saying crazy stuff riding south_america expecting jungles andrug lords june mcgregor indicated thathe long discussed south_american trip wastill athe planning stage excursion baja california peninsula would_take_place first march ewan said plans athe_third also_list long_distance motorcycle riders long_way dvd productions externalinks_official_website_category british_television_series_category_british television programme debuts_category_british television category bbc television documentaries category motorcycle television_series_category motorcycle 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kitchen or limited food preparation area is as the name suggests they were most widely used for the lunch timealunch counters at one time were commonly located inside of retail variety stores or five andime s as they were called in the united states and smaller department stores the intent of the lunch counter in a store was to both profit from taking care of hungry shoppers and attract people to the store more often in the hopes thathey might buy somerchandise or cross two errands off their list in one location fwoolworth company woolworth s an early five andime chain store chain of stores opened their first luncheonette inew albany indianand expanded rapidly from therebarksdale david c sekula robyn davis new albany in vintage postcards p lunch counters were often found in other dimestores like jj newberry s h kress hl green wt grant mclellan stores mclellan s or mccrory s members of the retail staff who had taken lunch counter training would staff the counter during lunch time or if 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stores opened first inew albany indianand expanded rapidly david c davis new albany vintage postcards p lunch_counters often found like h green grant stores members retail staff taken lunch_counter training would staff counter lunch time shopper wanted place order snack typical hot cold sandwiches ham cheese sandwich grilled_cheese melt egg salad soup pie ice_cream including ice_cream soda milkshake soft_drink soda coffee hot chocolate civil_rights movement integrating lunch_counters southern_united_states use sit political protests major civil_rights involved african_americans athe lunch_counter areas designated whites thathey allowed purchase served food beverages image john john_cafe portland_oregon image randy restaurantjpg randy restaurant counter seattle_washington image coins restaurantjpg coins counter seattle_washington image crystal country cafe low pass oregon jpg lunch_counter low pass oregon image six counterjpg lunch_counter small restaurant image lunch_counter jpg man 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germanic works are generally composed in standard german however it is not unusual for brazilian portuguese words to also be used german immigration to brazil the first german immigrants to settle in brazil were families who settled in ilh us bahia in one year later familiesettled s o jorge in the same state some germans were broughto work in the brazilian army after independence from portugal in ancestrycom projeto imigra o alem however the cradle of the german settlement in brazil was o leopoldo in athatime southern brazil had a very low population density most of its inhabitants were concentrated on the coast and a few in the pampas the interior was covered by forests and populated by indians this lack of population was a problem because southern brazil could easily be invaded by neighboring countriessince brazil was recently independent from portugal it was not possible to bring portuguese immigrants germany wasuffering theffects of the wars against napoleon overpopulation and poverty in the countryside many germans were willing to immigrate to brazil furthermore brazil s empress maria leopoldina was austriand encouraged the arrival of german immigrants luso germanic literature displays a strong sense of germanationalism poetry short stories and letters write of german heritagerman language and the desire and longing to preserve their german culture in the new brazilian environment it aims to construct a cultural identity combiningerman patriotism withe realities of colonialife in brazil the literature alerts individuals to cultural realities of luso germanic life in the th century this literature thrived until when the nationalization campaign of getulio vargas estado novo prohibited the publication of texts written in foreign languageseyferth giralda id ia de cultura teuto brasileira literatura identidade osignificados da etnicidade horizontes antropol gicos porto alegre pp especially in german as a result of the outbreak of wwii the brazilians did not wanto be seen to associate themselves with nazi regimes notable authors and works dr clemens brandenburger helga gronau gefunden in s damerikanische literatur bd s o leopoldo verlag rotermund co de maria kahle maria kahle deutsche worte in gebundener und ungebundener sprache in s damerikanische literatur bd s o leopoldo verlag rotermund co pt wilhelm rotermund wilhelm rotermund s damerikanische literatur band s o leopoldo verlag rotermund co carl sch ler bill trotter gisela wolf marianne g nther in s damerikanische literatur bd s o leopoldo verlag rotermund co references externalinksophie digitalibrary of works by german speaking women category articles created via the article wizard category brazilian literature category german literature category travel 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immigrants germany theffects wars poverty countryside many germans willing brazil furthermore brazil maria austriand encouraged arrival german immigrants luso germanic literature displays strong sense poetry short stories letters write german_language desire preserve german culture new brazilian environment aims construct cultural identity withe realities brazil literature individuals cultural realities luso germanic life th_century literature thrived campaign estado prohibited publication texts written foreign de cultura literatura porto pp especially german result outbreak wanto seen associate nazi notable authors works damerikanische literatur leopoldo verlag rotermund de maria maria deutsche und damerikanische literatur leopoldo verlag rotermund rotermund rotermund damerikanische literatur band leopoldo verlag rotermund carl sch bill wolf g damerikanische literatur leopoldo verlag rotermund references works german speaking women category_articles_created_via article_wizard_category brazilian literature_category_german literature_category_travel writing"},{"title":"Lviv Convention Bureau","description":"lviv convention bureau subdivision of lviv city council established in the main aim of the bureau is to promote lviv as a new eastern european meetings incentives conferencing exhibitions mice destination cooperate with local businesses and provide customers withe best services and experience in lviv activity presenting lviv at international trade markets fairs forumsupport of meeting planners negotiating withotels and venues tailoring the best package for meeting and convention planner meeting planners coordinating the cooperation of local mice industry participants providing support from governmental institutions and local medialso lviv convention bureau gathers and analyzestatistics about conference industry in lviv results on lviv mice survey and publishes lviv meeting and convention planner meeting planners guide catalogue of conference halls and services of lviv meeting planners guide in october lviv convention bureau has become a member of international congress and convention association references category tourism agencies category tourism in 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international congress convention association references_category_tourism agencies_category_tourism ukraine"},{"title":"Magic Circus","description":"file magicircus copyjpg thumb right dicoteca magicircus mexico magicircus was one of the most famous nightclub s in mexico city it opened in and was located at rodolfo gaona lomas de sotelo this club was the symbol of status and snobbery with celebrities in the late s and early s rock and pop concerts with artistsuch asoda stereo mecano flans luis miguel as well as music by the most popular djs were the trademark of the venue the club was a complex of three venues magicircus the main club privilege a private membership club and rock garage later namedynamo garage magicircus was famous for its resident disc jockeys including claudio yarto manuel novoa joaquin diaz luis gallegos yaxkin restrepo mauricio ponce angel arciniega jr and luis angel hernandez it was one of the meeting points of many boys and breakdancers like speed fire and rapaz as well as famous people in the industry magicircus opened venues in huatulcoaxacapulco ixtapand zihuatanejo in thearly s now closed see also list of electronic dance music venues category buildings and structures in mexico city category nightclubs category electronic dance music 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music popular djs trademark venue club complex three venues magicircus main club privilege private membership club rock garage later garage magicircus famous resident disc jockeys including manuel diaz luis ponce angel luis angel hernandez one meeting points many boys like speed fire well famous people industry magicircus opened venues thearly closed see_also list electronic_dance_music venues category_buildings structures mexico_city_category_nightclubs_category_electronic_dance_music venues"},{"title":"Ma\u00eetre d'h\u00f4tel","description":"the ma tre d h tel french master of hotel head waiter host waiter captain or ma tre d restaurant management floor management manages the public part or front of the house of a formal restauranthe responsibilities of a ma tre d h tel generally include supervising the waiting staff welcominguests and assigning tables to them taking table reservations and ensuring that guests are satisfied in large organizationsuch as hotels or cruise ship s with multiple restaurants the ma tre d h tel is often responsible for the overall dining experience including room service and buffet services while head waiters or supervisors aresponsible for the specific restaurant or dining room they work in restaurants that partly prepare food athe table the ma tre d h tel may be responsible for such operations as boning knife boning fish mixing salad s and flamb ing foodsee also beurre ma tre d h tel a parsley butter brigade cuisine a formal back of house kitchen hierarchy hospitality list of restauranterminology concierge references category restaurant staff category 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the mamak stall a mamak stall is a food establishment which serves mamak food history image mamakinkljpg thumb px certain mamak stallsuch as this example in kuala lumpur may remain open hours a day the malaysian mamak are malaysians of tamil muslim origin whose forefathers mostly migrated from south india to the malay peninsuland various locations in southeast asia centuries ago they aregarded as part of the malaysian indian community indian muslims are believed to have first arrived at samudera now aceh in sumatra indonesia in thearly th century archaeological findings in bujang valley kedah malaysia suggest a trade relationship with indias early as the sto th century ce the ancient iron smelting in sg batu bujang valley kedah euraseaa dublin th international conference an inscription dated ad that refers to the trade relationship between the ancientamil country tamil country and malaya has been found inakhon si thammarat kingdom ligor malay peninsula the word mamak is from the tamilanguage tamil term for maternal uncle or maa ma in singapore and malaysia it is used by children as an honorific to respectfully address adultsuch ashopkeepers the silent k in mamak likely came about as a hypercorrection since terminal ks are not pronounced in malay a malay who heard the tamil word may have assumed there was a silent k athend although the origins of the word are benign it isometimes used as a derogatory term for the indian muslim community in malaysia mamak stalls and hindu stalls are alikexcepthe mamaks who are muslims do not serve pork but serve beef whereas hinduserve neither beef nor pork there are also similar stalls run by local malays ethnic group malays design image mamakmodernjpg thumb malaysian mamak restaurants may also include hanging televisions and evaporative cooler misting fan systems mamak stalls affordable food and unpretentious atmosphere tend to create a casual dining atmosphere newer mamak stalls have more of a cafe aspect usually being wellit and furnished with stainlessteel tablesome are outfitted with large flat screen televisions or even projectorso that patrons can catch the latest programs or live matches as they dine some mamak stalls also provide free wi fi service despite these innovations many modern mamak stalls attempto retain their predecessors open air dining atmosphere by setting up tables on a patio the shoplot s walkway or even on the street mamak fare file murtabak jpg thumb a cook preparing murtabak a mamak stall usually offers different varieties of roti canai to eat and teh tarik coffee nestl milo and soft drinks to drink most mamak stalls also serve several varieties of rice such as nasi lemak and nasi goreng as well as noodle dishesuch as mee goreng fried noodlesome stalls alsoffer satay and western dishes a typical mamak stall will offer the following dishes though this differs from stall to stall roti canai roti telur teh tarik literally pulled tea half boiled eggs goat s milk murtabak thosai chapati nasi kandar biryani nasi briyani nasi lemak maggi goreng fried maggi noodles mi goreng fried yellow noodles mi rebus egg noodles dish indomie mi goreng pasemburojak mamak rojak sup kambingoat soup chicken soup sup ayam chicken soup sup tulang rotissue toast roti bakaroti boom naan roti naan with tandoori chicken poori malay tom yam stall recently in order to attract more customersome mamak restaurants have added an extra stall in theirestauranthe stall which is operated individually by either an ethnic malay from the north east peninsular malaysia or an ethnic malay from southern thailand is known as malay tom yam stall this provides customers with more food optionsuch as tom yam nasi paprik nasi goreng kampung village fried rice nasi goreng cina chinese fried rice nasi goreng usa fried rice nasi masak merah cooked red rice nasi goreng pattaya nasi pattaya style fried rice telur bistik sayur campur mixed vegetables ikan pedaspicy fish nasi lala clam rice tom yam stalls first appeared in peninsular malaysia circa late s and early s unlike local malay food the food is basically thai based and somewhat similar to the cuisine in the state of kelantan the tom yam dishes have a mix of typically sweet hot and sour flavours as the dishes are cooked immediately upon the customer s order tom yam stalls are the malay equivalent ofast food outlets albeit withai based cuisine tom yam stalls can also be found by the street or at designated areasuch as car parks at nighthese stalls tend to be popular many tom yam stalls are built illegally usually on land reserved for public roads attempts to remove these illegal stalls have been fairly successful but such attempts can have a political price see also kopi tiam restoran pss zaitun externalinks malaysian food the mamak stall culture mamak ing a malaysian word for tourists to get acquainted to category malaysian cuisine category restaurants in malaysia category malaysian culture category types of coffeehouses category types of 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uncle singapore malaysia used children honorific address silent k mamak likely came since terminal pronounced malay malay heard tamil word may assumed silent k athend although origins word isometimes used derogatory term indian muslim community malaysia mamak stalls hindu stalls muslims serve pork serve beef whereas neither beef pork also similar stalls run local ethnic group design image thumb malaysian mamak restaurants_may_also include hanging cooler fan systems mamak stalls affordable food atmosphere tend create casual_dining atmosphere newer mamak stalls cafe aspect usually furnished stainlessteel outfitted large flat screen even patrons catch latest programs live matches dine mamak stalls also_provide free service despite innovations many modern mamak stalls attempto retain predecessors open_air dining atmosphere setting tables patio even street mamak fare file_jpg thumb cook preparing mamak stall usually offers different varieties roti eat teh coffee milo soft_drinks drink mamak stalls also_serve several varieties rice nasi nasi goreng well noodle dishesuch goreng fried stalls alsoffer satay western dishes typical mamak stall offer following dishes though differs stall stall roti roti teh literally pulled tea half boiled eggs goat milk nasi nasi nasi goreng fried noodles goreng fried yellow noodles egg noodles dish goreng mamak sup soup chicken soup sup chicken soup sup toast roti boom roti tandoori chicken malay tom yam stall recently order attract mamak restaurants added extra stall stall operated individually either ethnic malay north_east malaysia ethnic malay southern thailand known malay tom yam stall provides customers food tom yam nasi nasi goreng village fried_rice nasi goreng chinese fried_rice nasi goreng usa fried_rice nasi cooked red rice nasi goreng pattaya nasi pattaya style fried_rice mixed vegetables fish nasi clam rice tom yam stalls first_appeared malaysia circa late early unlike local malay food food basically thai based somewhat similar cuisine state tom yam dishes mix typically sweet hot sour dishes cooked immediately upon customer order tom yam stalls malay equivalent ofast_food outlets albeit based cuisine tom yam stalls also_found street designated areasuch car parks stalls tend popular many tom yam stalls built illegally usually land reserved public roads attempts remove illegal stalls fairly successful attempts political price see_also kopi tiam externalinks malaysian food mamak stall culture mamak ing malaysian word tourists get category malaysian cuisine_category_restaurants malaysia_category malaysian culture_category_types coffeehouses category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Mandatory tipping","description":"mandatory tipping also known as a mandatory gratuity or an autograt is a tip gratuity tip which is added automatically to the customer s bill withouthe customer determining the amount or being asked it may be implemented in several waysuch as applying a fixed percentage to all customer s bills or to large groups or on a customer by customer basisomeconomists have argued thatipping is economically inefficient and suggested that mandatory gratuity might solve some of thissue general discussion some bars inew york city s borough of manhattan have instituted mandatory tipping mandatory tipping is considered an oxymoron as tipping is by definition a voluntary act on the part of the customer the bbc has reported that some find the practice bothersome particularly those who are not aware thathe tipping is used to subsidize the sub standard pay athe workplace one waiter in london england has criticized the lowages to the popular press mandatory tipping and voluntary tipping are illegal in some cases australia n casino employees tasmanian gaming control act and us government employees for example tipping is not generally part of japan ese culture and can be confusing or offensive tipping in china is frowned upon except for those living in the semi westernized regions of hong kong and macau a few tips on handlingratuities worldwide slightly less authoritative sources are appellate court decisions withe usupreme court athe top appellate courts regard mandatory gratuities as income for servers rather than a tip thus affecting taxation however court cases have yeto set a precedenthat failing to pay mandatory gratuity is illegal a google scholar search of thexact phrase mandatory gratuity among allegal opinions and journals found hits excluding two articles and all of those cases regarded mandatory gratuities as mandatory restaurant customers who pay the food portion of their bill but nothe mandatory gratuity have atimes been arrested charges are generally dropped nbc philadelphia theft charges dropped against no tip couple november new york times charges were dropped yesterday against a long island man who was arrested last week for failing to leave a required percent gratuity at soprano s italiand american grill in lake george ny september some cruise lines charge their patrons day in mandatory tipping this does not includextra gratuities for alcoholic beverages judith martin her manners book opines that fast food restaurants will never charge mandatory tipping for their customers despite the presence of tip jar s miss manners guide to excruciatingly correct behavior freshly updated by judith martin p emily post institute tip jar survey results and considers tipping for non table services to be inappropriate ian ayres fredrick e vars nasser zakariya published a paper suggesting thatipping contributed to racism racial prejudice sincethnic minorities would often be less able to pay a large tip another paper byoramargalioth of tel aviv university argued thathere was a negativexternality associated with tipping and thathe practice facilitated tax avoidance and tax evasion tax evasion twother american studies have contributed to thesis thatipping is racially discriminatory finding that ethnic minority servers and taxicab drivers received lower tips on average than their white counterparts in the study of the servers an attempt by the author to isolate other possible contributing factorsuch as poor service found that after controlling for these other variables the serveraceffect is comparable across customerace labor laws quebec and ontario allow employers to pay lower minimum wage s to workers who would reasonably bexpected to be receiving tips minimum wage rates across canada manitoba labour and immigration in ontario the minimum wage is per hour with exceptions for students under years old and employed for not more than hours a week who are paid per hour and both liquor and restaurant servers who are paid per hour on april the toronto stareported since it has become common forestaurant servers to give part of their tips to the business they work for workers who receive tips are legally required to reporthe income to the canada revenue agency and pay income tax on it in quebec the provincial government automatically taxeservers of their sales whether a gratuity was received or not in other provinces however many workers have been known to unreported employment report no income from tips at all or perhaps more commonly to lowball the figure in response the cra hasaid that it will closely check the tax returns of individuals who would reasonably bexpected to be receiving tips to ensure thathe tips areported realisticallymccracken dl revenue canada to tax wait staff s tips halifaxlivecom according to guidelinestablished by the canadian restaurant and foodservices association autograts and any tipool controlled andistributed by the restaurant is legally subjecto income tax and other mandatory deductions before being paid to the servers all other gratuities are deemedirectips and it is the server s responsibility to declare them as taxable income when filing for income tax furthereading authoritative revelations on tippinguidelines and solutions edwin f jablonski barbara r wohlfahrt google books business modeling a practical 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nbc philadelphia theft charges dropped tip couple november new_york times charges dropped long island man arrested last week failing leave required percent gratuity american grill lake george september cruise_lines charge patrons day mandatory_tipping gratuities alcoholic_beverages judith martin manners book fast_food_restaurants never charge mandatory_tipping customers despite presence tip jar miss manners guide correct behavior freshly updated judith martin p emily post institute tip jar survey results considers tipping non table_services inappropriate ian ayres e published paper suggesting thatipping contributed racism racial prejudice would often less able pay large tip another paper tel_aviv university argued thathere associated tipping thathe practice facilitated tax avoidance tax evasion tax evasion twother american studies contributed thesis thatipping discriminatory finding ethnic minority servers drivers received lower tips average white counterparts study servers attempt author possible contributing factorsuch poor service found controlling comparable across labor laws quebec ontario allow employers pay lower minimum_wage workers would reasonably bexpected receiving tips minimum_wage rates across canada manitoba labour immigration ontario minimum_wage per_hour exceptions students years_old employed hours week paid per_hour liquor restaurant servers paid per_hour april toronto since become common servers give part tips business work workers receive tips legally required reporthe income canada revenue agency pay income tax quebec provincial government automatically sales whether gratuity received provinces however_many workers known employment report income tips perhaps commonly figure response cra hasaid closely check tax returns individuals would reasonably bexpected receiving tips ensure_thathe tips revenue canada tax wait_staff tips according canadian restaurant association controlled andistributed restaurant legally subjecto income tax mandatory 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day care and activitiespace for men in german speaking countries while their wives or girlfriends go shopping the word is a compound linguistics compound literally meaning men s garden formed by analogy to kindergarten historically thexpression has also been used for gender specific sections in lunatic asylums monasteries and clinicssee jakob fischel prag s k irrenanstalt und ihr wirken seit ihrem entstehen bis incl erlangenke while a husband chair is the informal english expression for smaller waiting areas for men in women s clothing shops germans ironically call it m nnerparkplatz men s parking space meaning a place where men can be parked the similar sounding men s parking space in triberg is however a marketingag in a parkingarage where bays difficulto reach are dedicated foreal men focus german magazine focus online deutschlands erste m nnerparkpl tze ist dasexistischierangierenur echte kerle retrieved july m nnergarten m nnerparkplatz garderie pour hommes file bieresel frontansicht jpg thumbier esel inn in cologne the first m nnergarten in germany opened in hamburg in athe bleichenhof mall each saturday men werentitled for a flat fee to two beers a snack and access to male oriented amusements a model railway handicrafts men s magazines and sport broadcastsphilipp dahm wenn der gatte beim einkauf n rgelt m nnergarten hilft leipziger volkszeitung october p quoted in tobias wengler auswirkungen des internet handels auf shopping center einempirische analyse zu den auswirkungen auf die gestaltung undas management von shopping centernorderstedt p and footnote dissertation university of leipzig the marketing concept was reported widely and received an ironic media response m nnergartenie mehr stress beim shoppen spiegel online september accessed may silke burmester neuer trend m nner parken s ddeutsche zeitung octoberepublished on s ddeutschede may accessed may frankfurter allgemeine zeitung titleday care offer have your man being taken care of per hour betreuungsangebot m nner stundenweise abzugeben faznet october accessed may there were several copies and follow ups in cologne the locally famous bier esel inn opened the first m nnergarten inorth rhine westphalia on saturdays in its biergarten die welt commented under the title here you get rid of your husband frank lorentz hier werden sie ihren mann los welt am sonntag october accessed may anotherestaurant in hamburg offering churrascaria for coach tours introduced a special offer for such groups while the women shop men have fun in the m nnergarten and on gender specific excursionshelmut heigert hier parken frauen ihre m nner allgemeine hotel und gastronomie zeitung november accessed may eike wenzel andreas haderlein and patrick mijnals future shopping die neue lust an der verf hrung die wichtigsten trends munich verlag moderne industrie p some german municipalities have m nnerg rten as temporary events obernzell in bavaria offered a wei wurst breakfast lunch coffee and schafkopf a nagelbalken competition and an entertainment programme with a local association showing historical z ndapp moped s obernzeller m nnergarten mit z ndapptreffen samstag april trachtenstadls obernzell accessed may on international women s day xanten offered a men s day care programme in a computer shop the same service described as a m nnerparkplatz was offered in the black forestown of st georgen im schwarzwald modeflohmarkt mit m nnerparkplatz schwarzw lder bote april accessed may french shopping malls have similar offers under the tagarderie pour hommes for example the galeries lafayette in paris garderie pour hommes cigale magazine july p or temporarily in carr s nart faites vos courses on garde votre homme le parisien january accessed may ikea tried the concept for four days in a shop in sydney it meantoffer women a spending reprieve from whining husbands over father s day weekend echoing their smalandaycare service for children it was called manland ikea s day care for husbands the scandinavian furniture maker tries to put men and women in their place the week september accessed may media response the week quoted complaints that reading books were not encouraged in manland criticizing the similarity to the childcare creche since women were given a buzzer which went off after minutes as a way to treat men like whining children the offer would reinforce the notion that only women weresponsible for home care as well it would overlook gay couples deutsche welle translated m nnergarten tongue in cheek as adult day care center adult daycare center on its english websitekyle james german bar opens first kindergarten for men deutsche welle dwde october accessed may the use in satire has not stopped major stores likea from providing such premises temporarily the background being the growth of gender specific marketing some municipalities and organisations provide a men s programme analogous to the first ladies programmes for women during conferences and statevents background m nnerparkpl tze or m nnerg rten seek to meet a special need for gender specific marketingjoachim hurth gendermarketing im handel so kaufen frauen und m nner wirklich saarbr cken vdm verlag dr m ller joachim hurth angewandte handelspsychologie stuttgart kohlhammer pp martin huber in the swiss tagesanzeigereferred to a survey which suggests that a quarter of couples have quarrels during shopping and a third havexperienced losing sight of each other furthermore huberefers to female customerequests to ikeasking in a tongue in cheek manner for a day care center for their husbands analogous to the sm land provided for their childrenmartin huber ein hort f r shopping faulehem nner tages anzeiger november accessed may the week was not sure whether manland had set retail shopping forward by three decades or set gender equality back by three decades kristof magnusson s comedy m nnerhort men s day care centre creche was a success withe kom die d sseldorf and is based on a man cave in 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also_used gender specific sections monasteries k und incl husband chair informal english expression smaller waiting areas men women clothing shops germans call nnerparkplatz men parking space meaning place men parked similar men parking space however difficulto reach dedicated men focus german magazine focus online ist retrieved_july nnergarten nnerparkplatz pour hommes file_jpg inn cologne first nnergarten germany opened hamburg athe mall saturday men flat fee two beers snack access male oriented amusements model railway handicrafts men magazines sport der n nnergarten october p quoted tobias des internet auf shopping_center den auf die management von shopping p university leipzig marketing concept reported widely received ironic media response stress spiegel online september accessed_may trend nner zeitung may accessed_may zeitung care offer man taken care per_hour nner october accessed_may several copies follow ups cologne locally famous inn opened first nnergarten inorth rhine westphalia saturdays die commented title get rid husband frank mann los october accessed_may hamburg offering churrascaria coach tours introduced special offer groups women shop men fun nnergarten gender specific nner hotel und gastronomie zeitung november accessed_may patrick future shopping die der die trends munich verlag industrie p german municipalities temporary events bavaria offered breakfast lunch coffee competition entertainment programme local association showing historical nnergarten mit april accessed_may international women day offered men day care programme computer shop service described nnerparkplatz offered black st schwarzwald mit nnerparkplatz april accessed_may french shopping_malls similar offers pour hommes example lafayette paris pour hommes magazine july p temporarily carr courses garde january accessed_may tried concept four days shop sydney women spending husbands father day weekend service children called day care husbands scandinavian furniture maker tries put men women place week september accessed_may media response week quoted complaints reading books encouraged since women given went minutes way treat men like children offer would reinforce notion women weresponsible home care well would overlook gay couples deutsche translated nnergarten tongue adult day care center adult center english james german bar opens first men deutsche october accessed_may use stopped major stores providing premises temporarily background growth gender specific marketing municipalities organisations provide men programme analogous first ladies programmes women conferences background seek meet special need gender specific und nner verlag stuttgart pp martin huber swiss survey suggests quarter couples shopping third havexperienced losing sight furthermore female tongue manner day care center husbands analogous land provided huber ein f r shopping nner november accessed_may week sure whether set retail shopping forward three decades set gender equality back three decades comedy men day care centre success withe die sseldorf based man cave large department store deals similar problem commercial nnergarten concept limits access three men time die von die sseldorf online productions archive accessed_may references_furthereading der mann portrait hamburg nnergarten rcher zeitung november category_types restaurants_category sex segregation category men spaces"},{"title":"Massachusetts Convention Center Authority","description":"hq location city hq location country area served key people david m gibbons executive director products owner num employees full and partimemployees num employees year parent website the massachusetts convention center authority mcca owns and oversees the operation of the boston convention exhibition center bcec the hynes convention center john b hynes veterans memorial convention center the lawn on d the massmutual center in springfield massachusetts and the boston common garage the mcca controls acres of prime 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theorist dedicated to the study of mobilities and terrorism born in buenos aires argentina on october his development is framed within the subfield of critical terrorism studies he serves asenior lecturer at department economics university of palermo argentina korstanje was visiting fellow at cers university of leeds united kingdom and visiting lecturer at university of la habana cuba formally he is part of tourism crisis management institute university oflorida us centre for ethnicity and racism studies university of leeds hospitality social network hospitality social network critical tourism studies asia pacificritical tourism studies asia pacific rede investigaci n tur stica rit memberede investigaci n tur stica rit res universidad aut noma del estado de m xico m xico and the international society for philosopher hosted in sheffield england while considered as a prolific writer in his field korstanje has published more than pieces regarding mobilities tourism risk perception globalization and terrorism hence his biography is included in the index marquis who is who in the world since marquis who s who korstanje maximiliano in amit mexican academy for thistudy of tourism which is the most salient academic institution in tourism research of mexico awards korstanje as foreign faculty memberamit academica mexicana de investigacion turistica due to his contributions and several publications to the fields of terrorism and virtual terrorism from the position of editor in chief of international journal of cyberwarfare and terrorism he is awarded as editor in chief emeritus of the journal which is hosted by igi global in hershey pennsylvania usinternational journal of cyber warfare and terrorism ijcwt igi global hershey pennsylvania usa maximiliano e korstanje was born on october in a middle class family in buenos aires argentina he is the son of carlos alberto korstanje lunand ana mariabaca on december he married with maria rosa troncoso now the couple has children benjamin oliviand ciro though korstanjearned a degree in cultural tourism athe university of moron argentina he took countless courses in the fields of linguistic anthropology psychology sociology and philosophy because of his prolific performance he was nominated to five honorary doctorates worldwide nowadays korstanje resides in the borough of villa crespo buenos aires argentina he served as keynote speaker as well as member of scienticommittee in a great variety of conferences and academic events in hiscope around the globe most important editorial positions from he works as theditor in chief and associateditor of int journal of cyber warfare and terrorism hershey igi global international journal of safety and security in tourism hospitality and international journal of risk and contingency igi global hershey pennsylvania suny at plattsburgh us in he is awarded associateditor for the well read journal estudios y perspectivas en turismo studies and perspectives in tourism korstanje serves as advisory board member in the following important journals tourism review international cognizant communication international journal of risk and contingency management igi global international journal of human rights and constitutional studies inderscience publishers revista turismo y sociedad international journal of disasteresilience in the built environment emerald publishing international journal of emergency services emerald publishing cultura international journal of philosophy of culture and axiology philosophy documentation center tourism review emerald publishing journal of tourism heritage services marketing alexander technological institute of thessaloniki greecejournal of tourism heritage services marketing alexander technological institute of thessaloniki estudios y perspectivas en turismo ciet buenos aires argentina estudios y perspectivas en turismo ciet buenos aires argentina event management cognizant communication us event management cognizant communication us internacional journal of anthropology tourism inderscience publishers uk internacional journal of anthropology tourismt inderscience uk rosa dos ventos revista do programa de p s graduacao em turismo universidade caxias do sul brasil rosa dos ventos revista do programa de p s graduacao em turismo universidade caxias do sul brasil periplo sustentable universidad aut noma del estado de m xico m xico periplo sustentable universidad aut noma del estado de m xico m xico aposta digital revista de cienciasociales madrid espa aposta digital revista de cienciasociales madrid espa anatolian international journal of tourism and hospitality research routledge uk anatolian international journal of tourism and hospitality research taylor and francis uk revista mexicana de investigaci n tur stica remit amit academia mexicana de investigacion turistica mexico revista mexicana de investigaci n tur stica remit amit academia mexicana de investigacion turistica mexico international journal of contemporary hospitality management emerald publishing international journal of contemporary hospitality management emerald publishing uk journal of hospitality and tourism technology emerald publishing journal of hospitality and tourism technology emerald publishing uk these are only a part of specialized journals where korstanje makes his contributions daily selected special issues as guest editor this represents a portion of special issues korstanje organized as guest editor in this prestigious journals narratives of risk security andisaster issues in tourism and hospitality international journal of tourism anthropology guest editor narratives of risk security andisaster issues in tourism and hospitality international journal of tourism anthropology volume issue and inderscience publishing uk consideraciones en torno al terrorismo el de septiembre y sus efectos colaterales econom aut nomaguest editor consideraciones en torno al terrorismo el de septiembre y sus efectos colaterales econom aut noma volumen facultadeconom a universidad aut noma latinoamericana colombia edici n biling espa ol ingl s tourism in the xxith century approaches limitations and challenges for the new millennium palermo business review guest editor tourism in the xxith century approaches limitations and challenges for the new millennium palermo business review university of palermo argentina to what a extent might sustainable tourismitigate the impact of global warming worldwide hospitality and tourism themes whatto what a extent might sustainable tourismitigate the impact of global warming worldwide hospitality and tourism themes whatt volume issuemerald publishing uk the dialectics of borders empires and limens rosa dos ventos the dialectics of borders empires and limens rosa dos ventos revista del programa en posgrado de turismo universidade caxias do sul brazil image aesthetic and tourism in post modern times pasos revista de turismo y patrimonio cultural image aesthetic and tourism in post modern times pasos revista de turismo y patrimonio cultural universidade laguna instituto superior da maia espa volume issue cyber terrorism andark side of the information society international journal of cyber warfare and terrorism cyber terrorism andark side of the information society international journal of cyber warfare and terrorism volume issue april igi global pennsylvania usa why tourists are importanto terrorism international journal of religious tourism and pilgrimagewhy tourists are importanto terrorism international journal of religious tourism and pilgrimage dubling institute of technology ireland leeds metropolitan beckett university uk antropolog a del turismo para el siglo xxi revista de antropolog a experimental antropolog a del turismo para el siglo xxi revista de antropolog a experimental universidade ja n espa turismo y sociedad global aposta digitalturismo y sociedad global aposta digital revista de cienciasocialespa awards for excellence outstanding reviewer given by international journal of disasteresilience in the built environment university of salford uk emerald groupublishing most prolific author of tourism scholar in argentinand chile per paper picazo peral y s moreno gil gesti n tur stica julio diciembre n mero pp most prolific author for iberoamerica in tourism research per the study of difusi n de la investigaci n cient fica iberoamericana en turismo entre picazo peral y s moreno gil estudios y perspectivas en turismo volumen pp in he is awarded as founding member of academic and research council udet universidadespecialidades turisticas quito ecuadorperesolution cu re x udet quito ecuador universidadespecialidades turisticas certificate of appreciation issued by jamba journal of disasterisk studiescertificate of appreciation awarded by the review performance for jamba journal of disasterisk studies aeosis open journals north west university south africa elected foreign faculty member of amit mexican academy for the study of tourismexicoamit academica mexicana de investigaci n tur stica korstanje is elected member of workingroup on ict uses in peace and war which is part of the technical committee on ict and society this well known committee is hosted by international federation for information processing ifip under the auspices of unesco since theory and work originally korstanje studied widely the connection of terrorism and mobilities his thesis that far from being economically affected by terrorismodern tourism is inevitably entwined to terrorism the first anarchist immigrants who arrived at ustruggled against capital owners inasmuch they were labeled as real terrorists and many of them werexiled jailed or killed however other less radical waves opted forganizing the worker unionskorstanje m e review of the commission report final report of the national commission terrorist attacks upon the united statessays in philosophy the process of unionization which facilitated the rise and expansion of tourism industry was disciplined by capitalist nation state and in so doing the ideological core of anarchism was adoptedkorstanje m e terrorists tend to target innocentourists a radical review international journal of cyber warfare and terrorism ijcwt while state accepted the claims of work force in order for terrorism to be faded away its discursive core was introduced in theart of the capitalist system therefore korstanje argues thatourism is terrorism by other meansskoll g r korstanje m e constructing an american fear culture from red scares to terrorism international journal of human rights and constitutional studies korstanje m e clayton a tourism and terrorism conflicts and commonalities worldwide hospitality and tourism themes korstanje m e tarlow p being lostourism risk and vulnerability in the post entertainment industry journal of tourism and cultural change further korstanje started a discussion with marc auge respecting to theory of non places at a second stage he says airports far from being non places represent spaces of discipline craved by terrorists to cause political instabilitykorstanje m etnograf a del aeropuerto movilidad turismo y estado de naturalezaposta revista de cienciasociales korstanje m e the conflicts inon places the artisans oflorida street international journal of safety and security in tourism hospitality third the term thana capitalism is used to refer to a new stage of capitalism where risk sets the pace to death since terrorism has become in the commodity of media it created a spectacle which is oriented to maximize profits in thana capitalism consumers maximize their pleasure by consuming the others death which ranges movies tours and others cultural consumptionskorstanje m the rise of thana capitalism and tourism abingdon routledgekorstanje m handayani b gazing at death dark tourism as an emergent horizon of research new york nova this acts as an ideological mechanism for the audience to reaffirm the proper status creating a new class dubbed as death seekers thana capitalism results from an oldormant climate of social darwinism enrooted in american society where few rules the destiny of the restkorstanje m the rise of thana capitalism and tourism routledge abingdon englandkorstanje m george craving for the consumption of suffering and commoditization of deathevolved facets of thana capitalism terrorism in the global village how terrorism affects our lifes chapter new york nova sciencekorstanje m e the rise of thana capitalism and tourism abingdon routledge though korstanje adoptedifferent positions according to each theme three main facets can be clearly identified the first combines the legacy of two contrasting theories the materialism proper of marxism and cultural theory to explain further on the construction and operation of risk in modern society per his view risk would be an ideological discourse in order for elite to be legitimated which suggests that risk and economy are inevitably entwinedkorstanje m e a difficult world examining the roots of capitalism new york nova science secondly korstanje conducted an ethnography in the sanctuary of croma on republic a well famous nightclub where youth lostheir life in a made man accidenthe fieldwork which took more than years in thisite influenced korstanje to see how the notion of the death constructs culture polemically he says that death does not affect culture buthe latter derives from the needs of disciplining death review the discourse of tragedy what cromagnon represents essays in philosophy january volume issue a tantos a os de croma n y despu s desto que n madas revista cr tica de cienciasociales y jur dicas n mero pp the cultural ramifications of death derives not only from the platform of contingency but also in the way risk is politically manipulated last but not least korstanje develops the notion of thana capitalism to denote the current obsession for consuming the other death in the cultural industrieskorstanje m the rise of thana capitalism and tourism routledge abingdon after the society of risk passed to a new facet of production where death situates as the main commodity as a result of this the labor class is replaced by a new one death seekers modern citizens appeal to consume tragedies andisasters in order to reaffirm the own egokorstanje m handayani b gazing at death dark tourism as an emergent horizon of research new york nova science terrorism offers a fertile ground to reproduce thana capitalism because of two main reasons the global audience scares for bad news or disturbing images disseminated by mass media whereas they are obsessed for consuming them in consequence media enhances more profits covering terrorism containing news while paradoxically giving further credibility and visibility to terroristskorstanje m e terrorism in a global village how terrorism affects our daily lives new york nova science this causes a vicious circle where the disaster is commoditizedkorstanje m e the rise of thana capitalism and tourism routledge travels mobilities and tourism conquest of americas citing the contributions of anthony pagden who have unraveled the intersection of mobilities homo viatores and politics korstanje discusses to what extent spanish conquistadors appealed to cruelty only in those places where they found precious metals while in others cases they peacefully coexisted with natives even the fact is thathe conquest of americas was efficiently achieved simply because some aborigines exploited others which facilitated the cooperation of somethnicities with spanish military forces the idealized image of indigenous peoples of the americas aboriginals as victims of hatred filled spanish colonizers rests on shaky foundations in some cases korstanje argues convincingly that americas is essentially walled by tworlds anglo saxons and latin americans while anglo world colonized the other in basis of exclusion pushing the natives towards the borders of civilization the spanish incorporated them to conform a racial pyramid which resulted in extractive institutions this point suggests that cultural matrixes determine the different paths conquest followedkorstanje m e identidad y cultura un aporte para comprender la conquista de am rica iberia revista de lantig edad korstanje m el arquetipo latino en la construcci n espa ola del viaje durante la conquista de am rica n madas revista cr tica de cienciasociales y jur dicas korstanje m e la matriz de alteridad la mito poiesis como forma de construcci n identitaria revista de antropolog a experimental korstanje has developed a system to understand tourism as a rite of passage which consists in three facets breaking with ordinary rules renovation and re introduction to the routine in tourism citizens not only renovate their trust with nation state but also emulate to be another different person than daily liveskorstanje m e la b squeda del paraiso perdido narrativas del turismo pasos revista de turismo y patrimonio cultural volume issue april pp as dream like nature tourism corresponds with a mechanism of escapement whichelpsociety to keep united in so doing physical movement is of paramount importance in order for the subjecto emulate a new role in the liminoid space tourism offers the needs of reconciling the metaphor of lost paradise prosperity with suffering seems to be the almatter of tourismkorstanje m busby g understanding the bible as the roots of physical displacementhe origin of tourism e review of tourism research thirkettle a korstanje m e creating a new epistemology for tourism and hospitality disciplines international journal of qualitative research in services korstanje m la isla y el viaje tur stico una interpretaci n del filme de michael bay desdel psicoan lisis y el pensamiento filos fico moderno y contempor neo the island the journey tour an interpretation ofilmichael bay from psychoanalysis and philosophical thought modern and contemporary in spanish anuario turismo y sociedad korstanje m e discutiendo la metafora del paraiso perdido riturevista iberoamericana de turismo the significance of tourism for society explains why terroristselectourists as main targets to cause political instabilitykorstanje m e tzanelli r clayton a brazilian world cup terrorism tourism and social conflict event management cantallops cardona continued this discussion arguing thathe allegory of lost paradise not only is foundational for modern tourism but also was developed by modern marketing to produce a collective imaginary proper of western capitalismcantallops a s cardona j r holiday destinations the myth of the lost paradise annals of tourism research conceiving a radical view respecting to heritage korstanjexplores the dilemma of modern capitalism as the force that imposes an idealized image of the other through the consumption of heritage the fact is that cultural heritage alludes what is dead which istable and prefigured by thexternal forces of the market in order to forge standardized experiences whereas citizens renovate their loyalty to nationhood comparing their values with others multiculturalism reinforces ethnocentrism because tourists compare capitalist societies as the best possible respecting to the third worldkorstanjexploring the connection between anthropology and tourism patrimony and heritage tourism in perspectivevent management journal volume issue octubre de pp this ritualized consumption leads to adopting the policies drawn by status quo while first world citizens are in quest of individual experiences third world natives are coopted toffer their bodies as commoditieskorstanje m e reconsidering cultural tourism anthropologist s perspective journal of heritage tourism volume issue may pp cultural heritage plays a vital role in order for lay people to accept what schumpeter dubbed creative destruction which means the needs of gazing something news athe same time the precaritization in the conditions of work are ideologically legitimated heritage hides the needs of accepting values as instability destruction and impermanence change as positive in a globaliberal market where few have accumulated further wealth athe costs of work forceskoll g korstanje m urban heritagentrification and tourism in riverwest and el abasto journal of heritage tourism volume issue december pp korstanje m e mansfield critical notes on the use of heritage in tourism studies literature and society critical perspectives chapter pp editor dr prayer elmo raj new dehli authorspresskorstanje m echarri chavez m cisneros mustelier l george b creative tourism paradoxes and promises in the struggle to find creatity in tourism jot journal of tourism social conflictourism and religiosity overecent years tourism was defined as a leisure activity that ignites a state of conflict when host and guest cultural values are at oddsscott n jafari j eds tourism in the muslim world emerald groupublishing limitedjafari j tourism and peace annals of tourism researchenderson j c managing tourism and islam in peninsular malaysia tourismanagementhis academic wave studies the intersection of religious conflicts in tourism industry the best example of this terrorism in middleast vukoni b chapter do we always understand each other in tourism in the muslim world pp emerald groupublishing limited jointly to cuban researchers lourdes mustellier cisneros and maitecharri chavez from the university of la habana cuba korstanje publishes two seminal works where tourism is discussed as a rite of passage that integrates religiosity and secularization within society based on the study of cuba they explore not only the limitations andichotomies of authenticity but also the roots of religion tourism and politics while during yearsocial scientists agree that religiosity derives from politics cuba shows the opposite which means how religiosity remains dormant cemented in the root of heritage the disociation between secularization and sacradnesshould be revisited the main thesis thatourism acts as a rite of escapement encapsulated in the religiosity of society far from being a mere industry tourism introduces holiday makers in process of renovation and recreation of the same nature of baptism or any otherite of passageecharri chavez mustelier cisneros l korstanje m cuband its roots to christianity an study case for understanding religious tourism chapter conflicts religion and culture in tourism razaq raj griffin k wallingford cabi uk the parallel between hospitality and religion centres on the belief present in many non western cultures that death is the start of a lastravel which should be accomplished following carefully some steps tovercome the obstacles in here after besides more philosophical interrogations are needed to inquiry on the nature of tourism korstanje mustellier cisneros and echarri chavez conclude that faith plays a leading role constructing the borders between us and them but in so doing it does not impede a frank dialogue with others if religious tourism leads to conflicthis does not happen by religion but only because some radicalized minds use the difference as a precondition to instill its regime of terror and violence this moot point suggests that religion does not pave the ways for the rise of conflict orivalrykorstanje m busby g understanding the bible as the roots of physical displacementhe origin of tourism e review of tourism research korstanje m echarri chavez mustellier cisneros l imagining the contours of culture is religious tourism a precondition to conflict chapter conflicts religion and culture in tourism razaq raj griffin k wallingford cabi uk dean maccannell tourism and structuralism dean maccannell is an americanthropologist who pivoted in theory of tourism he innovatively combines ideas of structuralism with marxism and goffmanian dramaturgy maccannell understands thatourism serves to mediate between citizens and their institutions in the same way totem acts in primitive organizations in secularized societies whereligion declined totem sets the pace tourismmaccannell d the tourist a new theory of the leisure class univ of california press maccannell was internationally recognized and awarded by his contribution in the fields of tourism consumption and globalization even being one of the most cited scholars of the fieldbruner e m abraham lincoln as authentic reproduction a critique of postmodernism americanthropologist urry j the tourist gaze sagecresswell t on the move mobility in the modern western world taylor francisdann g m tourist motivation an appraisal annals of tourism research rojek c touring cultures transformations of travel and theory psychology pressculler j semiotics of tourism the american journal of semiotics appadurai a the socialife of things commodities in cultural perspective cambridge university pressedensor tourists athe taj performance and meaning at a symbolic site routledgerichards g production and consumption of european cultural tourism annals of tourism research decrop a triangulation in qualitative tourism research tourismanagement hall c m sharples l cambourne b macionis n wine tourism around the world routledge korstanje criticizes dean maccannell because his argument escapes to the conceptual basis of structuralism applying an out of context method per korstanje s viewpoint structuralism is limited to explain the difference between the myth and structure which resulted in the belief that europe is an evolved civilization situated athe upper of the pyramid while others aboriginal organizations are athe bottom this conception which is enrooted in the founding parents of anthropology not only paved the ways for european ethnocentrism but also remains open today through theory of development where developed nations believe they are morally obliged to assist others non aligned under developed economies methodologically speaking levi strauss thought structuralism to be applied only to aboriginal cultures noto capitalist societies as maccannell insisted korstanje stresses thathe chief goal of claude levi strauss was the articulation of a periodic table with all cultureshowing the commonalities between urband primitive minds unlike levi strauss maccannell adamantly emphasizes on the divergence of totem and tourism which leads to a great misunderstanding last but not least he ignores other forms of ancientourism as practiced by romansumerians and babylonians among many others this happens because maccannell trivializes tourism as a post industrial form of alienation instead ofocusing into its nature as cross cultural rite of passage korstanje m e maccannell em perspectivan lise cr tica sobre a obra el turista revista brasileira de pesquisa em turismo korstanje m a portrait of jost krippendorf anatolia korstanje m e the portrait of dean maccannell towards an understanding of capitalism anatolia sociology and politics falkland islands the falklands war between argentinand the united kingdom over the falkland islands resonated in the politics of the former instead of the latter former president leopoldo galtieri lefthe power as a result of the military disaster of the falklands and argentina s defeat hastened the transition towards democracy korstanje argues that paradoxically though argentinians developed a negative image of britons this not reciprocate in the united kingdom korstanje m e deconstruyendo la personalidad kirchnerista biblioteque nationale de france instead a strong rivalry between argentinand the falkland islanders persisted korstanjexplains that far from the degree of hostility both sides allude to conflict as a form of social cohesion equally importanthe sense of nationhood is formed by the articulation of sacred profane with sacred this means korstanje adds that our neighbors express the sacred profane which is repelled in order to achieve a common identity buthe sacred which remains remote for our understanding and grasp is an object of cultkorstanje m george b p amorin e chile decime que se siente sports conflicts and chronicles of miscarried hospitality event managementhe notion of sacred remains out of our control though exerting influence over us while the sacred profane is envisaged as a looming threat which should be surveilled although they are british citizens the falkland islanders are geographically distant from their exemplary center in london whereas argentiniansee in the falkland island a reminder of how cruel a dictatorship may be despite the public interests in argentina for the falklands few tourists have visited the islands korstanje says thisuggests that unlike maccannell noted the concept of sacred avoids any type of massification mystified as thexemplary temple of democracy falklands is far from being a tourist destination and for this paradoxically so important for argentinianskorstanje m e george b p falklands malvinas a rexamination of the relationship between sacralization and tourism development current issues in tourismobilities and capitalism in the fields of mobilities korstanje brings the figure of max weber to the forefront he cites weber s contribution the role played by predestination in the formation of capitalism but observing that both capitalism and mobilities come from norse mythology instead of protestantism at a first glance odin wodan voden was a travelingod who traversed across the world to know further about cultures and customs this belief not only paved the ways for the rise of grand tour but forged a mobile culture as anglo saxons which centuries later colonized the world secondly since valkyrias know beforehand who were the warriors who will die in the battlefront unlike other mythologies where the destiny remains open predestination is essential for english speaking countries and for capitalist societies those critical voices who pointed weber was in the incorrect side because holland kept a majority of catholics in the population should reconsider that weber did a correct diagnosis but he left behind that it was not protestant reform the key reason behind capitalism instead korstanje argues that it is necessary to see the influence of an illiterate society as norse culture as the symbolic and cultural background of capitalismkorstanje m e a difficult world examining the roots of capitalism new york nova sciencekorstanje m examining the norse mythology and the archetype of odin the inception of grand tourism an international interdisciplinary journal volume issue december pp theory of non places theory of non places was originally coined by french ethnographer marc aug who argues that modernity is producing spaces of anonymity where tradition declines per his viewpoint examples of non places areverywhere as airports train station and malls korstanje has exerted a radical criticism on this theory for the following reasons first and foremost airports far from being non places represent spaces of discipline where touristravellers are socialized into the cultural values of society which means trade customs mobilities migration and security police korstanje m e tzanelli r filosof a del pasaporte y reciprocidad en tiempos de movilidad una construcci n alternativa la tesis de los no lugarestudios y perspectivas en turismo volume n mero abril pp once travelers are tested and validated they are channeled to a hedonic bubble of consumption secondly airports areal meetings charged withigh emotional arousal this thexample of expatriates meeting witheirelatives celebrations to welcome the favoriteams or celebrities or even zones of the dispute between workers of air companies and air carriers therefore the idea of considering airports asymptoms of non places cannot be validated from thempirical fieldwork the sense of place is individually constructed by the meaning conferred on the soilkorstanje m e a difficult world examining the roots of capitalism new york nova sciencekorstanje m el viaje una cr tical concepto de no lugares en marc aug athenea digital korstanje m e philosophical problems in theory of non places marc aug international journal of qualitative research in services volume issue december pp disponiblen inderscience publishing reino unido in the recent days terrorism has attacked international airports because thesexamplary centres represent symbolic platforms for the formation of state s ideology by vulnerating these types of spaces the credibility of nation state undermines therefore korstanje suggests that auge s ethnography on airportshould at least reconsideredkorstanje m etnograf a del aeropuerto movilidad turismo y estado de naturalezaposta revista de cienciasociales korstanje m e tzanelli r filosof a del pasaporte y reciprocidad en tiempos de movilidad una construcci n alternativa la tesis de los no lugarestudios y perspectivas en turismo volume n mero abril pp the island korstanje alludes to the plot of the film the island film the island to explain how modern mobilities work this well known movie is directed by michael bay and starred by scarlett johansson and ewan mcgregor the veil ofear which is represented by a climate of risk inflation prevents oureal contact with reality while we retreat into the security of home abandoning our freedom to decidekorstanje m la isla y el viaje tur stico una interpretaci n del filme de michael bay desdel psicoan lisis y el pensamiento filos fico moderno y contempor neo the island the journey tour an interpretation ofilmichael bay from psychoanalysis and philosophical thought modern and contemporary in spanish in the islandr bernard merrick manages a complex of clones which are created only to serve as organ donors to the originals in this futurist world clones areducated to live within the borders of the complex due to a so called apocalyptic nuclear war that contaminated thearth some residents are chosen to leave to go to an island which is a utopian paradise where all humaneeds are methose who geto go are selected through a lotterykorstanje m e deconstruyendo el sentido de lostragedia viaje y turismo ijssth in facthey are sent forgan harvesting surrogate motherhood or other biological uses as a projected paradise the figure of island plays a crucial role not only controlling the clones undermining the possibilities of potential revolts but also delineates the borders between first class citizens and an underclass formed by sub humans likewise the modern sense of mobilities which work as an ideological instrument by generating in minds a false needs of movement while athe bottom we are subjecto a real immobility is culturally imposed by nation state in order for citizens to be indoctrinated korstanje adheres to thesis that in the contemporary world we are not really moving because only our minds do it korstanje m the mobilities paradox a critical analysis cheltenham edward elgar peace andemocracy though korstanje acknowledges thatoday democracy is the best ofeasible systems he cites the contributions of oswald spengler who definedemocracy as the dictatorship of money thisuggests following korstanje s assertions thathere is a clear dissociation between hellenic democracy and modern democracykorstanje m empire andemocracy a critical reading of michael ignatieff n madas based on cornelius castoriadis insight korstanje argues that while the former allowed the demos which means the possibility for lay people in assembly to reverse a law if unjusthe latter has cemented a corporative democracy which created a gap between citizens and their institutions this gap not only is fulfilled by a professional corporativism of politicians but also escapes from citizen scrutinykorstanje m e ley democracia en la era del terrorismo n madas hexerts a radical criticism on the book the better of our angel nature authored by steven pinker who envisages the world is experiencing a peaceful climate of cooperation and liberty as never before for pinker such an atmosphere of stability results from the cultivation of liberal cultural values democracy and tradepinker s the better angels of our nature the decline of violence in history and its causes penguin uk starting from the premise that we live in a society where a global elite concentrates a great portion of wealth while the rest lives debarred to secondary positions korstanje says that a more peaceful world is not equaled to a more just worldemocracy ideologically imposes a wider sense of a false liberty in the citizenry who is rechanneled towards consumption the conflict should be understood as a human activity which is the centerpiece of culture in the conquest of americas thexample of aborigines who were banned by spanish conquistadors to yield war againstheir neighbours exhibits that cultures withered away when the social conflict disappearskorstanje m terrorism tourism and thend of hospitality in the west new york palgrave macmillankorstanje m the rise of thana capitalism and tourism abingdon routledge overecent decades capitalism has irreversibly advanced to reduce conflicts into a simulacra where all citizens become in slaves of capitalkorstanje m e review a review of steven pinker the better angels of our nature why violence has declined new york penguint journal of baudrillard studies n therefore violence and warfare were notably curbed to a minimum expression as a symbolic barrier the psychological fear which is daily instilled by the media impedes from citizens to confront withe status quo while the sense of terror accelerates changes and economic policies which otherwise would be rejected it certainly serves as a cultural entertainment platform for global audienceskorstanje m e preemption and terrorism when the future governs cultura skoll g r korstanje m e constructing an american fear culture from red scares to terrorism international journal of human rights and constitutional studies korstanje m commentaries on our neways of perceiving disasters international journal of disasteresilience in the built environment korstanje m chile helps chilexploring theffects of earthquake chile international journal of disasteresilience in the built environment korstanje m e the allegory of holocausthe rise of thana capitalism in ideological messaging and the role of politicaliterature pp igi global violence and the war on terrorism and one of thevents that shocked korstanje in his career was doubtless it certainly operated within two contrasting spheres while one hand terrorism instilled fear in order to accelerate substantial changes in the way geopolitics was articulated worldwide on another symbolically triggered new forms of imagining the othernesskorstanje m e preemption and terrorism when the future governs cultura not only the borderlands tightened but also the other situated as a dangerous element which needs to be surveilledkorstanje m e clayton a tourism and terrorism conflicts and commonalities worldwide hospitality and tourism themes korstanje clarified thathough classic terrorism in and s decades targeted important politicians celebrities and chief officers now global tourists travelers and journalists occupied such a positionskoll g r korstanje m e constructing an american fear culture from red scares to terrorism international journal of human rights and constitutional studies this means that was the first success attempt muslim terrorism used mobile transport means as real weapons criminally directed against civilian targets this caused a great panic not only in the us but in the world because the international audience surmised thathe same would happen anytime and anywherekorstanje m e tzanelli r clayton a brazilian world cup terrorism tourism and social conflict event management in this respect showed that it is possible to vulnerate the most powerful nation in itsymbolicorexploiting public transporto cause political instability terrorism can bexplained following the zero sum game terrorists achieve their goals looking for lowering their costs they are the success in maximizing a degree of panic amplified by the media coverage whereas leisure spots tourist destinations transport means and public space offer a fertile ground for nexterrorist hits because of the flexibility in the surveillance in fact as korstanje puts it how orchestrating security in public spaces with entertainment for citizens represent a major challenge for experts in terrorism in the years to comekorstanje m e the roots of terror the lesser evil doctrine threat mitigation andetection of cyber warfare and terrorism activities korstanje m a difficult world examining the roots of capitalism new york nova science pubstill further the recent advances of more radical terrorist cells as isis as well as the change of paradigm in how the targets are selected reveal two importanthings one hand terrorism affects the credibility of authorities and the legitimacy of nation statemphasizing in the citizen s vulnerability as a reminder of state s impotencekorstanje m e introduction tourism security tourism in the age of terror holistic optimization techniques in the hospitality tourism and travel industry chapter ppandian vasant kalaivanthan m hershey igi global on another terrorists operate within a horizon of uncertainness and speculation which seriously threaten the well functioning of democratic institutionstzanelli r korstanje m e tourism in theuropean economicrisis mediatised worldmaking and new tourist imaginaries in greece touristudies korstanje argues that whileurope in former centuries colonized the world imposing a restricted and ethnocentric view of the alterity which was forged by a conditioned version of hospitality for strangers today it sets the pace to new forms where thenemy is operating from insidekorstanje m e tzanelli r clayton a brazilian world cup terrorism tourism and social conflict event management particularly this opens the doors for the rise of thever increasing sentiment of paranoiand fear which are conducive to the terrorist s goals one of the most chief objectives of isiseems to accelerate thend of hospitality as the symbolic touchstone of western civilization further solutions to understand this arenrooted in the nature of colonialism oformer centuries this means korstanje adds that whileuropeanations employed hospitality as a discourse to expand their imperialism over former centuries now terrorism ignites a climate of anti hospitality to weaken the social trust doubtless mobilities and terrorism are inevitably entwinedkorstanje m terrorism tourism and thend of hospitality in the west new york palgrave macmillankorstanje m ed terrorism in the global village how terrorism affects our daily lives new york nova science pubskorstanje m e risk terrorism and tourism consumption thend of tourism holistic optimization techniques in the hospitality tourism and travel industry chapter ppandian vasant kalaivanthan m eds hershey igi global fear and exceptionalism based on the legacy of geoffrey skoll professor emeritus at suny buffalo who asserted the united states was culturally cemented under a strong sentiment of exceptionalism which remains to date and even was exported to the world skoll g r korstanje m e constructing an american fear culture from red scares to terrorism international journal of human rights and constitutional studieskoll g social theory ofear palgrave macmillanskoll g r globalization of american fear culture thempire in the twenty first century springer korstanje discusses to what extenthe puritan spirit and the archetype of uphill city pivoted in the configuration of a special character that forged how americansee the world from its inception americans feel special outstanding and very sensitive to any token of grandiloquence that validates the idea they are the chosen people skoll g r korstanje m e constructing an american fear culture from red scares to terrorism international journal of human rights and constitutional studiesuch a discourse not only feeds ethnocentrism but forged historically a culture ofear and mistrust for everything and everyone who come beyond american borders this mindset is particularly functional to the spirit of terrorism paradoxically more interested are americans to proof themselves and the world how special they are more frightening they turnmaximiliano e guest editorial americans post from pride to terror international journal of religious tourism and pilgrimage korstanje m e skoll g estados unidos y el principio dextraordinariedad cuadernos de historia santiago korstanje m e ironman cultura international journal of philosophy of culture and axiology in sharp contrast with giorgio agambenagamben g remnants of auschwitz the witness and the archive zone books who held thesis that exceptionalism comes from the implementation of law making korstanje argues that exceptionalism stems from narcissism following christopher lasch c the culture of narcissism american life in an age of diminishing expectations ww norton company korstanjexplains that narcissist personalities need to feel special and being in contact with like special others to conform a superiorace or privileged class while discursively speaking the sentiment of exceptionalism was coined by the social darwinism and its derived pathological form nazism korstanje m the rise of thana capitalism and tourism abingdon routledge a mitigated form remained in the united states the sentiment of exceptionalism paves the ways for the rise of a new culture which is based on individualism and competence the arising psychological fear contours the borders of the system impeding social agents to cooperate to defy the status quokorstanje m e the allegory of holocausthe rise of thana capitalism in ideological messaging and the role of politicaliterature pp igi global populism and terrorism in the field of populism korstanje conducted extensive research in how populism evolved and consolidated in argentina with basis on kirchnerism and kirchnerites his outcomes reveal that somextent populism allows a fairer wealth distribution but it runs higher costs for economies populist governments fail to gain the necessary trust international market while wealth is repatriated abroad by local elite populists are forced to intervene in all democratic institutions to prevent disinvestment as a result of this populism paves the ways for the rise of totalitarian governments depending on the ideological political radicalism of the movement as in the case of kirchneritesomelements in the militancy impede a permeation with reality unless regulated populism and kirchnersimay very wellead to terrorism under some conditions kirchnerism advanced while rechanneling frustrated personalities into a coherent paranoid message where militants believed they were part of something important a historic revolution that would change the world it suggests that psychological frustration and populism are inevitably entwinedkorstanje m e tergiversation of human rights deciphering the core of kirchnerismo international journal of humanities and social science research korstanje m duda y realidad el uso pol tico de los derechos humanos revista mad culture andeath croma nightclub fire the rep blica de croma nightclub fire is well known for a tragedy that occurred on december geographically located in once neighborhood buenos aires argentina it was operated in hands of omar chaban when a blaze started when a pyrotechnic flare waset on the ceiling the materials used in the building caused a great fire which killed people further investigations revealed that accident was provoked by a set of omissions by authorities and police officers days after this event survivors and neighbors constructed a sanctuary to honor the memory of victims as well as reminding how the nefarious consequences of corruption this event not only placed anibal ibarra former mayor in a trial but also jailed great part of the band callejeros and omar chaban among others this event was considered one of worst made man disaster in buenos aires city in its history based on the contribution of bronislaw malinowski b redfield r magic science and religion and other essays vol boston ma beacon press korstanje investigated this tragedy combining different sources though ethnography was his primary option he alerts that what happened in croma n wasomething else than accident buthe convergence of contingency philosophy contingency and culture korstanje suggests that croma n should be understood as a case of populareligiosity because of two main motives on a closer look victims not only were not prepared to die buthey accidentally died in an incorrect date days before the celebrations of new years death interrogates and neglects the sense of transcendence for survivors in which case its effects resonated more than expected in society secondly public opinion washocked because of the high probabilities a disaster of this caliber to be repeated again thisentiment of impotence caused high levels of anxiety which produced political instability korstanje m formas urbanas de religiosidad popular el caso croma n en buenos aires revista mad croma n symbolizes the human attempt not only to control death but blame others for those forces which remain out of control the process of demonization is necessary in order for social ties noto be disagregatedkorstanje m crisis institucional y ciudadan a en argentina rese a de colonizar el dolor la interpelaci n ideol gica del banco mundial en am rica latina el caso argentino desde blumberg a croma n de susana murillo buenos aires clacso a contracorriente the lack of clear answers respecting to who threw the flare led towards much deeper processes of demonization which blamed omar chaband anibal ibarra korstanje adheres to the idea that croma on exhibits the genesis evolution and maturation of culture which is a counteresponse to disastersince death will take room again anytime at a later day survivors need from durable reminding of the potential effects of tragedy culture derives from the needs of making disasters more comprehensiblekorstanje m e skoll g raj r griffin k from disaster to religiosity rep blica de croma n buenos aires argentina religious tourism and pilgrimage management an international perspectived korstanje m e rese a callejeros en primera persona revista electr nica de psicolog a pol tica korstanje m e detaching thelementary forms of dark tourism anatolia korstanje m e que se vayan todos que no quede ni uno solo encrucijadas revista cr tica de cienciasociales korstanje m chile helps chilexploring theffects of earthquake chile international journal of disasteresilience in the built environment korstanje s ethnographies in republica de croma n were vital to understanding his work respecting to disasters and the culture of thana capitalism athistage he received a great influence ofrench philosophers jean baudrillard and paul virilio who are widely recognized in his textskorstanje m commentaries on our neways of perceiving disasters international journal of disasteresilience in the built environment korstanje m e why risk research is more prominent in english speaking countries in the digital society international journal of cyber warfare and terrorism ijcwt korstanje m e coulter gerry jean baudrillard from the ocean to the desert or the poetics of radicality new smyrna beach florida intertheory press pp historiactual online korstanje m el enemigo en casa una lectura de paul virilio norbert el as y corey robin hybris revista de filosof a thana capitalism sociologistsuch as ulrich beck envisioned the society of risk as a new cultural value which saw risk as a commodity to bexchanged in globalized economies this theory suggested that disasters and capitalist economy were inevitably entwinedisasters allow the introduction of economic programs which otherwise would be rejected as well as decentralizing the classtructure in productionbeck u risk society towards a new modernity vol sage however korstanje coined the term thana capitalism to refer to a climate of social darwinism aimed at fostering the survival of the strongest in this climate of struggle only a fewins and takes everything while the rest losesocial darwinism iseen as a metaphor explaining our obsession with consumer news and with images related to terrorism attacks trauma scapes andisasters korstanje writes thathe society of risk has gradually sethe pace to a new society of thana capitalism where the main commodity is death not only do we consume death everywhere in thentertainment industry newspapers and media but in so doing we reinforce our superiority by witnessing the suffering of others in thana capitalism the myth of noah s ark situates as a vitallegory which explains the genesis of suffering in this mythical event godivided the world into two parts the victims and the witnesses this logic of the supremacy of those who live over those who die is reinforced by christ s crucifixion today new emergent segments in the tourist industry are oriented to travel to places where mass deaths or traumatic event have occurred korstanje suggests that in secularized societies death is a sign of weakness and consuming the deaths of others revitalizes the hopes of visitors to enter in the hall of chosen peoples korstanje m e the allegory of hollocausthe rise of thana capitalism in ideological messaging and the role of politicaliterature chapter onder cakirtas hershey igi globalkorstanje m george b death and culture is thanatourism symptomatic of thend of capitalism in virtual traumascape and exploring the roots of dark tourism korstanje m george b eds hershey igi global others themes cyber terrorism and terrorism during his role as editor in chief of the int journal of cyber warfare and terrorism korstanje was in touch withe theory concerning cyber terrorism from different parts of the world hedited a book entitled threat mitigation andetection of cyber warfare and terrorism activities where two important assumptions are placedkorstanje m threat mitigation andetection of cyber warfare and terrorism activities hershey igi global on a first look english speaking countries are prone to develop a precautionary platform to understand the future risks because these cultures have limitations to bear uncertainness the role played by predestination in english speaking societies paved the ways for the technological breakthrough in order for humans to control the future secondly cyber terrorism is not pretty differenthan terrorism in thextenthat both are operating from futurekorstanje m english speaking countries and the cultures ofear threat mitigation andetection of cyber warfare and terrorism activities igi global hershey a climate of hyper surveillance to anticipate the nexterrorist attack adjoined to an obsession for security undermines the institutions of check and balances and separations of powers athis point korstanjexerts a radical criticism on liberal scholar michael ignatieff in view of his theory of lesser evilkorstanje m the roots of terror and lesser evil threat mitigation andetection of cyber warfare and terrorism activities hershey igi global since citizens rights are vulnerated by the same states which are originally designed to protecthem this means thathe preservation of human rights evokes the intervention of a third state if this happens the autonomy of states is violated which paradoxically means the transformation of internationalliances in the dictatorship of human rights the problem lies in the paradox of democracy which endorses to nation state the monopoly of violence while authorities are cyclically renovated by elections under some conditions as given by terrorism today electedemocratic governments may very well pass laws to violate human rights korstanje criticized ignatieff glossed over that democracy does not impede human rights are vulneratedkorstanje m empire andemocracy a critical reading of michael ignatieff n madas criticism andiscussion korstanje s work was widely cited worldwide in the fields of risk perception and terrorism saha s yap g the moderation effects of political instability and terrorism on tourism development a cross country panel analysis journal of travel research morakabati y fletcher j prideaux b tourism development in a difficult environment a study of consumer attitudes travel risk perceptions and the termination of demand tourism economics blazquez resino j molina esteban talaya service dominant logic in tourism the way to loyalty current issues in tourism raine r a dark tourist spectrum international journal of culture tourism and hospitality research blazquez resino j molina esteban talaya service dominant logic in tourism the way to loyalty current issues in tourism yan b j zhang j zhang h lu s j guo y r investigating the motivation experience relationship in a dark tourism space a case study of the beichuan earthquake relics china tourismanagement bassil c theffect of terrorism on tourism demand in the middleast peaceconomics peace science and public policy tzanelli r thanatourism and cinematic representations of risk screening thend of tourism vol routledge fieldworkers are interested in the intersection of tourism and terrorismbuultjens j w ratnayake i gnanapala w a c post conflictourism development in sri lanka implications for building resilience current issues in tourism haq f medhekar a spiritual tourism between indiand pakistan a framework for business opportunities and threats world hristov d petrova public sector alliances in marketing urban heritage tourism a post communist perspective tourismos bac d p bugnar n g mester l e terrorism and its impacts on the tourism industry revista romana de geografie politicadam i adongo c a do backpackersuffer crime an empirical investigation of crime perpetrated against backpackers in ghana journal of hospitality and tourismanagement originally held thesis that far from affecting tourism terrorism duplicates tourist attraction commoditing deathrough media engagementkorstanje m e the spirit of terrorism tourism unionization and terrorism pasos revista de turismo y patrimonio cultural however in some cases korstanje was criticized because his theoretical approaches cannot bempirically validated in applied research or by using a strained form of communication which is hard to followsaha s yap g the moderation effects of political instability and terrorism on tourism development a cross country panel analysis journal of travel research bauzon k review a difficult world journal of international and global studies volume number pelaez m revista europea de historia de las ideas pol ticas y de las instituciones p blicas revista destudios hist rico jur dicos versi n impresa rev estud hist jur d no valpara so nov in this vein mu oz descalona exerted a radical criticism on korstanje because his conception of tourism as a universal social institution which is based on a need of escapemento accommodate daily frustration descalona indicates thatourism far from being ancient institution as korstanje precludestems from the industrial revolution descalona f m epistemolog a del turismo un estudio m ltiple turismo y desarrollocal this point escalated a discussion thatoday remains openkorstanje mu oz descalona f ciencia del turismo c nico pasatiempo acad mico cr tica la idea de patrimonio y desarrollo turydes revista de investigaci n en turismo y desarrollocal in the fields of dark tourism korstanje has provided with a viewpointhat sheds light on specialized literaturegnoth j matteucci x a phenomenological view of the behavioural tourism research literature international journal of culture tourism and hospitality research verma s jain r exploiting tragedy for tourism research on humanities and social sciences tzanelli r mobility modernity and the slum the real and virtual journeys of slumdog millionaire vol routledgegaye s o adetunde i an alluring paradise for tourism cape palmas a reference point in liberiamerican journal of research communication though some critiques point out he is not giving empirical evidence of his assertions of dark tourism some studies validate that visitors of dark sites develop an interesto know further for historic events and constructing a symbolic bridge with victimscohen e h educational dark tourism at an in populo site the holocaust museum in jerusalem annals of tourism research stone p r dark tourism and significant other death towards a model of mortality mediation annals of tourism research kidron c a being there together dark family tourism and themotivexperience of co presence in the holocaust past annals of tourism research these outcomes were obtained by applying questionnaires and interviews athe sites this leads korstanje to answer that fieldworkers misjudge methodologically the difference between what people think and finally do it is often clear how the application of open or closed led questionnaires contrast with daily behaviours in thextento there is a gap between what people say and finally accomplish this happens because fieldworkers rest on the prejudice that asking is the only way of reaching the truthkorstanje m george b concluding chapter dark tourism and society in virtual traumascape and exploring the roots of dark tourism korstanje m george b eds hershey igi global in dark tourism fields what current applied research revealed is what interviewees believe but sometimes they are unaware of their inner worlds or simply they lie to protectheir interestskorstanje m towards a new horizons of dark tourism in korstanje m handayani b gazing at death dark tourism as an emergent horizon of researchapter korstanje m handayani b new york nova science publishers thisuggests thathepistemology of dark tourism should be revisitedkorstanje m george b virtual traumascape and exploring the roots of dark tourism hershey igi global korstanje m cisneros mustelier l banalizing the alterity when suffering turns attractive in virtual traumascape and exploring the roots of dark tourism korstanje m george b eds hershey igi global korstanje research methods in dark tourism fields virtual traumascape and exploring the roots of dark tourism korstanje m george b eds hershey igi global economy and theory of development korstanje is a critical voice of theory of development which is considered by him as an ideological dispositif aimed at legitimating aborigines dispossessions theory of development postulates mistakenly thathere are nations which areconomically active or developed whereas others are underdeveloped this dissociationot only is far from being objective but connotes to values created by europe in order for imagining the rest of the world as a backward place in a profesional book review on the book why the nations fail acemoglu d robinson j why nations fail the origins of power prosperity and poverty crown business korstanje stipulates thathe success of capitalism rested on its ability to expand particular values and beliefs as universal the authors of this book acemoglu and robinson korstanje adds fail in recognizing thathere are a lot of many cultural organizations beyond capitalism which of course are free to choose to live in another way since there is no there is no imperative stating that all nationshould be democratic to enjoy the benefits of modern life and a capitalist economy athe time democracy and prosperity arenthralled as universal values this paves the ways for the rise for theuropean paternalism from his viewpoint modern ethnocentrism consists in thinking democracy and globalization as the best of possible worldskorstanje m exploring the contradictions of why nations fail the dark side of capitalism cers centre for ethnicity and racism studies university of leeds uk working paper thevilness and thend of hospitality well famous philosopher jacques derrida offers a model to understand hospitality dissociating unconditional from conditional subtypes over the centuries philosophers have devoted considerable attention to the problem of hospitalityderrida j hospitality angelaki journal of theoretical humanities however it creates a paradoxical situation since strangers often arejected by nation stateskristeva j extranjeros para nosotros mismos trade x gispert barcelona plaza janes editores hombre y sociedad korstanje received the influence of anthony pagden who described how hospitality was politically manipulated to legitimate the conquest of americaspagden a lords of all the world ideologies of empire in britain france and spainew haven korstanje argues that hospitality is an intertribal pact in which groups agree on self defense in times of war and an exchange of goods and merchandise in peacetime since the inception of the nation state the western concept of hospitality has been proposed as the main criteria for the free circulation and mobility of people and the main cultural value of modern capitalism hospitality depends on the giving while receiving process which is the touchstone of social bonds hospitality and religion are also inextricably entwined in the same way thathe soul is protected by gods of thereafter strangershould be assisted while traveling failure to care for strangers is punished by the gods who send calamities earthquakes and other types of disaster a lack of hospitality may be seen to predicthe triumph of evil in legends myths and horror movies rogues often violate their guests concealing theireal intentions and then seizing them when sleeping the guest host meeting necessarily engenders high levels of vulnerability and risk which are mitigated by the sacred law of hospitality where both agree noto attack the other while under the same roof in view of the advance of secularization the practice of unconditional hospitality has given way to a new sort of hospitality only for those who can pay for itkorstanje m e olsen d h the discourse of risk in horror movies post hospitality and hostility in perspective international journal of tourism anthropology korstanje m e the fear of traveling a new perspective for tourism and hospitality anatolia korstanje m e tarlow p being lostourism risk and vulnerability in the post entertainment industry journal of tourism and cultural change the action of terrorism is undermining the western ratioality where hospitality lies this happens because hospitality is the symbolic touchstone of western civilization as a result of this terrorism poses a real threat for occident in the long termkorstanje m terrorism in a global village how terrorism affects our daily lives new york nova science pubskorstanje m e olsen d h the discourse of risk in horror movies post hospitality and hostility in perspective international journal of tourism anthropology korstanje m terrorism tourism and thend of hospitality in the west new york palgrave macmillan the archetype of lucifer and evilness one of the most polemic works of korstanje doubtless was his examination of evilness and its real effects in medieval and modern economy he delves in the figure of lucifer as the archetype constructed by westo understand evilness confronting with slavoj zizek he contends thathe rise of lucifer as rebel derives from the impossibility of god to kill himkorstanje m e the rebellion in heaven the beginning cultural anthropology unlike other mythologies where gods or fathers attempted to assassinate their offspring if political disputes emerged in abrahamic tradition god is hand tied to efface lucifer who is his first son instead he is disciplined and exiled outside heaven in which case god renovates his trust withumankind in judaic tradition exile replaced other capital punishments whicharacterized the mediterranean world korstanje m e releyendo el tere y el enano el origen del cristianismo aposta digital revista de cienciasociales enero febrero y marzo in this way cultures that come from abrahamic tradition developed a particular fear for the death of children in facthe presence of witchcraft in the middleast alludes to problems ofertility which impede the correct good circulation those women who were trialed and executed not only had not offspring many of them were rich or inherited a fortune which cannot be passed to sons in a patriarchal order these types of economic glitches were often corrected by the use of violence disciplining some women who were opposite to status quor had amassed a considerable portion of wealth korstanje polemically writes thathere isubstantial evidence in different ethnographies respecting to the belief that economy and evilness are inextricably intertwinedkorstanje m e sobre la violencia seis reflexiones marginales en respuesta s zizek n madas revista cr tica de cienciasociales y jur dicas not only slavoj zizek misunderstands the roots of evilness in abrahamic tradition but also glosses over the figure of lucifer to expand his understanding of the issue though christianity has particular traits which were widely discussed in zizekian studies the figure of paul the apostle paul seems noto be relevanto the study of modern capitalism the sense of evilness is activated athe time children s integrity is vulnerated or serious disasters hit furthermore two additional myths unnoticed in zizek s argument should be seriously examined the rebellion of lucifer and the noah s ark one of the aspects of capitalism which stems from abrahamic tradition depends on the neglect of death and the needs to live forever both discourses operated historically in the acceleration of secularizationkorstanje m e hansel gretel cazadores de brujas n madas revista cr tica de cienciasociales y jur dicas the rise of thana capitalism resulted finally from the combination ofear to death and the adoption of social darwinism which is proper from puritanismkorstanje m the rise of thana capitalism and tourism abingdon routledgekorstanje m e the roots of evilness and biblicaliterature the revolt of lucifer in ideological messaging and the role of politicaliterature chapter onder cakirtas hershey igi global most important papers korstanje m e la b squeda la inmigraci n holandesa en argentina revista de antropolog a experimental volumen korstanje m el viaje una cr tical concepto de no lugares en marc aug athenea digital volumen korstanje m e re visiting the risk perception theory in the context of travels ertr e review of tourism research volumen issue volumen issue korstanje m el mal y la posesi n diab lica un an lisis cr tico sobre los conceptos de contaminaci n y tab revista de antropolog a experimental volumen issue korstanje m e la isla y el viaje tur stico una interpretaci n del filme de michael bay desdel psico nalisis y el pensamiento filos fico moderno y contempor neo revista turismo y sociedad anuario volumen korstanje m and busby g understanding the bible as the roots of physical displacementhe origin of tourism ertr e review of tourism research volumen issue korstanje m e the legacy of huntington in terroristudies afterwards crossroads the asa journal volumen issue korstanje m e una introducci n al pensamiento de cassunstein riesgo y racionalidad aplicable a la realidad latinoamericana contracorriente una revista de historia social y literatura en am rica latina volumen issue korstanje m e and tarlow p being lost risk and vulnerability in the post entertainment industry journal of tourism and cultural change volumen issue pp korstanje m and george b falkland malvinas a rexamination of the relationship between sacralization and tourism development current issues in tourism volumen issue korstanje m and olsen d the discourse of risk in horror movies post hospitality and hostility in perspective international journal of tourism anthropology volumen issue korstanje m and clayton a tourism and terrorism conflicts and commonalities worldwide hospitality and tourism themes volumen issue korstanje m e reconsidering cultural tourism anthropologist s perspective journal of heritage tourism volumen issue korstanje m e preemption terrorism when the future governs cultura international journal of philosophy of culture and axiology volumen issue pp korstanje m e chile helps chilexploring theffects of earthquake chile international journal of disasteresilience in the built environment volumen issue korstanje m e why risk research is more prominent in english speaking countries in the digital societies international journal of cyber warfare and terrorism volumen issue pp korstanje m e tarlow p and skoll g disasters in postmodern times the quake of japan international journal of baudrillard studies volumen issue department of sociology and antrhopology bishop s university montreal canada korstanje m e towards an index ofear the role of capital in risk s reconstruction international journal of cyber warfare and terrorism volumen issue pp korstanje m el miedo pol tico bajo el prisma de hannah arendt revista saap volumen issue pp sociedad argentina de an lisis pol tico buenos aires argentina korstanje m e review counterfeits politicsecret plots and conspiracy narratives in the americas the sociological review volumen issue pp korstanje m e the spirit of terrorism tourism unionization and terrorism pasos revista de turismo y patrimonio cultural volumen issue pp korstanje m evoluci n conceptual de la literatura tur stica sobrel terrorismo una exploraci n inicial estudios y perspectivas en turismo volumen issue pp skoll g korstanje m urban heritagentrification and tourism in riverwest and el abasto journal of heritage tourism volumen issue korstanje m and george b what does insurance purchase behaviour say about risks a study in the argentine context with special focus on travel insurance international journal of disasteresilience in the built environment volumen issue tzanelli r and korstanje m tourism in theuropean economicrisis mediatized worldmaking and new tourist imaginaries in greece touristudies volumen issue korstanje m babu g and amorin e chile decime que se siente sports conflicts and chronicles of miscarried hospitality event management volumen issue korstanje m timmermann f miedo trascendencia y pol tica el proceso de reorganizaci nacional argentina revista historia volumen issue korstanje m e review the greaterror el gran terror miedo emoci n y discurso chile the sociological review volumen issue korstanje m e terrorism led investigation modern tourism is terrorism by other means terrorism and political hot spots volumen issue nova science publishers new yorkorstanje m e dr cula y el principio de hospitalidad una revisi n conceptual bajo palabra revista de filosof a segunda poca volumen facultade filosof a y letras universidad aut noma de madrid espa korstanje m e the cultural roots of risks how mobilities and risk work in underdeveloped countries international journal of risk and contingency management ijrcm volumen issue suny at plattsburgh igi global hershey pennsylvania korstanje m e la b squeda del para so perdido narrativas del turismo pasos revista de turismo y patrimonio cultural volumen issue universidade laguna espa korstanje m e tzanelli r filosof a del pasaporte y reciprocidad en tiempos de movilidad una construcci n alternativa la tesis de los no lugarestudios y perspectivas en turismo volumen mero abril pp most important chapters in books korstanje m e foreword el miedo pol tico en el gran terror miedo emoci n y discurso chile perpectivas comparadas proceso de reogranizaci nacional argentina freddy timmermann editorial copygraph santiago korstanje m e interpretando chile ayuda chilel discurso nacional en la tragediarchivos de frontera el gobierno de las emociones en argentina y chile del presente ivan pincheira editor santiago de chileditorial escaparate pp korstanje m e preface best practices in tourism risk management safety and security en tourism security strategies for effictively managing travel risk and safety peter tarlow new york elsevier korstanje m herrera s mustelier c l methodological problems in tourism research a radical critique global dynamic in travel tourism hospitality edited by bregolilenia university of lincoln uk papas nikolaos university of west london uk igi global pennsylvania uschroeder a lori pennington gray m korstanje g skoll managing and marketing tourism experiences extending the travel risk perception literature to adress affective risk perception managing and marketing tourism experiences issues challenges approaches chapter pp editors mariosatioriadis dogan gursoy emerald ukorstanje m e preface comprendiendo el devenir del paisaje urbano una ciudad mar tima donostia san sebast an aproximiaci n urban sticantropol gico signitiva y esticonogr fica la configuraci n contempor nea de sus espacios fluviales y frente de agua isusko vivas ciarrusta y amaia lekerikabeaskoa gazta cuadernos de bellas artes universidade laguna laguna skoll g korstanje m from disaster to religiosity republica de croma n buenos aires argentina religious tourism and pilgrimage management an international perspective nd edition edited razaj raj kevin griffin pp wallingord uk cabi korstanje m e introduction tourism security tourism in the age of terror holistic optimization techniques in the hospitality tourism and travel industry chapter ppandian vasant kalaivanthan m hershey igi global korstanje m e risk terrorism and tourism consumption thend of tourism holistic optimization techniques in the hospitality tourism and travel industry chapter ppandian vasant kalaivanthan m hershey igi global korstanje m e mansfield critical notes on the use of heritage in tourism studies literature and society critical perspectives chapter pp editor dr prayer elmo raj new delhi authorspress korstanje m e conflictive touring the roots of terrorism in violence and society breakthroughs in research and practicedited by information resources management association usa chapter hershey pennsylvania igi global korstanje m e seraphin h revisiting the sociology of consumption in tourism chapter the routledge handbook of consumer behaviours in hospitality and tourism abingdon routledge korstanje m e a paradoxical world the role of technology in thana capitalism encyclopedia of information science and technology th editor mehdi khosrow pour chapter igi global hershey pennsylvania us timmermann f korstanje m constructing the internal enemy terrorism and violence in latin america during s decade international journal of terrorism and political hot spots volumen issue new york nova science publishers korstanje m e the industry of cruises neglecting hospitality in cruise tourism a multidisplinary and systemic approach claudia soares erickamorin fabia trentin leira portugal textiverso pp korstanje m e the roots of evilness and biblicaliterature the revolt of lucifer in ideological messaging and the role of politicaliterature chapter onder cakirtas hershey igi global korstanje m e the allegory of hollocausthe rise of thana capitalism in ideological messaging and the role of politicaliterature chapter onder cakirtas hershey igi global korstanje m baker d politics of dark tourism the case of croma n and esma buenos aires argentina peter stoneds chapter palgrave handbook of dark tourism studies basingstoke palgrave macmillan handayani b ivanov s korstanje m smartourism for dark sites the sacred sites of the deads chapter towards a new horizons of dark tourism in korstanje m handayani b gazing at death dark tourism as an emergent horizon of research korstanje m handayani b new york nova science publishers korstanje mengland the culture of achievementhe roots of dark tourism in korstanje m handayani b gazing at death dark tourism as an emergent horizon of research korstanje m handayani b new york nova science publishers echarri chavez mustelier cisneros l korstanje m cuband its roots to christianity an study case for understanding religious tourism chapter conflicts religion and culture in tourism razaq raj griffin k wallingford cabi ukorstanje m echarri chavez mustellier cisneros l imagining the contours of culture is religious tourism a precondition to conflict chapter conflicts religion and culture in tourism razaq raj griffin k wallingford cabi uk most important books externalinks webpage of maximiliano korstanje at research gate webpage of maximiliano korstanje at academiaedu webpage of maximiliano korstanje at google scholar some articles by maximiliano korstanje or where he is citediario popular november especialistas debatir n en torno al azote del diablo id investigation discovery octubre la psicolog a del terrorismo la nacion septemberaquel san martin maximiliano korstanje la movilidad y el terror global areco noticias december caso pomar a cinco a os de la tragedia telesur october blog de german gorraiz lopez israel y la banalidadel mal cond nastraveller october marta sader por qu nos atrael turismo negro cond nastraveller october marta sader fotografiarse desnudo la nueva tendencia viajera cond nastraveller october marta sader por qu hay gente a la que no le gusta viajar la nacion august laura marajofskyo estuve ah por qu nos fascina el turismo cat strofe cr nica popular december maximiliano korstanje qu es un terrorista comprendiendo el viernes negro de paris vice news july mark hay we asked terrorism experts about isis and the olympics el mostrador online december maximiliano korstanjel gran terror comprendiendo las ra ces del miedo pol tico el mostrador online november maximiliano korstanje donald trump y el terrorismo universidade palermo argentina june the rise of thana capitalism and tourism discutel nacimiento de una nueva clase socialos death seekers hipertextual may valeria rios turismo negro por qu nos atraen los lugares tr gicos la prensaustral june turismo negro una tendencia mundial que tambi n sest imponiendo en magallanes universidade palermo argentina december el nuevo libro del profesor maximiliano e korstanje turismo cat strofe december turismo cat strofe gli scatti malati del dark tourism primavera fisogni cultura y espectacoila provincia italy may gli scatti malati del dark tourism el mostrador online may of el terrorismo como metafora de lautoinmunidad el mostrador online santiago de chile la voz del interior may of turismo negro una invitaci n a la reflexi n y a la memoria virginia digon voy viajando la voz del interior cordobargentina igi global may of alex johnson igi global contributors express their thoughts on recent massive cyber attack wannacry ransomware cybersecurity massive scare hershey pennsylvania us el diario de la pampa june of eduardo luis aguirre vida cotidiana turismo y alienaci n la pampargentina category births category living people category argentine non fiction writers category terrorism category war on terror category marxism category tourism category wars category violence category university of palermo faculty category human rights category critical theorists category disasters category discourse analysis category st century 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korstanje children benjamin party footnotes maximiliano e korstanje cultural theorist dedicated study mobilities terrorism born buenos_aires argentina october development framed within critical terrorism studies serves lecturer department economics university palermo argentina korstanje visiting fellow university leeds united_kingdom visiting lecturer university la habana cuba formally part tourism crisis management institute university oflorida us centre ethnicity racism studies university leeds hospitality social network hospitality social network critical tourism_studies asia tourism_studies asia_pacific investigaci n tur_stica rit investigaci n tur_stica rit res universidad aut noma del estado de xico xico international society philosopher hosted sheffield england considered prolific writer field korstanje published pieces regarding mobilities tourism risk perception globalization terrorism hence biography included index marquis world since marquis korstanje maximiliano amit mexican academy tourism academic institution tourism_research mexico awards korstanje foreign faculty mexicana de turistica due contributions several publications fields terrorism virtual terrorism position editor chief international_journal terrorism awarded editor chief journal hosted igi_global hershey_pennsylvania journal cyber_warfare terrorism igi_global hershey_pennsylvania usa maximiliano e korstanje born october middle_class family buenos_aires argentina son carlos alberto korstanje december married maria rosa couple children benjamin though degree cultural_tourism athe_university argentina took countless courses fields anthropology psychology sociology philosophy prolific performance nominated five honorary worldwide nowadays korstanje borough villa buenos_aires argentina served keynote speaker well member great variety conferences academic events around globe important editorial positions works theditor chief int journal cyber_warfare terrorism hershey_igi_global international_journal safety security tourism_hospitality international_journal risk contingency igi_global hershey_pennsylvania suny us awarded well read journal estudios perspectivas turismo studies perspectives tourism_korstanje serves advisory board member following important journals tourism review international communication international_journal risk contingency management igi_global international_journal human_rights constitutional studies inderscience publishers revista turismo sociedad international_journal disasteresilience built_environment emerald publishing international_journal emergency services emerald publishing cultura international_journal philosophy culture philosophy documentation center tourism review emerald publishing journal tourism heritage services marketing alexander technological institute thessaloniki tourism heritage services marketing alexander technological institute thessaloniki estudios perspectivas turismo buenos_aires argentina estudios perspectivas turismo buenos_aires argentina event management communication us event management communication us internacional journal anthropology tourism inderscience publishers uk internacional journal anthropology inderscience uk rosa dos ventos revista programa de p turismo universidade sul brasil rosa dos ventos revista programa de p turismo universidade sul brasil universidad aut noma del estado de xico xico universidad aut noma del estado de xico xico aposta digital revista_de cienciasociales madrid espa aposta digital revista_de cienciasociales madrid espa international_journal tourism_hospitality research routledge uk international_journal tourism_hospitality research taylor francis uk revista mexicana de investigaci n tur_stica amit academia mexicana de turistica mexico revista mexicana de investigaci n tur_stica amit academia mexicana de turistica mexico international_journal contemporary hospitality_management emerald publishing international_journal contemporary hospitality_management emerald publishing uk journal hospitality_tourism technology emerald publishing journal hospitality_tourism technology emerald publishing uk part specialized journals korstanje makes contributions daily selected special issues guest editor represents portion special issues korstanje organized guest editor prestigious journals narratives risk security issues tourism_hospitality international_journal tourism anthropology guest editor narratives risk security issues tourism_hospitality international_journal tourism anthropology volume_issue inderscience publishing uk terrorismo el_de sus aut editor terrorismo el_de sus aut noma volumen universidad aut noma colombia n espa tourism century approaches limitations challenges new millennium palermo business review guest editor tourism century approaches limitations challenges new millennium palermo business review university palermo argentina extent might sustainable impact global warming worldwide_hospitality_tourism themes extent might sustainable impact global warming worldwide_hospitality_tourism themes volume publishing uk borders empires rosa dos ventos borders empires rosa dos ventos revista_del programa de_turismo universidade sul brazil image aesthetic tourism post modern_times pasos revista_de turismo patrimonio cultural image aesthetic tourism post modern_times pasos revista_de turismo patrimonio cultural universidade laguna instituto superior espa volume_issue cyber terrorism andark side information society international_journal cyber_warfare terrorism cyber terrorism andark side information society international_journal cyber_warfare terrorism volume_issue april igi_global pennsylvania usa tourists importanto terrorism international_journal religious_tourism tourists importanto terrorism international_journal religious_tourism pilgrimage institute technology ireland leeds metropolitan university uk antropolog del turismo para el revista_de antropolog experimental antropolog del turismo para el revista_de antropolog experimental universidade n espa turismo sociedad global aposta sociedad global aposta digital revista_de awards excellence outstanding reviewer given international_journal disasteresilience built_environment university salford uk emerald groupublishing prolific author tourism scholar argentinand chile per paper moreno n tur_stica julio n mero pp prolific author tourism_research per study n de_la investigaci n turismo entre moreno estudios perspectivas turismo volumen pp awarded founding member academic research council x ecuador certificate appreciation issued journal appreciation awarded review performance journal studies open journals north_west university south_africa elected foreign faculty member amit mexican academy study mexicana de investigaci n tur_stica korstanje elected member ict uses peace war part technical committee ict society well_known committee hosted international_federation information processing auspices unesco since theory work originally korstanje studied widely connection terrorism mobilities thesis far economically affected tourism inevitably terrorism first immigrants arrived capital owners labeled real terrorists many killed however less radical waves worker e review commission report final report national commission terrorist attacks upon united philosophy process facilitated rise expansion tourism_industry capitalist nation state ideological core e terrorists tend target radical review international_journal cyber_warfare terrorism state accepted claims work force order terrorism away core introduced theart capitalist system therefore korstanje argues thatourism terrorism g r korstanje e constructing american fear culture red scares terrorism international_journal human_rights constitutional studies korstanje e clayton tourism terrorism conflicts commonalities worldwide_hospitality_tourism themes korstanje e tarlow p risk vulnerability post entertainment_industry journal tourism_cultural change korstanje started discussion marc respecting theory non places second_stage says airports far non places represent spaces discipline terrorists cause political del movilidad turismo estado de revista_de cienciasociales korstanje e conflicts inon places artisans oflorida street international_journal safety security tourism_hospitality third term thana_capitalism used refer new stage capitalism risk sets pace death since terrorism become commodity media created spectacle oriented maximize profits thana_capitalism consumers maximize pleasure consuming others death ranges movies tours others cultural rise thana_capitalism tourism abingdon handayani b gazing death dark_tourism emergent horizon research new_york nova acts ideological mechanism audience proper status creating new class dubbed death seekers thana_capitalism results climate social darwinism american society rules destiny rise thana_capitalism tourism routledge abingdon george craving consumption suffering facets thana_capitalism terrorism global village terrorism affects chapter new_york nova e rise thana_capitalism tourism abingdon routledge though korstanje positions according theme three main facets clearly identified first combines legacy two contrasting theories proper cultural theory explain construction operation risk modern society per view risk would ideological discourse order elite suggests risk economy inevitably e difficult world examining roots capitalism new_york nova_science secondly korstanje conducted ethnography sanctuary croma republic well famous nightclub youth lostheir life made man took years thisite influenced korstanje see notion death culture says death affect culture buthe latter derives needs death review discourse tragedy represents essays philosophy january volume_issue de croma n que n madas revista tica de cienciasociales jur dicas n mero pp cultural death derives platform contingency also way risk politically manipulated last least korstanje develops notion thana_capitalism denote current obsession consuming death cultural rise thana_capitalism tourism routledge abingdon society risk passed new_production death main commodity result labor class replaced new one death seekers modern citizens appeal consume order handayani b gazing death dark_tourism emergent horizon research new_york nova_science terrorism offers fertile ground reproduce thana_capitalism two_main reasons global audience scares bad news disturbing images mass media whereas consuming consequence media enhances profits covering terrorism containing news paradoxically giving credibility visibility e terrorism global village terrorism affects daily lives new_york nova_science causes circle disaster e rise thana_capitalism tourism routledge travels mobilities tourism conquest americas citing contributions anthony intersection mobilities politics korstanje discusses extent spanish conquistadors appealed cruelty places found precious others cases natives even fact thathe conquest americas achieved simply aborigines exploited others facilitated cooperation spanish military forces image indigenous peoples americas victims filled spanish rests foundations cases korstanje argues americas essentially walled anglo latin_americans anglo world colonized basis exclusion pushing natives towards borders civilization spanish incorporated conform racial pyramid resulted institutions point suggests cultural determine different paths conquest e cultura para la de rica revista_de korstanje el latino la construcci n espa del viaje la de rica n madas revista tica de cienciasociales jur dicas korstanje e la de_la como de construcci n revista_de antropolog experimental korstanje developed system understand tourism rite passage consists three facets breaking ordinary rules renovation introduction routine tourism citizens trust nation state also another different person daily e la b del del turismo pasos revista_de turismo patrimonio cultural volume_issue april pp dream like nature tourism mechanism escapement keep united physical movement paramount importance order subjecto new role space_tourism offers needs metaphor lost paradise prosperity suffering seems busby g understanding bible roots physical origin tourism e review tourism_research korstanje e creating new tourism_hospitality disciplines international_journal qualitative research services korstanje la isla el viaje tur stico una n del de michael bay lisis el pensamiento fico contempor neo island journey tour interpretation bay philosophical thought modern contemporary spanish turismo sociedad korstanje e la del de_turismo significance tourism society explains main targets cause political e tzanelli r clayton brazilian world_cup terrorism_tourism social conflict event management continued discussion arguing thathe allegory lost paradise modern tourism_also developed modern marketing produce collective imaginary proper western j r holiday destinations myth lost paradise annals tourism_research radical view respecting heritage modern capitalism force image consumption heritage fact cultural_heritage alludes dead thexternal forces market order forge standardized experiences whereas citizens loyalty comparing values others multiculturalism ethnocentrism tourists compare capitalist societies best possible respecting third connection anthropology tourism patrimony heritage_tourism management journal volume_issue de pp consumption leads adopting policies drawn status quo first_world citizens quest individual experiences third_world natives toffer bodies e cultural_tourism anthropologist perspective journal heritage_tourism volume_issue may pp cultural_heritage plays vital role order lay people accept dubbed creative destruction means needs gazing something news athe_time conditions work heritage needs accepting values instability destruction change positive market accumulated wealth athe costs work g korstanje urban tourism el journal heritage_tourism volume_issue december pp_korstanje e mansfield critical notes use heritage_tourism studies literature society critical perspectives chapter pp editor prayer raj new echarri chavez cisneros mustelier l george_b creative_tourism promises struggle find tourism journal tourism_social religiosity years tourism defined leisure activity state conflict host guest cultural values n jafari j eds tourism muslim world emerald groupublishing j tourism peace annals tourism j c managing tourism islam malaysia academic wave studies intersection religious conflicts tourism_industry best example terrorism middleast b chapter always understand tourism muslim world pp emerald groupublishing limited jointly cuban researchers lourdes mustellier cisneros chavez university la habana cuba korstanje publishes two works tourism discussed rite passage integrates religiosity secularization within society based study cuba explore limitations authenticity also roots religion tourism politics scientists agree religiosity derives politics cuba shows opposite means religiosity remains root heritage secularization revisited main thesis thatourism acts rite escapement religiosity society far mere industry tourism introduces holiday makers process renovation recreation nature chavez mustelier cisneros l korstanje roots christianity study case understanding religious_tourism chapter conflicts religion culture_tourism razaq raj griffin k wallingford cabi uk parallel hospitality religion centres belief present many non western cultures death start accomplished following carefully steps obstacles besides philosophical needed inquiry nature tourism_korstanje mustellier cisneros echarri chavez faith plays leading role constructing borders us impede frank dialogue others religious_tourism leads happen religion minds use difference regime terror violence point suggests religion ways rise conflict busby g understanding bible roots physical origin tourism e review tourism_research korstanje echarri chavez mustellier cisneros l imagining culture religious_tourism conflict chapter conflicts religion culture_tourism razaq raj griffin k wallingford cabi uk dean maccannell tourism structuralism dean maccannell theory tourism combines ideas structuralism maccannell thatourism serves citizens institutions way acts primitive organizations secularized societies declined sets pace tourist new theory leisure class univ california_press maccannell internationally recognized awarded contribution fields tourism consumption globalization even one cited scholars e abraham lincoln authentic reproduction critique urry j tourist gaze move mobility modern western world taylor g tourist motivation annals tourism_research c touring cultures transformations travel theory psychology j tourism american journal socialife things commodities cultural perspective cambridge university tourists athe taj performance meaning symbolic site g production consumption european cultural_tourism annals tourism_research qualitative tourism_research tourismanagement hall c l b n wine_tourism around world routledge korstanje dean maccannell argument escapes conceptual basis structuralism applying context method per korstanje viewpoint structuralism limited explain difference myth structure resulted belief europe evolved civilization situated athe upper pyramid others aboriginal organizations athe_bottom conception founding parents anthropology paved ways european ethnocentrism also remains open today theory development developed nations believe morally assist others non aligned developed economies speaking strauss thought structuralism applied aboriginal cultures noto capitalist societies maccannell korstanje stresses thathe chief goal claude strauss periodic table commonalities urband primitive minds unlike strauss maccannell emphasizes tourism leads great last least forms practiced among many_others happens maccannell tourism post industrial form instead nature cross cultural rite passage korstanje e maccannell tica sobre el revista_de turismo korstanje portrait anatolia korstanje e portrait dean maccannell towards understanding capitalism anatolia sociology politics falkland islands falklands war argentinand united_kingdom falkland islands politics former instead latter former president leopoldo lefthe power result military disaster falklands argentina transition towards democracy korstanje argues paradoxically though developed negative image united_kingdom korstanje e la de_france instead strong rivalry argentinand falkland islanders far degree hostility sides conflict form social equally sense formed sacred sacred means korstanje adds neighbors express sacred order achieve common identity buthe sacred remains remote understanding object george_b p e chile que sports conflicts chronicles hospitality event managementhe notion sacred remains control though influence us sacred threat although british citizens falkland islanders geographically distant center london_whereas falkland island reminder dictatorship may despite public_interests argentina falklands tourists visited islands korstanje says thisuggests unlike maccannell noted concept sacred type temple democracy falklands far tourist_destination paradoxically important e george_b p falklands relationship tourism_development current issues capitalism fields mobilities korstanje brings figure max weber forefront cites weber contribution role played formation capitalism observing capitalism mobilities come norse mythology instead protestantism first across world know cultures customs belief paved ways rise grand_tour forged mobile culture anglo centuries later colonized world secondly since know warriors die unlike destiny remains open essential english_speaking countries capitalist societies critical voices pointed weber incorrect side holland kept majority population weber correct left behind protestant reform key reason behind capitalism instead korstanje argues necessary see influence society norse culture symbolic cultural background e difficult world examining roots capitalism new_york nova examining norse mythology archetype inception grand_tourism international interdisciplinary journal volume_issue december pp theory non places theory non places originally coined french marc aug argues modernity producing spaces anonymity tradition per viewpoint examples non places airports train station malls korstanje radical criticism theory following reasons first foremost airports far non places represent spaces discipline cultural values society means trade customs mobilities migration security police korstanje e tzanelli r filosof del de movilidad una construcci n la de los perspectivas turismo volume n mero pp travelers tested validated bubble consumption secondly airports meetings charged withigh emotional thexample expatriates meeting celebrations welcome celebrities even zones dispute workers air companies air carriers therefore idea considering airports non places cannot validated sense place individually constructed meaning conferred e difficult world examining roots capitalism new_york nova el viaje una concepto de lugares marc aug digital korstanje e philosophical problems theory non places marc aug international_journal qualitative research services volume_issue december pp inderscience publishing recent days terrorism attacked international_airports centres represent symbolic platforms formation state ideology types spaces credibility nation state therefore korstanje suggests ethnography least del movilidad turismo estado de revista_de cienciasociales korstanje e tzanelli r filosof del de movilidad una construcci n la de los perspectivas turismo volume n mero pp island korstanje alludes plot film island film island explain modern mobilities work well_known movie directed michael bay starred scarlett ewan mcgregor ofear represented climate risk inflation contact reality security home freedom la isla el viaje tur stico una n del de michael bay lisis el pensamiento fico contempor neo island journey tour interpretation bay philosophical thought modern contemporary spanish bernard manages complex created serve organ donors world live within borders complex due called nuclear war contaminated thearth residents chosen leave go island paradise geto go selected e el_de viaje turismo sent harvesting surrogate biological uses projected paradise figure island plays crucial role controlling possibilities potential also borders first class citizens formed sub humans likewise modern sense mobilities work ideological instrument generating minds false needs movement athe_bottom subjecto real culturally imposed nation state order citizens korstanje adheres thesis contemporary world really moving minds korstanje mobilities critical analysis edward peace andemocracy though korstanje democracy best systems cites contributions dictatorship money thisuggests following korstanje thathere clear democracy modern empire andemocracy critical reading michael ignatieff n madas based insight korstanje argues former allowed means possibility lay people assembly reverse law latter democracy created gap citizens institutions gap fulfilled professional politicians also escapes citizen e la era del terrorismo n madas radical criticism book better angel nature authored steven world experiencing peaceful climate cooperation liberty never atmosphere stability results cultivation liberal cultural values democracy better angels nature decline violence history causes penguin uk starting premise live society global elite concentrates great portion wealth rest lives secondary positions korstanje says peaceful world wider sense false liberty towards consumption conflict understood human activity centerpiece culture conquest americas thexample aborigines banned spanish conquistadors yield war exhibits cultures away social conflict terrorism_tourism thend hospitality west new_york palgrave rise thana_capitalism tourism abingdon routledge decades capitalism advanced reduce conflicts citizens become slaves e review review steven better angels nature violence declined new_york journal baudrillard studies n therefore violence warfare notably minimum expression symbolic barrier psychological fear daily media citizens withe status quo sense terror changes economic policies otherwise would rejected certainly serves cultural entertainment platform global e terrorism future cultura skoll g r korstanje e constructing american fear culture red scares terrorism international_journal human_rights constitutional studies korstanje disasters international_journal disasteresilience built_environment korstanje chile helps theffects earthquake chile international_journal disasteresilience built_environment korstanje e allegory rise thana_capitalism ideological messaging role politicaliterature pp igi_global violence war terrorism one thevents korstanje career certainly operated within two contrasting one hand terrorism fear order accelerate substantial changes way articulated worldwide another new forms imagining e terrorism future cultura also situated dangerous element needs e clayton tourism terrorism conflicts commonalities worldwide_hospitality_tourism themes korstanje classic terrorism decades targeted important politicians celebrities chief officers global tourists travelers journalists occupied g r korstanje e constructing american fear culture red scares terrorism international_journal human_rights constitutional studies means first success attempt muslim terrorism used mobile transport means real weapons directed civilian targets caused great panic us world international audience thathe would happen e tzanelli r clayton brazilian world_cup terrorism_tourism social conflict event management respect showed possible powerful nation public_transporto cause political instability terrorism following zero sum game terrorists achieve goals looking lowering costs success maximizing degree panic amplified media coverage whereas leisure spots tourist_destinations transport means public_space offer fertile ground hits flexibility surveillance fact korstanje puts security public_spaces entertainment citizens represent major challenge experts terrorism years e roots terror lesser evil threat mitigation andetection cyber_warfare terrorism activities korstanje difficult world examining roots capitalism new_york nova_science recent advances radical terrorist cells well change targets selected reveal two one hand terrorism affects credibility authorities nation citizen vulnerability reminder state e introduction tourism security tourism age terror holistic optimization techniques hospitality_tourism_travel industry chapter ppandian vasant kalaivanthan hershey_igi_global another terrorists operate within horizon seriously well functioning democratic r korstanje e tourism theuropean economicrisis new tourist greece korstanje argues former centuries colonized world imposing restricted view forged conditioned version hospitality strangers today sets pace new forms operating e tzanelli r clayton brazilian world_cup terrorism_tourism social conflict event management particularly opens doors rise increasing sentiment fear terrorist goals one chief objectives accelerate thend hospitality symbolic touchstone western civilization solutions understand nature colonialism oformer centuries means korstanje adds employed hospitality discourse expand imperialism former centuries terrorism climate anti hospitality social trust mobilities terrorism inevitably terrorism_tourism thend hospitality west new_york palgrave ed terrorism global village terrorism affects daily lives new_york nova_science e risk terrorism_tourism consumption thend tourism holistic optimization techniques hospitality_tourism_travel industry chapter ppandian vasant kalaivanthan eds hershey_igi_global fear exceptionalism based legacy geoffrey skoll professor suny buffalo united_states culturally strong sentiment exceptionalism remains date even world skoll g r korstanje e constructing american fear culture red scares terrorism international_journal human_rights constitutional g social theory ofear palgrave g r globalization american fear culture twenty first_century springer korstanje discusses spirit archetype uphill city configuration special character forged world inception americans feel special outstanding sensitive token idea chosen people skoll g r korstanje e constructing american fear culture red scares terrorism international_journal human_rights constitutional discourse ethnocentrism forged historically culture ofear everything everyone come beyond american borders particularly functional spirit terrorism paradoxically interested americans proof world special e guest editorial americans post pride terror international_journal religious_tourism pilgrimage korstanje e skoll g el_de historia santiago korstanje e cultura international_journal philosophy culture sharp contrast g remnants auschwitz witness archive zone books held thesis exceptionalism comes implementation law making korstanje argues exceptionalism stems following christopher c culture american life age diminishing expectations norton company personalities need feel special contact like special others conform class speaking sentiment exceptionalism coined social darwinism derived form korstanje rise thana_capitalism tourism abingdon routledge form remained united_states sentiment exceptionalism paves ways rise new culture based competence arising psychological fear borders system social agents status e allegory rise thana_capitalism ideological messaging role politicaliterature pp igi_global populism terrorism field populism korstanje conducted extensive research populism evolved consolidated argentina basis outcomes reveal somextent populism allows wealth distribution runs higher costs economies governments fail gain necessary trust international market wealth abroad local elite forced democratic institutions prevent result populism paves ways rise governments depending ideological political movement case impede reality unless regulated populism terrorism conditions advanced frustrated personalities message believed part something important historic revolution would change world suggests psychological frustration populism inevitably e human_rights core international_journal humanities social science research korstanje el pol tico de los revista mad culture andeath croma nightclub_fire de croma nightclub_fire well_known tragedy occurred december geographically located neighborhood buenos_aires argentina operated hands omar started flare waset ceiling materials used building caused great fire_killed people investigations revealed accident provoked set authorities police officers days event survivors neighbors constructed sanctuary honor memory victims well consequences corruption event placed former mayor trial also great part band omar among_others event considered one worst made man disaster buenos_aires city history based contribution b r magic science religion essays vol boston beacon press korstanje investigated tragedy combining different sources though ethnography primary option happened croma n wasomething else accident buthe convergence contingency philosophy contingency culture korstanje suggests croma n understood case two_main motives closer look victims prepared die buthey accidentally died incorrect date days celebrations new years death sense survivors case effects expected society secondly public opinion high disaster repeated caused high_levels anxiety produced political instability korstanje de popular el croma n buenos_aires revista mad croma n symbolizes human attempt control death blame others forces remain control process necessary order social ties noto crisis argentina de el la n del rica el croma n de buenos_aires lack clear answers respecting threw flare led towards much deeper processes blamed omar korstanje adheres idea croma exhibits genesis evolution culture death take room later day survivors need durable potential effects tragedy culture derives needs making disasters e skoll g raj r griffin k disaster religiosity de croma n buenos_aires argentina religious_tourism pilgrimage management international korstanje e revista nica de pol tica korstanje e forms dark_tourism anatolia korstanje e que que solo revista tica de cienciasociales korstanje chile helps theffects earthquake chile international_journal disasteresilience built_environment korstanje de croma n vital understanding work respecting disasters culture thana_capitalism received great influence ofrench philosophers jean baudrillard paul widely recognized disasters international_journal disasteresilience built_environment korstanje e risk research prominent english_speaking countries digital society international_journal cyber_warfare terrorism korstanje e gerry jean baudrillard ocean desert new beach_florida press_pp online korstanje el casa una de paul el robin revista_de filosof thana_capitalism envisioned society risk new cultural value saw risk commodity economies theory suggested disasters capitalist economy inevitably allow introduction economic programs otherwise would rejected well risk society towards new modernity vol sage however korstanje coined term thana_capitalism refer climate social darwinism aimed fostering survival climate struggle takes everything rest darwinism iseen metaphor explaining obsession consumer news images related terrorism attacks trauma korstanje writes thathe society risk gradually pace new society thana_capitalism main commodity death consume death everywhere thentertainment industry newspapers media reinforce superiority witnessing suffering others thana_capitalism myth noah ark explains genesis suffering mythical event world two parts victims logic supremacy live die reinforced christ today new emergent segments tourist_industry oriented travel places mass deaths event occurred korstanje suggests secularized societies death sign weakness consuming deaths others hopes visitors enter hall chosen peoples korstanje e allegory rise thana_capitalism ideological messaging role politicaliterature chapter onder cakirtas hershey_igi george_b death culture thanatourism thend capitalism virtual traumascape exploring roots dark_tourism korstanje george_b eds hershey_igi_global others themes cyber terrorism terrorism role editor chief int journal cyber_warfare terrorism korstanje touch withe theory concerning cyber terrorism different_parts world book entitled threat mitigation andetection cyber_warfare terrorism activities two important assumptions threat mitigation andetection cyber_warfare terrorism activities hershey_igi_global first look english_speaking countries prone develop platform understand future risks cultures limitations bear role played english_speaking societies paved ways technological breakthrough order humans control future secondly cyber terrorism pretty terrorism operating english_speaking countries cultures ofear threat mitigation andetection cyber_warfare terrorism activities igi_global hershey climate hyper surveillance attack obsession security institutions check separations powers athis point radical criticism liberal scholar michael ignatieff view theory lesser roots terror lesser evil threat mitigation andetection cyber_warfare terrorism activities hershey_igi_global since citizens rights states originally designed means thathe preservation human_rights intervention third state happens autonomy states violated paradoxically means transformation dictatorship human_rights problem lies democracy nation state monopoly violence authorities renovated elections conditions given terrorism today governments may well pass laws violate human_rights korstanje criticized ignatieff democracy impede human_rights empire andemocracy critical reading michael ignatieff n madas criticism korstanje work widely cited worldwide fields risk perception terrorism g effects political instability terrorism_tourism_development cross_country panel analysis journal travel research j b tourism_development difficult environment study consumer attitudes travel risk perceptions termination demand tourism economics j service dominant logic tourism way loyalty current issues tourism r dark tourist spectrum international_journal culture_tourism hospitality research j service dominant logic tourism way loyalty current issues tourism yan b j j h j r investigating motivation experience relationship dark_tourism space case study earthquake relics china tourismanagement c theffect terrorism_tourism demand middleast peace science public policy tzanelli r thanatourism cinematic representations risk screening thend tourism vol routledge fieldworkers interested intersection tourism j w w c post development sri_lanka implications building resilience current issues tourism f spiritual tourism_indiand pakistan framework business opportunities threats world public sector marketing urban heritage_tourism post communist perspective p n g l e terrorism impacts tourism_industry revista_de c crime empirical investigation crime backpackers ghana journal hospitality_tourismanagement originally held thesis far affecting tourism terrorism tourist_attraction media e spirit terrorism_tourism terrorism pasos revista_de turismo patrimonio cultural however cases korstanje criticized theoretical approaches cannot validated applied research using form communication hard g effects political instability terrorism_tourism_development cross_country panel analysis journal travel research k review difficult world journal international global studies volume number revista_de historia de_las ideas pol de_las p revista hist rico jur n rev hist jur nov vein descalona radical criticism korstanje conception tourism universal social institution based need accommodate daily frustration descalona indicates thatourism far ancient institution korstanje industrial_revolution descalona f del turismo turismo point discussion remains descalona f del turismo c tica la idea de patrimonio revista_de investigaci n turismo fields dark_tourism korstanje provided light specialized j x view behavioural tourism_research literature international_journal culture_tourism hospitality research r exploiting tragedy tourism_research humanities social sciences tzanelli r mobility modernity slum real virtual journeys slumdog millionaire vol paradise tourism cape reference point journal research communication though critiques point giving empirical evidence dark_tourism studies validate visitors dark sites develop interesto know historic events constructing symbolic bridge e h educational dark_tourism populo site holocaust museum jerusalem annals tourism_research stone p r dark_tourism significant death towards model mortality annals tourism_research c together dark family tourism presence holocaust past annals tourism_research outcomes obtained applying interviews athe_sites leads korstanje answer fieldworkers difference people think finally often clear application open closed led contrast daily behaviours thextento gap people say finally accomplish happens fieldworkers rest prejudice asking way reaching george_b chapter dark_tourism society virtual traumascape exploring roots dark_tourism korstanje george_b eds hershey_igi_global dark_tourism fields current applied research revealed believe sometimes inner worlds simply lie towards new dark_tourism korstanje handayani b gazing death dark_tourism emergent horizon korstanje handayani b new_york nova_science publishers thisuggests dark_tourism george_b virtual traumascape exploring roots dark_tourism hershey_igi_global korstanje cisneros mustelier l suffering turns attractive virtual traumascape exploring roots dark_tourism korstanje george_b eds hershey_igi_global korstanje research methods dark_tourism fields virtual traumascape exploring roots dark_tourism korstanje george_b eds hershey_igi_global economy theory development korstanje critical voice theory development considered ideological aimed aborigines theory development thathere nations active developed whereas others underdeveloped far objective connotes values created europe order imagining rest world place book review book nations fail robinson j nations fail origins power prosperity poverty crown business korstanje thathe success capitalism ability expand particular values beliefs universal authors book robinson korstanje adds fail recognizing thathere lot many cultural organizations beyond capitalism course free choose live another way since imperative stating democratic enjoy benefits modern life capitalist economy athe_time democracy prosperity universal values paves ways rise theuropean viewpoint modern ethnocentrism consists thinking democracy globalization best possible exploring nations fail dark side capitalism centre ethnicity racism studies university leeds uk working paper thend hospitality well famous philosopher jacques offers model understand hospitality unconditional centuries philosophers devoted considerable attention problem j hospitality journal theoretical humanities however creates paradoxical situation since strangers often nation j para trade x barcelona plaza sociedad korstanje received influence anthony described hospitality politically manipulated legitimate conquest lords world empire britain france korstanje argues hospitality groups agree self defense times war exchange goods merchandise since inception nation state western concept hospitality proposed main criteria free circulation mobility people main cultural value modern capitalism hospitality depends giving receiving process touchstone social bonds hospitality religion also inextricably way thathe soul protected gods thereafter assisted traveling failure care strangers punished gods send types disaster lack hospitality may seen evil legends myths horror movies rogues often violate guests intentions sleeping guest host meeting necessarily high_levels vulnerability risk sacred law hospitality agree noto attack roof view advance secularization practice unconditional hospitality given way new sort hospitality pay e olsen h discourse risk horror movies post hospitality hostility perspective international_journal tourism anthropology korstanje e fear traveling new perspective tourism_hospitality anatolia korstanje e tarlow p risk vulnerability post entertainment_industry journal tourism_cultural change action terrorism western hospitality lies happens hospitality symbolic touchstone western civilization result terrorism poses real threat long terrorism global village terrorism affects daily lives new_york nova_science e olsen h discourse risk horror movies post hospitality hostility perspective international_journal tourism anthropology korstanje terrorism_tourism thend hospitality west new_york palgrave macmillan archetype lucifer evilness one works korstanje examination evilness real effects medieval modern economy figure lucifer archetype constructed westo understand evilness confronting zizek thathe rise lucifer rebel derives god kill e rebellion heaven beginning cultural anthropology unlike gods attempted offspring political disputes emerged abrahamic tradition god hand tied lucifer first son instead outside heaven case god trust tradition replaced capital mediterranean world korstanje e el el el_del aposta digital revista_de cienciasociales way cultures come abrahamic tradition developed particular fear death children facthe presence middleast alludes problems impede correct good circulation women executed offspring many rich inherited fortune cannot passed sons order types economic often corrected use violence women opposite status considerable portion wealth korstanje writes thathere evidence different respecting belief economy evilness inextricably e sobre la zizek n madas revista tica de cienciasociales jur dicas zizek roots evilness abrahamic tradition also figure lucifer expand understanding issue though christianity particular widely discussed studies figure paul apostle paul seems noto relevanto study modern capitalism sense evilness activated athe_time children integrity serious disasters hit furthermore two additional myths zizek argument seriously examined rebellion lucifer noah ark one aspects capitalism stems abrahamic tradition depends death needs live forever operated historically acceleration e de n madas revista tica de cienciasociales jur dicas rise thana_capitalism resulted finally combination ofear death adoption social darwinism proper rise thana_capitalism tourism abingdon e roots evilness revolt lucifer ideological messaging role politicaliterature chapter onder cakirtas hershey_igi_global important papers korstanje e la b la n argentina revista_de antropolog experimental volumen korstanje el viaje una concepto de lugares marc aug digital volumen korstanje e visiting risk perception theory context travels e review tourism_research volumen_issue volumen_issue_korstanje el la n lisis tico sobre los de n revista_de antropolog experimental volumen_issue_korstanje e la isla el viaje tur stico una n del de michael bay el pensamiento fico contempor neo revista turismo sociedad volumen korstanje busby g understanding bible roots physical origin tourism e review tourism_research volumen_issue_korstanje e legacy huntington afterwards crossroads journal volumen_issue_korstanje e una n pensamiento de_la una revista_de historia social literatura rica volumen_issue_korstanje e tarlow p lost risk vulnerability post entertainment_industry journal tourism_cultural change volumen_issue pp_korstanje george_b falkland relationship tourism_development current issues tourism volumen_issue_korstanje olsen discourse risk horror movies post hospitality hostility perspective international_journal tourism anthropology volumen_issue_korstanje clayton tourism terrorism conflicts commonalities worldwide_hospitality_tourism themes volumen_issue_korstanje e cultural_tourism anthropologist perspective journal heritage_tourism volumen_issue_korstanje e terrorism future cultura international_journal philosophy culture volumen_issue pp_korstanje e chile helps theffects earthquake chile international_journal disasteresilience built_environment volumen_issue_korstanje e risk research prominent english_speaking countries digital societies international_journal cyber_warfare terrorism volumen_issue pp_korstanje e tarlow p skoll g disasters times japan international_journal baudrillard studies volumen_issue department sociology bishop university montreal canada korstanje e towards index ofear role capital risk reconstruction international_journal cyber_warfare terrorism volumen_issue pp_korstanje el miedo pol tico el_de hannah revista volumen_issue pp sociedad argentina de lisis pol tico buenos_aires argentina korstanje e review narratives americas sociological review volumen_issue pp_korstanje e spirit terrorism_tourism terrorism pasos revista_de turismo patrimonio cultural volumen_issue pp_korstanje n conceptual de_la literatura tur_stica terrorismo una n estudios perspectivas turismo volumen_issue pp skoll g korstanje urban tourism el journal heritage_tourism volumen_issue_korstanje george_b insurance purchase behaviour say risks study argentine context special focus travel_insurance international_journal disasteresilience built_environment volumen_issue tzanelli r korstanje tourism theuropean economicrisis new tourist greece volumen_issue_korstanje g e chile que sports conflicts chronicles hospitality event management volumen_issue_korstanje f miedo pol tica el_de nacional argentina revista historia volumen_issue_korstanje e review el gran terror miedo n chile sociological review volumen_issue_korstanje e terrorism led investigation modern tourism terrorism means terrorism political hot spots volumen_issue nova_science publishers new e el_de una n conceptual revista_de filosof volumen filosof universidad aut noma de madrid espa korstanje e cultural roots risks mobilities risk work underdeveloped countries international_journal risk contingency management volumen_issue suny igi_global hershey_pennsylvania korstanje e la b del para del turismo pasos revista_de turismo patrimonio cultural volumen_issue universidade laguna espa korstanje e tzanelli r filosof del de movilidad una construcci n la de los perspectivas turismo volumen mero pp important chapters books korstanje e foreword el miedo pol tico el gran terror miedo n chile de nacional argentina editorial santiago korstanje e chile nacional la de el_de las argentina chile del ivan editor santiago de pp_korstanje e preface best practices tourism risk management safety security tourism security strategies managing travel risk safety peter tarlow new_york elsevier korstanje mustelier c l methodological problems tourism_research radical critique global dynamic travel_tourism hospitality edited university lincoln uk university west london_uk igi_global pennsylvania gray korstanje g skoll managing marketing tourism experiences extending travel risk perception literature risk perception managing marketing tourism experiences issues challenges approaches chapter pp editors emerald e preface el_del una ciudad mar tima san n urban gico la n contempor nea de sus de de universidade laguna laguna skoll g korstanje disaster religiosity de croma n buenos_aires argentina religious_tourism pilgrimage management international perspective edition edited raj kevin griffin pp uk cabi korstanje e introduction tourism security tourism age terror holistic optimization techniques hospitality_tourism_travel industry chapter ppandian vasant kalaivanthan hershey_igi_global korstanje e risk terrorism_tourism consumption thend tourism holistic optimization techniques hospitality_tourism_travel industry chapter ppandian vasant kalaivanthan hershey_igi_global korstanje e mansfield critical notes use heritage_tourism studies literature society critical perspectives chapter pp editor prayer raj new_delhi korstanje e touring roots terrorism violence society research information resources management association usa chapter hershey_pennsylvania igi_global korstanje e h sociology consumption tourism chapter routledge handbook consumer behaviours hospitality_tourism abingdon routledge korstanje e paradoxical world role technology thana_capitalism encyclopedia information science technology th_editor pour chapter igi_global hershey_pennsylvania us f korstanje constructing internal terrorism violence latin_america decade international_journal terrorism political hot spots volumen_issue new_york nova_science publishers korstanje e industry cruises hospitality cruise tourism approach claudia portugal pp_korstanje e roots evilness revolt lucifer ideological messaging role politicaliterature chapter onder cakirtas hershey_igi_global korstanje e allegory rise thana_capitalism ideological messaging role politicaliterature chapter onder cakirtas hershey_igi_global korstanje baker politics dark_tourism case croma n buenos_aires argentina peter chapter palgrave handbook dark_tourism studies palgrave macmillan handayani b korstanje dark sites sacred sites chapter towards new dark_tourism korstanje handayani b gazing death dark_tourism emergent horizon research korstanje handayani b new_york nova_science publishers korstanje culture roots dark_tourism korstanje handayani b gazing death dark_tourism emergent horizon research korstanje handayani b new_york nova_science publishers echarri chavez mustelier cisneros l korstanje roots christianity study case understanding religious_tourism chapter conflicts religion culture_tourism razaq raj griffin k wallingford cabi echarri chavez mustellier cisneros l imagining culture religious_tourism conflict chapter conflicts religion culture_tourism razaq raj griffin k wallingford cabi uk important books externalinks webpage maximiliano korstanje research gate webpage maximiliano korstanje webpage maximiliano korstanje google scholar articles maximiliano korstanje popular november n del investigation discovery la del terrorismo la san martin maximiliano korstanje la movilidad el terror global december de_la october blog de german lopez israel la cond nastraveller october por nos turismo negro cond nastraveller october la cond nastraveller october por hay la que la august laura por nos el turismo cat nica popular december maximiliano korstanje el negro de paris vice news july mark hay asked terrorism experts olympics el mostrador online december maximiliano gran terror las del miedo pol tico el mostrador online november maximiliano korstanje donald trump el terrorismo universidade palermo argentina june rise thana_capitalism tourism de una death seekers may turismo negro por nos los lugares la june turismo negro una que n universidade palermo argentina december el nuevo del maximiliano e korstanje turismo cat december turismo cat del dark_tourism cultura italy may del dark_tourism el mostrador online may el terrorismo como de el mostrador online santiago de chile la del interior may turismo negro una n la n la virginia la del interior igi_global may alex johnson igi_global contributors express thoughts recent massive cyber attack massive hershey_pennsylvania us el_de la june luis turismo n la category_births_category_living_people_category argentine non_fiction writers_category terrorism category war terror category category_tourism category wars category violence category_university palermo faculty category_human_rights category critical category disasters category discourse analysis category st_century philosophers"},{"title":"Maximus\/Minimus","description":"file maximus minimus food truck seattle washingtonjpg thumb px the maximus minimus food truck athe corner of pike street and avenue in downtown seattle washington file seattle maximus minimus food truck jpg thumb the truck service window file seattle maximus minimus food truck jpg thumb left side view of maximus minimus maximus minimus is a food truck based in seattle washington state washington maximus minimus food truck of seattle interview pbs food it was established by kurt beecher dammeier in june and the truck was designed by colin reedy restaurants maximus minimus pork on the move seattle times newspaper dammeier alsowns the truck and enterprise the truck was builto resemble a pig and has metallic enhancements that resemble a pig snout and ears the truck often parks ath avenue and pike street in downtown seattle and also purveys at festivals and farmer s markets the truck is open to the public from april toctober and closes during the winter the truck s fare specializes in pork dishes and includesandwichesuch as pulled pork and other foodsuch as chicken and vegetarian sandwiches macaroni and cheese pozole and coleslaw great places to feast from a food truck usatodaycom dishes are available in bold maximus and light minimustyles based upon the types of sauces used seattle news and events minimus is more at maximus minimus the maximusauce is prepared with peppers onion fruit juice and beer and istronger and spicier in flavor while the milder minimusauce is prepared with tamarind molasses and honey and has a sweet flavor the truck uses cheese sourced from beecher s handmade cheese an artisan cheesemaker and retail shop founded by dammeier and based in the pike place market in seattle what s fresh athe markethe issaquah press the foods used are locally sourced and all natural the truck s fare has been described as barbecue but dammeier hastated that it is not barbecue and thathe fare derives its flavor from the sauces used there is a brick and mortarestaurant based on the truck max s max s coming soon south lake union seattle wa restaurant bareviews the stranger that is projected topen some time in early this location has been referred to as the mothership to the truck maximus minimus has received reviews and coverage on public broadcasting service 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maximus_minimus_food_truck seattle interview pbs food established kurt beecher dammeier june truck designed colin restaurants maximus_minimus pork move seattle times newspaper dammeier alsowns truck enterprise truck builto resemble pig metallic resemble pig ears truck often parks avenue pike street downtown seattle also festivals farmer markets truck open public april toctober closes winter truck fare specializes pork dishes pulled pork foodsuch chicken vegetarian sandwiches macaroni cheese great places feast food_truck dishes available bold maximus light based_upon types sauces used seattle news events minimus maximus_minimus prepared peppers onion fruit juice beer flavor prepared honey sweet flavor truck uses cheese sourced beecher cheese artisan retail shop founded dammeier based pike place market seattle fresh athe markethe press foods used locally sourced natural truck fare described barbecue dammeier hastated barbecue thathe fare derives flavor sauces used brick based truck max max coming soon south lake union seattle restaurant stranger projected topen time early location referred mothership truck maximus_minimus received reviews coverage public broadcasting service pbs usa_today nbc news parade magazine parade seattle weekly stranger newspaper stranger modern episode favorite foods usa episode maximus_minimus traveling seattle restaurant cities floor others brake business nbc news best_new school restaurant critics favorite barbecue joints rated one america top street_food vendors america food_vendors see_also list_ofood food externalinks_category_establishments washington_state category_companies_based seattle category_food trucks_category_restaurants established"},{"title":"Meadery","description":"file the waterside meadery penzance geographorguk jpg thumb the waterside meadery penzance a meadery is a winery that produces honey wines or mead s particularly in cornwall a meadery can also refer to a type of restauranthat serves mead and food with a medieval 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community exploded since making_ithe fastest_growing alcoholic_beverage category us references_category mead category_types restaurants_category cuisine"},{"title":"Meal delivery service","description":"a meal delivery service mds is a service that sends customers fresh meal preparation prepared meals delivered to their homes theservices individually package pre portioned meals to assist with eating a healthy dietheservices cook and prepare meals for customers meals may come in small tupperware containers and are often labeled with nutritional information there are also many options for specific dietypes like vegetariand vegan theservices often operate on a subscription business model rather than by individual order as in pizza delivery an alternate type of meal delivery service is a meal kit which distributes ingredients and recipes that customers prepare themselves list of meal delivery services nutrisystem jenny craig category foodservice category 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is one where the customer picks one meat from a daily selection of three to six choicesuch as fried chicken country ham beef chicken fried steak country fried steak meatloaf or pork chop and three side dish es from a listhat may include up to a dozen other options usually vegetable s potato es corn green bean green or lima bean s but alsother selectionsuch as gelatin dessert gelatin creamed corn macaroni and cheese and spaghetti a meat and three meal is often served with cornbread and sweetea meat and three is popular throughouthe united states but its roots can be traced to tennessee and its capital of nashville the phrase has been described as implyinglorious vittleserved with utmost informality it is also associated with soul food similar concepts include the hawaiian plate lunch which features a variety of entr e choices butypically hastandardized side items and the southern louisiana plate lunch which features menu options that change daily it isomewhat similar to a blue plate 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side items southern louisiana plate_lunch features menu options change daily similar blue_plate special fixed menu boston market chain restaurants_offers similar style ofood selection see_also list restauranterminology nick garbage plate garbage plate category cuisine southern_united_states category_types restaurants_category_restauranterminology category_culture nashville tennessee category_food combinations"},{"title":"Medical tourism","description":"medical tourism refers to people traveling to a country other than their own tobtain medical treatment in the pasthis usually referred to those who traveled from less developed countries to major medical centers in highly developed countries for treatment unavailable at home however in recent years it may equally refer to those from developed countries who travel to developing countries for lower priced medical treatments the motivation may be for medical services unavailable or illegal in the home country medical tourismost often is for surgery surgeries cosmetic or otherwise or similar treatments though people also travel for dental tourism or fertility tourism people with rare conditions may travel to countries where the treatment is better understood however almost all types of health care available including psychiatry alternative medicine convalescent care and even burial services medical tourists are subjecto a number of risksuch as deep vein thrombosis from air travel or poor post operative care health tourism is a wider term for travel that focus on medical treatments and the use of healthcare services it covers a wide field of health oriented tourism ranging from preventive and health conductive treatmento rehabilitational and curative forms of travel wellness tourism is a related field the first recorded instance of people travelling for medical treatment dates back thousands of years to when greeks greek pilgrims traveled from theastern mediterranean to a small area in the saronic gulf called epidauria this territory was the sanctuary of thealingod asklepiospa town s and sanatorium sanitaria werearly forms of medical tourism in th century europe patients visited spas because they were places with supposedly health giving mineral water s treating diseases from gouto liver disorders and bronchitis gahlinger pm the medical tourism travel guide your complete reference top quality low cost dental cosmetic medical care surgery overseasunrise river press factors that have led to the increasing popularity of medical travel include the high cost of health care long waitimes for certain procedures thease and affordability of international travel and improvements in both technology and standards of care in many countrieslaurie goering for big surgery delhis dealing the chicago tribune march the avoidance of waiting times is the leading factor for medical tourism from the uk whereas in the us the main reason is cheaper prices abroad many surgery procedures performed in medical tourism destinations cost a fraction of the price they do in other countries for example in the united states a liver transplanthat may cost usd would generally cost about usd in taiwan a large draw to medical travel is convenience and speed countries that operate public health care systems often have long waitimes for certain operations for example an estimated canadian patientspent an average waiting time of weeks on medical waiting lists in the private cost of public queues in fraser institute canada has also set waiting time benchmarks for non urgent medical procedures including a week waiting period for a hip replacement and a week wait for cataract surgery waitimeshorter for somedical procedures report canwest newservice in first world countriesuch as the united states medical tourism has large growth prospects and potentially destabilizing implications a forecast by deloitte consulting published in august projected that medical tourism originating in the us could jump by a factor of ten over the next decade an estimated americans went abroad for health care in and the report estimated that million would seek health care outside the us in the growth in medical tourism has the potential to cost us health care providers billions of dollars in lost revenuelinda johnson americans look abroad to save on health care medical tourism could jump tenfold inext decade the san francisco chronicle august an authority athe harvard businesschool stated that medical tourism is promoted much more heavily in the united kingdom than in the united states lagace martha the rise of medical tourism harvard businesschool working knowledge decemberetrieved july additionally some patients in some first world countries are finding that insuranceither does not cover orthopedic surgery such as knee or hip replacement or limits the choice of the facility surgeon or prosthetics to be used popular medical travel worldwidestinations include canada costa rica ecuador india israel jordan malaysia mexico singapore south korea taiwan thailand turkey united states patient beyond borders medical tourism factstatistics retrieved july popular destinations for cosmetic surgery include argentina bolivia brazil colombia costa rica cuba ecuador mexico turkey thailand ukraine according to the sociedad boliviana de cirugia plastica y reconstructiva more than of middle and upper class women in the country have had some form of plastic surgery other destination countries include belgium poland slovakia ukraine and south africa medical tourism need surgery will travel cbc news online june retrieved september some people travel for assisted reproductive technology assisted pregnancy such as in vitro fertilization or surrogate pregnancy surrogacy or freezing embryos foretro production however perceptions of medical tourism are not always positive in places like the us whichas high standards of quality medical tourism is viewed as risky in some parts of the world wider political issues can influence where medical tourists will choose to seek out health care health tourism provider s have developed as intermediaries which unite potential medical tourists with provider hospitals and other organizations companies that focus on medical value travel typically provide nurse case managers to assist patients with pre and postravel medical issues they may also helprovide resources for follow up care upon the patient s return circumvention tourism is also an area of medical tourism that has grown circumvention tourism is travel in order to access medical services that are legal in the destination country but illegal in the home country this can include travel for fertility treatments that aren t yet approved in the home country abortion andoctor assisted suicide abortion tourism can be found most commonly in europe where travel between countries is relatively simple ireland poland two european countries withighly restrictive abortion laws have the highest rates of circumvention tourism in poland especially it is estimated that each year nearly women travel to the uk where abortion services are free through the national health service there are also efforts being made by independent organizations andoctorsuch as with women on waves to help women circumvent draconian laws in order to access medical services with women on waves the organization uses a mobile clinic aboard a ship to provide medical abortions international waters where the law of the country whose flag is flown applies international healthcare accreditation international healthcare accreditation is the process of certifying a level of quality for healthcare providers and programs across multiple countries list of international healthcare accreditation organizations international healthcare accreditation organizations certify a wide range of healthcare programsuch as hospitals primary care centers medical transport and ambulatory care services there are a number of accreditation schemes available based in a number of different countries around the world the oldest international accrediting body is accreditation canada formerly known as the canadian council on health services accreditation which accredited the bermuda hospital board asoon asince then it has accredited hospitals and health service organizations in ten other countries file goldseal colorjpg alt jci gold seal an example of international hospital standard accreditation thumb jci gold seal an example of international hospital standard accreditation in the united states the accreditation group joint commission international jci was formed in to provide international clients education and consulting services many international hospitals today see obtaining international accreditation as a way to attract american patients medical tourismagazine medical tourism association february joint commission international is a relative of the joint commission in the united states both are ustyle independent private sector not for profit organizations that develop nationally and internationally recognized procedures and standards to help improve patient care and safety they work withospitals to help themeet joint commission standards for patient care and then accredithose hospitals meeting the standards a british scheme qha trent accreditation is an active independent holistic accreditation scheme as well as gcrorg which monitors the success metrics and standards of almost medical clinics worldwide the different international healthcare accreditation schemes vary in quality size cost intent and the skill and intensity of their marketing they also vary in terms of costo hospitals and healthcare institutions making use of them indiaccreditation a must international medical travel journal increasingly some hospitals are looking towards dual international accreditation perhaps having both jci to cover potential us clientele and accreditation canada or qha trent as a result of competition between clinics for american medical tourists there have been initiatives to rank hospitals based on patient reported metrics medical tourism carriesome risks that locally provided medical care does not some countriesuch asouth africa or thailand havery different infectious disease related epidemiology to europe and north america exposure to diseases without having built up natural immunity can be a hazard for weakened individualspecifically with respecto gastrointestinal diseases eg hepatitis amoebic dysentery paratyphoid which could weaken progress and expose the patiento mosquito borne disease mosquito transmittediseases influenzand tuberculosis however because in poor tropical nations diseases run the gamut doctorseem to be more open to the possibility of considering any infectious disease including hiv tb and typhoid while there are cases in the west where patients were consistently misdiagnosed for years because such diseases are perceived to be rare in the westhe quality of post operative care can also vary dramatically depending on the hospital and country and may be different from us or european standards also traveling long distancesoon after surgery can increase the risk of complications long flights andecreased mobility associated with window seats can predispose one towards developing deep vein thrombosis and potentially a pulmonary embolism other vacation activities can be problematic as well for example scars may become darker and more noticeable if they sunburn while healing caring for your incision after surgery familydoctororg american academy ofamily physicians decemberetrieved july also health facilities treating medical tourists may lack an adequate complaints policy to deal appropriately and fairly with complaints made by dissatisfied patients differences in healthcare provider standards around the world have been recognised by the world health organization and in it launched the world alliance for patient safety this body assists hospitals and government around the world in setting patient safety policy and practices that can become particularly relevant when providing medical tourism services if there are complications the patient may need to stay in the foreign country for longer than planned or if they have returned home will not haveasy access for follow up care legal issues receiving medical care abroad may subject medical tourists to unfamiliar legal issues the limited nature of litigation in various countries is one reason for the lower cost of care overseas while some countries currently presenting themselves as attractive medical tourism destinations provide some form of legal remedies for medical malpractice these legal avenues may be unappealing to the medical tourist should problems arise patients might not be covered by adequate personal insurance or might be unable to seek compensation via malpractice lawsuits hospitals and or doctors in some countries may be unable to pay the financial damages awarded by a courto a patient who hasued them owing to the hospital and or the doctor not possessing appropriate insurance cover and or medical indemnity issues can also arise for patients who seek out services that are illegal in their home country in this case some countries have the jurisdiction to prosecute their citizen once they have returned home or in extreme cases extraterritorially arrest and prosecute in ireland especially in the s there were cases of young rape victims who were banned from traveling to europe to get legal abortions ultimately ireland supreme court overturned the ban they and many other countries have since created righto travel amendments ethical issues there can be major ethical issues around medical tourism for example the illegal purchase of organs and tissues for transplantation had been methodically documented and studied in countriesuch as india china colombiand the philippines the declaration of istanbul distinguishes between ethically problematic transplantourism and travel for transplantation medical tourismay raise broader ethical issues for the countries in which it is promoted for example india some argue that a policy of medical tourism for the classes and health missions for the masses willead to a deepening of the inequities already embedded in thealth care system in thailand in it wastated that doctors in thailand have become so busy with foreigners thathai patients are having trouble getting care medical tourism centered onew technologiesuch astem cell treatments is often criticized on grounds ofraud blatant lack of scientific rationale and patient safety however when pioneering advanced technologiesuch as providing unproven therapies to patients outside of regular clinical trials it is often challenging to differentiate between acceptable medical innovation and unacceptable patient exploitation isscr guidelines for the clinical translation of stem cells employer sponsored health care in the usome us employers have begun exploring medical travel programs as a way to cut employee health care prices in the united states health care costsuch proposals have raised stormy debates between employers and trade union s representing workers with one union stating that it deplored the shocking new approach offering employees overseas treatment in return for a share of the company savings the unions also raise the issues of legaliability should somethingo wrong and potential job losses in the us health care industry if treatment is outsourcing outsourced union disrupts plan to send ailing workers to india for cheaper medical care the new york times employers may offer incentivesuch as paying for air travel and waiving out of pocket expenses for care outside of the us for example in january hannaford bros a supermarket chain based in maine began paying thentire medical bill for employees to travel to singapore for hip and knee replacements including travel for the patient and companionmcginley laurie health matters the next wave of medical tourists might include you wall street journal february retrieved march medical travel packages can integrate with all types of health insurance including limited benefit plans mini meds limited benefit plans provide cost effective compromise houston business journal preferred provider organization s and high deductible health plan high deductible health plan s in blue shield of california began the united state s first cross border health plan patients in california could travel tone of the three certified hospitals in mexico for treatment under california blue shield in a subsidiary of bluecross blueshield of south carolina companion global healthcare teamed up withospitals in thailand singapore turkey ireland costa ricand indiabruceinhorn outsourcing the patients businessweek march article in fast company magazine fast company discusses the globalization of healthcare andescribes how various players in the us healthcare market have begun to explore itgreg lindsay medicaleave fast company may retrieved october destinations africand the middleast jordan through their private hospitals association managed to attract international patients accompanied by more than companions in with a total revenues exceeding b us jordan won the medical destination of the year award in the imtj medical travel awards healthcare in israel is a popular destination for medical tourism health ministry to probe israel medical tourism industry following haaretz expos haaretz nov many medical tourists to israel come from europe particularly the former soviet union as well as the united states australia cyprus and south africa medical tourists come to israel for a variety of surgical procedures and therapies including bone marrow transplants heart surgery and catheterizationcological and neurological treatments orthopedic procedures car accident rehabilitation and in vitro fertilization israel s popularity as a destination for medical tourism stems from it istatus as a developed country with a high quality level of medical care while athe same time having lower medical costs than many other developed countries israel is particularly popular as a destination for bone marrow transplants among cypriots as the procedure is not available in cyprus and forthopedic procedures among americans as the cost of orthopedic procedures in israel is about half that of in the united states israel is a particularly popular destination for people seeking ifv treatments medical tourists in israel use both public and private hospitals and all major israeli hospitals offer medical tourism packages which typically cost far less than comparable procedures than in facilities elsewhere with a similarly high standard of care in it was estimated that roughly medical tourists came to israel annually there areports thathese medical tourists obtain preferential treatmento the detriment of local patients in addition some people come to israel to visit health resorts athe dead seand on lake kinneret in people came to healthcare in iran to receive medical treatment in it is estimated that between and health tourists came to irand this figure is expected to rise to a year iran has low endemicity for hepatitis b virus and hepatitis c virus infections and there is a uniquexperience of control of these infections that can be presented to people in middleast countries the pharmaceutical companies in iran produces the drugs needed for control of hcv and hbv infection such as tenofovir disoproxil peg interferon sofosbuvir daclatasvir and ledipasvir with very low prices and high efficacy sadeghi f salehi vaziri m almasi hashiani a gholami fesharaki m pakzad r alavian sm prevalence of hepatitis c virus genotypes among patients in countries of theastern mediterranean regional office of who emro a systematic review and metanalysis hepat mon e south africa healthcare in south africa south africa is the first country in africa to emerge as a medical tourism destination healthcare in brazil in brazil albert einstein hospital in s o paulo was the first jci accredited facility outside of the us and more than a dozen brazilian medical facilities have since been similarly accredited in comparison to us health costs patients can save to percent on health costs in healthcare in canada in thearly s americans illegally using counterfeit borrowed or fraudulently obtained canadian health insurance cards tobtain free healthcare in canada became a serious issue due to the high costs it imposed costa rica in costa rica there are two joint commission accreditation of healthcare organizations international accreditation joint commission international accredited jci hospitals both are in san jose costa rica when the world health organization who ranked the world s health systems in the year costa rica was ranked as no which was higher than the us and together with dominica it dominated the list amongsthe central american countries the deloitte center for health solutions reported a cost savings average of between of us prices medical tourism consumers in search of value deloitte development llcayman islands health care in the united states united states a mckinsey and co report from found that between and medical tourists were traveling to the united states for the purpose of receiving in patient medical care the same mckinsey study estimated that american medical tourists traveled from the united states tother countries in up from in fred hansen institute of public affairs review article january the availability of advanced medical technology and sophisticated training of physicians are cited as driving motivators for growth in foreigners traveling to the us for medical care whereas the low costs for hospital stays and major complex procedures at western accredited medical facilities abroad are cited as major motivators for american travelers also the decline in us currency international use value of the us dollar between and used toffer additional incentives foreign travel to the us although cost differences between the us and many locations in asiare larger thany currency fluctuationseveral major medical centers and teaching hospitals offer international patient centers that cater to patients from foreign countries who seek medical treatment in the us international medical servicestanford hospital stanford hospital clinics many of these organizations offer service coordinators to assist international patients with arrangements for medical care accommodations finances and transportation including air ambulance services asiand the pacific islands healthcare in china chin a investigations into kilgour matas report organ harvesting have been carried out david kilgour david matas july revised january an independent investigation into allegations of organ harvesting ofalun gong practitioners in china free in languages organharvestinvestigationnet investigative journalist ethan gutmann estimates thathe organs ofalun gong and two to four thousand uyghur people uyghurs tibetan people tibetans or house christians were harvested in the period alone david kilgour december a history of organ pillaging in china thepoch timesethan gutmann marchow many harvested revisited eastofethancom it is likely that each person who travels to china for an organ causes the death of another human transplantourists unwitting beneficiaries of prisoner organ harvest voices in bioethics october furthermore in their announcements to end organ harvesting from prisoners china only speaks of executed prisoners doctors against forced organ harvesting dec world should be skeptical of china s announcemento end organ harvesting from executed prisoners by january pr newswire why china will struggle to end organ harvesting from executed prisoners cnn dec but has not acknowledged the organ procurement from non consenting prisoners of conscience state sanctioned organ harvesting continues to this day according to doctors against forced organ harvesting representative dr chen forum on china state sanctioned forced organ harvesting held in uk parliament clearwisdomnet december ctrip s online medical tourism report indicates thathe number of travelers who enroll in the oversea medical tourism through its platform increased fivefold over the previous year and more than chinese visitors arexpected to gon medical tourism the top medical tourism destinations are japan korea the us taiwan germany singapore malaysia sweden thailand india regular health checks made up the majority share of chinese medical tourism in representing over of all medical tourism trips for tourists originating in china hong kong all of hong kong s private hospitals have been surveyed and accredited by the uk s trent accreditation scheme sincearly medical tourism is a growing sector in healthcare india india is becoming the nd medical tourism destination after thailand chennais regarded as india s health city as it attracts of health tourists visiting indiand of domestic health tourists india s medical tourism sector was expected to experience annual growth rate ofromaking it a billion industry by indian medical tourism touch rs crore by theconomic times posted on indianhealthcarein as medical treatment costs in the developed world balloon withe united states leading the way more and more westerners are finding the prospect of international travel for medical care increasingly appealing an estimated of these travel to india for low priced healthcare procedures everyear cosmetic surgery bariatric surgery knee cap knee cap replacements liver transplantation liver transplants and management of cancer treatments are some of the most sought out medical tourism procedures opted by foreigners healthcare in malaysia medical tourism in malaysia health care inew zealand new zealand in it was estimated that on average new zealand surgical costs are around to the cost of the same surgical procedure in the usa healthcare in singapore has a dozen hospitals and health centers with jci accreditation joint commission international jci accredited organizations in medical expenditure generated fromedical tourists mostly fromore complex medical proceduresuch as heart surgery was million a decline ofrom s billion as the hospitals faced more competition from neighbouring countries for less complex work thailand has jci accredited hospitals in the thai dental council was established and is the premier governing body of dental practices in thailand has now formulated uniform competency requirements for dental practitioners thus directly influencing the medical andental teaching programs the ministry of public health plays an important role in developing healthcare to promote scientific baseducation in addition the thai government has placed a more important role in public health programs for its citizens foreignerseeking treatment for everything from open heart surgery to gendereassignment have made thailand a popular destination for medical tourism attracting an estimated million patients in upercent in medical tourists pumped as much as us billion into the thailand s economy according to government statistics the development of thailand sex reassignment surgery has expanded the country s medical tourist industry throughouthe years through the portrayal of kathoey transgender women represented in the media thailand has become one of the leading countries with a growing number of medical tourism per year medical tourism to thailand medical tourism to thailand getting medical treatment in thailand np nd web apr in it was ruled that under the conditions of the european health scheme uk health authorities had to pay the bill if one of their patients could establish urgent medical reasons for seeking quicker treatment in another european union country theuropean directive on the application of patients rights to cross border healthcare was agreed in healthcare in finland on december the city of helsinki decided that all minors under the age of and all pregnant mothers living in helsinki without a valid visa oresidence permit are granted the righto the same health care and athe same price as all citizens of the city thiservice will be available sometimearlyear volunteer doctors of global clinic have tried to help these people for whom only acute care has been available this means thathealthcare in finland finnishealth care system is open for all people coming outside of theuropean union the service coverspecial child health care maternity clinics and specialist medical caretc practically for free it istill unclear if this will increase so called health care tourism because all you have to do is come to helsinki as a tourist and lethe visa expire the global clinic in turku offers health care for all undocumented immigrants for free british nhs patients have been offered treatment in health care in france to reduce waiting lists for hip knee and cataract surgery since france is a popular tourist destination but also ranked the world s leading health care system by the world health organization european court of justice said that national health servicengland has to pay back british patients athis momenthe number of patients is growing and in france hascored in the medical tourism index healthcare in serbia has a variety of clinics catering to medical tourists in areas of cosmetic surgery dental care fertility treatment and weight loss procedures the country is also a major international hub for gendereassignment surgery the cost of medical treatments in health care in turkey is quite affordable compared to western european countries therefore thousands of peopleach year travel turkey for their medical treatments turkey is especially becoming a hub for hair transplant surgery united kingdom the national health service is publicly owned it attracts medical tourism principally to specialist centres in london some private hospitals and clinics in the united kingdom are medical tourism destinations very few uk private hospitals have gone through independent international accreditation they have the mandatory registration withe uk s watchdog the care quality commission so they have not as yet measured themselves againsthe best clinics and hospitals elsewhere in the world it is alleged that health tourists in the uk often targethe nhs for its free athe point of care treatment allegedly costing the nhs up to million a study in concluded thathe uk was a net exporter of medical tourists with uk residents travelling abroad for treatment and about patients getting treatment in uk medical tourists treated as private patients by nhs trusts are more profitable than uk private patients yielding close to a quarter of the revenue from only of volume of cases uk dental patients largely go to hungary and poland fertility tourists mostly travel to eastern europe cyprus and spain the summer of immigration officers from the border force were stationed in st george s university hospitals nhs foundation trusto train staff to identify potentially chargeable patients in october the trust announced that it planned to require photo identity papers or proof theirighto remain the uk such asylum status or a visa for pregnant women those not able to provide satisfactory documents would be sento the trust s overseas patienteam for specialist document screening in liaison withe ukba border agency and the home office it was estimated that million a year waspent on care for ineligible patientsee also wellness tourism consumer import of prescription drugs businesses may move health care overseas washington post cbc news on medical tourism need surgery will travel a cut below americans look abroad for health care abc news medical tourisminutes cbs news externalinks listings of medical tourism websites open directory project category medical tourism category types of 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consumer","consumer import","prescription drugs","drugs businesses","businesses may","may move","move health","health care","care overseas","overseas washington","washington post","post cbc","cbc news","news medical","medical tourism","tourism need","need surgery","americans look","look abroad","health care","care abc","abc news","news medical","cbs news","news externalinks","externalinks listings","medical tourism","tourism websites","websites open","open directory","directory project","project category","category medical","medical tourism","tourism category","category types"],"new_description":"medical tourism refers people traveling country tobtain medical_treatment usually referred traveled less developed_countries major medical_centers highly developed_countries treatment unavailable home however recent_years may equally refer developed_countries travel developing_countries lower priced medical_treatments motivation may medical services unavailable illegal home_country medical often surgery surgeries cosmetic otherwise similar treatments though people also travel dental tourism fertility tourism people rare conditions may travel countries treatment better understood however almost types health_care available including alternative medicine care even services medical_tourists subjecto number deep vein air_travel poor post care health_tourism wider term travel focus medical_treatments use healthcare_services covers wide field health oriented tourism ranging preventive health forms travel wellness_tourism_related field first recorded instance people travelling medical_treatment dates_back thousands years greeks greek pilgrims traveled theastern mediterranean small area gulf called territory sanctuary town forms medical_tourism th_century europe patients visited spas places supposedly health giving mineral water treating diseases liver disorders gahlinger medical_tourism travel_guide complete reference top quality low_cost dental cosmetic medical_care surgery river press factors led increasing popularity medical_travel include high cost health_care long certain procedures thease affordability international_travel improvements technology standards care many big surgery dealing chicago_tribune march avoidance waiting times leading factor medical_tourism uk whereas us main reason cheaper prices abroad many surgery procedures performed medical_tourism destinations cost fraction price countries example united_states liver may cost usd would generally cost usd taiwan large draw medical_travel convenience speed countries operate public_health_care systems often long certain operations example estimated canadian average waiting time weeks medical waiting lists private cost public queues fraser institute canada also set waiting time non urgent medical procedures including week waiting period hip replacement week wait surgery procedures report first_world countriesuch united_states medical_tourism large growth prospects potentially implications forecast deloitte consulting published august projected medical_tourism originating us could jump factor ten next decade estimated americans went abroad health_care report estimated million would seek health_care outside us growth medical_tourism potential cost us health_care providers dollars lost johnson americans look abroad save health_care medical_tourism could jump decade san_francisco chronicle august authority athe harvard businesschool stated medical_tourism promoted much heavily united_kingdom united_states martha rise medical_tourism harvard businesschool working knowledge july additionally patients first_world countries finding cover orthopedic surgery knee hip replacement limits choice facility used popular medical_travel include canada costa_rica ecuador india israel jordan malaysia mexico singapore south_korea taiwan thailand turkey united_states patient beyond_borders medical_tourism retrieved_july popular_destinations cosmetic surgery include argentina bolivia brazil colombia costa_rica cuba ecuador mexico turkey thailand ukraine according sociedad de middle upper_class women country form plastic surgery destination countries include belgium poland slovakia ukraine south_africa medical_tourism need surgery travel cbc news online june_retrieved september people travel assisted reproductive technology assisted pregnancy vitro fertilization surrogate pregnancy surrogacy freezing embryos production however perceptions medical_tourism always positive places like us whichas high standards quality medical_tourism viewed risky parts world wider political issues influence medical_tourists choose seek health_care health_tourism provider developed unite potential medical_tourists provider hospitals organizations companies focus medical value travel typically provide nurse case managers assist patients pre medical issues may_also resources follow care upon patient return circumvention tourism_also area medical_tourism grown circumvention tourism_travel order access medical services legal destination country illegal home_country include travel fertility treatments yet approved home_country abortion assisted_suicide abortion tourism found commonly europe travel countries relatively simple ireland poland two european_countries restrictive abortion laws highest rates circumvention tourism poland especially estimated year nearly women travel uk abortion services free national health service also efforts made independent organizations women waves help women laws order access medical services women waves organization uses mobile clinic aboard ship provide medical abortions international waters law country whose flag flown applies international_healthcare_accreditation international_healthcare_accreditation process level quality healthcare providers programs across multiple countries list international_healthcare_accreditation organizations international_healthcare_accreditation organizations wide_range healthcare programsuch hospitals primary care centers medical transport care services number accreditation_schemes available based number different_countries around world oldest international body accreditation canada formerly_known canadian council health services accreditation accredited bermuda hospital board asoon accredited hospitals health service organizations ten countries file alt jci gold seal example international hospital standard accreditation thumb jci gold seal example international hospital standard accreditation united_states accreditation group joint_commission_international jci formed provide international clients education consulting services many international hospitals today see obtaining international_accreditation way attract american patients medical_tourismagazine medical_tourism association february joint_commission_international relative joint_commission united_states independent private_sector profit_organizations develop nationally internationally recognized procedures standards help improve patient care safety work help joint_commission standards patient care hospitals meeting standards british scheme trent accreditation active independent holistic accreditation scheme well monitors success standards almost medical clinics worldwide different international_healthcare_accreditation_schemes vary quality size cost intent skill intensity marketing also vary terms costo hospitals healthcare institutions making use must international medical_travel journal increasingly hospitals looking towards dual international_accreditation perhaps jci cover potential us clientele accreditation canada trent result competition clinics american medical_tourists initiatives rank hospitals based patient reported medical_tourism risks locally provided medical_care countriesuch africa thailand different infectious disease related europe north_america exposure diseases without built natural immunity hazard respecto diseases hepatitis could progress borne disease however poor tropical nations diseases run open possibility considering infectious disease including hiv typhoid cases west patients consistently years diseases perceived rare westhe quality post care also vary dramatically depending hospital country may different us european standards also traveling long surgery increase risk complications long flights mobility associated window seats one towards developing deep vein potentially vacation activities problematic well example may become darker noticeable caring surgery american academy physicians july also health facilities treating medical_tourists_may lack adequate complaints policy deal fairly complaints made dissatisfied patients differences healthcare provider standards around world recognised world health organization launched world alliance patient safety body assists hospitals government around world setting patient safety policy practices become particularly relevant providing medical_tourism services complications patient may need stay foreign_country longer planned returned home access follow care legal issues receiving medical_care abroad may subject medical_tourists unfamiliar legal issues limited nature various_countries one reason lower_cost care overseas countries currently presenting attractive medical_tourism destinations provide form legal medical legal may medical tourist problems arise patients might covered adequate personal insurance might unable seek compensation via lawsuits hospitals doctors countries may unable pay financial damages awarded patient owing hospital doctor appropriate insurance cover medical issues also arise patients seek services illegal home_country case countries jurisdiction prosecute citizen returned home extreme cases arrest prosecute ireland especially cases young rape victims banned traveling europe get legal abortions ultimately ireland supreme_court overturned ban many_countries since created righto travel amendments ethical issues major ethical issues around medical_tourism example illegal purchase organs transplantation documented studied countriesuch india china colombiand philippines declaration istanbul problematic travel transplantation medical_tourismay raise broader ethical issues countries promoted example india argue policy medical_tourism classes health missions masses already embedded thealth care system thailand doctors thailand become busy foreigners patients trouble getting care medical_tourism centered onew cell treatments often criticized grounds lack scientific patient safety however pioneering advanced providing patients outside regular clinical trials often challenging differentiate acceptable medical innovation unacceptable patient exploitation guidelines clinical translation stem cells employer sponsored health_care us employers begun exploring medical_travel programs way cut employee health_care prices united_states health_care proposals raised debates employers trade union representing workers one union stating new approach offering employees overseas treatment return share company savings unions also raise issues wrong potential job losses us health_care industry treatment outsourcing outsourced union plan send workers india cheaper medical_care new_york times employers may_offer paying air_travel pocket expenses care outside us example january bros supermarket chain based maine began paying thentire medical bill employees travel singapore hip knee including travel patient laurie health matters next wave medical_tourists might include wall_street_journal february retrieved_march medical_travel packages integrate types health_insurance including limited benefit plans mini limited benefit plans provide cost effective compromise houston business_journal preferred provider organization high health plan high health plan blue shield california began united state first cross_border health plan patients california could travel tone three certified hospitals mexico treatment california blue shield subsidiary south_carolina companion global healthcare teamed thailand singapore turkey ireland costa outsourcing patients businessweek march article fast company magazine fast company discusses globalization healthcare various players us healthcare market begun explore lindsay fast company may retrieved_october destinations africand middleast jordan private hospitals association managed attract international patients accompanied companions total revenues exceeding b us jordan medical destination year_award imtj medical_travel_awards healthcare israel popular_destination medical_tourism health ministry probe israel medical_tourism_industry following haaretz haaretz nov many medical_tourists israel come europe particularly former soviet_union well united_states australia cyprus south_africa medical_tourists come israel variety surgical procedures including bone marrow transplants heart surgery neurological treatments orthopedic procedures car accident rehabilitation vitro fertilization israel popularity destination medical_tourism stems developed country high_quality level medical_care athe_time lower medical costs many developed_countries israel particularly popular_destination bone marrow transplants among procedure available cyprus procedures among americans cost orthopedic procedures israel half united_states israel particularly popular_destination people seeking treatments medical_tourists israel use public_private hospitals major israeli hospitals offer medical_tourism packages typically cost far less comparable procedures facilities elsewhere similarly high standard care estimated roughly medical_tourists came israel annually thathese medical_tourists obtain local patients addition people come israel visit health resorts athe dead_seand lake people came healthcare iran receive medical_treatment estimated health tourists came irand figure expected rise year iran low hepatitis b virus hepatitis c virus uniquexperience control presented people middleast countries companies iran produces drugs needed control infection low prices high f r hepatitis c virus among patients countries theastern mediterranean regional office systematic review mon e south_africa healthcare south_africa south_africa first country africa emerge medical_tourism destination healthcare brazil brazil albert hospital paulo first jci accredited facility outside us dozen brazilian medical facilities since similarly accredited comparison us health costs patients save percent health costs healthcare canada thearly americans illegally using obtained canadian health_insurance cards tobtain free healthcare canada became serious issue due high costs imposed costa_rica costa_rica two joint_commission accreditation healthcare organizations international_accreditation joint_commission_international accredited jci hospitals san_jose costa_rica world health organization ranked world health systems year costa_rica ranked higher us together dominated list amongsthe central_american countries deloitte center health solutions reported cost savings average us prices medical_tourism consumers search value deloitte development islands health_care united_states united_states report found medical_tourists traveling united_states purpose receiving patient medical_care study estimated american medical_tourists traveled united_states tother countries fred hansen institute public affairs review article january availability advanced medical technology sophisticated training physicians cited driving growth foreigners traveling us medical_care whereas low_costs hospital stays major complex procedures western accredited medical facilities abroad cited major american_travelers also decline us currency international use value us dollar used toffer additional incentives foreign travel us although cost differences us many locations larger thany currency major medical_centers teaching hospitals offer international patient centers cater patients foreign_countries seek medical_treatment us international medical hospital stanford hospital clinics many organizations offer service coordinators assist international patients arrangements medical_care accommodations transportation including air ambulance services asiand pacific islands healthcare china investigations report organ_harvesting carried david david july revised january independent investigation allegations organ_harvesting practitioners china free languages investigative journalist estimates thathe organs two four thousand people people house christians harvested period alone david december history organ china many harvested revisited likely person travels china organ causes death another human beneficiaries prisoner organ harvest voices october furthermore announcements end organ_harvesting prisoners china speaks executed prisoners doctors forced organ_harvesting dec world china end organ_harvesting executed prisoners january china struggle end organ_harvesting executed prisoners cnn dec acknowledged organ procurement non prisoners state sanctioned organ_harvesting continues day according doctors forced organ_harvesting representative chen forum china state sanctioned forced organ_harvesting held uk parliament december online medical_tourism report indicates thathe number travelers medical_tourism platform increased previous year chinese visitors arexpected gon medical_tourism top medical_tourism destinations japan korea us taiwan germany singapore malaysia sweden thailand india regular health checks made majority share chinese medical_tourism representing medical_tourism trips tourists originating china hong_kong hong_kong private hospitals surveyed accredited uk trent accreditation scheme medical_tourism growing sector healthcare india india becoming medical_tourism destination thailand regarded india health_city attracts health tourists visiting indiand domestic health tourists india medical_tourism sector expected experience annual growth rate billion industry indian medical_tourism touch theconomic times posted medical_treatment costs developed world balloon withe united_states leading way westerners finding prospect international_travel medical_care increasingly appealing estimated travel india low priced healthcare procedures everyear cosmetic surgery surgery knee cap knee cap liver transplantation liver transplants management cancer treatments sought medical_tourism procedures foreigners healthcare malaysia medical_tourism malaysia health_care inew_zealand new_zealand estimated average new_zealand surgical costs around cost surgical procedure usa healthcare singapore dozen hospitals health centers jci accreditation joint_commission_international jci accredited organizations medical expenditure generated tourists mostly fromore complex medical heart surgery million decline ofrom billion hospitals faced competition neighbouring countries less complex work thailand jci accredited hospitals thai dental council established premier governing body dental practices thailand formulated uniform requirements dental practitioners thus directly medical teaching programs ministry public_health plays important_role developing healthcare promote scientific addition thai government placed important_role public_health programs citizens treatment everything open heart surgery made thailand popular_destination medical_tourism attracting estimated million patients medical_tourists much us_billion thailand economy according government statistics development thailand sex surgery expanded country medical tourist_industry throughouthe years portrayal women represented media thailand become_one leading countries growing number medical_tourism per_year medical_tourism thailand medical_tourism thailand getting medical_treatment thailand web apr ruled conditions european health scheme uk health authorities pay bill one patients could establish urgent medical reasons seeking treatment another european union country theuropean directive application patients rights cross_border healthcare agreed healthcare finland december city helsinki decided minors age pregnant mothers living helsinki without valid visa permit granted righto health_care athe price citizens city thiservice available volunteer doctors global clinic tried help people acute care available means finland care system open people coming outside theuropean_union service child health_care maternity clinics specialist medical practically free istill unclear increase called health_care tourism come helsinki tourist lethe visa global clinic offers health_care immigrants free british nhs patients offered treatment health_care france reduce waiting lists hip knee surgery since france popular_tourist_destination also ranked world leading health_care system world health organization european court justice said national health pay back british patients athis number patients growing france medical_tourism index healthcare serbia variety clinics catering medical_tourists areas cosmetic surgery dental care fertility treatment weight loss procedures country also major_international hub surgery cost medical_treatments health_care turkey quite affordable compared western_european countries therefore thousands year travel turkey medical_treatments turkey especially becoming hub hair transplant surgery united_kingdom national health service publicly owned attracts medical_tourism principally specialist centres london private hospitals clinics united_kingdom medical_tourism destinations uk private hospitals gone independent international_accreditation mandatory registration withe uk care quality commission yet measured againsthe best clinics hospitals elsewhere world alleged health tourists uk often nhs free athe point care treatment allegedly costing nhs million study concluded thathe uk net medical_tourists uk residents travelling abroad treatment patients getting treatment uk medical_tourists treated private patients nhs profitable uk private patients close quarter revenue volume cases uk dental patients largely go hungary poland fertility tourists mostly travel eastern_europe cyprus spain summer immigration officers border force st_george university hospitals nhs foundation train staff identify potentially patients october trust announced planned require photo identity papers proof remain uk asylum status visa pregnant women able provide documents would sento trust overseas specialist document screening liaison withe border agency home office estimated million year care also wellness_tourism consumer import prescription drugs businesses may move health_care overseas washington_post cbc news medical_tourism need surgery travel cut americans look abroad health_care abc news medical cbs news externalinks listings medical_tourism websites open directory project category_medical tourism_category_types tourism"},{"title":"Medical tourism agent","description":"a medical tourism agent also health tourism provider or medical tourism provider is an organisation or a company which seeks to bring together a prospective patient with a service provider usually a hospital or a clinic these organisations are generally facilitators andevelopers of medical tourism which brings into play a number of issues that do not apply when a patient stays within their own country of origin some of these organisations and companiespecialise in certain areas of healthcare such as cosmetic surgery dentistry organ transplant surgery while others are more generalised in their approach providing multiple services over a wide range of medical specialities these organisations may also focus on providing services in a single country or they may provide access to treatment across multiple nations medical quality standards vary around the world and international healthcare accreditation international accreditation is relatively new for these reasons potential clients may face unknowns and risks related to quality safety and ethics medical tourists look to health tourism providers to provide information about quality safety and legal issues buthe quality of such information and services varies on the size scale and the standards of the facilitators themselves types of agencies these agencies can be categorised based on thextent of their services and their scale of operations in generalarger companies provide more services in more locations and with more hospitals clinicsingle person operations these are one man shows or agents who are usually former medical tourists themselves or doctors with ties to specific hospitals they generally promote their services through a network of references and local advertisements andue their limited size and capabilities they do not provide many services and usually rely on the referred hospital and the medical traveller to make the necessary arrangements for medical travel since they rely on the referred hospital for a significant amount of logistical support such operators usually work with one or very few hospitals their source of income areferral fees paid by the hospital for each medical tourist destination focused agencies these companies focus on a single medical destination such as a particularegion or a country and promote medical care in hospitals clinics in that location since they are usually larger and more organised they offer servicesuch as airport pickups hotel accommodation translators and other services thathey medical traveller may require their services are advertised through a website marketing and also a network oformer clients andoctors the revenue model for these organisations relies on service charges billed on the medical traveller and alson the referral fees from the hospital medical tourism or health tourism providers assistravellers in planning their medical travelthey offer complete information medical facilitieservice providers medical professionals travel agencies resorts medical travel insurance overseas well as of local areas millions of medical travellers travel overseas for their medical dental and cosmetic procedures health tourism providers make information available abouthe hospitals clinic and the doctors thathey are partnered with buthe naturextent and quality of the information provided by different organisations and companies working in this field varies enormously hospital quality indicators can include whether they have been subjected to independent international healthcare accreditation practicevidence based medicine and good governance and whether independent health care staff particularly the doctors providing the services have been subjected to independent credentialing as well as evidence thathe doctors maintain and improve their personal professional standards in addition there are a number of non medical angles which receive varying degrees of attention by providers these include prices and how to pay hotels non medical risks involved language issues availability of techniques eg new operations new approaches to infertility new imaging techniques pre travel health issuesuch as antimalarial therapy eg for thailand relevant immunisations eg typhoid and hepatitis arecommended for travelling to turkey or the philippines ethics for example see organ harvesting in china medico legal issues eg are the doctors providing the treatment adequately indemnified or carrying personal medical malpractice insurance is the hospital itself adequately insured can a patient sue if things go wrong will the hospital repatriate the body of a patient who dies on the operating table in the group ceof bumrungrad hospital in thailand stated if there is a mistake we fix it buthe idea of suing for multimillions of dollars for damages is not going to be something you can doutside the us however americans and europeans going overseas medical tourists may not be able to takeffective legal action if they are dissatisfied witheir experience the medical protection society a british group is responsible for indemnifying doctors in many countries including singapore hong kong malaysiand brunei which increases the level of protection enjoyed both by patients locally as well as those coming in as medical tourists thiservice is not free there are many good hospitals and there is absolutely no reason to make it unsafe the problem is that many prospective patients treat medical tourism the same way as online shopping in a surgery cheaper is not always better mr bob talasila the president of american medical tourism company world medical and surgicallc echo the same feelings currently while hospitals providing medical tourism services may be subjecto international accreditation by a reputable independent international group there is currently norganisation responsible for accrediting thealth tourism providers themselves and ensuring thatheir operating standards are safe and ethical the medical tourism association is encouraging everyone in the medical tourism field to follow their guidelines and become a part of this association in order to create a well recognize organisation in this matter see also quality assurance medical tourism hospital accreditation international healthcare accreditation international healthcare accreditation how does a hospital or clinichoose who to go to for international healthcare accreditation servicesociety for international healthcare accreditation sofiha evidence based medicine category quality assurance category tourism category accreditation category medical 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organisation company seeks bring together prospective patient service provider usually hospital clinic organisations generally medical_tourism brings play number issues apply patient stays within country origin organisations certain areas healthcare cosmetic surgery dentistry organ transplant surgery others approach providing multiple services wide_range medical specialities organisations may_also focus providing services single country may provide access treatment across multiple nations medical quality standards vary around world international_healthcare_accreditation international_accreditation relatively new reasons potential clients may face risks related quality safety ethics medical_tourists look health_tourism providers provide_information quality safety legal issues buthe quality information services varies size scale standards types agencies agencies based thextent services scale operations companies provide services locations hospitals person operations one man shows agents usually former medical_tourists doctors ties specific hospitals generally promote services network references local advertisements limited size capabilities provide many services usually rely referred hospital medical_traveller make necessary arrangements medical_travel since rely referred hospital significant amount logistical support operators usually work one hospitals source income fees paid hospital medical tourist_destination focused agencies companies focus single medical destination particularegion country promote medical_care hospitals clinics location since usually larger organised offer servicesuch airport hotel accommodation services thathey medical_traveller may require services advertised website marketing also network oformer clients revenue model organisations relies service_charges billed medical_traveller alson referral fees hospital medical_tourism health_tourism providers planning medical offer complete information medical providers medical professionals travel_agencies resorts medical_travel insurance overseas well local areas millions medical_travellers travel overseas medical dental cosmetic procedures health_tourism providers make information available abouthe hospitals clinic doctors thathey partnered buthe quality information provided different organisations companies working field varies hospital quality indicators include whether subjected independent international_healthcare_accreditation based medicine good governance whether independent health_care staff particularly doctors providing services subjected independent well evidence thathe doctors maintain improve personal professional standards addition number non medical angles receive varying degrees attention providers include prices pay hotels non medical risks involved language issues availability techniques new operations new approaches infertility new imaging techniques pre travel health issuesuch therapy thailand relevant typhoid hepatitis travelling turkey philippines ethics example see organ_harvesting china legal issues doctors providing treatment adequately carrying personal medical insurance hospital adequately insured patient sue things go wrong hospital body patient dies operating table group ceof hospital thailand stated mistake fix buthe idea dollars damages going something us however americans europeans going overseas medical_tourists_may able legal action dissatisfied witheir experience medical protection society british group responsible doctors many_countries including singapore hong_kong malaysiand increases level protection enjoyed patients locally well coming medical_tourists thiservice free many good hospitals absolutely reason make unsafe problem many prospective patients treat medical_tourism way online shopping surgery cheaper always better bob president american medical_tourism company world medical feelings currently hospitals providing medical_tourism services may subjecto international_accreditation independent international group currently responsible thealth tourism providers ensuring thatheir operating standards safe ethical medical_tourism association encouraging everyone medical_tourism field follow guidelines become part association order create well recognize organisation matter see_also quality assurance medical_tourism hospital_accreditation international_healthcare_accreditation international_healthcare_accreditation hospital go international_healthcare_accreditation international_healthcare_accreditation evidence based medicine category quality assurance category_tourism category accreditation category_medical tourism"},{"title":"Medical tourism in India","description":"medical tourism is a growing sector india in october india s medical tourism sector was estimated to be worth us billion it is projected to grow to billion by according to the confederation of indian industries cii the primary reason thattracts medical value travel to india is cost effectiveness and treatment from accredited facilities at par with developed countries at much lower costhe medical tourismarket report found that india was one of the lowest cost and highest quality of all medical tourism destinations it offers wide variety of procedures at about one tenthe cost of similar procedures in the united states website medgadget languagen us access date foreign patients travelling to india to seek medical treatment in and numbered and respectively traditionally the united states and the united kingdom have been the largest source countries for medical tourism to india however according to a cii granthornton report released in october bangladeshis and afghans accounted for oforeign patients the maximum share primarily due to their close proximity with indiand poor healthcare infrastructure russiand the commonwealth of independent states cis accounted for share oforeign medical tourist arrivals other major sources of patients include africand the middleast particularly the persian gulf countries india became the top destination forussianseeking medical treatment chennai kolkata mumbai hyderabad bangalore and the national capital region india national capital region received the highest number oforeign patients primarily from south eastern countries advantages of medical treatment india include reduced costs the availability of latest medical technologies and a growing compliance on international quality standards doctors trained in western countries including us and uk as well as english languagenglish speaking personnel due to which foreigners are less likely to face language barrier indiaccording to the confederation of indian industries cii the primary reason thattracts medical value travel to india is cost effectiveness and treatment from accredited facilities at par with developed countries at much lower costhe medical tourismarket report found that india was one of the lowest cost and highest quality of all medical tourism destinations it offers wide variety of procedures at about one tenthe cost of similar procedures in the united states cost most estimates found thatreatment costs india start at around one tenth of the price of comparable treatment in the united states or the united kingdom indian medical care goes globaljazeeranet june nov laurie goering for big surgery delhis dealing the chicago tribune march the most popular treatmentsought india by medical tourists are alternative medicine bone marrow transplant cardiac bypass eye surgery and hip replacement india is known in particular for heart surgery hip resurfacing and other areas of advanced medicine quality of care filexecutive opd narayana institute of cardiac sciencesjpg alt executive opd at narayana institute of cardiac sciences bangalore which provides premium healthcare services thumb executive opd at narayana institute of cardiac sciences bangalore which provides premium healthcare services india has joint commission jci accredited hospitals however for a patientraveling to india it is importanto find the optimal doctor hospital combination after the patient has been treated the patient has the option of eitherecuperating in the hospital or at a paid accommodationearby many hospitalso give the option of continuing the treatmenthrough telemedicine the city of chennai has been termed india s health capital multi and super specialty hospitals across the city bring in an estimated international patients every day chennai attracts about percent of health tourists from abroad arriving in the country and to percent of domestic health tourists factors behind the tourists inflow in the city include low costs little to no waiting period and facilities offered athe specialty hospitals in the city the city has an estimated hospital beds of which only half is used by the city s population withe rest being shared by patients from other states of the country and foreigners dental clinics have attractedental care tourism to chennai ease of travel the government has removed visa restrictions on tourist visas that required a two month gap between consecutive visits for people from gulf countries which is likely to boost medical tourism a visa on arrival scheme for tourists from select countries has been instituted which allows foreignationals to stay india for days for medical reasons in citizens of bangladesh afghanistan maldives republic of koreand nigeriavailed the most medical visas language despite india s diversity of languages english is an officialanguage and is widely spoken by most people and almost universally by medical professionals inoida which is fast emerging as a hotspot for medical tourism a number of hospitals have hired language translators to make patients from balkand african countries feel more comfortable while athe same time helping in the facilitation of their treatment major healthcare providers while several hospitals india provide medical tourism services the field is dominated by india s large private hospital groups whichave dedicated extensive resources to promote medical tourismajor groups include apollo hospitals aster medcity care hospitals fortis healthcare narayana health pd hinduja national hospital and medical research centre pd hinduja national hospital and medical research centre kovai medical center and hospitals coimbatore india see also ayurveda commercial surrogacy india healthcare india category healthcare industry india category tourism india category medical tourism 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travel india cost effectiveness treatment accredited facilities par developed_countries much lower_costhe medical_tourismarket report found india one lowest cost highest quality medical_tourism destinations offers wide_variety procedures one cost similar procedures united_states website languagen us access_date foreign patients travelling india seek medical_treatment numbered respectively traditionally united_states united_kingdom largest source countries medical_tourism india however according cii report released october afghans accounted oforeign patients maximum share primarily due close_proximity indiand poor healthcare infrastructure russiand commonwealth independent states accounted share oforeign medical tourist_arrivals major sources patients include africand middleast particularly persian gulf countries india became top destination medical_treatment chennai kolkata mumbai hyderabad bangalore national capital region india national capital region received highest number oforeign patients primarily south_eastern countries advantages medical_treatment india include reduced costs availability latest medical technologies growing compliance international quality standards doctors trained western countries_including us uk well english_languagenglish speaking personnel due foreigners less likely face language barrier confederation indian industries cii primary reason thattracts medical value travel india cost effectiveness treatment accredited facilities par developed_countries much lower_costhe medical_tourismarket report found india one lowest cost highest quality medical_tourism destinations offers wide_variety procedures one cost similar procedures united_states cost estimates found costs india start around one tenth price comparable treatment united_states united_kingdom indian medical_care goes june nov laurie big surgery dealing chicago_tribune march popular india medical_tourists alternative medicine bone marrow transplant cardiac bypass eye surgery hip replacement india known particular heart surgery hip areas advanced medicine quality care narayana institute cardiac alt executive narayana institute cardiac sciences bangalore provides premium healthcare_services thumb executive narayana institute cardiac sciences bangalore provides premium healthcare_services india joint_commission jci accredited hospitals however india importanto find optimal doctor hospital combination patient treated patient option hospital paid many give option continuing city chennai termed india health capital multi super specialty hospitals across city bring estimated international patients every_day chennai attracts percent health tourists abroad arriving country percent domestic health tourists factors behind tourists city include low_costs little waiting period facilities offered athe specialty hospitals city city estimated hospital beds half used city population withe rest shared patients states country foreigners dental clinics care tourism chennai ease travel government removed visa restrictions tourist visas required two month gap consecutive visits people gulf countries likely boost medical_tourism visa arrival scheme tourists select countries allows stay india days medical reasons citizens bangladesh afghanistan maldives republic koreand medical visas language despite india diversity languages english widely spoken people almost universally medical professionals fast emerging hotspot medical_tourism number hospitals hired language make patients african countries feel comfortable athe_time helping treatment major healthcare providers several hospitals india provide medical_tourism services field dominated india large private hospital groups whichave dedicated extensive resources promote medical_tourismajor groups include apollo hospitals care hospitals healthcare narayana health national hospital medical research centre national hospital medical research centre medical_center hospitals india see_also commercial surrogacy india healthcare india_category healthcare industry india_category_tourism india_category_medical tourism_india"},{"title":"Medical tourism in Israel","description":"medical tourism in israel is medical tourism in which people travel to israel for medical treatment which is emerging as an important destination for medical tourists welcoming the world s ills haaretz feb in people came to israel for medical treatment bringing in million in revenue in israel treated medical tourists thealth ministry estimates thathey inject about nis million a year into thealth system of which more thanis million goes to government hospitals outsidexperts puthe total muchigher at almost nis million health ministry to probe israel medical tourism industry following haaretz expos haaretz nov according to a report in the number of people from eastern europe cyprus and the united stateseeking treatment at israel s public and private hospitals is growing income fromedical tourism wassessed at about million in medical tourism in israel hurting israelisrael is also frequently the host venue for international medical conferences medical tourists come to israel treatmentsuch asurgery and ivf in vitro fertilization which cost considerably less than in their home countries medicine in israel is the world leader in such procedures where families are prized help is free some seek reliefor a variety of medical conditions atreatment centers and spas athe dead sea world famous therapeutic resorthe quality of israel s facilities arecognized throughouthe world with regular contacts maintained on a reciprocal basis with major medical and scientific research centers abroad another factor in choosing israel is the comfortable climate and scenic locations whichave a calming effect on patientshealth tourism in israel a developing industry niv amiadi tourism review vol no ppeople seeking a comfortable and sunny climate have been moving to israel for years even zionist pioneer eliezer ben yehuda was driven to move to the arearound jerusalem in part foreliefrom his tuberculosis ben yehuda biography treatment options patients come to israel for proceduresuch as bone marrow transplants an overview of medical tourism in israel heart surgery and catheterizationcological and neurological treatments car accident rehabilitation orthopedic procedures and ifv treatment israel has become a major destination foresidents of nearby cyprus ineed of bone marrow transplants because the procedure is not available in their home country lower costs a patient with no health insurance who needs bypassurgery in the united states would spend approximately while the same procedure performed in israel would cost approximately in vitro fertilization ivf is known for its high success rates and considerably lower costs ivf costs in israel compared to in the united states dead sea treatments file dead sea mud man by david shankbonejpg thumb px mud bath athe dead sea the dead searea has become a major center for health research and treatment for several reasons the mineral content of the water the very low content of pollen s and other allergen s in thearth s atmosphere the reduced ultraviolet component of sunlight solaradiation and the higher atmospheric pressure athis great depth eachave specific health effect s for example personsuffering reduced respiration physiology respiratory function from disease such as cystic fibrosiseem to benefit from the increased atmospheric pressure sufferers of the skin disorder psoriasis also benefit from the ability to sunbathe for long periods in the area due to its position below sea level and subsequent resulthat many of the sun s harmful uv rays areduceds halevy et al dead sea bath salt for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris a double blind controlled study journal of theuropean academy of dermatology and venereology volume issue the region s climate and low elevation have made it a popular center for several types of therapies climatotherapy treatment which exploits local climatic featuresuch as temperature humidity sunlight sunshine atmospheric pressure barometric pressure and special atmosphericonstituents lightherapy heliotherapy treatmenthat exploits the biological effects of the sun s radiation thalassotherapy treatmenthat exploits bathing in dead sea water mud from the dead sea is believed to have therapeutic benefits for skin disorders and other physical ailments medical tourism brokers the medical tourism industry in israel has created a need for medical tourism brokers these agents are something between travel agents and medical coordinators they facilitate the process of receiving medical care in a foreign country by aiding in everything from the purchase of plane tickets to the facilitation of the whole medical process they also specialize in organizing entertainment by offering trips tours all over israel usually they earn their pay by receiving a brokerage fee from the doctors ando not cost anything to the patient if one does not have family or close friends in israel this theasiest way to benefit fromedical tourism in israel see also tourism in israelist of hospitals in israel health care in israel category tourism in israel category medical tourism israel category health in israel 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emerging important destination medical_tourists welcoming world haaretz feb people came israel medical_treatment bringing million revenue israel treated medical_tourists thealth ministry estimates thathey million year thealth system million goes government hospitals puthe total almost million health ministry probe israel medical_tourism_industry following haaretz haaretz nov according report number people eastern_europe cyprus united treatment israel public_private hospitals growing income tourism million medical_tourism israel also frequently host venue international medical conferences medical_tourists come israel ivf vitro fertilization cost considerably less home_countries medicine israel world leader procedures families help free seek variety medical conditions centers spas athe dead_sea world famous resorthe quality israel facilities throughouthe_world regular contacts maintained basis major medical scientific_research_centers abroad another factor choosing israel comfortable climate scenic locations whichave effect tourism israel developing industry tourism review vol seeking comfortable sunny climate moving israel years even pioneer ben driven move arearound jerusalem part ben biography treatment options patients come israel bone marrow transplants overview medical_tourism israel heart surgery neurological treatments car accident rehabilitation orthopedic procedures treatment israel become major destination nearby cyprus ineed bone marrow transplants procedure available home_country lower_costs patient health_insurance needs united_states would spend approximately procedure performed israel would cost approximately vitro fertilization ivf known high success rates considerably lower_costs ivf costs israel compared united_states dead_sea treatments file dead_sea mud man david thumb px mud bath athe dead_sea dead become major center health research treatment several reasons mineral content water low content thearth atmosphere reduced component higher atmospheric pressure athis great depth eachave specific health effect example reduced physiology respiratory function disease benefit increased atmospheric pressure skin disorder also benefit ability long_periods area due position sea_level subsequent many sun harmful dead_sea bath salt treatment double blind controlled study journal theuropean academy volume_issue region climate low elevation made popular center several types treatment exploits local featuresuch temperature humidity sunshine atmospheric pressure pressure special exploits biological effects sun radiation exploits bathing dead_sea water mud dead_sea believed benefits skin disorders physical medical_tourism brokers medical_tourism_industry israel created need medical_tourism brokers agents something travel_agents medical coordinators facilitate process receiving medical_care foreign_country everything purchase plane tickets whole medical process also specialize organizing entertainment offering trips tours israel usually earn pay receiving brokerage fee doctors ando cost anything patient one family close friends israel way benefit tourism israel see_also tourism hospitals israel health_care israel_category_tourism israel_category_medical tourism israel_category health israel"},{"title":"Medical tourism in Malaysia","description":"malaysia reportedly received foreign patients in in and in malaysia s medical tourism statistics derive from the reported numbers of all foreign patients treated by malaysia healthcare travel council mhtc endorsed medical facilities these figures encompass all registered patients with a foreign passport which by default also encompass expatriates migrants business travellers and holiday makers for whom health care may not be the main motive for their stay the number of malaysia healthcare travel council mhtc endorsed medical facilities in malaysia has increased over the years eg in in and in playing a role increasing the official figures on foreign patients origin of patients the majority of the foreign patientseeking medical treatments in malaysiare from indonesia with smaller numbers oforeign patients coming from india singapore japan australia europe the usand the middleast indonesians comprised of all foreign patients receiving care in malaysia europeans japanese singaporeans and citizens fromiddleastern countries by indonesians comprised of all foreign patients in malaysias the number of patients of other nationalities grew health insurance companies in singapore have recently permitted their policyholders to be treated in malaysia where services are cheaper than in singapore government measures as with tourism in thailand medical tourism thailand medical tourism started to receive attention from the malaysian government in the wake of the asian financial crisis asian financial crisis as a tool for economic diversification in thealthcare and tourism industries the national committee for the promotion of medical and health tourism ncpmht was formed by the ministry of health in january following on this private hospitals and some corporatised government owned hospitals like the institut jantung negara concentrated mainly in the states of penang malacca selangor sarawak and johor worked alongside and through theirespective state governments private hospital associations and the malaysian ministries of health tourism and trade and industry to promote medical tourism in the ministry of health malaysia ministry of health set up the malaysia healthcare travel council mhtc to replace the ncpmht and to serve as the primary agency to promote andevelop the country s medical tourism industry as well as position malaysias a healthcare hub in the southeast asian asean region the malaysian government s investmentax allowance has encouraged private health care facilities promoting medical tourism to invest internationally recognized accreditation schemes eg joint commission international and malaysian society for quality in healthcare and medical equipment in order to develop world class technology intensive private health care facilities and ensure care standards considered necessary to attract medical tourists revenue fromedical tourism to malaysia grew fromyr million in to myr in to myr million in penang s hospitals weresponsible for contributing in and in of all revenue to the country s medical tourism industry withe launch of theconomic transformation programmetp which seeks to transformalaysia into an upper middle income country with a knowledge based economy interest in medical tourism s economic potential grew thetp designated health care as one of the country s economic transformation programme national key economic areas national key economic areas nkeas deemed to have the potential to spur growth as part of thealth care nkea medical tourism is intended to generate myr billion in revenue and myr billion in gross national income and to require more medical professionals by for profit hospitals arexpected to invest myr million in hospital infrastructure in order to be prepared for million foreign patients annually by medical tourism in malaysia was ranked by nuwire as one of the top five destinations for medical tourism health tourism in the world in malaysia was also recognised as destination of the year by the international medical travel journal imtj list of medical hospital in malaysia supporting medical tourism kpj ampang puteri specialist hospital island hospital penang mahkota medical centre melaka columbiasia hospital bkt rimau damai service hospital demc specialist hospital shah alam gleneagles kuala lumpur gleneagles medical centre penanglobal doctorspecialist centre hospital pantai hospital ipoh ramsay sime darby subang jaya medical center sunway medical centre malaysia prince court medical centre kuala lumpur penang adventist hospital penang island hospitaloh guan lye specialists centre hospitalam wah ee penang the tun hussein onnational eye hospital nscmh medical centre seremban list of medical travel award winner s in malaysia healthcare imtj destination of the year gleneagles kuala lumpur imtj excellence in customer service prince court medical centre imtj international dental clinic imperial dental specialist centre imtj international dental clinic beverly wilshire medical centre imtj international dental clinic ramsay sime darby health care imtj medical travel website gleneagles kuala lumpur imtj international hospital of the year imperial dental specialist centre imtj international dental clinic prince court medical centre imtj international fertility clinic see also tourism in malaysia healthcare in malaysia list of hospitals in malaysia medical tourism economic transformation programme category healthcare in malaysia category tourism in malaysia category medical 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healthcare travel council endorsed medical facilities figures encompass registered patients foreign passport also encompass expatriates migrants business_travellers holiday makers health_care may main motive stay number malaysia healthcare travel council endorsed medical facilities malaysia increased years playing role increasing official figures foreign patients origin patients majority foreign medical_treatments indonesia smaller numbers oforeign patients coming india singapore japan australia europe usand middleast comprised foreign patients receiving care malaysia europeans japanese singaporeans citizens countries comprised foreign patients number patients nationalities grew health_insurance_companies singapore recently permitted treated malaysia services cheaper singapore government measures tourism thailand medical_tourism thailand medical_tourism started receive attention malaysian government wake asian financial crisis asian financial crisis tool economic diversification thealthcare tourism_industries national committee promotion medical health_tourism formed ministry health january following private hospitals government owned hospitals like institut concentrated mainly states penang malacca worked alongside theirespective state governments private hospital associations malaysian ministries health_tourism trade industry promote medical_tourism ministry health malaysia ministry health set malaysia healthcare travel council replace serve primary agency promote andevelop country medical_tourism_industry well position healthcare hub southeast_asian region malaysian government allowance encouraged private health_care facilities promoting medical_tourism invest internationally recognized accreditation_schemes joint_commission_international malaysian society quality healthcare medical equipment order develop world class technology intensive private health_care facilities ensure care standards considered necessary attract medical_tourists revenue tourism malaysia grew million myr myr million penang hospitals weresponsible contributing revenue country medical_tourism_industry withe launch theconomic transformation seeks upper middle income country knowledge based economy interest medical_tourism economic potential grew designated health_care one country economic transformation programme national key economic areas national key economic areas deemed potential growth part thealth care medical_tourism intended generate myr billion revenue myr billion gross national income require medical professionals profit hospitals arexpected invest myr million hospital infrastructure order prepared million foreign patients annually medical_tourism malaysia ranked one top five destinations medical_tourism health_tourism world malaysia also recognised destination year international medical_travel journal imtj list medical hospital malaysia supporting medical_tourism specialist hospital island hospital penang medical centre hospital service hospital specialist hospital shah gleneagles kuala_lumpur gleneagles medical centre centre hospital hospital ipoh ramsay medical_center medical centre malaysia prince court medical centre kuala_lumpur penang hospital penang island specialists centre penang eye hospital medical centre list medical_travel award winner malaysia healthcare imtj destination year gleneagles kuala_lumpur imtj excellence customer_service prince court medical centre imtj international dental clinic imperial dental specialist centre imtj international dental clinic beverly medical centre imtj international dental clinic ramsay health_care imtj medical_travel_website gleneagles kuala_lumpur imtj international hospital year imperial dental specialist centre imtj international dental clinic prince court medical centre imtj international fertility clinic see_also tourism malaysia healthcare malaysia list hospitals malaysia medical_tourism economic transformation programme category healthcare malaysia_category_tourism malaysia_category_medical tourism"},{"title":"Medical tourism in Pakistan","description":"medical tourism in pakistan is viewed as an untapped markethat could be turned into a huge opportunity if the government focuses on key issues according to pakistani medical experts pakistan has a huge potential in becoming a regional medical tourism hub comparable to many other countries in its neighbourhood medical tourism in pakistan has been arranging potential trips for many medical health and care procedures a number of modern list of hospitals in pakistan hospital facilities exist in major citiesuch as islamabad karachi and lahore that are fully equipped and facilitated withe latest medical technologies many doctors and surgeons in pakistani hospitals tend to be foreign qualified however security issues and an overall below par health infrastructure have challenged the growth of the industry the government of pakistan has mentioned its keenness on working towards medical tourism and has considered it as a key element in its recentourism policy in this regard a task force was formed in under the ministry of tourism pakistan ministry of tourism whose objectives were to explore proposals to promote andevelop medical health spiritual and wellness tourism in pakistan the government of punjab pakistan government of punjab undertook a venture to develop a bed hospital for kidney transplantation and heart surgery two specialties that pakistan seeks to attract medical tourists for tourism officials have claimed that pakistan can compete with other countries in medical tourism and could even be less than half the price of india the minister for tourism planned to introduce medical tourism in the country by providing low costate of the art medical facilities to the patients according to the minister a simple surgery could be under a tenth of the cost of europe or the us he also said that pakistan had highly qualifiedoctors to its benefit as well as the latest medical equipment and hospitals with all necessary arrangements pakistan wants medical tourists but not illegal transplants global healthcare network a number of patients from neighbouring countries have traveled to pakistan for treatment many patients mainly of pakistani diaspora pakistani origin from the middleast united kingdom and united states also travel to pakistan to seek a range of treatments which they cannotherwise access in theiresident countries either due to expense or lack of insurance coverage there common treatments thathese patientseek include cardiac surgery infertility treatments and cosmetic surgery organ transplant pakistan s initial entry into the medical tourism industry has been strongly reliant on cheap organ transplantourismedical tourism is a cover up for cheap kidney bazaar in the past a sizable number of global patients traveled to pakistan for kidney transplants however these cases have dropped ever since legislation that soughtoutlaw the illegal trade of selling kidneys was enacted according to pakistani medical experts medical tourism istill an untapped markethat could be turned into a huge opportunity if the government focuses on key issues fertility treatment pakistan has also been a lower cost alternative for fertility tourism particularly for treatments related to in vitro fertilisation ivf and infertility many overseas pakistanis choose to undergo ivf treatments in pakistan due to the comparatively cheaper cost of treatment according tone pakistani doctor involved in ivf treatments ivf is way cheaper in pakistan than other countries you can get it done for one third the price that is in dubai the usand uk are way too expensive in there were barely three ivf centres in pakistand now the number has grown tover centres the average cost of ivf can reach up to while in pakistan the cost of ivf can range from rs usd to rs usd source countries most medical patients who seek treatment in pakistan are from neighbouring countries according to ministry oforeign affairs pakistan ministry oforeign affairs figuresome of afghans who seek medical treatment abroad travel to neighbouring pakistan the majority of afghan patients are from the poorer strata of society who have access to free medical treatment in pakistani government or philanthropic healthcare facilities over forty percent of patients in peshawar s largest government hospital were afghans who had travelled from afghanistan to peshawar for medical treatment nearly one third of all visas issued to afghanationals by the pakistani embassy and consulates in afghanistan pertain to medical reasons in one philanthropic organisation in pakistan performed over freeye surgeries on afghan patients the continuing illegal organ transplantrade has hampered the image of the country s medical tourism industry kidney trade mostly illegal was once a thriving billion dollar industry in pakistan until the introduction of a law to prevent it dying days for pakistan s kidney touristrade the age australia the illegal trade istill practiced however with numerous cases being reported oforeign patients having traveled to pakistan to get a kidney transplant secondly while there is a large base of doctors present in the country the overall health infrastructure of pakistan is not as advanced or comparable to international standards only a certainumber of modern and reputable hospitals exist in addition security related issues have also prevented foreigners from travelling to pakistan exclusively for seeking medical treatment professor tipu sultan from bahria university has argued that while the government has focused on improving hospital quality in the hope of attracting medical tourists terrorism in pakistan iscaring away potential health customers he adds that pakistan could offer services to foreigners in orthopedic optometric ent heart and urology treatments at cheap rates besides offering facilities in endoscopies x rays mri ct scan cardiology and arthroscopy commenting on patients from the united states of pakistani origin who come to pakistan instead of going to neighboring india to receive treatment sultan hasaid thatreatment in pakistan for them tends to be mucheaper than india because of the downward slide of the rupee in terms of the us dollar he has also said that while there are good national hospitals they have not shown enough interest in medical tourism see also health care in pakistan tourism in pakistan list of hospitals in pakistan related articles medical tourism india medical tourism in israel medical tourism in thailand externalinks medical tourism at pakistan tourism development corporation the outcome of commercial kidney transplantourism in pakistan ivanovski n masin j rambabova busljetic i pusevski v dohcev s ivanovski o popov z national center for biotechnology information category medical tourism pakistan category healthcare in pakistan category tourism in 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potential becoming regional medical_tourism hub comparable many_countries neighbourhood medical_tourism pakistan arranging potential trips many medical health_care procedures number modern list hospitals pakistan hospital facilities exist major_citiesuch islamabad karachi lahore fully equipped facilitated withe latest medical technologies many doctors surgeons pakistani hospitals tend foreign qualified however security issues overall par health infrastructure challenged growth industry government pakistan mentioned working towards medical_tourism considered key element policy regard task force formed ministry tourism pakistan ministry tourism whose objectives explore proposals promote andevelop medical health spiritual wellness_tourism pakistan government punjab pakistan government punjab undertook venture develop bed hospital kidney transplantation heart surgery two specialties pakistan seeks attract medical_tourists tourism officials claimed pakistan compete countries medical_tourism could even less half price india minister tourism planned introduce medical_tourism country providing low art medical facilities patients according minister simple surgery could tenth cost europe us also said pakistan highly benefit well latest medical equipment hospitals necessary arrangements pakistan wants medical_tourists illegal transplants global healthcare network number patients neighbouring countries traveled pakistan treatment many patients mainly pakistani diaspora pakistani origin middleast united_kingdom united_states also travel pakistan seek range treatments access countries either due expense lack insurance coverage common treatments thathese include cardiac surgery infertility treatments cosmetic surgery organ transplant pakistan initial entry medical_tourism_industry strongly reliant cheap organ tourism cover cheap kidney bazaar past number global patients traveled pakistan kidney transplants however cases dropped ever since legislation illegal trade selling enacted according pakistani medical experts medical_tourism istill could turned huge opportunity government focuses key issues fertility treatment pakistan also lower_cost alternative fertility tourism particularly treatments related vitro ivf infertility many overseas choose undergo ivf treatments pakistan due cheaper cost treatment according tone pakistani doctor involved ivf treatments ivf way cheaper pakistan countries get done one third price dubai usand uk way expensive barely three ivf centres pakistand number grown tover centres average cost ivf reach pakistan cost ivf range usd usd source countries medical patients seek treatment pakistan neighbouring countries according ministry_oforeign affairs pakistan ministry_oforeign affairs afghans seek medical_treatment abroad travel neighbouring pakistan majority afghan patients poorer society access free medical_treatment pakistani government philanthropic healthcare facilities forty percent patients peshawar largest government hospital afghans travelled afghanistan peshawar medical_treatment nearly one third visas issued pakistani embassy afghanistan medical reasons one philanthropic organisation pakistan performed surgeries afghan patients continuing illegal organ hampered image country medical_tourism_industry kidney trade mostly illegal thriving billion dollar industry pakistan introduction law prevent dying days pakistan kidney age australia illegal trade istill practiced however numerous cases reported oforeign patients traveled pakistan get kidney transplant secondly large base doctors present country overall health infrastructure pakistan advanced comparable international standards certainumber modern hospitals exist addition security related issues also prevented foreigners travelling pakistan exclusively seeking medical_treatment professor sultan university argued government focused improving hospital quality hope attracting medical_tourists terrorism pakistan away potential health customers adds pakistan could offer services foreigners orthopedic heart treatments cheap rates besides offering facilities x commenting patients united_states pakistani origin come pakistan instead going neighboring india receive treatment sultan hasaid pakistan tends india slide terms us dollar also said_good national hospitals shown enough interest medical_tourism see_also health_care pakistan_tourism pakistan list hospitals pakistan related_articles medical_tourism india medical_tourism israel medical_tourism thailand externalinks medical_tourism pakistan_tourism_development corporation outcome commercial kidney pakistan n j v national center information category_medical tourism pakistan category healthcare pakistan category_tourism pakistan"},{"title":"Medtral","description":"medtral is a new zealand based medical travel company that provides private medical care toverseas patients all surgical procedures undertaken by medtral are performed by english speaking surgeons and physicians all of whom have 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zealand considered safe international_travel information us_department state first_world english_speaking country cultural medical affinity north_america located hours direct flight major ports west_coast united_states procedures offered orthopedic surgery including hip replacement knee replacement surgery cardiac surgery replacement surgery general surgery also_available renal transplant surgery available including surgery also_available medtral founded edward watson july international marketing arm private hospital network inew_zealand employee benefit advisor affiliations accredited quality health new_zealand isimilar jci joint_commission formerly joint_commission accreditation healthcare organizations member international society quality healthcare isqua international society quality health_care ltd member medical_tourism association medical_tourism association mercy hospital hospital see_also list hospitals inew_zealand international_healthcare_accreditation medical_tourism externalinks_official_website american medical association official_website american college surgeons official_website mercy hospital official_website joint_commission category_medical tourism_category health_care companies new_zealand"},{"title":"Menu","description":"in a restauranthere is a menu ofood and beverage offerings a menu may be la carte which guests use to choose from a list of options or table d h te in which case a prestablished sequence of courses iserved file kebab menu francejpg thumb px a lightedisplay board style menu outside a french kebab restaurant menus as a list of prepared foods have been discoveredating back to the song dynasty in china gernet jacques daily life in china on theve of the mongol invasion pp in the larger populated cities of the timerchants found a way to cater to busy customers who had little time or energy to prepare fooduring thevening the variation in chinese cuisine from different regions led caterers to create a list or menu for their patrons the word menu like much of the terminology of cuisine is french language french in origin it ultimately derives from latin minutusomething made small in french it came to be applied to a detailed list or sum of any kind the original menus that offered consumers choices were prepared on a small chalkboard in french a carte so foods chosen from a bill ofare described as la carte according to the board the menu first appeared in china during the second half of theighteenth century or the romantic age prior to this timeating establishments or table d h te servedishes that were chosen by the chef or proprietors customers ate whathe house waserving that day as in contemporary banquet s or buffet s and meals were served from a common table thestablishment of restaurants and restaurant menus allowed customers to choose from a list of unseen dishes which were produced torder according to the customer selection a table d h testablishment charged its customers a fixed price the menu allowed customers to spend as much or as little money as they choserebecca l spang the invention of the restaurant paris and modern gastronomiculture harvard economics of menu production file menu card with crests of t c bisse challoner mid th century as used in mayfair or surrey ukjpg thumb an english menu card for the household of thomas chaloner bisse challoner col bisse challoner c as early as the mid th century some restaurants have relied on menu specialists to design and printheir menus prior to themergence of digital printing these niche printing companies printed full color menus on offset presses theconomics ofull color offset made it impractical to print short press runs the solution was to print a menu shell with everything buthe prices the prices would later be printed on a less costly black only press in a typical order the printer might produce menu shells then finish and laminate menus with prices when the restaurant needed to reorder the printer would add prices and laminate some of the remaining shells withe advent of digital presses it became practical in the s to print full color menus affordably in short press runsometimes as few as menus because of limits on sheet size larger laminated menus were impractical for single location independent re to produce press runs of as few as menus but some restaurants may wanto place far fewer menus into service somenu printers continue to use shells the disadvantage for the restaurant is that it is unable to update anything but prices without creating a new shell during theconomicrisis in the s many restaurants found thathey were having to incur costs from having to reprinthe menu as inflation caused prices to increaseconomists noted this transaction cost and it has become part of economic theory under the termenu costs as a general economic phenomenon menu costs can bexperienced by a range of businesses beyond restaurants for example during a period of inflation any company that prints catalogues or product price lists will have to reprinthese items with new price figures to avoid having to reprinthe menus throughouthe year as prices changed some restaurants began to display their menus on chalkboard s withe menu items and prices written in chalk this way the restaurant could easily modify the prices without going to thexpense of reprinting the paper menus a similar tacticontinued to be used in the s with certain items that are sensitive to changing supply fuel costs and son the use of the termarket price or please ask server instead of stating the price this allows restaurants to modify the price of lobster fresh fish and other foodsubjecto rapid changes in costhe latestrend in menus is the advent of handheld tablets that hold the menu and the guests can browse through that and look athe photographs of the dishes writing style image delmonico menu april jpg thumb px an menu from delmonico s restaurant inew york city which called some of itselections entremet s and contained barely english descriptionsuch as tutti frutti food plombi re of chestnut marrons the main categories within a typical menu in the us are appetizerside orders and a la cartentr es desserts and beveragesides and a la carte may include such items asoupsalads andips there may be special age restricted sections for seniors or for children presenting smaller portions at lower prices any of thesections may be pulled out as a separate menu such as desserts and or beverages or a wine list children s menus may also be presented as placemats with games and puzzles to help keep childrentertained menus can provide other useful information to dinersomenus describe the chef s or proprietor s food philosophy the chef s resume or the mission statement of the restaurant menus often present a restaurant s policies about id checks for alcoholost items or gratuities for larger parties in the united states county health departments frequently requirestaurants to include health warnings about raw or undercooked meat poultry eggs and seafood as a form of advertising the prose found on printed menus is famous for the degree of its puffery menus frequently emphasize the processes used to prepare foods call attention to exotic ingredients and add french or other foreign languagexpressions to make the dishes appear sophisticated and exotic higher end menus often add adjectives to dishesuch as glazed saut ed poached and son menu language with its hyphens quotation marks and random outbursts oforeign wordserves less to describe food than to manage your expectations restaurants are often plopping in foreign words percent of them french like spring mushroom civet plin of rabbit orange jaggery gastrique sara dickerman eat your words a guide to menu english slatecom byline april accessed nov brian mcgrory quips that when going to a high end restaurant he sometimes feels that he needs an unabridgedictionary a biology textbook and a pile ofun with phonics justo figure outhe meaning of gianduja ice cream hazelnut financiers yellowatermelon and bulgur crackers just some of the inscrutable listings from the dessert menu terry pratchett satirizes this in his novel hogfather after a fancy restaurant has itstock of expensive foods replaced with mud and old boots the resulting menu featuresuch items as panier de la pate de chaussures mud mousse in a basket of shoe pastry cafe de terre and spaghetti carbonara boiled boot laces part of the function of menu prose is to impress customers withe notion thathe disheserved athe restaurant require such skill equipment and exotic ingredients thathe diners could not prepare similar foods at home in some cases ordinary foods are made to sound morexciting by replacing everyday terms witheir french equivalent for example instead of stating that a pork chop has a dollop of applesauce a high end restaurant menu might statenderloin of pork avecomp te de pommes although avecomp te de pommes translates directly as with applesauce it sounds morexotic and more worthy of an inflated price tag menus may use the culinary terms concasse concass to describe coarsely chopped vegetables coulis to describe a puree of vegetables or fruit or au jus to describe meat served with its ownatural gravy of pan drippings file city hotel new orleans restaurant menu december jpg thumb city hotel new orleans restaurant menu december menus vary in length andetail depending on the type of restauranthe simplest hand held menus are printed on a single sheet of paper though menus with multiple pages or views are common in some cafeteria style restaurants and chain restaurants a single page menu may double as a disposable placemato protect a menu from spills and wear it may be protected by heat sealed vinyl page protectors laminate laminating or menu covers restaurants weigh their positioning in the marketplaceg fine dining fast food informal in deciding which style of menu to use while some restaurants may use a single menu as the sole way of communicating information about menu items to customers in other cases the meal menu isupplemented with ancillary menusuch as an appetizer menu nachos chips and salsa vegetables andip etc a wine list a liquor and mixedrinks menu a beer list a dessert menu which may also include a list of teand coffee optionsome restaurants use only text in their menus in other cases restaurants include illustrations and photos either of the dishes or of an element of the culture which is associated withe restaurant an example of the latter is in cases where a lebanese kebab restaurant decorates its menu with photos of lebanese mountains and beaches particularly withe ancillary menu types the menu may be provided in alternative formats because these menus other than wine lists tend to be much shorter than food menus for example an appetizer menu or a dessert menu may be displayed on a folded paper table tent a hard plastic table stand a flipchart style wooden table stand or even in the case of a pizza restaurant with a limited wine selection a wine list glued to an empty bottle take out restaurants often leave paper menus in the lobbies andoorsteps of nearby homes as advertisementhe firsto do so may have beenew york city s empire szechuan chain founded in the chain and otherestaurants aggressive menu distribution in the upper west side of manhattan caused the menu wars of the s including invasions of empire szechuan by the menu vigilantes the revoking of its cafe licenseveralawsuits and physical attacks on menu distributors menu board some restaurants typically fast food restaurants and cafeteria stylestablishments provide their menu in a large poster or display board format up high on the wall or above the service counter this way all of the patrons can see all of the choices and the restaurant does not have to provide printed menus this large format menu may also be set up outside see the next section the simplest large format menu boards have the menu printed or painted on a large flat board morexpensive large format menu boards include boards that have a metal housing a translucent surface and a backlight which facilitates the reading of the menu in low light and boards that have removable numbers for the prices this enables the restauranto change prices without having to have the board reprinted orepainted some restaurantsuch as cafes and small eateries use a large chalkboard to display thentire menu the advantage of using a chalkboard is thathe menu items and prices can be changed the downside is thathe chalk may be hard to read in lower light or glare and the restaurant has to have a staff member who has attractive clear handwriting a high tech successor to the chalkboard menu is the led writing board write on wipe off illuminated sign using led technology the text appears in a vibrant color against a black background file demo day design center jpg thumb menu cards presi corp some restaurants provide a copy of their menu outside the restaurant fast food restaurants that have a drive through or walk up windowill often puthentire menu on a board lit up sign or poster outside so that patrons can selectheir meal choices high end restaurants may also provide a copy of their menu outside the restaurant withe pages of the menu placed in a lit up glass display case this way prospective patrons can see if the menu choice is to their liking as well some mid level and high end restaurants may provide a partial indication of their menu listings the specials on a chalkboardisplayed outside the restauranthe chalkboard will typically provide a list of seasonal items or dishes that are the specialty of the chef which are only available for a few days digital displays withe invention of lcd and plasma displaysomenus have moved from a static printed model tone which can change dynamically by using a flat lcd screen and a computer server menus can be digitally displayed allowing moving images animated effects and the ability to edit details and prices for fast food restaurants a benefit is the ability to update prices and menu items as frequently as needed across an entire chain digital menu boards also allow restaurant owners to control the day parting of their menus converting from a breakfast menu in the late morning some platformsupporthe ability allow local operators to control their own pricing while the design aesthetic is controlled by the corporatentity variousoftware tools and hardware developments have been created for the specific purpose of managing a digital menu board system digital menu screens can also alternate between displaying the full menu and showing video commercials to promote specific dishes or menu items online menu websites featuring online restaurant menus have been on the internet for nearly a decade in recent years however more and morestaurants outside of large metropolitan areas have been able to feature their menus online as a result of this trend several restaurant owned and startup online food ordering websites already included menus on their websites yet due to the limitations of which restaurants could handle online orders many restaurants were left invisible to the internet aside from an address listing multiple companies came up withe idea of posting menus online simultaneously and it is difficulto ascertain who was first menus and online food ordering have been available online since at least since hundreds of online restaurant menu web sites have appeared on the internet some sites are city specific some list by region state or province secret menu file animalfriesjpg thumb in out burger products french fries animal fries from in out burger secret menu another phenomenon is the so called secret menu where some fast food restaurants are known for having unofficial and unadvertised selections that customers learn by word of mouth fast food restaurant s will often prepare variations on items already available buto have them all on the menu would create clutter chipotle mexican grill is well known for having a simple five itemenu but some might not know they offer quesadillas and single tacos despite neither being on the menu board in out burger has a very simple menu of burgers friesodas and shakes but has a wide variety of secret styles of preparations the most famous being animal style burgers and fries this can alsoccur in high end restaurants which may be willing to prepare certain items which are not listed on the menu eg dishes that have long been favorites of regular clientele sometimes restaurants may name foods often ordered by regular clientele after them for either convenience or prestige specific types of menus hospital menus kids meal kids menu railroad menus fast food menus airline meal military rations wine list dessert menu see also menu engineering literature jim heimann ed menu design in america english german french taschen k ln germany externalinks openmenuorg the firstandard forestaurant menus digital menu boards new zealand university of nevada las vegas digital collection menus the art of dining university of washington library menus collection category restaurant 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romantic age prior establishments table h chosen chef proprietors customers ate whathe house day contemporary banquet buffet meals served common table thestablishment restaurants restaurant_menus allowed customers choose list dishes produced torder according customer selection table h charged customers fixed price menu allowed customers spend much little money l invention restaurant paris modern harvard economics menu production file menu card crests c mid_th century used mayfair surrey thumb english menu card household thomas col c early mid_th century restaurants relied menu specialists design menus prior themergence digital printing niche printing companies printed full color menus offset presses theconomics ofull color offset made impractical print short press runs solution print menu shell everything buthe prices prices would later printed less costly black press typical order printer might produce menu shells finish menus prices restaurant needed printer would add prices remaining shells withe_advent digital presses became practical print full color menus short press menus limits sheet size larger laminated menus impractical single location independent produce press runs menus restaurants_may wanto place far fewer menus service printers continue use shells disadvantage restaurant unable update anything prices without creating new shell many_restaurants found thathey costs menu inflation caused prices noted transaction cost become part economic theory costs general economic phenomenon menu costs range businesses beyond restaurants example period inflation company product price lists items new price figures avoid menus throughouthe year prices changed restaurants began display menus chalkboard withe menu_items prices written way restaurant could easily modify prices without going thexpense paper menus similar used certain items sensitive changing supply fuel costs son use price please ask server instead stating price allows restaurants modify price lobster fresh fish rapid changes costhe menus advent tablets hold menu guests look athe photographs dishes writing style image delmonico menu april jpg thumb px menu delmonico restaurant inew_york_city called contained barely english food chestnut main categories within typical menu us orders la desserts la_carte may_include items may special age restricted sections seniors children presenting smaller portions lower prices thesections may pulled separate menu desserts beverages wine_list children menus may_also presented games help keep menus provide useful information describe chef proprietor food philosophy chef resume mission statement restaurant_menus often present restaurant policies checks items gratuities larger parties united_states county health departments frequently include health raw meat poultry eggs seafood form advertising prose found printed menus famous degree menus frequently emphasize processes used prepare foods call attention exotic ingredients add french foreign make dishes appear sophisticated exotic higher end menus often add dishesuch saut ed son menu language marks random oforeign less describe food manage expectations restaurants_often foreign words percent french like spring mushroom rabbit orange eat words guide menu english april accessed nov brian going high_end restaurant sometimes feels needs biology textbook pile ofun justo figure outhe meaning ice_cream listings dessert menu terry novel fancy restaurant expensive foods replaced mud old boots resulting menu featuresuch items de_la de mud mousse basket shoe pastry cafe_de terre boiled boot part function menu prose impress customers withe notion thathe athe restaurant require skill equipment exotic ingredients thathe diners could prepare similar foods home cases ordinary foods made sound replacing everyday terms witheir french equivalent example instead stating pork chop high_end restaurant menu might pork de although de translates directly sounds worthy inflated price tag menus may use culinary terms describe chopped vegetables describe vegetables fruit describe meat served gravy pan file city hotel new_orleans restaurant menu december jpg thumb city hotel new_orleans restaurant menu december menus vary length depending type restauranthe hand held menus printed single sheet paper though menus multiple pages views common cafeteria style_restaurants chain restaurants single page menu may double disposable protect menu wear may protected heat sealed page protectors menu covers restaurants weigh positioning fine_dining fast_food informal style menu use restaurants_may use single menu sole way communicating information menu_items customers cases meal menu ancillary appetizer menu nachos chips salsa vegetables etc wine_list liquor menu beer list dessert menu may_also include list teand coffee restaurants use text menus cases restaurants include illustrations photos either dishes element culture associated_withe restaurant example latter cases lebanese kebab restaurant menu photos lebanese mountains beaches particularly withe ancillary menu types menu may provided alternative formats menus wine_lists tend much shorter food menus example appetizer menu dessert menu may displayed folded paper table tent hard plastic table stand style wooden table stand even case pizza restaurant limited wine selection wine_list empty bottle take restaurants_often leave paper menus nearby homes firsto may york_city empire chain founded chain otherestaurants aggressive menu distribution upper west side manhattan caused menu wars including empire menu cafe physical attacks menu distributors menu board restaurants typically fast_food_restaurants cafeteria provide menu large poster display board format high wall service counter way patrons see choices restaurant provide printed menus large format menu may_also set outside see next section large format menu boards menu printed painted large flat board morexpensive large format menu boards include boards metal housing surface facilitates reading menu low light boards removable numbers prices enables restauranto change prices without board reprinted cafes small eateries use large chalkboard display thentire menu advantage using chalkboard thathe menu_items prices changed downside thathe may hard read lower light restaurant_staff member attractive clear high tech successor chalkboard menu led writing board write illuminated sign using led technology text appears vibrant color black background file demo day design center jpg thumb menu cards corp restaurants provide copy menu outside restaurant fast_food_restaurants drive walk often menu board lit sign poster outside patrons meal choices high_end_restaurants_may_also provide copy menu outside restaurant withe pages menu placed lit glass display case way prospective patrons see menu choice well mid level high_end_restaurants_may provide partial indication menu listings specials outside restauranthe chalkboard typically provide list seasonal items dishes specialty chef available days digital displays withe invention lcd moved static printed model tone change using flat lcd screen computer server menus displayed allowing moving images animated effects ability details prices fast_food_restaurants benefit ability update prices menu_items frequently needed across entire chain digital menu boards also allow restaurant owners control day menus converting breakfast menu late morning ability allow local operators control pricing design aesthetic controlled tools hardware developments created specific purpose managing digital menu board system digital menu screens also alternate displaying full menu showing video commercials promote specific dishes menu_items online menu websites featuring online restaurant_menus internet nearly decade recent_years however outside large metropolitan areas able feature menus online result trend several restaurant owned startup online_food ordering websites already included menus websites yet due limitations restaurants could handle online orders many_restaurants left invisible internet aside address listing multiple companies came withe_idea posting menus online simultaneously difficulto first menus online_food ordering available_online since least since hundreds online restaurant menu web_sites appeared internet sites city specific list region state province secret menu file thumb burger products french_fries animal fries burger secret menu another phenomenon called secret menu fast_food_restaurants known unofficial selections customers learn word mouth fast_food_restaurant often prepare variations items already available buto menu would create chipotle mexican grill well_known simple five might know offer single tacos despite neither menu board burger simple menu burgers wide_variety secret styles preparations famous animal style burgers fries high_end_restaurants_may willing prepare certain items listed menu dishes long favorites regular clientele sometimes restaurants_may name foods often ordered regular clientele either convenience prestige specific types menus hospital menus kids_meal kids menu railroad menus fast_food menus airline meal military wine_list dessert menu see_also menu_engineering literature jim ed menu design america english german french k germany externalinks menus digital menu boards new_zealand university nevada las_vegas digital collection menus art dining university washington library menus collection category_restaurant_menus"},{"title":"Menu engineering","description":"menu engineering is an interdisciplinary field of study devoted to the deliberate and strategiconstruction of menu sin its truest sense the termenu engineering refers to the specific restaurant menu analysis methodology developed by michael kasavana phd andonald j smith athe michigan state university school of hospitality business in it is also commonly referred to as menu psychology definition in general the termenu engineering is used within the hospitality industry specifically in the context of restaurants but can be applied to any industry that displays a list of product or service offerings for consumer choice typically the goal with menu engineering is to maximize a firm s profitability by subconsciously encouraging customers to buy what you wanthem to buy andiscouraging purchase of items you do not wanthem to buy fields of study which contribute mosto menu engineering include psychology perception attention emotion eff ect managerial accounting contribution margin and unit cost analysis marketing and strategy pricing promotion graphic design layoutypography psychology of menu engineering perception and attention visual perception is inextricably linked to how customers read a menu most menus are presented visually though many restaurants verbally list daily specials and the majority of menu engineering recommendations focus on how to increase attention by strategically arranging menu categories within the pages of the menu and item placement within a menu category thistrategic placement of categories and items is referred to as theory of sweet spotsthough the original reference of sweet spot has not been found it has been traced to repeated references in academic work and trade pressee kelson a h the ten commandments for menu success restaurant hospitality kotschevar l h in withrow d ed management by menu th ed hoboken john wiley miller j e menu pricing strategy rd ed new york vanostrand reinhold the reasoning being sweet spotstems from the classical effect in psychology known as the serial position effect aka the rules of recency and primacy the thought is customers are most likely to remember the first and lasthings they see on a menu hence sweet spots on a menu should be where the customers look first and lasto date there is no empirical evidence on thefficacy of the sweet spots on menusgallup reporthrough theyes of the customer the gallup monthly report on eating out reynolds d merritt e and pinckney s understanding menu psychology an empirical investigation of menu design and consumeresponse international journal of hospitality tourism administration kincaid clark s corsun david l are consultants blowing smoke an empirical test of the impact of menu layout on item sales international journal of contemporary hospitality management customer perception of items offered on a menu can also be affected by subtle textual manipulations for example descriptive labeling of item names may produce positiveffects leading to higher customer satisfaction and higher perceived product valuewansink b painter j and van ittersum k descriptive menu labels effect on sales cornell hotel restaurant administration quarterly similarly the presence of dollar signs or other potential monetary cues may cause guests to spend lessyang s kimes e and sessarego m or dollars effects of menu price formats on customer price purchases cornell hospitality report managerial accounting the primary goal of menu engineering is to encourage purchase of targeted items presumably the most profitable items and to discourage purchase of the least profitable items to that end firms must first calculate the cost of each item listed on the menu this costing exercise should extend to all items listed on the menu and should reflect all costs incurred to produce and serve optimally item costshould include food cost including wasted product and product loss incrementalabor eg cost in house butchering pastry production or prep condiments and packaging only incremental costs and effortshould be included in the item costhe two criteria for determining which menu itemshould be featured on a menu have been food cost percentage and gross profit food cost percentage is calculated by dividing the cost of the menu item ingredients including surrounding dish items eg salad bread and butter condiments etc by the menu price gross profit is calculated by subtracting the menu cost as previously defined from the menu price advocates of menu engineering believe that gross profitrumps food cost so they tend to identify menu items withe highest gross profitems like steaks and seafood as the items to promote the downside of this exclusive approach is that items that are high in gross profit are typically the highest priced items on the menu and they typically are on the high end of the food cost percentage scale this approach works fine in price inelastic markets like country clubs and fine dining white table cloth restaurants however in highly competitive markets which most restaurants reside think applebee s chili s olive garden price points are particularly critical in building customer counts in addition food cost cannot be ignored completely ifood cost increases total costs must increasenough to lower the overall fixed cost percentage or the bottom line will not improve this not a recommended strategy for neighborhood restaurant with average checks under those who believe that a low food cost percentage is more importanthan gross profit will promote the items withe lowest food cost percentage unfortunately these items are typically the lowest priced items on the menu eg chicken pasta soups promoting only low food cost items willikely result in lowering your average check and unless the restaurant attracts more customers overall sales will not be optimized low food cost and high gross profit are not mutually exclusive attributes of a menu item a second approach called cost margin analysis identifies items that are both low in food cost and return a higher than average gross profithese items referred to as primes the fundamental principles of restaurant cost controls david pavesic and paul magnant nd ed pearson prentice hall this analysis works well forestaurants in highly competitive markets where customers are price sensitive there is really no single method of analysis that can be used across the board on all menu items if a menu item is a commodity like hamburgers chicken tenders fajitas and other items found on the majority of restaurant menus prices tend to be more moderate if a menu item is a specialty and unique to a particularestaurant andemand is high prices can be higher than average because technically the restaurant has a monopoly on that item and until competitors copy them and put it on their menus higher prices can be chargedhowever no restaurant can sustain a competitive uniqueness or price advantage over their competition in the long run eventually competitors will try to match them using menu engineering in restaurants or menu items where price inelasticity is present is recommended and cost margin casual neighborhood restaurants and on menu items where price points are critical in building and keeping customershould be considered remember the customer determines the best price to charge nothe restaurant operator customers do not care about your costs they care about what you charge after an item s cost and price have been determined see pricing in the marketing section analysis and evaluation of an item s profitability is based on the item s contribution margin the contribution margin is calculated as the menu price minus the cost menu engineering then focuses on maximizing the contribution margin of each guest s orderecipe costing should be updated at leasthe ingredient cost portion whenever the menu is reprinted or whenever items are engineered some simplified calculations of contribution marginclude only food costs references externalinks category restaurant menus category product 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menu_engineering maximize firm profitability encouraging customers buy buy purchase items buy fields study contribute menu_engineering include psychology perception attention emotion managerial accounting contribution margin unit cost analysis marketing strategy pricing promotion graphic design psychology menu_engineering perception attention visual perception inextricably linked customers read menu menus presented visually though many_restaurants_list daily specials majority menu_engineering recommendations focus increase attention arranging menu categories within pages menu item placement within menu category placement categories items referred theory sweet original reference sweet spot found traced repeated references academic work trade h ten menu success restaurant hospitality l h ed management menu th_ed john wiley miller j e menu pricing strategy ed new_york vanostrand sweet classical effect psychology known serial position effect aka rules thought customers likely remember first see menu hence sweet spots menu customers look first date empirical evidence sweet spots theyes customer monthly report eating reynolds e understanding menu psychology empirical investigation menu design international_journal hospitality_tourism administration clark david l consultants smoke empirical test impact menu layout item sales international_journal contemporary hospitality_management customer perception items offered menu also affected example descriptive labeling item names may produce leading higher customer satisfaction higher perceived product b painter j van k descriptive menu effect sales cornell hotel restaurant administration quarterly similarly presence dollar signs potential monetary may cause guests spend e dollars effects menu price formats customer price purchases cornell hospitality report managerial accounting primary goal menu_engineering encourage purchase targeted items presumably profitable items discourage purchase least profitable items end firms must first calculate cost item listed menu costing exercise extend items listed menu reflect costs incurred produce serve item include food_cost including product product loss cost house pastry production condiments packaging costs included item costhe two criteria determining menu featured menu food_cost percentage gross profit food_cost percentage calculated dividing cost menu item ingredients including surrounding dish items salad bread butter condiments etc menu price gross profit calculated menu cost previously defined menu price advocates menu_engineering believe gross food_cost tend identify menu_items withe highest gross like seafood items promote downside exclusive approach items high gross profit typically highest priced items menu typically high_end food_cost percentage scale approach works fine price markets like country clubs fine_dining white table cloth restaurants however highly competitive markets restaurants reside think chili olive garden price points particularly critical building customer counts addition food_cost cannot completely cost increases total costs must lower overall fixed cost percentage bottom line improve recommended strategy neighborhood restaurant average checks believe low food_cost percentage gross profit promote items withe lowest food_cost percentage unfortunately items typically lowest priced items menu chicken pasta soups promoting low food_cost items willikely result lowering average check unless restaurant attracts customers overall sales optimized low food_cost high gross profit exclusive attributes menu item second approach called cost margin analysis identifies items low food_cost return higher average gross items referred fundamental principles restaurant cost controls david paul ed pearson prentice hall analysis works well forestaurants highly competitive markets customers price sensitive really single method analysis used across board menu_items menu item commodity like hamburgers chicken items found majority 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series of guide books published by the french tire company for more than a century the term normally refers to the annually published michelin red guide the oldest european hotel and restaurant reference guide which awards michelin stars for excellence to a select few establishmentsfairburn carolyn fading stars michelin red guide the times february beale victoriand james boxell falling stars the financial times july the acquisition or loss of a star can have dramatic effects on the success of a restaurant michelin also publishes a series of general guides to countries in fewer than cars graced the roads ofrance to boosthe demand for cars and accordingly car tires brothers and car tire manufacturers and published the first edition of a guide for french motorists the michelin guidemayyasi alex why does a tire company publish the michelin guide pricenomics june the brothers printed nearly copies of this first freedition of the michelin guide which provided useful information to motoristsuch as maps tirepair and replacement instructions car mechanics listings hotels and petrol stations throughout france four years later in the brothers published a guide to belgium similar to the michelin guide the michelin guideditions and over a century of history viamichelin accessed may file bibendum jpg thumb michelin guide to the british isles the brothersubsequently introduced guides for algeriand tunisia the alps and the rhine northern italy switzerland bavariand the netherlands germany spain and portugal the british isles and the countries of the sunorthern africa southern italy and corsica in the michelin guide for france saw its first english language version published le guide michelin en quelques dates association des collectionneurs de guides et cartes michelin accessed may during the world war i first world war publication of the guide wasuspended after the wareviseditions of the guide continued to be given away until the company s website recounts the story that visiting a tire merchant noticed copies of the guide being used to prop up a workbench based on the principle that man only truly respects what he pays for the brothers decided to charge a price for the guide which was about francs or in they also made several changes notably listing restaurants by specificategories the debut of hotelistings initially only for paris and the abandonment of advertisements in the guide recognizing the growing popularity of the restaurant section of the guide the brothers recruited a team of inspectors to visit and review restaurants who were always careful in maintaining anonymity michelin guide history provence and beyond accessed may in the guide began to award stars for fine dining establishments initially there was only a single star awarded then in the hierarchy of zerone two and three stars was introduced finally in the criteria for the starred rankings were published a very good restaurant in its category excellent cooking worth a detour exceptional cuisine worth a special journey in the cover of the guide was changed from blue to red and has remained so in all subsequent editions during the world war ii second world war publication was again suspended but in athe request of the allies of world war ii allied forces the guide to france waspecially reprinted for military use its maps were judged the best and most up to date available to the invading armies publication of the annual guide resumed on may a week after victory in europe day ve day in thearly post war years the lingering effects of wartime shortages led michelin to impose an upper limit of two stars by the french edition listed establishments judged to meethistandard the michelin guide the manchester guardian march p the first michelin guide to italy was published in it awarded no stars in the first edition in the first guide to britain since was published twenty five stars were awardeddawson helen british michelin revived the observer march p inovember michelin produced its first american guide concentrating onew york city new york covering restaurants in the city s five boroughs and hotels manhattan only in a tokyo michelin guide was launched in the same year the guide introduced a magazine in a hong kong and macau volume was added to the list of michelin guides the michelin website inotes thathe guide is published in editions covering countries and sold inearly countries in the german restaurateur juliane caspar was appointeditor in chief of the french edition of the guide she had previously been responsible for the michelin guides to germany switzerland austria she became the first womand first non french national toccupy the french position the germanewspaper commented on the appointment in view of the fact german cuisine is regarded as a lethal weapon in most parts ofrance this decision is like mercedes announcing that its new director of product development is a martian paterson tony french shock at michelin guide s first foreign chief the independent december methods and layout file dishes made by michelin starestaurantsjpg thumb dishes made by michelin starestaurants red guides have historically listed many morestaurants than rival guides have done relying on an extensive system of symbols to describeach establishment in as little as two lines reviews of starred restaurants also include two to three culinary specialities recently short summaries lines have been added to enhance descriptions of many establishments these summaries are written in the language of the country for which the guide is published though the spain and portugal volume is in spanish only buthe symbols are the same throughout all editions michelin reviewers commonly called inspectors are completely anonymous they do not identify themselves and their meals and expenses are paid for by the company founded by the michelin brothers never by a restaurant being reviewed in the new yorker said the frenchef one of the pioneers of in the said michelin is the only guide that counts tastest menu by three star michelin chef philippe marc time out magazine time out kuala lumpur october in franceach year athe time the guide is published it sparks a media frenzy whichas been compared to that for annual academy awards for films mediand others debate likely winnerspeculation is rife and tv and newspapers discuss which restaurant might lose and who might gain a list of michelin starred restaurants michelin star michelin stars align for sevenyc restaurants the wall street journal october off the menu the new york times october tokyo retains title as michelin s gourmet capital the asahi shimbunovember and taking the pop up restauranto new heights online january the michelin guide also awards rising stars an indication that a restaurant has the potential to qualify for a star or an additional star file a culinary journey to the finnish archipelagojpg thumb upright a menu course from a michelin rated restaurant in helsinki finland file carte printempspring menu switzerland michelin starred restaurantjpg thumb a course in a michelin starred restaurant in geneva switzerland file italian restaurantica osteria del ponte michelin starjpg thumb a course in a michelin starred restaurant in tokyo japan since the guide has also highlighted restaurants offering exceptional good food at moderate prices a feature now called they must offer menu items priced below a maximum determined by local economic standards is the company s nickname for the michelin man its corporate logo for over a century class wikitable style text align center country achetez en ligne votre guide michelin europe michelin release datestablishments francedition euro in paris area over hotels and guest houses restaurants belgium and luxembourg edition or less over hotels and guest houses restaurants germany edition deutschland michelin guide or less over hotels and guest houses restaurants hotels great britain and ireland edition pound sterling or over hotels guest house s restaurants pub s italy edition over hotels and guest houses restaurants netherlands edition michelin guide netherlands michelinovember over hotels and guest houses restaurantspain and portugal edition preview or less over hotels and guest houses restaurants tapas barswitzerland edition michelin stars rain down on switzerland michelinovember over hotels and guest houses restaurants class wikitable style text align center city release datestablishments paris edition hotels restaurants chicago edition united states dollarestaurants hong kong and macau edition hong kong dollar hk or macanese pataca mop restaurants hotels michelin japan march kyotosaka kobe nara edition coins japanese yen michelin japan octoberestaurants hotels ryokan japanese inn ryokans las vegasuspended october jinae west michelin bad economy means no guide in las vegas las vegasun june restaurants hotels london edition restaurants hotels los angelesuspended october phil vettel and the crystal ball says michelinorth america novemberestaurants hotels main cities of europe march michelin guide main cities of europe to gon sale on march michelin march covering austria vienna salzburg belgium brussels antwerp czech republic prague denmark copenhagen finland helsinki france paris lyonstrasbourg toulouse germany berlin cologne frankfurt hamburg munich stuttgart greece athens hungary budapest irelandublin italy rome milan turin florence luxembourg netherlands amsterdam rotterdam the hague norway oslo poland warsaw cracow portugalisbon spain madrid barcelona valencia sweden stockholm gothenburg switzerland bern geneva zurich united kingdom london birmingham edinburgh glasgow restaurants hotels new york city edition san francisco and bay area edition restaurantseoul edition michelin guide seoul south korean won or less bib gourmand seoul restaurants hotelshanghai edition t ang court ishanghai s firstar michelin restaurant shanghai daily septemberenminbi or less tbc singaporedition singaporestaurant stalwarts australiand italian cuisine celebrated in the michelin guide singapore michelin guide singapore june the results bib gourmand awards for the michelin guide singapore michelin guide singapore june s tbc tokyokohamaand shonan edition coins michelin japanovemberestaurants hotels and ryokan japanese inn ryokans non restaurant food withe blurring of lines between restaurants and other eateries michelin is adapting too from it had a separate listing for gastropub s in ireland the guide for hong kong and macau introduced an overview of notable street food establishments the singapore guide that year introduced the first michelin stars for street food locations for hong kong soya sauce chicken rice and noodle and hill streetai hwa pork noodle otheratings allisted restaurants regardless of their star or status also receive a fork and spoon designation as a subjective reflection of the overall comfort and quality of the restaurant how to use this guide michelin accessed may rankings range from one to five one fork and spoon represents a comfortable restaurant and five signifies a luxurious restaurant forks and spoons coloured designate a restauranthat is considered pleasant as well restaurants independently of their otheratings in the guide can also receive a number of other symbols nexto their listing coins indicate restaurants that serve a menu for a certain price or less depending on the local monetary standard in france us and japan red guides the maximum permitted coin prices were and respectively interesting view or magnificent view designated by a black ored symbol are given to restaurants offering those features grapes a sake set or a cocktail glass indicate restaurants that offer at minimum a somewhat interesting selection of winesake or cocktail s respectively green guides the michelin green guides review and rate attractions other than restaurants there is a green guide for france as a whole and a more detailed one for each of ten regions within france other green guides cover many countries regions and cities outside france many green guides are published in severalanguages they include background information and an alphabetical section describing points of interest like the red guides they use a three star system forecommending sights ranging from worth a trip to worth a detour and interesting allegations of lax inspection standards and bias pascal r my a veteran france based michelinspector and also a former gault millau employee wrote a tell all book published in entitled l inspecteur se metable literally the inspector sits down athe table idiomatically the inspector spills the beans or the inspector puts it all on the table r my s employment was terminated in december when he informed michelin of his plans to publishis booksage adam j accuse michelin cooks the books the times may he brought a court case for unfair dismissal which was unsuccessfulhenley john michelin bean spiller loses court battle the guardian december my described the french michelinspector s life as lonely underpaidrudgery driving around france for weeks on endining alone under intense pressure to file detailed reports on strict deadlines he maintained thathe guide had become lax in itstandards though michelin states that its inspectors visited all reviewed restaurants in francevery months and all starred restaurantseveral times a year my said only about one visit everyears was possible because there were only inspectors in france when he was hired rather than the or more hinted by michelin that number he said had shrunk to five by the time he was fired in december my also accused the guide ofavouritism he alleged that michelin treated famous and influential chefsuch as paul bocuse and alain ducasse as untouchable and not subjecto the same rigoroustandards as lesser known chefs michelin denied r my s charges but refused to say how many inspectors it actually employed in france in response to r my statementhat certain three star chefs were sacrosanct michelin said there would be little sense in saying a restaurant was worthree stars if it were notrue ifor nothereason than thathe customer would write and tell us michelin man jolts french food world the new york times february allegations of prejudice for french cuisine some non french food critics have alleged thathe rating system is biased in favour ofrench cuisine or french dining standards in the uk the guardian commented in that some people maintain the guide s principal purpose is as a tool of gallicultural imperialism pass notes the guardian january p a when michelin published its first new york city red guide in steven kurutz of the new york times noted that danny meyer s union square cafe a restaurant rated highly by the new york times zagat survey and other prominent guides received a no starating fromichelin he did acknowledge thathe restaurant received positive mention for its ambience and thatwotherestaurants owned by meyereceived stars kurutz also claimed the guide appeared to favourestaurants that emphasized formality and presentation rather than a casual approach to fine dining he also claimed that over half of the restaurants that received one or two stars could be considered french kurutz steven she s a belle of the city buthe french are blas the new york times november the michelin guide new york included restaurants compared to in zagat new york after the four seasons restaurant received no stars in that edition cowner julianiccolini said michelin should stay in france and they should keep their guide there the guide does however include menus recipes and photographs andescription of the atmosphere of starred restaurants allegations of leniency with stars for japanese cuisine in michelin guides ranked japan as the country withe mostarred restaurants thisparked questioning over whether these high ratings were merited for japanese restaurants or whether the michelin guide was too generous in giving out stars to gain an acceptance with japanese customers and to enable the parentire selling company to market itself in japanrobinson gwen michelin serves up stars and stirs envy in japan the financial times october and robinson gwen michelin sprinklestars on tokyo the financial times november the wall street journal reported in that some japanese chefs were surprised at receiving a star and wereluctanto accept one because the publicity caused an unmanageable jump in booking affecting their ability to serve their traditional customers without lowering their qualitysanchanta mariko katy mclaughlin and max colchester michelin stars draw shots the wall street journal october unwanted starsome restaurateurs have asked michelin to revoke a star because they felthat it created undesirable customer expectations or pressure to spend more on service and cor some casespain aftereceiving a star for a perfumed cuisine in the restaurant chef julio biosca felthe award was granted to dishes that he did not like and restricted his creativity and tried to remove histar and in december discontinued his tasting menu the removal took place in the guide petersham nurseries caf london aftereceiving a star in founder and chef skye gyngell received complaints from customers expecting formal dining leading to her attempto remove the star and subsequent retirement from the restaurant huis van lede belgium aftereceiving a star in chefrederick dhooge said he did not want his michelin star or his points in the gault millau restaurant guide because some customers were not interested in simple food from a michelin starred restaurant notable mistakes in the bouche oreille caf in bourges was accidentally given a star when it was confused with a restaurant of the same name in boutervilliers near paris furthereading published in the th century list of excursions published in the st century by and follows the odd chefs who have been awarded three stars the perfectionist life andeath in haute cuisine by 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michelin_guide michelin century history accessed_may file_jpg thumb michelin_guide british_isles introduced guides tunisia alps rhine northern_italy switzerland netherlands germany spain portugal british_isles countries africa southern italy corsica michelin_guide france saw first english_language version published guide_michelin dates association des de guides michelin accessed_may world_war first_world_war publication guide wasuspended guide continued given away company website story visiting tire merchant noticed copies guide used based principle man truly respects pays brothers decided charge price guide also_made several changes notably listing restaurants debut initially paris advertisements guide recognizing growing popularity restaurant section guide brothers recruited team inspectors visit review restaurants always careful maintaining anonymity michelin_guide history provence beyond accessed_may guide began award stars fine_dining establishments initially single star awarded hierarchy two three stars introduced finally criteria starred rankings published good restaurant category excellent cooking worth detour exceptional cuisine worth special journey cover guide changed blue red remained subsequent editions world_war ii second_world_war publication suspended athe request allies world_war ii allied forces guide france reprinted military use maps judged best date available armies publication annual guide resumed may week victory europe day day thearly post_war years effects wartime led michelin impose upper limit two stars french edition listed establishments judged michelin_guide manchester guardian march p first michelin_guide italy published awarded stars first_edition first guide britain since published twenty five stars helen british michelin revived observer march p inovember michelin produced first_american guide concentrating onew york_city new_york covering restaurants city five boroughs hotels manhattan tokyo michelin_guide launched year guide introduced magazine hong_kong macau volume added list michelin_guides michelin website thathe guide published editions covering countries sold countries german restaurateur chief french edition guide previously responsible michelin_guides germany switzerland austria became first first non french national french position commented appointment view fact german cuisine regarded weapon parts ofrance decision like announcing new director product_development tony french shock michelin_guide first foreign chief independent december methods layout file dishes made michelin thumb dishes made michelin red guides historically listed many rival guides done relying extensive system symbols establishment little two lines reviews starred_restaurants also_include two three culinary specialities recently short summaries lines added enhance descriptions many establishments summaries written language country guide published though spain portugal volume spanish buthe symbols throughout editions michelin commonly called inspectors completely anonymous identify meals expenses paid company founded michelin brothers never restaurant reviewed new_yorker said one pioneers said michelin_guide counts menu three star michelin chef philippe marc time magazine_time kuala_lumpur october year athe_time guide published media frenzy whichas compared annual academy awards films mediand others debate likely tv newspapers discuss restaurant might lose might gain list michelin_starred_restaurants michelin_star michelin_stars align restaurants wall_street_journal october menu new_york times october tokyo retains title michelin gourmet capital taking pop restauranto new heights online january michelin_guide also awards rising stars indication restaurant potential qualify star additional star file culinary journey finnish thumb upright menu course michelin rated restaurant helsinki finland file carte menu switzerland michelin_starred restaurantjpg thumb course michelin_starred restaurant geneva switzerland file italian osteria del michelin thumb course michelin_starred restaurant tokyo_japan since guide also highlighted restaurants_offering exceptional good_food moderate prices feature called must offer menu_items priced maximum determined local economic standards company nickname michelin man corporate logo century class wikitable_style_text align center country guide_michelin europe michelin release euro paris area hotels guest houses restaurants belgium luxembourg edition less hotels guest houses restaurants germany edition michelin_guide less hotels guest houses restaurants_hotels great_britain ireland edition pound sterling hotels guest house restaurants pub italy edition hotels guest houses restaurants netherlands edition michelin_guide netherlands hotels guest houses portugal edition preview less hotels guest houses restaurants tapas edition michelin_stars rain switzerland hotels guest houses restaurants class wikitable_style_text align center city release paris edition hotels_restaurants chicago edition united_states hong_kong macau edition hong_kong dollar restaurants_hotels michelin japan march kobe nara edition coins japanese yen michelin japan hotels ryokan japanese inn las october west michelin bad economy means guide las_vegas las june restaurants_hotels london_edition restaurants_hotels los october phil vettel crystal ball says america hotels main cities europe march michelin_guide main cities europe gon sale march michelin march covering austria vienna salzburg belgium brussels antwerp czech_republic prague denmark copenhagen finland helsinki france paris germany berlin cologne frankfurt hamburg munich stuttgart greece athens hungary budapest italy rome milan turin florence luxembourg netherlands amsterdam rotterdam hague norway oslo poland warsaw spain madrid barcelona valencia sweden stockholm gothenburg switzerland bern geneva zurich united_kingdom london birmingham edinburgh glasgow restaurants_hotels new_york city edition san_francisco_bay_area edition edition michelin_guide seoul south_korean less bib gourmand seoul restaurants edition court michelin restaurant shanghai daily less australiand italian cuisine celebrated michelin_guide singapore michelin_guide singapore june results bib gourmand awards michelin_guide singapore michelin_guide singapore june edition coins michelin hotels ryokan japanese inn non restaurant food withe lines restaurants eateries michelin adapting separate listing gastropub ireland guide hong_kong macau introduced overview notable street_food establishments singapore guide year introduced first michelin_stars street_food locations hong_kong sauce chicken rice noodle hill pork noodle restaurants regardless star status also receive fork spoon designation reflection overall comfort quality restaurant use guide_michelin accessed_may rankings range one five one fork spoon represents comfortable restaurant five signifies luxurious restaurant forks spoons coloured designate restauranthat considered pleasant well restaurants independently guide also receive number symbols nexto listing coins indicate restaurants serve menu certain price less depending local monetary standard france us japan red guides maximum permitted coin prices respectively interesting view magnificent view designated black ored symbol given restaurants_offering features grapes sake set cocktail glass indicate restaurants_offer minimum somewhat interesting selection cocktail respectively green guides michelin green guides review rate attractions restaurants green guide france whole detailed one ten regions within france green guides cover many_countries regions cities outside france many green guides published include background information alphabetical section describing points interest like red guides use three star system sights ranging worth trip worth detour interesting allegations lax inspection standards bias pascal r veteran france based also former gault millau employee wrote tell book published entitled l literally inspector sits athe_table inspector beans inspector puts table r employment terminated december informed michelin plans adam j michelin cooks books times may brought court case unfair john michelin bean loses court battle guardian december described french life lonely driving around france weeks alone intense pressure file detailed reports strict maintained thathe guide become lax though michelin states inspectors visited reviewed restaurants months starred times year said one visit possible inspectors france hired rather michelin number said five time fired december also accused guide alleged michelin treated famous influential paul alain ducasse subjecto lesser known chefs michelin denied r charges refused say many inspectors actually employed france response r certain three star chefs michelin said would little sense saying restaurant stars thathe customer would write tell us michelin man french food world new_york times_february allegations prejudice french_cuisine non french food critics alleged thathe rating system favour ofrench cuisine french dining standards uk guardian commented people maintain guide principal purpose tool imperialism pass notes guardian january p michelin published first new_york city red guide steven new_york times noted danny meyer union square cafe restaurant rated highly new_york times zagat survey prominent guides received starating acknowledge thathe restaurant received positive mention ambience owned stars also claimed guide appeared emphasized presentation rather casual approach fine_dining also claimed half restaurants received one two stars could considered french steven belle city buthe french blas new_york times november michelin_guide new_york included restaurants compared zagat new_york four seasons restaurant received stars edition said michelin stay france keep guide guide however include menus recipes photographs atmosphere starred_restaurants allegations stars japanese cuisine michelin_guides ranked japan country withe restaurants whether high ratings japanese restaurants whether michelin_guide generous giving stars gain acceptance japanese customers enable selling company market michelin serves stars japan financial times october robinson michelin tokyo financial times november wall_street_journal reported japanese chefs surprised receiving star accept one publicity caused jump booking affecting ability serve traditional customers without lowering katy max michelin_stars draw shots wall_street_journal october unwanted restaurateurs asked michelin_star created undesirable customer expectations pressure spend service cor aftereceiving star cuisine restaurant chef julio award granted dishes like restricted creativity tried remove december discontinued tasting menu removal took_place guide caf london aftereceiving star founder chef skye received complaints customers expecting formal dining leading attempto remove star subsequent retirement restaurant van belgium aftereceiving star said want michelin_star points gault millau restaurant_guide customers interested simple food michelin_starred restaurant notable caf accidentally given star confused restaurant name near paris furthereading published th_century list excursions published st_century follows odd chefs awarded three stars life andeath haute_cuisine story bernard behind wall danish newspaper awards externalinks michelin red guides stars restaurants_list ofrance past category_michelin_guide category_michelin brands category consumer guides_category food_andrink awards_category_hotel guide_books category_publications_established category_restaurant guides_category_travel_guide_books"},{"title":"Microdistillery","description":"file catoctin creek stilljpg thumb right px a customade liter kothe hybrid pot column still operated by the catoctin creek distilling cof purcellville virginia microdistillery is a small often boutique style distillery established to produce beverage grade spirit alcohol in relatively small quantities usually done in single batches as opposed to larger distillers continuous distilling process while the term is most commonly used in the united states micro distilleries have been established in europe for manyears either asmall cognac distilleriesupplying the larger cognac houses or as distilleries of single malt whisky originally produced for the blended scotch whisky market but whose products are now sold as niche single malt brands the morecent development of micro distilleries canow also be seen in locations as diverse as london switzerland south africa throughout much of the world small distilleries operate throughout communities of variousizes mostly without beingiven a special description due to thextended period of prohibition in the united states however most small distillers were forced out of business leaving only the corporate dominatedistillery megadistilleries to resume operation when prohibition was repealed to produce small batch brands most microdistilleries in south africa ceased to exist when legislation was introduced in that made it almost impossible for small private distilleries toperate viably the legislation was relaxed again and although most distilling expertise was lost it was recovered by a new generation of microdistillers and has grown since a recentrend in thisegment of the distilling industry is for megadistillers to create their own micro distillery within their current operation the makers mark distillery owned by suntory and the buffalo trace distillery buffalo trace distillery owned by the sazeracompany which alsowns the a smith bowman distillery a smith bowman microdistillery are now producing specialty bourbon brands with small stills it is anticipated that other megadistillersuch as bacardi brown forman pernod ricard andiageo will soon join the parade the modern microdistilling movement grew out of the beer microbrewing trend which originated in the united kingdom in the s and quickly spread throughouthe united states in the following decades while still in its infancy the popularity of microdistilling and microdistilled beverage spirits is expanding consistently with many microbreweries and small wineriestablishing distilleries within the scope of their brewing or winemaking operations other microdistilleries are farm based anchor brewing company ballast point brewing company andogfishead arexamples of american craft breweries that have begun expanding into microdistillation leopold bros is an example of a microdistiller that began as a microbrewery and now operates as a distillery alone some of the newer microdistilleries produce only spirits plain and seasonally flavored vodka s are popular products as withemergence of microbrewing californiand oregon havexperienced the highest number of microdistillery openingsignificant recent growthas alsoccurred in the midwest microdistilleries for gin and vodka have also now started to remerge in london england after being restricted and effectively banned for over a hundred years due to uk government restrictions on still sizes whichave now been partially relaxed there are now five licensedistilleries in london beefeater and thames distillers and four microdistilleries the city of london distillery the london distillery company sacred microdistillery and sipsmith athe same timeuropean micro distilleries have been a key element in the absinthe renaissance in several countries including switzerland south africa has experienced a relative bigrowth in microdistilleries and produces mainly pot distilled brandies fruit brandies fruit based eau de vie locally called mampoer husk based spirits like italian grappand a wide range of liqueurs and flavoured vodkas a local microdistillery training academy distillique is one of the few training academies worldwide which provides craft and microdistiller training courses on a regular monthly basis for microdistillers include the jorgensen s distillery dalla cia distillery nyati jjj distillery schoemanati distillery tanagra distillery and wilderer distillery in the s the liquor industry established the notion of super premium spirits offering a higher quality and usually morelaborately packaged product at a higher price the higher prices created an opportunity for small distilleries to profitably produce niche brands of exotic spirits that did not need massiveconomies of scale to maintain profitability the first decade of the new millennium saw the creation of hundreds of such distilleries producing products that were designed and marketed in a way that resembled celebrated restaurants more than alcoholic spirits marketing numerous competitions and publications were formed to supporthe burgeoning sub culture of spirits it is no longer the case that microdistilleries are producing athe premium end of the market only thestablished brands are under threat from local microdistilleries at all price points withe possiblexception of the ultra discount supermarket brandsuch asainsbury s and tesco s value brands which are close to loss leaders microdistillers often experiment with new techniques to produce new flavors tony conigliaro uses a rotavap ie glassware not copper pot on a small scale to produce distilled spirits whichange from day to day in his bar and ian hart uses vacuum equipmento conduct distillation at much reduced temperaturesulting in less cooked aromatics file downslopestilljpg thumb right px a double diamond pot still used by downslope distilling of centennial colorado us regulation the us government regulates distilleries to a high degree and currently does not distinguish its treatment of distilleries in terms of size thistringent regulation has prevented microdistilling from developing as rapidly as microbrewing which enjoys relatively morelaxed government control a number of statesuch as california illinois indiana iowa kansas michigan utah washington ustate washington and wisconsin have passed legislation reducing the stringent regulations for small distilleries that were a holdover from prohibition the bureau of alcohol tobacco and firearms batf and the alcohol and tobacco tax and trade bureau ttb aresponsible for enforcing federal statutes as they apply to all manufacturers of beverage alcohol south african regulations in south africa microdistilleries are legally defined as distilleries with annual capacity of less than million litres of spirits these microdistilleries aregulated through provincialaws rather than the nationaliquor laws as prescribed in the liquor act of south africact of craft distillery the terms craft distillery and craft distilling are becoming more common in the nomenclature of north american beverage industry the term craft brings to mind the idea of smaller batches of distilled liquors being made in a family setting by a small or medium enterprise and or withigh quality standards for the most parthe term craft distilling does not appear to be defined in legislation inorth american emerging movement in the usand canada generally refers to the concept of craft distilling as batch distilling process using raw materials and methods for alcohol distillation maturation and blending that are true to north american homesteading tradition but which draws on modern distilling techniques and places great emphasis on quality ingredients often sourced locally and or form organic producers craft distilling is a catch phrase for some used for marketing purposes however many craft distillers consider that in order to be true to the art of making distilled liquors one must not only care abouthend result but also abouthe process and the impact of its production in this way craft distilling sets itself apart from the larger morestablishedistilleries a craft distiller is actively involved in every aspect of the distillation of the spirit from ingredient selection to bottling and labeling some craft distilleries take this one step further and even grow the grains they use to produce distilled liquors one mad buffalo distillery a farm distillery in union missouri controls every aspect of their product from growing and harvesting their grain fermenting distilling aging bottling labeling all on their family a process whichas been marketed as farm to flask or grain to glass additionally distillers in other states are pioneering how and where traditional spirits are produced for example bourbon often thought of as being exclusively produced in kentucky is now produced in every state in the usa see also distillation microbrewery list of distilleries in maryland portland oregon distilleries third wave of coffeexternalinks distillique craft and micro distilling south african liquor act of south african liquoregulations define microdistillery threshold volumes burning still distilling community american distiller american craft spirits ttb regulationstatutes and information batf regulationstatutes and information operating a very small but legal still david j reimer sr s micro distilleries in the us and canada shawnee bend farmstark spirits distillery mad buffalo distillery the trend london s adventurouspiritst augustine distillery category distilledrinks category distilleries category types of 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united_states however small distillers forced business leaving corporate resume operation prohibition repealed produce small batch brands microdistilleries south_africa ceased exist legislation introduced made almost impossible small private distilleries toperate legislation relaxed although distilling expertise lost recovered new generation grown since distilling industry create micro distillery within current operation makers mark distillery owned buffalo trace distillery buffalo trace distillery owned alsowns smith distillery smith microdistillery producing specialty bourbon brands small anticipated brown soon join parade modern movement grew beer trend originated united_kingdom quickly spread throughouthe_united_states following decades still popularity beverage spirits expanding consistently many microbreweries small distilleries within scope brewing operations microdistilleries farm based anchor brewing company point brewing company arexamples american craft breweries begun expanding bros example began microbrewery operates distillery alone newer microdistilleries produce spirits plain seasonally vodka popular products californiand oregon havexperienced highest number microdistillery recent midwest microdistilleries gin vodka also started london_england restricted effectively banned hundred years due uk government restrictions still sizes whichave partially relaxed five london beefeater thames distillers four microdistilleries city london distillery london distillery company sacred microdistillery athe micro distilleries key element renaissance several countries_including switzerland south_africa experienced relative microdistilleries produces mainly pot distilled fruit fruit based de vie locally called based spirits like italian wide_range flavoured local microdistillery training academy one training worldwide provides craft training courses regular monthly basis include distillery cia distillery distillery distillery distillery distillery liquor industry established notion super premium spirits offering higher quality usually packaged product higher price higher prices created opportunity small distilleries produce niche brands exotic spirits need scale maintain profitability first_decade new millennium saw creation hundreds distilleries producing products designed marketed way celebrated restaurants alcoholic spirits marketing numerous competitions publications formed supporthe burgeoning sub culture spirits longer case microdistilleries producing athe premium end market brands threat local microdistilleries price points withe ultra discount supermarket value brands close loss leaders often experiment new techniques produce new flavors tony uses copper pot small_scale produce distilled spirits day day bar ian hart uses vacuum equipmento conduct distillation much reduced less cooked file thumb right px double diamond pot still used distilling centennial colorado us regulation us_government regulates distilleries high degree currently distinguish treatment distilleries terms size regulation prevented developing rapidly enjoys relatively morelaxed government control number statesuch california illinois indiana iowa kansas michigan utah washington ustate washington wisconsin passed legislation reducing stringent regulations small distilleries prohibition bureau alcohol tobacco alcohol tobacco tax trade bureau aresponsible enforcing federal statutes apply manufacturers beverage alcohol south_african regulations south_africa microdistilleries legally defined distilleries annual capacity less million spirits microdistilleries aregulated rather laws liquor act south craft distillery terms craft distillery craft distilling becoming common north_american beverage industry term craft brings mind idea smaller distilled liquors made family setting small medium enterprise withigh quality standards parthe term craft distilling appear defined legislation inorth_american emerging movement usand canada generally refers concept craft distilling batch distilling process using raw materials methods alcohol distillation true north_american tradition draws modern distilling techniques places great emphasis quality ingredients often sourced locally form organic producers craft distilling catch phrase used marketing purposes however_many craft distillers consider order true art making distilled liquors one must care result also abouthe process impact production way craft distilling sets apart larger craft actively involved every aspect distillation spirit ingredient selection labeling craft distilleries take one step even grow grains use produce distilled liquors one mad buffalo distillery farm distillery union missouri controls every aspect product growing harvesting grain distilling aging labeling family process whichas marketed farm flask grain glass additionally distillers states pioneering traditional spirits produced example bourbon often thought exclusively produced kentucky produced every state usa 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bar at bangalore the concept soon spread to the united kingdom where it was encouraged by the temperance society as a morally acceptable alternative to the pub and over milk bars had opened nationally by thend of milk bars were known in the united states at least as early as evidenced by contemporary radio recordings by the late s milk bars had evolved to not only sell groceries but also be places where young people could buy ready made food and non alcoholic drink s and could socialise milk bars often used to include jukebox es and pinball machine s later upgraded to video game s with tables and chairs to encourage patrons to linger and spend more money the milk bar as a social venue was gradually replaced by fast food franchisesuch as mcdonald s and shopping mall s much of thelaborate decor has disappeared from the remaining milk bars they are still found in many areas often serving as convenience stores modern era file milk bar in afghanistanjpg thumb milk bar in afghanistan milk bars in australia today almost universally sell ice cream s confectionery sweets chocolate barsoft drink s newspaper s bread and occasionally fast food most also serve milkshake s although there are far fewer milk bars than there were during the s and s due to changing shopping habits most people living in suburban areastill have a milk bar within walking distance or a short drive of their home united kingdom in the united kingdom the national milk bar franchising franchise was founded by robert william griffiths as an ordinary caf restaurant chain which is related to the original milk bars iname only once numbering around outlets which were located in wales and near thengland wales border welsh border in england now only one remains bbc news one shop left as aberystwyth national milk bar closes dec in the uk corner shop serve a similar function to milk bars in modern australia providing everyday groceriesweets newspapers and such there is a campaign in the united kingdom uk to encourage school children to consume more dairy product s by installing milk bars in schools the idea is that if the dairy products are attractively presented and properly stored the children will be more willing to buy them the organisers behind the project work to develop links with school catererso thathe handling of milk andairy produce can be improved and they promote milk consumption and encourage milk drinking to become a habithat will be carried into adulthood the milk bar project has been extremely successful in scotland for years and it is currently being extended across england wales file darlingislandjunctionjpg thumb right milk bar film set from strictly ballroom at former darling island junction rail yard pyrmont new south wales pyrmont similar establishments a dairy bar is the term for a similarestaurant store common in the northeastern united statespecially upstate new york which is a large producer of dairy products a malt shop named for the ingredient in a malted milkshake is very similar to a milk or dairy bar serving milkshakes and soft drinks as well as limited foodsuch as hamburgers and sandwiches although there are still a few around these have largely fallen out ofashion in favor ofast food the term dairy store dairy is also used for thesestablishments in some places particularly inew zealand glasgow scotland the term bar mleczny milk bar in poland is used to describe popular and cheap cafeterias from the communist era that still existoday they provide a wide range of government subsidised meals in however the polish government began to withdraw their subsidies and this has led to protests by people opposed to their closure category food retailing category retailing in australia category types of 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australia milk_bar suburban local general store caf similar terms include shop delicatessen delis corner shop corner shops corner stores although definition different establishments milk_bars traditionally place people pick milk newspapers fast_food items like fish chips hamburgers people purchase milkshake file central station milk_bar jpg thumb central railway_station sydney milk_bar first business using name milk_bar wastarted india englishman james charles opened lake_view milk_bar bangalore concept soon spread united_kingdom encouraged temperance society morally acceptable alternative pub milk_bars opened nationally thend milk_bars known united_states least early contemporary radio recordings late milk_bars evolved sell groceries also places young_people could buy ready made food non_alcoholic drink could milk_bars often_used include jukebox machine later upgraded video_game tables chairs encourage patrons spend money milk_bar social venue gradually replaced fast_food mcdonald shopping_mall much decor disappeared remaining milk_bars still found many_areas often serving convenience stores modern era file milk_bar thumb milk_bar afghanistan milk_bars australia today almost universally sell ice_cream confectionery sweets chocolate drink newspaper bread occasionally fast_food also_serve milkshake although far fewer milk_bars due changing shopping habits people living suburban milk_bar within walking distance short drive home united_kingdom united_kingdom national milk_bar franchising franchise founded robert william griffiths ordinary caf restaurant_chain related original milk_bars numbering around outlets located wales near thengland wales border welsh border england one remains bbc_news one shop left national milk_bar closes dec uk corner shop serve similar function milk_bars modern australia providing everyday newspapers campaign united_kingdom uk encourage school children consume dairy product milk_bars schools idea dairy products presented properly stored children willing buy organisers behind project work develop links school thathe handling milk produce improved promote milk consumption encourage milk drinking become carried milk_bar project extremely successful scotland years currently extended across england_wales file thumb right milk_bar film set strictly ballroom former darling island junction rail yard new_south_wales similar establishments dairy bar term store common northeastern_united_statespecially new_york large producer dairy products malt shop named ingredient milkshake similar milk dairy bar serving soft_drinks well limited foodsuch hamburgers sandwiches although still around largely fallen ofashion favor ofast_food term dairy store dairy also_used thesestablishments places particularly inew_zealand glasgow scotland term bar mleczny milk_bar poland used describe popular cheap cafeterias communist era still provide wide_range government meals however polish government began subsidies led protests people opposed closure 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prime minister of australia inaugural sir edmund barton formation january website the australia n minister foreign affairs is the honourable the hon julie bishop since september the minister for international development and the pacific is australian senate senator the hon concetta fierravanti wellsince february in the government of australia the minister is responsible for overseeing the international diplomacy section of the department oforeign affairs and trade australia department oforeign affairs and trade in common with international practice the office is often informally referred to as foreign minister file acdfatjpg thumb right px r g casey house theadquarters of the department oforeign affairs and trade australia department oforeign affairs and trade the minister is usually one of the most senior members of cabinet of australia cabinethe position is equivalento that of secretary of state foreign and commonwealth affairs in britain or united statesecretary of state secretary of state in the united states ashown by the facthat eleven prime minister of australia prime ministers of australia have also worked as the minister foreign affairs the minister iseen as one of the people most responsible formulating australia s foreign policy as they along with otherelevant ministers advise the prime minister in developing and implementing foreign policy and also acts as the government s main spokesperson international affairs issues in recentimes the minister also undertakes numerous international trips to meet with foreign representatives and head of state heads of state or head of government list of ministers foreign affairs the portfolio has existed continuously sincexcept for the period november to december prior to november the office was known as the minister for external affairs between july and march it was known as the minister foreign affairs and trade starting withe keatingovernmenthe trade portfolio has been administered separately by the minister for trade australia minister for trade the following individuals have been appointed as minister foreign affairs or any of its precedentitles class wikitable width order width minister width colspan party width prime minister width title width term start width term end width term in office align center edmund barton rowspan protectionist party protectionist barton rowspan minister for external affairs align center align center align right align center alfredeakin deakin align center align center align right days align center billy hughes australian labor party labor chris watson align center align center align right days align center george reid australian politician george reid free trade party free trade reid align center align center align right days align center n alfredeakin commonwealth liberal party commonwealth liberal deakin align center align center align right align center lee batchelor labor andrew fisher align center align center align right days align center littleton groom protectionist deakin align center align center align right days align center n a lee batchelorowspan laborowspan fisher align center align center align right align center josiah thomas align center align center align right align center paddy glynn commonwealth liberal joseph cook align center align center align right align center john arthur politician john arthurowspan laborowspan fisher align center align center align right days rowspan align centerowspan hugh mahon align center align center align right days hughes align center align center align right colspan style background cccccc align center n a billy hughes rowspanationalist party of australia nationalist hughes rowspan minister for external affairs align center align center align right align center stanley bruce align center align center align right align center jamescullin labor scullin align center align center align right align center john latham judge john latham rowspan united australia party united australia rowspan joseph lyons align center align center align right align center sir george pearce align center align center align right rowspan align center n a rowspan billy hughes align center align center align right earle page align center align center align right days align center sir henry gullett henry somer gullett rowspan robert menzies align center align center align right days align center john mcewenational party of australia country align center align center align right days rowspan align centerowspan frederick stewart australian politician frederick stewart rowspan united australialign center align center align right days arthur fadden align center align center align right days rowspan align centerowspan dr h v evatt rowspan labor john curtin align center align centerowspan align right frank forde align center align center ben chifley align center align center align center percy spenderowspan liberal party of australia liberal rowspan menzies align center align center align right align centerichard casey baron casey richard casey align center align center align right align centerobert menzies align center align center align right align center sir garfield barwick align center align center align right rowspan align centerowspan paul hasluck align center align centerowspan align right harold holt align center align center john mcewen align center align centerowspan john gorton align center align center align center gordon freeth align center align center align right days rowspan align centerowspan williamcmahon align center align centerowspan align right rowspan williamcmahon align center align centerowspan minister foreign affairs align center align center align center les bury leslie bury align center align center align right days align center nigel bowen align center align center align right align center gough whitlam rowspan laborowspan whitlam align center align center align right days align center don willesee align center align center align right align center andrew peacock rowspan liberal rowspan malcolm fraser align center align center align right align center tony street align center align center align right rowspan align centerowspan bill hayden rowspan laborowspan bob hawke align center align centerowspan align right rowspan minister foreign affairs and trade align center align centerowspan align centerowspan gareth evans politician gareth evans align center align centerowspan align right rowspan paul keating align center align centerowspan minister foreign affairs align center align center align center alexander downer liberal john howard align center align center align right rowspan align centerowspan stephen smith australian politician stephen smith rowspan labor kevin rudd align center align centerowspan align right rowspan julia gillard align center align center align center kevin rudd align center align center align right rowspan align centerowspan bob carr align center align centerowspan align right rudd align center align centerowspan align centerowspan julie bishop rowspan liberal tony abbott align center align centerowspan align right malcolm turnbull align center align center incumbent notes also served as prime minister of australia prime minister for some or all of their term barton was knighted in while serving as minister list of ministers assisting the minister foreign affairs the following individuals have been appointed as minister assisting the minister foreign affairs or any of its precedentitles class wikitable width order width minister width colspan party width prime minister width ministerial title width term start width term end width term in office align center don willesee rowspan australian labor party laborowspan gough whitlam minister assisting the minister foreign affairs align center december align center november align right days rowspan align centerowspan bill morrison australian politician bill morrison minister assisting the minister foreign affairs in matters relating to papua new guinealign center november align center june rowspan align right minister assisting the minister foreign affairs in matters relating to the islands of the pacific align center june align center november colspan style background cccccc align center gareth evans politician gareth evans australian labor party labor bob hawke minister assisting the minister foreign affairs align center december align center july align right list of ministers for international development and the pacific the minister for international development was responsible in the rudd cabinet for the australian agency for international development ausaid and the international development and humanitarian aid policies of the commonwealth of australiadministered through the department oforeign affairs and trade australia department oforeign affairs and trade dfat ausaid was abolished by the incoming prime minister tony abbott in september and under the operations of the abbott cabinet its functions were absorbed into dfathe following individuals have been appointed as minister for international development and the pacific or any precedentitle class wikitable width order width minister width colspan party width prime minister width ministerial title width term start width term end width term in office align center melissa parke australian labor party labor kevin rudd minister for international development align center align center align right days colspan style background cccccc align center steven ciobo rowspan liberal party of australia liberal rowspan malcolm turnbull rowspan minister for international development and the pacific align center align center align right days align center align center align center incumbent align right list of ministers for tourism since australia had ministers responsible for tourism under various titles the following individuals have been appointed as minister for tourism or any of its precedentitles class wikitable width order width minister width colspan party width prime minister width ministerial title width term start width term end width term in office rowspan align centerowspan don chipp rowspan liberal party of australia liberal harold holt rowspan minister in charge of tourist activities align center align centerowspan align right john mcewen align center align centerowspan john gorton align center align centerowspan align centerowspan reg wright align center align centerowspan align right rowspan williamcmahon mcmahon align center align center align center peter howson politician peter howson align center align center align right colspan style background cccccc align center frank stewart australian labor party labor gough whitlam rowspan minister for tourism and recreation align center align center align right align centereg withers liberal malcolm fraser align center align center align right days colspan style background cccccc rowspan align centerowspan john brown australian politician john brown rowspan laborowspan bob hawke minister for sport recreation and tourism align center align centerowspan align right minister for artsporthenvironmentourism and territories align center align center colspan style background cccccc align center graham richardson rowspan laborowspan hawke rowspan minister for artsporthenvironmentourism and territories align center align center align right rowspan align centerowspan ros kelly align center align centerowspan align right rowspan paul keating align center align center align center alan griffiths rowspan minister for tourism align center align center align right align center michaelee australian politician michaelee align center align center align right align center john moore australian politician john moore rowspan liberal rowspan john howard minister for industry science and tourism align center align center align right align center andrew thomson australian politiciandrew thomson rowspan minister for sport and tourism align center align center align right align center jackie kelly align center align center align right align center joe hockey rowspan minister for small business and tourism align center align center align right align center fran bailey align center align center align right rowspan align centerowspan martin ferguson rowspan labor kevin rudd rowspan minister for tourism align center align centerowspan align right rowspan julia gillard align center align centerowspan align centerowspan gary gray politician gary gray align center align centerowspan align right days rudd align center align center colspan style background cccccc align centerichard colbeck rowspan liberal rowspan malcolm turnbull minister for tourism and international education align center align center align right align center steven ciobo minister for trade tourism and investment align center align center incumbent align right daysee also list of high commissioners and ambassadors of australia externalinks minister foreign affairs official website category 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party labor chris watson align center align center align right_days_align center george reid australian politician george reid free_trade party free_trade reid align center align center align right_days_align center n commonwealth liberal party commonwealth liberal align center align center align right align center lee labor andrew fisher align center align center align right_days_align center groom align center align center align right_days_align center n lee laborowspan fisher align center align center align right align center thomas align center align center align right align center commonwealth liberal joseph cook align center align center align right align center john arthur politician john laborowspan fisher align center align center align right_days rowspan_align_centerowspan hugh align center align center align right_days hughes align center align center align right colspan_style background cccccc align center n billy hughes party australia hughes rowspan_minister external affairs align center align center align right align center stanley bruce align center align center align right align center labor align center align center align right align center john latham judge john latham rowspan united australia party united australia rowspan joseph lyons align center align center align right align center sir george align center align center align right_rowspan align center n rowspan billy hughes align center align center align right page align center align center align right_days_align center sir henry henry rowspan robert align center align center align right_days_align center john party australia country align center align center align right_days rowspan_align_centerowspan frederick stewart australian politician frederick stewart rowspan united center align center align right_days arthur align center align center align right_days rowspan_align_centerowspan h v rowspan labor john_curtin align center align_centerowspan_align right frank align center align center ben align center align center align center liberal party australia liberal rowspan_align center align center align right align casey baron casey richard casey align center align center align right align align center align center align right align center sir align center align center align right_rowspan align_centerowspan paul align center align_centerowspan_align right harold holt align center align center john align center align_centerowspan john align center align center align center gordon align center align center align right_days rowspan_align_centerowspan_align center align_centerowspan_align right_rowspan align center align_centerowspan minister_foreign_affairs align center align center align center les bury leslie bury align center align center align right_days_align center nigel bowen align center align center align right align center gough whitlam rowspan laborowspan whitlam align center align center align right_days_align center align center align center align right align center andrew peacock rowspan liberal rowspan malcolm fraser align center align center align right align center tony street align center align center align right_rowspan align_centerowspan bill hayden rowspan laborowspan bob hawke align center align_centerowspan_align right_rowspan minister_foreign_affairs trade align center align_centerowspan_align centerowspan gareth evans politician gareth evans align center align_centerowspan_align right_rowspan paul align center align_centerowspan minister_foreign_affairs align center align center align center alexander liberal john howard align center align center align right_rowspan align_centerowspan stephen smith australian politician stephen smith rowspan labor kevin rudd align center align_centerowspan_align right_rowspan julia align center align center align center kevin rudd align center align center align right_rowspan align_centerowspan bob carr align center align_centerowspan_align right rudd align center align_centerowspan_align centerowspan julie bishop rowspan liberal tony abbott align center align_centerowspan_align right malcolm align center align center incumbent notes also_served prime_minister australia prime_minister term barton serving minister list ministers assisting minister_foreign_affairs following individuals appointed minister assisting minister_foreign_affairs class wikitable width order width minister width colspan party width prime_minister width ministerial title width_term start width_term end width_term office align center rowspan australian labor party laborowspan gough whitlam minister assisting minister_foreign_affairs align center december align center november align right_days rowspan_align_centerowspan bill morrison australian politician bill morrison minister assisting minister_foreign_affairs matters relating papua_new center november align center june rowspan_align right minister assisting minister_foreign_affairs matters relating islands pacific align center june align center november colspan_style background cccccc align center gareth evans politician gareth evans australian labor party labor bob hawke minister assisting minister_foreign_affairs align center december align center july align right list ministers international_development pacific minister international_development responsible rudd cabinet australian agency international_development international_development humanitarian aid policies commonwealth department oforeign_affairs trade australia department oforeign_affairs trade abolished incoming prime_minister tony abbott september operations abbott cabinet functions absorbed following individuals appointed minister international_development pacific class wikitable width order width minister width colspan party width prime_minister width ministerial title width_term start width_term end width_term office align center melissa australian labor party labor kevin rudd minister international_development align center align center align right_days colspan_style background cccccc align center steven rowspan liberal party australia liberal rowspan malcolm rowspan_minister international_development pacific align center align center align right_days_align center align center align center incumbent align right list ministers tourism since australia ministers responsible_tourism various titles following individuals appointed minister tourism class wikitable width order width minister width colspan party width prime_minister width ministerial title width_term start width_term end width_term office rowspan_align_centerowspan rowspan liberal party australia liberal harold holt rowspan_minister charge tourist_activities align center align_centerowspan_align right john align center align_centerowspan john align center align_centerowspan_align centerowspan wright align center align_centerowspan_align right_rowspan mcmahon align center align center align center peter politician peter align center align center align right colspan_style background cccccc align center frank stewart australian labor party labor gough whitlam rowspan_minister tourism recreation align center align center align right align liberal malcolm fraser align center align center align right_days colspan_style background cccccc rowspan_align_centerowspan john brown australian politician john brown rowspan laborowspan bob hawke minister sport recreation tourism align center align_centerowspan_align right minister territories align center align center colspan_style background cccccc align center graham richardson rowspan laborowspan hawke rowspan_minister territories align center align center align right_rowspan align_centerowspan ros kelly align center align_centerowspan_align right_rowspan paul align center align center align center alan griffiths rowspan_minister tourism align center align center align right align center australian politician align center align center align right align center john moore australian politician john moore rowspan liberal rowspan john howard minister industry science tourism align center align center align right align center andrew thomson australian thomson rowspan_minister sport tourism align center align center align right align center jackie kelly align center align center align right align center joe hockey rowspan_minister small business_tourism align center align center align right align center fran bailey align center align center align right_rowspan align_centerowspan martin ferguson rowspan labor kevin rudd rowspan_minister tourism align center align_centerowspan_align right_rowspan julia align center align_centerowspan_align centerowspan gary gray politician gary gray align center align_centerowspan_align right_days rudd align center align center colspan_style background cccccc align rowspan liberal rowspan malcolm minister tourism international education align center align center align right align center steven minister trade tourism investment align center align center incumbent 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literature mushaira music of pakistan music pakistani philosophy textiles of pakistan textiles and theatre of pakistan theatre implementing and enforcing the cultural policies and activities in the country the ministry is devolved into provincial governments of pakistan but its federal activities are currently managed by the ministry of culture national heritage and integration which is currently headquartered in cabinet of pakistan cabinet secretariat islamabad capital venue its executive and political figure is the culture minister of pakistan culture minister who is a public appointed official and must be required to be a member of parliament of pakistan parliament of pakistan the ministry coordinates its activities through its designatedepartments and also athe university levels departments the ministry of culture national heritage and integration coordinates departments that are listed below central board ofilm censors cbfc department of archaeology and museums doam iqbal academy 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azerbaijan republic is a governmental agency within the cabinet of azerbaijan in charge of regulation of the activities in andevelopment of tourism in azerbaijand promotion of culture of azerbaijani culture the ministry is headed by abulfaz garayev the ministry was established in may with a purpose of preservation development promotion of rich azerbaijani culture and arts the agency s included implementation of local and international cultural programs projects and holding events in various countries the objectives were to preserve and protect historical monuments and real estate theirenovation and use modernization of libraries and museums protection and promotion of azerbaijani folklore development of cultural clubs resorts and parks revitalization of tourism development of theater musical and other forms of arts revitalization of cinemand book publications and so forthe ministry is headed by the minister withree deputy ministers main functions of the ministry are implementation of state policies in the tourism sector and promotion of azerbaijani culture formulation and implementation of short mid and long term strategies and programs increasing activities in cultural sector among the youth create conditions for every citizen to contribute to the cultural development in azerbaijan increase production of azerbaijani films etc see also cabinet of azerbaijan tourism in azerbaijan culture of azerbaijan architecture of azerbaijan category economy of azerbaijan category tourism in azerbaijan category azerbaijani culture category government ministries of azerbaijan culture and tourism category culture ministries azerbaijan category tourisministries 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objectives preserve protect historical monuments real_estate use modernization libraries museums protection promotion azerbaijani folklore development cultural clubs resorts parks revitalization tourism_development theater musical forms arts revitalization cinemand book publications ministry headed minister withree deputy ministers main functions ministry implementation state policies tourism_sector promotion azerbaijani culture formulation implementation short mid long_term strategies programs increasing activities cultural sector among youth create conditions every citizen contribute cultural development azerbaijan increase production azerbaijani films etc see_also cabinet azerbaijan tourism azerbaijan culture azerbaijan architecture azerbaijan category_economy azerbaijan category_tourism azerbaijan category azerbaijani culture_category_government ministries azerbaijan culture_tourism category_culture_ministries azerbaijan category_tourisministries azerbaijan"},{"title":"Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Ethiopia)","description":"thethiopian ministry of culture and tourism is the ministry government department ministry of the government of ethiopia responsible foresearching preserving developing and promoting the culture of ethiopia culture and tourism in ethiopia tourist attractions of ethiopiand its list of ethnic groups in ethiopia peoples both inside the country and internationally in doing so the ministry closely works together with different national and foreign relations of ethiopia international stakeholdersubordinate bodies include the authority foresearch and conservation of cultural heritage arcch ethiopian wildlife conservation authority ewca national archives and library of ethiopia national archives and library agency and ethiopianational theatre the ministry publicizes the country s resources of tourist attractions and encourages the development of tourist facilities it also licenses and supervisestablishments of tourist facilitiesuch as hotels and tour operators and sets the standards for them ethiopia is blessed with abundant natural tourist attractions including list of world heritage sites in ethiopia nine world heritage sites buthe ministry of culture and tourism still struggles to attractourists in decent numbers owing to poor investment security andoes not have any cohesive tourism development or promotion strategy as a result mostourists fly over ethiopia to kenya uganda tanzania south africa to name a few countries nevertheless the ministry puts out regular press releases everyear claiming tourist have visited ethiopia everyear url despitethiopia having only about hotel rooms and of that only are tourist class rooms the reality is that every transit passenger on ethiopian airlines who spends a night in transit in addis ababa on a connecting flight is classed as a tourist for statistics and reporting the ministry is run by a minister and two state ministers class wikitable positioname frominister of culture and tourism amin abdulkedir state minister of culture and tourism tadelech dalecho state minister of culture and tourismulugeta seid tourism expert on culture and tourism getinet yigzaw cultural development expert in culture and tourism tesfaye yimerecent controversies the ministry of culture and tourism is responsible for developing and promoting tourism in ethiopia most recently it has been embroiled in a major international scandal surrounding the celebration of thethiopia millennium in despite written promises to reimburse participants for travel and expenses as well as paying the hosting and production costs in order to improvethiopia s poor international image atheir own expense mohamoudahmed gaas and officials from the ministry simply refused to honor these commitments once the girls came to ethiopiand the pageantook place citing poverty mohamoudahmed gaas the former state minister and person behind this event at one point went as far astating that sheik mohammed al amoudi had promised but later failed to pay a portion of the hosting costo the ministry as well as many othereasons for not paying during the visito ethiopia the contestants were paraded around state owned enterprises by mohamoudahmed who were all promoted as lead sponsors and wereven received by the president of ethiopia he girma wolde giorgis and also visited the african union headquarters in addis ababa for two years the uk based organiser had been pressing the ministry and various officials of the government of ethiopia to pay them for the service obtained by mohamoudahmed gaas in his capacity as thethiopian state minister for culture and tourism representing the ministry buthe ministry and mohamoudahmed gaasimply refused to pay a single penny of the costs to the company since november the winners were never paid their prizes nor were any of the technical crew ever paid the hosting fee for miss tourism of the millennium was also apparently never paid and over us in sponsorship money collected from local sponsors on instructions of mohamoudahmed gaas the chairman of the fund raising committee disappeared from the account several contestants were nevereimbursed for their travel expenses to ethiopias promised by mohamoudahmed gaas after two years of diplomatic negotiations withe ministry and thethiopian ambassador to the uk ambassador berhanu kebede in december in an unprecedented and landmark legal action the company commenced formalegal action in the royal courts of justice to recover the missing money and for breach of contract againsthe ministry and mohamoudahmed gaas in the high court of justice queens bench division seeking a total payment of us comprising us principal debt and us interest and late feesince miss tourism of the millennium pageant has not been hosted in ethiopia instead ethiopiand the ministry face an international cultural boycott by all the top international pageant organisations in the ministry of culture and tourism was one more athe center of a controversial beauty pageant called miss ethiopia the ministry officials mohamedirir and mohamoudahmed gaas were fully involved and sanctioned the pageant in their official capacities the pageant which postponed many timesaw theventual winner promised lavish prizes of a car and cash awards for the runners uplus participation international pageants it later emerged that murad mohammed the director of this version of miss ethiopia did not have any formalegally binding contract from the sponsor to provide any car to the winner the pageants he also claimed to be sending the winners to did not recognize his claims as he did not hold any franchises rights to the pageants and to date none of the girls fromiss ethiopia have attended any of the international pageants he claimed they would nor did they getheir cash awardstate run ethiopian television also made a documentary abouthis controversial pageantitled ethiopian beauty contesthat went wrong available and posted on youtube in which unusual in a country likethiopia contestants former queens and models openly criticized the minister mohamedirir and state minister mohamoudahmed gaas and the ministry of culture and tourism for once again modeling in beauty pageants and this time going as far asupporting a known con man who had previously cheated so many people and had no track record in the pageant industry instead ofocusing on promoting tourism which is their core objective and mandatexternalinks ministry of culture and tourisministry websitethiopian ministry of youth sports culture official websitethiopian ministry of youth sports official website category government ministries of ethiopia culture and tourism category tourism in ethiopia culture and tourism category tourisministries 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culture_tourism expert culture_tourism cultural development expert culture_tourism ministry culture_tourism responsible developing promoting_tourism ethiopia recently major_international scandal surrounding celebration millennium despite written promises participants travel expenses well paying hosting production costs order poor international image atheir expense mohamoudahmed gaas officials ministry simply refused honor girls came ethiopiand place citing poverty mohamoudahmed gaas former state minister person behind event one point went far mohammed promised later failed pay portion hosting costo ministry well many paying visito ethiopia contestants around state_owned enterprises mohamoudahmed promoted lead sponsors received president ethiopia also visited african union headquarters two_years uk based pressing ministry various officials government ethiopia pay service obtained mohamoudahmed gaas capacity state minister culture_tourism representing ministry buthe ministry mohamoudahmed refused pay single penny costs company since november winners never paid prizes technical crew ever paid hosting fee miss tourism millennium also apparently never paid us sponsorship money collected local sponsors instructions mohamoudahmed gaas chairman fund raising committee disappeared account several contestants travel expenses promised mohamoudahmed gaas two_years diplomatic negotiations withe ministry ambassador uk ambassador december landmark legal action company commenced action royal courts justice recover missing money breach contract againsthe ministry mohamoudahmed gaas high_court justice queens bench division seeking total payment us comprising us principal debt us interest late miss tourism millennium pageant hosted ethiopia instead ethiopiand ministry face international cultural boycott top international pageant organisations ministry culture_tourism one athe center controversial beauty pageant called miss ethiopia ministry officials mohamoudahmed gaas 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tourism of ghana is the government ministry responsible for the development and promotion of tourism related activities in the country the ministry was created in to promote develop and coordinate tourism related activities in the country in under the john kufuor administration the ministry s name was changed to the ministry of tourism and modernization of the capital city this was due to thexpansion of the ministry s ministry government department portfolio to include the development of accra into a modern international capital city the ministry had another name in change to the ministry of tourism andiaspora n relations in the john atta mills administration reverted the name of the ministry back to the ministry of tourism the ministry has thus had four name changesince its creation functions of the ministry the ministry functions to develop and promote tourism and improve the capital city accra these functions are aimed at optimising the socio economic growth of the country through tourism related activities and the promotion of environmental impact for the benefit of deprived communities with tourist sites in the country minister of tourism align right file mole national park tourismjpg thumb right px mole national park tourism in ghana file ghanaian wildlifejpg thumb right px touristaking photof elephant s with ipad at mole national park in ghana the ministry is headed by the minister of tourism the president appoints the sector minister who is then presented to parliament of ghana parliament for approval the ministry has had a change of name to ministry of tourism culture and creative arts in class wikitable year minister julianazumah mensah mp zita okaikoi akua sena dansua mpresent elizabeth ofosu agyare tourism statistics in tourists visited ghana tourist arrivals to ghana include south americans asians europeans ghana s all yearound tropical warm climate along with its many wildlifes exotic waterfallsuch as kintampo waterfalls and the largest waterfall in west africa tagbo falls ghana s coastal palm lined sandy beaches caves mountains rivers meteorite impact crater and reservoirs and lakesuch as lake bosumtwi or bosumtwi meteorite crater and the largest lake in the world by surface area lake volta dozens of castles and forts unesco world heritage site s natureserve s and national park s are major tourist destinations in ghana the world economic forum statistics in showed that ghana was th out of countries as world s favourite tourism destinations the country had moved two places up from the rankings in forbes magazine published that ghana was ranked theleventh most friendly country in the world the assertion was based on a survey in of a crossection of travelers of all the african countries that were included in the survey ghana ranked highestourism is the fourthighest earner oforeign exchange reserves foreign exchange for the country major tourist sites under the ministry file ghana tourism sites collage jpg px righthumb tourism 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prime minister to have held the position whilst serving as the prime minister whilst moshe katsav who was minister of tourism from to went on to become president of israel president one occasion there was a deputy minister of tourism class wikitable style text align center minister party governmenterm starterm end notes align left akiva govrin align left mapai alignment political party alignmentwelfth government of israel december january align left moshe kol align left independent liberals israel independent liberals january june resigned from the knesset when appointed minister in line with party policy align left gideon patt align left likud nineteenth government of israel august align left avraham sharir align left likud nineteenth government of israel twentieth government of israel twenty first government of israel twenty second government of israel august align left gideon patt align left likud twenty third government of israel twenty fourth government of israel december july 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unsuccessful attempto prevent him from being fired before a cabinet vote on the plan by avoiding receiving notification of hisacking elon went into hiding align left gideon ezralign left likud thirtieth government of israel july january initially appointed acting minister of tourism withe position made permanent on august align left avraham hirschson align left kadima thirtieth government of israel january may align left isaac herzog align left israeli labor party labor party thirty first government of israel may march align left yitzhak aharonovich align left yisrael beiteinu thirty first government of israel march january align left ruhamavraham align left kadima thirty first government of israel july march align left stas misezhnikov align left yisrael beiteinu thirty second government of israel march align left uzi landau align left yisrael beiteinu thirty third government of israel march may align left yariv levin align left likud thirty fourth government of israel may deputy 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jurisdiction government of uganda headquarters nd floorwenzori towersr nakaseroad nakasero kampala uganda coordinates motto employees budget minister name minister pfo minister name minister pfo deputyminister name deputyminister pfo deputyminister name deputyminister pfo chief name chief position chief name chief position agency type parent department parent agency child agency child agency child agency child agency child agency child agency child agency child agency keydocument website homepage footnotes map width map caption the uganda ministry of tourism wildlife and antiquities mtwa is the cabinet of uganda cabinet level ministry responsible for the promotion of tourism the preservation and welfare of wildlife and the preservation improvement and safekeeping of natural and other national historic sites and monuments theadquarters of the ministry are located on the nd floorwenzori towers at nakaseroad in the kampala central division central division of kampala the capital and largest city of uganda the coordinates of theadquarters are n e latitude longitude administratively the ministry is divided into the following departments department of tourism development responsible for the coordination of the tourism responsibilities of the ministry these include the collection tabulation analysis andissemination of tourism statistics the department liaises withe uganda tourism board and the hotel and tourism training institute in performing their tasks department of wildlife conservation responsible for the formulation monitoring and evaluation of implementation of policies national plans legislation guidelines and strategies on conservation andevelopment of wildlife resources and provide appropriate and timely advice to government department of museums and monuments tasked to promote protect and presenthe natural and cultural heritage of uganda by collecting conserving studying andisseminating information the politicaleader of the ministry is minister ephraim kamuntu the state minister for tourism is godfrey kiwanda cabinet of uganda government of uganda externalinks website of ministry of tourism wildlife and antiquities uganda category conservation in uganda category government ministries of uganda category tourisministries uganda category 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monuments tasked promote protect presenthe natural cultural_heritage uganda collecting conserving studying information ministry minister state minister tourism godfrey cabinet uganda government uganda externalinks website ministry tourism_wildlife antiquities uganda category conservation uganda category_government ministries uganda category_tourisministries uganda category kampala"},{"title":"Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Heritage (Uganda)","description":"preceding ministry of trade tourism and industry uganda ministry of trade tourism and industry preceding dissolved superseding jurisdiction government of uganda headquarters kampala coordinates motto employees budget minister name minister pfo minister name minister pfo deputyminister name deputyminister pfo deputyminister name deputyminister pfo chief namephraim kamuntu chief position minister of tourism wildlife and antiquities chief name chief position agency type ministry parent department parent agency child agency child 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ministry tourism_wildlife heritage ministry_government uganda ministry headed hon minister externalinks_category government_ministries uganda tourism_wildlife heritage category_tourisministries uganda"},{"title":"Ministry of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism","description":"the ministry of wildlife conservation and tourism is a ministry of the government of south sudan the incumbent minister is gabriel changson chang while obuch ojwok serves as deputy ministergovernment of south sudan official website ministry of wildlife conservation and tourism list of ministers of wildlife conservation and tourism class wikitable minister of wildlife conservation and tourism in office party president note s gabriel changson chang since july sudan people s liberation movement salva kiir mayardit in office category environment of south sudan category government ministries of south sudan wildlife conservation and tourism category tourisministriesouth sudan category ministriestablished in south sudan 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gabriel chang since july sudan people liberation movement office category environment south_sudan category_government ministries south_sudan wildlife_conservation tourism_category sudan category_ministriestablished south_sudan wildlife_conservation tourism"},{"title":"MirCorp","description":"mircorp was a commercial space company created in by spacentrepreneurs and involving the russian space program that successfully undertook a number ofirsts in the business of spacexploration by using the aging russian space station mir as a commercial platform its actions were highly controversial as it created a roadblock to the planned international space station in creating a viable low cost alternative the company achieved the following first commercialease agreement forbiting manned space station december first privately funded manned expedition to a space station soyuz tm launch april return june first privately funded cargo resupply mission in space april first privately funded spacewalk may first contract for space tourist dennis tito june in terms of business developmenthe company was able to launch thera of space tourism by signing american businessman dennis tito his launch contract it also signed with television producer mark burnett producer of the survivoreality show and with nbc to produce a reality show destination mir where the winner would travel to space and it also was able to sign other media entertainment and commercial space research projects mircorp s ceo jeffrey manber later stated we failed to survive but proved the business model and in the long term that will be just as important background the company was formed as an idea by telecommunications and space investor walter anderson entrepreneur walt anderson and space advocate rick tumlinson russia lacked the funds to upgrade and save the space station and had concluded it had no choice buto deorbithe station several ideas were floated including one to hand over the mir to the united nations the idea proposed by anderson and tumlinson was to save the mir space station by raising ito a higher orbito gain time andeveloping a space tether to supply power to keep the space station in orbit while further funds were raised this plan was never implemented by the mircorp team as the united states government barred thexport of the space tether technology until after the deorbit of the space station was announced the founders recruited spacentrepreneur jeffrey manber who had helped negotiate the first contract between the soviet union and nasa on space interests and had also represented the huge russian space company rsc energia in its american dealings during the s manber created the business model for the venture which involved proving that space could be a platform for mediand entertainment as well aseriouspace research in february the agreement between the russian space company rsc energia whichad the commercial rights to the space station and mircorp was announced in london present athe press conference was mircorp ceo jeffrey manber and rsc energia general director yuri p semenov also present athe press conference was co investor dr chirinjeev kathuriand andrew eddy recruited from the canadian space agency the news took senior nasa officials by surprise and thus began the roller coasteride of the mircorp efforts their efforts were criticized by many as a private interference with international space policies their desire to sell tickets to space as part of a citizen explorers program was ridiculed by nasand itsupporters as a result of the company s backing the rsc energia officials boosted the mir into a higher orbithus postponing the deorbithat had been agreed to by the russian space agency in discussions with nasa manber later explained thathe business model for the venture was fashioned after that of air travel where boeing may build the planes but commercial agentsuch as united or british airwaysells the tickets the intent was to have marketing expertsell the space program and lethe space manufacturersc energia focus on the safe operations of the station manber explained that in the aviation world it was nothe manufacturers who sold the tickets it was the marketing companies mircorp and rsc energia were the firsto use thistrategy for spacexploration whichas emerged again morecently with sirichard branson s announcemento market scaled compositestarship suborbital flights it was also unusual as an international venture with russia in the s in thathe russians were given the operating control of the ventureflecting the political realities of the importance of the mir to the russian society rsc energia owned of mircorp whereas the financial investors controlled investor anderson explained that he was comfortabletting the russians run the space component and his team would run the business anderson said a lot of this venture is based on trust pure and simple anderson was not so sanguine regarding nasand he used the media interest in the venture to launch many critical comments towards nasa the planned international space station and even the foreign policies of the american government anderson selected holland as theadquarters for the company since he believed the country was far morethical than that of his own regardless of the controversy a new era in spacexploration was inaugurated on april when the soyuz tm known as the mircorp mission carried two crew membersergei zalyotin and alexandr kaleri to the mir space station the two man crew returned the dormant mir space station to life located the source of the leak repaired the leak and carried on commercial and basic research zalyotin admitted to being nervous when the hatch door was opened not sure what exactly would be found in the station while the mission was being undertaken the management of mircorp was able to announce a number of commercial contracts including that of the agreement with nbc and mark burnett nbc even began running commercials promoting its upcoming destination mireality show on june on schedule the mission came to an end it had lastedays and the crew returned in good health behind the scenes the mircorp management and energia space officials were both surprised athe technical and commercial success but worried thathe mir would soon have to be shut for good on june a press conference was held athe russian mission control center tsup at which the mircorpresident along with rsc energia head of international development alexanderechin announced that dennis tito a former uspace program engineer who founded wilshire associated the santa monicalifornia based company that revolutionized the field of investment management consulting was mircorp s first citizen explorer tito would subsequently withstand intense pressure brought on him and on russian space officials by nasa noto undertake his mission the nasadministrator publicly rebuked mircorp for their efforts during congressional hearings tito went forward withis training and eventually withe deorbit of the mir he transferred his efforts to fly on the international space station withe help of rsc energia mircorp and later space adventures he became the first space touristo visithe international space station dennis tito dennis tito was nothe first amateur to blast into space previously japanese tv journalistoyohiro akiyama had flown on a commercial mission to the russian space station mir tito was the firsto pay for his own tickethus earning the designation of the first space touristhe tito mission took place in the context of the controversy over the decision by the majorussian space company rsc energia to work with mircorp to create a commercial space station the nasa space agency immediately cancelled planned high level meetings between the russiand uspace agencies their legal team declared that a bill would be sent for any damages caused by the flight of tito koptev stated inovember we informed nasa that we planned to launch tito alpha he did not recall nasa expressing any negative reaction athatime that situation changed however as the two space powers entered into a standoff in which neither would back down koptev thead of the russian space agency later told reporters our legal advisors told us thathe fine for any misdoing aboard the station including damage to morale could exceed the money that we had earned from tito s contract and could even exceed russia space budgetary capacity the nasadministrator implied that dennis tito was not an american patriot and usen barbara mikulski of maryland compared the behavior of all those concerned withe space tourist program to that of pimps in addition several occasions the russians claimed thathey had not been reimbursed by mircorp for services mircorp founder walt anderson was later charged with federal tax evasion plead guilty and wasentenced to nine years in federal prison aftermath by thend of the day mircorp mission the company enjoyed a million backlog in customer orders a decision was made by russia however to yield to the american pressures andeorbithe station in addition the two financial investors were late on their payments and new investors were frightened off by the negative publicity from nasa the company remained in business even after the mir was destroyed it handled thefforts of nsync boy band lance bass unsuccessful efforto fly to space as well as that oformer nasa officialori garver currently deputy nasadministrator who alsoughto use advertising as a means to be a space tourist before finally closing the doors mircorp attempted to demonstrate that a private company could manage a manned space station that a business model could be developed around an orbiting space station however its failure to produce sufficient revenue to pay its modest expenses and the imprisonment of one of its founders for tax evasion indicate that its efforts were unsuccessful today the situation has changed former nasadministrator michael d griffin has voiced full support for commercialization of manned space activities and the russian operated space tourist program is fully accepted by the united states the space tourism program has continued in russia which today enjoys far more robust funding than a decade ago see alsorphans of apollo a movie about mircorp newspacexternalinks mircorporg web site sellingpeacecom new scientisthe space review documentary orphans of apollo the mircorp story interviewith rick tumlinson daily spaceflight news december category space tourism category commercial spaceflight category all articles lacking sources category mir category private spaceflight companies category defunct spaceflight 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proposed anderson tumlinson save mir space_station raising ito higher gain time andeveloping space supply power keep space_station orbit funds raised plan never implemented mircorp team united_states government barred thexport space technology space_station announced founders recruited jeffrey manber helped negotiate first contract soviet_union nasa space interests also represented huge russian_space company rsc energia american manber created business_model venture involved proving space could platform mediand entertainment well research february agreement russian_space company rsc energia whichad commercial rights space_station mircorp announced london present athe press conference mircorp ceo jeffrey manber rsc energia general director p also present athe press conference investor andrew eddy recruited canadian space_agency news took senior nasa officials surprise thus began roller_coasteride mircorp efforts efforts criticized many private interference international_space policies desire sell tickets space part citizen explorers program nasand result company rsc energia officials mir higher agreed russian_space_agency nasa manber later explained thathe business_model venture fashioned air_travel boeing may build planes commercial united british tickets intent marketing space_program lethe space energia focus safe operations station manber explained aviation world nothe manufacturers sold tickets marketing companies mircorp rsc energia firsto use spacexploration whichas emerged morecently sirichard branson market scaled suborbital flights also unusual international venture russia thathe russians given operating control political realities importance mir russian society rsc energia owned mircorp whereas financial investors controlled investor anderson explained russians run space component team would run business anderson said lot venture based trust pure simple anderson regarding nasand used media interest venture launch many critical comments towards nasa planned international_space_station even foreign policies american government anderson selected holland theadquarters company since believed country far regardless controversy new era spacexploration inaugurated april soyuz known mircorp mission carried two crew mir space_station two man crew returned mir space_station life located source leak leak carried commercial basic research admitted door opened sure exactly would found station mission undertaken management mircorp able announce number commercial contracts including agreement nbc mark nbc even began running commercials promoting upcoming destination show june schedule mission came end crew returned good health behind scenes mircorp management energia space officials surprised athe technical commercial success worried thathe mir would soon shut good june press conference held_athe russian mission_control center along rsc energia head international_development announced dennis_tito former program engineer founded associated santa based company field investment management consulting mircorp first citizen explorer tito would subsequently withstand intense pressure brought russian_space officials nasa noto undertake mission nasadministrator publicly mircorp efforts congressional hearings tito went forward withis training eventually withe mir transferred efforts fly international_space_station withe_help rsc energia mircorp later space_adventures became first space visithe international_space_station dennis_tito dennis_tito nothe first amateur blast space previously japanese tv akiyama flown commercial mission russian_space_station mir tito firsto pay earning designation first space tito mission took_place context controversy decision space company rsc energia work mircorp create commercial_space station nasa space_agency immediately cancelled planned high_level meetings russiand agencies legal team declared bill would sent damages caused flight tito stated inovember informed nasa planned launch tito alpha recall nasa negative reaction athatime situation changed however two space powers entered neither would back thead russian_space_agency later told legal advisors told us thathe fine aboard station including damage morale could exceed money earned tito contract could even exceed russia space capacity nasadministrator implied dennis_tito american barbara maryland compared behavior concerned withe space_tourist program addition several occasions russians claimed thathey mircorp services mircorp founder walt anderson later charged federal tax evasion guilty wasentenced nine years federal prison aftermath thend day mircorp mission company enjoyed million customer orders decision made russia however yield american pressures station addition two financial investors late payments new investors negative publicity nasa company remained business even mir destroyed handled thefforts boy band lance bass unsuccessful efforto fly space well oformer nasa currently deputy nasadministrator use advertising means space_tourist finally closing doors mircorp attempted demonstrate private_company could manage manned space_station business_model could developed around space_station however failure produce sufficient revenue pay modest expenses imprisonment one founders tax evasion indicate efforts unsuccessful today situation changed former nasadministrator michael griffin voiced full support commercialization manned space activities russian operated space_tourist program fully accepted united_states space_tourism program continued russia today enjoys far robust funding decade ago see apollo movie mircorp web_site new space review documentary orphans apollo mircorp story interviewith rick tumlinson daily spaceflight news december category_space_tourism category_commercial_spaceflight category_articles lacking sources category mir category_private_spaceflight companies_category_defunct spaceflight_companies"},{"title":"Mobile catering","description":"file belgian waffle vanjpg px thumb a van selling waffle s in brussels belgiumobile catering is the business of selling prepared food from some sort of vehicle it is a feature of urban culture in many countries mobile catering can be performed using food truck s trailers carts and food stands many types ofoods may be prepared mobile catering is also used to provide food to people during times of emergency variants file food carts athens oh usajpg px thumb left a gyro food gyro truck in athens ohio a food cart is a motorless trailer vehicle trailer that can be hauled by automobile bicycle or hand to the point of sale often a public sidewalk or park carts typically have an onboard infrared lamp heating and orefrigeration system to keep the food ready for consumption foods and beverages often served from carts include hot dog s and other sausage s in the united statesee hot dog stand taco s burrito s and other mexican style food that can be held in the hand thus lending the name taco truck or in spanish lonchera halal food such as lamb or chicken overice or in a gyro ice cream and other frozen treats coffee bagel s donut s egg sandwich es eg bacon egg and cheese and other breakfast items pig roast often served in a bread bun or baguette with apple sauce or sage onion stuffing bbq popular food items include burgersausages and chicken file mobile catering for indian railwaysjpg thumb mobile catering for indian railways a catering truck enables a vendor to sell a larger volume than a cart and to reach a larger markethe service isimilar the truck carries a stock of prepared foods that customers can buy ice cream van s are a familiar example of a catering truck in canada the united states and united kingdom a food truck or mobile kitchen is a modified van with a built in barbecue grill deep fryer or other cooking equipment it offers more flexibility in the menu since the vendor can prepare food torder as well as fresh foods in advance a vendor can choose to park the van in one place as with a cart or to broaden the business reach by driving the van to several customer locations examples of mobile kitchens include food truck taco trucks on the west coast of the united statespecially southern californiand fish and chips vans in the united kingdom these vehicles are sometimes dysphemism dysphemistically called cockroach coaches or ptomaine wagons a concession stand concession trailer has preparation equipment like a mobile kitchen but it cannot move on its own asuch it isuited for events lasting several daysuch as travelling funfair s uses file fema photograph by patsy lynch taken on in missourijpg thumb upright people in caruthersville missouri receiving food and supplies from a the salvation army salvation army disasterelief truck in april in addition to being operated as private businesses mobile catering vehicles are also used after natural disaster s to feed people in areas with damaged infrastructure the salvation army haseveral mobile kitchens that it uses for this purpose mobile catering vehicles have also provided a niche for advertisers to targethe working population and general audience with a wide variety of display options lunch truck advertising has exploded into a successful marketing venture for many companies including outdoor ad systems llc and roaming hunger mobile catering is popular throughout new york city though sometimes can be unprofitable see also catering diner food cart food truck list ofood trucks gastronorm sizestreet food taco stand category catering category types of restaurants category street culture category food 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held hand thus lending name taco_truck spanish halal food lamb chicken gyro ice_cream frozen treats coffee bagel donut egg sandwich bacon egg cheese breakfast items pig roast often_served bread bun apple sauce sage onion bbq popular food_items include chicken file mobile_catering indian thumb mobile_catering indian railways catering truck enables vendor sell larger volume cart reach larger markethe service isimilar truck carries stock prepared foods customers buy ice_cream van familiar example catering truck canada united_states united_kingdom food_truck mobile kitchen modified van built barbecue grill deep cooking equipment offers flexibility menu since vendor prepare food torder well fresh foods advance vendor choose park van one place cart business reach driving van several customer locations examples mobile kitchens include food_truck taco_trucks west_coast united_statespecially southern_californiand fish chips vans united_kingdom vehicles sometimes_called coaches wagons concession_stand concession trailer preparation equipment like mobile kitchen cannot move asuch events lasting several travelling funfair uses file photograph taken thumb upright people missouri receiving food supplies salvation army salvation army truck april addition operated private businesses mobile_catering vehicles also_used natural disaster feed people areas damaged infrastructure salvation army haseveral mobile kitchens uses purpose mobile_catering vehicles also_provided niche advertisers working population general audience wide_variety display options lunch truck advertising exploded successful marketing venture many companies including outdoor systems llc roaming_hunger mobile_catering popular throughout new_york city though sometimes see_also catering diner food_cart food_truck list_ofood_trucks food taco_stand category catering category_types restaurants_category street culture_category food_trucks"},{"title":"Modern Nomad magazine","description":"places the magazine for the modernomad which eventually evolved into modernomad magazine was a travelifestyle magazine aimed at independento year old travelers the magazine was published out of chapel hill north carolinand lasted for three years its moniker was travel through life modernomad magazine was a collaboration between paul w jacob and lindsay bentz paul w jacob was the publishing and editorial director of the magazine while lindsay bentz assumed the role of creative director the magazine was the initial voice of and the inspiration for the current global modernomad movement modernomad magazine developed a cult following due to its innovative travel writing style and cleand modern design it published essays poetry photo essays and fullength features on destinations around the globe including in depth looks at food and music subculture s modernomad magazine was critically recognized for literary travel writing paired with a clean modern design publishing work that was often experimental in form and contenthe magazine represented a new movement in the way travel and thexperience of place is expressed presenting readers with work that not only challenged the intellect but moved the soul modernomad magazine soughto unite those people who consciously travel a different road in life in considering modernomad it is importanto note thathe magazine st issue had the unfortunate fate of hitting newsstand s on sept just a week and a half after the tragedy despite theconomiclimate and thenormous decline in the travel industry modernomad continued publishing for years while the magazine sold well onewsstands ultimately the loss of potential advertising revenue caused by the downturn in the travel industry from proved insurmountable paul w jacob was interviewed for cnncom featured as a guest on several regional npr shows including conversations with jean feraca on wisconsin public radio and was quoted in canadian elle magazine during his time as publishing and editorial director modernomad festival the modernomad festival which was held athenry miller library in big sur in june was fostered by paul w jacob and attracted an array of artists and patrons from throughouthe united states and canada it was a three day festival of music poetry food andance that celebrated the open and loving spirit of the nomadic travel culture that exists throughouthe world externalinks category american lifestyle magazines category magazinestablished in category magazines disestablished in category tourismagazines category magazines published inorth carolina category media in chapel hill carrboro north carolina category defunct magazines of the united 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lombardy italy it is one of the relais ch teaux series of hotels and gourmet restaurants from around the world the menu is an eight courset menu of pasta dishes prepared with most of the ingredients imported from italy mosconi became the first italian restauranto receive a michelin star in benelux for a time it had two michelin stars but reverted to just one again the guide for born in ponte di legno near bresciand now in his mid s mosconi moved to luxembourg withis parents when he was his first experience in the restaurant business was a waiter in esch sur alzette when he opened his first restauranthe domus also in esche and his wife simonetta worked in the dining room not in the kitchen but when almost he realized his ambition of creating dishes of his own he decided to take courses and work as a trainee with gualtiero marchesi athe via bonvesin de la riva restaurant in milan there he learned the art of cooking and the importance of selecting the very best produce availableading him 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luxembourg italian restaurant_located rue luxembourg city luxembourg overlooking river headed chef mosconi formerly italy one relais series hotels gourmet restaurants around world menu eight menu pasta dishes prepared ingredients imported italy mosconi became first italian restauranto receive michelin_star time two michelin_stars reverted one guide born near mid mosconi moved luxembourg withis parents first experience restaurant business waiter sur opened first restauranthe also wife worked dining_room kitchen almost realized creating dishes decided take courses work athe via bonvesin de_la riva restaurant milan learned art cooking importance selecting best produce import per_cent ingredients italy led michelin_star followed second lucy mosconi january restaurant_located near old stone bridge offers south facing sitting terrace view restaurant highly acclaimed internationally michelin_star bib gourmand category guide_michelin bib gourmand restaurants novemberetrieved january mosconi one first chefs gain distinction italian restaurant outside italy michelin describes food italian cuisine full fodor stated arguably best creations prepared head_chef mosconi justhe best italian dishes taste luxembourg among finest encounter anywhere outside italy tim skelton bradtravel touch meaning multiple courses without feeling stuffed also notes thathe ice_cream specialty wife management restaurant tuscany veal sicily white alba piedmont alba combined basil make pasta dishes uniquexperience see_also list italian restaurants externalinks_official site_category restaurants luxembourg category_buildings structures luxembourg city_category italian restaurants_category_michelin_guide starred_restaurants category pasta industry"},{"title":"Mosonmagyar\u00f3v\u00e1r","description":"timezone central european time cet utc offsetimezone dst central european summer time cest utc offset dst image skyline mosonmagyar v r castlejpg image caption castle image shield hun mosonmagyar v r coajpg pushpin map hungary pushpin label position pushpin map caption location of mosonmagyar v r pushpin mapsize official name subdivision type counties of hungary county subdivisioname gy r moson sopron area total km population as of jan population total population footnotes population density km postal code type postal code postal code area code coordinates file castle at mosonmagyar v rjpg thumb castle at mosonmagyar v r mosonmagyar v r is a town in gy r moson sopron county inorthwestern hungary it lies close to bothe austria n and slovakia n borders and has a population of mosonmagyar v r used to be two separate towns magyar v r and moson the town of moson was the original capital of moson county in the kingdom of hungary buthe county seat was moved to magyar v r during the middle ages the two towns were combined in and by now almost all signs of dualism have disappeared as the space between the two towns has become physically and culturally developedue to the name s length mosonmagyar v r is also referred to as v r amongst locals and moson by foreigners the hans gi museum can be found in mosonmagyar v r hans gi museum the name moson comes from the slavic languageslavic musun which means castle in the marsh magyar v r literally means ancient hungarian castle in hungarian language hungarian though the magyar prefix was only added to the name after confusion with a similarly named town in austria calledeutsch altenburg n met v r which literally means ancient german castle the ancient castle being referred to is the ruins of the roman fortress ad flexum the names were simply combined when the two towns were administratively unified the arearound mosonmagyar v r has been inhabited since the th millennium bc but settlement of the city proper can only be traced to around the st century which was when the roman empire was extended to the danube creating the province of pannonia the romans established a camp called ad flexum latin towards the bend athe site of mosonmagyar v r it is likely thathe hungarian people hungarians from the rp dynasty rp d era would name the place v r due to the roman ruins which would still be present during the th century the purpose of ad flexum was to defend the danube mosoni duna buthe security the roman legions provided also drew civilian settlement especially since a major east westrade route ran through the area circad germanic peoples germanic barbarians who lived north of the danube river attacked the settlement nearly completely destroying ithe romans reconquered the arearound the rd century and the town once again prospered likely with a population of three or four thousand people after the valentinian i emperor valentinianus died in huns hunnic invasions drove the populace away after the hungarian prehistory the conquest of our country honfoglal s honfoglal stephen i of hungary king stephen ordered the building of a castle at moson to defend the border settlers flocked around the wooden and then stone castle and by the th century it was described as a strong fortress and bustling merchantown by this time it was also the county seat of moson county moson however in conrad ii holy roman emperor the holy roman emperor conrad ii was able to conquer the castle on his way to the r ba during the crusades coloman of galicia lodomeria k lm n king of gy r and moson was able to defeat a swabia n bavaria n army of men from the castle there wasignificant industrial and urban development during the th century when mosonce again found itself along a trade route mills and churches were built during this time all advances were destroyed however by ottokar ii of bohemia ottokar ii a czechs czech king of bohemia king when he leveled the castle at moson in b la iv of hungary b la iv king of hungary athe time did not consider it worthwhile to try and rebuild the castle at moson and thus turned to v r as a promising site for a future fortress the kingave a manamed conrad who was of the gy r tribe lands in moson and funds to be able to accomplish this task thoughe made significant improvements to the castle he defected tottokar ii and albert i of germany duke albert of austria for this impunity he was deprived of his lands and from then on v r was an estate of the hungarian queens the first settlers to v r werefugees from the destroyed moson and in the th century it became a bustling city with new industry and urbanization mills along the lajta became a source of employment and attention as many were owned by the royal house in elizabeth of bosnia queen elisabeth gave v r the title of queen s town this gave the townspeople the righto electheir own parish priest have their own jurisdiction inherit possessions and pay no customs in all of hungary later kings recognized these rights buthe townspeople still had to struggle to maintain them after louis ii of hungary louis ii s marriage to mary of habsburg v r became a key defense on the austrian border which would come into play during the ottoman hungarian wars turkish invasion in after the ottoman turk s werepulsed athe siege of vienna they destroyed v r almost completely leveling all of its medieval buildings including the castle and the romanesque architecture romanesque church the armies of j noszapolyai and ferdinand i holy roman emperor the archduke ferdinand also sacked the town however once again the inhabitants went about rebuilding it during the reformation the town was almost completely converted to lutheranism and the famous preacher husz r gal opened a lutheran school at magyar v r in counterreformation counterreformative movements forbade protestantism in closing down the school and the lutheran church due to the lax nature of the new statutes and the rights of the townspeople as enforced by ferdinand maximilian i holy roman emperor archduke maximilian howevereligion did not become compulsory during this time moson and v r alike were attacked by various armies including turkish and germans german mercenaries after the fall of gy r in the castle was modernized to withstand a possible future attack by italians italian engineers during the th century magyar v r enjoyed great urban development and some independence in the new castle was helpless againsthe retreating turkish army whichad been battle of vienna repulsed again at vienna both moson and magyar v r were set ablaze though the town archives were now completely destroyed the damage was repaired more quickly this time around at least quickly enough to allow francis ii r k czi r k czi to use the castle as a base during his r k czi s war for independence war for independence from the habsburgs in after the revolution was crushed the castle at magyar v r lost itstrategic importance and all military materiel was transferred to bratislava however the town prospered greatly after the war withestablishment of new guilds a town doctor and the piarist school the austrian government wished to limithe independence of the town buthe people were able to hold on to a degree of autonomy an agreemento this effect wasigned in after delegates had been sento viennand buda inapoleon s army demanded the town s provisions for napoleonic wars his wars of conquest and although this impoverished the people they saved the town from destruction during the hungarian revolution of revolution of magyar v r and moson both contributed to the fight for independence on october of that year kossuth lajos made a recruitment speech in the town the regimentskirmished withe austrian troops but were sorely defeated for the rest of the th century the towns continued to grow factories hospitalschools and other social institutions werestablished in a railway station was built on the line from gy r to bruck an der leitha this was a time of relative peace by there was already talk of unifying the two towns during the first world war the austrians maintained an armory military armory in magyar v r as a consequence of the treaty of trianon most of moson county was losto non hungarian lands and all signs of the habsburg rule were destroyed what followed was another period of peace during which time moson and magyar v r were administratively unified as mosonmagyar v r however cultural differences and even rivalry were to persist well into the later twentieth century during the second world war unemployment plummeted and the town s industry prospered the town did not suffer much damage during the war in itsignificant danube swabians german population was deported in buservices were createduring the later s most of the town s institutions were nationalizationationalized by the people s republic of hungary communist regime as many as protesting civilians were killeduring the hungarian revolution of revolution of and the town waslow to recover during the communist years a new town center was developed between thexisting medieval centers of moson and magyar v r and there wasignificant development including the opening of a university new schools and other public projects after the reestablishment of the current hungary the third hungarian republic present representative parliamentary democracy in the young democrats controlled the city administration for a few years expanding tourism and making developments to the gas and sewage infrastructure notably the piarist school was reopened since the hungarian socialist party socialists have been in power in mosonmagyar v r but it is likely thathis will change in thelections dentistry appears to be by far the largest economical activity in mosonmagyar v r with approximately practicing dentists worldwide this the highest number of dentists in ratio to the total population the reason for this found in the demand for low cost dentistry by austria ns who have been crossing borders to hungary for decades with vienna nearby mosonmagyar v r is within easy reach and official hungarian government figureshow that austrians cross the border yearly for dental care compared to economically wealthy countries where dental care is expensive low business overheads in hungary allow clinics toffer their services at extremely competitive ratespecially for low income or uninsured patients dental tourismakes mosonmagyar v r worth visiting due to these factors dental tourism has greatly grown in mosonmagyar v r in addition to dentists clinics and guided tour providers the local hospitality industry as a whole lives off the dental touristrade with nearby international airports in bratislavand vienna mosonmagyar v r even attracts patients worldwide travelling from as faraway as greenland canadand the united states east of mosonmagyar v r athere is a broadcasting station for am and fm the am transmitter which works on khz with kw uses as antenna mast radiator the fm transmitter a free standing lattice tower twin townsister cities mosonmagyar v r is twin towns and sister cities twinned withattersheim amain germany stockeraustriarese italy hadsten denmark amor n slovakia senec slovakia senec slovakia piotrk w trybunalski poland sf ntu gheorghe romania carl flesch born here richard h nigswald born here antal pusztai classical guitarist born here nikolaus lenau studied here now faculty of agricultural and food sciences of university of west hungary katalin p linger famous handball player born here notes externalinks official government website aerial photography mosonmagyar v r category mosonmagyar v r category populated places in gy r moson sopron county category populated places on the leitha category hungarian german communities category medical 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also_referred v r amongst locals moson foreigners hans museum found mosonmagyar_v r hans museum name moson comes means castle marsh magyar_v r literally means ancient hungarian castle hungarian language hungarian though magyar added name confusion similarly named town austria n met v r literally means ancient german castle ancient castle referred ruins roman fortress names simply combined two towns unified arearound mosonmagyar_v r inhabited since th millennium settlement city proper traced around st_century roman_empire extended danube creating province romans established camp called latin towards bend athe_site mosonmagyar_v r likely thathe hungarian people dynasty era would name place v r due roman ruins would still present th_century purpose defend danube buthe security roman provided also drew civilian settlement especially since major east route ran area germanic peoples germanic lived north danube river attacked settlement nearly completely ithe romans arearound century town prospered likely population three four thousand people emperor died drove populace away hungarian conquest country stephen hungary king stephen ordered building castle moson defend border settlers flocked around wooden stone castle th_century described strong fortress bustling time also county seat moson county moson however conrad ii holy_roman emperor holy_roman emperor conrad ii able conquer castle way r k n king r moson able n bavaria n army men castle industrial urban development th_century found along trade route mills churches built time advances destroyed however ii bohemia ii czech king bohemia king castle moson b la hungary b la king hungary athe_time consider try rebuild castle moson thus turned v r site future fortress conrad r tribe lands moson funds able accomplish task made significant improvements castle ii albert germany duke albert austria deprived lands v r estate hungarian queens first settlers v r destroyed moson th_century became bustling city_new industry urbanization mills along became source employment attention many owned royal house elizabeth bosnia queen elisabeth gave v r title queen town gave righto parish priest jurisdiction pay customs hungary later kings recognized rights buthe still struggle maintain louis ii hungary louis ii marriage mary habsburg v r became key defense austrian border would come play ottoman hungarian wars turkish invasion ottoman turk athe siege vienna destroyed v r almost completely medieval buildings including castle architecture church armies j ferdinand holy_roman emperor archduke ferdinand also town however inhabitants went rebuilding town almost completely converted famous r gal opened school magyar_v r movements protestantism closing school church due lax nature new statutes rights enforced ferdinand holy_roman emperor archduke become compulsory time moson v r alike attacked various armies including turkish germans german mercenaries fall r castle modernized withstand possible future attack italians italian engineers th_century magyar_v r enjoyed great urban development independence new castle againsthe turkish army whichad battle vienna vienna moson magyar_v r set though town archives completely destroyed damage quickly time around least quickly enough allow francis ii r k r k use castle base r k war independence war independence revolution crushed castle magyar_v r lost importance military transferred bratislava however town prospered greatly war withestablishment new guilds town doctor school austrian government wished limithe independence town buthe people able hold degree autonomy effect delegates sento army town provisions wars wars conquest although impoverished people saved town destruction hungarian revolution revolution magyar_v r moson contributed fight independence october year made recruitment speech town withe austrian troops defeated rest th_century towns continued grow factories social institutions werestablished railway_station built line r der time relative peace already talk two towns first_world_war maintained military magyar_v r consequence treaty moson county non hungarian lands signs habsburg rule destroyed followed another period peace time moson magyar_v r unified mosonmagyar_v r however cultural differences even rivalry well later twentieth_century second_world_war unemployment town industry prospered town suffer much damage war danube german population deported later town institutions people republic hungary communist regime many civilians hungarian revolution revolution town recover communist years new town center developed thexisting medieval centers moson magyar_v r development including opening university new schools public projects current hungary third hungarian republic present representative democracy young controlled city administration years expanding tourism making developments gas sewage infrastructure notably school reopened since hungarian socialist_party power mosonmagyar_v r likely thathis change dentistry appears far largest activity mosonmagyar_v r approximately practicing dentists worldwide highest number dentists ratio total population reason found demand low_cost dentistry austria crossing borders hungary decades vienna nearby mosonmagyar_v r within easy reach official hungarian government cross_border yearly dental care compared economically wealthy countries dental care expensive low business hungary allow clinics toffer services extremely competitive low_income patients dental mosonmagyar_v r worth visiting due factors dental tourism greatly grown mosonmagyar_v r addition dentists clinics guided_tour providers local hospitality_industry whole lives dental nearby international_airports vienna mosonmagyar_v r even attracts patients worldwide travelling canadand united_states east mosonmagyar_v r broadcasting station works uses antenna radiator free standing tower twin cities mosonmagyar_v r twin towns sister cities amain germany italy denmark n slovakia slovakia slovakia w poland romania carl flesch born richard h born classical born studied faculty agricultural food sciences university west hungary p famous player born notes_externalinks_official government website aerial photography mosonmagyar_v r category mosonmagyar_v r category populated places r moson county category populated places category hungarian german communities category_medical tourism"},{"title":"Motel","description":"image bjerka motel bjpg thumb right a motel in bjerka norway a motel is a hotel designed for motorists and usually has a parking area for motor vehicles entering dictionaries after world war ii the word motel coined as a portmanteau contraction of motor hotel originates from the milestone mo tel of san luis obispo california now called the motel inn of san luis obispo which was built in the term referred initially to a type of hotel consisting of a single building of connected rooms whose doors faced a parking lot and in some circumstances a common area or a series of small cabins with common parking motels are often individually owned though motel chains do exist as large highway systems began to be developed in the s long distance road journeys became more common and the need for inexpensiveasily accessible overnight accommodation sites close to the main routes led to the growth of the motel concept motels peaked in popularity in the s with rising car travel only to decline in response to competition from the newer chain hotels that became commonplace at highway interchanges as traffic was bypassed onto newly constructed freewayseveral historic motels are listed on the us national register of historic places file star lite motel in dilworth minnesota usa winter viewjpg thumb righthe star lite motel in dilworth minnesota is a typical american s l shaped motel file swimming pool of thunderbird motel on the columbia river within yards of the interstate bridge connecting washingtonara jpg thumb right motels frequently had large poolsuch as the thunderbird motel on the columbia river in portland oregon file motelobby in custer south dakotajpg thumb right a typical motelobby athe rocket motel in custer south dakota motels differ from hotels in their location along highways as opposed to the urban cores favored by hotels and their orientation to the outside in contrasto hotels whose doors typically face an interior hallway motels almost by definition include a parking lot while older hotels were not usually built with automobile parking in mind because of their low rise construction the number of rooms which would fit on any given amount of land was low compared to the high rise urban hotels whichad grown around train stations this was not an issue in an era where the major highways became the main street in every town along the way and inexpensive land athedge of town could be developed with motels car dealerships fuel stations lumber yards amusement parks roadside diners drive in restaurants theaters and countless other small roadside businesses the automobile brought mobility and the motel could appear anywhere on the vast network of two lane highways motels are typically constructed in an i l or u shaped layouthat includes guest rooms an attached manager s office a small reception and in some cases a small diner and a swimming pool a motel was typically single story with rooms opening directly onto a parking lot making it easy to unload suitcases from a vehicle a second story if present would face onto a balcony served by multiple stairwells the post war motels especially in thearly s to late sought more visual distinction often featuring eye catching colorful neon sign s which employed themes from popular culture ranging from western genre western imagery of cowboys and indians to contemporary images of spaceships and atomic age atomic era iconography us route is the most popular example of the neon era many of these signs remain use to this day room types in some motels a handful of rooms would be larger and contain kitchenette s or apartment like amenities these rooms were marketed at a higher price as efficiencies as their occupants could prepare food themselves instead of incurring the cost of eating all meals in restaurants rooms with connecting doorso thatwo standard rooms could be combined intone largeroom also commonly appeared in bothotels and motels a few motels particularly iniagara falls ontario where a motel strip extending from ontario highway lundy s lane to the falls has long been marketed to newlyweds would offer honeymoon suites with extramenitiesuch as whirlpool bath s the first campgrounds for automobile tourists were constructed in the late s before thatourists who could not afford to stay in a hotel either slept in their cars or pitched their tents in fields alongside the road these were called auto camps the modern campgrounds of the s and s provided running water picnic grounds and restroom facilities auto camps and courts auto camps predated motels by a few years established in the s as primitive municipal camp sites where travelers pitched their own tents as demand increased for profit commercial camps gradually displaced publicamp grounds until the firstravel trailer s became available in the s autourists adapted their cars by adding beds makeshift kitchens and roof decks the next step up from the travel trailer was the cabin camp a primitive but permanent group of structures during the great depression landholders whose property fronted onto highways built cabins to convert unprofitable land to income some opened bed and breakfastourist homes the usually single story buildings for a roadside motel or cabin court were quick and simple to construct with plans and instructions readily available in how to and builder s magazines expansion of highway networks largely continued unabated through the depression as governments attempted to createmployment buthe roadside cabin camps were primitive basically just auto camps with small cabinstead of tents the city directory for san diego california lists motel type accommodations under tourist camps one initially could stay in the depression era cabin camps for less than a dollar per night but small comforts were few and far between travelers in search of modern amenitiesoon would find them at cottage courts and tourist courts the price was higher buthe cabins had electricity indoor bathrooms and occasionally a private garage or carporthey were arranged in attractive clusters or a u shape often these camps were part of a larger complex containing a filling station a caf and sometimes a convenience store facilities like the rising sun auto camp in glacier national park us glacier national park and blue bonnet court in texas were mom and pop facilities on the outskirts of towns that were as quirky as their owners auto camps continued in popularity through the depression years and after world war ii their popularity finally starting to diminish with increasing land costs and changes in consumer demands in contrasthough they remained small independent operations motels quickly adopted a more homogenized appearance and were designed from the starto cater purely to motorists tourist homes image cabins for coloredjpg thumb cabins for colored south carolina in town tourist homes were private residences advertising rooms for auto travelers unlike boarding house s guests atourist homes were usually just passing through in the southwestern united states a handful of tourist homes were opened by african americans as early as the great depression due to the lack ofood or lodging for travelers of color in the jim crow conditions of thera the negro motorist green book listed lodgings restaurants fuel stations liquor stores and barber and beauty salons without racial restrictions the smaller directory of negro hotels and guest houses in the united states us travel bureau specialized in accommodations racial segregation in the united statesegregation of us tourist accommodation would legally bended by the civil rights act of and by a court ruling in heart of atlanta motel v united states affirming that congress powers over commerce clause interstate commercextend to regulation of local incidentsuch as racial discrimination in a motel serving interstate travelers which might substantially and harmfully affecthat commercearly motels image motelinnobispojpg thumb right arthur heineman s motel inn of san luis obispo the termotel originated withe motel inn of san luis obisporiginally called the milestone mo tel which was constructed in by arthur heineman although some hotels with a similarchitecturexisted at least as early as in conceiving of a name for his hotel heineman abbreviated motor hotel to mo tel after he could not fithe words milestone motor hotel on his rooftop many other businesses followed in its footsteps and started building their own auto camps combining the individual cabins of the tourist court under a single roof yielded the motor court or motor hotel a handful of motor courts were beginning to call themselves motels a term coined in many of thesearly motels are still popular and are in operation as in the case of the v tourist court in st francisville louisiana built in during the great depression those still traveling including business travelers and traveling salespeople were under pressure to manage travel costs by driving instead of taking trains and staying in the new roadside motels and courts instead of more costly establishedowntown hotels where bellhop bell captains doorman profession porters and other personnel would all expect a tip for service in the s most construction ground to a near halt as workers fuel rubber and transport were pulled away from civilian use for the war effort what little construction did take place was typically near military bases wherevery habitable cabin was pressed into service to house soldiers and their families the post war s would usher in a building boom on a massive scale by there would be approximately motor courts in operation in the us alone a typical roomotel in that era cost peroom initial construction costs compared to peroom for metropolitan city hotel construction by there would be motelserving half of the million us vacationers a year later motels would surpass hotels in consumer demand many motels began advertising on colorful neon signs thathey had air cooling an early term for air conditioning during the hot summers or were heated by steam during the cold winters a handful used novelty architecture such as wigwamotel wigwams or teepees or usedecommissioned rail cars to create a caboose red caboose motel in which each caboose motel or caboose inn cabin was an individual rail car the s and s was the pinnacle of the motel industry in the united states and canadas older mom and pop motor hotels began adding newer amenitiesuch aswimming pools or color tv a luxury in the s motels were built in wild and impressive designs in room gimmicksuch as the coin operated john houghtaling magic fingers vibrating bed were briefly popular introduced in these were largely removed in the s due to vandalism of the coin boxes the american hotel association whichad briefly offered a universal credit card in as forerunner to the modern american express card became the american hotel motel association in as many motels vied for their place on busy highways the beach front motel instantly became a success in major beach front citiesuch as jacksonville florida miami floridand ocean city maryland rows of colorful motelsuch as the castaways in all shapes and sizes became commonplace imagel rey court miles w of plaza us highway santa fe new mexicojpg thumb right guidebooks and referral chains featured in promotion for independent motels el rey inn el rey court in santa fe new mexico boasted american automobile association duncan hines and best western the best western motels approval the original motels were smallocally owned businesses which grew around two lane highways which were main street in every town along the way as independents the quality of accommodation varied widely from one lodge to another while a minority of these properties were inspected orated by the american automobile association and canadian automobile association have published maps and tour book directories of restaurants and roomsince no consistent standard stood behind the sanitized for your protection banner there was no real access to national advertising for local motels and no nationwide network to facilitate reservation of a room in a distant city the main roads into major towns therefore became a sea of neon lighting orange ored neon proclaiming vacancy and later color tv air conditioning or a swimming pool as competing operators vied for precious visibility on crowded highways other venues for advertising were local tourist bureaus and postcards provided for free use by clients finds entries for motels on us route in ohio us mostly archived picture postcards bearing advertisements like winks motel within city limits of columbus ohio fire proof construction restaurant and service station open hours daily every room has the following air conditioning telephone radio beauty rest box springs and mattresses private baths phone douglas the winks restaurant and adjacent filling station are now longone the remainder of this property washut down for one year in per due tongoing code violations a rating in the directory of motor courts and cottages by the american automobile association was just one of many credentials eagerly sought by independent motels of thera regional guidesuch as official florida guide by a lowell hunt or approved travelers motor courts and the food lodginguidebooks published by restaurant reviewer duncan hines adventures in good eating and lodging for a night were also valued endorsements archiveorg referral chains the referral chain lodging originated in thearly s originally serving to promote cabins and tourist courts a predecessor of the modern franchise chain model a referral chain was a group of independent motel owners in which each member lodge would voluntarily meet a set of standards and each property would promote the others each property would proudly display the group s name alongside its own united motor courts founded in by a group of motel owners in the southwestern us published a guidebook until thearly s a splinter of this now defunct group quality courts began as a referral chain but was converted to a franchised operation quality inn in the sjakle sculle rogers p budget host jakle p and best value inn are also referral chains best western was a similareferral chain of independent western us motels it remains in operation as a member owned chain although the modern best western operation shares many of the characteristicsuch as centralized purchasing and reservation systems of the later franchise systems ownership chains thearliest motel chains proprietary brands for multiple properties built with common architecture were born in the s the first of these were ownership chains in which a small group of people owned and operated all of the motels under one common brand alamo plaza hotel courts founded in east waco texas was the first suchain with seven motor courts by and more than twenty by with simmons furniture beautyrest mattresses on every bed and telephones in every room the alamo plaza rooms were marketed as tourist apartments under a slogan of catering to those who care in building contractor scott king opened king s motor court in san diego california renaming the original property travelodge in after having builtwo dozen more simple motel style properties in five years on behalf of various investors he incorporated and expanded thentire chain under the travelodge banner after in colonel sanders harlan sanders opened a motel and restaurant as harland sanders caf and museum sanders court and caf alongside a fuel station in corbin kentucky a second location was opened in asheville north carolina but expansion as a motel chain was not pursued further franchise chains file greatsignjpg thumb right upright holiday inn s great sign used until some remain museums in residential developer kemmons wilson returned to memphis tennessee disillusioned by motels encountered on a family road trip to washington dc in each city rooms varied from well kepto filthy few had a swimming pool non site restaurant meant a few miles driving to buy dinner and while the room itself was to motor courts charged extra per child substantially increasing costs of a family vacation he would build his own motel at summer avenue us tn us on the main highway us fromemphis to nashville tennessee nashville adopting a name from a musical film holiday inn film holiday inn about a fictionalodge only open on public holidays every new holiday inn would have tv air conditioning a restaurant and a pool all would meet a long list of standards in order to have a guest in memphis to have the samexperience asomeone in daytona beach florida or akron ohioriginally a motel chain holiday inn was firsto deploy an ibm designed national room reservationsystem in and opened its th location by in a roomotor hotel in flagstaff arizona opened as the first ramada spanish language spanish foramada shelter a shaded resting place the twin bridges motor hotel established inear washington dc as a member of quality courts became the first marriott international marriott in expanding fromotel to hotel in for individual motel owners a franchise chain provided an automated central reservation system and a nationally recognized brand which assured consumers that rooms and amenities met a consistent minimum standard this came at a cost franchise fees marketing fees reservation fees and royalty fees were not reduceduring times of economic recession leaving most of the business risk withe franchisee while franchise corporations profited some franchise contracts restricted the franchisee s ability to sell the business as a going concern or leave the franchise group without penalty for the chain the franchise model allowed a higher level of product standardization and quality control than was possible as a referral chain model while allowing expansion beyond the maximum practical size of a tightly held ownership chain some cases loosely knit ownership chainsuch as travelodge and referral chainsuch as quality courts founded in by seven motel operators as a non profit referral system were converted to franchise systems quality courts and the best western motels were both originally referral chains and largely marketed together as quality courts were predominantly east of the mississippi river until the s both built national supply chain and reservation systems while aggressively removing properties not meeting minimum standards in their paths diverged quality courts became quality inn abandoning its former coperative structure to become a for profit corporation use shareholder capital to build entirely company owned locations and require its members to become franchisees while best western retained its original member owned status as a marketing coperative freeway era withe introduction of chains independent motelstarted to decline themergence ofreeway s bypassing existing highwaysuch as the interstate highway system in the us caused older motels further away from the new roads to become abandoned as they lost clientele to motel chains built along the new road s offrampsomentire roadside towns were abandoned amboy california population had grown as a route restop and wouldecline withe highway as the opening of interstate in bypassed the villagentirely the ghostown and its roy s motel and caf were allowed to decay for years and used by filmakers in a weathered andeteriorated stateven the original holiday inn holiday inn hotel courts in memphis closed by and was eventually demolished as interstate in tennessee i bypassed us routennessee us and the chain repositioned itself as a mid price hotel brand the twin bridges marriott was demolished for parkland in many independent s era motels would remain operation often sold to new owners orenamed but continued their steady decline as clients were losto the chains often the building s design as traditionally little more than a long row of individual bedrooms with outside corridors and no kitchen or dining halleft it ill suited to any other purpose market segmentation in the s and s independent motels were losinground to chainsuch as motel and ramada existing roadside locations were increasingly bypassed by freeways and the development of the motel chain led to a blurring of motel and hotel while family owned motels with as few as five rooms could still be found especially along older highways these were forced to compete with a proliferation of hotel economy and limited serviceconomy limited service chains els hotels typically do not offer cooked food or mixedrinks they may offer a very limited selection of continental breakfast foods but have no restaurant bar oroom service journey s end corporation founded in belleville ontario builtwo story hotel buildings with non site amenities to compete directly in price with existing motels rooms were comparable to a good hotel buthere was no pool restaurant health club or conferencenter there was no room service and generic architectural designs varied little between cities the chain targeted budget minded business travelers looking for something between the full service luxury hotels and the clean but plain roadside inns but largely drew individual travelers from small towns who traditionally supported small roadside motels international chains quickly followed thisame pattern choice hotels created comfort inn as an economy limited service brand inew limited service brands from existing franchisors provided market segmentation by using a differentrademark and brand ing major hotel chains could build new limited service properties near airports and freeways without undermining their existing mid price brands creation of new brands also allowed chains to circumventhe contractual minimum distance protections between individual hoteliers in the same chain franchisors placed multiple properties under different brands athe same motorway exit leading to a decline in revenue for individual franchisees an influx of newly concocted brands became a key factor in a boom inew construction which ultimately led to market saturation by the s motel and super worldwide super were built with inside corridorso were nominally hotels while other former motel brands including ramadand holiday inn had become mid price hotel chainsome individual franchisees built new hotels with modern amenities alongside or in place of their former holiday inn motels by a mid range hotel with an indoor pool was the standard required to remain a holiday inn file grand west courts chicagojpg thumb abandoned grand west courts in chicago in many once prime locations independent motels which thrived in the s and s were being squeezed out by the s as they were forced to compete with growing chains with a much larger number of rooms at each property many were left stranded on former two lane main highways whichad been bypassed by motorways or declined as original owners retired and subsequent proprietors neglected the maintenance of buildings and rooms as these were low end properties even in their heyday most are now showing their age in canada the pattern was most visible in the densely populated windsor quebecorridor particularly the urban locations like hotels in toronto motel era toronto s kingston road motel strip once bypassed by the completed ontario highway and the section of ontario highway between modeland road and airport road known as the golden mile for its plethora of motels and restaurants as well as points of interest such as the sarniairport and hiawatha racetrack and waterpark which was bypassed by ontario highway p the decline of motels was also found at awkward ruralocations formerly on the main road many remote stretches of the trans canada highway remain unbypassed by motorway and some independent motelsurvive in the us the interstate highway system was bypassing us highway s nationwide the best known example was the complete removal of route from the us highway system in after it was bypassed mostly by interstate us was particularly problematic as the old route number was often moved to the new road asoon as the bypasses were constructed while highway beautification act restrictions left existing properties with no means tobtain signage on the newly constructed interstate some motels were demolished converted to private residences or used astorage space while others have been lefto slowly fall apart in many towns maintenance and renovation of existing properties would stop asoon as word was outhat an existing highway was the target of a proposed bypass this decline would only accelerate after the new road opened attempts by owners to compete for the few remaining clients on a bypassed road by lowering prices typically only worsened the decline by leaving no funds to invest in improving or properly maintaining the property accepting clients who would have been formerly turned away also led to crime problems in cities by the term cockroach motel was well established a slogan for black flag insecticide black flag s trademark roach motel insectrap roach motel bug traps would be paraphrased as they check in buthey do not check outo refer to these declining properties nancy white singer songwriter nancy white senator lawson athe motel cucarachadopts this modified tag line as part of the song s chorus image abandoned motel room ontario highway pittsburgh townshipjpg thumb left an abandoned room in declining urban areas like kingston road toronto kingston road in torontor some of the districts along van buren street arizona van buren street in phoenix arizona phoenix largely bypassed as a through route to california by interstate in arizona interstate the remaining low end motels from the two lane highway erare often seen aseedy places for the homeless prostitution andrugs as vacant rooms inow bypassed areas are often rented and in some cases acquired outright by social service agencies to house refugees abuse victims and families awaiting social housing conversely some areas which were merely roadside suburbs in the s are now valuable urban land on which original structures are being removed through gentrification and the land used for other purposes toronto s lake shore boulevard strip in etobicoke was bulldozed to make way for condominium s in some cases historic properties have been allowed to slowly decay the motel inn of san luis obispo which as the milestone motor hotel was the firsto use the motel name sits incomplete with what istill standing left boarded up and fenced off athe side of us route a restoration proposal never came to fruition alamo plaza hotel courts the first motel chain wasold off in pieces as the original owners retired most of its former locations on the us highway system have declined beyond repair or were demolished one property on us route in baton rouge louisiana baton rouge remains open with its alamo plaza restaurant now gone its pool filled in its original color scheme painted over its front desk behind bulletproof glass and its rooms infested with roaches and vermin a magnet for criminal activity police are summonedaily other alamo sites in chattanooga tennessee chattanooga memphis tennessee memphis andallas have simply been demolished the american hotel and motel association removed motel from its name in becoming the american hotel and lodging association the association felthathe term lodging more accurately reflects the large variety of different style hotels including luxury and boutique hotelsuites inns budget and extended stay hotels in the late th century a majority of motels in the united states came under the ownership of people of indian descent particularly gujarati people gujaratis as the original mom and pop owners retired from the motel industry and sold their properties however some familiestill keptheir motels and to this day one can find a motel that is owned by the same family who built and ran it originally ie the maples motel in sandusky ohio with a subsequent generation continuing the family business amenities offered have also changed with motels that once touted color television as a luxury now emphasizing wireless internet flatscreen television pay per view or in roomovies microwave ovens and minibar fridges in rooms which may be reserved online using credit card s and secured against intruders with key card s which expire asoon as a client checks outtraditionally motels used a withe motel s address room number and return postage guaranteedrop in any mailbox anyone finding a lost or stolen key had full access to the room a security issue many independent motels add amenitiesimply to remain competitive with franchise chains which are taking an increasing market share long time independent motels which join existing low end chains to remain viable are known as conversion franchises these do not use the standardized architecture which originally defined many franchise brands while many former motel chains lefthe low end of the marketo franchise mid range hotels a handful of national franchise brands econo lodge travelodge knights inn and magnuson hotels lowestier m remain available towners of existing motels withe original drive up to roomotor court architecture most of thesestablishments previously called motels may stillook like motels but are now called hotels inns or lodges revitalization and preservation file seasons moteljpg thumb right uprighthe seasons motel sign in wisconsin dells wisconsin is an excellent example of googie architecture image lorraine motel mar jpg thumb righthe lorraine motel site of martin luther king jr s assassination is part of the national civil rights museum in thearly to mid s much original s roadside infrastructure onow bypassed us highways had fallen into decline or was being razed for developmenthe national trust for historic preservationamed the wildwoodshoresort historic district wildwoodshore motel district inew jersey in its list of america s most endangered places america s most endangered historic places and included the historic route motels from illinois to california on its list preservationists have soughto list endangered properties on various federal or state historic registries although in many cases a historic listingives a building little or no protection from alteration or demolition the oakleigh motel in oakleigh victoriaustralia constructed usingoogie architecture during the summer olympics as one of the first motels in the state was added to the victorian heritage register in the building was gutted by developers in for a townhouse row house development only the outer shell remains original the aztec motel in albuquerque new mexico built in was listed on the national register of historic places indicates that in the aztec motel received a cost share grant from the nps route corridor preservation program to restore neon signage the motel was demolished eight years later only the sign remains and listed on the new mexico state register of cultural properties as the oldest continuously operating us route motel inew mexico it was demolished in while listing the coral court motel near st louis missouri on the national register of historic places failed to prevent a demolitione of the cabinsurvives as part of an exhibit athe museum of transportation after being painstakingly dismantled by volunteers forelocation us route file wigwamotel jpg thumb wigwamotel no a unique motel motor court on historic route in holbrook arizona the plight of us route whose decommissioned highway removal from the united states highway system in turned places like glenrio texas and amboy california intovernight ghostowns has captured public attention route association s built on the model of angel delgadillo s first association in seligman arizona have advocated preservation and restoration of the motels businesses and roadside infrastructure of the neon era in the national route preservation bill allocated million in matching fund grants for private restoration and preservation of historic properties along the route the road popularized through john steinbeck s the grapes of wrath and bobby troup s get your kicks on route was marketed not as transportation infrastructure but as a tourism destination in its own righto many small towns bypassed by interstate highways embracing s nostalgiand historic restoration brings in badly needed tourism dollars to restore sagging local economies many vintage motelsome dating to the cabin court era of the s have been renovated restored and added to the us national register of historic places or to local and state listings while a handful werepurposed as either low income housing boutique hotel s apartment s or commercial office space many were simply restored as motels while some modern amenitiesuch as wi fi or flatscreen tv may appear in the newly restored rooms exterior architecture and neon highway signage is meticulously restored toriginal designs by route travelers were spending million year visiting historic places and museums in communities on the former highway with million annually invested in heritage preservation the motels of route was announced as an upcoming documentary film international variations thearly motels were built in the southwestern united states as a replacement for the tourist camps and tourist cabins whichad grown around the us highway system in australiand new zealand motels have followed largely the same path of development as in canadand the united states the first australian motels include the west end motel in ballina new south wales and the penzance motel in eaglehawk neck tasmania eagle hawk tasmania motels gained international popularity in countriesuch as thailand germany and japan but in some countries the termotel now connotes either a low end hotel such as hotel formule in europe or a no tell motel file rbjpg thumb righthe mid trail motel inn in pleasant bay nova scotia canadas in the us the initial s roadside accommodations were primitive tourist camps with over a hundred campgrounds listed in ontario alone one provincial road map while most of these provided access to the most basic of amenities like picnic tables playgrounds toilet facilities and supplies fewer than a quarter offered cottages in the pre depression erand the vast majority required travelers bring their own tent s in canada s climate these sites wereffectively unusable outside the high season because cabins and camps were ill suited to a canadian winter the number and variety of motels grew dramatically after world war ii peaking just before freewaysuch as ontario highway opened in the s due to canada s climate and shortourist season which begins at victoria day and continued untilabour day or thanksgiving canada thanksgiving any outdoor swimming pool would be usable for little more than two months of the year and independent motels would operate at a loss or close during the off season by the s motels were losinground rapidly to franchisesuch as journey s end corporation and the us based chains the section of ontario highway between modeland road and airport road known as the golden mile for its plethora of motels and restaurants was bypassed once ontario highway was completed in however the golden mile still retains points of interest such as the sarniairport and hiawatha racetrack and waterpark much of canada s population is crowded into a few small southern regions while the windsor qu becorridor was bypassed by motorways relatively early in more sparsely populated regions including much of northern ontario thousands of kilometers of mostly two lane trans canada highway remain undisturbed as the road makes its lengthy journey westward through tiny distant and isolated communities the original concept of a motel as a motorist s hotel which grew up around the highways of the s is of american origin the term appears to have initially had the sameaning in other countries but hasince been used in many places to refer either to a budget priced hotel with limited amenities or a love hotel depending on the country and language the division between motel and hotelikelsewhere has been blurred so many of these are low end hotels in france motel style chain accommodations of up to three stories with exterior hallways and stairwells are marketed as one star hotels the louvre h tels chain operates premi re classe star as a market segmentation brand in this range using other marques for higher or mid range hotels the use of motel to identify any budget priced roadhouse hotel rasthaus raststte also exists in the german language some frenchains operating in germany such as accor s hotel formule offer automated registration and small spartan rooms at reduced cost in portuguese motel plural mot is commonly refers noto the original drive up accommodation house for motorists buto an adult motel or love hotel with amenitiesuch as jacuzzi baths in room pornography candles and oversize or non standard shaped beds in various honeymoon suite styles these rooms are available for as little as four hours and minors arexcluded from thesestablishments mot is de portugal motels of portugal wwwmoteisdeportugalcom is a listing of what elsewhere would be classed as adult motelsee also pt motel in portuguese in that language s wikipedia the portuguese language term rotel had brief usage in s rio de janeiro brazil for a similar concept ro forooms through which clients rotate in a matter of hours instead of overnight a similar association of motel to short stay hotels with reserved parking and luxury rooms which can be rented by couples for a few hours has begun to appear in italy where the market segment hashown significant growth since the s and become highly competitive south america in central and south america motel in mexico motel de paso is an establishment often associated with extramarital encounters and rented typically for a few hours minutes to hours in ecuador any establishment withe title motel is related to extramarital encounters in argentinand peru these hotels for couples are called albergue transitorio temporary shelter and offered for anything from a few hours tovernight with d cor based on amenitiesuch as dim lights a jacuzzi and a king size bed in other spanish speaking countries thesestablishments have other slang names like mueble amueblado furniture furnished rental or telo in the dominican republicabins named for their cabin like shape have all these amenitiesuch as jacuzzi oversize bed and hdtv but generally do not have windows and have private parking for each room individually registration is handled not in a conventional manner but upon entering the room by delivering a bill withe registration through a small window that does not allow eye contacto ensure greater discretion a directory of motels from the dominican republic these appear to be mostly love hotels es motel in spanish in the spanish language wikipedia the connotations of motel as adult motel or love hotel in bothe spanish and portuguese languages can be awkward for us based chains accustomed to using the term in its original meaning although thissue is diminishing as chainsuch asuper motels increasingly drop the word motel from their corporate identities at home crime and illicit activity many auto camps were used as havens and hide outs for criminals of the s bonnie and clyde had a shootout in the infamous red crown tourist court near kansas city missouri kansas city on july courtney ryley cooper s american magazine article camps of crime attributed to j edgar hoover a denunciation of tourist courts as bases of operation for gangs of desperadoes claiming that a large number of roadside cottage groups appear to be notourist camps but assignation camps and alleging that marijuana sellers have been found around such places ultimately efforts to curb the unconstrained growth of tourist courts were futile as motor courts as motels were called in the s and s grew inumber and popularity motels have served as a haven for fugitives in the past as the anonymity and a simple registration process helped fugitives to remain ahead of the law several changes have reduced the capacity of motels to serve this purpose in many jurisdictions regulations now require motel operators tobtain id from clients and meet specific record keeping requirements credit card transactions which in the past were moreasily approved and took days to report are now approved or declined on the spot and are instantly recorded in a database thereby allowing law enforcement access to this information motels which allow a room to be rented inexpensively for less than one full night stay or which allow a couple not wishing to be seen together publicly to enter a room without passing through the office or lobby area have beenicknamed no tell motels due to their long association with adultery even where rooms werented overnighto middle class travelers and not locals or extended stay clients there have been ongoing problems witheft of motel property by travelers everything from waterbed s to television sets to bedspreads and pillows have routinely gone missing in what one s associated press report labelled highway robbery the least costly motelsometimeserve as temporary housing for people who are not able to afford an apartment or have recently lostheir home motels catering to long term stays occasionally have kitchenettes or efficiencies or a motel room with a kitchen while conventional apartments are more cost effective with better amenities tenants unable to pay first and last month s rent or undesirable due to unemployment criminal records or credit problems do seek low end residential motels because of a lack of viable shorterm options motels in low income areas are often plagued with drug activity street prostitution or other crime some correctional officials temporarily place newly paroled convicts into motels if upon release they have nowhere to stay these motels have daily to monthly rates according to the center for problem oriented policing file sign on chicago moteljpg thumb right sign on chicago motel the annual number of calls for service to police departments peroom cfs room as a metric has been used to identify motels with poor surveillance of visitors inadequate staff or management unwilling to pro actively exclude known or likely problem tenants motels with lax security in bad neighborhoods attract disturbances includinguests who will not leave or pay robbery auto theft and theft from rooms or vehicles vandalism public intoxication and alcoholism drug dealing or clandestine methamphetamine laboratories fighting street gang activity pimping and street prostitution or sexual assaults asevere unlawful conduct issues impacthe neighborhood as a whole some municipalities have adopted a nuisance abatement strategy of using public health and fire safety violations or taxation laws as pretexts to shut down bad motels city bylawsuch aseattle s chronic nuisance properties ordinance have also been used to penalize owners or shut down a business entirely in popular culture the bates motel is an important part of psycho novel psycho a novel by robert bloch and alfred hitchcock s film psycho film psycho film sequels psycho ii film psycho ii and psycho iii also feature the motel as does the television movie bates motel film bates motel the motel makes appearances in psycho iv the beginning but is not featured as much as in previous films the bates motel returned to prominence in the psycho film remake of the original film as well as the television series bates motel tv series bates motel in the halloween tv special scared shrekless puss in boots tells a cautionary tale abouthe boots motel image bates moteljpg thumb righthe bates motel set at universal studios the scenariof an isolated motel being operated by a serial killer whose guestsubsequently become victims has been exploited in a number of other horror films notably motel hell and mountaintop motel massacre morecently the genre has been revived with such films as mayhemotel murder inn vacancy film vacancy and its directo video prequel vacancy the first cut several of these horror films also incorporate the sub theme of voyeurism whereby the motel owner spies on or even films the sexual exploits of the guests this plays on the long established connotations of motels and illicit sexual activity whichas itselformed the basis for numerous other films variously representing the thriller comedy teen film and sexploitation genrestephen c apostolof s motel confidential and the porn filmotel for lovers were two notablearly examples morecent manifestations include paradise motel talking walls desire and hell at sunset motel and the korean films motel cactus and the motel film the motel in countless other films and tv series the motel invariably depicted as an isolated run down and seedy establishment haserved as the setting for sordid events often involving equally sordid characters examples include pink motel blue backroad motel stateline motel niagara motel and motel in tv s the simpsons the springfield the simpsonsleep eazy motel sleep eazy motel signage displays its name with missing neon lighting segmentsleep eazy motel a sleazy motel advertising hourly rates and adult movies the cockroach motel and no tell motel stereotypes continue with various motels in the series including the happy earwig motel and worst western in the film sparkle lite motel and the tv miniseries the lost room the motel made forays into the realms of science fiction in the pixar animation cars film route cars a clientele of solely anthropomorphism anthropomorphic vehicles requires all hotels be motels where clients drive directly to theirooms clever allusions to real route motels on the us national register of historic places abound the sally carrera cozy cone motel design is the wigwamotel on us route in arizona one of three still extant see also wigwamotel and wigwamotel withe neon refrigerated air slogan of tucumcari new mexico s blue swallow motel the wheel well motel s name alludes to the restored stone cabin wagon wheel motel caf and station wagon wheel motel in cuba missouri a long defunct glenn rio motel recalls route ghostown glenrio new mexico and texas now a national historic district on the state line glenrionce boasted the first motel in texas seen when arriving from new mexicor last motel in texas the same motel itsignage viewed from the opposite side in literature ian fleming s the spy who loved me novel the spy who loved me depicts a french canadian vivienne michel as a clerk minding the doomedreamy pines motor court in the adirondack mountains of new york unlike most ofleming s work thistoryline does not appear in any of the james bond films in computer gaming murder motel was an online text game by sean d wagle hosted on various dial up bulletin board systems originally color ported to various other platforms the object was for each player to attempto brutally kill all fellow guests in each room of a motel using a variety of weapons murder motel bbs door game r gamescom in theatre the seedy motel room has been the setting for two hander playsuch asame time next year play same time next year and bug play bug both were later adapted as films broadway musicals have also paid homage to the lowbrow reputation of motel culture demonstrated by songsuch as the no tel motel from prettybelle and athe bed by motel from lolita my love the british soap opera crossroadsoap opera crossroads waset in a motel in thenglish midlands which was originally based on american style motels with chalets but later was transformed into a luxury country hotel see also list of motels list of hotels list of defunct hotel chains includes motels externalinks motel americana page devoted to history narratives andesign of postwar motels motel signs a collection of motel signs from around the us motel directory a directory of motels from around the us category motels category hotel types category tourist 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inn san luis obispo built term referred initially type hotel consisting single building connected rooms whose doors faced parking_lot circumstances common area series small cabins common parking motels often individually owned though motel chains exist large highway_systems began developed long_distance road journeys became common need accessible overnight accommodation sites close main routes led growth motel concept motels popularity rising car travel decline response competition newer chain hotels became commonplace highway traffic bypassed onto newly constructed historic motels listed us_national_register historic_places file star lite motel minnesota usa winter viewjpg thumb_righthe star lite motel minnesota typical american l shaped motel file swimming_pool thunderbird motel columbia_river within yards interstate bridge connecting jpg thumb right motels frequently large thunderbird motel columbia_river portland_oregon file south thumb right typical athe rocket motel south_dakota motels differ hotels location along highways opposed urban cores favored hotels orientation outside contrasto hotels whose doors typically face interior hallway motels almost definition include parking_lot older hotels usually built automobile parking mind low rise construction number rooms would fit given amount land low compared high rise urban hotels whichad grown around train stations issue era major highways became main_street every town along way inexpensive land town could developed motels car fuel stations yards amusement_parks roadside diners drive restaurants theaters countless small roadside businesses automobile brought mobility motel could appear anywhere vast network two lane highways motels typically constructed l shaped includes guest rooms attached manager office small reception cases small diner swimming_pool motel typically single story rooms opening directly onto parking_lot making easy vehicle second story present would face onto balcony served multiple post_war motels especially thearly late sought visual distinction often featuring eye catching colorful neon sign employed themes popular_culture ranging western genre western imagery cowboys indians contemporary images spaceships atomic age atomic era us_route popular example neon era many signs remain use day room types motels handful rooms would larger contain kitchenette apartment like amenities rooms marketed higher price occupants could prepare food instead incurring cost eating meals restaurants rooms connecting standard rooms could combined intone also_commonly appeared motels motels particularly iniagara falls ontario motel strip extending ontario highway lane falls long marketed would offer honeymoon suites bath first campgrounds automobile tourists constructed late_thatourists could afford stay hotel either cars pitched tents fields alongside road called auto camps modern campgrounds provided running water picnic grounds restroom facilities auto camps courts auto camps motels years established primitive municipal camp sites travelers pitched tents demand increased profit commercial camps gradually displaced grounds firstravel trailer became available adapted cars adding beds kitchens roof decks next step travel trailer cabin camp primitive permanent group structures great_depression whose property onto highways built cabins convert land income opened bed homes usually single story buildings roadside motel cabin court quick simple construct plans instructions readily available builder magazines expansion highway networks largely continued depression governments attempted buthe roadside cabin camps primitive basically auto camps small tents city directory san_diego california lists motel type accommodations tourist camps one initially could stay depression era cabin camps less dollar per night small comforts far travelers search modern would find cottage courts tourist courts price higher buthe cabins electricity indoor bathrooms occasionally private garage arranged attractive shape often camps part larger complex containing filling station caf sometimes convenience store facilities like rising_sun auto camp glacier national_park us glacier national_park blue court texas mom pop facilities outskirts towns owners auto camps continued popularity depression years world_war ii popularity finally starting increasing land costs changes consumer demands remained small independent operations motels quickly adopted appearance designed starto cater purely motorists tourist homes image cabins thumb cabins colored south_carolina town tourist homes private residences advertising rooms auto travelers unlike boarding house guests homes usually passing southwestern united_states handful tourist homes opened african_americans early great_depression due lack ofood lodging travelers color jim_crow conditions thera negro motorist green_book listed lodgings restaurants fuel stations liquor stores barber beauty without racial restrictions smaller directory negro hotels guest houses united_states us travel bureau specialized accommodations racial segregation united us tourist accommodation would legally civil_rights act court ruling heart atlanta motel v united_states congress powers commerce clause interstate regulation local racial discrimination motel serving interstate travelers might substantially motels image thumb right arthur motel inn san luis obispo originated withe motel inn san luis called milestone tel constructed arthur although hotels least early name hotel abbreviated motor hotel tel could fithe words milestone motor hotel rooftop many businesses followed footsteps started building auto camps combining individual cabins tourist court single roof motor court motor hotel handful motor courts beginning call motels term coined many motels still popular operation case v tourist court st_louisiana built great_depression still traveling including business_travelers traveling pressure manage travel costs driving instead taking trains staying new roadside motels courts instead costly hotels bellhop bell doorman profession porters personnel would expect tip service construction ground near halt workers fuel rubber transport pulled away civilian use war effort little construction take_place typically near military bases cabin service house soldiers families post_war would building boom massive scale would approximately motor courts operation us alone typical era cost peroom initial construction costs compared peroom metropolitan city hotel construction would half million_us vacationers year_later motels would hotels consumer demand many motels began advertising colorful neon signs thathey air cooling early term air_conditioning hot summers heated steam cold winters handful used novelty architecture wigwamotel rail cars create caboose red caboose motel caboose motel caboose inn cabin individual rail car motel industry united_states canadas older mom pop motor hotels began adding newer amenitiesuch pools color tv luxury motels built wild impressive designs room coin operated john magic fingers bed briefly popular introduced largely removed due vandalism coin boxes american hotel association whichad briefly offered universal credit_card forerunner modern american_express card became american hotel motel association many motels place busy highways beach front motel instantly became success major beach front citiesuch jacksonville florida miami floridand ocean_city maryland rows colorful shapes sizes became commonplace rey court miles w plaza us_highway santa new thumb right guidebooks referral chains featured promotion independent motels el rey inn el rey court santa new_mexico boasted american_automobile_association duncan best western best western motels approval original motels owned businesses grew around two lane highways main_street every town along way quality accommodation varied widely one lodge another minority properties inspected american_automobile_association canadian automobile_association published maps tour book restaurants consistent standard stood behind protection banner real access national advertising local motels nationwide network facilitate reservation room distant city main roads major towns therefore became sea neon lighting orange ored neon vacancy later color tv air_conditioning swimming_pool competing operators precious visibility crowded highways venues advertising local tourist bureaus postcards provided free use clients finds entries motels us_route ohio us mostly archived picture postcards bearing advertisements like motel within city limits columbus ohio fire proof construction restaurant service station open_hours daily every room following air_conditioning telephone radio beauty rest box springs mattresses private baths phone douglas restaurant adjacent filling station remainder property washut one_year per due code violations rating directory motor courts cottages american_automobile_association one many credentials sought independent motels thera regional guidesuch official florida guide lowell hunt approved travelers motor courts food published restaurant reviewer duncan adventures good eating lodging night also valued referral chains referral chain lodging originated thearly originally serving promote cabins tourist courts predecessor modern franchise chain model referral chain group independent motel owners member lodge would meet set standards property would promote others property would proudly display group name alongside united motor courts founded group motel owners southwestern us published guidebook thearly defunct group quality courts began referral chain converted franchised operation quality inn rogers p budget host p best value inn also referral chains best western chain independent western us motels remains operation member owned chain although modern best western operation shares many centralized purchasing reservation systems later franchise systems ownership chains thearliest motel chains proprietary brands multiple properties built common architecture born first ownership chains small group people owned operated motels one common brand alamo plaza hotel courts founded east texas first seven motor courts twenty simmons furniture mattresses every bed every room alamo plaza rooms marketed tourist apartments slogan catering care building contractor scott king opened king motor court san_diego california renaming original property travelodge builtwo dozen simple motel style properties five_years behalf various investors incorporated expanded thentire chain travelodge banner colonel sanders harlan sanders opened motel restaurant sanders caf museum sanders court caf alongside fuel station kentucky second location opened north_carolina expansion motel chain pursued franchise chains file thumb right_upright holiday_inn great sign used remain museums residential developer wilson returned memphis tennessee motels encountered family road_trip washington city rooms varied well swimming_pool non site restaurant meant miles driving buy dinner room motor courts charged extra per child substantially increasing costs family vacation would build motel summer avenue us us main highway us nashville tennessee nashville adopting name musical film holiday_inn film holiday_inn open public holidays every new holiday_inn would tv air_conditioning restaurant pool would meet long list standards order guest memphis beach_florida akron motel chain holiday_inn firsto deploy designed national room opened th location hotel flagstaff arizona opened first spanish_language spanish shelter resting place twin bridges motor hotel established washington member quality courts became first marriott international marriott expanding hotel individual motel owners franchise chain provided automated central reservation system nationally recognized brand consumers rooms amenities met consistent minimum standard came cost franchise fees marketing fees reservation fees royalty fees times economic recession leaving business risk withe franchisee franchise corporations franchise contracts restricted franchisee ability sell business going concern leave franchise group without penalty chain franchise model allowed higher level product standardization quality control possible referral chain model allowing expansion beyond maximum practical size tightly held ownership chain cases loosely ownership chainsuch travelodge referral chainsuch quality courts founded seven motel operators non_profit referral system converted franchise systems quality courts best western motels originally referral chains largely marketed together quality courts predominantly east mississippi_river built national supply chain reservation systems aggressively removing properties meeting minimum standards paths quality courts became quality inn former coperative structure become profit_corporation use shareholder capital build entirely company owned locations require members become franchisees best western retained original member owned status marketing coperative freeway era withe introduction chains independent decline themergence bypassing existing interstate highway_system us caused older motels away new roads become abandoned lost clientele motel chains built along new road roadside towns abandoned california population grown route restop withe highway opening interstate bypassed ghostown roy motel caf allowed decay years used original holiday_inn holiday_inn hotel courts memphis closed eventually demolished interstate tennessee bypassed us us chain mid price hotel brand twin bridges marriott demolished many independent era motels would remain operation often sold new owners continued steady decline clients chains often building design traditionally little long row individual bedrooms outside corridors kitchen dining ill suited purpose market segmentation independent motels chainsuch motel existing roadside locations increasingly bypassed development motel chain led motel hotel family owned motels five rooms could still found especially along older highways forced compete proliferation hotel economy limited limited_service chains hotels typically offer cooked_food may_offer limited selection continental breakfast foods restaurant bar service journey end corporation founded ontario builtwo story hotel buildings non site amenities compete directly price existing motels rooms comparable good hotel buthere pool restaurant health club conferencenter room service generic architectural designs varied little cities chain targeted budget minded business_travelers looking something full_service luxury hotels clean plain roadside inns largely drew individual travelers small_towns traditionally supported small roadside motels international chains quickly followed pattern choice hotels created comfort inn economy limited_service brand inew limited_service brands existing provided market segmentation using brand ing major hotel_chains could build new limited_service properties near airports without existing mid price brands creation new brands also allowed chains minimum distance protections individual hoteliers chain placed multiple properties different brands athe motorway exit leading decline revenue individual franchisees influx newly brands became key factor boom inew construction ultimately led market motel super worldwide super built inside hotels former motel brands including holiday_inn become mid price hotel individual franchisees built new hotels modern amenities alongside place former holiday_inn motels mid range hotel indoor pool standard required remain holiday_inn file grand west courts thumb abandoned grand west courts chicago many prime locations independent motels thrived forced compete growing chains much_larger number rooms property many left stranded former two lane main highways whichad bypassed motorways declined original owners retired subsequent proprietors neglected maintenance buildings rooms low end properties even heyday showing age canada pattern visible densely populated windsor particularly urban locations like hotels toronto motel era toronto kingston road motel strip bypassed completed ontario highway section ontario highway road airport road known golden mile motels restaurants well points interest hiawatha waterpark bypassed ontario highway p decline motels also_found awkward formerly main road many remote stretches trans_canada highway remain motorway independent us interstate highway_system bypassing us_highway nationwide best_known example complete removal route us_highway system bypassed mostly interstate us particularly problematic old route number often moved new road asoon constructed highway act restrictions left existing properties means tobtain signage newly constructed interstate motels demolished converted private residences used space others lefto slowly fall apart many towns maintenance renovation existing properties would stop asoon word outhat existing highway target proposed bypass decline would accelerate new road opened attempts owners compete remaining clients bypassed road lowering prices typically decline leaving funds invest improving properly maintaining property accepting clients would formerly turned away also led crime problems cities term motel well_established slogan black flag black flag trademark roach motel roach motel bug would check buthey check outo refer declining properties nancy white singer nancy white senator lawson athe motel modified tag line part song chorus image abandoned motel room ontario highway pittsburgh thumb left abandoned room declining urban_areas like kingston road toronto kingston road districts along van street arizona van street phoenix_arizona phoenix largely bypassed route california interstate arizona interstate remaining low end motels two lane highway often_seen places homeless prostitution vacant rooms bypassed areas often rented cases acquired social service agencies house abuse victims families social housing conversely areas merely roadside suburbs valuable urban land original structures removed land used purposes toronto lake shore boulevard strip make way condominium cases historic properties allowed slowly decay motel inn san luis obispo milestone motor hotel firsto use motel name sits incomplete istill standing left boarded athe side us_route restoration proposal never came fruition alamo plaza hotel courts first motel chain wasold pieces original owners retired former locations us_highway system declined beyond repair demolished one property us_route baton rouge louisiana baton rouge remains open alamo plaza restaurant gone pool filled original color scheme painted front_desk behind glass rooms magnet criminal activity police alamo sites tennessee memphis tennessee memphis simply demolished american hotel motel association removed motel name becoming american hotel lodging association association term lodging accurately reflects large variety different style hotels including luxury boutique inns budget extended_stay hotels late_th century majority motels united_states came ownership people indian descent particularly people original mom pop owners retired motel industry sold properties however motels day one find motel owned family built ran originally motel sandusky_ohio subsequent generation continuing family business amenities offered also changed motels color television luxury emphasizing wireless internet television pay_per view microwave ovens rooms may reserved online using credit_card secured key card asoon client checks motels used withe motel address room number return anyone finding lost stolen key full access room security issue many independent motels add remain competitive franchise chains taking increasing market_share long_time independent motels join existing low end chains remain viable known conversion franchises use standardized architecture originally defined many franchise brands many former motel chains lefthe low end marketo franchise mid range hotels handful national franchise brands lodge travelodge knights inn hotels remain available existing motels withe original drive court architecture thesestablishments previously called motels may like motels called hotels inns lodges revitalization preservation file seasons thumb right_uprighthe seasons motel sign wisconsin dells wisconsin excellent example architecture image motel mar jpg thumb_righthe motel site martin king assassination part national civil_rights museum thearly_mid much original roadside infrastructure bypassed us_highways fallen decline developmenthe national_trust historic historic district motel district inew jersey list america endangered places america endangered historic_places included historic route motels illinois california list soughto list endangered properties various federal state historic although_many cases historic building little protection demolition oakleigh motel oakleigh victoriaustralia constructed architecture summer olympics one first motels state added victorian heritage register building developers townhouse row house development outer shell remains original aztec motel albuquerque new_mexico built listed national_register historic_places indicates aztec motel received cost share grant route corridor preservation program restore neon signage motel demolished eight years_later sign remains listed new_mexico state register cultural properties oldest continuously operating us_route motel inew_mexico demolished listing coral court motel near st_louis missouri national_register historic_places failed prevent part exhibit athe museum transportation dismantled volunteers us_route file wigwamotel jpg thumb wigwamotel unique motel motor court historic route arizona us_route whose decommissioned highway removal united_states highway_system turned places like texas california captured public attention route association built model angel first association arizona advocated preservation restoration motels businesses roadside infrastructure neon era national route preservation bill allocated million matching fund grants private restoration preservation historic properties along route road popularized john grapes bobby get route marketed transportation infrastructure tourism_destination righto many small_towns bypassed interstate highways historic restoration brings badly needed tourism dollars restore local economies many vintage dating cabin court era renovated restored added us_national_register historic_places local state listings handful either low_income housing boutique_hotel apartment commercial office space many simply restored motels modern amenitiesuch tv may appear newly restored rooms exterior architecture neon highway signage restored designs route travelers spending million year visiting historic_places museums communities former highway million annually invested heritage preservation motels route announced upcoming documentary_film international variations thearly motels built southwestern united_states replacement tourist camps tourist cabins whichad grown around us_highway system australiand_new_zealand motels followed largely path development canadand united_states first australian motels include west end motel new_south_wales motel neck tasmania eagle hawk tasmania motels gained international popularity countriesuch thailand germany japan countries connotes either low end hotel hotel europe tell motel file thumb_righthe mid trail motel inn pleasant bay nova_scotia canadas us initial roadside accommodations primitive tourist camps hundred campgrounds listed ontario alone one provincial road map provided access basic amenities like picnic tables toilet facilities supplies fewer quarter offered cottages pre depression vast_majority required travelers bring tent canada climate sites outside high season cabins camps ill suited canadian winter number variety motels grew dramatically world_war ii ontario highway opened due canada climate season begins victoria day continued day thanksgiving canada thanksgiving outdoor swimming_pool would little two months year independent motels would operate loss close season motels rapidly journey end corporation us based chains section ontario highway road airport road known golden mile motels restaurants bypassed ontario highway completed however golden mile still retains points interest hiawatha waterpark much canada population crowded small southern regions windsor bypassed motorways relatively early populated regions including much northern ontario thousands kilometers mostly two lane trans_canada highway remain road makes lengthy journey westward tiny distant isolated communities original concept motel motorist hotel grew around highways american origin term appears initially countries hasince used many places refer either budget priced hotel limited amenities love hotel depending country language division motel many low end hotels france motel style chain accommodations three stories exterior marketed one star hotels louvre h chain operates star market segmentation brand range using higher mid range hotels use motel identify budget priced roadhouse hotel also exists german_language operating germany accor hotel offer automated registration small spartan rooms reduced cost portuguese motel plural commonly refers noto original drive accommodation house motorists buto adult motel love hotel amenitiesuch baths room pornography candles non standard shaped beds various honeymoon suite styles rooms available little four hours minors thesestablishments de portugal motels portugal listing elsewhere would adult also motel portuguese_language wikipedia portuguese_language term brief usage rio_de janeiro brazil similar concept clients matter hours instead overnight similar association motel short stay hotels reserved parking luxury rooms rented couples hours begun appear italy market segment hashown significant growth since become highly competitive south_america central south_america motel mexico motel de paso establishment often associated encounters rented typically hours minutes hours ecuador establishment withe title motel related encounters argentinand peru hotels couples called temporary shelter offered anything hours cor based amenitiesuch dim lights king size bed spanish speaking countries thesestablishments slang names like furniture furnished rental dominican named cabin like shape amenitiesuch bed generally windows private parking room individually registration handled conventional manner upon entering room delivering bill withe registration small window allow eye ensure greater discretion directory motels dominican republic appear mostly love hotels motel spanish spanish_language wikipedia motel adult motel love hotel bothe spanish portuguese_languages awkward us based chains accustomed using term original meaning although thissue diminishing chainsuch motels increasingly drop word motel corporate identities home crime illicit activity many auto camps used hide criminals bonnie clyde infamous red crown tourist court near kansas_city missouri kansas_city july cooper american magazine article camps crime attributed j edgar hoover tourist courts bases operation gangs claiming large_number roadside cottage groups appear camps camps alleging marijuana sellers found around places ultimately efforts growth tourist courts motor courts motels called grew inumber popularity motels served past anonymity simple registration process helped remain ahead law several changes reduced capacity motels serve purpose many jurisdictions regulations require motel operators tobtain clients meet specific record keeping requirements credit_card transactions past moreasily approved took days report approved declined spot instantly recorded database thereby allowing law_enforcement access information motels allow room rented less one full night stay allow couple wishing seen together publicly enter room without passing office lobby area tell motels due long association even rooms middle_class travelers locals extended_stay clients ongoing problems motel property travelers everything television sets routinely gone missing one associated press report labelled highway least costly temporary housing people able afford apartment recently lostheir home motels catering long_term stays occasionally motel room kitchen conventional apartments cost effective better amenities tenants unable pay first last month rent undesirable due unemployment criminal records credit problems seek low end residential motels lack viable shorterm options motels low_income areas often drug activity street prostitution crime officials temporarily place newly motels upon release nowhere stay motels daily monthly rates according center problem oriented policing file sign chicago thumb right sign chicago motel annual number calls service police departments peroom room metric used identify motels poor surveillance visitors inadequate staff management pro actively known likely problem tenants motels lax security bad neighborhoods attract leave pay auto theft theft rooms vehicles vandalism public intoxication alcoholism drug dealing methamphetamine laboratories fighting street gang activity street prostitution sexual unlawful conduct issues impacthe neighborhood whole municipalities adopted nuisance strategy using public_health fire safety violations taxation laws shut bad motels city chronic nuisance properties ordinance also_used owners shut business entirely popular_culture bates motel important_part psycho novel psycho novel robert alfred film psycho film psycho film psycho ii film psycho ii psycho iii also feature motel television movie bates motel film bates motel motel makes appearances psycho beginning featured much previous films bates motel returned prominence psycho film original film well television_series bates motel tv_series bates motel halloween tv special boots tells tale abouthe boots motel image bates thumb_righthe bates motel set universal_studios isolated motel operated serial killer whose become victims exploited number horror films notably motel hell motel massacre morecently genre revived films murder inn vacancy film vacancy video vacancy first cut several horror films also incorporate sub theme whereby motel owner even films sexual exploits guests plays long established motels illicit sexual_activity whichas basis numerous films variously representing comedy teen film c motel confidential lovers two examples morecent include paradise motel talking walls desire hell sunset motel korean films motel cactus motel film motel countless films tv_series motel invariably depicted isolated run seedy establishment haserved setting events often involving equally characters examples_include pink motel blue motel motel niagara motel motel tv simpsons springfield motel sleep motel signage displays name missing neon lighting motel motel advertising hourly rates adult movies motel tell motel stereotypes continue various motels series including happy motel worst western film lite motel tv miniseries lost room motel made science_fiction animation cars film route cars clientele solely vehicles requires hotels motels clients drive directly real route motels us_national_register historic_places sally cone motel design wigwamotel us_route arizona one three still extant see_also wigwamotel wigwamotel withe neon air slogan new_mexico blue motel wheel well motel name alludes restored stone cabin wagon wheel motel caf station wagon wheel motel cuba missouri long defunct glenn rio motel recalls route ghostown new_mexico texas national_historic district state line boasted first motel texas seen arriving new last motel texas motel viewed opposite side literature ian spy loved novel spy loved depicts french canadian michel clerk motor court mountains new_york unlike work appear james bond films computer gaming murder motel online text game sean hosted various bulletin board systems originally color various platforms object player attempto kill fellow guests room motel using variety weapons murder motel door game r theatre seedy motel room setting two time next year play time next year bug play bug later adapted films broadway also paid reputation motel culture demonstrated tel motel athe bed motel love british soap opera opera crossroads waset motel thenglish midlands originally based american style motels later transformed luxury country hotel see_also list motels list hotels list defunct hotel_chains includes motels externalinks motel americana page devoted history narratives andesign postwar motels motel signs collection motel signs around us motel directory directory motels around us category motels category_hotel types category_tourist accommodations"},{"title":"Motorcycle touring","description":"file motorcycle touringreat britainjpg thumb upright motorcycle touring in great britain motorcycle touring is a format of tourism that involves a motorcycle it has been a subject of note since at least motorcycle touring involvespecial equipment and techniques a touring motorcycle optimized for long range travel and luggage carrying capacity may be used special preparations involved include route planning for unfamiliareas packing tools that might be needed finding food making overnight stops finding fuel in remote areas and physical care of the rider s body it may involve camping or attending motorcycle rally motorcycle rallies along the way some riders take touring to extremes with rides of thousands tover miles kilometers and lasting years or decadesee long distance motorcycle riding and list of long distance motorcycle riders these long distance riders may also join specialized societiesuch as the german globetrotter club and publish some notable works concerning such tours include the gasoline tramp or around the world on a motorcycle by carl stearns clancy india the shimmering dream and other works by max reisch the motorcycle diaries book the motorcycle diaries by che guevara fastest man around the world and other works by nick sanders jupiter s travels by ted simon riding thedge and riding the ice book and video by dave barr motorcyclist dave barr the film sjaak the world and the book life on wheels written by sjaak lucassen the long way round and long way down book and television series by ewan mcgregor and charley boormand ghost rider travels on thealing road by neil peart motorcycle touring supports a large amount of commerce by a estimate over of all street motorcyclesold in the united states were touring modelsome companies likeaglerider and harley davidson cater tourists who need to rent a motorcycle at least one mass market magazine roadrunner magazine roadrunner motorcycle touring travel is devoted to motorcycle touring motorcycle tour guide is a category motorcycle occupations motorcycle occupation pursued by notable individuals including nick sanders timayhew and helge pedersen at least one broker offers motorcycle cruising in which they arrange to bring owners witheir bikes on board a cruise ship from the united states to the caribbean islands handling the requisite legal paperwork to ride in bermudand elsewhere furthereading how to go motorcycle touring visordowncom books externalinks category motorcycle touring category types of 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join specialized german club publish notable works concerning tours include gasoline around world motorcycle carl india dream works max motorcycle diaries book motorcycle diaries che fastest man around world works nick sanders jupiter travels ted simon riding thedge riding ice book video dave dave film world book life wheels written long_way round long_way book television_series ewan mcgregor charley ghost rider travels road neil motorcycle_touring supports large amount commerce estimate street united_states touring companies davidson cater tourists need rent motorcycle least_one mass market magazine roadrunner magazine roadrunner motorcycle_touring travel devoted motorcycle_touring motorcycle tour_guide category motorcycle occupations motorcycle occupation pursued notable individuals including nick sanders least_one offers motorcycle cruising arrange bring owners witheir bikes board cruise_ship united_states caribbean islands handling legal paperwork ride elsewhere furthereading go motorcycle_touring books externalinks_category motorcycle_touring category_types tourism"},{"title":"Mountain biking","description":"mountain biking is the sport of riding bicycle s off road often overough terrain using specially designed mountain bikes mountain bikeshare similarities with other bikes but incorporate features designed to enhance durability and performance in rough terrain mountain biking can generally be broken down into multiple categories cross country cycling cross country trail riding mountain biking trail riding enduro mountain biking all mountain also referred to as enduro downhill cycling downhill freeride andirt jumping however the majority of mountain biking falls into the categories of trail and cross country riding styles the sport requires endurance core strength and balance bike handling skills and self reliance advanced riders pursue both steep technical descents and high incline climbs in the case ofreeriding downhilling andirt jumping aerial manoeuvres are performed off both natural features and specially constructed jumps and ramps mountain bikers ride on off road trailsuch asingle track mountain biking singletrack back country roads and firebreak fire roads because riders are often far from civilization there is a strong ethic of self reliance in the sport riders learn to repair broken bikes and flatires to avoid being stranded many riders carry a backpack including water food tools for trailside repairs and a first aid kit in case of injury group rides are common especially on longer treks mountain bike orienteering adds the skill of map navigation to mountain biking image thregiment bicyclesjpg thumb us th infantry bicycle corps image mountain biker climbsjpg thumb a cross country mountain biker climbs on an unpaved track image mountain bikingjpg thumb mountain bike touring in high alps image mountainbiking mthoodnfjpg thumb right mountain biker gets air in mount hood national forest image mountain bikers at marvin braude gateway parkjpg thumb mountain bikers at marvin braude mulholland gateway park one of the first examples of bicycles modified specifically for off road use is thexpedition of buffalo soldiers fromissoula montana to yellowstone in augusthe swiss military had its first bike regiment in s bicycles were ridden off road by road racing cyclists who used cyclo cross as a means of keeping fit during the winter cyclo cross eventually became a sport in its own right in the s withe first world championship taking place in between and the french velo cross club parisien vccp comprising aboutwenty one young cyclists from the outskirts of paris where they were born developed a sporthat was remarkably akin to present day mountain biking the rough stuffellowship was established in by off road cyclists in the united kingdom in oregone chemeketan club member d gwynn built a rough terrain trail bicycle in he named it a mountain bicycle for its intended place of use this may be the first use of that name in england in geoff apps a motorbike trials rider began experimenting with off road bicycle designs by he hadeveloped a custom built lightweight bicycle which was uniquely suited to the wet and muddy off road conditions found in the south east of england they were designed around inch x b nokian snow tyres though a x c in version was also produced these were sold under the cleland cycles brand untilate bikes based on the clelandesign were alsold by english cycles and highpath engineering until thearly s s there were several groups of riders in different areas of the usa who can make valid claims to playing a part in the birth of the sport riders in crested butte colorado and cupertino california tinkered with bikes and adapted them to the rigors off road riding modified heavy cruiser bicycle s old s and schwinn bicycles retrofitted with better brakes and fatires were used for freewheeling down mountain trails in marin county california in the mid to late s athe time there were no mountain bikes thearliest ancestors of modern mountain bikes were based around frames from cruiser bicyclesuch as those made by schwinn the schwinn excelsior was the frame of choice due to its geometry riders used bicycle tire balloon tired cruisers and modified them with gears and motocross or bmx style handlebars creating klunkers the term would also be used as a verb since the termountain biking was not yet in use riders would race down mountain fireroads causing the hubrake to burn the grease inside requiring the riders to repack the bearings these were called repack races and triggered the first innovations in mountain bike technology as well as the initial interest of the public on mtamalpais in marin ca there istill a trail titled repack in reference to thesearly competitions the sport originated in california on marin county california marin county s mountamalpais it was not until the late s and early s that road bicycle companiestarted to manufacture mountain bicycles using high tech lightweight materials joe breeze is normally credited with introducing the first purpose built mountain bike in tom ritchey then went on to make frames for a company called mountainbikes a partnership between gary fisher charlie kelly businessman charlie kelly and tom ritchey tom ritchey a welder with skills in frame building also builthe original bikes the company s three partners eventually dissolved their partnership and the company became fisher mountain bikes while tom ritchey started his own frame shop the first mountain bikes were basically road bicycle frames witheavier tubing andifferent geometry with a wider frame and fork to allow for a wider tire the handlebars were also different in thathey were a straightransverse mounted handlebarather than the dropped curved handlebars that are typically installed on road racing bicycles alsome of the parts on early production mountain bicycles were taken from the bmx bicycle other contributors were otis guy and keith bontrager tom ritchey builthe first regularly available mountain bike frame which was accessorized by gary fisher and charlie kelly businessman charlie kelly and sold by their company called mountainbikes later changed to fisher mountain bikes then bought by trek bicycle corporation trek still under the name gary fisher currently sold as trek s gary fisher collection the firstwo mass produced mountain bikes were sold in thearly s the specialized stumpjumper and univegalpina pro in the great mountain biking video was released soon followed by others in klunkerz a film about mountain bikes was releasedocumenting mountain bike history during the formative period inorthern californiadditionally a group of mountain bikers called the laguna rads formed a club during the mid eighties and began a weekly ridexploring the uncharted coastal hillsides of laguna beach ca industry insidersuggesthathis was the birth of the freeride movement as they were cycling up andown hills and mountains where no cycling specific trail network prexisted the laguna rads also hold the longest running dowhill race once a year since athe time the bicycle industry was not impressed withe mountain bike which many regarded as a shorterm fad in particularge manufacturersuch aschwinn and fuji advanced sports fuji failed to see the significance of an all terrain bicycle and the coming boom in adventure sports instead the first mass produced mountain bikes were pioneered by new companiesuch as mountainbikes later fisher mountain bikes ritchey and specialized bicyclespecialized specialized was an american startup company that arranged for production of mountain bike frames from factories in japand taiwan first marketed in specialized s mountain bike largely followed tom ritchey s frame geometry but used tig welding to join the frame tubes instead ofillet brazing a process better suited to mass production and whichelped to reduce labor and manufacturing costballantine richard st century bicycle book new york overlook press pp the bikes were configured with gears using derailleur gears derailleurs a triple sprocket chainring and a cogset with five sprockets s throughouthe s and first decade of the st century mountain biking moved from a little known sporto a mainstream activity mountain bikes and mountain bike gear that was once only available at specialty shops or via mail order became available at standard bike stores by the mid first decade of the st century even some department stores began selling inexpensive mountain bikes with full suspension andisc brakes in the first decade of the st century trends in mountain bikes included the all mountain bike ther bicycler and the singlespeed all mountain bikes were designed to descend and handle well in rough conditions but still pedal efficiently for climbing and were intended to bridge the gap between cross country bikes and those built specifically for downhill riding they are characterized by of travel er bikes are those using c sized rims as do most road bikes but wider and suited for tires of two inches mm width or more the increasediameter wheel is able to roll over obstacles better and offers a greater tire contact patch but also results in a longer wheelbase making the bike less agile and in less travel space for the suspension the single speed is considered a return to simplicity with no drivetrain components or shifters buthus requires a strongerider following the growing trend inch bikes ers astated above there have been other trends in the mountain biking community involving tire size one of the more prevalent is the new somewhat esoteric and exotic b inch wheelsize based on the obscure wheel size for touring road bikes another interesting trend in mountain bikes is outfitting dirt jump or urban bikes with rigid forks these bikes normally use travel suspension forks the resulting product is used for the same purposes as the original bike a commonly cited reason for making the change to a rigid fork is thenhancement of the rider s ability to transmit force to the ground which is important for performing tricks in the mid first decade of the st century an increasing number of mountain bike oriented resorts opened often they are similar tor in the same complex as a ski resort or they retrofithe concrete steps and platforms of an abandoned factory as an obstacle course as with ray s mtb indoor park mountain bike parks which are operated asummer season activities at ski hills usually include chairlifts which are adapted to bikes a number of trails of varying difficulty and bicycle rental facilities file hardtailmountainbike specialized rockhopperjpg thumb a hardtail mountain bike filexample all mountain mtbjpg thumb a dual suspension all mountain bike image all mountain bikejpg thumb typical more stout all mountain bike on rough terrain mountain bike s differ from other bikes primarily in thathey incorporate features aimed at increasing durability and improving performance in rough terrain most modern mountain bikes have some kind of bicycle suspension or inch diameter tires usually between and inches in width and a wider flat or upwardly rising bicycle handlebar that allows a more upright riding position giving the rider more control they have a smallereinforced bicycle frame usually made of wide tubing tires usually have a pronounced tread and are mounted on rims which are stronger than those used on most non mountain bicycles compared tother bikes mountain bikes also tend to more frequently use hydraulic disc brakes they also tend to have loweratio bicycle gearingears to facilitate climbing steep hills and traversing obstacles bicycle pedals vary from simple bicycle pedal flat and platform pedals where the rider simply places the shoes on top of the pedals to clipless pedals clipless where the rider uses a specially equipped shoe with a cleathat engages mechanically into the pedal glasses with little or no difference from those used in other cycling sports helprotect against roadebris debris while on the trail filtered lenses whether yellow for cloudy days or shaded for sunny days protectheyes from strain downhill and freeride mountain bikers often use gogglesimilar to motocross or snowboard goggles in unison witheir full face helmets bicycle shoes generally have gripping solesimilar to those of hiking boots for scrambling over un ridable obstacles unlike the smooth bottomed shoes used in road cycling the shank footwear shank of mountain bike shoes is generally more flexible than road cycling shoes compatible with clipless pedal systems are also frequently used clothing is chosen for comfort during physical exertion in the backcountry and its ability to withstand falls road touring clothes are often inappropriate due to their delicate fabrics and construction depending on the type of mountain biking differentypes of clothes and styles are commonly worn cross country mountain bikers tend to wear lycra shorts and tight road style jerseys due to the need for comfort and efficiency downhill riders tend to wear heavier fabric baggy shorts or moto crosstyle trousers in order to protecthemselves from falls all mountain enduro riders tend to wear light fabric baggy shorts and jerseys as they can be in the saddle for long periods of time hydration system s are important for mountain bikers in the backcountry ranging from simple water bottles to water bags with drinking tubes in lightweight backpacks eg camelbaks gps navigation devices gpsystems are sometimes added to the handlebars and are used to monitor progress on trails bicycle pump to inflate tires bicycle tools bike tools and extra bike tubes are important as mountain bikers frequently find themselves miles from help with flatires or other mechanical problems that must be handled by the rider bicycle lighting leds high power lights based on led technology especially for mountain biking at night protective gear file worsleys track webm thumb mountain bikers in the port hills new zealand wearing a variety of protective gear the level of protection worn by individual riders varies greatly and is affected by speed trail conditions the weather experience fitness desired style and numerous other factors including personal choice protection becomes more important where these factors may be considered to increase the possibility or severity of a crash a helmet and gloves are usually regarded asufficient for the majority of non technical riding full face helmets goggles and armored suits or jackets are frequently used in downhill mountain biking where thextra bulk and weight may help mitigate the risks of bigger and more frequent crashes bicycle helmets provide important head protection the use of helmets in one form or another is almost universal amongst all mountain bikers the main three types are cross country rounded skateboarder style nicknamed half shells or skate style and full face cross country helmets tend to be light and well ventilated and more comfortable to wear for long periods especially while perspiring in hot weather in xcompetitions most bikers use the usual road racing style helmets for their lightweight and aerodynamic qualitieskateboard helmets are simpler and cheaper than other helmetypes provide greater coverage of thead and resist minor scrapes and knocks unlike road biking helmetskateboard helmets typically have a thicker hard plastic shell which can take multiple impact before it needs to be replaced the trade offor this thathey tend to be mucheavier and less ventilated sweatier therefore not suitable for endurance based riding full face helmets bmx style provide the highest level of protection being stronger again than skateboard style and including a jaw guard to protecthe face the weight is the main issue withis type butoday they are often reasonably well ventilated and made of lightweight materialsuch as carbon fiber full face helmets with detachable chin guards are available in some locations buthere are compromises to keep in mind withese designs as all helmetshould meet minimum standardsnell b american standard bs en european standardot or motorized ratings are making their way into the markethe choice of helmet often comes down to rider preference likelihood of crashing and on what features or properties of a helmethey placemphasis helmets are mandatory at competitivevents and almost without exception at bike parks most organisations also stipulate when and where full face helmets must be used body armor and pads often referred to simply as armor protect limbs and trunk in thevent of a crash while initially made for and marketed at downhillers freeriders and jump street riders body armor has trickled intother areas of mountain biking as trails have become steeper and more technically complex hence bringing a commensurately higher injury risk armoranges from simple neoprene sleeves for knees and elbows to complex articulated combinations of hard plastic shells and padding that cover a whole limb or thentire body some companies market body armor jackets and even full body suits designed to provide greater protection through greater coverage of the body and more secure pad retention most upper body protectors also include a spine protector that comprises plastic or metal reinforced plastic plates over foam padding which are joined together so thathey articulate and move withe back some mountain bikers also use bmx style body armor such as chest plates abdomen protectors and spine plates new technology haseen an influx of integrated neck protectors that fit securely with full face helmetsuch as the leatt brace there is a general correlation between increased protection and increased weight decreased mobility although different styles balance these factors differently different levels of protection are deemed necessary desirable by different riders in different circumstances backpack hydration systemsuch as camelbak s where a water filled bladder is held close to the spine are used by some riders for their perceived protective value morecently withe increase in enduro racing backpack hydration systems are also being sold with inbuilt spine protection however there is only anecdotal evidence of protection cyclingloves gloves can offer increased comfort while riding by alleviating compression and friction and can protect against superficial hand injuries they provide protection in thevent of strikes to the back or palm of the hand or when putting the hand out in a fall and can protecthe hand fingers and knuckles from abrasion rough surfaces many different styles of gloves exist with various fitsizes finger lengths palm padding and armor options available armoring knuckles and the backs of hands with plastic panels is common in morextreme types of mountain biking first aid kits are often carried by mountain bikerso thathey are able to cleandress cuts and abrasions and splint broken limbs head brain and spinal injuries become more likely aspeeds increase all of these can bring permanent changes in quality of lifexperienced mountain bike guides may be trained in dealing with suspected spinal injuries eg immobilizing the victim and keeping the neck straight seriously injured people may need to be removed by stretcher by a motor vehicle suitable for the terrain or by helicopter protective gear cannot provide immunity against injuries for example concussions can still occur despite the use of helmets and spinal injuries can still occur withe use of spinal padding and neck braces extreme sports provide thrills but also increased incidence of head and neck injuries aaos news the current state of head and neck injuries in extreme sports by vinay k sharma juan rango alexander j connaughton daniel j lombardo and vani j sabesan orthopedic journal of sports medicine the use of high tech protective gear can result in a revengeffect whereupon some cyclists feel safe taking dangerous riskstenner edward why thing bite back technology and the revenge of unintended consequences retrieved november because the key determinant of injury risk is kinetic energy and because kinetic energy increases withe square of speed effectively each doubling of speed quadruples the injury risk higher speeds of travel also addanger due to mental chronometry reaction time because higher speeds mean thathe rider travels further during his hereaction time this leaves less travel distance within which to react safelyadventure and extreme sports injuries epidemiology treatment rehabilitation and prevention by omer mei dan michael carmont ed springer verlag london this in turn further multiplies the risk of an injurious crash mountain biking is dominated by these major categories cross country cycling cross country xc generally means riding pointo point or in a loop including climbs andescents on a variety of terrain a typical xc bike weighs around kilos lbs and has of suspension travel front and sometimes rear enduro mountain biking all mountain enduro am this discipline uses bikes with a moderate travel suspension systems and components that are usually stronger than xc models but a weight still suitable for climbing andescending while traditionally called all mountain riding thistyle has been adopted to thenduro world series there are two formats of enduro racing big mountain enduro isimilar to a dh course but is much longer sometimes taking a full day to complete and often incorporates climbing sections gravity enduro uses roughly equal amounts uphill andownhill buthe uphill segments are notimed typically there is a maximum time limit on how long a rider has to reach the top of the climb there is also a third category called super d which isimilar to xc but hasustained climbs followed by sustainedescents withe climbs less technical than the descents enduro racing iseen as theveryman s race inorth americand while there are still extremely high level ridersuch as j r me cl mentz that racenduro full time most enduro racers compete for fun image mtb downhilljpg thumb downhill mountain biking downhill mountain biking downhill dh is in the most general sense riding mountain bikes downhill the rider commonly travels to the point of descent by other means than cycling such as a ski lift or automobile as the weight of the downhill mountain bike often precludes any serious climbing downhill specific bikes are universally equipped with front and rear suspension large disc brakes and use heavier frame tubing than other mountain bikes because of their extremely steep terrain often located in summer at ski resorts downhill courses are one of the most extreme andangerous venues for mountain biking they include large jumps up to and including drops of meters feet and are generally rough and steep from top to bottom to negotiate these obstacles at race speed racers must possess a unique combination of total body strength aerobic and anaerobic fitness mental control as well as the acceptance of a relatively high risk of incurring serious injury minimum body protection in a true downhill setting entails wearing knee pads and a full face helmet with goggles albeit riders and racers commonly wear full body suits that include padding at various locations downhill bicycles noweigh around while the most expensive professional downhill mountain bikes can weigh as little as fully equipped with custom carbon fibre parts air suspension tubeless tires and more downhill frames have anywhere from of travel and are usually equipped with a travel dual crown fork four cross dual slalom x is a sport in which riders competeither on separate tracks as in dual slalom or on a short slalom track as in x most bikes used are light hard tails although the last world cup was actually won a full suspension bike the tracks have dirt jumps berms and gaps professionals in tend to concentrateither on downhill mountain biking or x dual slalom because they are very different however some ridersuch as cedric gracia still do x andh although that is becoming more rare as x takes on its own identity file free ridejpg thumb freeride big hit hucking freeride as the name suggests is a do anything discipline that encompasses everything from downhill racing withouthe clock to jumping riding north shore stylelevated trails made of interconnecting bridges and logs and generally riding trails and or stunts that require more skill and aggressive techniques than xc freeride bikes are generally heavier and more amply suspended than their xcounterparts but usually retain much of their climbing ability it is up to the rider to build his or her bike to lean more toward a preferred level of aggressivenesslopestyle type riding is an increasingly popular genre that combines big air stunt ridden freeride with bmx style trickslopestyle courses are usually constructed at already established mountain bike parks and include jumps large drops quarter pipes and other wooden obstacles there are always multiple lines through a course and riders compete for judges points by choosing lines that highlightheir particular skills a typical freeride bike is hard to define butypical specifications are kilos lbs with of suspension front and rear dirt jumping dj is one of the names given to the practice of riding bikes over shaped mounds of dirt or soil and becoming airborne the goal is that afteriding over the take off the rider will become airborne and aim to land on the landing dirt jumping can be done on almost any bicycle buthe bikes chosen are generally smaller and more maneuverable hardtailso thatricks eg backflips areasier to complete the bikes are simpler so that when a crash occurs there are fewer components to break or cause the rider injury bikes are typically built from sturdier materialsuch asteel to handle repeated heavy impacts of crashes and bails bike trials riding trials riding consists of hopping and jumping bikes over obstacles withoutouching a foot onto the ground it can be performed either off road or in an urban environmenthis requires an excellent sense of balance themphasis placed on techniques of effectively overcoming the obstacles although streetrials as opposed to competition oriented trials is much like street andj where doing tricks with style is thessence trials bikes look almost nothing like mountain bikes they useither or wheels and havery smallow framesome types without a saddle urban street is essentially the same as urban bmx or freestyle bmx in which riders perform tricks by riding on over man made objects the bikes are the same as those used for dirt jumping having or wheels also they are very light many in the range of and are typically hardtails with between millimeters ofront suspension as with dirt jumping and trialstyle and execution aremphasized file rando vttjpg thumb mountain bike trail riding trail biking trail riding mountain bike trails trail riding or trail biking is recreational mountain biking on recognised and often waymarked trail s unpaved tracks forest paths etc trails may take the form of single routes or part of a larger complexes known as trail centres there are mountain bike designs trail bike designs for this activity mountain bike touring or marathon is long distance touring on dirt roads and single track with a mountain bike withe popularity of the great divide trail the colorado trail and other long distance off road biking trailspecially outfitted mountain bikes are increasingly being used for touring bike manufacturers like salsa haveven developed mtb touring bikes like the fargo model mixed terrain cycle touring orough riding is a form of mountain bike touring but involves cycling over a variety of surfaces and topography on a single route with a single bicycle that is expected to be satisfactory for all segments the recent surge in popularity of mixed terrain touring is in part a reaction againsthe increasing specialization of the bicycle industry mixed terrain bicycle travel has a storied history ofocusing on efficiency cost effectiveness and freedom of travel over varied surfaces ten things you mighthink you need for a long distance tour but don t blog of adventure cycling association april injuries are a given factor when mountain biking especially in the morextreme disciplinesuch as downhill biking injuries range frominor woundsuch as cuts and abrasions from falls on gravel or other surfaces to major injuriesuch as broken bones head or spinal injuries resulting from impacts with rocks trees or the terrain being ridden on protectivequipment can protect against minor injuries and reduce thextent or seriousness of major impacts but may not protect a rider fromajor impacts or accidents to reduce the risk of injury a rider must also take steps to minimize the risk of accidents and thus the potential for injury by choosing trails which fall within the range of their experience level ensuring thathey are fit enough to deal withe trail they have chosen and keeping their bike in top mechanical condition if a mountain biker wishes to explore more dangerous trails or disciplinesuch as downhill riding they must learnew skillsuch as jumping and avoiding obstacles where a rider lacks the fitness required to ride a particular class of trail they may become fatigued putting themselves at an increased risk of having an accident lastly maintenance of the rider s bike needs to be carried out more frequently for mountain biking than for utility cycling casual commuter biking mountain biking places higher demands on every part of the bike jumps and impacts can crack the frame or damage components or the tire rims and steep fast descents can quickly wear out brake pads thus whereas a casual rider may only check over and maintain their bikevery few months a mountain biker should check and properly maintain the bike before and after every ride advocacy organizations mountain bikers have faced land access issues from the beginnings of the sport some areas where the first mountain bikers have ridden have faced extreme restrictions or elimination of riding opposition to the sport has led to the development of local regional and international mountain bike groups the different groups that formed generally work to create new trails maintain existing trails and help existing trails that may have issues groups work with private and public entities from the individualandowner to city parks departments on up through the state level athe dnr and into the federalevel different groups will work individually or together to achieve results advocacy organizations work through numerous methodsuch as education trail work days and trail patrols examples of theducation an advocacy group can provide includeducate local bicycle riders property managers and other user groups on the proper development of trails and on the international mountain bicycling association s imba single track mountain biking rules of the trail rules of the trail examples of trail work days can include flagging cutting and signing a new trail oremoving downed trees after a storm a trail patrol is a bike rider who has had some training to help assist other including non cyclists trail users the imba is a non profit advocacy group whose mission is to createnhance and preserve trail opportunities for mountain bikers worldwide imba serves as an umbrella organization for mountain biking advocacy worldwide and represents more than affiliated mountain bikingroups the group was originally formed to fight widespread trail closures in five california mountain bike clubs linked to form imba the founding clubs were concerned off road bicyclists association bicycle trails council east bay bicycle trails council marin sacramento rough riders and responsible organized mountain environmental impact according to a review published by the international mountain bicycling association thenvironmental impact of mountain biking as a relatively new sport is poorly understood the review notes that as with all recreational pursuits it is clear that mountain biking contributesome degree of environmental degradation mountain biking can result in both soil and vegetation damage which can be caused by skidding but also by the construction of unauthorised featuresuch as jumps and bridges and trails themselveseveral studies have reported that a mountain bike s impact on a given length of trail surface is comparable to that of a hiker and substantially less than that of an equestrianism equestrian or motorized off road vehicle a criticaliteratureview by jason lathrop on thecological impact of mountain biking notes that while recreational trail use in general is well studied few studies explore the specific impact of mountain biking he quotes the bureau of land management an estimated million mountain bicyclists visit public lands each year to enjoy the variety of trails what was once a low use activity that was easy to manage has become more complex thenvironmental impacts of mountain biking can be greatly reduced by not riding on wet or sensitive trails keeping speeds modest so as to minimize cornering forces and braking forces not skidding and by staying on the trail see also mountain bike mountain bike racing downhill mountain biking enduro mountain biking singletrack list of professional mountain bikers mountain bike hall ofame glossary of cycling externalinks international mountain biking association category mountain biking category adventure travel fr v lo 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mountain_bikes mountain similarities bikes incorporate features designed enhance performance rough terrain mountain_biking generally broken multiple categories cross_country cycling cross_country trail riding mountain_biking trail riding enduro mountain_biking mountain also_referred enduro downhill cycling downhill freeride jumping however majority mountain_biking falls categories trail cross_country riding styles sport requires endurance core strength balance bike handling skills self reliance advanced riders pursue steep technical descents high incline climbs case jumping aerial performed natural features specially constructed jumps ramps mountain_bikers ride road track mountain_biking singletrack back country roads fire roads riders often far civilization strong ethic self reliance sport riders learn repair broken bikes avoid stranded many riders carry backpack including water food tools repairs first_aid kit case injury group rides common especially longer treks mountain_bike adds skill map navigation mountain_biking image thumb us th infantry bicycle corps image mountain_biker thumb cross_country mountain_biker climbs unpaved track image mountain thumb mountain_bike touring high alps image thumb right mountain_biker gets air mount hood national_forest image mountain_bikers marvin gateway parkjpg thumb mountain_bikers marvin gateway park one first examples bicycles modified specifically road use thexpedition buffalo soldiers montana yellowstone augusthe swiss military first bike regiment bicycles ridden road road racing cyclists used cyclo cross means keeping fit winter cyclo cross eventually became sport right withe_first_world_championship taking_place french cross club comprising one young cyclists outskirts paris born developed remarkably akin present_day mountain_biking rough stuffellowship established road cyclists united_kingdom club member gwynn built rough terrain trail bicycle named mountain bicycle intended place use may first use name england geoff apps motorbike trials rider began experimenting road bicycle designs hadeveloped custom built lightweight bicycle suited wet road conditions found south_east england designed around inch x b snow though x c version also produced sold cycles brand bikes based alsold english cycles engineering thearly several groups riders different areas usa make valid claims playing part birth sport riders colorado california bikes adapted road riding modified heavy cruiser bicycle old schwinn bicycles better brakes used mountain trails marin county_california mid late athe_time mountain_bikes thearliest ancestors modern mountain_bikes based around frames cruiser made schwinn schwinn frame choice due riders used bicycle tire balloon tired cruisers modified gears bmx style handlebars creating term would_also_used verb since biking yet use riders would race mountain causing burn grease inside requiring riders called races first innovations mountain_bike technology well initial interest public marin istill trail titled reference competitions sport originated california marin county_california marin county late early road bicycle manufacture mountain bicycles using high tech lightweight materials joe breeze normally credited introducing first purpose_built mountain_bike tom ritchey went make frames company_called partnership gary fisher charlie kelly businessman charlie kelly tom ritchey tom ritchey skills frame building also builthe original bikes company three partners eventually dissolved partnership company became fisher mountain_bikes tom ritchey started frame shop first mountain_bikes basically road bicycle frames tubing wider frame fork allow wider tire handlebars also different thathey mounted dropped curved handlebars typically installed road racing bicycles alsome parts early production mountain bicycles taken bmx bicycle contributors otis guy keith tom ritchey builthe first regularly available mountain_bike frame gary fisher charlie kelly businessman charlie kelly sold company_called later changed fisher mountain_bikes bought trek bicycle corporation trek still name gary fisher currently sold trek gary fisher collection firstwo mass produced mountain_bikes sold thearly specialized pro great mountain_biking video released soon followed others film mountain_bikes mountain_bike history period inorthern group mountain_bikers called laguna formed club mid began weekly coastal laguna beach industry birth freeride movement cycling andown hills mountains cycling specific trail network laguna also hold longest_running race year since athe_time bicycle industry impressed withe mountain_bike many regarded shorterm fuji advanced sports fuji failed see significance terrain bicycle coming boom adventure_sports instead first mass produced mountain_bikes pioneered new companiesuch later fisher mountain_bikes ritchey specialized specialized american startup company arranged production mountain_bike frames factories japand taiwan first marketed specialized mountain_bike largely followed tom ritchey frame used join frame tubes instead process better suited mass production reduce labor manufacturing richard st_century bicycle book new_york overlook press_pp bikes gears using gears triple five throughouthe first_decade st_century mountain_biking moved little_known mainstream activity mountain_bikes mountain_bike gear available specialty shops via mail order became available standard bike stores mid first_decade st_century even department stores began selling inexpensive mountain_bikes full suspension brakes first_decade st_century trends mountain_bikes included mountain_bike mountain_bikes designed handle well rough conditions still pedal climbing intended bridge gap cross_country bikes built specifically downhill riding characterized travel bikes using c sized road bikes wider suited tires two inches width wheel able roll obstacles better offers greater tire contact patch also results longer making bike less less travel space suspension single speed considered return simplicity components requires following growing trend inch bikes ers astated trends mountain_biking community involving tire size one prevalent new somewhat exotic b inch based obscure wheel size touring road bikes another interesting trend mountain_bikes dirt jump urban bikes rigid forks bikes normally use travel suspension forks resulting product used purposes original bike commonly cited reason making change rigid fork rider ability force ground important performing tricks mid first_decade st_century increasing_number mountain_bike oriented resorts opened often similar tor complex ski resort concrete steps platforms abandoned factory obstacle course ray indoor park mountain_bike parks operated season activities ski hills usually include adapted bikes number trails varying difficulty bicycle rental facilities file specialized thumb mountain_bike mountain thumb dual suspension mountain_bike image mountain thumb typical mountain_bike rough terrain mountain_bike differ bikes primarily thathey incorporate features aimed increasing improving performance rough terrain modern mountain_bikes kind bicycle suspension inch diameter tires usually inches width wider flat rising bicycle allows upright riding position giving rider control bicycle frame usually_made wide tubing tires usually pronounced mounted stronger used non mountain bicycles compared tother bikes mountain_bikes also tend frequently use hydraulic disc brakes also tend bicycle facilitate climbing steep hills obstacles bicycle pedals vary simple bicycle pedal flat platform pedals rider simply places shoes top pedals pedals rider uses specially equipped shoe engages pedal glasses little difference used cycling sports debris trail lenses whether yellow days sunny days strain downhill freeride mountain_bikers often use goggles witheir full face helmets bicycle shoes generally hiking boots obstacles unlike smooth shoes used road cycling mountain_bike shoes generally flexible road cycling shoes compatible pedal systems also frequently used clothing chosen comfort physical backcountry ability withstand falls road touring clothes often inappropriate due delicate fabrics construction depending type mountain_biking differentypes clothes styles commonly worn cross_country mountain_bikers tend wear shorts tight road style due need comfort efficiency downhill riders tend wear heavier fabric shorts order falls mountain enduro riders tend wear light fabric shorts saddle long_periods time hydration system important mountain_bikers backcountry ranging simple water bottles water bags drinking tubes lightweight gps navigation devices sometimes added handlebars used monitor progress trails bicycle pump tires bicycle tools bike tools extra bike tubes important mountain_bikers frequently find miles help mechanical problems must handled rider bicycle lighting high power lights based led technology especially mountain_biking night protective gear file track thumb mountain_bikers port hills new_zealand wearing variety protective gear level protection worn individual riders varies greatly affected speed trail conditions weather experience fitness desired style numerous factors including personal choice protection becomes important factors may considered increase possibility crash helmet gloves usually regarded majority non technical riding full face helmets goggles suits jackets frequently used downhill mountain_biking bulk weight may help mitigate risks bigger frequent crashes bicycle helmets provide important head protection use helmets one form another almost universal amongst mountain_bikers main three types cross_country rounded style nicknamed half shells style full face cross_country helmets tend light well ventilated comfortable wear long_periods especially hot weather bikers use usual road racing style helmets lightweight aerodynamic helmets simpler cheaper provide greater coverage thead resist minor unlike road biking helmets typically hard plastic shell take multiple impact needs replaced trade offor thathey tend less ventilated therefore suitable endurance based riding full face helmets bmx style provide highest level protection stronger style including guard protecthe face weight main issue withis type often reasonably well ventilated made lightweight materialsuch carbon fiber full face helmets guards available locations buthere keep mind withese designs meet minimum b american standard european motorized ratings making way markethe choice helmet often comes rider preference likelihood features properties helmets mandatory almost without exception bike parks organisations also full face helmets must used body armor pads often_referred simply armor protect limbs trunk thevent crash initially made marketed jump street riders body armor intother areas mountain_biking trails become technically complex hence bringing higher injury risk simple knees complex articulated combinations hard plastic shells padding cover whole thentire body companies market body armor jackets even full body suits designed provide greater protection greater coverage body secure pad retention upper body protectors also_include spine comprises plastic metal reinforced plastic plates foam padding joined together thathey move withe back mountain_bikers also_use bmx style body armor plates protectors spine plates new technology haseen influx integrated neck protectors fit full face general correlation increased protection increased weight decreased mobility although different styles balance factors differently different levels protection deemed necessary desirable different riders different circumstances backpack hydration water filled held close spine used riders perceived protective value morecently withe increase enduro racing backpack hydration systems also sold spine protection however evidence protection gloves offer increased comfort riding friction protect hand injuries provide protection thevent back palm hand putting hand fall protecthe hand fingers rough surfaces many_different styles gloves exist various finger lengths palm padding armor options available backs hands plastic panels common types mountain_biking first_aid kits often carried mountain thathey able cuts broken limbs head brain spinal injuries become likely increase bring permanent changes quality mountain_bike guides may trained dealing spinal injuries victim keeping neck straight seriously injured people may need removed motor_vehicle suitable terrain helicopter protective gear cannot provide immunity injuries example still occur despite use helmets spinal injuries still occur withe use spinal padding neck extreme sports provide thrills also increased head neck injuries news current state head neck injuries extreme sports k juan alexander j daniel j j orthopedic journal sports medicine use high tech protective gear result cyclists feel safe taking dangerous edward thing bite back technology revenge consequences retrieved_november key injury risk energy energy increases withe square speed effectively doubling speed injury risk higher speeds travel also due mental reaction time higher speeds mean thathe rider travels time leaves less travel distance within extreme sports injuries treatment rehabilitation prevention mei dan michael ed springer_verlag london turn risk injurious crash mountain_biking dominated major categories cross_country cycling cross_country generally means riding pointo point loop including climbs variety terrain typical bike around lbs suspension travel front sometimes rear enduro mountain_biking mountain enduro discipline uses bikes moderate travel suspension systems components usually stronger models weight still suitable climbing traditionally called mountain riding thistyle adopted world series two formats enduro racing big mountain enduro isimilar course much longer sometimes taking full day complete often incorporates climbing sections gravity enduro uses roughly equal amounts uphill buthe uphill segments typically maximum time limit long rider reach top climb also third category called super isimilar climbs followed withe climbs less technical descents enduro racing iseen race inorth_americand still extremely high_level j r full_time enduro racers compete fun image thumb downhill mountain_biking downhill mountain_biking downhill general sense riding mountain_bikes downhill rider commonly travels point descent means cycling ski lift automobile weight downhill mountain_bike often serious climbing downhill specific bikes universally equipped front rear suspension large disc brakes use heavier frame tubing mountain_bikes extremely steep terrain often located summer ski resorts downhill courses one extreme venues mountain_biking include large jumps including drops meters feet generally rough steep top bottom negotiate obstacles race speed racers must possess unique combination total body strength fitness mental control well acceptance relatively high risk incurring serious injury minimum body protection true downhill setting wearing knee pads full face helmet goggles albeit riders racers commonly wear full body suits include padding various_locations downhill bicycles around expensive professional downhill mountain_bikes weigh little fully equipped custom carbon fibre parts air suspension tires downhill frames anywhere travel usually equipped travel dual crown fork four cross dual slalom x sport riders separate tracks dual slalom short slalom track x bikes used light hard tails although last world_cup actually full suspension bike tracks dirt jumps gaps professionals tend downhill mountain_biking x dual slalom different however still x although becoming rare x takes identity file free thumb freeride big hit freeride name suggests anything discipline encompasses everything downhill racing withouthe clock jumping riding north shore trails made bridges logs generally riding trails require skill aggressive techniques freeride bikes generally heavier suspended usually retain much climbing ability rider build bike lean toward preferred level type riding increasingly_popular genre combines big air stunt ridden freeride bmx style courses usually constructed already established mountain_bike parks include jumps large drops quarter pipes wooden obstacles always multiple lines course riders compete judges points choosing lines particular skills typical freeride bike hard define specifications lbs suspension front rear dirt jumping one names given practice riding bikes shaped mounds dirt soil becoming airborne goal take rider become airborne aim land landing dirt jumping done almost bicycle buthe bikes chosen generally smaller complete bikes simpler crash occurs fewer components break cause rider injury bikes typically built materialsuch handle repeated heavy impacts crashes bike trials riding trials riding consists hopping jumping bikes obstacles foot onto ground performed either road urban requires excellent sense balance themphasis placed techniques effectively overcoming obstacles although opposed competition oriented trials much like street tricks style thessence trials bikes look almost nothing like mountain_bikes wheels types without saddle urban street essentially urban bmx freestyle bmx riders perform tricks riding man_made objects bikes used dirt jumping wheels also light many range typically suspension dirt jumping execution file thumb mountain_bike trail riding trail biking trail riding mountain_bike trails trail riding trail biking recreational mountain_biking recognised often trail unpaved tracks forest paths etc trails may take form single routes part larger complexes known trail centres mountain_bike designs trail bike designs activity mountain_bike touring marathon long_distance touring dirt roads single_track mountain_bike withe popularity great divide trail colorado trail long_distance road biking outfitted mountain_bikes increasingly used touring bike manufacturers like salsa developed touring bikes like model mixed_terrain cycle_touring riding form mountain_bike touring involves cycling variety surfaces topography single route single bicycle expected segments recent popularity mixed_terrain touring part reaction againsthe increasing specialization bicycle industry mixed_terrain bicycle_travel history efficiency cost effectiveness freedom travel varied surfaces ten things need long_distance tour blog adventure_cycling association april injuries given factor mountain_biking especially downhill biking injuries range cuts falls gravel surfaces major broken bones head spinal injuries resulting impacts rocks trees terrain ridden protect minor injuries reduce thextent major impacts may protect rider impacts accidents reduce risk injury rider must_also take steps minimize risk accidents thus potential injury choosing trails fall within range experience level ensuring thathey fit enough deal withe trail chosen keeping bike top mechanical condition mountain_biker wishes explore dangerous trails downhill riding must jumping avoiding obstacles rider lacks fitness required ride particular class trail may become putting increased risk accident maintenance rider bike needs carried frequently mountain_biking utility cycling casual biking mountain_biking places higher demands every part bike jumps impacts crack frame damage components tire steep fast descents quickly wear brake pads thus whereas casual rider may check maintain months mountain_biker check properly maintain bike every ride advocacy organizations mountain_bikers faced land access issues beginnings sport areas first mountain_bikers ridden faced extreme restrictions elimination riding opposition sport led development local regional international mountain_bike groups different groups formed generally work create new trails maintain existing trails help existing trails may issues groups work private public entities city parks departments state level athe different groups work individually together achieve results advocacy organizations work numerous education trail work days trail examples theducation advocacy group provide local bicycle_riders property managers user groups proper development trails international mountain bicycling association imba single_track mountain_biking rules trail rules trail examples trail work days include cutting signing new trail trees storm trail patrol bike_rider training help assist including non cyclists trail users imba non_profit advocacy group whose mission preserve trail opportunities mountain_bikers worldwide imba serves umbrella organization mountain_biking advocacy worldwide represents affiliated mountain group originally formed fight widespread trail five california mountain_bike clubs linked form imba founding clubs concerned road bicyclists association bicycle trails council east bay bicycle trails council marin sacramento rough riders responsible organized mountain environmental_impact according review published international mountain bicycling association thenvironmental impact mountain_biking relatively new sport poorly understood review notes recreational pursuits clear mountain_biking degree environmental degradation mountain_biking result soil vegetation damage caused also construction featuresuch jumps bridges trails studies reported mountain_bike impact given length trail surface comparable substantially less motorized road vehicle jason impact mountain_biking notes recreational trail use general well studied studies explore specific impact mountain_biking quotes bureau land management estimated million mountain bicyclists visit public lands year enjoy variety trails low use activity easy manage become complex thenvironmental impacts mountain_biking greatly reduced riding wet sensitive trails keeping speeds modest minimize forces braking forces staying trail see_also mountain_bike mountain_bike racing downhill mountain_biking enduro mountain_biking singletrack list professional mountain_bikers mountain_bike hall_ofame glossary cycling externalinks international mountain_biking association category_mountain_biking category_adventure_travel v"},{"title":"Mountain Madness","description":"slogan it s nothe destination that s important it s how you gethere mountain madness is a seattle washington seattle based mountaineering and trekking company the company specializes in mountain adventure travel and a training school for mountain and rock climbing fischer and krause in scott fischer wes krause and michael allison each a mountaineeringuide founded mountain madness although fischer hadecided in thearly s that he would one day have a guide service by the name of mountain madness they did not incorporate the company until fischer anchored the seattle operations while krause concentrated his efforts in africallison soon sold hishare to his partnerso that he could pursue other interests whileading mountain madness fischer became renowned for his ascents of the world s highest mountains made withouthe use of supplemental oxygen fischer and wally berg were the first americans to summit lhotse the world s fourthighest mountain feet m located nexto mount everest he and ed viesturs were the first americans to summit k feet m in the karakoram of pakistan without supplemental oxygen during histewardship of mountain madness fischer led social and environmental initiatives to helpeople in the countries in which mountain madness traveled as the leaders of the sagarmatha environmental expedition fischer and rob hess both summited mount everest without supplemental oxygen later that year the american alpine club awarded the david brower conservation award annual award recognizing leadership and commitmento preserving mountain regions worldwide to all members of thexpedition fischer also led the climb for carexpedition mount kilimanjaro feet m in africa this endeavoraised nearly a million dollars for the relief organization after years of mountaineering and years of guiding mountain madnesscott fisher died in the mount everest disaster whileading an expedition andescending from hisecond summithe boskoffs in the year after the death of scott fischer the boskoffs purchased mountain madness christine boskoff making it happen jane courage january christine and keith met each other at a climbingym and after a time got married christine was an aeronautical engineer and keith an architect but climbing became a bigger part of their lives and christine soon left her job to climb full time with keith as mentioned they purchased mountain madness in and under their guidance it found increasing success christine climbed six of the world s fourteen meter peaks a feat unequalled by any other woman athe time in mr boskoff died which meant his widow christine boskoff had to run it on her own christine would lead expeditions for about months of year and planned to ring in the year on the top of mount kilamanjaro with a group of climbing clients people december vol no aiming high by pam lambert other famous losses in the climbing community during this period besidescott and theverest losses were alison hargreaves in and alex lowe in with a renewed commitmento teaching important mountaineering skills mountain madness broadened its adventure travel offerings to include a new genre of trips adventure treks that include both trekking and climbing options the company earned an accreditation by the american mountain guides association as a commitmento high technical standardstrong programs and a quality staff of engaged and engaging climbing instructors and guides like her predecessor boskoff was committed to social issueserving on the board of room to read an international organization dedicated to improving education in developing countries file mount baker from boulder creekjpg thumb mount baker christine led a charity climb on this mountain to fund raise for children through mountain madnesshe led a fund raising climb of mount baker the third highest mountain washington state feet m to benefithe organization s long term goal of helping million children boskoff worked withe central asia institute as well an organization in bozeman montana that promotes and supports community baseducation primarily in pakistand afghanistan by building schools training teachers and funding scholarships nine years into her tenure as owner and the leader of mountain madness in the fall of boskoff and charlie fowler another well known american climber and mountain madness guide died in an avalanche while climbing near lenggu monastery on genyen mountain sichuan province in southwest china mark gunlogson the loss of these twowners presented new challenges for the company in mark gunlogson who began guiding for mountain madness in took over since he had been the company s business operations manager gunlogson is currently the president and majority owner mountain madness continues operating as a well known and respected international adventure 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mountain_madness fischer led social environmental initiatives countries mountain_madness traveled leaders environmental expedition fischer rob mount everest without oxygen later year american alpine club awarded david conservation award annual award recognizing leadership commitmento preserving mountain regions worldwide members thexpedition fischer also led climb mount kilimanjaro feet africa nearly million dollars relief organization years mountaineering years guiding mountain fisher died mount everest disaster expedition year death scott fischer purchased mountain_madness christine boskoff making happen jane courage january christine keith met time got married christine aeronautical engineer keith architect climbing became bigger part lives christine soon left job climb full_time keith mentioned purchased mountain_madness guidance found increasing success christine climbed six world fourteen meter peaks feat woman athe_time boskoff died meant widow christine boskoff run christine would lead expeditions months year planned ring year top mount group climbing clients people december vol aiming high famous losses climbing community period losses alison alex lowe renewed commitmento teaching important mountaineering skills mountain_madness adventure_travel offerings include new genre trips adventure treks include trekking climbing options company earned accreditation american mountain guides_association commitmento high technical programs quality staff engaged engaging climbing instructors guides like predecessor boskoff committed social board room read international organization dedicated improving education developing_countries file mount baker boulder thumb mount baker christine led charity climb mountain fund raise children mountain led fund raising climb mount baker third highest mountain washington_state feet benefithe organization long_term goal helping million children boskoff worked withe central asia institute well organization montana promotes supports community primarily pakistand afghanistan building schools training teachers funding scholarships nine years tenure owner leader mountain_madness fall boskoff charlie fowler another well_known american mountain_madness guide died climbing near monastery mountain province southwest china mark gunlogson loss presented new challenges company mark gunlogson began guiding mountain_madness took since company business operations manager gunlogson currently president majority owner mountain_madness continues operating well_known respected international adventure_travel company mountain_madness currently concentrates expeditions seven summits mountaineering schools trekking contributing social causes mountain_madness endeavors live places guides clients visit works directly special populations trips fundraising events variety relief agencies conservation groups ngos course many adventures leads mountain_madness encourages clients help local school programs work community projects visit conservation areas people scott fischer keith boskoff christine boskoff charlie fowler krause michael allison jaime mark gunlogson current_owner see_also adventure consultants externalinks_category adventure_travel_category climbing organisations category_companiestablished category ecotourism category_mountaineering category_mountaineering united_states category rock_climbing"},{"title":"Murray's Handbooks for Travellers","description":"image john murray by george reidpng thumb right portrait of publisher john murray iii th century murray s handbooks for travellers were travel guide book s published in london by john murray publisher john murray beginning in the series covered tourist destinations in europe and parts of asiand northern africaccording to scholar james buzard the murray stylexemplified thexhaustive rational planning that was much an ideal of themerging tourist industry as it was of british commercial and industrial organization generally the guidebooks became popular 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Park","description":"begin complete open april dedicated to victims of the atomic bomb explosion august map image map caption map width coordinates extra nagasaki peace park is a park located inagasaki nagasaki japan commemorating the atomic bombings of hiroshimand nagasaki atomic bombing of the city on august during world war iit is nexto the nagasaki atomic bomb museum atomic bomb museum and near the nagasaki national peace memorial hall for the atomic bomb victims peace memorial hall established in and near to the hypocenter of thexplosion remnants of a concrete wall of urakami cathedral can still be seen urakami cathedral was the grandest church in east asiathe time athe park s north end is the meter tall peace statue created by sculptor seibo kitamura of nagasaki prefecture the statue s right hand points to the threat of nuclear weapons while thextended left hand symbolizes eternal peace the mild face symbolizes divine grace and the gently closed eyes offer a prayer for the repose of the bomb victimsouls the folded right leg and extended left leg signify both meditation and the initiative to stand up and rescue the people of the world the statue represents a mixture of western and eastern art religion and ideology installed in front of the statue is a black marble vault containing the names of the atomic bomb victims and survivors who died in subsequent years a plaque by the peace statue is titled words from the sculptor and reads a plaque athe nearby hypocenter gives the following account and statistics of the damage caused that day class wikitable style width px damage caused by the atomic bomb explosion align center leveled area million square metersquare miles colspan align center damaged houses completely burned completely destroyed badly damaged total structures damaged colspan align center casualties killed injured totalarge numbers of people have died in the following years from theffects of radioactive poisoning peace memorial ceremony file nagasaki fountain of peacejpg thumb fountain of peace inagasaki peace park with peace statue in the background everyear on augusthe anniversary of the atomic bombing a peace memorial ceremony is held in front of the statue and the mayor of nagasaki delivers a peace declaration to the world nagasaki places of interest peace park athe south end of the park is a fountain of peace this was constructed in august as a prayer for the repose of the souls of the many atomic bomb victims who died searching for water and as a dedication to world peace lines from a poem by a girl named sachiko yamaguchi who was nine athe time of the bombing are carved on a black stone plaque in front of the fountain it reads i was thirsty beyond endurance there wasomething oily on the surface of the water but i wanted water so badly that i drank it just as it was peace symbols zone in the city of nagasaki established a peace symbols zone on both sides of the park and invitedonations of monuments from countries round the world the following monuments can be seen in the park relief ofriendship from porto portugal nagasaki sister city the plaque reads homage of the city of porto the atomic victims of the sister city of nagasaki november joy of life from czechoslovakia donated to nagasakin the bronze statue cm in height was made by czech sculptor jan h na in the plaque reads it shows a jubilant mother lifting up her baby in her arms joy of life accessed january a call from bulgaria the plaque reads the sculpture symbolizes the struggle of youth in search of peace and harmony showing a woman wither armstretched up monument of people s friendship from the former german democratic republic the plaque reads the sculpture symbolizes thefforts for peace and a happy future of mankind for the friendship among the peoples protection of our future from the city of middelburg the netherlands nagasaki sister city the plaque reads the statue shows a mother protecting her infant child from dangerepresenting that we must protect not only the present generation but also the comingeneration as well so thathe people of the world can live in peace together statue of peace from the former union of soviet socialist republics the plaque reads it shows a mother holding her infant child as an expression of love and peace maiden of peace from the people s republic of china the plaque reads it expresses the sincere aspiration of the chinese people for human love and theverlasting friendship between japand the people s republic of china flower of love and peace from poland the plaque reads like a phoenix reborn from the ashes like a flower grown out of stone mankind affirms its existence when peace reigns over thearthymn to life from the city of pistoia italy the plaque reads the statue which depicts a mother holding her baby high in the air with bothands is an expression of love and peace sun crane of peace from the republic of cuba the plaque reads the faces of the atomic bomb victims contained within the sun form a paper crane and symbolize the vital importance of peace monument of peace from santos o paulo santos brazil nagasaki sister city the plaque reads it is preserved here as an expression of the aspiration for perpetual world peacembraced by the people of brazil infinity from ankara republic of turkey the plaque reads the figure of a mand woman joined hand in hand symbolize peace and harmony among thentire human race constellation earth from st paul minnesota st paul minnesota usa nagasaki sister city the plaque reads the seven human figures represent continents the interdependence of the figuresymbolizes global peace and solidarity triumph of peace over war from san isidro buenos airesan isidro argentina the plaque reads the parts of the sculpture other than the red sphere symbolize the chaos andeath of war while the red sphere athe top signifies the ultimate triumph of life cloak of peace te korowai rangimarie by kingsley baird from new zealand the plaque reads the statue symbolizes consolation protection and solidarity it also expresses ambivalence reflecting conflicting interpretations of historical events monumento commemorate chinese victims of the atomic bombing monument for korean atomic victims the monument for korean atomic victims is located inagasaki peace park inagasaki japan athe time of the atomic bombing inagasaki there were many people of nationalities other than japanese that were living in the area there were an estimated to koreans living inagasaki during the bombing it is believed that up tof them died because of the atomic bomb athe time those koreans were being used as forced labor as a part of the japanese war efforthis monument commemorates the korean victims and serves as a message asking for peace in the world an abolition of nuclear weapons and a peaceful reunification of the koreanation the monument for korean atomic victims was unveiled on august photos czechoslovakia bulgaria germany as ddrussias ussr peoples republic of china pistoia italy poland cuba turkey argentina new zealand file th anniversary abombjpg th anniversary of the atomic bomb attack onagasaki peace park nagasaki shi japan file peace statuejpg far away view of the peace statue file peace statue side sculpturesjpg side sculptures with japanese cranes file peace statue side viewjpg side viewith accompanying side pieces file peace statue descriptionjpg sculptor notes and sculpture description category monuments associated withe atomic bombings of hiroshimand nagasaki category monuments and memorials in japan category parks and gardens inagasaki prefecture category peace parks category atomic 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folded right leg extended left leg initiative stand rescue people world statue represents mixture western eastern art religion ideology installed front statue black marble vault containing names atomic_bomb victims survivors died subsequent years plaque peace statue titled words sculptor reads plaque athe nearby hypocenter gives following account statistics damage caused day class wikitable_style width_px damage caused atomic_bomb explosion align center area million square miles colspan align center damaged houses completely burned completely destroyed badly damaged total structures damaged colspan align center casualties killed injured numbers people died following_years theffects radioactive poisoning peace_memorial ceremony file nagasaki fountain thumb fountain peace inagasaki peace_park peace statue background everyear augusthe anniversary atomic_bombing peace_memorial ceremony held front statue mayor nagasaki peace declaration world nagasaki places interest peace_park athe south end park fountain peace constructed august prayer souls many atomic_bomb victims died searching water dedication world peace lines poem girl named nine athe_time bombing carved black stone plaque front fountain reads beyond endurance wasomething surface water wanted water badly drank peace symbols zone city nagasaki established peace symbols zone sides park monuments countries round world following monuments seen park relief porto portugal nagasaki sister city plaque_reads city porto atomic victims sister city nagasaki november joy life czechoslovakia donated bronze statue height made czech sculptor jan h plaque_reads shows mother lifting baby arms joy life accessed january call bulgaria plaque_reads sculpture symbolizes struggle youth search peace harmony showing woman wither monument people friendship former german democratic republic plaque_reads sculpture symbolizes thefforts peace happy future friendship among peoples protection future city netherlands nagasaki sister city plaque_reads statue shows mother protecting infant child must protect present generation also well thathe people world live peace together statue peace former union soviet socialist plaque_reads shows mother holding infant child expression love peace maiden peace people republic china plaque_reads chinese people human love friendship japand people republic china flower love peace poland plaque_reads like phoenix ashes like flower grown stone existence peace life city italy plaque_reads statue depicts mother holding baby high air bothands expression love peace sun crane peace republic cuba plaque_reads faces atomic_bomb victims contained within sun form paper crane symbolize vital importance peace monument peace santos paulo santos brazil nagasaki sister city plaque_reads preserved expression world people brazil republic turkey plaque_reads figure mand woman joined hand hand symbolize peace harmony among thentire human race constellation earth st paul minnesota st paul minnesota usa 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air and space museum of the smithsonian institution also called the nasm is a museum in washington dc it holds the largest collection of historic aircraft and spacecraft in the world it was established in as the national air museum and opened its main building on the national mall near l enfant plaza in the museum saw approximately million visitors making ithe fifth most visited museum in the world the museum contains the apollo command module the mercury atlas friendship capsule which was flown by john glenn the bell x which broke the sound barrier and the wright brothers wright flyer planear thentrance the national air and space museum is a center foresearch into the history and science of aviation and spaceflight as well as planet ary science and terrestrial geology and geophysics almost all space and aircraft on display are originals or the original backup craft it operates annex the steven f udvar hazy center at washington dulles international airport dulles international airport which opened in and itself encompasses the museum currently conducts restoration of its collection athe paul e garber preservation restoration and storage facility in suitland maryland while steadily moving such restoration and archival activities into the mary baker engen restoration hangar a part of the udvar hazy annex facilities file national air and space museum entrancejpg thumb lefthe milestones oflight entrance hall of the national air and space museum in washington dc among the visible aircraft are spirit of st louis the apollo command module space ship one and bell x file usa national air space museum jpg thumb left macchi c and north american p mustang p d mustang because of the museum s close proximity to the united states capitol the smithsonian wanted a building that would be architecturally impressive but would not stand outoo boldly againsthe capitol building st louis missouri st louis based architect gyobata of hellmuth obatand kassabaum hok designed the museum as four simple marblencased cubes containing the smaller and more theatrical exhibits connected by three spaciousteel and glass atria whichouse the larger exhibitsuch as missiles airplanes and spacecrafthe mass of the museum isimilar to the national gallery of art across the national mall and uses the same pink tennessee marble as the national gallery built by gilbane building company the museum was completed in the west glass wall of the building is used for the installation of airplanes functioning as a giant door the museum s prominent site on the national mall once housed the city s armory anduring the civil warmory square hospital nursed the worst wounded cases who were transported to washington after battles the air and space museum was originally called the national air museum when formed on august by an act of united states congress and signed into law by president harry s truman some pieces in the national air and space museum collection date back to the centennial exposition in philadelphiafter which the chinese imperial commission donated a group of kites to the smithsonian after smithsonian secretary spencer fullerton baird convinced exhibiters that shipping them home would be too costly the john stringfellow steam engine intended for aircraft was added to the collection in the first piece actively acquired by the smithsonianow in the current nasm collection after thestablishment of the museum there was none building that could hold all the items to be displayed many obtained from the united states army and united states navy collections of domestic and captured aircraft from world war i some pieces were on display in the arts and industries building some were stored in the aircraft building also known as the tin shed a large temporary metal shed in the smithsonian castle south yard larger missiles and rockets were displayed outdoors in what was known as rocket row the shed housed a large martin bomber a packard le per lusac lepere fighter bomber and an aeromarine b floatplane still much of the collection remained in storage due to a lack of display space the combination of the large numbers of aircraft donated to the smithsonian after world war ii and the need for hangar and factory space for the korean war drove the smithsonian to look for its own facility to store and restore aircrafthe current garber facility was ceded to the smithsonian by the maryland national capital park and planning commission in after the curator paul e garber spotted the wooded area from the air bulldozers from fort belvoir and prefabricated buildings from the united states navy kepthe initial costs low the space race in the s and s led to the renaming of the museum to the national air and space museum and finally congressional passage of appropriations for the construction of the new exhibition hall which opened july atheight of the united states bicentennial festivities under the leadership of director michael collins astronaut michael collins who had flown to the moon apollo the steven f udvar hazy center opened in funded by a private donation the museum received corrective opticspace telescope axial replacement costar the corrective optics instrument installed in the hubble space telescope during its first servicing mission sts when it was removed and returned to earth after space shuttle mission sts the museum also holds the backup mirror for the hubble which unlike the one that was launched was ground to the correct shape there were once plans for ito be installed to the hubble itself but plans to return the satellite to earth were scrapped after the space shuttle columbia disaster space shuttle columbia disaster in the mission was re considered as too risky the smithsonian has also been promised the international cometary explorer which is currently in a solar orbithat occasionally brings it back to earth should nasattempto recover it file ncc propjpg thumb right paramount pictures paramount s filming model of the star trek the original seriestar trek starship enterprise underestoration for nasm exhibition the air and space museum announced a two yearenovation of its main entrance hall milestones oflight in april the renovation to the main hall whichad not received a major update since the museum opened in was funded by a million donation from boeing the gift which will be paid over seven years is the largest corporate donation evereceived by the air and space museum boeing had previously given donations totaling million the hall will be renamed the boeing milestones oflight hall the renovation whose total cost was not revealed began in april and will involve the temporary removal of somexhibits before the hall is refurbished because somexhibits represent century old achievements which no longeresonate withe public some items will be moved tother locations in the museum while new exhibits are installed the first new exhibit a s wind tunnel will be installed inovember when finished the hall will present a more orderly appearance and allow room for the placement ofuture new exhibits which will include moving the filming model of the uss enterprise ncc uss enterprise from the original star trek the original seriestar trek television series into the hall the renovation will also include the installation of a media wall and touch screen information kiosks to allow visitors to learn about items on display an additional gift from boeing is funding the renovation of the how things fly children s exhibit new museum educational programming and the creation of an accreditation accredited course on flight and space technology for elementary and secondary school teachers boyle katherine air and space museum s milestones oflight gallery begins two yearenovation washington post april accessed since the air and space museum has received basic repair in the glass curtain wall architecture curtain walls wereplaced in june the smithsonian made public a report which documented the need for extensive renovations to the air and space museumany of the building s mechanical and environmental systems weredesigneduring its construction from to which lefthem inadequate to handle thenvironmental visitor and other stresses placed on the building and its exhibitsubsequently these systems are in serious disrepair and exhibits are being harmed the report noted thathe hvac system is close to failure and the roof has been compromised so badly that it must be replaced the tennessee marble fade has cracked and become warped and in some areas iso damaged it could fall off the building the museum s glass curtain walls among thoselements of the structure whose design was altered for cost reasons are too permeable to ultraviolet radiation several exhibitsuch as the spacesuit worn by john young astronaut john young during the gemini mission and the coating on the spirit of st louis aircraft have been damaged by this radiation additionally the smithsonian s report noted that cutbacks in building design prior to anduring construction lefthe museum with too few amenities main entrances which are partially obscured and exhibit space which does not meet current americans with disabilities act of adaccessibility standards new security measures required after the september attacks in have created extensive queue area queues which extend outside the building exposed lengthy queues are both a security hazard and often cause visitors to wait inclement weather on june the smithsonian began seeking approval for a million renovation to the national air and space museum the agency hired the firm of quinn evans architects to design the renovations and improvements interior changes include improving handicapped accessibility main entrance visibility and perimeter security thentire fade will be replaced using tennessee marble again thick whereas thexisting panels are thick the glass curtain walls will be replaced with triple glazing window glazed thermal break thermally broken panelset in an aluminum window frame and sash construction frame the curtain walls will be reinforced with steel to help improve theiresistance to explosive blasts additional changes the smithsonian would like to make but which are not included in the million price tag include the installation of solar panel s on roof and the independence avenue washington dc independence avenue side of the museum the construction of vestibule architecture vestibule s over the main entrances and reconstruction of the terrace building terraces which leak water into the parkingarage and offices beneathe structure the smithsonian said it would submits designs to the national capital planning commissioncpc on july foreview and approval if the ncpc authorizes the changes the museum whichas the money for construction in hand could begin work in and finish in march smithsonian officialsaid the project s cost had risen to million in late june smithsonian officials projected the museum s renovation to cost billion this included million for construction million to build new storage space and million for new exhibits the smithsonian said it would raise thexhibit funds from private sources but asked congress to appropriate the rest demolishing the building and erecting a new structure would cost billion the agency claimed controversy erupted in march over a proposed commemoration of the th anniversary of the atomic bombing of japan the centerpiece of thexhibit was thenola gay the bomber that dropped the little boy a bomb on the japanese city of hiroshima veterans groups led by the air force association and the retired officers association argued strongly thathexhibit s inclusion of japanese accounts and photographs of victims politicized thexhibit and insulted us airmen also disputed was the debate over the atomic bombings of hiroshimand nagasaki predicted number of us casualties that would have resulted from an invasion of japan had that beenecessary after the museum director martin o harwit unilaterally reduced the figure by on january atheight of the dispute on january the american legion called for a congressional investigation of the matter and on january members of congress called for harwit s resignation harwit was forced to resign on may although thexhibit was radically reduced and criticized by the new york times as the most diminishedisplay in smithsonian history the air and space museum placed the forward fuselage of thenola gay and other items on display as part of a non political historical exhibition within a year it hadrawn more than a million visitors making ithe most popular special exhibition in the history of the nasm and when thexhibition closed in may it hadrawnearly four million visitors on october the museum was temporarily closed after demonstrators associated withe occupy wall street occupy dc demonstration attempted to enter the museum some protesters were pepper sprayed by museum security after a guard was pinned against a wall one woman was arrested on december smithsonian food workers protested about a living wage a journalist was detained for illicit filming carl w mitman was the first head of the museum under the title of assistanto the secretary for the national air museum heading the museum from until his retirement from the smithsonian in finding aids tofficial records of the smithsonian institution record unit series national air and space museum records directors have included philip s hopkins paul johnston frank a taylor acting michael collins astronaut michael collins finding aids tofficial records of the smithsonian institution record unit national air and space museum records circa melvin b zisfein acting noel w hinners walter j boyne acting director james c tyler acting martin o harwit donald engen and john r dailey present photo gallery the main museum on the mall includes aircraft large space artifacts over smaller items as of june file needle at air and space mus at dcjpg ad astra lippold ad astra to the stars the sculpture athentrance to the building file mercury friendship jpg mercury friendship mercury friendship spacecraft file us navy n s machinist rsquo s mate rd class davida edwards examines the apollo command module in the lobby of the national air and space museumjpg apollo command module file national air and space museum rocketsjpg soviet ss and us pershing ii rockets file spaceshipone national air and space museum photo d ramey loganjpg spaceshipone file bellx jpg bell x file spirit of st louis jpg the spirit of st louis file pioneerh jpg pioneer h file north american x national air and space museum photo d ramey loganjpg north american x file apollo soyuzjpg apollo soyuz test project display file apollo space suit david scottjpg the space suit worn by david scott on apollo file nationalairandspacemuseum jpg ballistic missiles file apollolunarmodulejpg apollo lunar module lm file dscn jpg replica of lunar space suit file boeing smithsonianjpg side view of a former northwest airlines northwest boeing b file img jpg former eastern air lines eastern douglas aircraft company douglas dc file smithsonianu leftsidejpg lockheed u file hindenburg modeljpg foot long model of the lz hindenburg lz hindenburg used in the movie the hindenburg film the hindenburg file douglasworldcruiserdcjpg first aerial circumnavigation chicago the first douglas world cruiser aircrafto fly around the world file breitling orbiter sidejpg the breitling orbiter in which bertrand piccard and brian jones aeronaut brian jones achieved the first non stop balloon aircraft balloon circumnavigation of the world in file pitcairn pa mailwing national air and space museum photo d ramey loganjpg pitcairn mailwing phoebe waterman haas public observatory the phoebe waterman haas public observatory opened its doors to public in as part of the celebration of the international year of astronomy it has a inch boller chivens telescope a sun gun telescope and hydrogen alpha red lighto see the chromosphere and calcium k purple lightelescopes the observatory opens to public from wednesdays through sundays from noon to pm and is open about once a month at nightime the museum has fouresearch fellowships charles a lindbergh chair in aerospace history also known as the lindbergh chair the daniel and florence guggenheim fellowship the verville fellowship and the postdoctoral earth and planetary sciences fellowship the lindbergh chair is a one year senior fellowship to assist a scholar in the research and composition of a book about aerospace history announced in athe th anniversary of lindbergh s famousolo flight was the first year thathe lindbergh chair was occupied british aviation historian charles harvard gibbsmith waselected as the first recipient see also continuum sculpture continuum a sculpture that sits on the south side of the building entrance delta solar a sculpture that sits on the west side of the building list of aerospace museums national air and space museum film archive rkk energiya museum the museum s equivalent in russia steven f udvar hazy center externalinks american institute of architects on the building rocket displays outside arts and industries building prior to construction of air and space museum star wars the magic of myth virtual walk through of the past nasm exhibit c span american history tv tour of the museum looking at first half century of aviation c span american history tv tour of the museum looking at spacexploration from the moon to mars category aerospace museums in washington dcategory americanational museums in washington dcategory aviation history of the united states category buildings and structures completed in category imax venues category members of the culturalliance of greater washington category national mall category planetaria in the united states category science museums in washington dcategory smithsonian institution museums category atomic 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art across national mall uses pink tennessee marble national gallery built building company museum completed west glass wall building used installation airplanes functioning giant door museum prominent site national mall housed city anduring civil square hospital worst wounded cases transported washington battles air_space_museum originally_called national_air museum formed august act united_states congress signed law president harry truman pieces national_air space_museum collection date back centennial exposition chinese imperial commission donated group smithsonian smithsonian secretary spencer baird convinced shipping home would costly john steam engine intended aircraft added collection first piece actively acquired current nasm collection thestablishment museum none building could hold items displayed many obtained united_states army united_states navy collections domestic captured aircraft world_war pieces display arts industries building stored aircraft building also_known shed large temporary metal shed smithsonian castle south yard larger missiles rockets displayed outdoors known rocket row shed housed large martin bomber per fighter bomber b still much collection remained storage due lack display space combination large_numbers aircraft donated smithsonian world_war ii need hangar factory space korean war drove smithsonian look facility store restore current facility smithsonian maryland national capital park planning commission curator paul e spotted area air fort prefabricated buildings united_states navy kepthe initial costs low space race led renaming museum national_air space_museum finally congressional passage construction new exhibition hall opened july atheight united_states bicentennial festivities leadership director michael collins astronaut michael collins flown moon apollo steven f udvar hazy center opened funded private donation museum received corrective telescope replacement corrective instrument installed hubble space telescope first mission sts removed returned earth space_shuttle mission sts museum also holds mirror hubble unlike one launched ground correct shape plans ito installed hubble plans return satellite earth space_shuttle columbia disaster space_shuttle columbia disaster mission considered risky smithsonian also promised international explorer currently solar occasionally brings back earth recover file thumb right paramount pictures paramount filming model star_trek original seriestar trek starship enterprise nasm exhibition air_space_museum announced two_main entrance hall milestones oflight april renovation main hall whichad received major update since museum opened funded million donation boeing gift paid seven years largest corporate donation air_space_museum boeing previously given donations million hall renamed boeing milestones oflight hall renovation whose total cost revealed began april involve temporary removal hall refurbished represent century old achievements withe public items moved tother locations museum new exhibits installed first new exhibit wind tunnel installed inovember finished hall present appearance allow room placement ofuture new exhibits include moving filming model uss enterprise uss enterprise original star_trek original seriestar trek television_series hall renovation also_include installation media wall touch screen information kiosks allow visitors learn items display additional gift boeing funding renovation things fly children exhibit new museum educational programming creation accreditation accredited course flight space technology elementary secondary school teachers katherine air_space_museum milestones oflight gallery begins two washington_post april accessed since air_space_museum received basic repair glass curtain wall architecture curtain walls june smithsonian made public report documented need extensive renovations air_space building mechanical environmental systems construction inadequate handle thenvironmental visitor stresses placed building systems serious exhibits report noted_thathe system close failure roof badly must replaced tennessee marble fade become areas iso damaged could fall building museum glass curtain walls among structure whose design altered cost reasons radiation several worn john young astronaut john young gemini mission spirit st_louis aircraft damaged radiation additionally smithsonian report noted building design prior anduring construction lefthe museum amenities main_entrances partially exhibit space meet current americans disabilities act standards new security measures required september attacks created extensive queue area queues extend outside building exposed lengthy queues security hazard often cause visitors wait weather june smithsonian began seeking approval million renovation national_air space_museum agency hired firm quinn evans architects design renovations improvements interior changes include improving accessibility main_entrance visibility security thentire fade replaced using tennessee marble thick whereas thexisting panels thick glass curtain walls replaced triple window thermal break broken aluminum window frame construction frame curtain walls reinforced steel help improve explosive additional changes smithsonian would like make included million price tag include installation solar panel roof independence avenue washington independence avenue side museum construction architecture main_entrances reconstruction terrace building leak water offices beneathe structure smithsonian said would designs national capital planning july approval changes museum whichas money construction hand could begin work finish march smithsonian project cost risen million late june smithsonian officials projected museum renovation cost billion included million construction million build new storage space million new exhibits smithsonian said would raise thexhibit funds private sources asked congress appropriate rest building new structure would cost billion agency claimed controversy erupted march proposed commemoration th_anniversary atomic_bombing japan centerpiece thexhibit gay bomber dropped little boy bomb japanese city hiroshima veterans groups led air_force association retired officers association argued strongly inclusion japanese accounts photographs victims thexhibit us_airmen also disputed debate atomic_bombings hiroshimand_nagasaki predicted number us casualties would resulted invasion japan museum director martin harwit reduced figure january atheight dispute january american legion called congressional investigation matter january members congress called harwit resignation harwit forced resign may although thexhibit radically reduced criticized new_york times smithsonian history air_space_museum placed forward fuselage gay items display part non political historical exhibition within year million_visitors making_ithe popular special exhibition history nasm closed may four million_visitors october museum temporarily closed associated_withe occupy wall_street occupy demonstration attempted enter museum protesters pepper museum security guard wall one woman arrested december smithsonian food workers living wage journalist illicit filming carl w first head museum title assistanto secretary national_air museum heading museum retirement smithsonian finding aids records smithsonian_institution record unit series national_air space_museum records directors included philip hopkins paul johnston frank taylor acting michael collins astronaut michael collins finding aids records smithsonian_institution record unit national_air space_museum records circa b acting noel w walter j acting director james c tyler acting martin harwit donald john r present photo gallery main museum mall includes aircraft large space artifacts smaller items june file needle air_space mus stars sculpture athentrance building file mercury friendship jpg mercury friendship mercury friendship spacecraft file us_navy n mate class edwards apollo command module lobby national_air space_museumjpg apollo command module file national_air space_museum soviet us ii rockets file spaceshipone national_air space_museum photo ramey loganjpg spaceshipone file_jpg bell x file spirit st_louis jpg spirit st_louis file_jpg pioneer h file north_american x national_air space_museum photo ramey loganjpg north_american x file apollo apollo soyuz test project display file apollo space suit david space suit worn david scott apollo file_jpg ballistic missiles file apollo lunar module file_jpg replica lunar space suit file boeing side view former northwest airlines northwest boeing b file img_jpg former eastern air lines eastern douglas aircraft company douglas file lockheed file hindenburg foot long model hindenburg hindenburg used movie hindenburg film hindenburg file first aerial chicago first douglas world cruiser fly around world file brian jones brian jones achieved first non stop balloon aircraft balloon world file pitcairn national_air space_museum photo ramey loganjpg pitcairn haas public observatory haas public observatory opened doors public part celebration international year astronomy inch telescope sun gun telescope hydrogen alpha red see k observatory opens public wednesdays sundays noon open month museum charles lindbergh chair aerospace history also_known lindbergh chair daniel florence fellowship fellowship earth planetary sciences fellowship lindbergh chair one_year senior fellowship assist scholar research composition book aerospace history announced athe_th_anniversary lindbergh flight first_year thathe lindbergh chair occupied british aviation historian charles harvard waselected first recipient see_also continuum sculpture continuum sculpture sits south side building entrance delta solar sculpture sits west side building list aerospace museums national_air space_museum film archive museum museum equivalent russia steven f udvar hazy center externalinks american institute architects building rocket displays outside arts industries building prior construction air_space_museum star wars magic myth virtual walk past nasm exhibit c span american history tv tour museum looking first_half century aviation c span american history tv tour museum looking spacexploration moon mars category aerospace museums washington dcategory museums washington dcategory aviation history united_states category_buildings structures_completed category imax venues category members greater washington category_national mall category_united_states category science museums washington dcategory smithsonian_institution museums category_atomic_tourism"},{"title":"National Geographic Traveler","description":"circulation year june publisher founder founded firstdate company national geographic society country united states based washington dc languagenglish website issn oclc national geographic traveler is a magazine published by the national geographic society in the united states it was launched in localanguageditions of national 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and nothose who frequented the bar it began to spread more noticeably by the middle of january new cases of the illness began to decrease inumber by thend of january and continued to abate until the middle ofebruary when the numbers of guests increased for the inauguration of james buchanan presidential inauguration of march the sickness returned again forcefully the national hotel epidemic manifested itself as a persistent diarrhea which was often accompanied by an intense colic victims experienced sudden prostration along with nausea the tongues of patients generally indicated an inflammation of the mucous membrane s of their stomachsufferers often complained of recurrences of symptoms even after leaving the national hotel aside from a sudden onset of diarrhea whichappened generally in thearly morning vomiting occurred after the diarrhea ceased major george mcneir of washington dc dined athe national hotel athe time of the first outbreak of thepidemic dr jas j waring was among the physicians who performed an autopsy on mcneir he was the only person whose body wasubjected to a post mortem examination after he died from the sickness waring stated thathere was no incubation period before the onset of mcneir s illness he was affected by the time he wento bed following dinner and the symptoms never left him until his death national hotel epidemic american journal of the medical sciences january volume issue pg a physician quoted by philadelphia pennsylvania philadelphia s the times philadelphia the times newspaper vocalized the poison theory however dissenters contended that poisoned water was improbable because the national hotel s water tank was used only for washing drinking water was broughto thestablishment from a distance the washington epidemic new york daily times april pg in an efforto eliminate rats from the national hotel arsenic was used one of the poisoned rats was discovered in the water tank after guests became ill withe sickness columbia historical society of washington vol pg the mayor of washington dc together with a committee chosen by the board of health submitted a reporthat denied that any mineral poisoning was ingested in the stomachs of victims of thepidemic there was no evidence of inflammation of the intestines the committee contended thathe disease was transmitted by inhalation of a poisonous miasma theory miasma that originated from the decomposition of vegetables and animals they thoughthe infection entered the national hotel from a sewer which was connected to the sixth street sewer a sewer builder noticed a sewer opening in the southwest corner of the national hotel which connected withe sewer leading into the streethrough the opening proceeded a constant fetid gas which was coming in rapidly enough to extinguish a candle flame according to the individual s estimation the committee looked without finding evidence of water poisoning food poisoning or arsenic poisoning the washington epidemic report of the committee of the board of health new york daily times march pg deaths among the three dozen or so deaths were several members of congress representative john gallagher montgomery john montgomery of pennsylvania died april representative john quitman of mississippi died july from the disease s aftereffects formerepresentative david robison of pennsylvania died june of complications from the disease he d contracted athe hotel site the national hotel was built in the late s after other mishaps including a fire in it was acquired in by the district of columbia municipal government it was demolished in the site is now occupied by the newseum furthereading kerry s walters kerry s outbreak in washington dc the mystery of the national hotel disease charleston sc the history press category epidemics category james buchanan category in washington dcategory th century health disasters category disasters category 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national_hotel aside sudden onset diarrhea generally thearly morning occurred diarrhea ceased major george washington athe_national_hotel athe_time first outbreak j among physicians performed person whose body post examination died sickness stated_thathere period onset illness affected time wento bed following dinner symptoms never left death national_hotel epidemic american journal medical sciences january volume_issue physician quoted philadelphia_pennsylvania philadelphia times philadelphia times newspaper poison theory however water national_hotel water tank used washing drinking water broughto thestablishment distance washington epidemic new_york daily times_april efforto eliminate rats national_hotel arsenic used one rats discovered water tank guests became ill withe sickness columbia historical_society washington vol mayor washington together committee chosen board health submitted denied mineral poisoning victims evidence committee thathe disease transmitted theory originated vegetables animals infection entered national_hotel sewer connected sixth street sewer sewer builder noticed sewer opening southwest corner national_hotel connected withe sewer leading opening proceeded constant gas coming rapidly enough flame according individual committee looked without finding evidence water poisoning food poisoning arsenic poisoning washington epidemic report committee board health new_york daily times_march deaths among three dozen deaths several members congress representative john montgomery john montgomery pennsylvania died april representative john mississippi died july disease david pennsylvania died june complications disease contracted athe hotel site national_hotel built late including fire acquired district columbia municipal government demolished site occupied furthereading kerry kerry outbreak washington mystery national_hotel disease charleston history press category category james category washington dcategory th_century health disasters category disasters category_hotels"},{"title":"National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism","description":"mottoeng perfect honest diligent modest","main_words":["perfect","honest","modest"],"clean_bigrams":[["perfect","honest"]],"all_collocations":["perfect honest"],"new_description":"perfect honest modest"},{"title":"National Museum of the United States Air Force","description":"location wright patterson air force base dayton ohio coordinates type military aviation museum visitors director john l hudson lt gen john l hudson usaf retired curator krista strider deputy director senior curator publictransit greater dayton regional transit authority greater dayton rta route website file aerial view of the national museum of the us air force jpg thumb aerial view of the national museum of the us air force file national museum of the us air force boeing vc sam air force one jpg thumb an overhead gallery view of the fourth building aircraft athe national museum of the united states air force including the boeing vc sam the national museum of the united states air force formerly the united states air force museum is the official museum of the united states air force located at wright patterson air force base northeast of dayton ohio dayton ohio the nmusaf has one of the world s largest collections with more than aircraft and missiles on display the museum draws more than million visitors each year making it one of the most frequently visited tourist attractions in ohio the museum dates to when thengineering division at dayton ohio dayton s mccook field first collected technical artifacts for preservation in it moved to then wright field in a laboratory building in the collection was named the army aeronautical museum and placed in a works progress administration wpa building from until world war iin the collection remained private as the air force technical museum in the air force museum became public and was housed in its first permanent facility building of the former patterson field in fairborn whichad been an engine overhaul hangar many of its aircraft were parked outside and exposed to the weather it remained there until when the current facility opened not including its annex on wright field proper the museum has more than tripled in square footage since withe addition of a second hangar in a third in and a fourth in air force museum foundation the museum announced a new name for the facility in october the former name united states air force museum changed to national museum of the united states air force the museum is a central component of the national aviation heritage area exhibits and collections the museum s collection contains many rare aircraft of historical or technological importance and various memorabiliand artifacts from the history andevelopment of aviation among them is one ofour surviving convair b peacemaker s the only surviving north american xb valkyrie and bockscar the boeing b superfortress that dropped the fat manuclear weapon atomic bomb on atomic bombings of hiroshimand nagasaki during the last days of world war iin the museum launched its degree virtual tour allowing most aircraft and exhibits to be viewed online presidential aircrafthe museum haseveral air force one presidential aircraft including those used by franklin delano roosevelt franklin d roosevelt harry trumandwight d eisenhower the centerpiece of the presidential aircraft collection isam a modified boeing known as a boeing c stratoliner vc used regularly by presidents john f kennedy lyndon b johnson and richard nixon this aircraftook john f kennedy president and jacqueline kennedy mrs kennedy to dallas onovember the day of the president s assassination vice president johnson wasworn in as president aboard it shortly after the assassination and the aircrafthen carried kennedy s body back to washington dc washington it became the backupresidential aircrafter nixon s firsterm it was temporarily removed from display on decemberepainted and returned to display on president s day in all presidential aircraft are now displayed in the presidential gallery in the new fourth building pioneers oflight a large section of the museum is dedicated to pioneers oflight especially the wright brothers who conducted some of their experiments at nearby huffman prairie a replica of the wrights military flyer is on display as well as other wright brothers artifacts the building also hosts the national aviation hall ofame which includeseveral educational exhibits uniforms and clothing file major general billy mitchell uniformsjpg thumb major general billy mitchell s uniforms on display the museum has many pieces of us army air forces and us air force clothing and uniforms at any time more than world war ii vintage a jacket a leather flying jacket s are on display many of which belonged to famous figures in air force history others are painted to depicthe air planes and missions flown by their former owners the displays include the jacket worn by brigadier general jamestewart p ace majorichard bong richard i bong sheepskin material sheepskin b jacket and boots an a jacket worn by one of the few usaaf pilots to leave the grounduring the attack on pearl harbor and president ronald reagan s usaaf pea coat peacoat other exhibits and attractions the museum completed the construction of a third hangar and hall of missiles in it now houses post cold war era planesuch as the northrop grumman b spirit stealth bomber test aircrafthe lockheed f nighthawk stealth ground attack aircraft and others a fourthangar was completed in to house the museum space collection presidential planes and an enlargeducational outreach area previously these collections were housed in annex requiring a bus trip onto wpafb the museum has an imax theater that shows for a fee aviation and space oriented imax films interspersed primarily with other documentaries the museum owns other usaf aircraft including former us army air service usaac or usaaf aircrafthat are on loan tother aerospace museums in the united states and overseas well as those on permanent static display at various air force installations and tenant activities worldwide and at air force reserve and air national guard installations across the united states the museum those aircraft missiles and associated artifacts loaned to communities or civic organizations for display at civilian airports many of them former usaaf and or usaf bases public parks and memorials the facilities of military affiliated organizations eg vfw american legion etc or in other similar venues most of these loaned aircraft duplicate aircraft exhibited by the museum these other aircraft remain the property of the department of the air force and are typically identified athese locations as being on loan from the national museum of the us air force the museum staff has very high standards for the restoration and quality of care of loaned assets and has in the past revoked these loans when it was deemed thathese other museums did not have the resources to properly care for an artifacthis happened in the case of the famous boeing b flying fortress memphis belle b memphis belle in the air force museum theater upgraded its theater from imax to digital d this upgrade included a new stage theater seats and a new theater screen to support a broaderange of programming including educational presentations live broadcasts and expandedocumentary choices the renovations include a surround sound system audio devices for thearing or visually impaired and personal closed captioning systems theatre air force museum foundation file national museum of the us air force north american xb valkyriejpg thumb an overhead view of the fourth building aircraft athe national museum of the united states air force including the north american xb valkyrie the national museum of the us air force is in the midst of a multi phase long term expansion plan the air force museum foundation recently supported a major capital construction program that expanded the museum to the current million square feet of exhibit space withe addition of the fourth building that now houses the space gallery presidential aircraft gallery and global reach gallery this new fourth building opened to the public on june usaf museum opens th building new air force museum hangar topen june air force museum topen fourth building national museum of the us air force fourth building now open withe addition of new space more than aircrafthat were in storage have been put back on display such as the xb valkyrie xb valkyrie moved into museum s new fourth building exotic xb towed to new hangar draws a crowd the new home of the most exotic bomber ever built is aerospace heaven the presidential aircraft collection is also back on site having been moved to an outside location for some time presidential gallery the new building s construction was entirely funded via private donations from several different sources air force museum foundation provides funding for museum s new building the museum is divided into galleries that cover broad historic trends in military aviation these are further broken down into exhibits that detail specific historical periods andisplay aircraft in historical context air force museum foundation the air force museum foundation is a private non profit organization that supports the mission and goals of the national museum of the us air force air force museum foundation retrieved february other air force museumsee list of united states air force museumsee also american air museum in britain american airpower heritage museum american combat airman hall ofame caf airpower museumighty eighth air force museumilitary aviation museum national museum of the marine corps national museum of naval aviation the us navy s equivalent facility to the nmusaf national museum of the united states army national museum of the united states navy octave chanute aerospace museum patuxent river naval air museum united states air force memorial war in the pacific national historical park wings ofreedom aviation museum related lists list of aerospace museums externalinks national museum of the united states air force official website air force museum foundation official website sr online national museum of the united states air force a guide to the museum and its displays us air force museum photos of exhibits in the national museum of the usaf in dayton oh photo website with degree vr panoramas and hdr images list of engines athe museum category aerospace museums in ohio category imax venues category wright patterson air force base category museums in dayton ohio category americanational museums in ohio air force national museum of the united states category air force museums in the united states category museums established in category military and war museums in ohio category tourist attractions in montgomery county ohio category national aviation heritage area category history of the united states air force category establishments in ohio category united states air force category atomic 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missiles display museum draws million_visitors year making one frequently visited tourist_attractions ohio museum dates division dayton ohio dayton field first collected technical artifacts preservation moved wright field laboratory building collection named army aeronautical museum placed works progress administration wpa building world_war iin collection remained private air_force technical museum air_force museum became public_housed first permanent facility building former patterson field whichad engine hangar many aircraft parked outside exposed weather remained current facility opened including annex wright field proper museum square footage since withe addition second hangar third fourth air_force museum foundation museum announced new name facility october former name united_states air_force museum changed national_museum united_states air_force museum central component national aviation heritage area exhibits collections museum collection contains many rare aircraft historical technological importance various artifacts history andevelopment aviation among one ofour surviving convair b surviving north_american valkyrie boeing b dropped fat weapon atomic_bomb atomic_bombings hiroshimand_nagasaki last days world_war iin museum launched degree virtual_tour allowing aircraft exhibits viewed online presidential museum haseveral air_force one presidential aircraft including used franklin roosevelt franklin roosevelt harry eisenhower centerpiece presidential aircraft collection modified boeing known boeing c used regularly presidents john_f kennedy b johnson richard nixon john_f kennedy president kennedy mrs kennedy dallas onovember day president assassination vice_president johnson president aboard shortly assassination carried kennedy body back washington washington became nixon temporarily removed display returned display president day presidential aircraft displayed presidential gallery new fourth building pioneers oflight large section museum dedicated pioneers oflight especially wright brothers conducted experiments nearby prairie replica military flyer display well wright brothers artifacts building also hosts national aviation hall_ofame educational exhibits uniforms clothing file major general billy mitchell thumb major general billy mitchell uniforms display museum many pieces us_army air_forces us_air_force clothing uniforms time world_war ii vintage jacket leather flying jacket display many belonged famous figures air_force history others painted air planes missions flown former owners displays include jacket worn brigadier general p ace richard material b jacket boots jacket worn one usaaf pilots leave attack pearl harbor president ronald reagan usaaf coat exhibits attractions museum completed construction third hangar hall missiles houses post cold_war era northrop grumman b spirit stealth bomber test lockheed f nighthawk stealth ground attack aircraft others completed house museum space collection presidential planes outreach area previously collections housed annex requiring bus trip onto museum imax theater shows fee aviation space oriented imax films primarily documentaries museum owns usaf aircraft including former us_army air service usaaf loan tother aerospace museums united_states overseas well permanent static display various air_force installations tenant activities worldwide air_force reserve air national guard installations across united_states museum aircraft missiles associated artifacts loaned communities civic organizations display civilian airports many former usaaf usaf bases public parks memorials facilities military affiliated organizations american legion etc similar venues loaned aircraft aircraft exhibited museum aircraft remain property department air_force typically identified locations loan national_museum us_air_force museum staff high standards restoration quality care loaned assets past deemed thathese museums resources properly care happened case famous boeing b flying fortress memphis belle b memphis belle air_force museum theater upgraded theater imax digital upgrade included new stage theater seats new theater screen support programming including educational presentations live broadcasts choices renovations include sound_system audio devices thearing visually personal closed systems theatre air_force museum foundation file national_museum us_air_force north_american thumb overhead view fourth building aircraft athe_national_museum united_states air_force including north_american valkyrie national_museum us_air_force midst multi phase long_term expansion plan air_force museum foundation recently supported major capital construction program expanded museum current million square feet exhibit space withe addition fourth building houses space gallery presidential aircraft gallery global reach gallery new fourth building opened public june usaf museum opens th building new air_force museum hangar topen june air_force museum topen fourth building national_museum us_air_force fourth building open withe addition new space storage put back display valkyrie valkyrie moved museum new fourth building exotic towed new hangar draws crowd new home exotic bomber ever built aerospace heaven presidential aircraft collection also back site moved outside location time presidential gallery new building construction entirely funded via private donations several different sources air_force museum foundation provides funding museum new building museum divided galleries cover broad historic trends military aviation broken exhibits detail specific historical periods aircraft historical context air_force museum foundation air_force museum foundation private non_profit organization supports mission goals national_museum us_air_force air_force museum foundation retrieved_february air_force list united_states air_force also american air museum britain american heritage museum american combat hall_ofame caf eighth air_force aviation museum national_museum marine corps 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laos externalinks including agency page four currently listed agency contact us page lnta contact us category_government laos category_tourism laos category_tourisministries category"},{"title":"Naumi Hospitality","description":"area served globalocations naumi hospitality is a hotel owner operator and property chain headquartered in singapore the group is a subsidiary of hindevelopment and was founded by surya jhunjhnuwala the hotel group owns a number of hotels in singapore australiand new zealand their most notable hotels are located in singapore whichave both being recognized as twof the best boutique hotels in the country by cnn and also trip advisor naumi hospitality owns and operates a number of hotels and residencies in singapore the company was first founded in operating as a subsidiary of hindevelopment pte ltd its first major property in singapore is the star hotel naumi hotelocated in theart of singapore the hotel is recognized as a boutique hotel and has won a number of regional awardshortly after opening the boutique hotel featured on cnn due to the fact it was the only hotel in singapore to have a women s only floor in the first hotel in the naumi hospitality group underwent a multi million dollarevamp and reopened in october the hotel group announced in late thathey would be opening a new boutique hotel in auckland new zealand the hotel is located on the same site as the previous hotel grand chancellor within the same period naumi also announced they would be opening a new hotel in sydney australia their hotel chain was also recognized by forbes in late during the same period the group also launched their second singapore based hotel naumi liora the hotel was again based on a boutique style andesign withe hotel being converted from a heritage townhouse in singaporexternalinks naumihotelcom category hotels category companies of 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sydney_australia hotel_chain also recognized forbes late period group also launched second singapore based hotel naumi hotel based boutique style andesign withe hotel converted heritage townhouse category_hotels category_companies singapore"},{"title":"Nautical tourism","description":"file dugout in san blas islandsjpg thumb right cruisers can see traditionalife in remote areas of the world here a kuna people kuna local paddles a dugout canoe in the san blas islands nautical tourism is tourism that combinesailing and boating with vacation and holiday activities it can be travelling from porto port in a cruise ship or joining boat centered eventsuch as regatta s or landing a small boat for lunch or other day recreation at specially prepareday boat landings it is a form of tourism that is generally more popular in the summertime first defined as an industry segment in europe and south america it hasince caught on in the united states and the pacific rim about many tourists who enjoy sailing combine water travel with other activitiesupplying thequipment and accessories for those activities haspawned businesses for those purposessee natchez danautical tourism great for the boater and a revenue center card online at with many nautical enthusiasts living on board their vessels even in port nautical tourists bring demand for a variety of goods and services marina s developed especially for nautical tourists have been built in europe south americand australia services tourist services available at marinas catering to nautical tourists include leasing of berths for sailing vessels and nautical tourists who live on board leasing of sailing vessels for holiday and recreational use charter cruising and similareception safe guarding and maintenance of sailing vessels provision of stock water fuel suppliespare parts equipment and similar preparation and keeping sailing vessels in order providing information to nautical enthusiasts weather forecasts nautical guides etc leasing of water scooters jet skis and other water equipment by region europe file windjammerparadejpg thumb windjammer parade at kiel week in germany a major water tourism attraction among the more interesting locations frequented by nautical tourists greek islands and the croatia n coast offerservices at more than ports touting it as mediterranean as it once waseentry athe official croatia tourism website online at croatia s greece s efforts have been so successful they have been offered to the tourism industry as a model for sustainable nautical tourismsee a muniti vidu i f mitrovi and l vidu i sustainable development of nautical tourism the case of croatiacta press found online at during this year s adriatic boat show the official ceremony of opening the construction site of marina for mega yachts has been held marina mandalina yacht club situated in ibenik in will be able to accept yachts up to meters in length and provide them a complete service italy has gone to great lengths to attract boating tourists to its ports as wellsee the netherlands fileidsevaart bollentocht jpg thumb rowing water tourists in hillegom in april when the tulip fields are in bloom water travel used to be the only form of transportation between cities in the netherlandsince improvements in the road and rail structure less and less commercial freight water traffic is using the water in the latter half of the th century the growth of water tourism exceeded the amount ofreightraffic and older cities whose ports were long disused refurbished them for water tourists water tourists are a strong lobby for protecting old wateroutes from being closed or filled both refurnished antique canal boatsalonboots and modern tour boats rondvaartboots are available for tourist day trips in most dutch cities a steady tourist industry has kept bothe old canals of amsterdam and their canal mansions open for water traffic their popularity has introduced water traffic safety laws to ensure thathe commercial passenger boats have right of way over private skiffs and low yachts while preventing fatal accidents pleziervaart in beeld report by the ministry of culture on watertourist safety to reduce the less desired sideffects of popular watertourist spots the public awardstimulate sustainable tourist innovationsuch as theden award for thelectricity propelled tourist boats in de weerribben wiedenational park eden award the pacific australia has invested billion in facilities designed to attract nautical tourists and promote development of nautical tourism as a segment of the touristradesee shell harbour article on line at south america growing worldwide industry segment nautical tourism has become popular in south america the brazilian ministry of tourism has a website devoted to the subjectsee puerto rico haseen itshare of growth inautical tourism as wellsee guadalupe fajardo evelyn megayacht business booms inautical tourism industry puerto rico herald july found online at noto be outdone the chilean economic development agency has launched the chilean patagonia nautical tourism program to develop and attract nautical tourists to the chilean coastsee the united states file houseboat in floridaspringsjpg thumb right a houseboat in silver glen springs just off lake george florida lake george florida nautical tourism is big business even in the united states in the southeasthe tennessee tombigbee waterway a meandering river and canal system thatraverses alabamand mississippi linking the tennessee river withe gulf of mexico has become a favorite boating trail for nautical tourists who want a diverse route with a scenic viewsee the official tennessee tombigbee waterway tourisim website online at originally conceived as an alternate shipping route for barges destined for the midwesthe route proved too awkward for large tows however boating enthusiasts discovered it as a great way to see middle america stops along the way include mobile alabama demopolis alabamand amory and columbus in mississippi travelling north from the gulf boaters can follow the tennessee river its intersection withe ohio and travel a circuitous route back to the gulf by way of new orleans likewise the intracoastal waterway system which stretches from texas to new jersey has long provided nautical tourists with a well marked channel and an inside passage that allows boaters to travel from southern texas up theastern seaboard without having to venture onto the high seassee official website for the atlantic intracoastal waterway online at using this route boaters can stop at galveston texas any number of towns in southern louisiana including new orleans farther west apalachicola florida provides a glimpse oflorida the way it used to be gallery file toeristenboot amsterdamjpg a tour boat passes the rijksmuseum in amsterdam file de weerribbenjpg boat landing in de weerribben file de la cite from pont de la tournellejpg a bateau mouchexcursion boat on the seine file maid of the mist pot o goldjpg 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la","la cite","de la","file maid","niagara falls","falls notes","notes category","category types","tourism category","category boating"],"new_description":"file san blas thumb right cruisers see remote areas world people local canoe san blas islands nautical tourism tourism boating vacation holiday activities travelling porto port cruise_ship joining boat centered eventsuch landing small boat lunch day recreation specially boat landings form tourism generally popular first defined industry segment europe south_america hasince caught united_states pacific rim many tourists enjoy sailing combine water travel thequipment accessories activities businesses tourism great revenue center card online many nautical enthusiasts living board vessels even port nautical tourists bring demand variety goods services marina developed especially nautical tourists built europe south_americand australia services tourist services available catering nautical tourists include leasing sailing vessels nautical tourists live board leasing sailing vessels holiday recreational use charter cruising safe guarding maintenance sailing vessels provision stock water fuel parts equipment similar preparation keeping sailing vessels order providing information nautical enthusiasts weather nautical guides etc leasing water jet skis water equipment region europe file thumb parade week germany major water tourism attraction among interesting locations frequented nautical tourists greek islands croatia n coast ports mediterranean athe official croatia tourism_website online croatia greece efforts successful offered tourism_industry model sustainable nautical f l sustainable_development nautical tourism case press found online year boat show official ceremony opening construction site marina yachts held marina yacht club situated able accept yachts meters length provide complete service italy gone great lengths attract boating tourists ports netherlands jpg thumb rowing water tourists april fields bloom water travel used form transportation cities improvements road rail structure less less commercial freight water traffic using water latter half th_century growth water tourism exceeded amount older cities whose ports long disused refurbished water tourists water tourists strong lobby protecting old closed filled antique canal modern tour boats available tourist day_trips dutch cities steady tourist_industry kept bothe old canals amsterdam canal mansions open water traffic popularity introduced water traffic safety laws ensure_thathe commercial passenger boats right way private low yachts preventing fatal accidents report ministry culture safety reduce less desired sideffects popular spots public sustainable tourist award propelled tourist boats de park eden award pacific australia invested billion facilities designed attract nautical tourists promote development nautical tourism segment shell harbour article line south_america growing worldwide industry segment nautical tourism become_popular south_america brazilian ministry tourism_website devoted puerto_rico haseen growth tourism guadalupe evelyn business_tourism_industry puerto_rico herald july found online noto chilean economic_development agency launched chilean patagonia nautical tourism program develop attract nautical tourists chilean united_states file houseboat thumb right houseboat silver glen springs lake george florida lake george florida nautical tourism big business even united_states tennessee waterway river canal system mississippi linking tennessee river withe gulf mexico become favorite boating trail nautical tourists want diverse route scenic official tennessee waterway website online originally conceived alternate shipping route barges route proved awkward large however boating enthusiasts discovered great way see middle america stops along way include mobile alabama columbus mississippi travelling north gulf boaters follow tennessee river intersection withe ohio travel route back gulf way new_orleans likewise waterway system stretches texas new_jersey long provided nautical tourists well marked channel inside passage allows boaters travel southern texas theastern without venture onto high official_website atlantic waterway online using route boaters stop galveston texas number towns southern louisiana including new_orleans farther west florida provides glimpse oflorida way used gallery file tour boat passes amsterdam file de boat landing de file de_la cite de_la boat file maid pot maid niagara_falls notes category_types tourism_category boating"},{"title":"Nevada Test Site","description":"it was the first us nuclear field exercise conducted with live troops maneuvering on land troopshown are from the blast pushpin map united states pushpin mapsize pushpin label positionone pushpin map caption map showing location of the site type nuclear weapons research complex coordinates nearestown las vegas nevada country the united statesite area operator united states department of energy status active dates present remediation subcritical tests nuclear tests thermonuclear tests the nevada national security site nnss previously the nevada test site nts is a united states department of energy reservation located in southeasternye county nevadabout miles km northwest of the city of las vegas nevada las vegas formerly known as the nevada provingrounds the site was established on january for the testing of nuclear device s covering approximately of desert and mountainous terrainuclear test ing athe nevada test site began with a bomb dropped on frenchman flat on january many of the iconic images of the nuclear era come from the nts during the s the mushroom cloud s from the atmospheric tests could be seen for almosthe city of las vegas experienced noticeable seismic effects and the distant mushroom clouds which could be seen from the downtown hotels became tourist attractionst george utah received the brunt of the fallout of above ground nuclear testing in the yucca flats nevada test site winds routinely carried the fallout of these tests directly through st george and southern utah marked increases in cancer such as leukemia lymphoma thyroid cancer breast cancer melanoma bone cancer brain tumors and gastrointestinal tract cancers wereported from the mid s through falk jim gobal fission the battle over nuclear power p the vast majority of the total nuclear tests were underground from through two years after the united states put a hold on full scale nuclear weapons testing anti nuclear protests were held athe nevada test site involving participants and arrests according to government records western shoshone spiritualeader dies those arrested included the astronomer carl sagand the actors kristofferson martin sheen and robert blake actorobert blake the nevada test site contains areas buildings miles km of paved roads miles of unpaved roads ten heliports and two airstrips the nevada test site was established as area by president harry truman on december within the nellis air force gunnery and bombing range file nts warning handbilljpg thumb this handbill was distributedays before the first nuclear device was detonated athe nevada test site the nevada test site was the primary testing location of americanuclear devices from to announced nuclear tests occurred there of those were undergroundus department of energy nevada operations office united states nuclear tests july through september december doe nv rev sixty twof the underground tests included multiple simultaneous nuclear detonations adding detonations and bringing the total number of nts nuclear detonations tof which were underground one multiple testook place in colorado the other were at nts the site is covered with subsidence crater s from the testing the nts was the united states primary location for tests in the range tests were conducted elsewhere including most larger tests many of these occurred athe pacific provingrounds in the marshall islands file nnsa nso jpg thumb mushroom cloud seen from downtown las vegas during the s the mushroom cloud s from atmospheric tests could be seen for almosthe city of las vegas experienced noticeable seismic effects and the distant mushroom clouds which could be seen from the downtown hotels became tourist attractions the last atmospheric test detonation athe nevada test site was little feller i of operation sunbeam on july although the united states did not ratify the comprehensive test ban treaty it honors the articles of the treaty and underground testing of weapons ended as of september subcritical tests not involving a critical mass continue file sedan plowshare craterjpg righthumb sedan crater one notable test shot was the sedanuclear test sedan shot of operation storax on july a shot for operation plowshare which soughto prove that nuclear weapons could be used for peaceful means in creating bays or canals it created a sedan crater feet m wide and feet m deep that can still be seen today presenthe site wascheduled to be used to conducthe testing of a ton conventional explosive in an operation known as divine strake in june the bomb is a possible alternative to nuclear bunker buster s after objections from nevadand utah s members of congress the operation was postponed until on february the defense threat reduction agency dtra officially canceled thexperiment on december the most recent explosion was conducted an underground sub critical test of the properties of plutonium destruction and survivability testing file apple house ft jpg righthumb px this model house was constructed from the apple ground zero nts also performed piggyback testing of effects of nuclear detonation during the above ground tests vehicleshelters utility stations and other structures were placed at various distances from the ground zero detonation point of each weapon homes and commercial buildings were builto standards typical of americand european cities other structures included military fortifications of types used by both nato and the warsaw pact civil defense and backyard shelters in a typical test several buildings might be built using the same plan with differentypes of paint landscaping cleanliness of yards wall angles or distances from ground zero mannequins were placed in and around vehicles and buildings high speed cameras were placed in protected locations to captureffects of radiation and shock waves typical imagery from these camerashows paint boiling off the buildings which then are pushed away from ground zero by the shock wave before being drawn toward the detonation by the suction caused by the climbing mushroom cloud footage from these cameras has become iconic used in various mediand available in the public domain and on dvd this testing allowed the development of guidelines distributed to the public to increase the likelihood of survival in case of air or spaceborne nuclear attack environmental impact each of the below ground explosionsome as deep as feet vaporized a large chamber leaving a cavity filled with radioactive rubble about a third of the tests were conductedirectly in aquifer s and others were hundreds or thousands ofeet below the water table ralph vartabedianuclear scars tainted wateruns beneath nevada desert los angeles times november when underground explosions ended in the department of energy estimated that more than of radioactivity remained in thenvironment athatime making the site one of the most radioactively contaminated locations in the united states in the most seriously affected zones the concentration of radioactivity in groundwatereaches millions of picocuries per liter the federal standard for drinking water is picocuries per liter bq l although radioactivity levels in the water continue to decline over time the longer lived isotopes like plutonium or uranium could pose risks to workers or future settlers on the nnss for tens of thousands of years thenergy department has monitoring wells athe site and began drilling nine deep wells in because the contaminated water poses no immediate healthreathe department has ranked nevadas low priority for cleaning up major nuclear weaponsites and it operates far fewer wells than at most other contaminated sites in tritium with a half life of years was first detected in groundwater off site of the nts northwest corner in pahute mesa near where the benham and tybo tests were conducted the doe issues annual environmental monitoring report containing data from the monitoring wells both on and off site protests andemonstrations file anti nuclear protest athe nts jpg thumb members of nevada desert experience desert lenten experience hold a prayer vigil during theaster period of athentrance to the nevada test site from through two years after the united states put a hold on full scale nuclear weapons testing demonstrations were held athe nevada test site involving participants and arrests according to government records on february more than people were arrested when they tried to enter the nation s nuclear provingrounds after nearly demonstrators held a rally to protest nuclear weapons testing those arrested included the astronomer carl sagand the actors kristofferson martin sheen and robert blake actorobert blake five democratic members of congress attended the rally thomas j downey mike lowry jim bates politician jim bates leon e panettand barbara boxerobert lindsey protesters are arrested at nevada nuclear test site new york times february biggest demonstration yet atest site american peace test apt and nevada desert experience nde held most of these political protest and cultural revolution by barbara epstein p in march apt held an event where more than people attended a ten day action to reclaim the test site where nearly people were arrested with more than in one day thiset a record for most civil disobedience arrests in a single protest american peace test was collectively run by a group of individuals residing in las vegas but leadership for the group was national it originated with a small group of people who were active in the national nuclear weapons freeze apt was a breakaway organization beginning in with first public events held in the years that followed shundahai network in cooperation with nevada desert experience and corbin harney continued the protests of the government s continued nuclear weapons work and also staged efforts to stop a repository for highly radioactive waste adjacento the test site at yucca mountainorthwest of las vegas modern usage file nnsa nso jpg thumb wmd counterrorism training exercise athe nevada test site the test site offers monthly public tours often fully booked months in advance visitors are not allowed to bring in cameras binoculars or cell phones nor are they permitted to pick up rocks for souvenirs us doe nnsa nevada site office nevada test site tours while there are no longer any explosive tests of nuclear weapons athe site there istill subcritical testing used to determine the viability of the united states aging nuclearsenal additionally the site is the location of the area radioactive waste management complex which sorts and stores low level radioactive waste that is notransuranic and has a half life not longer than years bechtel nevada corporation a joint venture of lockheed martin bechtel and johnson controls ran this complex until several other companies won the bid for the contract since and combined to form a new company called national security technologies llc a joint venture of northrop grumman aecom ch m hill and nuclear fuel services national security technologies about page aecom known earlier as holmes and narver held the nevada test site contract for manyears before bechtel nevada corp had ithe radiological nuclear wmd incident exercise site t which replicates multiple terrorist radiological incidents with train plane automobile truck and helicopter props is located in areathe former site of tests easy simon apple and galileo counterrorism operationsupport wmd incident site landmarks and geography a table of interesting places in and around the nnss is presented here which corresponds with many of the descriptions in the nevada test site guide class wikitable sortable interesting locations in the nnss name locationotes mercury nevada mercury area the base housing and office area for the nts u area the u a complex is an underground laboratory used for subcritical experiments physics experiments that obtain technical information abouthe us nuclear weaponstockpileu a facility u a facility retrieved on march u h and u g shafts which addataccess ventilation and other utilities to the facility are just north of this entrance industrial area houses million worth of mining tools contains an area for creating site grout and stemming mixes doomtown area the original effects test areand close cousin to survival city in area epa s nts dairy area dairy and pig farmaintained from to by thepa mainly to providexperimental data for uptake of milk contamination following operation schooner yucca mountainuclear waste repository area yucca mountain radioactive disposal site this the north entrance the south entrance is about ssw a tunnel area shoshone mountain tunnel a entrance b tunnel area rainier mesa tunnel b entrance c d and f tunnels area rainier mesa tunnels c d and f entranceseparate but very close together e tunnel area rainier mesa tunnel entrance g tunnel area rainier mesa tunnel g entrance i tunnel area rainier mesa tunnel i entrance j tunnel area rainier mesa tunnel j entrance k tunnel area rainier mesa tunnel k entrance n tunnel area rainier mesa tunnel n entrance p tunnel area rainier mesa tunnel p entrance tunnel area rainier mesa tunnel t entrance x tunnel area two tunnel entrances used by the us army ballistic research laboratory for depleted uranium testing operation icecap area operation icecap was being built up when the comprehensive test ban wasigned thequipment was left in place including the instrumentation payload the crane the wiring and many of the recording trailers operation gabbs area operation gabbs was another shaft detonation scheduled for that was laid to rest by the test ban treaty operation greenwater area the third suspended test was operation greenwater the test of the space x ray laser system a part of the strategic defense initiative star wars concepthe toweremains on the site it isupposed to be in area but actually is in survival city area the alternative to doomtown used in the teapot desert rock exercises and the civil defence pr effort operation cue name taken from news of the day newsreel abouthe apple test fortune training area fortune was a training facility for building bomb test sitesite reused for unicorn subcritical test in divine strake area u b tunnel entrance complex including divine strake proposed t chemical blastunnel on the northe latter heavily protestedelayed and eventually abandoned plutonium valley area containscattered raw plutonium from plutonium dispersal safety tests original bren tower area original site of the bareactor experiment inevada bren a reactor on a tower which emulated bomb explosions for medical studies a japanese village was constructed around it because it focused on war bomb injuries bren was later moved to area bren tower area the bren bareactor experiment nevada is a tall tower originally in yucca flat used to experimentally irradiate ground targets with gammand neutrons moved to jackass flat for henre high energy neutrons action experiment demolished nerva testand area testand for the nuclearocket nerva nuclear thermal rocket kiwi tnt area test of the nerva engine to destruction to determine worst case scenario forunaway reactor mci releasedaf area device assembly facility bombs and components are made ready for testing here rwms area radioactive waste management facility area e mad building area engine maintenance andisassembly building used for handling radioactive nerva enginesite being dismantled r mad building areactor maintenance andisassembly building maintained radioactive nerva reactors also used in the mx program site being dismantled ets testand area engineering testand a stand for testing nuclearockets in a standard upright position lgm peacekeeper mx testing area mx missile testrack and silo jasper area houses the joint actinide shock physics experimental research a two stage light gas gun for shock experiments camp area camp for miners and others working on the rainier mesa in the s beef area big explosives experimental facility area rwms area low level radioactive waste management facility waste mostly dirt is buried in a selection of old subsidence craters pulsed power atlas pulse power area the atlas pulse power facility apple houses area three typical american houses built for the apple civil defenseventhe one on the left is from the kt blasthe right one the left one is on the monthly tour bus route the two towers are from later seismic studies news nob area the location from which vips and news people would watch nuclear tests anniemplacement area location of atomic annie mm nuclear field artillery emplacement for upshot knothole grable test bachusite area biotechnology activity characterization by unconventional signatures a secret biowarfare simulation facility rad nucctec area radiological nuclear countermeasures test and evaluation complex homeland security operational nuclear test and training center project pluto area ram jet nuclear powered cruise missilengine development project site being dismantled lockheed martin aof areaerial operations facility a testing area for uavs area groom lake area the famed air force base used for testing secret aircraft desert rock exercises camp desert rock area the army camp that housed the participants in operations desert rock i viii across the road is the pig hilton where test subjects were housed in barnyard splendor test control point area nts test control center cp these two buildings controlled the tests performed athe nts nnss ctos area counterrorism operationsupport a location for training in emergency preparedness in radiological emergenciesuper kuklarea naked reactor test area designed to test equipment under a hostile radioactivenvironment bleachers area bleacher area for viewing ofrenchman flat events bodf area buried objects detection facility area to test and calibrate mine sweeping equipment against buried objects gun turret uss louisville area used in calibration of whitney shasta diablo and smoky tests made of old steel from s us heavy cruiser uss louisville ca damaged from kamikaze on january it was aimed athe shot cab to get radiation data hazmat spill facility area hazmat spill test facility used to test hazmat strategies and tactics became the nonproliferation test and evaluation complex in rbiff area rentry body impact fuze flightship of the desert area massive tracked structure designed to capture neutrons from the diagonalinexperiment rock valley study area the circles are the rock valley study area environmental research area for studying radiation in the desert ecosystem climax mine area location of an old silver mine recycled for three nuclear tests and the spent fuel test in which spent nuclear fuel wastored in a mine drifto study theffects on the granite walls the forest area the famous forest on the desert swept by the blasts of encore and grable cancer and test site file us fallout exposurepng thumb right px i fallout exposure in radst george utah received the brunt of the fallout of above ground nuclear testing in the yucca flats nevada test site winds routinely carried the fallout of these tests directly through st george and southern utah marked increases in cancer such as leukemia lymphoma thyroid cancer breast cancer melanoma bone cancer brain tumors and gastrointestinal tract cancers wereported from the mid s through on may the united states government detonated the kiloton joule tj atomic bomb nicknamed harry athe nevada test site the bomb later gained the name upshot knothole harry dirty harry because of the tremendous amount off site nuclear fallout generated by the bomb meeting dirty harry in chester mcqueary commondreamsorg winds carried fallouto st george wheresidents reported an oddly metallic sort of taste in the air the howard hughes motion picture the conqueror film the conqueror was being filmed in the area of st george athe time of the detonation the fallout is often blamed for the unusually high percentage of cancer deaths among the cast and crew however the rates of cancer from that cast and crew out of were almost identical to the general population in which may bexpected to contract cancer in their lifetimes andie from it nonetheless there are speculations of a connection a united states atomic energy commission report found that children living in st george utah may have receivedoses to the thyroid of radioiodine as high as to rads to gy pat ortmeyer and arjun makhijani lethem drink milk the bulletin of atomic scientists november december via ieeretrieved october a study reported in the new england journal of medicine concluded that a significant excess of leukemia deaths occurred in children up to years of age living in utah between and this excess was concentrated in the cohort of children born between and was most pronounced in those residing in counties receiving high falloutgerald h clarfield and william wiecek nuclear america military and civilianuclear power in the united states harperow new york p in a lawsuit brought by nearly people accused the government of negligence in atomic and or nuclear weapons testing athe nevada test site in the s which they said had caused leukemiand other cancer s dr karl z morgan director of health physics at oak ridge nationalaboratory testified that radiation protection measures in the tests were substandard to what was becoming known of best practices athe time karl z morgan founder of the field of health physics dies in tennessee in a report by the national cancer institute released in it was determined that ninety atmospheric tests athe nevada test site nts deposited high levels of radioactive iodine isotope becquerel exabecquerels across a large portion of the contiguous united statespecially in the years andoses largenough they determined to produce to cases of thyroid cancer the radiation exposure compensation act of allowed for people living downwind of nts for at leastwo years in particular nevadarizona or utah counties between january and october or june and july and suffering from certain cancers or other serious illnesses deemed to have been caused by fallout exposure to receive compensation of by january over claims had been approved and aroundenied for a total amount of over million in compensation dispensed to downwinders by may the numbers of claims approved had reached for a total compensation of billion radiation exposure compensation system claims to date summary of claims received by additionally thenergy employees occupational illness compensation program act of provides compensation and medical benefits for nuclear weapons workers who may have developed certain work related illnesses office of compensation analysis and support national institute for occupational safety and health uraniuminers mill workers and ore transporters are also eligible for compassionate payment under the radiation exposure compensation act radiation exposure compensation program while is the fixed payment amount for workers who were participants in the above ground nuclear weapons tests nuclear test series carried out athe nevada test site operation ranger operation buster jangle operation tumbler snapper operation upshot knothole operation teapot project nuclear test project operation plumbbob project a operation hardtack ii operationougat operation plowshare sporadic at least one test a year operation sunbeam aka dominic ii operation dominic operation fishbowl operation storax operationiblick operation whetstone operation flintlock nuclear test operation flintlock operation latchkey operation crosstie operation bowline operation mandrel operation emery operation grommet operation toggle operation arbor operation bedrock operation anvil nuclear test operation anvil operation fulcrum operation cresset operation quicksilver operation quicksilver operation tinderbox operation guardian operation praetorian operation phalanx operation fusileer operation grenadier operation charioteer operation musketeer nuclear test operation musketeer operation touchstone operation cornerstone operation aqueduct operation sculpin operation julin areas file usgs nts detonationspng thumb nuclear explosions in various areas of ntsunited states geological survey nevada test site geologic surfaceffects of underground nuclear testing accessed on april the test site is broken down into areasome of the areas and their uses include the following area held nuclear tests for a total of detonations four early atmospheric tests were conducted above area in thearly s as well as three underground tests in and in a civil defensexperiment called operation cue in the presstudied nuclear blast effects on various building types a few structurestill stand heavy drilling equipment and concrete construction facilities are sited in area non destructive x ray gamma ray and subcritical detonation tests continue to be conducted in area the radioactivity present on the ground in area provides a radiologically contaminated environment for the training of certified first responder first responders first responder training us department of energy nevada operations office national security homeland security area is a division of the nevada test site in the mojave deserthe area is located milesouth west of area was the site of tests comprising detonationshot gabbs intended for was abandoned in place area held nuclear tests for a total of detonations more than in any other area of the nts as part of operation tinderbox on june a small satellite prototype defense satellite communicationsystem dscs ii dscs iii wasubjected to radioactivity from the huron king shot in a verticaline of sight vlos test undertaken in area this was a program to improve the database onuclear hardening design techniques for defense satellites the final nuclear test detonation at nevada test site was operation julin s divider on september just prior to the moratorium temporarily ending all nuclear testing divider was a safety experimentest shothat was detonated athe bottom of a shaft sunk into area in and plutonium contaminated soil from double tracks and clean slate of operation roller coaster was picked up from the tonopah test range and broughto the area radioactive waste management site as a firstep in eventually returning tonopah test range to an environmentally neutral state corrective action regarding the contaminated material from the clean slate and clean slatests has yeto be agreed upon area file nts big explosives experimental facilityjpg thumb right big explosives experimental facility beef in area held nuclear tests for a total of detonations it is home to the big explosives experimental facility beef nevada test site guide national nuclear security administration doe nv area held nuclear tests five atmospheric tests were detonated starting on january at areas part of operation ranger these were the first nuclear tests at nts further tower detonations were studied at areand the upshot knothole grable shot which was fired from a m atomicannon located in area exploded in area the operation plumbbob priscilla test was conducted at area on june five underground tests were set up at area four of those suffered accidental release of radioactive materials on march physicist glenn t seaborg toured the upcoming milk shake shot of operation crosstie radiochemistryorg history nuke tests nevada test site images cdrom pdfile milk shake s radioactive release was not detected outside of nts boundaries area file device assembly facilityjpg thumb device assembly facility in area file nts control pointjpg thumb control point in area held nuclear tests for a total of detonations the only two towns to bestablished within the boundaries of nts prior to bj wye and mule lick are located in yucca flats in area the area features an asphalt runway that was constructed on top of a dirt landing strip that existed since the some buildings including a hangare situated near the runway the device assembly facility daf was originally builto consolidate nuclear explosives assembly operations it now serves as the criticality experiments facility cef the control point is the communication hub of the nts it was used by controllers to trigger and monitor nuclear test explosions in while a live nuclear bomb was being lowered underground the base richard mingus under attack came under attack by armed combatants the combatants turned outo be a security team conducting an improperly scheduledrill area held nuclear tests during operation buster four successful tests were conducted viairdrop with bomber aircraft releasing nuclear weapons over area it is also the site of matthew reilly s book called area novel area shot icecaplanned for was abandoned in area following s testing moratorium the tower shaft and wiring remain place along with a crane intended to lower the nuclear test package into the shaft area file operation emery baneberryjpg thumb radioactive materials were accidentally released from the baneberry shot in area held nuclear tests for a total of detonations area hosted the baneberry shot of operation emery on december the baneberry test detonated below the surface but its energy cracked the soil in unexpected ways causing a fissure near ground zero and the failure of the shaft stemming and cap lawrence livermore nationalaboratory news archive tarabay h antoun three dimensional simulation of the baneberry nuclear event a plume ofire andust was released raining fallout on workers in different locations withints the radioactive plume released of radioactive material including of i national cancer institute national institute of healthistory of the nevada test site and nuclear testing background area held nuclear tests for a total of detonations in area the hood test on july part of operation plumbbob was the largest atmospheric test ever conducted within the continental united states nearly five times larger in yield than the bomb dropped on hiroshima balloon carried hood up to meters above the ground where it was detonated over troops took part in the test in order to train them in conducting operations on the nuclear battlefield of iodine i wereleased into the air area file nevada test site cratersjpg thumb north end of yucca flat where mostests have been conducted area held nuclear tests for a total of detonations the first underground test at nts was the uncle shot of operation jangle uncle detonated onovember within a shaft sunk into area the john shot of plumbbob on july was the firstest firing of the nuclear tipped air genie air to airocket designed to destroy incoming enemy bombers with a nuclear explosion the warhead exploded approximately three miles above five volunteers and a photographer who stood unprotected at ground zero in area to show the apparent safety of battlefield nuclear weapons to personnel on the ground california literary review peter kuran images from how to photograph an atomic bomb october the test also demonstrated the ability of a fighter aircrafto deliver a nuclear tipped rocket and avoid being destroyed in the process a northrop f scorpion f j fired the rockethe sedanuclear test sedan test of operation storax on july a shot for the operation plowshare which soughto discover whether nuclear weapons could be used for peaceful means in creating lakes bays or canals thexplosion displaced twelve million tons of earth creating the sedan crater which is feet m wide and feet m deep area held nuclear tests four of the tests were weaponsafety experiments conducted as project nuclear test projecthey spread so mucharmful radioactive material around the test sites that area has been called plutonium valley as is the case with area background radiation levels make area suitable forealistic training in methods of radiation detection area held nuclear tests between and one of which involved two detonations all tests were conducted below rainier and aqueduct mesas area was the primary location for tunnel tests and used almost exclusively for that purpose the tunnel complexes mined into rainier and aqueduct mesa include the b c d e f g i j k n p and tunnel complexes and the r and shafts area there is no area withinnss though such a name is attached to a section of nellis air force range which abuts the northeastern corner of area nevada division of environmental protection bureau ofederal facilities federal facility agreement consent order ffaco description ofacilities project s weaponsafety test was conducted here on april spreading particles emitting alpha radiation over a large area area occupies approximately in the central portion of the nnss various outdoor experiments are conducted in this areanational nuclear security administrationevada site office draft site widenvironmental impact statement nevada ch july doeis d no atmospheric or underground nuclear tests were conducted in area file nts epa farm jpg thumb epa farm in area three undergroundetonations took place in area in the s pile driver was a notable united states department of defense department of defense test a massive underground installation was builto study the survivability of hardened underground bunkers undergoing a nuclear attack information from the test was used in designing hardened missile silos and the north american aerospace defense command facility in colorado springs the abandoned crystal and climax mines are found in area storage tanks hold contaminated materials from to thenvironmental protection agency operated a experimental farm in area extensive plant and soil studies evaluated the uptake of pollutants in farm grown vegetables and from the forageaten by a dairy herd of some holstein cowscientists also studied horses pigs goats and chickens area held nuclear tests area no nuclear tests took place in area area held nuclear tests and includes the pahute mesairstrip area pahute mesa is one ofour major nuclear test regions within the nevada national security site nnss it occupies in the northwest corner of the nnss theastern section is known as areand the western section as area total of nuclear tests were conducted in pahute mesa between and three of them boxcar benham and handley had a yield of over one megaton three tests were conducted as part of operation plowshare and one as part of vela uniform area no nuclear tests took place in area once held camp desert rock a staging base for troops undergoing atmospheric nuclear blastraining as many as troops were camped there in desert rock airport s runway was enlarged to a length in by the united states atomic energy commission atomic energy commission it is a transport hub for personnel and supplies going to nnss and also serves as an emergency landing strip area no nuclear tests took place in area the town of mercury nevada lies within area the area is the main pathway to and from nnss test locations by way of us route an open sanitary landfill is located to the west of mercury and a closed hazardous waste site abuts the landfill mercury is also the main management area for the site which includes a bar and large cafeteria printing plant medical center warehousing fleet management liquidation and recycling center engineering offices dormitories and other administrative areas for bothe o m contractors llnlanl and snl personnel at its height in the s and s it also held several restaurants a bowling alley a movie theater and a motel area file nevada test site port gaston jpg thumb mostly abandoned buildings and structures at port gastono nuclear tests took place in area the most arid section of the nnss an old abandoned mine the horn silver mine was used for waste disposal between and the some of the waste is radioactive water flow pasthe shaft could pose a human health risk so corrective action has been plannedoe scientific and technical information corrective action investigation plan for corrective action unit horn silver minevada test site nevada revision including records of technical change no andecember in the united states department of defense department of defense the united states department of energy department of energy and the federal emergency management agency performed the nuwax tests near port gaston in area simulating thexplosion of a nuclearmed helicopter and the resulting spread of nuclear debris over acres the radioactive material used to simulate the accident became inert in less than months an eight square mile complex was constructed in area in support of project pluto it consisted of six miles of roads the critical assembly building the control building the assembly and shop buildings and utilities those buildings have been used recently as mock reactor facilities in the training of certified first responder first responders area area no longer exists it was absorbed into areas and area no nuclear tests took place in area the rugged terrain of area serves as a buffer between other areas of nnss a helipad is present at shoshone peak area file crosstie buggy jpg thumb the crosstie buggy test area occupies approximately athe center of the western edge of the nnss area has rugged terrain and includes the northern reaches ofortymile canyon it is used primarily for military training and exercises area was the site of a single nuclear testhe crosstie buggy row chargexperiment part of operation plowshare which involved simultaneous detonations in popular culture in the film indiana jones and the kingdom of the crystal skull after escaping from area which is occuped by the soviet army indiana jones accidentally enters the nevada test site and survives to a nuclear test by closing himself in a fridge a reference to the original script for back to the future see also lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidentsemipalatinsk test site novaya zemlya nuclear testing novaya zemlya test site area totskoye nuclear exercise international day against nuclear tests agnes mooreheadeathe conqueror film cancer controversy externalinks doe nevada test site the nevada test site oral history project origins of the nevada test site radiation exposure compensation act atomic test effects in the nevada test site region published by the aec in a document with a civilian audience in mind account of nts fallout in pdf study estimating thyroidoses of i received by americans from nevadatmospheric nuclear bomb test national cancer institute images of the nevada test site on the atomic bomb website location mapsmall map detailed map showing the individual areas archived at archiveorg annotated bibliography for the nevada test site from the alsos digitalibrary for nuclear issues exposed spreads anti nuke message nevada test site aerial photos by doc searles allicensed creative commons category americanuclear test sites category nevada historical markers category nevada test site category geography of nye county nevada category tourist attractions inye county nevada category continuity of government in the united states category historic american engineering record inevada category environmental disasters in the united states category nuclear test sites category atomic 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live troops land blast pushpin map united_states pushpin pushpin label pushpin map_caption map showing location site type nuclear_weapons research complex coordinates las_vegas nevada country_united area operator united_states department energy status active dates present remediation subcritical tests nuclear_tests tests nevada national security site nnss previously nevada_test_site nts united_states department energy reservation located county miles northwest city las_vegas nevada las_vegas formerly_known nevada provingrounds site established january testing nuclear device covering approximately desert mountainous test ing athe_nevada_test_site began bomb dropped flat january many iconic images nuclear era come nts mushroom cloud atmospheric tests could seen almosthe city las_vegas experienced noticeable effects distant mushroom clouds could seen downtown hotels became tourist george utah received brunt fallout ground nuclear_testing yucca flats nevada_test_site winds routinely carried fallout tests directly st_george southern utah marked increases cancer thyroid cancer breast cancer bone cancer brain cancers wereported mid jim fission battle nuclear_power p vast_majority total nuclear_tests underground two_years united_states put hold full_scale nuclear_weapons testing anti nuclear protests held_athe nevada_test_site involving participants arrests according government records western dies arrested included carl actors martin sheen robert blake blake nevada_test_site contains areas buildings miles paved roads miles unpaved roads ten two nevada_test_site established area president harry truman december within air_force bombing range file nts warning thumb first nuclear device detonated athe_nevada_test_site nevada_test_site primary testing location devices announced nuclear_tests occurred department energy nevada operations office united_states nuclear_tests july september december doe rev sixty twof underground tests included multiple simultaneous nuclear detonations adding detonations bringing total number nts nuclear detonations tof underground one multiple place colorado nts site covered crater testing nts united_states primary location tests range tests conducted elsewhere including larger tests many occurred athe pacific provingrounds marshall islands file nnsa nso jpg thumb mushroom cloud seen downtown las_vegas mushroom cloud atmospheric tests could seen almosthe city las_vegas experienced noticeable effects distant mushroom clouds could seen downtown hotels became tourist_attractions last atmospheric test detonation athe_nevada_test_site little operation july although united_states comprehensive test ban treaty honors articles treaty underground testing weapons ended september subcritical tests involving critical mass continue file sedan plowshare righthumb sedan crater one notable test shot test sedan shot operation july shot operation plowshare soughto prove nuclear_weapons could used peaceful means creating canals created sedan crater feet wide feet deep still seen today presenthe site wascheduled used conducthe testing ton conventional explosive operation known divine june bomb possible alternative nuclear bunker buster objections nevadand utah members congress operation postponed february defense threat reduction agency dtra officially canceled thexperiment december recent explosion conducted underground sub critical test properties plutonium destruction testing file apple house jpg_righthumb px model house constructed apple ground_zero nts also performed testing effects nuclear detonation ground tests utility stations structures placed various distances ground_zero detonation point weapon homes commercial_buildings builto standards typical americand european cities structures included military types used warsaw civil defense backyard shelters typical test several buildings might built using plan differentypes paint landscaping cleanliness yards wall angles distances ground_zero placed around vehicles buildings high_speed cameras placed protected locations radiation shock waves typical imagery paint boiling buildings pushed away ground_zero shock wave drawn toward detonation caused climbing mushroom cloud footage cameras become iconic used various mediand available public domain dvd testing allowed development guidelines distributed public increase likelihood survival case air nuclear attack environmental_impact ground deep feet large chamber leaving cavity filled radioactive third tests others hundreds thousands ofeet water table ralph beneath nevada desert los_angeles times november underground explosions ended department energy estimated radioactivity remained thenvironment athatime making site one contaminated locations united_states seriously affected zones concentration radioactivity millions per federal standard drinking water per l although radioactivity levels water continue decline time longer lived isotopes like plutonium uranium could pose risks workers future settlers nnss tens thousands years thenergy department monitoring wells athe_site began drilling nine deep wells contaminated water poses immediate department ranked low priority cleaning major nuclear operates far fewer wells contaminated sites tritium half life years first detected groundwater site nts northwest corner pahute mesa near tests conducted doe issues annual environmental monitoring report containing data monitoring wells site protests file anti nuclear protest athe nts jpg thumb members nevada desert experience desert experience hold prayer theaster period athentrance nevada_test_site two_years united_states put hold full_scale nuclear_weapons testing held_athe nevada_test_site involving participants arrests according government records february people arrested tried enter nation nuclear provingrounds nearly held rally protest nuclear_weapons testing arrested included carl actors martin sheen robert blake blake five democratic members congress attended rally thomas j mike jim bates politician jim bates leon e barbara protesters arrested nevada nuclear_test_site new_york times_february biggest demonstration yet site american peace test apt nevada desert experience held political protest cultural revolution barbara epstein p march apt held event people attended ten day action test_site nearly people arrested one_day record civil arrests single protest american peace test collectively run group individuals residing las_vegas leadership group national originated small group people active national nuclear_weapons freeze apt organization beginning first_public events held years followed network cooperation nevada desert experience continued protests government continued nuclear_weapons work also staged efforts stop highly radioactive_waste adjacento test_site yucca las_vegas modern usage file nnsa nso jpg thumb training exercise athe_nevada_test_site test_site offers monthly public tours often fully booked months advance visitors allowed bring cameras cell phones permitted pick rocks souvenirs us doe nnsa nevada site office nevada_test_site tours longer explosive tests nuclear_weapons athe_site istill subcritical testing used determine viability united_states aging additionally site location area radioactive_waste management complex sorts stores low level radioactive_waste half life longer years bechtel nevada corporation joint_venture lockheed martin bechtel johnson controls ran complex several companies bid contract since combined form new_company called national security technologies llc joint_venture northrop grumman hill nuclear fuel services national security technologies page known earlier holmes held nevada_test_site contract manyears bechtel nevada corp ithe radiological nuclear incident exercise site multiple terrorist radiological incidents train plane automobile truck helicopter props located former site tests easy simon apple galileo incident site landmarks geography table interesting places around nnss presented many descriptions nevada_test_site guide class wikitable sortable interesting locations nnss name mercury nevada mercury area base housing office area nts area complex underground laboratory used subcritical experiments physics experiments obtain technical information_abouthe us nuclear facility facility retrieved_march h g ventilation utilities facility north entrance industrial area houses million worth mining tools contains area creating site area original effects test areand close cousin survival city area epa nts dairy area dairy pig mainly data milk contamination following operation yucca waste area yucca mountain radioactive disposal site north entrance south entrance tunnel_area mountain tunnel entrance b tunnel_area_rainier_mesa tunnel b entrance c f tunnels area_rainier_mesa tunnels c f close together e tunnel_area_rainier_mesa tunnel entrance g tunnel_area_rainier_mesa tunnel g entrance tunnel_area_rainier_mesa tunnel entrance j tunnel_area_rainier_mesa tunnel j entrance k tunnel_area_rainier_mesa tunnel k entrance n tunnel_area_rainier_mesa tunnel n entrance p tunnel_area_rainier_mesa tunnel p entrance tunnel_area_rainier_mesa tunnel entrance x tunnel_area two tunnel entrances used us_army ballistic research laboratory depleted uranium testing operation area operation built comprehensive test ban thequipment left place including instrumentation payload crane many recording trailers operation area operation another shaft detonation scheduled laid rest test ban treaty operation area third suspended test operation test space x ray laser system part strategic defense initiative star wars site isupposed area actually survival city area alternative used desert rock exercises civil defence effort operation name taken news day newsreel abouthe apple test fortune training area fortune training facility building bomb test reused subcritical test divine area b tunnel entrance complex including divine proposed chemical northe latter heavily eventually abandoned plutonium valley area raw plutonium plutonium safety tests original bren tower area original site experiment inevada bren reactor tower emulated bomb explosions medical studies japanese village constructed around focused war bomb injuries bren later moved area bren tower area bren experiment nevada tall tower originally yucca flat used ground targets neutrons moved flat high energy neutrons action experiment demolished nerva testand area testand nerva nuclear thermal rocket tnt area test nerva engine destruction determine worst case reactor area device assembly facility bombs components made ready testing area radioactive_waste management facility area e mad building area engine maintenance building used handling radioactive nerva dismantled r mad building maintenance building maintained radioactive nerva reactors also_used program site dismantled testand area engineering testand stand testing standard upright position testing area missile silo jasper area houses joint shock physics experimental research two_stage light gas gun shock experiments camp area camp others working rainier_mesa beef area big explosives experimental facility area area low level radioactive_waste management facility waste mostly dirt buried selection old power atlas pulse power area atlas pulse power facility apple houses area three typical american houses built apple civil one left right one left one monthly tour bus route two towers later studies news area location news people would watch nuclear_tests area location atomic annie nuclear field upshot knothole grable test area activity unconventional secret simulation facility area radiological nuclear_test evaluation complex homeland security operational nuclear_test training center project pluto area ram jet nuclear_powered cruise development project site dismantled lockheed martin operations facility testing area area groom lake area famed air_force base used testing secret aircraft desert rock exercises camp desert rock area army camp housed participants operations desert rock viii across road pig hilton test subjects housed test control point area nts test control_center two buildings controlled tests performed athe nts nnss area location training emergency radiological naked reactor test area designed test equipment hostile area area viewing flat events area buried objects facility area test mine equipment buried objects gun uss louisville area used whitney shasta smoky tests made old steel us heavy cruiser uss louisville damaged january aimed athe shot cab get radiation data hazmat facility area hazmat test facility used test hazmat strategies tactics became test evaluation complex area rentry body impact desert area massive structure designed capture neutrons rock valley study area circles rock valley study area environmental research area studying radiation desert ecosystem mine area location old silver mine three nuclear_tests spent fuel test spent nuclear fuel mine study theffects walls forest area famous forest desert swept encore grable cancer test_site file us fallout thumb right px fallout exposure george utah received brunt fallout ground nuclear_testing yucca flats nevada_test_site winds routinely carried fallout tests directly st_george southern utah marked increases cancer thyroid cancer breast cancer bone cancer brain cancers wereported mid may united_states government detonated atomic_bomb nicknamed harry athe_nevada_test_site bomb later gained name upshot knothole harry dirty harry tremendous amount site nuclear fallout generated bomb meeting dirty harry chester winds carried st_george reported metallic sort taste air howard hughes motion picture conqueror film conqueror filmed area st_george athe_time detonation fallout often blamed unusually high percentage cancer deaths among cast crew however rates cancer cast crew almost identical general population may bexpected contract cancer nonetheless connection united_states atomic_energy_commission report found children living st_george utah may thyroid high pat drink milk bulletin atomic scientists november december via october study reported new_england journal medicine concluded significant excess deaths occurred children years age living utah excess concentrated children born pronounced residing counties receiving high h william nuclear america military power united_states new_york p lawsuit brought nearly people accused government atomic nuclear_weapons testing athe_nevada_test_site said caused cancer karl morgan director health physics oak_ridge nationalaboratory radiation protection measures tests becoming known best practices athe_time karl morgan founder field health physics dies tennessee report national cancer institute released determined ninety atmospheric tests athe_nevada_test_site nts deposited high_levels radioactive iodine isotope across large portion contiguous united_statespecially years largenough determined produce cases thyroid cancer radiation exposure compensation act allowed people living nts leastwo years particular utah counties january october june july suffering certain cancers serious illnesses deemed caused fallout exposure receive compensation january claims approved total amount million compensation may numbers claims approved reached total compensation billion radiation exposure compensation system claims date summary claims received additionally thenergy employees occupational illness compensation program act provides compensation medical benefits nuclear_weapons workers may developed certain work related illnesses office compensation analysis support national institute occupational safety health mill workers also payment radiation exposure compensation act radiation exposure compensation program fixed payment amount workers participants ground nuclear_weapons tests nuclear_test series carried athe_nevada_test_site operation ranger operation buster operation operation upshot knothole operation project nuclear_test project operation plumbbob project operation ii operation plowshare least_one test year operation aka dominic ii operation dominic operation operation operation operation nuclear_test operation operation operation crosstie operation operation operation emery operation operation operation operation operation nuclear_test operation operation operation operation quicksilver operation quicksilver operation operation guardian operation operation operation operation operation operation nuclear_test operation operation touchstone operation operation operation operation areas file nts thumb nuclear explosions various areas states geological survey nevada_test_site underground nuclear_testing accessed april test_site broken areas uses include following area_held_nuclear_tests total detonations four early atmospheric tests conducted area thearly well three underground tests civil called operation nuclear blast effects various building types stand heavy drilling equipment concrete construction facilities area non destructive x ray gamma ray subcritical detonation tests continue conducted area radioactivity present ground area provides contaminated environment training certified first responder first first responder training us_department energy nevada operations office national security homeland security area division nevada_test_site mojave area located west area site tests comprising intended abandoned place area_held_nuclear_tests total detonations area nts part operation june small satellite prototype defense satellite ii iii radioactivity king shot sight test undertaken area program improve database design techniques defense satellites final nuclear_test detonation nevada_test_site operation september prior temporarily ending nuclear_testing safety detonated athe_bottom shaft area plutonium contaminated soil double tracks clean operation roller_coaster picked test range broughto area radioactive_waste management site eventually returning test range environmentally neutral state corrective action regarding contaminated material clean clean yeto agreed upon area file nts big explosives experimental thumb right big explosives experimental facility beef area_held_nuclear_tests total detonations home big explosives experimental facility beef nevada_test_site guide national nuclear security administration doe area_held_nuclear_tests five atmospheric tests detonated starting january areas part operation ranger first nuclear_tests nts tower detonations studied areand upshot knothole grable shot fired located area exploded area operation plumbbob test conducted area june five underground tests set area four suffered accidental release radioactive materials march physicist glenn toured upcoming milk shake shot operation crosstie history nuke tests nevada_test_site images milk shake radioactive release detected outside nts boundaries area file device assembly thumb device assembly facility area file nts control thumb control point area_held_nuclear_tests total detonations two towns bestablished within boundaries nts prior located yucca flats area area features runway constructed top dirt landing strip existed since buildings including situated near runway device assembly facility originally builto nuclear explosives assembly operations serves criticality experiments facility control point communication hub nts used controllers trigger monitor nuclear_test explosions live nuclear bomb lowered underground base richard attack came attack armed turned outo security team conducting area_held_nuclear_tests operation buster four successful tests conducted bomber aircraft releasing nuclear_weapons area also site matthew book called area novel area shot abandoned area following testing tower shaft remain place along crane intended lower nuclear_test package shaft area file operation emery thumb radioactive materials accidentally released baneberry shot area_held_nuclear_tests total detonations area hosted baneberry shot operation emery december baneberry test detonated surface energy soil unexpected ways causing near ground_zero failure shaft cap lawrence nationalaboratory news archive h three simulation baneberry nuclear event plume ofire released fallout workers different locations radioactive plume released radioactive material including national cancer institute national institute nevada_test_site nuclear_testing background area_held_nuclear_tests total detonations area hood test july part operation plumbbob largest atmospheric test ever conducted within continental united_states nearly five times larger yield bomb dropped hiroshima balloon carried hood meters ground detonated troops took part test order train conducting operations nuclear battlefield iodine wereleased air area file nevada_test_site thumb north end yucca flat conducted area_held_nuclear_tests total detonations first underground test nts uncle shot operation uncle detonated onovember within shaft area john shot plumbbob july firstest firing nuclear tipped air air designed destroy incoming nuclear explosion exploded approximately three miles five volunteers photographer stood ground_zero area show apparent safety battlefield nuclear_weapons personnel ground california literary review peter images photograph atomic_bomb october test also demonstrated ability fighter deliver nuclear tipped rocket avoid destroyed process northrop f f j fired rockethe test sedan test operation july shot operation plowshare soughto discover whether nuclear_weapons could used peaceful means creating lakes canals thexplosion displaced twelve million tons earth creating sedan crater feet wide feet deep area_held_nuclear_tests four tests experiments conducted project nuclear_test spread radioactive material around test_sites area called plutonium valley case area background radiation levels make area suitable training methods radiation area_held_nuclear_tests one involved two detonations tests conducted rainier area primary location tunnel tests used almost exclusively purpose tunnel complexes rainier_mesa include b c e f g j k n p tunnel complexes r area area though name attached section air_force range northeastern corner area nevada division environmental_protection bureau ofederal facilities federal facility agreement consent order description ofacilities project test conducted april spreading particles alpha radiation large area area occupies approximately central portion nnss various outdoor experiments conducted nuclear security site office draft site impact statement nevada july atmospheric underground nuclear_tests conducted area file nts epa farm jpg thumb epa farm area three took_place area pile driver notable united_states department defense department defense test massive underground installation builto study underground bunkers undergoing nuclear attack information test used designing missile north_american aerospace defense command facility colorado springs abandoned crystal mines found area storage tanks hold contaminated materials thenvironmental protection agency operated experimental farm area extensive plant soil studies evaluated farm grown vegetables dairy holstein also studied horses pigs goats area_held_nuclear_tests area nuclear_tests took_place area area_held_nuclear_tests includes pahute area pahute mesa one ofour major nuclear_test regions within nevada national security site nnss occupies northwest corner nnss theastern section known areand western section area total nuclear_tests conducted pahute mesa three yield one three tests conducted part operation plowshare one part uniform area nuclear_tests took_place area_held camp desert rock base troops undergoing atmospheric nuclear many troops desert rock airport runway enlarged length united_states atomic_energy_commission atomic_energy_commission transport hub personnel supplies going nnss also_serves emergency landing strip area nuclear_tests took_place area town mercury nevada lies within area area main pathway nnss test locations way us_route open sanitary located west mercury closed hazardous waste site mercury also main management area site includes bar large cafeteria printing plant medical_center fleet management liquidation recycling center engineering offices dormitories administrative areas bothe contractors personnel height also held several restaurants bowling alley movie_theater motel area file nevada_test_site port jpg thumb mostly abandoned buildings structures port nuclear_tests took_place area section nnss old abandoned mine horn silver mine used waste disposal waste radioactive water flow pasthe shaft could pose human health risk corrective action scientific technical information corrective action investigation plan corrective action unit horn silver test_site nevada revision including records technical change united_states department defense department defense united_states department energy department energy federal emergency management agency performed tests near port area simulating thexplosion helicopter resulting spread nuclear debris acres radioactive material used simulate accident became inert less months eight square mile complex constructed area support project pluto consisted six miles roads critical assembly building control building assembly shop buildings utilities buildings used recently mock reactor facilities training certified first responder first area area longer exists absorbed areas area nuclear_tests took_place area rugged terrain area serves buffer areas nnss present peak area file crosstie buggy jpg thumb crosstie buggy test area occupies approximately athe center western edge nnss area rugged terrain includes northern reaches canyon used primarily military training exercises area site single nuclear_testhe crosstie buggy row part operation plowshare involved simultaneous detonations popular_culture film indiana_jones kingdom crystal skull escaping area soviet army indiana_jones accidentally enters nevada_test_site nuclear_test closing fridge reference original script back future see_also lists nuclear disasters radioactive test_site nuclear_testing test_site area nuclear exercise international day nuclear_tests agnes conqueror film cancer controversy externalinks doe nevada_test_site nevada_test_site oral history project origins nevada_test_site radiation exposure compensation act atomic test effects nevada_test_site region published aec document civilian audience mind account nts fallout pdf study estimating received americans nuclear bomb test national cancer institute images nevada_test_site atomic_bomb website location map detailed map showing individual areas archived annotated bibliography nevada_test_site nuclear issues exposed spreads anti nuke message nevada_test_site aerial photos doc creative commons category test_sites category nevada historical markers category nevada_test_site_category geography county nevada category_tourist attractions county nevada category continuity government united_states category_historic american engineering record inevada category environmental disasters united_states category_nuclear_test_sites category_atomic_tourism"},{"title":"New Glenn","description":"stage diameter masstages or capacities comparable status in development sites cape canaveral air force station cape canaveral spaceport florida launch complex lc launchesuccess fail partialandings first lastagedata empty gross propmass engines be thrust si burntime fuel methane liquid oxygen lox empty gross propmass engines be vacuum thrust si burntime fuel methane liquid oxygen lox empty gross propmass engines be u thrust si burntime fuel hydrogen h liquid oxygen lox the new glenn is a private spaceflight privately funded orbital spaceflight orbitalaunch vehicle in development by blue origin it is expected to make its initial test launch prior to design work on the vehicle began in the high level specifications for the vehicle were publicly announced in september new glenn is described as a multistage rocketwor three stage rocket its firstage will be powered by seven bengines that are also being designed and manufactured by blue origin like the new shepard suborbitalaunch vehicle that preceded ithe new glenn firstage is designed to be reusable launch system reusable after initiating the development of an orbital rocket system prior to blue origin publicly announced thexistence of their new orbitalaunch vehicle in september in january blue origindicated thathe new rocket would be many times larger thanew shepard even though it would be the smallest of the family of blue origin orbital vehicles blue origin publicly released the high level design of the vehicle and announced the name new glenn in september early development work on orbital subsystems blue origin began developing systems forbital human spacecraft prior to a reusable firstage booster was projected to fly a suborbital trajectory taking off vertically like the booster stage of a conventional multistage rocket following stage separation the upper stage would continue to propel astronauts torbit while the firstage booster wouldescend to perform a powered verticalanding similar to the new shepard suborbital vehicle the firstage booster was to be refueled and launched again allowing improved reliability and withe goal of lowering the cost of human access to space the boosterocket was projected to loft blue origin s biconic space vehicle capsule torbit carrying astronauts and supplies after completing its mission in orbithe space vehicle was designed to reenter earth s atmosphere and land under parachutes on land to be reused on future missions engine testing for thenamed reusable booster system rbs launch vehicle began in a full power test of the thrust chamber for blue origin be liquid oxygen liquid hydrogen upper stage rocket engine was conducted at a john c stennispacenter nasa test facility in october the chamber successfully achieved full thrust of orbitalaunch vehicle further plans for an orbital spaceflight orbitalaunch vehicle were made public in by march the rocket was referred to by the placeholder name of very big brother it wastated to be a two stage torbit liquid propellant rocket withe launcher intended to be reusable launch system reusable blue origindicated thathe first orbitalaunch was expected in from the florida launch facility those plans called for the firstage to be powered by blue origin s be single shaft oxygen rich staged combustion cycle staged combustion liquid methane liquid oxygen rocket engine while the second stage will be powered by the recently qualified be tap off cycle liquid hydrogen liquid oxygen rocket engine the number of engines powering each stage was not released nor was the payload or gross launch weight specifications blue origintends to launch the rocket from the historic spaceport florida launch complex launch complex and manufacture the rockets at a new facility onearby land in exploration park acceptance testing of the bengines will also be done in florida on september blue announced thathe rocket would be named new glenn in honor of the first american astronautorbithearth john glenn and thathe firstage will be powered by seven blue origin bengines the firstage is reusable and will vtvland vertically just like the new shepard sub orbital spaceflight suborbitalaunch vehicle that preceded ithree weeks of wind tunnel testing of a scale model new glenn were completed in september in order to validate the computational fluidynamics cfd mathematical model design models of transonic flightransonic and supersonic flight jeff bezos onew glenn geekwirecom accessed october wind tunnel testing blue origin via twittercom september description and technical specifications the new glenn is a two stage orbitalaunch vehicle with an optional third stage and a reusable firstage the firstage will be powered by seven be methane oxygengines designed and manufactured by blue origin producing of liftoff thrusthe firstage is designed to be reusable for up to missions and willand vertically a technology previously developed by blue origin and tested in on its new shepard suborbitalaunch vehicle the second stage will share the same diameter as the first and use a single be but optimized for vacuum with a longer nozzle it will share the same propellant but bexpendable the optional third stage will use a single be u vacuum optimized rocket engine and use hydrogen oxygen as propellanthis engine is manufactured by blue origin and has already been used on the new shepard as the be sea level optimized version the company has revealed the planned payload capacity of new glenn as metric tons to gto and metric tons to leo launches of the new glenn are planned to be made from spaceport florida launch complex which was leased to blue origin new glenn will also be available for space tourism flights with priority given to customers of new shepard the new product development and manufacture of the new twor three stage launch vehicle is being private capital selfunded by jeff bezos founder of amazoncom see also space launch system nasa boeing falcon heavy spacex its launch vehicle spacex future jarvis rocket externalinks blue origintroducing new glenn by blue origin at youtubecom category blue origin launch vehicles category space tourism category vtvl rockets category proposed reusable space launch 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american artist externalinks january issue athe internet_archive category_disestablishments inew hampshire category_establishments united_states category_american monthly_magazines_category defunct_magazines united_states category_local_interest_magazines category_magazinestablished category_magazines disestablished category_magazines_published inew hampshire category_tourismagazines"},{"title":"New Shepard","description":"requirediameter width masstages capacities family derivatives comparable status active sites corn ranch launchesuccess fail partial other outcome landings first aprilast only payloadstagedata optional diameter width empty gross propmass engines be solid thrustotal si burntime seconds fuelh lox the new shepard reusable launch system is a vtvl vertical takeoff verticalanding vtvl suborbital manned rockethat is being new product development developed by blue origin as a commercial system for suborbital space tourism blue origin is owned by amazoncom founder and businessman jeff bezos and rob meyerson the name new shepard makes reference to the first american astronaut in space alan shepard one of the original nasa mercury seven astronauts who ascended to space on a suborbital trajectory similar to that planned for new shepard prototypengine and vehicle flights began in while be full scalengine development started in thearly s and was complete by unmanned test flights of the complete new shepard vehicle launch vehicle propulsion module and space capsule began in flights with test passengers are planned for late with commercial passenger flights to begin onovember aftereaching altitude outer space the new shepard boosterocketry booster successfully performed a powered vertical soft landing rocketry soft landing the firstime a boosterocket had returned from outer space to make a successful vtvl verticalanding three additional test flights were made withe same vehicle in the first six months of a fifth and final flight of this propulsion module occurred in october in order to undertake a flightest of the space capsule passenger module in flight abort system the first crewed test flights are planned for early the development vehicle of the new shepard new product development program was a sub scale demonstration vehicle named bluer engine development efforts by blue origin goddard made its first flightest flight onovember the goddard launch vehicle wassembled athe blue origin facility near seattle washington ustate washington also in blue origin started the process to build an aerospace testing and operations center on a portion of the corn ranch a land parcel bezos purchased north of van horn texas blue origin project managerob meyerson hasaid thathey selected texas the launch site particularly because of the state s historical connections to the aerospace industry although that industry is not located near the planned launch site and the vehicle will not be manufactured in texas on the path to developing new shepard a crew capsule was also needed andesign was begun on a space capsule in thearly s one development milestone along the way became public on october blue origin conducted a successful pad escape a full scale suborbital crew capsule at its westexas launch site for the testhe capsule fired its pusher escape motor and launched from a launch vehicle simulator the crew capsule traveled to an altitude of under active thrust vector control before descending safely by parachute to a soft landing downrange in april blue origin announced thathey had completed acceptance testing of the bengine that would power the larger new shepard vehicle blue also announced thathey intended to begin flightesting test flights of the new shepard later in with initial flights occurring as frequently as monthly with a series of dozens oflights over thextent of the suborbital spaceflight suborbital test program taking a couple of years to complete the same monthe faannounced thathe regulatory paperwork for the test program had already been filed and approved and test flights werexpected to begin before mid may by february three new shepard vehicles had been builthe first was lost in a test in april the second had flown twice see below and the third was completing manufacture athe blue factory in kent washingtoneve and land if it did blue had stated that ns would be retired and become a museum item in theventhe flightest wasuccessful the abort occurred and ns remained stable after the capsule abortest completed its ascento space and successfully landed for a fifth and final time new shepard vehicles additional vehicles are under construction following the firstwo new shepard vehicles which were flown in and a third new shepard called ns had been built an initial build order of six vehicles was planned each one taking to months to construct after the initial build and after completing an extensive test flight program blue origintends to lethe demand economics demand for space tourism and research determine how many additional vehicles may be needed blue origin aims to begin uncrewed flightests of the new vehicles in the summer or autumn of withe first crewed test flights planned for early design the new shepard is a reusable launch vehicle fully reusable vtvl vertical takeoff verticalanding vtvl space vehicle composed of two principal parts a pressurized human spaceflight crew space capsule and a boosterockethat blue origin calls a rocket propulsion module the new shepard is autonomous robot controlled entirely by on board computers without mission control center ground control or a human pilot crew capsule the pressurized crew capsule can carry six persons and supports a full envelope launch escape system that can separate the capsule from the boosterocket anywhere during the flight envelope ascent interior volume of the capsule is the crew capsulescape solid rocket motor cce srm isourced from aerojet rocketdyne propulsion module the new shepard propulsion module is powered using a blue origin be bipropellant rocket bipropellant rocket engine burning liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen although somearly development work was done by blue origin on engines operating with other propellants the bengine using monopropellant hydrogen peroxide and the bengine using high test peroxide oxidizer and rp kerosene fuelblue origin our approach to technology retrieved november morring frank jr blue origin developing its own launch vehicle aerospace daily defense report apretrieved november mission the new shepard is launched vertically from westexas and then performs a powered flight for about s and to an altitude of the craft s momentum carries it upward in unpowered flight as the vehicle slows culminating at an altitude of about aftereaching apogee the vehicle would perform a descent and restart its main engines a few tens of seconds before verticalanding close to its launch site the total mission duration is planned to be minutes the manned variant would feature a separate crew module that could separate close to peak altitude and the propulsion module would perform a powered landing while the crew module would land under a parachute the crew module can also separate in case of vehicle malfunction or other emergency using solid propellant separation boosters and perform a parachute landing new shepard is in the midst of a two year long test program unmanned flights began in and will continue into blue origin has plans to testhe vehicle with test passengers for the firstime in early and commercial flights are slated to begin shortly after development initialow altitude flightesting up to m with subscale prototypes of the new shepard wascheduled for the fourth quarter of this was later confirmed to have occurred inovember in a press release by blue origin the prototype flightest program could involve up to ten flights incremental flightesting to km altitude was planned to be carried out between and with increasingly larger and more capable prototypes the full scale vehicle was initially expected to be operational forevenue service as early as though that goal was not met and the first full scale test flight of a new shepard vehicle wasuccessfully completed with commercial service currently aimed for no earlier than the vehicle could fly up to times a year clearance from the faa was needed before test flights begand a separate license is needed before commercial operations begin blue held a public meeting on june in van horn as part of the publicomment opportunity needed to secure faa permissions blue origin projected in that once cleared for commercial operation they would expecto conduct a maximum rate of launches per year from westexas the rlv would carry three or more passengers per operation prototype test vehicle an initial flightest of a prototype vehicle took place onovember at am local time utc an earlier flight on the th being canceledue to winds this marked the first developmental test flight undertaken by blue origin the flight was by the first prototype vehicle known as blue origin goddard the flighto in altitude wasuccessful videos are available on the blue origin website and elsewhere second test vehicle a second test vehicle made two flights in the first flight was a short hop low altitude vtvl takeoff and landing mission flown in approximately early june the vehicle is known only as pm as of august gleaned from information the company filed withe federal aviation administration faa prior to its late august high altitude high velocity second test flight media have speculated this might mean propulsion module the second test vehicle was flown a second time on an augustest flight in westexas it failed when ground personnelost contact and control of the vehicle the company recovered remnants of the space craft from ground search on sep blue origin released the results of the cause of the test vehicle failure as the vehicle reached mach number mach and altitude a flight instability drove angle of attack thatriggered the range safety and telemetry system range safety system to terminate thrust on the vehicle involvement with nasa commercial crew development program additionally blue origin received in commercial crew development ccdev phase to advance several development objectives of its innovative pusher launch escape system launch abort system las and composite pressure vessel withend of the second ground test blue origin completed all work envisioned under the phase contract for the pusher escape system they also completed work on the other aspect of its award risk reduction work on a composite pressure vessel for the vehicle commercial suborbital flights passenger flights following the fifth and final test flight of the ns booster and test capsule in october blue origindicated thathey were on track for flying test astronaut s by early and beginning commercial suborbital spaceflight suborbital human spaceflight passenger flightshortly after nasa suborbital research payloads blue origin had submitted the new shepard reusable launch vehicle for use as an unmanned rocket for nasa suborbital reusable launch vehicle srlv solicitation under nasa s flight opportunities program blue origin projects altitude in flights of approximately ten minutes duration while carrying an research payload by march blue noted thathey are due to start flying unaccompanied scientific payloads later in see also armadillo mod lunar lander challenge masten xoie spaceshiptwo spacex reusable launch system development program references externalinks blue origin official website blue s rocket clues msnbc s cosmic log june future fantasy spaceships primed for launch commercial orbital spacecraft see page latest blue originews on the space fellowship secretive spaceship builder s plans hinted at inasagreement commercial crew development blue originew craft images videos images and videos at blue originew shepard space vehicle first successful soft landing november youtube category blue origin launch vehicles category space tourism category private spaceflight category reusable space launch systems category vtvl rockets category space launch vehicles category proposed reusable space launch systems category suborbital 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width empty gross propmass engines solid burntime seconds lox new_shepard reusable_launch system vtvl vertical takeoff verticalanding vtvl suborbital manned new_product development developed blue_origin commercial system suborbital space_tourism blue_origin owned amazoncom founder businessman jeff_bezos rob name new_shepard makes reference first_american astronaut space alan shepard one original nasa mercury seven astronauts space suborbital trajectory similar planned new_shepard vehicle flights began full development started thearly complete unmanned test_flights complete new_shepard vehicle launch_vehicle propulsion_module space_capsule began flights test passengers planned late commercial passenger flights begin onovember altitude outer_space new_shepard booster successfully performed powered vertical soft_landing rocketry soft_landing firstime boosterocket returned outer_space make successful vtvl verticalanding three additional test_flights made withe vehicle first six months fifth final flight propulsion_module occurred october order undertake flightest space_capsule passenger module flight abort system first crewed test_flights planned early development vehicle new_shepard new_product development_program sub scale demonstration vehicle named engine development efforts blue_origin goddard made first_flightest flight onovember goddard launch_vehicle athe blue_origin facility near seattle_washington ustate washington also blue_origin started process build aerospace testing operations center portion corn ranch land bezos purchased north van horn texas blue_origin project hasaid thathey selected texas launch_site particularly state historical connections aerospace industry although industry located_near planned launch_site vehicle manufactured texas path developing new_shepard crew_capsule also needed andesign begun space_capsule thearly one development milestone along way became public october blue_origin conducted successful pad escape full_scale suborbital crew_capsule westexas launch_site testhe capsule fired pusher escape motor launched launch_vehicle simulator crew_capsule traveled altitude active thrust control descending safely parachute soft_landing april blue_origin announced_thathey completed acceptance testing bengine would power larger new_shepard vehicle blue also announced_thathey intended begin flightesting test_flights new_shepard later initial flights occurring frequently monthly series dozens oflights thextent suborbital_spaceflight suborbital test_program taking couple years complete monthe thathe regulatory paperwork test_program already filed approved test_flights werexpected begin mid may february three new_shepard vehicles builthe first lost test april second flown twice see third completing manufacture athe blue factory kent land blue stated would retired become museum item theventhe flightest wasuccessful abort occurred remained stable capsule completed space successfully landed fifth final time new_shepard vehicles additional vehicles construction following firstwo new_shepard vehicles flown third new_shepard called built initial build order six vehicles planned one taking months construct initial build completing extensive test_flight program blue lethe demand economics demand space_tourism research determine many additional vehicles may needed blue_origin aims begin uncrewed flightests new vehicles summer autumn withe_first crewed test_flights planned early design new_shepard reusable_launch_vehicle fully reusable vtvl vertical takeoff verticalanding vtvl space_vehicle composed two principal parts pressurized human_spaceflight crew space_capsule blue_origin calls rocket propulsion_module new_shepard autonomous robot controlled entirely board computers without mission_control center ground control human pilot crew_capsule pressurized crew_capsule carry six persons supports full envelope launch escape system separate capsule boosterocket anywhere flight envelope ascent interior volume capsule crew solid rocket motor propulsion_module new_shepard propulsion_module powered using blue_origin rocket rocket_engine burning liquid hydrogen liquid_oxygen although development work done blue_origin engines operating propellants bengine using hydrogen peroxide bengine using high test peroxide oxidizer origin approach technology retrieved_november frank blue_origin developing launch_vehicle aerospace daily defense report november mission new_shepard launched vertically westexas performs powered_flight altitude craft momentum carries unpowered flight vehicle culminating altitude apogee vehicle would perform descent main engines tens seconds verticalanding close launch_site total mission duration planned minutes manned variant would feature separate crew module could separate close peak altitude propulsion_module would perform powered landing crew module would land parachute crew module also separate case vehicle emergency using solid propellant separation perform parachute landing new_shepard midst two_year long test_program unmanned flights began continue blue_origin plans testhe vehicle test passengers firstime early commercial flights begin shortly development altitude flightesting subscale prototypes new_shepard wascheduled fourth quarter later confirmed occurred inovember press_release blue_origin prototype flightest_program could involve ten flights flightesting altitude planned carried increasingly larger capable prototypes full_scale vehicle initially expected operational service early_though goal met first full_scale test_flight new_shepard vehicle wasuccessfully completed commercial service currently aimed earlier vehicle could fly times year clearance faa needed test_flights separate license needed commercial operations begin blue held public meeting june van horn part opportunity needed secure faa blue_origin projected cleared commercial operation would expecto conduct maximum rate launches per_year westexas would carry three passengers per operation prototype test vehicle initial flightest prototype vehicle took_place onovember local time utc earlier flight th winds marked first developmental test_flight undertaken blue_origin flight first prototype vehicle known blue_origin goddard flighto altitude wasuccessful videos available blue_origin website elsewhere second test vehicle second test vehicle made two flights first_flight short hop low altitude vtvl takeoff landing mission flown approximately early june vehicle known august information company filed withe federal_aviation_administration faa prior late august high_altitude high velocity second test_flight media speculated might mean propulsion_module second test vehicle flown second time flight westexas failed ground contact control vehicle company recovered remnants space craft ground search sep blue_origin released results cause test vehicle failure vehicle reached mach number mach altitude flight instability drove angle attack range safety telemetry system range safety system thrust vehicle involvement nasa commercial_crew_development_program additionally blue_origin received commercial_crew_development ccdev phase advance several development objectives innovative pusher launch escape system launch abort system las composite pressure vessel withend second ground test blue_origin completed work envisioned phase contract pusher escape system also completed work aspect award risk reduction work composite pressure vessel vehicle commercial suborbital flights passenger flights following fifth final test_flight booster test capsule october blue_origindicated thathey track flying test astronaut early beginning commercial suborbital_spaceflight suborbital human_spaceflight passenger nasa suborbital research payloads blue_origin submitted new_shepard reusable_launch_vehicle use unmanned rocket nasa suborbital reusable_launch_vehicle srlv solicitation nasa flight opportunities program blue_origin projects altitude flights approximately ten minutes duration carrying research payload march blue noted_thathey due start flying scientific payloads later see_also armadillo mod lunar lander challenge spaceshiptwo spacex_reusable launch_system development_program references_externalinks blue_origin official_website blue rocket msnbc cosmic log june future fantasy spaceships launch commercial orbital_spacecraft see page latest blue space_fellowship secretive spaceship builder plans commercial_crew_development blue_originew craft images videos images videos blue_originew shepard space_vehicle first successful soft_landing november youtube category blue_origin launch_vehicles category_space_tourism category_private_spaceflight category reusable space_launch_systems category vtvl rockets category_space launch_vehicles category_proposed reusable space_launch_systems category suborbital_spaceflight"},{"title":"New York (Morand book)","description":"new york is a travel book by the french writer paul morand visited new york four times between and shares his experiences from those trips with a nonative reader in mind an english translation by hamish miles was published in morand s impressions of new york are both positive and negative he disapproves of the upper class the fashion speakeasy speakeasies and the arearound timesquare he is impressed by the new york city hall city hall and the buildings around washington square park washington square whiche regards as genuinely americand not false imitations of historical styles he makes recurring references to the contemporary saying thathe jews ownew york the irish run it and the negroes enjoy it in his conclusion he writes i love new york because it is the greatest city of the universe and because its people are the toughesthe only people who after the war went on building and who do not merely live on the capital of the pasthe only ones besides kingdom of italy fascist regime italy who do not demolish but construct saturday review us magazine the saturday review s theodore purdy jr wrote abouthe book there is a goodeal in ithat is inaccurate and the spellings of americanames are confused as only a french proofreader can confuse them yet on the whole morand haseenew york well and truly as well as in the impeccable perspective of modernity which iso characteristic of all his work purdy wrote thathe book in already was out of date as a guide book as the skyline night clubs and fashions all had changed since the author s visits but wrote yethe talent for assimilation whichas always been morand s chief charm as well as the great obstacle to his chance of writing anything lasting is in this book ideally employed bothe native and the passenger on an incoming liner may find things in his book which will bring the life of the city nearer and render it more understandable in any case morand s interest in america is liable to repay bothimself and the casual reader of his deceptively facile but extremely clever book category books category books about new york city 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contemporary saying thathe jews york irish run negroes enjoy conclusion writes love new_york greatest city universe people people war went building merely live capital pasthe ones besides kingdom italy fascist regime italy construct saturday review us magazine saturday review theodore wrote abouthe book spellings confused french yet whole morand york well truly well perspective modernity iso characteristic work wrote thathe book already date guide_book skyline night_clubs changed since author visits wrote talent whichas always morand chief charm well great obstacle chance writing anything lasting book ideally employed bothe native passenger incoming liner may find things book bring life city case morand interest america liable casual reader extremely book category_books category_books new_york city_category_city_guides category_french travel_books category_french language books_category works paul morand"},{"title":"Nicholson Guides","description":"the nicholson guides are a set of books now published jointly by john bartholomew and son bartholomew and the ordnance survey as guides to the navigable waterways of england wales and morecently scotland the large scale guides are mainly intended for people traveling by boat along the river or canal generally each page includes a map of a section of the waterway with featuresuch as bridges lock water transport locks boatyards and services each section of the map includes references to nearby pubs towns and villages roads and railways the guides were first produced in the s by robert nicholson publications and were published by british waterways the first edition sold for pence but by thearly s the price had increased to the format was a tall thin book whichad the canal running top to bottom of each page withe locationorth being adjusted to suithis format often pages had the canal straightened mid page withe location of north changing athe split pointhe first edition came out as four guidesouth east north west south west north east a fifth guide the midlands came out in thearly s in the second revisedition can in only three chapters north midlandsouth andropped the british waterway board affiliation this edition was printed in two colours black and blue withe line of the canal being picked out in blue on an otherwise black and white map in the second editionow titled the ordanace survay guide to the waterway published by nicholsons had four chapters north central southames and wey the fifth edition included booksouth central north river thames broads fens th edition by this time nicholsons had been an imprint of harper collins and was back down to four books with a fifth publication being the first foldout small scale map coveringreat briton south central north river thames guide to great briton theditions werextended to books grand union oxford the south east severn avon birmingham theart of england four counties the welsh canals north westhe pennines nottingham york the north east river thames the southern waterwayscotland the highland lowland waterways only in thedition there are also two small scale fold out maps one coveringreat britain its entirety and one of scottish waterways from the maps became a format and maps where in full colour withe canal overlaid onto the current os map of the time north was fixed as being athe top of each page see also canals of the united kingdom waterways in the united kingdom externalinks inland waterways association shop category travel guide books category canals in the united kingdom category maps of the united 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colours black blue withe line canal picked blue otherwise black white map second titled guide waterway published four chapters north central fifth edition included central north river_thames th_edition time imprint harper collins back four books fifth publication first small_scale map briton south central north river_thames guide great briton books grand union oxford south_east avon birmingham theart england four counties welsh canals north_westhe nottingham york north_east river_thames southern highland waterways thedition also two small_scale fold maps one britain one scottish waterways maps became format maps full colour withe canal onto current map time north fixed athe_top page see_also canals united_kingdom waterways united_kingdom externalinks inland waterways association shop category_travel_guide_books category canals united_kingdom category maps united_kingdom"},{"title":"Night auditor","description":"a night auditor works at night athe reception of a hotel they typically handle bothe duties of the front desk front desk agent and some of the duties of the accounting departmenthis necessitated by the facthat most fiscal days close at or around midnight and the normal workday of themployees in the accounting department does not extend to cover this time of day in larger hotels night auditors may work alongside other nighttimemployeesuch as the night manager the hotel security guard s telephone attendants room service attendants and bellhop s in smaller hotels and motel s the night auditor may work alone and may even only be on call meaning that once he or she completes running the daily reports the auditoretires to an areaway from the desk while remaining available to attend to unexpected requests from guests in the smallest hotels and some bed and breakfast establishments the front desk may closentirely overnight guests in such facilities are typically given a contact number for an employee or manager who may be sleeping on the premises or live nearby for use in case of emergency accounting function the night auditself is an audit of the guest ledger the guest ledger or front office ledger is the collection of all accounts receivable for currently registered guests it can also be defined as the collection of all guest folios a folio billing receipt is the account of an individual guest who is currently registered the guest ledger is distinct from the city ledger which is the collection of accounts receivable for non registered guestsuch as credit card companies the purpose of the night auditor is but is not limited to ensuring the accuracy of all financial information and gathering all needed paperwork to complete the audithis will include pulling any or all checked out guests registration cards and making sure all guests are checked out in the system that should be checked out one task of the night auditor is posting the day s room rate and room tax to each guest folio athe close of business which usually occurs fromidnighto am second the night auditor must ensure the accuracy of the charges to the guest folios ensuring thathe sum of revenues due to accounts receivable from the various departments ie food beverage rooms gift shop found on the department control sheets equals the sum of the charges made to the guest folios the folios for guests who are scheduled to departhe next morning may be printed andelivered to the guests rooms most hotels currently use computerized property management systems pms to helperform the night audithis hasignificantly reduced the amount of time required to perform the audit as well as the arithmetic skill required of the auditor an audit for a room hotel can be completed in one hour with a pms whereas it would have taken an eight hour shift using previous generation technology the ncr mechanical system front desk function in addition to the accounting functionight auditors may also be required to perform the typical front desk functions during the shift work graveyard shifthese functions include check in check out reservations responding to guest complaints coordinating housekeeping requests and handling any emergencies that may arise night auditors may work alongside a security officer to maintain a level of security during late night hours for both night staff and guests in addition to balancing the guest ledger the night auditor is usually responsible for balancing the city ledger and the advance ledger the city ledger consists of monies owed to the hotel by credit card companies andirect bill accounts the city ledger also contains house accountsuch as management dry cleaning charges or local phone call charges which are usually adjusted written off athend of each monthe advance ledger is aptly named because it is a ledger for guests who have sent money in advance to either pay for guarantee their stay these funds are posted to the advance ledger when received by the hotel and then transferred to the guests folio in the guest ledger upon arrival of that guest externalinks a night in the life of a night auditor witness to wackiness on the night shifts category hospitality 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category","category hospitality","hospitality occupations"],"new_description":"night auditor works night athe reception hotel typically handle bothe duties front_desk front_desk agent duties accounting facthat fiscal days close around midnight normal accounting department extend cover time day larger hotels night may work alongside night manager hotel security guard telephone attendants room service attendants bellhop smaller hotels motel night_auditor may work alone may even call meaning completes running daily reports desk remaining available attend unexpected requests guests smallest hotels bed breakfast establishments front_desk may overnight guests facilities typically given contact number employee manager may sleeping premises live nearby use case emergency accounting function night audit guest ledger guest ledger front office ledger collection accounts receivable currently registered guests also defined collection guest folios folio billing receipt account individual guest currently registered guest ledger distinct city_ledger collection accounts receivable non registered credit_card companies purpose night_auditor limited ensuring accuracy financial information gathering needed paperwork complete include pulling checked guests registration cards making sure guests checked system checked one task night_auditor posting day room rate room tax guest folio athe close business usually occurs second night_auditor must ensure accuracy charges guest folios ensuring thathe sum revenues due accounts receivable various departments food beverage rooms gift shop found department control sheets equals sum charges made guest folios folios guests scheduled next morning may printed andelivered guests rooms hotels currently use property management systems night reduced amount time required perform audit well skill required auditor audit room hotel completed one hour whereas would_taken eight hour shift using previous generation technology mechanical system front_desk function addition accounting may_also required perform typical front_desk functions shift work functions include check check reservations responding guest complaints coordinating housekeeping requests handling emergencies may arise night may work alongside security officer maintain level security late_night hours night staff guests addition balancing guest ledger night_auditor usually responsible balancing city_ledger advance ledger city_ledger consists hotel credit_card companies andirect bill accounts city_ledger also contains house management dry cleaning charges local phone call charges usually adjusted written athend monthe advance ledger named ledger guests sent money advance either pay guarantee stay funds posted advance ledger received hotel transferred guests folio guest ledger upon arrival guest externalinks night life night_auditor witness night shifts category_hospitality_occupations"},{"title":"Nightclub","description":"file wikipedia space ibiza jpg thumb px two dj s perform at a club with electronic music instruments file gatecrasherjpg thumb laser lights illuminate the dance floor at a trance music event in a nightclub file incubite musiconcert at second skinightclub in athens greece in february jpg thumb people dance at an industrial music event in a nightclub a nightclub or club is an entertainment music venue and bar establishment bar which serves alcoholic beverages that usually operates late into the night a nightclub is generally distinguished from regular bar establishment bars public house pub s or tavern s by the inclusion of a stage for live music one or more dance floor areas and a disc jockey dj booth where a dj plays recorded music and where coloured lights illuminate the dance areanother distinction is that whereas many pubs and sports bars aim at a mass market nightclubs typically aim at a niche market of music andancing enthusiasts and clubgoers the upmarket nature of nightclubs can be seen in the inclusion of vip areas in some nightclubs for celebrities and their guests nightclubs are much more likely than pubs or sports bars to use bouncer doorman bouncers to screen prospective clubgoers for entry some nightclubouncers do not admit people with ripped jeans or other informal clothing or gang apparel as part of a dress code the busiest nights for a nightclub are friday and saturday night most clubs or club nights cater to certain music genre such as house music or gothic rock terminology a nightclub may also be called a discoth que or disco these terms were generally used for s and early s era venues dance club dance bar or live musiclub early history file cardgrunewaldcavejpg righthumb the cave in the basement of the roosevelt hotel new orleans the gruenwald lateroosevelt hotel new orleans opened in said by some to be one of the first nightclubs in the united states from abouto working class americans would gather at honky tonk s or juke joint s to dance to music played on a pianor a jukebox webster hall is credited as the first modernightclubeing built in and starting off as a social hall originally functioning as a home for dance and political activism events during prohibition in the united states nightclubs went underground as illegal speakeasy bars with webster hall staying open with rumors circulating of al capone s involvement and police bribery withe twenty first amendmento the united states constitution repeal of prohibition in february nightclubs werevived such as new york s club copacabana nightclub copacabana el morocco and the stork club these nightclubs featured big bands there were no djs in germany possibly the first discoth que wascotch club in occupied france jazz and bebop music and the jitterbug dance were banned by the nazis as decadent american influenceso as an act ofrench resistance people met at hidden basements callediscoth ques where they danced to jazz and swing music which was played on a single turntable when a jukebox was not available these discoth ques were also patronized by anti vichy france vichyouth called zazou s there were also undergroundiscoth ques inazi germany patronized by anti nazism anti nazi youth called the swing kids in harlem connie s inn and the cotton club were popular venues for white audiences before and even some years thereafter most bars and nightclubs used a jukebox or mostly live bands in paris at a club named whisky gogo founded in r gine zylberberg r gine in laidown a dance floor suspended coloured lights and replaced the jukebox with two turntables that she operated herself so there would be no breaks between the music the whisky gogo set into place the standard elements of the modern post world war ii discoth que style nightclub athend of the several of the coffeehouse coffee bars in soho introduced afternoon dancing and the most famous at least on the continent was les enfants terribles at dean sthese original discoth ques were nothing like the night clubs as they were unlicensed and catered to a veryoung public mostly made up ofrench and italians working illegally mostly in catering to learn english as well as au pair girls fromost of western europe in thearly s mark birley opened a members only discoth que nightclub annabel s in berkeley square london in the peppermint lounge inew york city became popular and is the place where go dancing originated however the first rock and roll generation preferred rough and tumble bars and taverns to nightclubs and the nightclub did not attain mainstream popularity until the s disco era sybil burton former wife of actorichard burton opened the arthur discoth que in on easth street in manhattan on the site of the old el morocco nightclub and it became the first foremost and hottest disco inew york city through time magazine may brewster broughton f last night a disc jockey saved my life grove press pp s disco has its roots in the underground club scene during thearly s inew york city disco clubs were places where oppressed or marginalized groupsuch as homosexuals blacks latinos italian americans and jews could party without following male to female dance protocol or exclusive club policies it broughtogether people from all walks of life and backgroundslawrence tim disco and the queering of the dance floor cultural studies these clubs acted asafe havens for homosexual partygoers to dance in peace and away from public scrutiny by the late s many major us cities had thriving disco club scenes centered on discoth ques nightclubs and private loft parties where disc jockey dj s would play disco hits through powerful pa system s for the dancers the djs played a smooth mix of long single records to keepeople dancing all night long some of the most prestigious clubs had elaborate lighting systems thathrobbed to the beat of the music some cities hadisco dance instructors or dance studio dance schools thataught people how to do popular disco dancesuch as touch dancing the hustle dance hustle and the cha cha dance cha cha there were also disco fashions that discoth que goers wore for nights out atheir local disco such asheer flowing halston dresses for women and shiny polyester qiana shirts for men disco clubs and hedonistic loft parties had a club culture with many italian american african american homosexuality gay and latino hispanic people in addition to the dance and fashion aspects of the disco club scene there was also a thriving drug subculture particularly forecreational drug use recreational drugs that would enhance thexperience of dancing to the loud music and the flashing lightsuch as cocaine gootenberg paul between cocand cocaine a century or more of us peruvian drug paradoxes hispanic american historical review february pp he says thathe relationship of cocaine to s disco culture cannot be stressed enough nicknamed blow amyl nitrite poppers and the other quintessential s club drug methaqualone quaalude which suspended motor coordination and turned one s arms and legs to jell o the massive quantities of drugs ingested in discoth ques by newly liberated gay men produced the next cultural phenomenon of the disco erampant promiscuity and public sex while the dance floor was the central arena of seduction actual sex usually took place in the netheregions of the disco bathroom stalls exit stairwells and son in other cases the disco became a kind of main course in a hedonism hedonist s menu for a night out famous discoth ques included celebrity hangoutsuch as manhattan studio which was operated by steve rubell and ian schrager studio was notorious for thedonism that went on within the balconies were known for sexual encounters andrug use was rampant its dance floor was decorated with an image of the man in the moon that included animated cocaine spoon other famous discoth ques inew york city included manhattan starship discovery one at west nd streethe album cover of saturday night band s come on andance dance features two dancers in the starship discovery one roseland s ballroom xenonightclub xenon the loft new york city the lofthe paradise garage a recently renovated copacabana nightclub copacabanand aux puces one of the first gay disco bars in san francisco there was the trocadero transfer the i beam nightclub i beam and thend up by thearly s the term disco had largely fallen out ofavour in most of thenglish speaking world s new york and london file dj can club djjpg thumb a disc jockey playing music in a club during the s during the new romantic movement london had a vibrant nightclub scene which included clubs like blitz kids the blitz batcave club the batcave the camden palace and club for heroes both music and fashion embraced the aesthetics of the movement bands includedepeche mode yazoo band yazoo the human league duran blondie band blondieurythmics and ultravox reggae influenced bands included boy george and culture club and electronic vibe bands included visage band visage at londonightclubs young men would often wear make up and young women would wear men suits the largest united kingdom uk cities like leeds the orbit newcastle upon tynewcastle liverpool quadrant park and swansea manchester the ha iendand several key european places like paris les bains douches ibiza pacha groupacha rimini etc also played a significant role in thevolution of clubbing disc jockey dj culture and nightlife significant new york nightclubs of the period were area nightclub area danceteriand the limelight s and s in europe and north america nightclubs play disco influencedance music such as house music techno and other dance music stylesuch as electronica breakbeat and trance music trance most nightclubs in the us major cities that have an early adulthood clientele play hip hop dance pop house and or trance music these clubs are generally the largest and most frequented of all of the differentypes of clubs themergence of the superclub created a global phenomenon with juliana s juliana s tokyo japan ministry of sound london cream nightclub cream liverpool and pacha groupacha ibiza techno clubs arespecially popularound the world since thearly s famous examples are berghain bunker berlin bunker and tresor in berlin omen and cocoon club cocoon in frankfurt distillery in leipzig tunnel club in hamburg ultraschall in munich warehouse nightclub warehouse in chicago and the ha ienda in manchester in other languages nightclubs are sometimestill referred to as discos or discoth ques or outdated nowadays italian language italian portuguese language portuguese and spanish language spanish discotecantro common in mexiconly and boliche common in argentina uruguay and paraguay discos is commonly used in all others in latinamerica in japanese language japanese disuko refers to an older smaller less fashionable venue while kurabu refers to a morecent larger more popular venue the term night is used to refer to an evening focusing on a specific genre such as retro music night or a singles night in hong kong and china night club is used as a euphemism for a host and hostess clubs hostess club and the association of the term withe sex trade has driven outhe regular usage of the term a recentrend in the north american australiand europeanightclub industry is the usage of video vjing vjs video jockeys mix video content in a similar manner that djs mix audio content creating a visual experience that is intended to complementhe music recurring features club nights many clubs have recurring club nights on different days of the week the music festival bangface for example started out as a club night most club nights focus on a particular genre or sound for branding effects entry criteria many nightclubs use bouncer doorman bouncer s to choose who can enter the club or specific lounges or vip areasome high priced nightclubs have one group of bouncers to screen clients for entry athe main door and then other bouncers to screen for entry tother dance floors lounges or vip areas for legal reasons in most jurisdictions the bouncers have to check id to ensure that prospective patrons are of legal drinking age and thathey are not intoxicated already in this respect a nightclub s use of bouncers is no different from the use of bouncers by pub s and sports bar s however in expensive high end nightclubs bouncers may screen patrons using criteria other than just age and intoxication status dress code and guest listhis type of screening is used by clubs to make their club exclusive by denying entry to people who are not dressed in a stylish enough manner while some clubs have written dress codesuch as no ripped jeans no jeans no gang clothing and son other clubs may not postheir policies asuch the club s bouncers may deny entry to anybody atheir discretion the guest list is typically used for private parties and events held by celebrity celebrities at private parties the hosts may only wantheir friends to attend at celebrity events the hosts may wish the club tonly be attended by a list individuals in this way the famous guests can avoid having to deal with fans from the general public asking to have selfie photos withem cover charge in most cases entering a nightclub requires a flat fee called a cover charge some clubs waive oreduce the cover charge for early arriverspecial guests or women in the united kingdom this latter option is illegal under thequality act buthe law is rarely enforced and open violations are frequent friends of the bouncer doorman or the club owner may gain freentrance sometimespecially at larger clubs in continental european countries one gets only a pay card athentrance on which all money spent in the discoth que often including thentrance fee is marked sometimes entrance fee and cloakroom costs are paid by cash and only the drinks in the club are paid using a pay card some clubs especially those located in las vegas offer patrons the chance to sign up on their guest list a club s guest list is a special promotion the venue offerseparate from general admission each club has different benefits when you are signed up on their guest list some of the benefits of being on a club s guestlist are freentry discounted cover charge the ability to skip the line and free drinks many clubs hire a promotions team to find and sign up guesto the club s guest listhere are a few online service companies that offer guest list sign ups for multiple venuesuch as nightlife q file aerobarmiamijpg thumb clubgoers dancing at an upmarket nightclub dress code file beo beyond costume designjpg thumb light up club wear for performances glowing under black light s many nightclubs enforce a dress code in order to ensure a certain type of clientele is in attendance athe venue some upscale nightclubs ban attendees from wearing trainersneakers or jeans while other nightclubs will advertise a vague dress to impress dress code that allows the bouncers to discriminate at will againsthose vying for entry to the club many exceptions are made to nightclub dress codes with denied entry usually reserved for the most glaring rule breakers or those thoughto be unsuitable for the party certainightclubs like fetish club fetish nightclubs may apply a dress code fetish fashion bdsm to a leather only rubber only or fantasy dress code the dress code criterion is often an excuse for discriminatory practicesuch as in the case of carpenter v limelight entertainment ltd exclusive boutique clubs large cosmopolitan cities that are home to large affluent populationsuch as atlanta chicago los angeles melbourne miami new york city and london often have what are known as exclusive boutique nightclubs this type of club typically has a capacity of less than occupants and a very strict entrance policy which usually requires an entranto be on the club s guest list while not explicitly members only clubsuch asohouse club sohousexclusive nightclubs operate with a similar level of exclusivity as they are off limits to most of the public and ensure the privacy of guests many celebrities favor these types of clubs tother less exclusive clubs that do not cater as well to their needs another differentiating feature of exclusive nightclubs is in addition to being known for a certain type of music they are known for having a certain type of crowd for instance a fashion forward affluent crowd or a crowd with a high concentration ofashion models many exclusive boutique clubs markethemselves as being a place to socialize with models and celebrities affluent patrons who find that marketing message appealing are often willing to purchase bottle service at a markup of several times the retail cost of the liquor london s most exclusive boutique nightclubs include amika cirque le soir projecthe box and the rose club they are frequently visited by an array of a list celebrities from the fashion film and music industries all are located in london s prestigious mayfair except cirque le soir and the box which are both located in soho guest list many nightclubs operate a guest listhat allows certain attendees to enter the club for free or at a reduced rate some nightclubs have a range of unpublished guest list options ranging from free to reduced to full price with line by pass privileges only nightclub goers on the guest list often have a separate queue and sometimes a separatentrance from those used by full price paying attendees it is common for the guestlist line up to be no shorter or even longer than the full paying or ticketed queuesome nightclubs allow clubbers to register for the guest listhrough their websites there are a few online service companies that offer guest list sign ups for multiple venuesuch as the las vegas based company nightlife q at high end or exclusive nightclubs professional photography photographers will take publicity photos of patrons to use in advertising for the nightclub digital singlens reflex camera digital singlens reflex camera slr cameras and speedlight flash units are usedpapasergis george nightclub photography tips digital photography bureau concert photography and event photography are used to provide clubgoers with a memorable keepsake as well as promote their venue since several yearsome nightclubs and in particular techno clubs pursue a strict no photo policy in order to protecthe clubbing experience and smartphone camera lenses of visitors are taped up with stickers when onenters the venue most nightclubs employ teams of bouncer doorman bouncers who have the power to restrict entry to the club and remove people some bouncers use handheld metal detector s to prevent weapons being brought into clubs bouncers often eject patrons who bring recreational drug use party drug s into the venue bouncers counthe number of people admitted to a club in order to prevent stampede s and fire code violations and also enforce a club s dress code frequently accepting bribe s to let people jump the queue many clubs have balcony areaspecifically for the security team to watch over the clubberserious incidentseptember study club fire of early dance club fire that killed in detroit michigan usapril rhythm night club fire killed at nightclub fire at natchez mississippi usa november cocoanut grove fire killed in a nightclub fire at boston massachusetts usa november club cinq sept fire in a nightclub just outside the small town of saint laurent du pont is re in south eastern france people killed march whiskey au go fire killed after firebombing at fortitude valley queensland fortitude valley brisbane australiaugust summerlandisaster killed at fire at summerland leisure centre at douglas isle of man may beverly hillsupper club fire killed and injured inightclub fire at southgate kentucky usa february stardust fire disaster killed and injured at nightclub fire at dublin republic of ireland april bomb attack on berlin discotheque bombing la belle discoth que berlin germany killed injured marinesustaining permanent disability were nd force recon co marine s lcpl hurt lcpl blackwood who despite their injuries gave assistance to their fellow marines and civilians alike before their injuries were discovered by medical personnel marchappy land fire killed in a nightclub fire at happy land the bronx new york city december kheyvis fire killed in a nightclub fire at buenos aires argentina march ozone disco club fire dead and injured at a nightclub in quezon city philippines october gothenburg discoth que fire people killed injured in a nightclub fire at gothenburg sweden march throb nightclub disaster children killed injured in stampede in durban south africa june dolphinarium discotheque suicide bombing suicide bombing athe dolphinarium discoth que in tel aviv israel october stage toggled at zapata stuttgart zapata discoth que stuttgart germany several people hurt december at club indigo sofia bulgaria in an early party for minors the huge crowd pushing their way to get in collapses down the frosty stairs and crushes children ages between and to death october bali bombings killed by large bombs december edinburgh cowgate fire cowgate firedinburgh scotland february e nightclub stampede chicago illinois killed and over injured february the stationightclub fire killed at nightclub fire in west warwick rhode islandecember a shooter in columbus ohio shot and killed guitarist dimebag darrell dimebag darrel abbott and twother people also wounding band manager and a fan in the audience decemberep blica croma nightclub fire killed and injured in a nightclub fire at buenos aires argentina june gatecrasher one fire gatecrasher one fire sheffield england january santika club fire in santika club in watthana bangkok thailand killed and at least injured july a man bled to death at a pool party in perkins park nightclub stuttgart germany after he made a headive into a swimming pool in which there were fragments of glass december lame horse fire a fire athe lame horse nightclub killed at least people and injures others in perm russia january women died people injured at a stampede in west balkan clubudapest january kiss nightclub fire died in stampede in brazil october inul vizta karaoke club fire killed and injured indonesia october colectiv nightclub fire killed and injured in romania june people orlando nightclub shooting shoto death athe pulse nightclub pulse nightclub in orlando florida january at least people istanbul nightclub attackilled in an attack on the reina nightclub in istanbul turkey list of venues the following is an incomplete list of nightclub lists or nightclubs witheir own wikipedia pages of all genres list of electronic dance music venues list of pubs in australia list of nightclubs in australia list of nightclubs inew york city list of nightclubs in sweden see also index of drinking establishment related articles go dancing nightclub acten pin bowling externalinks category nightclubs category types of drinking establishment category 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market music andancing enthusiasts clubgoers upmarket nature nightclubs seen inclusion vip areas nightclubs celebrities guests nightclubs much likely pubs sports bars use bouncer_doorman bouncers screen prospective clubgoers entry nightclubouncers people jeans informal clothing gang part dress_code busiest nights nightclub friday saturday night_clubs club nights cater certain music genre house_music gothic rock terminology nightclub may_also called discoth_que disco terms generally used early era venues dance club dance_bar live_musiclub early history_file righthumb cave basement roosevelt hotel new_orleans hotel new_orleans opened said one first nightclubs united_states abouto working_class americans would gather honky tonk juke_joint dance_music played jukebox webster hall credited first built starting social hall originally functioning home dance political activism events prohibition united_states nightclubs went underground illegal speakeasy bars webster hall staying open circulating capone involvement police bribery withe twenty first amendmento united_states constitution repeal prohibition february nightclubs new_york club copacabana nightclub copacabana el morocco club nightclubs featured big bands djs germany possibly first discoth_que club occupied france jazz bebop music dance banned nazis american act ofrench resistance people met hidden ques jazz swing music played single jukebox available discoth_ques also patronized anti france called also ques germany patronized anti anti nazi youth called swing kids harlem connie inn cotton club popular venues white audiences even years thereafter bars nightclubs used jukebox mostly live bands paris club named whisky founded r r dance_floor suspended coloured lights replaced jukebox two operated would breaks music whisky set place standard elements modern post world_war ii discoth_que style nightclub athend several coffeehouse coffee bars soho introduced afternoon dancing famous least continent les dean original discoth_ques nothing like night_clubs unlicensed catered public mostly made ofrench italians working illegally mostly catering learn english well pair girls western_europe thearly mark opened members discoth_que nightclub berkeley square london lounge inew_york_city became_popular place go dancing originated however first rock roll generation preferred rough bars taverns nightclubs nightclub attain mainstream popularity disco era burton former wife burton opened arthur discoth_que street manhattan site old el morocco nightclub became first foremost disco inew_york_city time magazine may f last night disc jockey saved life grove press_pp disco roots underground club scene thearly inew_york_city disco clubs places marginalized groupsuch blacks latinos italian americans jews could party without following male female dance exclusive club policies broughtogether people walks life tim disco dance_floor cultural studies clubs acted dance peace away public scrutiny late many major us cities thriving disco club scenes centered discoth_ques nightclubs private loft parties disc jockey would play disco hits powerful system dancers djs played smooth mix long single records dancing night long prestigious clubs elaborate lighting systems beat music cities dance instructors dance studio dance schools people popular disco touch dancing dance cha cha dance cha cha also disco discoth_que goers wore nights atheir local disco flowing women polyester shirts men disco clubs loft parties club culture many italian american african_american gay latino hispanic people addition dance fashion aspects disco club scene also thriving drug subculture particularly forecreational drug_use recreational drugs would enhance thexperience dancing loud music cocaine paul cocaine century us peruvian drug hispanic american historical review february pp says thathe relationship cocaine disco culture cannot enough nicknamed blow nitrite poppers club_drug methaqualone suspended motor coordination turned one arms legs massive quantities drugs discoth_ques newly liberated gay men produced next cultural phenomenon disco public sex dance_floor central arena actual sex usually took_place disco bathroom stalls exit son cases disco became kind main course menu night famous discoth_ques included celebrity manhattan studio operated steve ian studio notorious went within known sexual encounters andrug use rampant dance_floor decorated image man moon included animated cocaine spoon famous discoth_ques inew_york_city included manhattan starship discovery one west streethe album cover saturday night band come andance dance features two dancers starship discovery one ballroom loft new_york city paradise garage recently renovated copacabana nightclub aux one first gay disco bars san_francisco transfer beam nightclub beam thend thearly term disco largely fallen thenglish speaking world new_york london_file club thumb disc jockey playing music club new romantic movement london vibrant nightclub scene included clubs like blitz kids blitz batcave club batcave camden palace club heroes music fashion embraced aesthetics movement bands mode band human league band reggae influenced bands included boy george culture club electronic vibe bands included band young men would often wear make young women would wear men suits largest united_kingdom uk cities like leeds orbit newcastle upon liverpool park manchester several key european places like paris les ibiza pacha groupacha etc also played significant role thevolution clubbing disc jockey culture nightlife significant new_york nightclubs period area nightclub area europe north_america nightclubs play disco music house_music techno dance_music breakbeat trance_music trance nightclubs us major_cities early clientele play hip_hop dance pop house trance_music clubs generally largest frequented differentypes clubs themergence superclub created global phenomenon juliana juliana tokyo_japan ministry sound london cream nightclub cream liverpool pacha groupacha ibiza techno clubs arespecially world since_thearly famous examples bunker berlin bunker berlin cocoon club cocoon frankfurt distillery leipzig tunnel club hamburg munich warehouse nightclub warehouse chicago manchester languages nightclubs referred discos discoth_ques outdated nowadays italian language italian portuguese_language portuguese spanish_language spanish common common argentina uruguay discos commonly_used others japanese language japanese refers older smaller less fashionable venue refers morecent larger popular venue term night used refer evening focusing specific genre retro music night night hong_kong china night_club used host hostess clubs hostess club association term withe sex trade driven outhe regular usage term north_american australiand industry usage video video jockeys mix video content similar manner djs mix audio content creating visual experience intended music recurring features club nights many clubs recurring club nights different days week music_festival example started club night_club nights focus particular genre sound branding effects entry criteria many nightclubs use bouncer_doorman bouncer choose enter club specific lounges vip high priced nightclubs one group bouncers screen clients entry athe main door bouncers screen entry tother dance_floors lounges vip areas legal reasons jurisdictions bouncers check ensure prospective patrons legal drinking_age thathey intoxicated already respect nightclub use bouncers different use bouncers pub sports bar however expensive high_end nightclubs bouncers may screen patrons using criteria age intoxication status dress_code guest type screening used clubs make club exclusive entry people dressed enough manner clubs written dress jeans jeans gang clothing son clubs may policies asuch club bouncers may entry atheir discretion guest_list typically used private parties events held celebrity celebrities private parties hosts may friends attend celebrity events hosts may wish club tonly attended list individuals way famous guests avoid deal fans general_public asking photos withem cover_charge cases entering nightclub requires flat fee called cover_charge clubs waive cover_charge early guests women united_kingdom latter option illegal act buthe law rarely enforced open violations frequent friends bouncer_doorman club owner may gain larger clubs continental_european_countries one gets pay card athentrance money spent discoth_que often including thentrance fee marked sometimes entrance fee costs paid cash drinks club paid using pay card clubs especially located las_vegas offer patrons chance sign guest_list club guest_list special promotion venue general admission club different benefits signed guest_list benefits club discounted cover_charge ability line free drinks many clubs hire promotions team find sign club guest online service companies offer guest_list sign ups multiple venuesuch nightlife file thumb clubgoers dancing upmarket nightclub dress_code file beyond costume thumb light club wear performances black light many nightclubs enforce dress_code order ensure certain type clientele attendance athe venue upscale nightclubs ban attendees wearing jeans nightclubs advertise vague dress impress dress_code allows bouncers discriminate entry club many exceptions made nightclub dress_codes denied entry usually reserved rule thoughto unsuitable party like fetish club fetish nightclubs may apply dress_code fetish fashion bdsm leather rubber fantasy dress_code dress_code often discriminatory case v entertainment ltd exclusive boutique clubs large cosmopolitan cities home large affluent atlanta chicago los_angeles melbourne miami new_york city london often known exclusive boutique nightclubs type club typically capacity less occupants strict entrance policy usually requires club guest_list explicitly members clubsuch club nightclubs operate similar level limits public ensure privacy guests many celebrities favor types clubs tother less exclusive clubs cater well needs another feature exclusive nightclubs addition known certain type music known certain type crowd instance fashion forward affluent crowd crowd high concentration ofashion models many exclusive boutique clubs place socialize models celebrities affluent patrons find marketing message appealing often willing purchase bottle service several times retail cost liquor london_exclusive boutique nightclubs include projecthe box rose club frequently visited array list celebrities fashion film music industries located london prestigious mayfair except box located soho guest_list many nightclubs operate guest allows certain attendees enter club free reduced rate nightclubs range guest_list options ranging free reduced full price line pass privileges nightclub goers guest_list often separate queue sometimes used full price paying attendees common line shorter even longer full paying nightclubs allow clubbers register guest websites online service companies offer guest_list sign ups multiple venuesuch las_vegas based company nightlife high_end exclusive nightclubs professional photography photographers take publicity photos patrons use advertising nightclub digital camera digital camera slr cameras flash units george nightclub photography tips digital photography bureau concert photography event photography used provide clubgoers memorable well promote venue since several_yearsome nightclubs particular techno clubs pursue strict photo policy order protecthe clubbing experience smartphone camera lenses visitors venue nightclubs employ teams bouncer_doorman bouncers power restrict entry club remove people bouncers use metal prevent weapons brought clubs bouncers often patrons bring recreational drug_use party drug venue bouncers counthe number people admitted club order prevent stampede fire code violations also enforce club dress_code frequently accepting bribe let people jump queue many clubs balcony security team watch study club fire early dance club fire_killed detroit michigan usapril rhythm night_club fire_killed nightclub_fire mississippi usa november grove fire_killed nightclub_fire boston_massachusetts usa november club sept fire nightclub outside small_town saint south_eastern france people killed march go fire_killed valley queensland valley brisbane killed fire leisure centre douglas isle man may beverly club fire_killed injured fire southgate kentucky usa february fire disaster killed injured nightclub_fire dublin republic ireland april bomb attack berlin bombing la belle discoth_que berlin_germany killed injured permanent disability force marine despite injuries gave assistance fellow civilians alike injuries discovered medical personnel land fire_killed nightclub_fire happy land bronx new_york city december fire_killed nightclub_fire buenos_aires argentina march disco club fire dead injured nightclub quezon city philippines october gothenburg discoth_que fire people killed injured nightclub_fire gothenburg sweden march nightclub disaster children killed injured stampede south_africa june dolphinarium suicide bombing suicide bombing athe dolphinarium discoth_que tel_aviv israel october stage stuttgart discoth_que stuttgart germany several people december club sofia bulgaria early party minors huge crowd pushing way get frosty stairs children ages death october bali bombings killed large bombs december edinburgh fire scotland february e nightclub stampede chicago_illinois killed injured february fire_killed nightclub_fire west warwick rhode columbus ohio shot killed darrell abbott twother people also band manager fan audience croma nightclub_fire killed injured nightclub_fire buenos_aires argentina june gatecrasher one fire gatecrasher one fire sheffield england january club fire club bangkok thailand killed least injured july man death pool party park nightclub stuttgart germany made swimming_pool fragments glass december horse fire fire athe horse nightclub killed least people others russia january women died people injured stampede west january kiss nightclub_fire died stampede brazil october karaoke club fire_killed injured indonesia october nightclub_fire killed injured romania june people orlando nightclub shooting death athe pulse nightclub pulse nightclub orlando_florida january least people istanbul nightclub attack nightclub istanbul turkey list venues following incomplete list nightclub lists nightclubs witheir wikipedia pages genres list electronic_dance_music venues list pubs australia list nightclubs australia list nightclubs inew_york_city list nightclubs sweden see_also index drinking_establishment related_articles go dancing nightclub pin bowling externalinks_category_nightclubs_category types drinking_establishment_category djing"},{"title":"Nightclub management software","description":"nightclub management software nms or a nightclub management system is a compiled management information system produced solely for night club nightclubsuch as the ministry of sound ministry of sound and can also be modified for bar establishment bars arts festivals public house pubs and concert livevents these systems will commonly cover the needs of night club nightclubs in the form of crm bookings ticketing point of salepos and administration capabilities forunning the music venue withe nightclub industry in contraction during the period of great recession during many nightclubs are sourcing new avenues for marketing reach expansionightclub management software solutions typically cover a broad spectrum of aspects in running a venue such as tracking bookingstock management electronic point of sale terminals the standard nms forgoes the traditional software installation and instead relies on cloud computing storing all data on remote servers which allow for user access for an unlimited amount of computers based anywhere within reach of an internet connection many nms providers base the pricing structure from a software as a service application service provider model nightclubs use specific software to meethe complex requirements of their business typically small scale venues will manage their business with a generic accounting package and extend functionality with plugin s or other bolt on software the advantage for nightclubs running a specialized system are numerous however the primary outcome is a morefficient venue nightclub management software typically encompasses all the tools mentioned above however difficulty arises whenightclub staff arevaluating vendors andeciding what software to implement integration of these tools is key but venue principals and other key staff still need to pay attention tother factorsuch as cost externalinks cluboid nightclub management software category businessoftware category management systems category 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ministry sound ministry sound also modified bar_establishment_bars arts festivals public_house_pubs concert systems commonly cover needs night_club nightclubs form crm bookings ticketing point administration capabilities music_venue withe nightclub industry contraction period great recession many nightclubs sourcing new marketing reach management software solutions typically cover broad spectrum aspects running venue tracking management electronic point sale standard traditional software installation instead relies cloud computing storing data remote servers allow user access unlimited amount computers based anywhere within reach internet connection many providers base pricing structure software service application service provider model nightclubs use specific software meethe complex requirements business typically small_scale venues manage business generic accounting package extend software advantage nightclubs running specialized system numerous however primary outcome venue 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electrical capacity website obninsk nuclear power plant obninskajaes was built in the science city of obninsk nuclear engineering international obninsk number one by lev kotchetkov who was there athe time source for most of the information in this article kaluga oblast about km southwest of moscow it was the first electrical grid connected nuclear power plant in the world ie the first nucleareactor that produced commercial electricity albeit at small scale it was located athe obninsk institute for nuclear power engineering institute of physics and power engineering the plant is also known as aps obninsk atomic power station obninsk it remained in operation between and although its production of electricity for the grid ceased in thereafter it functioned as a research and isotope production plant only according to lev kotchetkov who was there athe time although utilisation of generated heat was going on and production of isotopes was evenhanced the main task was to carry out experimental studies on test loops installed in the reactor the technology perfected in the obninsk pilot plant was later employed on a much larger scale in the rbmk reactors design the single reactor unit athe plant am atomirny russian for atoms for peace had a total electrical capacity of mw and a net capacity of around mwe thermal output was mw it was a prototype design using a graphite moderator and water coolanthis reactor was a forerunner of the rbmk reactors the obninsk reactor used enriched uranium this percentage would be lowered for subsequent reactors construction started on january first criticality was achieved on may and the first grid connection was made on june for around years until the opening of the sibirskaya nuclear power plant siberianuclear power station obninsk remained the only nuclear powereactor in the soviet union the power plant remained active until april when it was finally shut down according to kotchetkov in its years of operation there were no significant incidents resulting in personnel overdose or mortality oradioactive release to thenvironment exceeding permissible limits the next soviet nuclear power planto be connected to their grid was beloyarsk nuclear power station beloyarsk unit in with a capacity of mwe see also nuclear power in russia f nucleareactor the soviet equivalent of chicago pilexperimental breedereactor i world s first nuclear power plant powered its own building but was not grid connected borax iii was briefly connected to the us power grid in magnox reactor prototypes at calder hall produced electricity although their main purpose was plutonium production shippingport atomic power station with mwe power it is described by the us government as the first full scale nuclear power plant references furthereading contains a more detailed account of the reactor s construction and early operational history externalinks obninsk nuclear power plant picture tour category nuclear power stations built in the soviet union category nuclear power stations in russia category former nuclear power stations category nuclear power stations using rbmk reactors category atomic 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according athe_time although generated heat going production isotopes main task carry experimental studies test loops installed reactor technology obninsk pilot plant later employed much_larger scale rbmk reactors design single reactor unit athe plant russian peace total electrical capacity net capacity around thermal output prototype design using graphite moderator water reactor forerunner rbmk reactors obninsk reactor used enriched uranium percentage would lowered subsequent reactors construction started january first criticality achieved may first grid connection made june around years opening nuclear_power plant power station obninsk remained nuclear soviet_union power_plant remained active april finally shut according years operation significant incidents resulting personnel overdose mortality release thenvironment exceeding limits next soviet nuclear_power connected grid nuclear_power station unit capacity see_also nuclear_power russia f nucleareactor soviet equivalent chicago world first nuclear_power plant powered building grid connected iii briefly connected us power grid reactor prototypes calder hall produced electricity although main purpose plutonium_production atomic power station power described us_government first full_scale nuclear_power plant references_furthereading contains detailed account reactor construction early operational history externalinks obninsk nuclear_power plant picture tour category_nuclear_power stations built soviet_union category_nuclear_power stations russia category_former nuclear_power stations category_nuclear_power stations using rbmk reactors category_atomic_tourism"},{"title":"Observation deck","description":"deck file niagara falls on skylon tower aussichtsdeck jpg thumb visitors on the observation deck of the skylon tower overlooking niagara falls file tworld trade center observation deckjpg thumb right midtown manhattan in the distance photo taken atworld trade center s observation deck in the s an observation deck observation platform or viewing platform is an elevated tourism sightseeing platform usually situated upon a tall architectural structure such as a skyscraper or observation tower observation decks are sometimes enclosed from weather as many skyscraper decks and may include coin operated telescopes for viewing distant features list of public observation decks notable public observation decks located on human made structures include the following class wikitable sortable valign top style background silver list of public observation decks width unsortable width width location width deck ht width total ht noteshanghai tower skyscraper shanghai burj khalifa skyscraper dubai th floor outdoor opened october lotte world tower skyscraper seoul it has the highest glass deck shanghai world financial center skyscraper shanghai atlanta cincinnati cn detroit eiffel ge las vegasearseattle shanghai tianjin th floor decks alson levels tokyo skytree steel tower tokyo three additional observation decks at m and m cn tower concrete tower toronto two additional observation decks at m outdoor m indoor willis tower skyscraper chicago rd floor sky international commercentre skyscraper hong kong th floor degree indoor observatory it is the highest observation deck in hong kong taipei skyscraper taipei st floor s outdoor observatory it is the previous record of highest outdoor observatory in the world the th floor indoor observatory is one world trade center skyscraper new york city observatory on the th st and floors petronas towerskyscraper kuala lumpur observatory on th floor of tower in addition there is the skybridge between the two towers on st and floors at meters empire state building skyscraper new york city nd floor additional th floor deck m oriental pearl tower concrete tower shanghai observation levels the highest one being outdoors tuntex sky tower skyscraper kaohsiung taiwan kaohsiung th floor jin mao tower skyscraper shanghai th floor ostankino tower concrete tower moscow indoor deck is at m john hancock center skyscraper chicagobservation deck john hancock center chicagobservation deck chicagobservation deck on the th floor tilt a moving platform that leans to a degree angle over the side of the building is on the same floor also an open air screened in areand a full bar on same floor second elevatoride milad tower concrete tower tehran top level china world trade center tower iii skyscraper beijing st floor abenobashi terminal building skyscraper osaka th floor top floor us bank tower skyscraper los angeles th floor zhongyuan tower steel tower zhengzhou royal gorge bridge colorado spans royal gorge grand canyon of the arkansas river grande dixence dam valais eureka tower thedgeureka tower skyscraper melbourne skydeck is at a height of m seg plaza skyscraper shenzhen oub centre skyscraper singapore rooftop gallery opened in as a part of altitudestablishment eiffel tower wrought iron lattice tower paris rd floor menara kuala lumpur concrete tower kuala lumpur columbia center skyscraper seattle washington seattle rd floor yokohama landmark tower yokohama landmark skyscraper yokohama japan yokohama th floor millau viaduct bridge millau m clearance bank of america plaza dallaskyscraper dallast floor additional th floor jpmorgan chase tower houston jpmorgan chase tower skyscraper houston th floor sydney tower steel tower sydney stratosphere las vegastratosphere tower concrete tower las vegas nevada las vegas th floor indoor vajont dam erto e casso disused gran torre santiago skyscraper santiago de chile santiago nd floor outdoor deck ge building skyscraper new york city th floor top of the rock tianjin radio and television tower tianjin tower concrete tower tianjin observation podevon energy center skyscraper oklahoma city th floor wall street skyscraper new york city once wasecond tallest observation deck in the world after theiffel tower pine street american international building skyscraper new york city open only on few select days of the year since attacks rinku gate tower building rinku gate tower skyscraper osaka mauvoisin dam bagnes raised m in tokyo tower steel truss tower tokyo th floor building skyscraper seoul th floor north korea can be seen on clear days midland square skyscraper nagoya th floor the shard skyscraper londond floor observatory deck central radio tv tower concrete tower beijing sunshine skyscraper tokyo istanbul sapphire skyscraper istanbul th floor open roofederation tower federation tower west skyscraper moscow nd floor q building q skyscraper gold coast queensland gold coasth floor skypoint withe function hall on the th west pearl tower concrete tower chengdu roppongi hills mori tower skyscraper tokyo nd floor indoor th flooroof deck olympic park observation tower steel tower beijing several observation levels europaturm concrete tower frankfurt since theuropaturm has been closed to the public lago di luzzone dam blenio rialtowers office melbourne carlton centre building johannesburg th floor macau tower concrete tower macau verzasca dam ticino westin peachtree plaza hotel westin peachtree skyscraper atlanta georgiatlanta rd floor mratinje dam list of cities in montenegro mratinje in list of cities in montenegro plu ine municipality sky tower auckland sky tower concrete tower auckland long ta steelattice tower harbin terminal tower skyscraper cleveland ohio cleveland prudential tower skyscraper boston massachusetts boston th floor prudential skywalk detroit marriott skyscraper detroit michigan detroith floor actower skyscraper hamamatsu tour montparnasse skyscraper paris fernsehturm berlin concrete tower berlin almendra dam almendra salamancalmendra sky tower wroc aw sky tower skyscraper wroc aw poland wroc aw highest in poland list of tallestructures in austria k lnbrein dam maltaustria malta main tower skyscraper frankfurt fernmeldeturm n rnberg concrete tower nuremberg vip access only public expansion planned olympiaturm concrete tower munich vysotskyscraper vysotskyscraper yekaterinburg observation deck was opened on may gateway arch steel concrete st louis bitexco financial tower skyscraper ho chi minh city th floor colonius concrete tower cologne tower of the americas concrete tower santonio texasantoniolympic stadiumontreal olympic stadium concrete tower montreal rheinturm concrete tower d sseldorf carew tower skyscraper cincinnati ohio cincinnati roof observation deck reunion tower concrete tower dallas texas dallas closed forenovationsince november zhuzhou television tower shennong tower concrete tower zhuzhou hunan zhuzhou donauturm concrete tower vienna n seoul tower steel tower seoul tower sits atop namsan seoul namsan mountain harbour centre skyscraper vancouver observation deck sits abouthe top of the main building space needle steel tower seattle washington seattle calgary tower concrete tower calgary alberta calgary fernsehturm stuttgart concrete tower stuttgarthe alps and the black forest can be seen on clear days philadelphia city hall masonry tower philadelphia nina tower skyscraper hong kong st floor fernsehturm dresden wachwitz concrete tower dresden paris las vegas las vegas eiffel tower steel tower paradise nevada paradise scale originally to be full sized foshay tower skyscraper minneapolis th floor custom house tower skyscraper boston massachusetts boston th floor kansas city hall skyscraper kansas city missouri kansas city th floor avala tower concrete tower belgrade penobscot narrows bridge penobscot observatory bridge tower penobscot river penobscot rd level st nd levels m edifice marie guyart skyscraper quebecity st floor smith tower skyscraper seattle washington seattle th floor kuwaitowers kuwait viewing sphere concrete tower kuwait city liberation tower kuwait liberation tower of m is not open to public national monument indonesia obelisk monument jakarta k lntriangle skyscraper cologne th floor fact and figures koelntrianglepanoramade faro de moncloa concrete tower madrid alor setar tower alor setar soldiers and sailors monument indianapolisoldiers and sailors monument obelisk monument indianapolis george washington masonic national memorial stone building alexandria virginia offers views of washington dc and northern virginia open onational holidaystatue of liberty statue liberty island crown level m torch level closed to public in antey skyscraper yekaterinburg liberty memorial concrete tower kansas city missouri kansas city mount washington pittsburgh mt washington towersteel structure pittsburgh towers overlook downtown pittsburgh coitower concrete tower san francisco john hancock tower skyscraper boston massachusetts boston closed to the public since the september terrorist attacks list of highest observation decks by type classortable wikitable style text align center cellpadding style background ececec type name and location constructed height notestyle background ececec enclosed shanghai world financial center shanghai china outdoor burj khalifa dubai uae on skyscraper burj khalifa dubai uae on tower canton tower guangzhou china bridge royal gorge bridge above water level dam grande dixence dam timeline of world s highest observation decks this a timeline of the development of world s highest observation decksince inauguration of theiffel tower in classortable wikitable style text align center cellpadding style background ecececolspan held record rowspaname and location rowspan constructed rowspan height of highest observation deck rowspanotestyle background ececec from to align left eiffel tower paris france two further observation decks m align left empire state building new york city united states a second observation deck is located on the th floor at metres above ground align left world trade center world trade center new york city united states top of the world trade center observatories article measured from sea level street level was feet above sea level indoor observatory on the th floor of south tower opened on april destroyeduring the september attacks align left sears tower since renamed willis tower chicago united states measured from the franklin street entrance rd floor observation deck opened on june align left world trade center world trade center new york city united states top of the world trade center observatories article measured from sea level street level was feet above sea level outdoor observatory on rooftop of the south tower opened on december destroyeduring the september attacks align left cn tower torontontario canada two further observation decks and metres above ground align left shanghai world financial centre shanghai people s republic of china other observation decks are at and align left canton tower guangzhou people s republic of china the outdoorooftop observation deck opened in december there are also several other indoor observation decks in the tower the highest at align left burj khalifa dubai uae m ft align left opened on october on the th floor there is another observation deck at on the th floor whichas been open since the building was opened to the public present align left shanghai tower shanghai china m ft align left opened on july note higher observation decks havexisted on mountain peaks or cliff s rather than on tall structures for example the royal gorge bridge in ca on city colorado united states was constructed in spanning the royal gorge at a height of above the arkansas river the fingers austria fingers viewing platform on de krippenstein mount krippenstein the austrian state of upper austria is built over a chasm of depth see also list of tallest buildings and structures in the world s highest observation deck observation deck gallery file viewing platform top rightjpg the m observation deck of ronda spain overlooks the depression of ronda plain over m below file treehouselevated jpg a multi level tree house in cape town south africa with an observation deck on top file rokko garden terrace s jpg a observation deck place in rokko garden terrace mount rokkobe japan file observation deck overlooking potsdamer platz with placard showing viewjpg observation deck in west berlin with a view of potsdamer platz on the other side of the berlin wall athe bottom of the steps a placard shows whathe square looked like in file one world trade center observatory view of midtownjpg view of manhattan from the one world observatory inew york city file one world observatory viewjpg brooklyn bridge as viewed from the one world observatory inew york city see alsobservation wheel category buildings and structures by type category architectural elements category tourist attractions category landscape category observation 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niagara_falls skylon tower jpg thumb visitors observation_deck skylon tower overlooking niagara_falls file trade_center observation thumb right midtown manhattan distance photo taken trade_center observation_deck observation_deck observation platform viewing platform elevated tourism sightseeing platform usually situated upon tall architectural structure skyscraper observation tower observation_decks sometimes enclosed weather many skyscraper decks may_include coin operated viewing distant features list public observation_decks notable public observation_decks located human made structures include following class wikitable sortable valign_top style background silver list public observation_decks width unsortable width width location width deck width total tower_skyscraper shanghai burj khalifa skyscraper dubai th_floor outdoor opened october world tower_skyscraper seoul highest glass deck shanghai world financial center skyscraper shanghai atlanta cincinnati detroit eiffel las shanghai tianjin th_floor decks alson levels tokyo steel_tower tokyo three additional observation_decks tower_concrete_tower toronto two additional observation_decks outdoor indoor willis tower_skyscraper chicago floor sky international skyscraper hong_kong th_floor degree indoor observatory highest observation_deck hong_kong taipei skyscraper taipei st floor outdoor observatory previous record highest outdoor observatory world th_floor indoor observatory one world_trade center skyscraper new_york city observatory th st floors kuala_lumpur observatory th_floor tower addition two towers st floors meters empire state building skyscraper new_york city floor additional th_floor deck oriental pearl tower_concrete_tower shanghai observation levels highest one outdoors sky tower_skyscraper taiwan th_floor jin tower_skyscraper shanghai th_floor tower_concrete_tower moscow indoor deck john_center skyscraper deck john_center deck deck th_floor tilt moving platform degree angle side building floor also open_air screened areand full bar floor second tower_concrete_tower tehran top level china world_trade center tower iii skyscraper beijing st floor terminal building skyscraper osaka th_floor top_floor us bank tower_skyscraper los_angeles th_floor tower steel_tower royal gorge bridge colorado royal gorge grand canyon arkansas river grande dam eureka tower tower_skyscraper melbourne height plaza skyscraper shenzhen centre skyscraper singapore rooftop gallery opened part eiffel tower wrought iron tower paris floor kuala_lumpur concrete_tower kuala_lumpur columbia center skyscraper seattle_washington seattle floor yokohama landmark tower yokohama landmark skyscraper yokohama japan yokohama th_floor millau bridge millau clearance bank america plaza floor additional th_floor chase tower houston chase tower_skyscraper houston th_floor sydney tower steel_tower sydney las tower_concrete_tower las_vegas nevada las_vegas th_floor indoor dam e disused gran santiago skyscraper santiago de chile santiago floor outdoor deck building skyscraper new_york city th_floor top rock tianjin radio television tower tianjin tower_concrete_tower tianjin observation energy center skyscraper oklahoma_city th_floor wall_street skyscraper new_york city tallest observation_deck world tower pine street american international building skyscraper new_york city open select days year since attacks gate tower building gate tower_skyscraper osaka dam raised tokyo tower steel_tower tokyo th_floor building skyscraper seoul th_floor north_korea seen clear days midland square skyscraper nagoya th_floor skyscraper floor observatory deck central radio tv tower_concrete_tower beijing sunshine skyscraper tokyo istanbul skyscraper istanbul th_floor open tower federation tower west skyscraper moscow floor building skyscraper gold_coast queensland gold floor withe function hall th west pearl tower_concrete_tower hills tower_skyscraper tokyo floor indoor th deck olympic park observation tower steel_tower beijing several observation levels concrete_tower frankfurt since closed public dam office melbourne carlton centre building johannesburg th_floor macau tower_concrete_tower macau dam westin peachtree plaza hotel westin peachtree skyscraper atlanta georgiatlanta floor dam list cities montenegro list cities montenegro municipality sky tower auckland sky tower_concrete_tower auckland long tower terminal tower_skyscraper cleveland_ohio cleveland tower_skyscraper boston_massachusetts boston th_floor detroit marriott skyscraper detroit michigan floor skyscraper tour skyscraper paris fernsehturm berlin concrete_tower berlin dam sky tower wroc sky tower_skyscraper wroc poland wroc highest poland list austria k dam malta main tower_skyscraper frankfurt n rnberg concrete_tower nuremberg vip access public expansion planned concrete_tower munich observation_deck opened may gateway arch steel concrete st_louis financial tower_skyscraper chi city th_floor concrete_tower cologne tower americas concrete_tower santonio olympic stadium concrete_tower montreal concrete_tower sseldorf tower_skyscraper cincinnati ohio cincinnati roof observation_deck tower_concrete_tower dallas_texas dallas closed november television tower tower_concrete_tower concrete_tower vienna n seoul tower steel_tower seoul tower sits atop seoul mountain harbour centre skyscraper vancouver observation_deck sits abouthe top main_building space needle steel_tower seattle_washington seattle calgary tower_concrete_tower calgary alberta calgary fernsehturm stuttgart concrete_tower alps black_forest seen clear days philadelphia city_hall tower philadelphia nina tower_skyscraper hong_kong st floor fernsehturm dresden concrete_tower dresden paris las_vegas las_vegas eiffel tower steel_tower paradise nevada paradise scale originally full sized tower_skyscraper minneapolis th_floor custom house tower_skyscraper boston_massachusetts boston th_floor kansas_city hall skyscraper kansas_city missouri kansas_city th_floor tower_concrete_tower belgrade penobscot narrows bridge penobscot observatory bridge tower penobscot river penobscot level st levels marie skyscraper st floor smith tower_skyscraper seattle_washington seattle th_floor kuwait viewing sphere concrete_tower kuwait city liberation tower kuwait liberation tower open public national monument indonesia obelisk monument jakarta k skyscraper cologne th_floor fact figures faro de concrete_tower madrid tower soldiers sailors monument sailors monument obelisk monument indianapolis george washington national memorial stone building alexandria virginia offers views washington northern virginia open onational liberty statue liberty island crown level level closed public skyscraper liberty memorial concrete_tower kansas_city missouri kansas_city mount washington pittsburgh washington structure pittsburgh towers overlook downtown pittsburgh concrete_tower san_francisco john tower_skyscraper boston_massachusetts boston closed public since september terrorist attacks list highest observation_decks type wikitable_style_text align center cellpadding style background type name location constructed height background enclosed shanghai world financial center shanghai china outdoor burj khalifa dubai uae skyscraper burj khalifa dubai uae tower canton tower guangzhou china bridge royal gorge bridge water level dam grande dam timeline world highest observation_decks timeline development world highest observation inauguration tower wikitable_style_text align center cellpadding style background held record location rowspan constructed rowspan height highest observation_deck background align left eiffel tower paris_france two observation_decks align left empire state building new_york city_united_states second observation_deck located th_floor metres ground align left world_trade center world_trade center new_york city_united_states top world_trade center article measured sea_level street level feet sea_level indoor observatory th_floor south tower opened april destroyeduring september attacks align left tower since renamed willis tower chicago united_states measured franklin street entrance floor observation_deck opened june align left world_trade center world_trade center new_york city_united_states top world_trade center article measured sea_level street level feet sea_level outdoor observatory rooftop south tower opened december destroyeduring september attacks align left tower torontontario canada two observation_decks metres ground align left shanghai world financial centre shanghai people republic china observation_decks align left canton tower guangzhou people republic china observation_deck opened december also several indoor observation_decks tower highest align left burj khalifa dubai uae align left opened october th_floor another observation_deck th_floor whichas open since building opened public present align left shanghai tower shanghai china align left opened july note higher observation_decks havexisted mountain peaks cliff rather tall structures example royal gorge bridge city colorado united_states constructed spanning royal gorge height arkansas river fingers austria fingers viewing platform de mount austrian state upper austria built depth see_also list tallest buildings structures world highest observation_deck observation_deck gallery file viewing platform top observation_deck spain overlooks depression plain file_jpg multi level tree house cape_town south_africa observation_deck top file garden terrace jpg observation_deck place garden terrace mount japan file observation_deck overlooking showing viewjpg observation_deck west berlin view side berlin wall athe_bottom steps shows whathe square looked like file one world_trade center observatory view view manhattan one world observatory inew_york_city file one world observatory viewjpg brooklyn bridge viewed one world observatory inew_york_city see wheel category_buildings structures type category architectural elements category_tourist attractions_category landscape category observation_decks"},{"title":"Off the Grid (food organization)","description":"off the grid is a mobile food truck rally food truck festival in the san francisco california san francisco bay area of california usa file coffee andoughnuts food truckjpg thumb coffee andoughnuts food truck fort mason san franciscoff the grid travels to different locations and serves a variety ofood similar to a night market or a bazaar a group of vendors gather in an outdoor space on certain days of the week originally based in san francisco california off the grid now extends its markets throughouthe bay area schell joseph scenes of the city off the grid s food truck marketsan francisco novemberetrieved on january off the grid is owned and operated by matt cohen who gothe idea of a mobile food feast while teaching in japan there he saw street vendors drive around and serve food cooked from fire pits in the back of their motor vehiclesrubio laura hot matt cohen off the grid owner and operator x sf san francisco july retrieved on january off the grid s first event was on june at fort mason center in san francisco it had live music alcohol and vendorserving latin and asian foodpalmer tamara off the grid a roaming mobile food party starts next friday sf weekly san francisco june retrieved on january in a total of three markets were opened in off the grid opened nine more and today there are total markets that run weekly different vendors participate in off the grid off the grid offers a variety ofood at each market and it changes the combination of vendorso that each event is unique kauffman jonathan off the grid celebrates its first birthday an interviewith organizer matt cohen sf weekly san francisco june retrieved on january it also tries to help local businesses by charging the vendors a fixed costhat is lower than other standard rates for events and spaces off the gridoes however frustrate immobile businesses and restaurants that must compete when the food trucks park outside their business one restaurant owner has reported a daily revenue loss of when the trucks are nearby at one off the grid s weekly locationssabatini joshua proposed new food truck rules in san francisco seek to please both mobile and stationary eat sf examiner san francisco january retrieved on january the vendors thatake part in the off the grid markets have come to serve a broad range of international foods which include but are not limited to american south american taiwanese indian japanese mexicand mediterraneansullivan kathleen food trucks offer international fare samosasoupsandwiches and sliderstanford university january retrieved january due to its increase in popularity andemand off the grid is now expanding itservices to school campusespecial events or partiesray elaine university develops new program for food trucks on campustanford report stanford university novemberetrieved on january references category articles created via the article wizard category food andrink festivals in the united states category food trucks category food andrink related organizations category food andrink in the san francisco bay 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Today","description":"oklahoma today is the official magazine of the state of oklahoma united states published in cooperation withe oklahoma department of tourism and recreation it provides its readers the best of the state s people places travel culture food and outdoors in six issues a year oklahoma today has been in constant publication since january it is the state s longest running magazine and is the fourth oldest regional magazine in the country oklahoma today s base circulation is and is the state s third largest paid circulation publication coming behind only the oklahomand tulsa world it is the only statewide magazine and it is the only magazine with a paid circulation oklahoma today subscribers live in all counties of the state other state s and many other countries the magazine can be found onewsstands throughouthe state and region oklahoma today received the best magazine award from the oklahoma pro chapter of the society of professional journalists in externalinks 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england wales youthostels and the toll itook on his body a glossary of difficultechnical terms is also included for example compass instrument for establishing you are losthe book s title refers to that of the well known television series one mand his dog which featuresheepdog trials often in the pennines and other upland areas one mand his log in barry pilton wrote a follow up book one mand hiship s log subtitled the cautionary and true tale ofive buffoons and a barge also illustrated by gray jolliffe recounting a journey along the canal du nivernais from corbigny to clamecy ni vre clamecy in central france category books category british travel books category english non fiction books category books about england 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mand subtitled guide walking way traveliterature travelogue book written barry published publisher started life series talks bbc radio book foreword gives light account walking fullength way days derbyshire kirk yetholm scottish borders book foreword mike harding illustrations gray book opens author note book small way encourage people take walking author suggests read book carefully includes humorous tales people met route overnight_stops primarily youthostels_association england_wales youthostels toll itook body glossary terms also_included example instrument establishing losthe book title refers well_known television_series one mand dog trials often areas one mand log barry wrote follow book one mand log subtitled true tale ofive barge also illustrated gray recounting journey along canal central france_category_books category_british travel_books category_english non_fiction books_category_books england_categoryouthostelling"},{"title":"Online food ordering","description":"online food ordering is a process of ordering food from a local restaurant or food cooperative through a web page or application software app much like online shop ordering consumer goods online many of these allow customers to keep accounts withem in order to make frequent ordering convenient a customer will search for a favorite restaurant usually filtered via list of cuisines type of cuisine and choose from available items and choose delivery or pick upayment can be amongst others either by credit card or cash withe restaurant returning a percentage to the online food company in may eric kim a contributing writer for techcrunch and ceof rushordereported that of the billion takeout andelivery market only about billion roughly percent is online service types restaurant controlled the preexisting delivery infrastructure of these franchising franchises was well suited for an online ordering system so much so that in papa john s international announced that its online sales were growing on average more than percent each year and neared million in aloneassociated press papa john s hits online ordering milestone may local companies have teamed up with e commerce companies to make ordering quicker and more precise annie maver director of operations for the original pizza pan inc of cleveland ohio comments thathe system is good for customers who do not speak english soder chuck online ordering system will get bigger slice of case students pie crane s cleveland business news may some restaurants have adopted online ordering despite their lack of delivery systems using ito manage pick up orders or to take reservations independent online food ordering companies offer three solutions one is a software service whereby restaurants purchase database and account management software from the company and manage the online ordering themselves the second solution is a webased service whereby restaurantsign contracts with an online food ordering website that may handle orders fromany restaurants in a regional or national area the third is where an independent create and offer foods meals or kits via their website which are then directly sento consumers one difference between the systems is how the online menu is created and later updated managed services do this via phone or email while unmanaged services require the customer to do it some websites use wizard software wizards to find the best suited menu for the customer food cooperatives food cooperatives also allow consumers the ability to place an order of locally grown and or produced food online consumers place an order online based on what is available for the ordering cycle month week and then pick up and pay for their orders at a centralocation many restaurants offer the technology to place an order with an app and may offer a discount or bonus item when the order is placed online menus advantages for online ordering customers are turning more towards online food services options for the convenience its offers the variety of options and affordable food choices disadvantage for online ordering customers are not able to ask about quality ofood or ask for any specializediet foods it is more difficulto ask for gluten free or allergy free foods with online ordering also it is more possible for a customer to place an order but never pick up the order which can lead to waste ofood and possibly a loss of profits timeline of online foodelivery this a timeline of online foodelivery big picture class wikitable sortable time period class unsortable key developments in online foodelivery this era is characterized by the rise of the internethe dotcom boom and the subsequent crash dotcom startups like webvan homegrocer and kozmo started online grocery delivery but ended up closing in after the dotcom crash seamless company seamless is also founded grubhub is founded by the late s major pizza chains have created their own mobile applications and startedoing of their business online with increased smartphone penetration and the growth of both uber company uber and the sharing economy foodelivery startupstarto receive more attention again this era is associated withe founding of caviar and instacart by online ordering is aboutovertake phone ordering but by september online delivery still accounted for just about percent of the billion us restaurant visits or transactions full timeline class wikitable sortable border year month andate if availableventype details foundings peapod which pioneers the online grocery delivery concept is foundedby andrew and thomas parkinson in evanston il january new entrants pizzanet pizza hut s digital ordering hub launches and accepts the first ever online order a large pepperoni mushroom and extra cheese pizza july foundings webvan online grocery delivery service is founded by louis borders it ipos onovember march foundings kozmo an online delivery services for many services includingroceries foundedecember foundingseamlessweb is founded in order to provide companies with a webased system fordering food from restaurants and caterers june mergers and acquisitions webvan buys out homegrocer april closings kozmo shuts down the company had made profits inew york boston and san francisco in december and secured million investments prior to shutdown july closings webvan shuts downew entrants papa john s pizza launches online ordering founding takeawaycom is founded as thuisbezorgdnl march new entrantsafeway inc safeway begins delivering online grocery orders foundings grubhub an online restaurant delivery service is founded in by two web developers matt maloney and mikevans who were looking for an alternative to paper menus august new entrants amazonfresh initially offers home grocery delivery to residents of the seattle suburb of mercer island in an invitationly beta test in august march foundings eat hours an online restaurant delivery service is founded january foundings zerocater a startup for delivering catered food to businesses is founded july new entrants pizza hut launches a free iphone application today that offers mobile ordering and games to play while one waits for delivery august new entrants roaming hunger a website for finding food trucks launches the first website dedicated to booking catering from food trucks at any location february foundings doordash which would later become a y combinator summer foodelivery company issues its first delivery july foundings instacart which offers an app that lets users order groceries andelivers them is founded september foundings caviar launches and starts offering delivery in the san francisco area from high end restaurants rated stars or higher on yelp march foundings foodpanda foodelivery service launches in singapore april foundingsprig a delivery service for healthy meals launches in san francisco june foundingspoonrocket a y combinator backed company for delivering fast food meals is founded june companies amazonfresh expands outo los angeles it would later expand outo san francisco by december august mergers and acquisitionseamless and grubhub merge august mergers and acquisitionsquare inc square acquires caviar february mergers and acquisitions yelp acquires eat february new entrants uber company uber launches into the foodelivery space with ubereatstarting off in barcelonapril indian market online food ordering business india witnessing exponential growth organized food business reaches worth us billion of which foodelivery is us billion several startups rose including zomato tinyowl swiggy innerchefood panda thefirstmeal the first meal and fresh menu with focus on apps august foundings khaochatpata website gets online displaying famous namkeen and sweets of india the professionals provide a fast and convenient connection between stores namkeen and sweetstore and customers october companies tapingo announces launch of large scale cooperation with aramark to expand itservices into many university campuses across the united 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food ordering process ordering food local restaurant food cooperative web_page application software app much like online shop ordering consumer goods online many allow customers keep accounts withem order make frequent ordering convenient customer search favorite restaurant usually via list cuisines type cuisine choose available items choose delivery pick amongst others either credit_card cash withe restaurant returning percentage online_food company may eric kim contributing writer ceof billion takeout andelivery market billion roughly percent online service types restaurant controlled delivery infrastructure franchising franchises well suited online_ordering system much papa john international announced online sales growing average percent year million press_papa john hits online_ordering milestone may local companies teamed e_commerce companies make ordering precise annie director operations original pizza pan inc cleveland_ohio comments thathe system good customers speak english chuck online_ordering system get bigger case students pie crane cleveland business news may restaurants adopted online_ordering despite lack delivery systems using ito manage pick orders take reservations independent online_food ordering companies offer three solutions one software service whereby restaurants purchase database account management software company manage online_ordering second solution webased service whereby contracts online_food ordering website may handle orders fromany restaurants regional national area third independent create offer foods meals kits via website directly sento consumers one difference systems online menu created later updated managed services via phone email services require customer websites use wizard software find best suited menu customer food food also allow consumers ability place order locally grown produced food online consumers place order online based available ordering cycle month week pick pay orders many_restaurants_offer technology place order app may_offer discount bonus item order placed online menus advantages online_ordering customers turning towards online_food_services options convenience offers variety options affordable food choices disadvantage online_ordering customers able ask quality ofood ask foods difficulto ask free free foods online_ordering also possible customer place order never pick order lead waste ofood possibly loss profits timeline online_foodelivery timeline online_foodelivery big picture class wikitable sortable time_period class unsortable key developments online_foodelivery era characterized rise internethe boom subsequent crash startups like webvan started online grocery delivery ended closing crash company_also founded grubhub founded late major pizza chains created mobile_applications business online increased smartphone growth uber company uber sharing economy foodelivery receive attention era associated_withe founding caviar online_ordering phone ordering september online delivery still accounted percent billion us restaurant visits transactions full_timeline class wikitable sortable border year month details foundings pioneers online grocery delivery concept andrew thomas january new entrants pizza_hut digital ordering hub launches accepts first_ever online order large mushroom extra cheese pizza july foundings webvan online grocery delivery service founded louis borders onovember march foundings online delivery services many services founded order provide companies webased system food_restaurants caterers june mergers acquisitions webvan buys april shuts company made profits inew_york boston san_francisco december secured million investments prior shutdown july webvan shuts entrants papa john pizza launches online_ordering founding founded march new inc begins delivering online grocery orders foundings grubhub online restaurant delivery service founded two web developers matt looking alternative paper menus august new entrants initially offers home grocery delivery residents seattle suburb mercer island beta test august march foundings eat hours online restaurant delivery service founded january foundings startup delivering catered food businesses founded july new entrants pizza_hut launches free iphone application today offers mobile ordering games play one waits delivery august new entrants roaming_hunger website finding food_trucks launches first website dedicated booking catering food_trucks location february foundings would later become summer foodelivery company issues first delivery july foundings offers app lets users order groceries founded september foundings caviar launches starts offering delivery san_francisco area high_end_restaurants rated stars higher yelp march foundings foodelivery service launches singapore april delivery service healthy meals launches san_francisco june backed company delivering fast_food meals founded june companies outo los_angeles would later expand outo san_francisco december august mergers grubhub merge august mergers inc square acquires caviar february mergers acquisitions yelp acquires eat february new entrants uber company uber launches foodelivery space indian market online_food ordering business india witnessing growth organized food business reaches worth us_billion foodelivery us_billion several startups rose including first meal fresh menu focus apps august foundings website gets online displaying famous sweets india professionals provide fast convenient connection stores customers october companies announces launch large_scale cooperation expand many university campuses across united european gets listed see_also dark store ghost restaurant list restauranterminology online_food_category e_commerce category_online retailers category_restauranterminology category websites food_andrink category_online food ordering category technology company category_food"},{"title":"Ontario Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport","description":"footnotes the ministry of tourism culture and sport was created on january when the ministry of culture ontario ministry of culture and the ministry of tourism were combined under one ministry sport was added to the portfolio in it is responsible for the development of policies and programs and the operation of programs related tourism arts cultural industry cultural industries heritage sectors and ontario public libraries in ontario the ministry works in partnership with its agencies attractions boards and commissions and the private sector to maximize theconomicultural and social contributions of its agencies and attractions while promoting the tourism industry and preserving ontario s culture and heritageleanor mcmahon was appointed minister on june her parliamentary assistant isophie kiwala list of ministers travel and publicity george arthur welsh louis pierre cile bryan lewis cathcart james auld politician james auld tourism and information james auld politician james auld fernand guindon john white ontario politician john white february april industry and tourism john white ontario politician john white claude bennett john rhodes canadian politician john rhodes january september larry grossman politician larry grossman culture and recreation bob welch politician bob welch reuben baetz tourism and recreation reuben baetz claude bennett february june john eakins hugh o neil ken black peter north politician peter north ed philip culture and communications lily munro christine hart hugh o neil june septemberosario marchese karen haslam culture tourism and recreation anne swarbrick citizenship culture and recreation marilyn mushinskisabel bassett helen johns economic developmentrade and tourism al palladini cam jackson culture tourism and recreation tim hudak cam jackson april october brian coburn politician brian coburn february october david tsubouchi madeleine meilleur caroline di cocco aileen carroll jim bradley politician jim bradley peter fonseca monique smith tourism and culture michael chan canadian politician michael chan tourism culture and sport michael chan canadian politician michael chan michael coteau eleanor mcmahon presenthe ministry structure includes minister s office deputy minister s office communications branch regional and corporate services division shared withe ministry of citizenship and immigrationtario ministry of citizenship and immigration culture division assistant deputy minister s office culture agencies branch culture agencies unit manages the ministry s relationship with its agencies to achieve shared cultural objectives including infrastructurenewal and cultural tourism promotion culture policy branch culture policy unit leads the development of cultural policy sector industry specific strategies legislation and regulations for ontario s arts heritage libraries and cultural industriestrategic policy and planning unit leads the development of strategic policy and multi year plans assess research on best practices across jurisdictions and coordinate policy development with other ministries and levels of government culture program and services branch culture programs unit coordinates and manages all ministry programs and grants for the full range of stakeholder organizations providing our cultural sector partners with one window customer service culture services unit develops and coordinates guidelines and tools for service delivery provides advice and interpretation of relevant legislation and conductstakeholder education training and outreach on key cultural initiatives tourism planning and operations division tourism agencies branch responsible for policy financial and program liaison withe ministry s tourism agencies and attractions in addition it establishes and maintains an effective accountability relationship between each agency and the ministry within itscope of broader government policy tourism policy andevelopment division investment andevelopment office works to increase ontario s competitiveness by supporting destination and experience development in ontario s tourism sector in addition ido administers the sport culture and tourism partnershiprogram tourism policy and research branch resource based tourism works to protect diversify and enhance resource based tourism business potential ontario s crown lands and waters the unit providestrategic policy planning advice analysis and facilities alliances with key stakeholders to stimulate tourism business opportunities it issues resource based tourism establishment licenses under the tourism act and regulation and supports the development of resource stewardship agreements between the resource based tourism and forest industriestrategic and corporate policy unit works with ontario s tourism industry to implement ontario s tourism strategy creating and reviewing tourism policy by working with tourism industry associations and by working with other provincial ministries and the federal governmento ensure the needs of ontario s tourism industry are considered in all areas of policy developmenthe unit acts as the primary ministry liaison with cabinet office and provides the minister andeputy minister with policy advice on cabinet committees andeputy ministers committee agenda items the unit works with ministry staff to developolicy submissions and coordinate their passage through the government decision making process tourism research unit guides marketing policy and product development decisions by providing strategic information and analysis the section responsibilities include monitoring domestic and international tourism trends andetermining their impact ontario s tourism industry forecasting tourism statistics eg visitation product research economic impact analyses designing and conducting relevant research initiativesupply side andemand side to increase competitiveness war of commemoration planning cultural agencies overseen by the ministry include art gallery of ontario conservation review board mcmichael canadian art collectiontario arts council ontario heritage trust ontario media development corporationtario sciencentre ontario trillium foundation royal botanical gardens ontario royal botanical gardens royal ontario museum science north trillium book award southern ontario library service see ontario public libraries ontario library service north see ontario public libraries tourism agencies and attractions overseen by the ministry include fort william historical park huronia historical parksainte marie among the hurons andiscovery harbour metro toronto convention centre niagara parks commissiontario place ontario place corporationtario tourismarketing partnership corporation ottawa convention centre st lawrence parks commission see alsontario heritage act externalinks category ontario government departments and agencies t category tourisministries ontario category culture ministries o category sports ministries 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rhodes january september larry politician larry culture recreation bob politician bob tourism recreation claude bennett february june john hugh neil ken black peter north politician peter north ed philip culture communications lily christine hart hugh neil june karen culture_tourism recreation anne citizenship culture recreation marilyn helen johns economic tourism cam jackson culture_tourism recreation tim cam jackson april october brian coburn politician brian coburn february october david caroline carroll jim bradley politician jim bradley peter smith tourism_culture michael chan canadian politician michael chan tourism_culture sport michael chan canadian politician michael chan michael eleanor mcmahon presenthe ministry structure includes minister office deputy minister office communications branch regional corporate services division shared withe ministry citizenship ministry citizenship immigration culture division assistant deputy minister office culture agencies branch culture agencies unit manages ministry relationship agencies achieve shared cultural objectives including cultural_tourism_promotion culture policy branch culture policy unit leads development cultural policy sector industry specific strategies legislation regulations ontario arts heritage libraries cultural policy planning unit leads development strategic policy multi year plans assess research best practices across jurisdictions coordinate policy development ministries levels government culture program services branch culture programs unit coordinates manages ministry programs grants full range stakeholder organizations providing cultural sector partners one window customer_service culture services unit develops coordinates guidelines tools service delivery provides advice interpretation relevant legislation education training outreach key cultural initiatives tourism planning operations division tourism_agencies branch responsible policy financial program liaison withe ministry tourism_agencies attractions addition maintains effective accountability relationship agency ministry within broader government policy tourism policy andevelopment division investment andevelopment office works increase ontario competitiveness supporting destination experience development ontario tourism_sector addition sport culture_tourism tourism policy research branch resource based_tourism works protect diversify enhance resource based_tourism_business potential ontario crown lands waters unit policy planning advice analysis facilities key stakeholders stimulate tourism_business opportunities issues resource based_tourism establishment licenses tourism act regulation supports development resource agreements resource based_tourism forest corporate policy unit works ontario tourism_industry implement ontario tourism strategy creating reviewing tourism policy working tourism_industry associations working provincial ministries federal_governmento ensure needs ontario tourism_industry considered areas policy developmenthe unit acts primary ministry liaison cabinet office provides minister minister policy advice cabinet committees ministers committee agenda items unit works ministry staff coordinate passage government decision_making process tourism_research unit guides marketing policy product_development decisions providing strategic information analysis section responsibilities include monitoring domestic international_tourism trends impact ontario tourism_industry tourism statistics visitation product research economic_impact analyses designing conducting relevant research side andemand side increase competitiveness war commemoration planning cultural agencies overseen ministry include art gallery ontario conservation review board canadian art arts council ontario heritage trust ontario media development ontario foundation royal botanical_gardens ontario royal botanical_gardens royal ontario museum science north book_award southern ontario library service see ontario public libraries ontario library service north see ontario public libraries tourism_agencies attractions overseen ministry include fort william historical park historical marie among harbour metro toronto convention centre niagara parks place ontario place tourismarketing partnership corporation ottawa convention centre st lawrence parks commission see heritage act externalinks_category ontario government_departments agencies_category_tourisministries ontario category_culture_ministries category_sports ministries ontario"},{"title":"Opaque travel inventory","description":"an opaque inventory is the market of selling unsold travel inventory at a discounted price the inventory is called opaque because the specific suppliers ie hotel airlinetc remain hidden until after the purchase has been completed this done to prevent sales of unsold inventory from cannibalizing full price retail sales according to travelclick the opaque channel accounted for of all hotel reservations for major brands in up from the primary consumers of opaque inventories are price conscious people whose primary aim is the cheapestravel possible and are less concerned withe specifics of their travel plans hotel discounts of are typical and bargains are stronger at a higher star hotel while one has control over the dates and times of a travel itinerary the downside is these purchases are absolutely non refundable and non changeable and as noted above the specific hotel or airline is not revealed until after purchase the main sources of opaque inventories are hotwirecom and pricelinecom butravelocitycom and expediacom alsoffer opaque booking options hotwire has a fixed pricing model where it sells a room at a fixed price with a limitedescription of a givenue whereas priceline offers both a similar fixed pricing model and a bidding model where travelers bid for a hotel room from among a group of hotels of a given starating and location typically hotel deals are greater than airline discounts on opaque travel sites namely because airlines have limited seating and also take monetary cuts when publishing discounted fares whereas a hotel sells topaque sites to fill empty rooms in response to these opaque travel sites there are also decoder sites that use feedback from recent purchasers to help construct a profile of the opaque travel property category 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bidding model travelers bid hotel_room among group hotels given starating location typically hotel deals greater airline discounts opaque travel sites namely airlines limited seating also take monetary cuts publishing discounted fares whereas hotel sells sites fill empty rooms response opaque travel sites also sites use feedback recent help construct profile opaque travel property category_tourism"},{"title":"Operation Predator","description":"operation predator is an initiative started on july by us immigration and customs enforcement ice a division of the department of homeland security to protect children from sexual predator s operation predator targets foreignational sex offenders deportable aliens child trafficking child traffickersex tourism child sex tourists and people involved in allevels of child pornography from producers to distributors to consumers as of january there have been over arrests under operation predator over of those arrests occurred within the firsthree months of the operation more than of the arrests made as part of operation predator have been arrests oforeignational sex offenders whose crimes make them removable from the united states approximately of these are lawful permanent residents and approximately of these are illegaliens to date more than of these predators have been deported they have also made arrests against human smugglers and child pornographers operation predator has become the main force behind george w bush president bush s protect act of protect act which makes it illegal for americans to travel abroad in order to have sex with a minor this growing sex tourism industry is fueled by citizens of wealthy countries mostly americans who make up an estimated of all offenders going to placesuch as thailand cambodiand costa rica where they believe they will be protected by lax child protection laws or corrupt law enforcementhose three nations have been working with ice and world vision a public awareness campaign to stop this industry cambodiand mexico had already been working closely with ice to stop child sex tourism in their countriesome of operation predator s other major successes to date include a single web portal to variousex offenderegistries in the united statesex offenderegistry databases and creating a national child victim identification system on the international fronthey have increased cooperation with interpol and various international governments to combat child pornography and child sex tourism there is also an operation predator iphone app to allow users to receive alerts about suspected child sex predatorshare the information with friends via email and social mediand submitips the united states department of justice department of justicestimates that somewhere between and us children are sexually exploited everyear the united nations estimates that one million children are forced into prostitution everyear icestimates that child sex tourism victimizes upwards of two million children a year national child victim identification system the national child victim identification system is a massively inter agency system run by operation predator in conjunction withe fbi the united states postal service us postal inspection service the usecret service the united states department of justice department and the national center for missing and exploited children thisystem aims to provide federal and state agencies with a central database of child pornography to aid prosecution and to positively identify children in child pornography the national child victim identification system has been used to convict criminals by proving thathe pornographic images the defendants possess are of real children and not morphed or virtual see alsoperation angel watch externalinks operation predator homepage us immigration and customs enforcement ice homepage us breaks up belarus based international child porn ring fact sheet operation predator july revised fact sheet operation 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makes illegal americans travel abroad order sex minor growing sex_tourism_industry fueled citizens wealthy countries mostly americans make estimated offenders going placesuch thailand cambodiand costa_rica believe protected lax child protection laws corrupt law three nations working ice world vision public awareness campaign stop industry cambodiand mexico already working closely ice stop child_sex_tourism countriesome operation_predator major date include single web portal united creating national child victim identification system international increased cooperation various international governments combat child_pornography child_sex_tourism also operation_predator iphone app allow users receive child_sex information friends via email social_mediand united_states department justice department somewhere us children sexually exploited everyear united_nations estimates one_million children forced prostitution everyear child_sex_tourism upwards two million children year national child victim identification system national child victim identification system inter agency system run operation_predator conjunction withe united_states postal service us postal inspection service service united_states department justice department national center missing exploited children thisystem aims provide federal state agencies central database child_pornography aid prosecution positively identify children child_pornography national child victim identification system used criminals proving thathe pornographic images possess real children virtual see angel watch externalinks operation_predator homepage us immigration customs enforcement ice homepage us breaks based international child ring fact sheet operation_predator july revised fact sheet operation_predator july hunting see_also category child_pornography predator category child_sexual abuse category sex_tourism"},{"title":"Orbital Technologies Commercial Space Station","description":"volume pressure perigee apogee inclination altitude speed period orbits day in orbit occupied orbits distance as of stats ref configuration image configuration landscape configuration size configuration alt configuration caption the orbital technologies commercial space station is a proposed low earth orbital outer space space station intended for commercial clients the station was initially proposed in by orbital technologies a russia n aerospace firm noto be confused with orbital sciences corporation who is collaborating to develop the station with sp korolev rocket and space corporation energia rocket and space corporation energia rsc energias initially proposed in the station was to consist of a single module of approximately diameter with a usable volume of abouthe company was looking to launch in the next five years or so in or athatime several customers were under contract from the commercial space industry and the scientificommunity interested in areasuch as medical research protein crystallization and materials 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features prominent newspacentrepreneurs and space advocacy space advocates rick tumlinson jeffrey manber backed financially by walter anderson tax evader walter anderson mircorp founder walt anderson s highest profile venture was an audacious plan to take over the russian space station mir which was being abandoned by the russian space agency and turn it into a commercial outpost in orbithat effort ultimately failed some argue mircorp was done in by a us governmenthat wanted to squelch any potential competition to the iss the film s title refers to those people who came of age during thearlyears of the space age and expected to see progress continue athe rate seen in those heady early days only to be disappointed orphaned by events of the last few decades if they were going to have the kind of bold future they oncenvisioned they would have to build ithemselves and with mircorp that s whathey tried to do in honor of the th anniversary of the smithsonian institution an exclusive screening of orphans of apollo washown in the national air and space museum s lockheed martin imax theater orphans of apollo is a documentary film based on a group of entrepreneurs heading mircorp who negotiate a business deal withe russian governmento lease the mir space station for commercial use the film covers the historical period from the time of president nixon s decision to end the nasapollo moon program to post soviet russia more than solely a high tech space story the film includes themes of international negotiation the power of entrepreneur vision failed effort and of course political power play the film combines archival russian film footage archival nasa film footage and imax footage with interviews and original footage of the major players in the project including walter anderson entrepreneur walt anderson richard branson tom clancy jeffrey manberick tumlinson and others the documentary hasufficient action to move it along quickly michael potter michael potter is 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technology venture capital firm potter also_founding member theuropean competitive telecommunications association pushed telecommunications markets across_europe result commercial practices former limit activities access networks obtain low pricing new operators winner space frontier foundation vision future award see_also black sky race space documentary newspace venture mojave magic turtle eye view category_documentary_films space category_space_tourism category_human spaceflight_category_commercial_spaceflight category mir category_films"},{"title":"Osage Casino","description":"the osage nation operateseven casino s in oklahoma under the name osage casino the th largestribe native american tribe in the united states the people are based on theireservation encompassing osage county oklahoma it is larger than the ustates of delaware and rhode island history the osage originally named their casino business as the osage million dollar elm changing itosage casino in the name referred to the history of the first mineral auction s conducted in for the osage tribe they took place outside under what was called the million dollar elm tree in pawhuska oklahoma more than million worth of osage oil and gas law in the united states lease oileases were auctioned thereporters and magazine writers coined the term to convey thexcitement and scale of the auction when founders of the world s greatest oil companies frank phillips oil industrialist frank phillips and ew marland came in person to bid on the osage petroleum oil and natural gas leases osage casino hominy osage casino hominy located four miles north of hominy oklahoma opened in under osage nation gaming the casino was renovation remodeled and expanded in to allow for additional electronic gaming machinelectronic gaming devices as well as table game casino table games osage casino pawhuska osage casino pawhuska located ath street and highway east of pawhuska oklahoma began operation in june osage casino sand springs osage casino sand springs reopened in june after a total renovation to improve air quality gamblingaming and comfort for hospitality guests first opened in july the square foot casinoffers guests more than state of the art electronic gaming machinelectronic gaming devices a player s club food court bar establishment bar and lounge gift shop and parking space parking for vehicle s the casino is located off exith street sand springs oklahoma miles north of highway northwest of sand springs osage casino tulsa osage casino tulsa is the gaming and entertainment venue that is closesto downtown tulsa oklahoma osage casino bartlesville osage casino bartlesville is located five miles west of bartlesville oklahoma off county road it opened in march osage casino hotel skiatook osage casinos held a groundbreaking ceremony septo build a room hotel conferencenter convenience store and new square foot casinosage casino hotel skiatooklahoma west rogers boulevard openedecember osage casino hotel ponca city osage casino hotel ponca city oklahoma officially reopenedecember with a new casino gaming floor hotel restaurant and convenience store the casino is open hours a day seven days a week the casino is located off highway and is the gaming center closesto ponca city shows attractions notable restaurantsalted fork website osage casino is a native american casino in ponca city oklahoma owned and operated by the osage nation originally openedec the facility features gaming machinesee also native american gaming burbank oklahoma history detailedescription of oilease auctions under the million dollar elm tree category native american organizations category native american tribes in oklahoma category casinos in oklahoma category tourism category economic 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open_hours day seven_days week casino located highway gaming center ponca city shows attractions notable fork website osage_casino native_american casino ponca city oklahoma owned operated osage nation originally facility features gaming also native_american gaming oklahoma history million dollar elm tree category native_american organizations_category native_american tribes oklahoma category casinos oklahoma category_tourism category economic_development"},{"title":"Osteria","description":"image castello roganzuolo vecchia osteria di via gardinjpg thumb garden of a typical osteria in castello roganzuolo veneto image pergola vignata giumagliosteria dal nito jpeg thumb garden of an osteria in giumaglio in the italian speaking canton ticino switzerland an osteria in italy was originally a place serving wine and simple food lately themphasis hashifted to the food but menus tend to be short with an emphasis on local specialitiesuch as pasta grilled meat or fish and often served at shared tables ideal for a cheap lunch osterie the plural in italian also cater for after work and evening refreshment osterie vary greatly in practice some only serve drinks and clients are allowed to bring in their own food some have retained a predominantly male clientele whilst others have reached outo students and young professionalsome provide music and other entertainment similar tosterie are bottiglierie where customers can take a bottle or flask to be re filled from a barrel and enoteca enoteche which generally pride themselves on the range and quality of their wine in emilia romagnare located three of the oldest italian osterie osteria del sole and osteria del cappello in bolognand osterial brindisin ferrara established between the th and th century the oldest osteria in italy file carl bloch in a roman osteria google art projectjpg thumb osteria in art carl bloch s painting in a roman osteria from the national gallery of denmark copenhagen file painting by alexander laureus called roman osteria jpg thumb left osteria in art aleksander laur us oilpainting froman osteria from pori art museum finnish language finnish porin taidemuseo swedish language swedish bj rneborgs konstmuseum pori art museum is a museum of contemporary and modern art museum in pori swedish language swedish bj rneborg finland osteria del cappello al cappello rosso thanks to the historical archives of bologna it has been possible to date back to a osteria del cappello certified from this osteria could have changed location many times until in facthe locales were not property of the host and often the symbol of the inn remained the sameven though its position had changed the actualocation of the ostaria dates back to when host domenico simoncini decides to place the inn in via de fusari near piazza maggiore in the bolognesengraver giuseppe maria mitellincluded the osteria in the giuoco nuovo di tutte le osterie che sono in bologna withe same logo as nowadays the sign of the tavern in the game occupies the box followed by the description of the tavern as a place where it is possible to eat good partridges finely larded together with croutons the osteria del cappello is the only inn of this old name to be still in activity in bologna together withe osteria del sole in the florio s italian english dictionary osteria hosterian inn an hosterie a house where meat andrink and lodging is to be had for men and horse also a tavern see also trattoria externalinks category food industry category restaurants in italy category types of 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osteria italian speaking canton switzerland osteria italy originally place serving wine simple food themphasis food menus tend short emphasis local pasta grilled meat fish often_served shared tables ideal cheap lunch osterie plural italian also cater work evening refreshment osterie vary greatly practice serve drinks clients allowed bring food retained predominantly male clientele whilst others reached outo students young provide music entertainment similar customers take bottle flask filled barrel generally pride range quality wine located three oldest italian osterie osteria del sole osteria del cappello established th th_century oldest osteria italy file carl roman osteria google art thumb osteria art carl painting roman osteria national gallery denmark copenhagen file painting alexander called roman osteria jpg thumb left osteria art us osteria art museum finnish language finnish swedish language swedish art museum museum contemporary modern art museum swedish language swedish 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published in as the state magazine the publication has become the oldest regional publication of its kind in the country according to the associated press it is a member of the city and regional magazine association crma carl goerch a journalist known for his newspaper work as well as doings of the north carolina general assembly legislature on wptf radio told potential advertisers for his new publication thathey couldrop their ads after the first month if they were not worthe money on june the state printed its first issue with copiesold aten cents each goerch said that from the first issue his magazine met a very favorable impression and kept right on growingovernor of north carolina governor john c b ehringhaus appeared on thearliest cover among those first advertisers who did not leave the weekly magazine were wachoviand rj reynolds tobaccompany bill sharpe succeeded goerch as publisher in and wb wrightook over in shaw publishing of charlotte north carolina charlotte later the owner of american city business journals business journal associates became publisher in steve johnston shaw leads bidding for business journals the charlotte observer may and sold the magazine to mann media in executive completes magazine purchase greensboro news record march athe time the state had subscribers and published in black and white black and white with about pages per issue however new publisher bernard mann former owner of wcog am wgld am and wmks wgld fm in high point north carolina high point arts briefs greensboro news record march made a variety of changesuch including color and increasing the page count by six times by the number of subscribers had jumped to the name changed tour state in order to reflecthe inclusive nature of the magazine mann said founded as a weekly publication in the state switched to biweekly issues in may published every two weeks and then to monthly issuestarting in january contributors over the years have included writer billy arthur writer billy arthur photographer aycock brown and photographer hugh morton photographer hugh morton as of our state had readers in all states as well as in countries most were well educated and over years old in an era when print publications were giving way to the internet mann said his readers preferred seeing the magazine s photos on paper in our state introduced an application software app called travel north carolina in addition to great photography and entertaining stories the magazine also has a store featuring handmade jewelry and pottery as well as local foods from across the state tv series unc tv airs a monthly tv series called our state which is based on the magazine started in the showon an emmy award in from the nashville midsouth chapter of the national academy of television arts and sciences for best magazine series externalinks online archive of the state and our state between and three years ago from the state library of north carolina searchable index of all the state and 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weekly magazine reynolds bill succeeded publisher shaw publishing charlotte north_carolina charlotte later owner american city business_journals business_journal associates became publisher steve johnston shaw leads bidding business_journals charlotte observer may sold magazine mann media executive completes magazine purchase greensboro news record march athe_time state subscribers published black white black white pages per issue however new publisher bernard mann former owner high point north_carolina high point arts greensboro news record march made variety including color increasing page count six times number subscribers name changed tour state order reflecthe inclusive nature magazine mann said founded weekly publication state switched biweekly issues may published every two_weeks monthly january contributors years included writer billy arthur writer billy arthur photographer brown photographer hugh morton photographer hugh morton state readers states well countries well educated 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overlanding was inspired to a large degree by len beadell who in the s and s constructed many of the roads that opened up the australian outback those roads are still used today by australian overlanders and still hold the names len gave them the gunbarrel highway the connie sue highway named after his daughter and the anne beadell highway named after his wife overlanding in its most modern form withe use of mechanized transport began in the middle of the last century withe advent of commercially available four wheel drive trucks mercedes benz g class unimog jeep s and land rover s nonetheless there were a few earlier pioneers travelling in remarkably unsophisticated vehicles file weston motorcaravan at winterton museumjpg thumb the weston motorcaravan at winterton museum in thearly s john weston and family travelled from britain to greece and back in a converted us built commerce one ton truck with a continental n engine athe time the weston family was based in europe but returned to south africa their homeland in taking the vehicle withem in the family set out in the same truck from the south western tip of africandrove to cairo and on to britainot only is thistory well documented but remarkably the vehicle istill extant in following renovation it featured in the international veterand vintage carally from durban to cape town and was then donated to the winterton museum kwazulu natal south africa where it can be seen today maximilian john ludwick weston pioneer aviator and overland traveller in withe land rover brand less than a year old coloneleblanc drove his brand new inch land rover series i land rover from the united kingdom to ethiopiabyssinia there followed many more private journeys with many groupsetting out from europe foremote african destinations to aid in thesendeavors the automobile association of south africa published a guide titled trans african highways a route book of the main trunk roads in africa the first edition appeared in and included sections on choice of vehicle choice of starting time petrol supplies water provisions equipment rules of the road government officials and rest houses the serious tone of this book givesome clue as to the magnitude of such a trip and it was from these beginnings that overlanding developed in europe and africa notablearly examples include barbara toy soloverland journeys in a land rover including one in from tangier to baghdad and the oxford and cambridge far eastern expedition which travelled overland from london to singapore also in land rovers one of the most well documented overland journeys was by horatio nelson jackson in helen and frank schreider drove and sailed the length of the americas from circle alaska on the arcticircle to ushuaia tierra del fuego in a sea going ex army jeep in the overlanding association was created to provide help support and information toverlanders to date they have lobbied theuropean commission and the fia to improve the rights of carnet users in europe overlanding association carnet petition modern overlanding has increased in the past couple of decades and is getting ever more popular in large part influenced by the camel trophy event run from to with routes crossing some intensely difficulterrain it is now quite common for groups of overlanders torganize meetings and annual meeting is held every christmas at ushuaia through the use of the internet it is much easier to find the information required for extended overland trips in foreign lands and there are several internet forums where travelers can exchange information and tips as well as coordinate planning while some commercially built overland capable vehicles are produced unicat german based manufacturer of large fully outfitted overland trucks many overlanders consider the preparation of their vehicle a paramount part of thexperience both south africand australia have significant industries based on making accessories for overland travel commercial overlanding the late saw the advent of commercial overland travel companiestarted offering overland tours to groups in large specially equipped trucks mostly in africa these journeys could last for months and relied heavily on the participation of the paying passengers for food preparation food purchasing and setting up camp the ultimate of these adventures was always the trans or the complete journey from europe to cape town in south africa commercial overlanding hasincexpanded to all the continents of the world modes of overland travel rail athe transiberian railway is one of the longest overland journeys in existence today taking seven days to reach vladivostok fromoscow the man in seat sixty one seat and providing an alternative to air travel for journeys between europe and asia the indian pacific railway completed in linksydney and perth western australia perth in australia covering over four days the railway includes the longestretch of straight railway line in the world the introduction of japan s high speed railway t kaid shinkansen in changed the face of rail travel the railway has carried more than billion passengers and its new n series trains are capable ofrance s tgv holds the record for the fastestrain with a top speed of more than making it faster than air travel for many journeys within the country road the silk route or silk road historically connects the mediterranean with persiand china silk road britannica onlinencyclopedia today the route refers toverland journeys between europe and china taking either the northern route through russiand kazakhstan or the southern route through turkey iran pakistand north india to urumqi or xian in china these routes are still popular today with companies offering tours on the southern route overland routes trans africa some of the longest and more traditional overland routes are in africa the cairo to cape town and vv route covers more thand currently usually follows the nile river through egypt and sudan continuing to kenya tanzania malawi zimbabwe botswanand namibialong the way in the pioneering american trailer manufacturer wally byam and a caravan of trailers travelled the route from cape town to cairo wally byam caravan club international via rhodesia now zimbabwe and zambia belgian congo now democratic republic of congo ugandand north from kenya one of the longest current commercial routes is from reykjavik iceland to cape town south africa from the mid s the non operation of the aswan to wadi halfa ferry between egypt and sudan as well instability in sudanorthern ugandand ethiopia made the journey impossible in recent years however the cape to cairo and cairo to cape town route has again become possible and increasingly popular both with commercial overland trucks carryingroups of or so paying passengers as well as independentravellers on motorcycle s or with four wheel drivehicles the traditional trans africa route is from london to nairobi kenyand cape town south africashackell c bracht i africa by road bradt publications chalfont st peter the route started in the s and became very popular with small companies using old bedford four wheel drive trucks carrying about peopleach plus lots of independents normally run by groups ofriends in x land rover s heading out of london from november to march everyear the usual route was fromorocco to algeria with a sahara desert crossing into niger in west africa continuing to nigeria this was followed by a monthlong journey likened to joseph conrad s heart of darkness through the forests of zaire now democratic republic of congo surfacing into the relatively modern world in kenya via uganda from kenya the last leg wasouthrough tanzania to either zimbabwe or south africa this route has changedramatically due to border closures and political instability creating no go zones the route has reversed itself somewhat over the last few years with trucks now crossing from the north to the south of africa closely following the west coast all the way fromorocco to cape town withe biggest change in the route being made possible by the opening of angola tourism the journey then continues through southern and east africa from cape town to nairobi and on to cairotheroutes in africa commercial overland travel began withe trans africand cape to cairo described above from the mid s east and southern africa became more sought after by tourists and nairobi to cape town is now the mostravelled overland route in africas more tourists look for adventure trips that fit into their annual holiday shorter sections of overland routes have become available such as two to three week round trip from nairobi taking in kenyand uganda istanbul to cairo via syriand jordan is a classic overland route it is a route that has been travelled for centuries particularly during the ottoman empire historically it overlapped withe hajj with many people covering all or part of the route as part of their pilgrimage to mecca backpackers discovered it in the s and s withippiesearching for spiritual peace who departed to jerusalem from istanbul instead of going to india via iran afghanistand pakistan after the peace treaty between egypt and israel onward travel from jerusalem to cairo became a possibility it is nowell travelled by backpackers and overland companies alike although the amount of travellers journeying the route can be affected by any unrest ineighbouring countriesee also intercontinental motorcycle touring furthereading category adventure travel category tourism category 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japan high_speed railway changed face rail travel railway carried billion passengers new n series trains capable ofrance holds record top speed making faster air_travel many journeys within country road silk route silk road historically connects mediterranean china silk road today route refers toverland journeys europe china taking either northern route russiand kazakhstan southern route turkey iran pakistand north india china routes still popular today companies offering tours southern route overland routes trans africa longest traditional overland routes africa cairo cape_town route covers thand currently usually follows nile river egypt sudan continuing kenya tanzania malawi zimbabwe way pioneering american trailer manufacturer wally byam caravan trailers travelled route cape_town cairo wally byam caravan club international via zimbabwe zambia belgian congo democratic republic congo ugandand north kenya one longest current commercial routes iceland cape_town south_africa mid non operation ferry egypt sudan well instability ugandand ethiopia made journey impossible recent_years however cape cairo cairo cape_town route become possible increasingly_popular commercial overland trucks paying passengers well motorcycle four wheel traditional trans africa route london nairobi cape_town south c africa road bradt publications st_peter route started became_popular small companies using old bedford four wheel drive trucks carrying plus lots normally run groups ofriends x land rover heading london november march everyear usual route sahara desert crossing west africa continuing nigeria followed journey likened joseph conrad heart darkness forests democratic republic congo relatively modern world kenya via uganda kenya last leg tanzania either zimbabwe south_africa route due border political instability creating go zones route reversed somewhat last_years trucks crossing north south_africa closely following west_coast way cape_town withe biggest change route made possible opening tourism journey continues southern east africa cape_town nairobi africa commercial overland travel began withe trans africand cape cairo described mid east southern africa became sought tourists nairobi cape_town overland route africas tourists look adventure trips fit annual holiday shorter sections overland routes become available two three week round trip nairobi taking uganda istanbul cairo via syriand jordan classic overland route route travelled centuries particularly ottoman empire historically withe hajj many_people covering part route part pilgrimage mecca backpackers discovered spiritual peace jerusalem istanbul instead going india via iran afghanistand pakistan peace treaty egypt israel travel jerusalem cairo became possibility nowell travelled backpackers overland companies alike although amount travellers route affected also intercontinental motorcycle_touring furthereading category_adventure_travel_category_tourism category ecotourism"},{"title":"Oylat Cave","description":"coords ref land registry number grid ref ireland grid ref depth lengtheight variation elevation discovery geology entrance count entrance list difficulty hazards accesshow cave lighting visitors featuresurvey survey format website oylat cave is a show cave in bursa province northwestern turkey location and access the cave is located south of hilmiye i neg l hilmiye village and southeast of i neg l town in bursa province it is accessible from i neg l on the state road to ankara european route e southwards then taking i neg l tav anl route until g nd zl i neg l g nd zl villagexithenafter changing to the provincial road athe junction marked oylathermal spring resort and passing throughilmiye village oylat cave was formed on a significant east west oriented fault geology fault line in the marble formation dating back to around megaannuma it isituated athend of the oylat creek canyon in a terrain of the pliocene period fossils have been found in the cave the cave s main entrance is above the canyon floor where athis place the canyon walls rise up high therexisthree morentrances high above the cave s main entrance the cave has two interconnected levels and has a meander ing shape discovered in the cave has an overallength of with a clearance the stalactite s and stalagmite s in the cave are colorful it has a rich natural ecosystem and is inhabitad by bat s butterfly butterflies worm s and guano bites a large chamber is reached following a narrow gallery of width and around height after entry to the first floor cave the chamber is occupied by dripstone ponds and gravel yards the cave above is wide and high it is composed of large blocks pillarstalactites and stalagmites as well as gravel sand clayers the meteorological conditions inside the cave vary according to the locationarrow galleries and gateways connecting chambers and floors are somewhat windy at an outside temperature of and a humidity of the temperature falls to and the humidity rises to in the caventrance in the narrow gallery the temperature decreases to while the humidity goes up to finally in the chamber the temperature is at its lowest value of and the humidity reaches located in a destination spa resorthe cave was opened tourism in it is believed thathe cave is capable of curing respiratory complaintsuch asthmand bronchitis the cave is visited by domestic and foreign tourists while domestic tourists come all around the year foreign tourists mostly from kuwait and the united arab emirates visithe cave during the summer season between june and october only of the cave is open to the public visiting the cave takes about minutes category show caves in turkey category landforms of bursa province category tourist attractions in bursa province category i neg l district category medical 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high composed large blocks well gravel sand conditions inside cave vary according galleries gateways connecting chambers floors somewhat outside temperature humidity temperature falls humidity narrow gallery temperature humidity goes finally chamber temperature lowest value humidity reaches located destination spa resorthe cave opened tourism believed thathe cave capable curing respiratory cave visited domestic foreign tourists domestic tourists come around year foreign tourists mostly kuwait united_arab_emirates visithe cave summer season june october cave open public visiting cave takes minutes category show caves turkey category landforms bursa province category_tourist attractions bursa province category neg l district category_medical tourism"},{"title":"Oyster bar","description":"file arnaudsjpg thumb arnaud s remoulade a restaurant and oyster bar inew orleans louisiana united states an oyster bar also known as an oyster saloon oyster house or a raw bar macmurray p the term raw bar is more commonly used to describe more than just oysters a raw bar usually offers a wide selection of raw oysters as well as raw clams and raw fish or sushit may alsoffer cooked but cold shrimp musselscallops conch and calamari see koo poon and szabo p rosso and lukins p is a food service term that describes a restaurant specializing in serving oyster s or a section of a restaurant which serves oysters buffet style in france the oyster bar is known as bar hu tres williams p oysters have been consumed since ancientimes and were common tavern food in europe buthe oyster bar as a distinct restaurant began making an appearance in the th century human consumption of oysters goes back to the ancient greeks and chinese oyster consumption in europe was confined to the wealthy until the mid th century and by the th century even the poor were consuming themreardon p sources vary as to when the first oyster bar was created one source claims that sinclair s a pub in manchester england is the united kingdom s oldest oyster bar it opened in kemp london s oldest restaurant rules restaurant rules also began business as an oyster bar it opened in porter and prince p inorth america native americans on both coasts ate oysters in large quantities as did colonists from europe unlike in europe oyster consumption inorth americafter colonization by europeans was never confined to class and oysters were commonly served in taverns during thearly th century express wagons filled with oysters crossed the allegheny mountains to reach the american midwestreardon p the oldest oyster bar in the united states is union oyster house in boston which opened in it features oyster shucking in front of the customer and patrons may make their own oyster sauces from condiments on the tables it haserved as a model for many oyster bars in the united stateskerr and smith p by nearly every major town inorth america had oyster bar oyster cellar oyster parlor oyster saloon almost always located in the basement of thestablishment where keeping ice was easiereardon p betti and sauer p oysters and bars often went hand in hand in the united states because oysters were seen as a cheap food to serve alongside beer and liquor by the late s an oyster craze had swepthe united states and oyster bars were prominent gathering places in boston chicago cincinnati denver louisville new york city and st louis an us government fisheriestudy counted oyster houses in the philadelphia city directory alone a figurexplicitly not including oyster consumption at hotels or other saloons in the pittsburgh dispatch estimated the annual consumption in terms of individual oysers for london at one billion and the united states as a whole atwelve billion oysters this enormous demand for oysters was not sustainable the beds of the chesapeake bay which supplied much of the american midwest were becoming rapidly depleted by thearly s increasing restrictions on oystering seasons and methods in the late th century lead to the rise of oyster pirate s culminating in the oyster wars of the chesapeake bay that pitted poachers against armed law enforcement authorities of virginiand marylandubbed the oyster navy according to the new york times in about percent of oyster bar sales in the united states come from farmed not wild oysterstabiner karen loss leaders on the half shell new york times february accessed see also list of oyster bars raw bar betti tom and sauer doreen uhas historicolumbus taverns the capital city s mostoried saloons charleston sc history press green aliza field guide to seafood how to identify select and prepare virtually every fish and shellfish athe market philadelphia quirk books kemp david the pleasures and treasures of britain a discerning traveller s companion toronto dundurn kerr jeand smith spencer mystic seafood great recipes history and seafaring lore fromystic seaport guilford conn insiders guide koo dinah poon janice and szabo john the cocktail chef entertaining in 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culinary arts and for pastry arts all chef instructors areuropean trained and have at least years experience as of september approximately students from canadand other nations have graduated from both programs applicants do not need to have any prior kitchen experience but a high school diplomand the ability to read write and speak english is required the programs are intended to give students a solid foundation of theoretical and practical training to improve their chances of success in the industry buthey should not expecto go from school directly to an executive chef position restaurant and bakeshop file pica culinaryjpg thumb entree made by culinary artstudents the school has a restaurant bistro and bakeshop bakery on the premises in the restaurant was awardediners choice by open table diners culinary students work in the kitchen and in the front of the house as wait staff while the pastry students make bread and pastries for the restaurant and bakeshop file pica pastryjpg thumb 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first package holiday to palma de mallorca palma in lourdes in and the costa bravand sardinia in addition the amendments made in montreal to the convention international civil aviation june was very liberal to spain allowing impetus for mass tourism using charter planes by the late s and s these cheapackage holidays which combined flightransfers and accommodation provided the first chance for most people in the united kingdom to have affordable travel abroad one of the first charter airlines was britanniairways history euravia which commenced flights fromanchester airport in and london luton airport luton airport in despite opening up mass tourism to crete and the algarve in the package tour industry declineduring the s on augusthe industry washaken by the collapse of the second largestour operator court line which operated under the brand names of horizon and clarksons travel group clarksons nearly tourists were stranded overseas and a further people faced the loss of booking deposits 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chartered rail take group temperance leicester rally eleven miles away undertaking worldwide tours albeit small groups company thomas_cook_son thomas_cook_son commonly called thomas_cook simply cook grew become_one largest well_known travel_agents withe gradual decline visits british seaside_resorts second_world_war thomas_cook_son began promoting foreign holidays particularly italy spain switzerland thearly information films shown halls throughout britain however made costly decision going new form cheap holidays combined transport accommodation arrangements single package company went decline rescued consortium buy may group tours founder horizon travel horizon holiday first mass package_holidays abroad charter flights london airport airport corsica organised first package_holiday de lourdes costa sardinia addition amendments made montreal convention international civil_aviation june liberal spain allowing mass_tourism using charter planes late holidays combined accommodation provided first chance people united_kingdom affordable travel abroad one first charter airlines history commenced flights airport london luton airport luton airport despite opening mass_tourism package tour industry augusthe industry collapse second operator court line operated brand_names horizon travel group nearly tourists stranded overseas people faced loss booking deposits growing number consumers avoiding package_holidays instead travelling budget airline booking accommodation uk downturn package_holiday market led consolidation tour_operator market dominated large tour_operators major operators thomson holidays first choice travel firm first choice part tui thomas_cook umbrella brands whole range different holiday operators catering different marketsuch club budget airlines also created package_holiday jet holidays trend package_holiday comeback greater financial security wake number holiday flight companies going bust hidden costs flights increased coupled withe search late holidays holidaymakers left booking last led rise consumers booking package_holidays dynamic_packaging dynamic_packaging method becoming_increasingly used package_holiday booking procedures enables consumers build package oflights accommodation rental car instead pre defined package category_types tourism_category_types travel"},{"title":"Page (assistance occupation)","description":"page file grouportrait of legislative pages athe legislative assembly of ontariojpg thumb px a group of legislative pages athe ontario legislative building in toronto circa page is an occupation in some professional capacity unlike the traditional pages where they were normallyounger males these pages tend to be older and can either be male or female pages are present in some modern workforces us televisionetwork nbc s nbc page program is a notablexample of contemporary workplace pages additionally pages are common in many legislative branches predominantly athe state level with ohio being notable for its large and robust program some large libraries use the term page for employees or volunteers who retrieve books from the stacks which are often closed to the public this relievesome of the tedium from the librarians who may occupy themselves with duties requiring their more advanced training and education legislative pages many legislative bodies employ student pages assistants to members of the legislature during session legislative pages are secondary school or university students who are unpaid oreceive modestipend s they serve for periods of time ranging from one week tone year depending on the program they typically perform small tasksuch as running errands delivering coffee answering telephones or assisting a speaker with visual aidstudents typically participate primarily for the work experience benefits the following examples illustrate the range of legislative page programs canada the canadian house of commons page program employs partime first year university students who work roughly hours a week and are paid approximately cdn for a one year term they perform both ceremonial and administrative duties and participate in enrichment activitiesuch as meetings with mps and government leaders they also meet with student groups to explain the workings of the house of commons of canada house of commons and their duties as pages the canadian senate page program isimilar the legislative assembly of ontario employs grade th and eighth grade th grade students for periods of two to six weeks during the legislative session participants must be high achieving students who take leaves of absence from their schools while they serve as pages duties of pages include acting as messengers in the legislative chamber taking water to mpp s and picking up key documents bills petitions motions reports by committee they also have opportunities to learn about provincial government and the lawmaking process legislative page program legislative assembly of ontario website accessed november united states bothouses of the united states congress have or had formal page programs the united states house of representatives page house program has ended housends page program buthe united statesenate page senate program continues pages are high school junior s from throughouthe country the application process is very competitive pageserve for periods of several weeks during the summer or for a full school semester during term they live in dormitories near the capitol and attend special schools for pages but are always present on the senate and house floor during session to assisthe proceedings as needed in the virginia general assembly the pages range from young males and females they assist senators andelegates with deliveries and errandsee also page servant category hospitality occupations category personal care and service 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illustrate range legislative page programs canada canadian house commons page program employs partime first_year university students work roughly hours week paid approximately one_year term perform ceremonial administrative duties participate enrichment activitiesuch meetings government leaders also meet student groups explain house commons canada house commons duties pages canadian senate page program isimilar legislative assembly ontario employs grade th eighth grade th grade students periods two six weeks legislative session participants must high achieving students take leaves absence schools serve pages duties pages include acting legislative chamber taking water picking key documents bills petitions reports committee also opportunities learn provincial government process legislative page program legislative assembly ontario website_accessed november united_states united_states congress formal page programs united_states house representatives page house program ended page program buthe united_statesenate page senate program continues pages high_school junior throughouthe_country application process competitive periods several weeks summer full school semester term live dormitories near capitol attend special schools pages always present senate house floor session proceedings needed virginia general_assembly pages range young males females assist also page servant category_hospitality_occupations_category personal care service occupations"},{"title":"Pakistan Youth Hostels Association","description":"the pakistan youthostels association is a non profit non political voluntary national organization providing hostelling services in pakistan it is financed by the pakistan youthostels association trust and by the government of pakistan pyha is a member of hostelling international and now operates hostels all over the country thead office is in islamabad the capital of pakistand four new hostels are under construction in karachi gilgit and jamshoro it is registered under the societies act and is recognized by the government of pakistan as a national organization for promoting youthostelling in the country it is governed by its constitution pakistan youthostel association the current chairman of the organization is mr wasim sajjad in south asia youthostelling started withe formation of a youthostel group by mr w cowley ics and then provincial youth organizer of the pre independence punjabritish india punjab the first youthostel waset up atara devi near shimla simla in pakistan youthostels association was formed in december mr ek john catchpole of the international youthostel federation waspecially invited in the inaugural function later pakistan youthostels association was affiliated withe international youthostel federation and the first youthostel in pakistan was constructed in bhurban under the patronage of mr u karamathe then vice chancellor of university of the punjab university pakistan youthostels association trusthe pyha trust safeguards the money and property of the association it has an executive committee and a managing trustee the income from the trusts investments and properties is used to finance the running of the association image pyha isbjpg thumb px pyha hostel islamabad see also hostelling international externalinks pakistan youthostels association hostelling international pakistan youthostels a good example of how our organizations run these days category tourism in pakistan 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hostelling_international operates hostels country thead office islamabad capital pakistand four new hostels construction karachi gilgit registered societies act recognized government pakistan national organization promoting youthostelling country governed constitution pakistan youthostel_association current chairman organization south asia youthostelling started withe formation youthostel group w cowley ics provincial youth organizer pre independence india punjab first youthostel waset near pakistan youthostels_association formed december john international_youthostel federation invited inaugural function later pakistan youthostels_association affiliated withe international_youthostel federation first youthostel pakistan constructed patronage vice chancellor university punjab university pakistan youthostels_association pyha trust money property association executive committee managing income investments properties used finance running association image pyha thumb px pyha hostel islamabad see_also hostelling_international externalinks pakistan youthostels_association hostelling_international pakistan youthostels good example organizations run days category_tourism pakistan categoryouthostelling"},{"title":"Paladar","description":"paladar plural paladares is a term that in spanish translates literally to palatal and used withat meaning in the spanish speaking world however in cuba is used exclusively to refer to restaurants run by self employers gaceta oficial extraordinaria especial no a category endorsed by the ministry of labour and social security of the republic of cuba in its resolution which refers to people whoperate small private businesses in cuba mostly family run businesses paladares are fundamentally directed to serve as a counterparto state run restaurants for touristseeking a more vivid interaction with cuban reality and looking for homemade cuban food origin of the name the term in popular usage has its origin the brazilian soap opera pt vale tudo vale tudo shown in cuba in thearly s paladar portuguese and spanish for palate was the name of the chain of restaurants run by rachel accioli the protagonist played by regina duarte the broadcast of that soap opera coincided in time withe first issue of licenses for self employers work in cuba so cuban popular culture designated thenew typestablishments by this name privately owned small restaurants have always existed in cuba until the s they were illegal buthe fall of the ussr and special period consequent economicrisis in cuba forced the governmento make theconomic reforms of one of the items in those reforms was the legalization of privately owned small businesses as restaurantsince its inception in the late s the paladares were subjected to limitations by the cuban government concerning the amount and type of products they could offer the hiring of labor force and the number of seats they could have the process of renewal of theconomic model started in juventud rebelde article part of a series of articles about ithat came out in cuban media led to a review of these measures cuba debate article resulting in a substantial increase in the number of paladares and the diversification of their proposals the models that emerge are quite diverse ranging from the typical businesset up in a family home up to morelaborated variations including differentypes of cuisine in roomspecially designed or modified for the activity similarly while most retailers offer cuban food and gastronomy of italy italian food which is very popular in cuba others have produced more ambitious projects combining local cuisine with mediterraneand international elements the composition of the staff has also changed moving from a model in which they were composed mainly of people united by family ties with a low level of professional training to teams that integrate professional chefs often with long experience in gastronomy with other specialtiesuch as marketing accounting public relations legal advice and more cultural reference academy award nominated cuban film strawberry and chocolate based on cuban writer senel paz short story the wolf the forest and the new man used a housen havana s neighborhood centro habanas a stage for la guarida del diego s den home of one of the main characters a few years after filming this place became la guarida official website of la guarida one of the most reputed paladares in the city la guarida frommer s cuban reggaeton group gente de zona used vedado s paladar la pachanga to film a video clip for their popular song salte del sart n get yourself out of the frying pan see also underground restaurant similar places in other countries externalinks official site alamesa directory of restaurants in cuba forum of paladares in los viajeros category cuban culture category companies of cuba category cuban cuisine category tourism in cuba category types of 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refers people small private businesses cuba mostly family run businesses paladares fundamentally directed serve state run restaurants interaction cuban reality looking homemade cuban food origin name term popular usage origin brazilian soap opera vale vale shown cuba thearly paladar portuguese spanish name chain restaurants run rachel protagonist played broadcast soap opera coincided time withe_first_issue licenses self employers work cuba cuban popular_culture designated name privately_owned small restaurants always existed cuba illegal buthe fall ussr special period economicrisis cuba forced governmento make theconomic reforms one items reforms privately_owned small businesses restaurantsince inception late paladares subjected limitations cuban government concerning amount type products could offer hiring labor force number seats could process renewal theconomic model started article part series articles came cuban media led review measures cuba debate article resulting substantial increase number paladares diversification proposals models emerge quite diverse ranging typical family home variations including differentypes cuisine designed modified activity similarly retailers offer cuban food gastronomy italy italian food popular cuba others produced ambitious projects combining local cuisine international elements composition staff also changed moving model composed mainly people united family ties low level professional training teams integrate professional chefs often long experience gastronomy marketing accounting public_relations legal advice cultural reference academy award nominated cuban film chocolate based cuban writer paz short_story wolf forest new man used havana neighborhood centro stage la guarida del diego den home one main characters years filming place became la guarida official_website la guarida one paladares city la guarida frommer cuban group de zona used paladar la film video popular song del n get frying pan see_also underground restaurant similar places countries externalinks_official site directory restaurants cuba forum paladares los category cuban culture_category companies cuba category cuban cuisine_category_tourism cuba category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Palmetto Leaves","description":"file palmetto leaves coverjpg thumb first edition cover of palmetto leaves palmetto leaves is a memoir and travel guide written by harriet beecher stowe about her winters in the town of mandarin florida published in already famous for having written uncle tom s cabin stowe came to floridafter the us civil war she purchased a plantationear jacksonville florida jacksonville as a place for her son to recover from the injuries he had received as a union soldier and to make a new start in life after visiting him she became so enamored withe region she purchased a cottage and orange grove for herself and wintered there until even though the plantation failed within its first year parts of palmetto leaves appeared in a newspaper published by stowe s brother as a series of letters and essays about life inortheast florida scion of new england clergy stowe keenly felt a sense of christian responsibility that was expressed in her lettershe considered it her duty to help improve the lives of newly emancipated blacks andetailed her efforts to establish a school and church in mandarin toward thesends parts of the book relate the lives of local african americans and the customs of their society stowe described the charm of the region and its generally moderate climate but warned readers of excessive heat in the summer months and occasional cold snaps in winter her audience comprises relatives friends and strangers inew england who ask her advice about whether or noto move to florida which athe time wastill mostly wilderness although it is a minor work in stowe s oeuvre palmetto leaves was one of the firstravel guides written about floridand stimulated florida s first boom of tourism and residential development in the s background stowe buys an estate file stowepaintingjpg thumb upright harriet beecher stowe in while she was writing the letters that would become palmetto leaves by the time harriet beecher stowe moved to florida in she was already internationally famous for authoring uncle tom s cabin published as a serial between and the novel expounded upon her abolitionism in the united states abolitionist views and was extraordinarily influential in condemning slavery in the united statestowe s opposition to slavery sprang from a moral passion based on her christian faith she had grown up the daughter of a presbyterian minister lyman beecher seven of her brothers became ministers in calvinist or congregational denominations and she married a ministergotta john september the anglican aspect of harriet beecher stowe the new england quarterly p in stowe son frederick fred william stowenlisted in the first massachusetts infantry regiment when abraham lincoln called for volunteers in anticipation of the us civil war civil war much beloved yetroubled fred stowe hadeveloped a problem with alcohol as early asixteen he took to army life however and was promoted to lieutenant aftereceiving a head wound athe battle of gettysburg in hendured severe headaches and was forced to resign his commissionwilson p his alcoholism worsened and he may have compounded it with a liberal use of opiate s and narcotic s which were widely availablethulesius p wilson p in fred encountered two young farmers in connecticut who had spentime on duty as union soldiers in florida during the war he learned from them that land there was plentiful and cheap and many recently emancipated blacks were available at lowages to work it when he shared this information withis mother stowe and her husband calvin ellistowe considered it a prime opportunity to hasten their son s rehabilitationthulesius p for in she purchased a cotton plantationear orange park florida orange park south of jacksonville named laurel grove that was originally established by slave trader zephaniah kingsley in and managed in part by his african wife anna kingsley anna madgigine jai until may philip s january zephaniah kingsley nonconformisthe florida historical quarterly p kingsley and anna jai moved to another plantation athe mouth of the st johns river in where they lived for years now protected by the national park service as kingsley plantation stowe intended that fred would manage thestate as he recovered from his wounds and addictions as an extension of her abolitionist idealshe wrote to her brother charles beecher however about her potential role in thendeavor my planis not in any sense a mere worldly enterprise i have for manyears had a longing to be more immediately doing christ s work on earth my heart is withat poor people whose cause in words i have tried to plead and who now ignorant andocile are just in that formative state in which whoever seizes has them corrupt politicians are already beginning to speculate on them as possible capital for their schemes and to fill their poor heads with all sorts of vagaries florida is the state into which they have more thanywherelse been pouring emigration is positively andecidedly setting that way but as yet it is mere worldly emigration withe hope of making money nothing morewilson p charlestowe her son later wrote that his mother searched for higher purpose in everything she did from growing potatoes to writing she wrote thathe prospect of setting up a series of churches along the st johns river would be the best way to train former slaves remarking i long to be athis work and cannothink of it without my heart burning within me stowe charles p whitfield stephen april florida s fudged identity the florida historical quarterly p the publication of uncle tom s cabin had made stowe an international celebrity already active in abolitionist circleshe had been familiar with frederick douglass a former slave who had educated himself and risen to prominence throughouthe north giving lectures on thevils of slavery and thinking about how a population ofreed but impoverished and uneducated blacks could sustain themselves thulesius p at some point following uncle tom s cabin but before the civil war stowe invitedouglass to her house and asked him this question personally education according to douglass was the primary answer stowe was leaving soon a speaking tour of england shexpected to be given a large sum of money from british sympathizers to bemployed in charity work to assist runaway slaves douglass intended to start an industrial school for ex slaves and anticipated she would give him about whether through some miscommunication stowe s mishandling ofunds or douglass own fault stoweventually gave him only douglass was confused andisappointed thulesius p florida was little populated andeveloped it had just a fraction of the population of georgiand alabama south of ocala florida ocalapproximately two people lived per square milestover john february flagler henry morrison americanational biography online retrieved on june florida school system was in disarray athend of the civil war in a northerner named a e kinne noted there were fewer schools for white children than freedmen schools for black children in there were nofficial schools for black children and slaves were prohibited from any education athe same time there were public schools for white children and private academies for them some of which appeared to get public funding in may the total florida population was and an estimated of it was black almost all of whom were former slaves laura wallis wakefield set a light in a dark place teachers ofreedmen in florida fall ma thesis pp university of central floridaccessed nov a difference in attitudes about education between the races was apparent as freed blacksaw education as the key to increasing their opportunities or at least escaping conditions they had endureduring servitudewakefield laura spring set a light in a dark place teachers ofreedmen in florida the florida historical quarterly pp transformation and failure file st johns mapjpg thumb upright left map of the st johns river in showing mandarin florida mandarin laurel grove was on the opposite side of the river in the late winter of stowe followed her son to florida finding thathe warmer weather allowed her to spend more time on two novelshe was writing her first weeks in orange park utterly transformed her and she becamenchanted with floridat once wilson p writing that she felt she had sprouted wings and become young frisky thulesius p she accompanied her sone day to collecthe mail which was deposited in mandarin florida mandarin about across the st johns river they rowed to theastern shore and stowe fell in love with a cottage in mandarin attached to an orange grove stowe s transformation in florida was rooted in her identification and familiarity with puritanew england industry and thrift in a climate where cold sharpened one senses and values the laid back attitude of the people and warmth of the southern climate were seductive she at first attempted to persuade her brother charles to purchase the land in mandarin writing to him and asking how do you think new england theology would have fared had been landed here instead of plymouth rock she wrote abouthe land climate intoxicating her and pondered theffect it might have had on literature when she posed an idea to her publisher i hate to leave my calm isle of patmos where the world is not and i have such quiet long hours for writing ralph waldo emerson ralph waldo emerson could insulate himself here and keep his electricity nathaniel hawthorne nathaniel hawthorne oughto have lived in an orange grove in florida thulesius p within a year laurel grove failed fred was inexperienced and made poor bargains with local merchants before the war plantations had been largely self sufficient but fred paid high prices for goodshipped in from savannah and charleston he took days off at a time to visit saloons in jacksonville an unanticipated infestation of cotton worm larvae helicoverpa zea destroyed much of the cotton crop only two bales were produced by laurel grove stowe realized the venture was a failure fred committed himself to a rehabilitation asylum inew york alcohol would haunt fred stowe for the rest of his life he sailed to the mediterranean to remove himselfrom temptation but could not shake his addiction in he was living withis parents in mandarin when he resolved noto embarrass them anymore he caught a ship to chile but continued to san francisco then a rough port some friends took him to a hotel where he settled in and lefto run an errand he was never heard from again stowe tried in vain to have him located and in her old age she spoke of him constantly wilson p stowe charles p thulesius p wilson p and at some point in stowe purchased the cottage and the attached grove in mandarin citrus was distributed primarily in a regional market and was a luxury inorthern cities oranges inew york sold for about cents per fruitwilson p the acreage attached to the house stowe purchased could produce an income of a month in stowe wrote to author georgelioto update her on the progress of improvements to the house in mandarin putting up wallpaper improving plaster and building a veranda that wrapped around the structure she took pains noto disturb a giant oak and instead builthe verandaround the tree the house could accommodate as many as family members and friendsstowe charles p from to stowe split her time between heresidence in hartford connecticut a mansionamed oakholm and her house in mandarin a feweeks before christmas each year she would oversee arrangements to close oakholm for the season which involved preparing the house for the winter packing all their clothes living necessities her writing materials and the carpets in the house and shipping everything to florida various family members would accompany her living in the comfortable two story house she modestly called a cottage or huthulesius p in hartford she was barraged with requests and athe center of a whirl of activity mandarin was not connected to a telegraph line until the s and mail was received only once a week by boat stowe was able to relax somewhat in mandarin and write for at leasthree hours a daythulesius p description of text and publication stowe remained active attending speaking engagements writing traveling frequently and publishing several novels while she was wintering in mandarin though she promised her publishers james r osgood j r osgood another novel she instead compiled a series of articles about floridand letters to relatives inew england about her daily life some of them were first published in christian unionewspaper christian union a local new england newspaper established by her brother henry ward beecher in all twenty chapters make upalmetto leaves that vary in tone depending upon stowe s audience buying land in florida for invalids and our experience in crops are addressed more to general readers who may be considering moving to the region somessays are directed to describing the best sights in the area such as flowery january in florida picnicking up julington the grand tour up river and st augustine a more personal touch is included in chapters entitled a letter to the girls letter writing and our neighbor over the way astowe includes intimate details about her daily life in mandarin her observations of the state and characteristics of emancipated slaves are mentioned intermittently in letters and essays buthe final two chapters old cudjo and the angel and laborers of the south are dedicated solely to this topic palmetto leaves was not stowe s firstravel memoir in she published sunny memoirs oforeign lands about her firstrip to europe a book unique as an american woman s view of europerobbins p she followed this with agnes of sorrento that appeared as a serial in the atlantic monthly from to source material for agnes of sorrento was culled from her observations of and experiences in italy collecteduring her third trip to europe which she took wither family olav thulesius author of harriet beecher stowe in florida recognizestowe s tendency to spin everything she saw into something selectively positive stowe addressed this in the foreword to sunny memoirs oforeign lands writing if the criticism be made that every thing is given couleur de rose the answer is why not if there be characters and scenes that seem drawn with too bright a pencil the reader will consider that after all there are many worse sins than disposition to think and speak well of one s neighbors the object of publishing these letters is therefore to give to those who are true hearted and honesthe same agreeable picture of life and manners which methe writer s own eyes because little was known abouthe region thelements of its climate citrus water and general ideas about illness and health stowe was possibly first among several authors and advertising schemes that portrayed floridas an exotic place of natural wonders and powers that could rejuvenate frail health whatravel writers published on florida werexaggerated claims readily accepted by audiences hungry for escapist literatureeacker susan august gender in paradise harriet beecher stowe and postbellum prose on florida the journal of southern history p biographer forrest wilson considers the finished product palmetto leaves published in to be the first promotional writing about florida ever occasionally letters abouthe state were printed in local newspapers in the north but because florida wastill very much a rugged wilderness northerners really had no concept of whathe region was likewilson p rather besotted withe marvelous propertieshe saw in the orange stowe intended to call the book orange blossoms but changed the title to better express the planthat proliferated the region the mostthulesius p subject and themes duty and calling file orangebloss wbjpg thumb stowe was fascinated with oranges calling them golden apples and using them as a metaphor for the duty she was called to do in florida in the first chapter of palmetto leavestowe tells how she takes a steamer to savannah georgia on board is a stray dog who begscraps ofood and affection from the passengers it finally becomes attached to a woman on board and follows her around at savannah the dog is thrown into the street by the porters and waiters athe hotel and is eventually left behind stowe compares the dog and the people who care for such stray animals to christian ideals to take care of the poor and sufferingstowe p the impressive orange tree served as a metaphor for stowe in palmetto leaveshe calls ithe fairesthe noblesthe most generous it is the most surprising and abundant of all trees which the lord god caused to grow eastward in eden and compares ito her task of educating emancipated slavesstowe p when she first arrived in mandarin from to religiouservices were held in the stowes home with calvin presiding and stowe teaching sunday school to both black and white children and sometimeserving as an acolyte during servicestowe purchased a lot in to build a church for her neighbors that wouldouble as a school to educate children freed slaves and anyoneager to learn though shencountered considerable frustration in dealing withe bureaucracy of the freedmen s bureau construction was finished within a year and a teacher was in place procured from brooklynew yorkthulesius p stowe had an organ that was rolled from her home to the church but after it became too difficulto roll back and forthey locked it in a closet in the school the building burnedown to stowe s deep dismay probably because of some drifters who spenthe night in it and caughthe southern pine wood on fire from carelessness although olav thulesiusuggests it was arson committed by stowe s neighbors who did not appreciate her efforts to educate black childrenthulesius p after a frost in the orange trees inorth florida were killed even underground buthey sprouted back only to be assaulted by insects yethey recovered while her neighbors helped to raise funds to rebuild the church stowe and the small community handed spellers to local blacks who wereager to learn she decried the delay in the children s education to see people who are willing and anxious to be taught growing up in ignorance is the sorest sighthat can afflict one stowe p floridandaily life in mandarin from her first sight oflorida stowe was greatly impressed in palmetto leaveshe sings the praises oflorida in january as a beautifuland capable of producing superior citrus and flowers in severaletterstowe describes the abundant plant life in the area dedicating a chapter to yellow jessmines gelsemium sempervirenstowe p and another to magnolia grandiflora stowe p flowershe details watching sugarcane pressed into sugar crystals going visiting wither elderly and obstinate mule named fly andiscovering the myriad things to find in the woods and what can be made of them she also keeps a cardinalis cardinalis in a cage and four catstowe p but sadly reports later in the year that all four cats have died to the relief and joy of ph bus the cardinalstowe p in an honest description of the disadvantages oflorida stowe attempts to disabuse readers of the notion thathe region is perfect she writes inew england nature is an up andown smart decisive housemother that has her times and seasons and brings up her ends of life with a positive jerk and contrasts that characterization with nature in floridan indulgent old grandmother who has no particular time for any thing andoes every thing when she happens to feelike it stowe p those who wish to live in florida stowe warns must also geto know its deficiencies occasional freezing weather in winter unsculptable lawns insects and snakes and people who disagree as they do everywherelse were florida woman stowe writeshe would be a dark brunette full of jolly untidinessstowe p malaria is a fact of life and stowe cautions northerners who may be lured to the region by tales of the mild climate to understand thatemperaturextremes are common taking particular efforto address consumptives or those afflicted with tuberculosis those who consider moving to the region should weigh all these issues before making their decisionsstowe p in the journal of southern history susan eacker attests that stowe s assignment ofemale characteristics to florida coincided wither own gradual admission that she may be turning into a woman s rights woman file mrs hb stowe s place at mandarin on st johns river from robert n dennis collection of stereoscopic viewspng thumb left stereoscopic view of stowe s home in mandarin showing the porch interrupted by a massive oak tree stowe recountseveral sailing tripshe takes on the st johns and julington creek and the animalshe sees during her excursion appreciating the alligators water turkeys anhinga and fishawks or ospreys pandion haliaetus long animalover she took her dogs cats and birds wither as part of thearthquake of the annual relocation from hartford to mandarin shextended this care tother animals as well inaples italy she once got out of a carriage to walk as it was being pulled up a steep hill by two beleaguered horses that were being whipped by the driver and asked her companions and guide to do the samethulesius p not only did she write the firstravel guide to florida but stowe also became the first defender of wild animalshe pays particular attention in palmetto leaves to hunters who shoot at anything they see notaking offense at hunting for the sake of eating stowe laments killing for its own sake it must be something that enjoys and can suffer something that loves life and must lose it stowe p in she followed her book with a pamphlethat urged the cessation of the slaughter oflorida s wader wading birds whose feathers were selling athe price of gold and used in women s hats emancipated slaves file old cudjo illustration in palmetto leavesjpg thumb illustration accompanying the chapter entitled old cudjo and the angel the final two letters in palmetto leaves address the newly freed slaves in florida two strong women who are less docile than stowe is accustomed are included one a field hand turnedomestic named minnah whom stowe has tried in vain to teachow to do household chores iso forthright in her speech that stowe writes democracy never assumes a more rampant form than in some of these old negresses who would say their screed to the king on his throne if they died for ithe next minute accordingly minnah s back was marked and scored withe tyrant s answers to free speech stowe p minnah eventually returns happily to the fields another judy is complacent and enjoys taking mornings and afternoons off to see to her husband stowe attributes their work ethic to poor training and the negligent habits inducted by slavery the truly talented and hard working black laborers had moved on from homesteads to industry able to demand their own price for their laborsstowe p although stowe describes minnah and judy with some tempered exasperation she praises a riverboat stewardess named commodore rose once a slave owned by the captain rose had since been freed for saving his life during a boating accident and continues to work for him following emancipation she is as forthright as minnah and judy but rose knows every portion of the river as well as the houses and sites along the banks and their histories her knowledge of the ship and its guests is unparalleled and all the crew and guests revere her opinion in all mattersstowe p in another story stowe and calvin meet a man on a mandarin dock who has been cheated out of much the land he was given by the government named old cudjo he worked the small homestead on whiche grew cotton for years where at firsthe neighborsurrounding the colony oformer slaves from south carolina were hesitant and suspicious old cudjo and his colony were so industrious and honesthathey won their white neighbors over one who was a justice of the peace united states justice of the peace intervened on his behalf and old cudjo s land was returned to himstowe p stowe s final chapter is dedicated to defending the notion that blackshould bemployed to help build the state oflorida to transform it from a wilderness into a civilization they are better suited for work in the hot sun moresistanto malariand are trustworthy and extremely eager to learn she also dedicates a few pages to her interested observations on their culture ashe details overhearing their festivities at night and sitting outside an informal church servicestowe pp reception and criticism file harriet beecher stowe house site mandarin floridajpg thumb uprighthird incarnation of the school stowe helped support built inow the mandarin community club palmetto leaves became a best seller for stowe and was released in several editions it was published again as part of bicentennial floridiana series of original facsimile texts abouthe history of the state it waso popular thathrough publishing it stowe virtually ruined the peace and quiet she sought in mandarin to be able to work the year following the publication of palmetto leavestowe reported thatourists had visited north florida two years after its initial publication a writer working for harper s magazine noted that stowe was besieged by hundreds of visitors who do not seem to understand that she is not an exhibition thulesius p stowe s house which was located on the bank of the st johns river became a tourist attraction as riverboatshuffling tourists from jacksonville to palatka florida palatka or green cove springs florida green cove springs passed close by and slowed so the captains could point out her home to their clients eventually a dock was built so that visitors could come ashore and peek into the windows of the homewilson p one who dared to pull down a tree branch covered with orange blossoms in full bloom over the stowe s veranda was chased off the property by calvin local residents who held stowe in less than high regard insinuated that she worked withenterprising riverboat captains to pose for touriststhulesius p stowe was among several authors who wrote about florida following the civil war by far the majority were men who concentrated on hunting prospects buthe women who wrote abouthe region often used an adolescent narrator who was usually male as a device to describe their encounters withe novelty of whathey saw stowe wrote simply as herself something that may have been allowed because of her celebrity gene burnett author oflorida s past people and events that shaped the state writes harriet was probably never fully aware of how great had been her influence in advertising florida to the country turning it from an obscure down under tip on the map into a beckoning lush tropical paradise to which tens of thousands would flock to help build a state over the following decadesherself wouldoubtless have viewed it as a fitting christian acto help restore a prostrate defeated brotherland to its feet florida s first promoter was merely a good samaritan uncle tom s cabin was clearly stowe s masterpiece magnum opus although she considered old town folks which was written while she was in mandarin to have that designation astowe family history recalls that abraham lincoln entertained the author during a visito the white house and greeted her by saying so this the little lady who made this big war wilson p compared to it palmetto leaves is considered a minor work and is rarely included in the canon of criticism about stowe s writings the cambridge introduction to literature series on stowe addresses it briefly however noting thathe mixed essay and letter format make it uneven in quality and unstable in stance robbins p more assertive criticism was directed toward stowe s portrayals of the local mandarin blacks cambridge introduction to literature author sarah robbins called it downright offensive andeclared that stowe negated her own attempts to persuade hereaders that emancipated slaves were industrious and could assist in rebuilding the south of their own volition by including unflattering descriptions of their physical features comparing old cudjo to a baboon for example and writing that supervising and taking care of them was necessary susan eacker agrees writing that stowe s views werepresentative of the majority of white americans ideas of where blackshould be in the social scheme of the new south post publication file gv jpg thumb governor marcellustearns his cabinet and the staff of the florida state capitol greet stowe dressed in black on the sixth step on the right in theffects of stowe s writings about florida were duly noted by authorities her brother charles purchased his own land upon herecommendationot in mandarin but inewport wakulla county florida newport near tallahassee during a visito his home in she and a few northern investors had an audience with governor marcellustearns they were met by his cabinet and staff on the steps of the florida state capitol state capitol building which was festooned with greenery and a large welcome sign for the occasion and they gave stowe a round of loud and exuberant cheersthulesius p in stowe purchased a plot of land in mandarin on the st johns to build the mandarin church of our saviour jacksonville florida church of our saviour the dedication of which she attended the windows of the church were installed by its benefactors calvin s health began to fade and in the stowe family left mandarin forever to spend the rest of their years in hartford he died two years later and stowe asked to add a window in the mandarin church in his memory but it remained plain glass for years the church s parishioners remained so loyal to stowe thathey neglected to suggest an alternate plan for the window stowe declined into a childlike state after losing much of her memory but keeping her fascination with plants and flowers ashe would wander hartford exclaiming over those she came acrossstowe charles p she died in file tiffany window harriet beecher stowe memorialjpg thumb left upright stained glass window dedicated to the stowes athe church of our saviour destroyed in a frost in killed much of the orange industry in mandarin and the town saw an economic decline in an ornate stained glass window constructed by louis comfortiffany was installed in the church of our saviour depicting a large oak tree overlooking the river the church and mandarin residents offered no more than for the window for three years ten cent subscriptions were raised around mandarin and notices were placed inew york magazines to solicit finances for it although scholars have stated that stowe s efforts to educate local blacks were ultimately unsuccessful the woman who spearheaded the fundraising effort for the memorial window noted thathe project was enthusiastically supported by local black churches and residents who gave whathey could out of affection for stowe remembering that she taught some of them to read the window probably costiffany in and though there is no record of exactly how much tiffany was paid he took the project on because he liked the design the tree the moss the southern motif and because it was to memorialize the stowes he probably made no profit from it beneath it read in that hour fairer than daylight dawning remains the glorious thought i am withee part of a hymn penned by stowewilson p stowe memorial planned in florida hamlet where the author of uncle tom s cabin lived the new york times april p the school stowe sponsored closed in following stowe s departure the next owners of the house turned it into a lodge named after her it closed in the s and wasubsequently replaced by a spacious home what survives is the year old oak tree which the stowes built around instead of removingthulesius p the oak had continued to grow and upsethe foundation of the new homehooker kenneth w january a stowe memorial the florida historical quarterly p the stained glass window became a tourist attraction and the last memorial to stowe in florida in later decadesome of the parishioners and clergy hadoubts about its churchliness as it was a rare depiction in anglican church not referencing a biblical themethulesius p in hurricane dora destroyed the church of our saviour including the stained glass window across the street is the mandarin community club the former school sponsored by stowe the structure was given to mandarin it is listed on the national register of historic places history mandarin community club website retrieved on october mandarin hasince grown into a suburb of thexpansive city of jacksonville artist christopher still created an oil on linen painting named the okeehumkee on the oklawaha river that hangs in the florida house of representatives it is one of a series of images that encompassymbols of cultural and historical significance to florida that were commissioned by the state oflorida in and completed in palmetto leaves ishown lying nexto a large alligator and hollowed tree trunk in front of a riverboat passing through a swamp the okeehumkee on the oklawaha river state oflorida website retrieved on october notes citations robbinsarah the cambridge introduction to harriet beecher stowe cambridge university presstowe charles e harriet beecher stowe the story of her life houghton mifflin company stowe harriet b palmetto leaves j r osgood and company hosted by the florida heritage collection thulesius olav harriet beecher stowe in florida to mcfarland wilson forrest crusader in crinoline the life of harriet beecher stowe j b lippincott company furthereading john t foster jr and sarah whitmer foster beecherstowes and yankee strangers the transformation oflorida gainesville university oflorida press externalinks mandarin community club the okeehumkee on the oklawaha painting in its entirety with guide to symbols category environmental non fiction books category books category works by harriet beecher stowe category travel guide books category reconstruction era category history of jacksonville florida category history 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new start life visiting became withe region purchased cottage orange grove even_though plantation failed within first_year parts palmetto_leaves appeared newspaper published stowe brother series letters essays life florida new_england clergy stowe felt sense christian responsibility expressed considered duty help improve lives newly emancipated blacks andetailed efforts establish school church mandarin toward parts book relate lives local african_americans customs society stowe described charm region generally moderate climate warned readers excessive heat summer months occasional cold winter audience comprises relatives friends strangers inew england ask advice whether noto move florida athe_time wastill mostly wilderness although minor work stowe palmetto_leaves one firstravel guides written floridand florida first boom tourism residential development background stowe buys estate file thumb upright harriet_beecher_stowe writing letters would_become palmetto_leaves time harriet_beecher_stowe moved florida already internationally famous uncle tom cabin published serial novel upon united_states views extraordinarily influential slavery united opposition slavery moral passion based christian faith grown daughter minister beecher seven brothers became ministers married john september aspect harriet_beecher_stowe new_england quarterly p stowe son frederick fred william first massachusetts infantry regiment abraham lincoln called volunteers us civil_war civil_war much fred stowe hadeveloped problem alcohol early took army life however promoted lieutenant aftereceiving head wound athe battle severe forced resign p alcoholism may liberal use widely p wilson p fred encountered two young farmers connecticut duty union soldiers florida war learned land plentiful cheap many recently emancipated blacks available lowages work shared information withis mother stowe husband calvin considered prime opportunity son p purchased cotton orange park florida orange park south jacksonville named laurel grove originally established slave trader kingsley managed part african wife anna kingsley anna may philip january kingsley florida historical quarterly p kingsley anna moved another plantation athe mouth st_johns river lived years protected national_park service kingsley plantation stowe intended fred would manage thestate recovered extension wrote brother charles beecher however potential role sense mere enterprise manyears immediately christ work earth heart withat poor people whose cause words tried state corrupt politicians already beginning possible capital schemes fill poor heads sorts florida state pouring emigration positively setting way yet mere emigration withe hope making money nothing p son later wrote mother higher purpose everything growing potatoes writing wrote thathe prospect setting series churches along st_johns river would best way train former slaves long athis work without heart burning within stowe charles p whitfield stephen april florida identity florida historical quarterly p publication uncle tom cabin made stowe international celebrity already active familiar frederick douglass former slave educated risen prominence throughouthe north giving lectures slavery thinking population impoverished blacks could sustain thulesius p point following uncle tom cabin civil_war stowe house asked question personally education according douglass primary answer stowe leaving soon speaking tour england given large sum money british charity work assist slaves douglass intended start industrial school slaves anticipated would give whether stowe douglass fault gave douglass confused thulesius p florida little populated andeveloped fraction population georgiand alabama south florida two people lived per square john_february henry morrison biography online retrieved june florida school system athend civil_war named e noted fewer schools white children schools black children nofficial schools black children slaves prohibited education athe_time public schools white children private appeared get public funding may total florida population estimated black almost former slaves laura set light dark place teachers florida fall thesis pp university central nov difference attitudes education races apparent freed education key increasing opportunities least escaping conditions laura spring set light dark place teachers florida florida historical quarterly pp transformation failure file st_johns thumb upright left map st_johns river showing mandarin florida mandarin laurel grove opposite side river late winter stowe followed son florida finding thathe warmer weather allowed spend time two writing first weeks orange park transformed wilson p writing felt wings become young thulesius p accompanied day mail deposited mandarin florida mandarin across st_johns river theastern shore stowe fell love cottage mandarin attached orange grove stowe transformation florida rooted identification familiarity england industry climate cold one senses values laid back attitude people warmth southern climate first attempted brother charles purchase land mandarin writing asking think new_england would landed instead rock wrote abouthe land climate theffect might literature posed idea publisher leave isle world quiet long hours writing ralph emerson ralph emerson could keep electricity nathaniel hawthorne nathaniel hawthorne lived orange grove florida thulesius p within year laurel grove failed fred made poor local merchants war plantations largely self sufficient fred paid high prices savannah charleston took days time visit saloons jacksonville cotton worm destroyed much cotton crop two produced laurel grove stowe realized venture failure fred committed rehabilitation asylum inew_york alcohol would haunt fred stowe rest life sailed mediterranean remove could shake addiction living withis parents mandarin noto caught ship chile continued san_francisco rough port friends took hotel settled lefto run never heard stowe tried located old age spoke constantly wilson p stowe charles p thulesius p wilson p point stowe purchased cottage attached grove mandarin citrus distributed primarily regional market luxury inorthern cities inew_york sold cents per p attached house stowe purchased could produce income month stowe wrote author update progress improvements house mandarin putting wallpaper improving plaster building wrapped around structure took noto disturb giant oak instead builthe tree house could accommodate many family members charles p stowe split time hartford connecticut house mandarin feweeks christmas year would oversee arrangements close season involved preparing house winter packing clothes living writing materials carpets house shipping everything florida various family members would accompany living comfortable two story house called cottage p hartford requests athe center whirl activity mandarin connected telegraph line mail received week boat stowe able relax somewhat mandarin write hours p description text publication stowe remained active attending speaking writing traveling frequently publishing several novels mandarin though promised publishers james r j r another novel instead compiled series articles floridand letters relatives inew england daily life first_published christian christian union local new_england newspaper established brother henry ward beecher twenty chapters make leaves vary tone depending upon stowe audience buying land florida experience crops addressed general readers may considering moving region directed describing best sights area january florida grand_tour river st_augustine personal touch included chapters entitled letter girls letter writing neighbor way includes intimate details daily life mandarin observations state characteristics emancipated slaves mentioned letters essays buthe final two chapters old cudjo angel laborers south dedicated solely topic palmetto_leaves stowe firstravel memoir published sunny memoirs oforeign lands europe book unique american woman view p followed agnes appeared serial atlantic monthly source material agnes observations experiences italy third trip europe took wither family olav thulesius author harriet_beecher_stowe florida tendency spin everything saw something positive stowe addressed foreword sunny memoirs oforeign lands writing criticism made every thing given de rose answer characters scenes seem drawn bright reader consider many worse disposition think speak well one neighbors object publishing letters therefore give true picture life manners methe writer eyes little_known abouthe region climate citrus water general ideas illness health stowe possibly first among several authors advertising schemes portrayed exotic place natural wonders powers could health writers published florida claims readily accepted audiences hungry susan august gender paradise harriet_beecher_stowe prose florida journal southern history p biographer forrest wilson considers finished product palmetto_leaves published first promotional writing florida ever occasionally letters abouthe state printed local newspapers north florida wastill much rugged wilderness really concept whathe region p rather withe saw orange stowe intended call book orange changed title better express proliferated region p subject themes duty calling file thumb stowe calling golden using metaphor duty called florida first chapter palmetto tells takes savannah georgia board dog ofood affection passengers finally becomes attached woman board follows around savannah dog thrown street porters waiters athe hotel eventually left behind stowe dog people care animals christian ideals take care poor p impressive orange tree served metaphor stowe palmetto calls ithe generous surprising abundant trees lord god caused grow eden ito task educating emancipated p first arrived mandarin held stowes home calvin stowe teaching sunday school black white children purchased lot build church neighbors school educate children freed slaves learn though considerable frustration dealing withe bureau construction finished within year teacher place brooklynew p stowe organ rolled home church became difficulto roll back locked school building burnedown stowe deep probably night southern pine wood fire although olav committed stowe neighbors appreciate efforts educate black p frost orange trees inorth florida killed even underground buthey back insects yethey recovered neighbors helped raise funds rebuild church stowe small community handed local blacks learn delay children education see people willing taught growing ignorance one stowe p life mandarin first sight oflorida stowe greatly impressed palmetto praises oflorida january capable producing superior citrus flowers describes abundant plant life area chapter yellow p another stowe p details watching sugar going visiting wither named fly myriad things find woods made also keeps cage four p reports later year four cats died relief joy bus p honest description disadvantages oflorida stowe attempts readers notion thathe region perfect writes inew england nature andown smart times seasons brings ends life positive jerk contrasts nature old grandmother particular time thing andoes every thing happens stowe p wish live florida stowe must_also geto know occasional freezing weather winter insects people disagree florida woman stowe would dark full jolly p malaria fact life stowe may lured region tales mild climate understand common taking particular efforto address consider moving region weigh issues making p journal southern history susan stowe assignment ofemale characteristics florida coincided wither gradual admission may turning woman rights woman file mrs stowe place mandarin st_johns river robert n dennis collection thumb left view stowe home mandarin showing interrupted massive oak tree stowe sailing takes st_johns creek sees excursion alligators water long took dogs cats birds wither part annual hartford mandarin care tother animals well italy got carriage walk pulled steep hill two horses whipped driver asked companions guide p write firstravel guide florida stowe also_became first wild pays particular attention palmetto_leaves hunters shoot anything see offense hunting sake eating stowe killing sake must something enjoys suffer something life must lose stowe p followed book urged slaughter oflorida birds whose selling athe price gold used women hats emancipated slaves file old cudjo illustration palmetto thumb illustration accompanying chapter entitled old cudjo angel final two letters palmetto_leaves address newly freed slaves florida two strong women less stowe accustomed included one field hand named minnah stowe tried household chores iso speech stowe writes democracy never assumes rampant form old would say king died ithe next minute accordingly minnah back marked withe answers free speech stowe p minnah eventually returns fields another judy enjoys taking mornings see husband stowe attributes work ethic poor training habits slavery truly talented hard working black laborers moved industry able demand price p although stowe describes minnah judy praises riverboat named rose slave owned captain rose since freed saving life boating accident continues work following minnah judy rose knows every portion river well houses sites along banks histories knowledge ship guests crew guests opinion p another story stowe calvin meet man mandarin dock much land given government named old cudjo worked small homestead whiche grew cotton years firsthe colony oformer slaves south_carolina old cudjo colony white neighbors one justice peace united_states justice peace behalf old cudjo land returned p stowe final chapter dedicated notion help build state oflorida transform wilderness civilization better suited work hot sun extremely eager learn also pages interested observations culture ashe details festivities night sitting outside informal church pp reception criticism file harriet_beecher_stowe house site mandarin thumb school stowe helped support built mandarin community club palmetto_leaves became best seller stowe released several editions published part bicentennial series original facsimile texts abouthe history state waso popular publishing stowe virtually peace quiet sought mandarin able work year following publication palmetto reported thatourists visited north florida two_years initial publication writer working harper magazine noted stowe hundreds visitors seem understand exhibition thulesius p stowe house located bank st_johns river became tourist_attraction tourists jacksonville florida green cove springs florida green cove springs passed close could point home clients eventually dock built visitors could come windows p one pull tree branch covered orange full bloom stowe property calvin local_residents held stowe less high regard worked riverboat pose p stowe among several authors wrote florida following civil_war far majority men concentrated hunting prospects buthe women wrote abouthe region often_used adolescent narrator usually male device describe encounters withe novelty whathey saw stowe wrote simply something may allowed celebrity gene author oflorida past people events shaped state writes harriet probably never fully aware great influence advertising florida country turning obscure tip map lush tropical paradise tens thousands would flock help build state following viewed christian help restore defeated feet florida first promoter merely good uncle tom cabin clearly stowe magnum although considered old town written mandarin designation family history recalls abraham lincoln author visito white_house greeted saying little lady made big war wilson p compared palmetto_leaves considered minor work rarely included canon criticism stowe writings cambridge introduction literature series stowe addresses briefly however noting thathe mixed essay letter format make quality unstable stance robbins p criticism directed toward stowe local mandarin blacks cambridge introduction literature author sarah robbins called offensive stowe attempts emancipated slaves could assist rebuilding south including descriptions physical features comparing old cudjo example writing taking care necessary susan agrees writing stowe views majority white americans ideas social scheme new_south post publication file_jpg thumb governor cabinet staff florida state capitol stowe dressed black sixth step right theffects stowe writings florida noted authorities brother charles purchased land upon mandarin inewport county florida newport near visito home northern investors audience governor met cabinet staff steps florida state capitol state capitol building large welcome_sign occasion gave stowe round loud p stowe purchased plot land mandarin st_johns build mandarin church saviour jacksonville florida church saviour dedication attended windows church installed calvin health began fade stowe family left mandarin forever spend rest years hartford died two_years_later stowe asked add window mandarin church memory remained plain glass years church remained loyal stowe thathey neglected suggest alternate plan window stowe declined state losing much memory keeping fascination plants flowers ashe would wander hartford came charles p died file window harriet_beecher_stowe thumb left upright stained glass window dedicated stowes athe church saviour destroyed frost killed much orange industry mandarin town saw economic decline ornate stained glass window constructed louis installed church saviour depicting large oak tree overlooking river church mandarin residents offered window three_years ten cent subscriptions raised around mandarin notices placed inew_york magazines although scholars stated stowe efforts educate local blacks ultimately unsuccessful woman fundraising effort memorial window noted_thathe project supported local black churches residents gave whathey could affection stowe remembering taught read window probably though record exactly much paid took project liked design tree moss southern stowes probably made profit beneath read hour daylight remains glorious thought part p stowe memorial planned florida hamlet author uncle tom cabin lived new_york times_april p school stowe sponsored closed following stowe departure next owners house turned lodge named closed wasubsequently replaced home year_old oak tree stowes built around instead p oak continued grow foundation new kenneth w january stowe memorial florida historical quarterly p stained glass window became tourist_attraction last memorial stowe florida later clergy rare depiction church biblical p hurricane dora destroyed church saviour including stained glass window across street mandarin community club former school sponsored stowe structure given mandarin listed national_register historic_places history mandarin community club website_retrieved_october mandarin hasince grown suburb city jacksonville artist christopher still created oil painting named river hangs florida house representatives one series images cultural historical significance florida commissioned state oflorida completed palmetto_leaves ishown lying nexto large alligator tree trunk front riverboat passing river state oflorida website_retrieved_october notes citations cambridge introduction harriet_beecher_stowe cambridge university charles e harriet_beecher_stowe story life houghton mifflin company stowe harriet b palmetto_leaves j r company hosted florida heritage collection thulesius olav harriet_beecher_stowe florida wilson forrest life harriet_beecher_stowe j b company furthereading john_foster sarah foster yankee strangers transformation oflorida university oflorida press externalinks mandarin community club painting guide symbols category environmental non_fiction books_category_books category_works harriet_beecher_stowe category_travel_guide_books category reconstruction era category_history jacksonville florida_category history oflorida"},{"title":"Pal\u016b\u0161\u0117","description":"pushpin map lithuania pushpin label position pushpin map caption location of pal image shield image skyline lithuania paluse churchjpg image caption th century wooden churches in lithuania wooden church in pal subdivision type countries of the world country subdivisioname subdivision type regions of lithuania ethnographic region subdivisioname auk taitija subdivision type counties of lithuania county subdivisioname utena county subdivision type list of municipalities of lithuania municipality subdivisioname ignalina district municipality ignalina municipality subdivision typelderships of lithuania eldership subdivisioname ignalina eldership established title first mentioned establishedate population total population as of population blank timezoneastern european timeet utc offsetimezone dst eastern european summer timeest utc offset dst pal is a tourist village in the auk taitija national park in eastern lithuania it is located 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thumb px the original pancake house in southfield michigan a pancake house pancake and waffle house or waffle house is a restauranthat specializes in breakfast itemsuch as pancakes waffles and omelettes among other items many small independent pancake houses as well as large corporations and franchising franchises use the terminology in their establishment names most notably the ihop international house of pancakes ihop waffle house and the original pancake house most pancake houses are dine in although most will offer carry out as well many are open until around hour clock pm exceptions to this are large chainsuch as ihop andenny s which are usually open hoursome independent pancake houses are found in strip malls or exist astand alone structures that have been re fitted such as a closedown diner oretail store file tukwila clark s pancake house jpg thumb clark s pancake house at pacific highway south and south st south in seattle washington state washington pancake houses in the united states may offer various pancake stylesuch as buttermilk buckwheat and sourdough along with pancakes blended with fruit nut fruit nuts and chocolate they will also commonly offer different styles of pancakes which originate in different parts of the world such as german pancake swedish pancake s apple pancakes dutch apple pancakes crepes er s flapjacks and others as well as belgian waffles buttermilk waffles and french toast in addition a wide variety of breakfast foods are common at pancake house restaurants which includes grits oatmeal omelettes list of egg dishes egg dishes breakfast meatsuch as bacon and sausage and combinationsuch as pigs in blankets pigs in a blanket and eggs benedict some alsoffer lunch itemsuch as chicken steak chili con carne chili salad s hamburger s and sandwich es usa cookbook sheila lukins google books p in europe file molenooitgedacht met het pannekoekenhuisjpg thumb nooitgedacht mill in the netherlands whichas a pancake house within it in amsterdam netherlandsome pancake houses offer up to pancake varieties in holland a region in the western part of the netherlandsome pancake houseserve poffertjes food shopper s guide to holland a comprehensive review of the finest local a koene google books p a traditional netherlands dutch batter cooking batter treathat resemblesmall fluffy pancakesomexamples of pancake house restaurants in the netherlands include bunnik dutch delightypical dutch food sylvia pessireron martijn de rooi linda cook google books p lage vuursche the pancake bakery boerderij meerzicht ande carrousel denmark in denmark there is a restaurant chain where pancakes and ice cream are offered it is called rasmus klump familierestaurant after a bear whose favorite meal are pancakes in the united states there are many pancake houses in existence throughouthe united statesome restaurateurs in the united states have focused on offering breakfast foods for consumers to eat times of the day other than in the morning to make pancake and waffle houses more competitive some us cities have a significant number of pancake houses for example williamsburg virginia has the highest per capita ratiof waffle and pancake houses in the world insiders guide to williamsburg and virginia s historic triangle sue corbett google books p myrtle beach south carolina has a significant number of pancake houses numbering over in a two mile distance queen of the road the true tale of states mileshoes doreen orion google books pp the grand strand a large stretch of beaches on theast coast of the united states east coast of the united states that consists of over miles of beach land has beenoted for having a considerable number of pancake houses explorer s guide south carolina explorer s complete page ivey google books p notable pancake houses as of cracker barrel whose menu is based on traditional southern cuisine with appearance andecor designed to resemble an old fashioned general store operatestores in states as of denny s has restaurants ihop has over totalocations in the united states and in other countries waffle house is a restaurant chain that has over locations in the united states the original pancake house has over franchise restaurants in the united states and in portland oregon where it was founded it has been open since it is known for offering a wide range of breakfast dishes and items fearless critic austin restaurant guide google books p sears fine food a pancake house in san francisco californiarirang the bamboo connection d christi google books p has been serving pancake northern europe swedish pancakesince in oklahoma city oklahoma beverly s restaurant now named beverly s in the rough opened as a pancake house on may insiders guide toklahoma city deborah bouziden google books p the restaurant still prepares pancakes from scratch file typicalwafflehousejpg a waffle house restaurant in hagerstown maryland filers flapjack ohpjpg er flapjack a sourdough crepe from naperville pancake cafe file wafflehousedishjpg a dish at a waffle house restaurant in arkansas file cracker barrel in morrisville ncjpg a cracker barrel restaurant file ihop omelette breakfastjpg ihop breakfast foods file stuffed ftjpg honey jam cafe stuffed french toast see also cracker barrel goldenugget pancake house honey jam cafe list of breakfast beverages list of breakfast foods list of pancake houses the original pancake house walker bros furthereading eliazar piedra jose a feasibility study and consumer attitudes towards a pancake house in pasadena california state polytechnic university pomona department of economics ciao american italian discovers the us beppe severgnini google books explorer s guide south carolina explorer s complete page ivey google books the routencyclopedia jim hinckley james hinckley google books category types of 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and competitive adventure sport oflying paragliders lightweight free flying foot launched glider aircraft glider aircraft with no rigid primary structure the pilot sits in a wikt harness suspended below a fabric wing comprising a large number of interconnected baffled cells wing shape is maintained by the suspension lines the pressure of air entering vents in the front of the wing and the aerodynamic forces of the air flowing over the outsidespite not using an engine paragliders flight can last many hours and cover many hundreds of kilometers though flights of one to two hours and covering some tens of kilometers are more the norm by skillful exploitation of sources of lift soaring lifthe pilot may gain height often climbing to altitudes of a few thousand meters in domina c jalbert advanced governable gliding parachute s with multi cells and controls for lateral glide us pat filed october in walter neumark predicted in an article in flight magazine a time when a glider pilot would be able to launchimself by running over thedge of a cliff or down a slope whether on a rock climbing holiday in skye or sking in the alps walter neumark the future of soaring flight magazine may in the french engineer pierre lemoigne produced improved parachute designs that led to the para commander the pc had cutouts athe rear and sides that enabled ito be towed into the air and steered leading to parasailing parascending canadian domina jalbert invented the parafoil whichad sectioned cells in an airfoil aerofoil shape an open leading edge and a closed trailing edge inflated by passage through the air the ram air design he filed us patent on january file paraglider golden gardens jpg thumb left land based practice kiting abouthat same time david barish was developing the sail wing single surface wing forecovery of nasa space capsuleslope soaring was a way of testing outhe sail wing after tests on hunter mountainew york hunter mountainew york state new york in september he went on to promote slope soaring as a summer activity for ski resorts note apparently without great success author walter neumark wrote operating procedures for ascending parachutes and he and a group of enthusiasts with a passion for tow launching pcs and ram air parachutes eventually broke away from the british parachute association to form the british association of parascending clubs bapc in authors patrick gilligan canadand bertrandubuiswitzerland wrote the first flight manual the paragliding manual in officially coining the word paragliding these developments were combined in june by three friends jean claude b temps andr bohn and g rard bosson fromieussy haute savoie france after inspiration from an article on slope soaring in the parachute manual magazine by parachutist and publisher dan poynter they calculated that on a suitable slope a square ram air parachute could be inflated by running down the slope b temps launched from pointe du pertuiset mieussy and flew m bohn followed him and glidedown to the football pitch in the valley metres below jean claude b temps j ainvent le parapente pente being french for slope was born from the s equipment has continued to improve and the number of paragliding pilots and established sites has continued to increase the first unofficial paragliding world championship was held in verbier switzerland in though the first officially sanctioned f d ration a ronautique internationale fai world championship was held in k ssen austria in europe haseen the greatest growth in paragliding with france alone currently registering over active pilots equipment wing file paraglidersvg thumb alt crossection of a paraglider transverse crossection showing parts of a paraglider upper surface lower surface rib diagonal rib upper line cascade middle line cascade lower line cascade risers the paraglider wing or canopy is usually what is known in aeronautical engineering as a ram airfoil such wings comprise two layers ofabric that are connected to internal supporting material in such a way as to form a row of cells by leaving most of the cells open only athe leading edge incoming air keeps the wing inflated thus maintaining itshape when inflated the wing s crossection has the typical teardrop aerofoil shape modern paraglider wings are made of high performance non porous materialsuch as ripstopolyester or nylon fabricegelvenor olks in some modern paragliders from the s onwards especially higher performance wingsome of the cells of the leading edge are closed to form a cleaner aerodynamic profile holes in the internal ribs allow a free flow of air from the open cells to these closed cells to inflate them and also to the wingtips which are also closed paraglider wing information para org the pilot isupported underneathe wing by a network of suspension lines these start with two sets of risers made of short cm lengths of strong webbing each set is attached to the harness by a carabiner one on each side of the pilot and each riser of a set is generally attached to lines from only one row of itside of wing athend of each riser of the sethere is a small maillon delta maillon with a number of lines attached forming a fan these are typically metres long withend attached to further lines of around m which are again joined to a group of smaller thinner lines in some cases this repeated for a fourth cascade the top of each line is attached to small fabric loopsewn into the structure of the wing which are generally arranged in rows running span wise ie side to side the row of lines nearesthe front are known as the a lines the next row back the b lines and son a typical wing will have a b c and lines but recently there has been a tendency to reduce the rows of lines to three or even two and experimentally tone to reduce drag paraglider lines are usually made from dyneema spectra or kevlaramid although they look rather slender these materials are immensely strong for example a single mm diameter line abouthe thinnest used can have a breaking strength of kg paraglider wings typically have an area of with a span of and weigh combined weight of wing harness reserve instruments helmetc is around the glide ratiof paragliders ranges from forecreational wings to about for modern competition models fai website reaching in some cases up to u at glide ratio competition for comparison a typical skydiving parachute will achieve about glide a hanglideranges from forecreational wings to about for modern competition models an idlingliding cessna light aircraft will achieve some glider sailplanes can achieve a glide ratiof up to the speed range of paragliders is typically from stall flight stall speed to maximum speed beginner wings will be in the lower part of this range high performance wings in the upper part of the range note the range for safe flying will be somewhat smaller for storage and carrying the wing is usually folded into a stuffsack bag which can then be stowed in a large backpack along withe harness for pilots who may not wanthe added weight or fuss of a backpack some modern harnesses include the ability to turn the harness inside out such that it becomes a backpack paragliders are unique among human carrying aircraft in being easily portable the completequipment packs into a rucksack and can be carried easily on the pilot s back in a car or on public transport in comparison with other air sports thisubstantially simplifies travel to a suitable takeoff spothe selection of a landing place and return travel tandem paragliders designed to carry the pilot and one passenger are larger but otherwise similar they usually fly faster withigher trim speeds are moresistanto collapse and have a slightly higher sink rate compared to solo paragliders harness file gurtzeugleitschirm jpg thumb a pilot witharness light blue performing a reverse launch the pilot is loosely and comfortably buckled into a harness which offersupport in bothe standing and sitting positions most harnesses have foam or airbag protectors underneathe seat and behind the back to reduce the impact on failed launches or landings modern harnesses are designed to be as comfortable as a lounge chair in the sitting oreclining position many harnesses even have an adjustable lumbar support a reserve parachute is also typically connected to a paragliding harnesses also vary according to the need of the pilot and thereby come in a range of designs mostly training harness for beginners pax harness for tandem passengers that often also doubles as a training harness xc harness for long distance cross country flights all round harness for basic to intermediate pilots pod harness which is for intermediate to pro pilots that focus on xc acro harnesses are special designs for acrobatic pilots kids tandem harnesses are also now available with special child proof locks instruments most pilots use variometer s two way radio s and increasingly gps navigation device gps units when flying variometer the main purpose of a variometer is in helping a pilot find and stay in the core of a thermal to maximise height gain and conversely to indicate when a pilot is in sinking air and needs to find rising air humans can sense the acceleration when they first hit a thermal but cannot detecthe difference between constant rising air and constant sinking air modern variometer s are capable of detecting rates of climb or sink of cm per second a variometer indicates climb rate or sink rate with short audio signals beeps which increase in pitch and tempo during ascent and a droning sound which gets deeper as the rate of descent increases and or a visual display it also shows altitudeither above takeoff above sea level or at higher altitudes flight level radio communications are used in training to communicate with other pilots and to report where and when they intend to land these radios normally operate on a range ofrequencies in different countriesome authorised ushpa frequencies authorized ushpa frequencies ushpa radio authorizations ushpa handbook some illegal butolerated locally some local authorities eg flight clubs offer periodic automated weather updates on these frequencies in rare cases pilots use radios to talk to airport control towers or air trafficontrollers many pilots carry a cell phone so they can call for pickup should they land away from their intended point of destination gps global positioning system is a necessary accessory when flying competitions where it has to be demonstrated that waypoint way points have been correctly passed the recorded gps track of a flight can be used to analyze flying technique or can be shared with other pilots gps is also used to determine drift due to the prevailing wind when flying at altitude providing position information to allow restricted airspace to be avoided and identifying one s location foretrieval teams after landing out in unfamiliar territory gps is integrated with some models of variometer this not only more convenient but also allows for a three dimensional space three dimensional record of the flighthe navigational track flightrack can be used as prooforecord claims replacing the old method of photo documentation flying file parapente dsvg thumb left alt d cadrawing of a paraglider d cadrawing of a paraglider showing the upper surface in green the lower surface in blue and the leading edge openings in pink only the left half of the suspension cone ishown launching file paraglider towed launchjpg thumb paraglider towed launch miros awice lower silesian voivodeship miros awice poland file paragliding sopelana biscayjpg thumb paraglider in sopelana biscay basque country autonomous community basque country as with all aircraft launching and landing are done into wind the wing is placed into an airstream either by running or being pulled or an existing wind the wing moves up over the pilot into a position in which it can carry the passenger the pilot is then lifted from the ground and after a safety period can sit down into his harness unlike skydivers paragliders like hangliders do not jump at any time during this process there are two launching techniques used on higher ground and one assisted launch technique used in flatland areas forward launch in lowinds the wing is inflated with a forward launch where the pilot runs forward withe wing behind so thathe air pressure generated by the forward movement inflates the wing it is often easier because the pilot only has to run forward buthe pilot cannot see his wing until it is above him where he has to check it in a very shortime for correct inflation and untangled lines before the launch reverse launch file paraglider launch mam torogv thumb rt paraglidereverse launch mam tor england in higher winds a reverse launch is used withe pilot facing the wing to bring it up into a flying position then turning arounder the wing and running to complete the launch reverse launches have a number of advantages over a forward launch it is more straightforward to inspecthe wing and check if the lines are free as it leaves the ground in the presence of wind the pilot can be tugged toward the wing and facing the wing makes it easier to resisthis force and safer in case the pilot slips as opposed to being dragged backwards however the movement pattern is more complex than forward launch and the pilot has to hold the brakes in a correct way and turn to the correct side so he does notangle the lines these launches are normally attempted with a reasonable wind speed making the ground speed required to pressurise the wing much lower the pilot is initially launching while walking forwards as opposed to running backward towed launch file parapenteogg rthumb paraglider launching in arax brazil file mussel rock gliding bluffs pacificaliforniawebm lefthumb a paragliding flight over the mussel rock gliding bluffs in pacificalifornia in flatter countryside pilots can also be launched with a tow once at full heightowing can launch pilots up to feet altitude the pilot pulls a release cord and the towline falls away this requireseparate training as flying on a winchas quite different characteristics from free flying there are two major ways tow pay in and pay outowing pay in towing involves a stationary winch that winds in the towline and thereby pulls the pilot in the air the distance between winch and pilot athe start is around meters or more pay outowing involves a moving object like a car or a boathat pays out line slower than the speed of the objecthereby pulling the pilot up in the air in both cases it is very importanto have a gauge indicating line tension to avoid pulling the pilot out of the air another form of towing istatic line towing this involves a moving object like a car or a boattached to a paraglider or hanglider with a fixed length line this can be very dangerous because now the forces on the line have to be controlled by the moving object itself which is almost impossible to do unlesstretchy rope and a pressure tension meter dynamometer is used static line towing with stretchy rope and a load cell as a tension meter has been used in poland ukraine russiand other eastern european countries for over twentyears under the name malinka with abouthe same safety record as other forms of towing one more form of towing is hand towing this where people pull a paraglider using a tow rope of up to feethe stronger the wind the fewer people are needed for a successful hand tows up to feet have been accomplished allowing the piloto get into a lift band of a nearby ridge orow of buildings and ridge soar in the lifthe same way as with a regular foot launch landing a paraglider as with all unpowered aircraft which cannot abort a landing involvesome specific techniques and traffic patterns paragliding pilots most commonly lose their height by flying a figure of in over landing zone until the correct height is achieved then line up into the wind and give the glider full speed once the correct height about a meter above ground is achieved the pilot will stall the glider in order to land traffic pattern unlike during launch where coordination between multiple pilots istraightforward landing involves more planning because more than one pilot might have to land athe same time therefore a specific airfield traffic pattern traffic pattern has been established pilots line up into a position above the airfield and to the side of the landing area which is dependent on the windirection where they can lose height if necessary by flying circles from this position they follow the legs of a flightpath in a rectangular pattern to the landing zone downwind leg base leg and final approach this allows for synchronization between multiple pilots and reduces the risk of collisions because a pilot canticipate what other pilots around him are going to do nextechniques landing involves lining up for an approach into wind and just before touching down flaring the wing to minimise vertical and or horizontal speed this consists of gently going from brake at around two meters to brake when touching down on the ground in light windsome minorunning is common in moderate to medium headwinds the landings can be without forward speed or even going backwards with respecto the ground in strong winds buthis would usually mean thathe conditions were too strong for that glider additionally at around four meters before touchinground some momentary braking for around two seconds can be applied then released thusing forward pendular momentum to gain speed for flaring moreffectively and approaching the ground with minimal vertical speed for strong winds during landing two techniques are common the first flapping the wing to make it lose performance and thus descend faster by alternatively braking and releasing around once per second though the danger of inducing a stall during this manoeuvre makes it an experts only technique and the second collapsing the wing immediately after touchdown to avoid being dragged by either braking at maximum or quickly turning around and pulling down the d risers the last set of risers from the leading edge control file acc l rateur parapentegif righthumb upright speedbar mechanism brakes controls held in each of the pilot s hands connecto the trailing edge of the left and right sides of the wing these controls are called brakes and provide the primary and most general means of control in a paraglider the brakes are used to adjust speed to steer in addition to weight shift and to flare during landing weight shift in addition to manipulating the brakes a paraglider pilot must also lean in order to steer properly such weight shifting can also be used for more limited steering when brake use is unavailable such as when under big earsee below more advanced control techniques may also involve weight shifting speed bar a kind ofoot control called the speed bar also accelerator attaches to the paragliding harness and connects to the leading edge of the paraglider wing usually through a system of at leastwo pulleysee animation in margin this control is used to increase speed andoeso by decreasing the wing s angle of attack this control is necessary because the brakes can only slow the wing from what is called trim speed no brakes applied the accelerator is needed to go faster than this more advanced means of control can be obtained by manipulating the paraglider s risers or lines directly most commonly the lines connecting to the outermost points of the wing s leading edge can be used to induce the wingtips to fold under the technique known as big ears is used to increase rate of descent see picture and the full description below the risers connecting to the rear of the wing can also be manipulated for steering if the brakes have been severed or are otherwise unavailable for ground handling purposes a direct manipulation of these lines can be moreffective and offer more control than the brakes theffect of sudden wind blasts can be countered by directly pulling on the risers and making the wing unflyable thereby avoiding falls or unintentional takeoffs fast descents problems with getting down can occur when the lift situation is very good or when the weather changes unexpectedly there are three possibilities of rapidly reducing altitude in such situations each of whichas benefits and issues to be aware of the big ears maneuver induces descent rates of to m s m s with additional speed bar it is the most controllable of the techniques and theasiest for beginners to learn the b line stall induces descent rates of m s it increases loading on parts of the wing the pilot s weight is mostly on the b lines instead of spread across all the lines finally a spiral dive offers the fastest rate of descent at m s it places greater loads on the wing than other techniques do and requires the highest level of skill from the piloto execute safely big ears file paragliding big earsgif thumb paraglider in big ears maneuver pulling on the outer a lines during non accelerated normal flight folds the wing tips inwards which substantially reduces the glide angle with only a small decrease in forward speed as theffective wing area is reduced the wing loading is increased and it becomes more stable however the angle of attack is increased and the craft is closer to stall speed buthis can be ameliorated by applying the speed bar which also increases the descent rate when the lines areleased the wing re inflates if necessary a short pumping on the brakes helps reentering normal flight compared to the other techniques with big ears the wing still glides forward which enables the piloto leave an area of danger even landing this way is possibleg if the pilot has to counter an updraft on a slope b line stall in a b line stall the second set of risers from the leading edge fronthe b lines are pulledown independently of the otherisers withe specific lines used to initiate a stall flight stall this puts a spanwise crease in the wing thereby separating the airflow from the upper surface of the wing it dramatically reduces the lift produced by the canopy and thus induces a higherate of descenthis can be a strenuous maneuver because these b lines have to be held in this position and the tension of the wing puts an upwards force on these lines the release of these lines has to be handled carefully noto provoke a too fast forward shooting of the wing which the pilothen could fall into this less popular now as it induces high loads on the internal structure of the wing spiral dive the spiral dive is the most rapid form of controlled fast descent an aggressive spiral dive can achieve a sink rate of m s this maneuver halts forward progress and brings the flier almostraight down the pilot pulls the brakes one side and shifts his weight onto that side to induce a sharp turn the flight pathen begins to resembles a corkscrew after a specific downward speed is reached the wing points directly to the ground when the pilot reaches his desired height hends this maneuver by slowly releasing the inner brake shifting his weighto the outer side and braking on thiside the release of the inner brake has to be handled carefully to end the spiral dive gently in a few turns if done too fasthe wing translates the turning into a dangerous upward and pendular motion spiral dives put a strong force on the wing and glider and must be done carefully and skilfully the g forces involved can induce blackouts and the rotation can produce orientation mental disorientation some high end gliders have what is called a stable spiral problem after inducing a spiral and without further pilot input some wings do not automatically return to normal flight and stay inside their spiral serious injury and fatal accidents did occur when pilots could not exithis maneuver and spiraled into the ground the rate of rotation in a spiral dive can be reduced by using a drogue chute deployed just before the spiral is induced this reduces the g forces experienced soaring file paraglideridge soaring atorrey pinesjpg lefthumb px ridge soaring along the california coast soaring flight is achieved by utilizing windirected upwards by a fixed object such as a dune oridge in slope soaring pilots fly along the length of a slope feature in the landscape relying on the lift provided by the air which is forced up as it passes over the slope soaring is highly dependent on a steady wind within a defined range the suitable range depends on the performance of the wing and the skill of the pilotoo little wind and insufficient lift is available to stay airborne pilots end up scratching along the slope with more wind gliders can fly well above and forward of the slope butoo much wind and there is a risk of being blown back over the slope a particular form of ridge soaring is condo soaring where pilotsoar a row of buildings that form an artificial ridge this form of soaring is particularly used in flat lands where there are no natural ridges buthere are plenty of man made building ridges thermal flying file paragliding jpg thumb paragliders in the air atorrey pines gliderport when the sun warms the ground it will warm some features more than othersuch as rock faces or large buildings and theset off thermals which rise through the air sometimes these may be a simple rising column of air more often they are blown sideways in the wind and will break offrom the source with a new thermal forming later once a pilot finds a thermal he begins to fly in a circle trying to center the circle on the strongest part of thermal the core where the air is rising the fastest most pilots use a variometer vario altimeter vario which indicates climb rate with beeps and or a visual display to help core in on a thermal often there istrong sink surrounding thermals and there is also strong turbulence resulting in wing collapses as a pilotries to enter a strong thermal good thermal flying is a skill thatakes time to learn but a good pilot can often core a thermall the way to cloud base cross country flying once the skills of using thermals to gain altitude have been mastered pilots can glide from one thermal to the nexto go cross country havingained altitude in a thermal a pilot glides down to the next available thermal potential thermals can be identified by land features thatypically generate thermals or by cumulus cloud s which mark the top of a rising column of warm humid air as it reaches the dew point and condensation condenses to form a cloud cross country pilots also need an intimate familiarity with air law flying regulations aviation maps indicating restricted airspacetc in flight wing deflation collapse since the shape of the wing airfoil is formed by the moving air entering and inflating the wing in turbulent air part or all of the wing can deflate collapse piloting techniques referred to as active flying will greatly reduce the frequency and severity of deflations or collapses on modern recreational wingsuch deflations will normally recover without pilot intervention in thevent of a severe deflation correct pilot input will speed recovery from a deflation but incorrect pilot input may slow the return of the glider to normal flight so pilotraining and practice in correct response to deflations are necessary for the rare occasions when it is not possible to recover from a deflation or from other threatening situationsuch as a spin most pilots carry a reserve rescuemergency parachute however most pilots never have cause to throw theireserve should a wing deflation occur at low altitude ie shortly after takeoff or just before landing the wing paraglider may not recover its correct structure rapidly enough to prevent an accident withe pilot oftenot having enough altitude remaining to deploy a reserve parachute withe minimum altitude for this being approximately butypical deploymento stabilization periods using up of altitude successfully different packing methods of the reserve parachute affect its deploying time low altitude wing failure can result in serious injury or death due to the subsequent velocity of a ground impact where paradoxically a higher altitude failure may allow more time to regain some degree of control in the descent rate and critically deploy the reserve if needed in flight wing deflation and other hazards are minimized by flying a suitable glider and choosing appropriate weather conditions and locations for the pilot skill and experience level as a competitive sport file pegalajar ja n parapente rps png thumbnail practicing paragliding in pegalajar province of ja n spain ja n spain there are various disciplines of competitive paragliding cross country flying is the classical form of paragliding competitions with championships in club regional national and internationalevelsee paragliding world cupwc aerobatics aerobaticompetitions demand the participants to perform certain manoeuvres competitions are held for individual pilots as well as for pairs that show synchronous performances this form is the most spectacular for spectators on the ground to watchike fly competitions in which a certain route has to be flown or hiked only over several days red bull x alps the unofficial world championship in this category of competition was held for the seventh time in addition to these organized events it is also possible to participate in various online contests that require participants to upload flightrack data to dedicated websites like online contest gliding olc safety file decolagemparapenteogg righthumb paraglider launch video in arax brazil paragliding like any extreme sport is a potentially dangerous activity in the united states for example in the last year for which details are available one paraglider pilot died this an equivalent rate of two in pilots over the years an average of seven in every active paraglider pilots have been fatally injured though with a marked improvement in recent years in france with overegistered fliers twof every pilots were fatally injured in a rate that is not atypical of the years although around six of every pilots were seriously injured more than two day hospital stay the potential for injury can be significantly reduced by training and risk managementhe use of proper equipment such as a wing designed for the pilot size and skillevel as well as a helmet a reserve parachute and a cushioned harness also minimize risk pilot safety is influenced by an understanding of the site conditionsuch as air turbulence rotorstrong thermals gusty wind and ground obstaclesuch as power linesufficient pilotraining in wing control and emergency manoeuvres from competent instructors can minimize accidents many paragliding accidents are the result of a combination of pilot error and poor flying conditions most popular paragliding regions have a number of schools generally registered with and organized by national associations certification systems vary widely between countries though aroundays instruction to basicertification istandard file img at neustiftjpg thumb flying above stubaital austria file paragliding at langkisau hill painan jpg thumb tandem paragliding at painan indonesia file paraglading in elgeyo marakwetjpg thumb tandem paraglading in elgeyo escarpmenthere are several key components to a paragliding pilot certification instruction program initial training for beginning pilots usually begins with some amount of ground school to discuss the basics including elementary theories oflight as well as basic structure and operation of the paraglider students then learn how to control the glider on the ground practicing take offs and controlling the wing overhead low gentle hills are next where students getheir first short flights flying at very low altitudes to get used to the handling of the wing over varied terrain special winches can be used tow the glider to low altitude in areas that have no hills readily available as their skills progresstudents move on to steeper higher hills or higher winch tows making longer flights and learning to turn the glider control the glider speed then moving on to turnspot landings big ears used to increase the rate of descent for the paraglider and other more advanced techniques training instructions are often provided to the student via radio particularly during the first flights a third key componento a complete paragliding instructional program providesubstantial background in the key areas of meteorology aviation law and general flight area etiquette to give prospective pilots a chance to determine if they would like to proceed with a full pilotraining programost schools offer tandem flights in which an experienced instructor pilots the paraglider withe prospective pilot as a passenger schools often offer pilot s families and friends the opportunity to fly tandem and sometimesell tandem pleasure flights at holiday resorts most recognised courses lead to a nationalicence and an internationally recognised international pilot proficiency information identification card the ippi specifies five stages of paragliding proficiency from thentry level parapro to the most advanced stage attaining a level of parapro typically allows the piloto fly solor without instructor supervision world records fai f d ration a ronautique internationale world recordstraight distance preliminary claim donizete baldessar lemos brazil rafael monteiro saladini brazil and samuel nascimento brazil tacima brazil para ba brasilien october straight distance ratified frank brown brazil tacima brazil monsenhor tabosa brazil october straight distance female seiko fukuoka naville japan deniliquin australia december straight distance to declared goal nevil hulett south africa copperton south africa lesotho december previoustraight distance to declared goalja vali urban vali slovenia vosburg jamestown south africa december gain of height robbie whittall uk brandvlei south africa january others highest flight antoine girard broad peak pakistan oldest female paraglider is peggy mcalpine from northern cyprushe took to the sky athe age ofrom a ft peak mail online daredevil pensioner peggy mcalpine leaps into the sky aged to become world s oldest paragliderelated activitiesky diving parachute s have the most resemblance with paragliders buthe sports are very different whereas with sky diving the parachute is only a tool to safely return to earth after free fall the paraglider allows longer flights and the use of thermals hangliding hangliding is a close cousin and hanglider and paraglider launches are often found in proximity tone another despite the considerable difference in equipmenthe two activities offer similar pleasures and some pilots are involved in both sports powered paragliding powered paragliding is the flying of paragliders with a small engine attached speed flying speed flying or speed riding is the separate sport oflying paragliders of a reduced size these wings have increased speed though they are not normally capable of paragliding soaring flighthe sport involves taking off on skis or on foot and swooping rapidly down in close proximity to a slopeven periodically touching it if skis are used these smaller wings are alsometimes used where wind speeds are too high for a full sized paraglider although this invariably at coastal sites where the wind is laminar flow laminar and not subjecto as much mechanical turbulence as inland sites just like paragliders and hangliders glider sailplanes use thermals to extend the time in the air speed glide ratio and flight distances are superior to the ones achieved by paragliders on the other hand are able to also facilitate thermals that are too small because of the much larger turn radius or too weak for gliding paragliding can be of local importance as a commercial activity paid accompanied tandem flights are available in many mountainous regions both in the winter and in the summer in addition there are many schools offering courses and guides who lead groups of morexperienced pilots exploring an area finally there are the manufacturers and the associated repair and after saleservices paraglider like wings also find other uses for example in shipropulsion and wind energy exploitation and arelated to some forms of power kite skiing uses equipment similar to paragliding sails national organizations ushpa united states hangliding and paragliding association uspha united states britishangliding and paragliding association britishangliding and paragliding association bhpa uk flyability bhpassociated charity for disabled paragliding and hangliding f d ration fran aise de volibre ffvl france association of paragliding pilots and instructors appi hangliding and paragliding association of canada hpacanada deutscher h ngegleiter verband engerman hangliding association dhv germany largest national organization with members references furthereading les visiteurs du ciel guide l air pour l homme volant hubert aupetit externalinks paragliding hd video collection category adventure travel category aircraft configurations category air sports category individual sports category paragliding category articles containing video 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fran","fran aise","aise de","france association","paragliding pilots","paragliding association","hangliding association","germany largest","largest national","national organization","members references","references furthereading","furthereading les","guide l","l air","air pour","pour l","externalinks paragliding","video collection","collection category","category adventure","adventure travel","travel category","category aircraft","aircraft configurations","configurations category","category air","air sports","sports category","category individual","individual sports","sports category","category paragliding","paragliding category","category articles","articles containing","containing video","video clips"],"new_description":"file jpg thumb upright paragliding bay italy paragliding recreational competitive adventure sport oflying paragliders lightweight free flying foot_launched glider aircraft glider aircraft rigid primary structure pilot sits wikt harness suspended fabric wing comprising large_number cells wing shape maintained suspension lines pressure air entering front wing aerodynamic forces air flowing using engine paragliders flight last many hours cover many hundreds kilometers though flights one two hours covering tens kilometers norm exploitation sources lift soaring lifthe pilot may gain height often climbing altitudes thousand meters c advanced gliding parachute multi cells controls glide us pat filed october walter predicted article flight magazine_time glider pilot would able running thedge cliff slope whether rock_climbing holiday skye alps walter future soaring flight magazine may french engineer pierre produced improved parachute designs led para commander athe rear sides enabled ito towed air leading canadian invented whichad cells airfoil shape open leading_edge closed edge inflated passage air ram air design filed us patent january file paraglider golden gardens jpg thumb left land based practice time david developing sail wing single surface wing forecovery nasa space soaring way testing outhe sail wing tests hunter york hunter york_state_new_york september went promote slope soaring summer activity ski resorts note apparently without great success author walter wrote operating procedures parachutes group enthusiasts passion tow launching ram air parachutes eventually broke away british parachute association form british association clubs authors patrick canadand wrote first_flight manual paragliding manual officially coining word paragliding developments combined june three friends jean claude b temps andr g haute france inspiration article slope soaring parachute manual magazine publisher dan calculated suitable slope square ram air parachute could inflated running slope b temps launched flew followed football pitch valley metres jean claude b temps j french slope born equipment continued improve number paragliding pilots established sites continued increase first unofficial paragliding world_championship held switzerland though first officially sanctioned f ration ronautique internationale fai world_championship held k austria europe haseen greatest growth paragliding france alone currently registering active pilots equipment wing file thumb_alt crossection paraglider crossection showing parts paraglider upper surface lower surface rib rib upper line cascade middle line cascade lower line cascade risers paraglider wing canopy usually known aeronautical engineering ram airfoil wings comprise two layers connected internal supporting material way form row cells leaving cells open athe leading_edge incoming air keeps wing inflated thus maintaining inflated wing crossection typical shape modern paraglider wings made high performance non materialsuch modern paragliders onwards especially higher performance cells leading_edge closed form cleaner aerodynamic profile holes internal ribs allow free flow air open cells closed cells also also closed paraglider wing information para pilot isupported underneathe wing network suspension lines start two sets risers made short lengths strong set attached harness one_side pilot set generally attached lines one row wing athend small delta number lines attached forming fan typically metres long withend attached lines around joined group smaller lines cases repeated fourth cascade top line attached small fabric structure wing generally arranged rows running span wise side side row lines front known lines next row back b lines son typical wing b c lines recently tendency reduce rows lines three even two tone reduce drag paraglider lines usually_made although look rather materials immensely strong example single diameter line abouthe used breaking strength paraglider wings typically area span weigh combined weight wing harness reserve instruments around glide_ratiof paragliders ranges forecreational wings modern competition models fai website reaching cases glide_ratio competition comparison typical parachute achieve glide forecreational wings modern competition models light aircraft achieve glider achieve glide_ratiof speed range paragliders typically stall flight stall_speed maximum speed wings lower part range high performance wings upper part range note range safe flying somewhat smaller storage carrying wing usually folded bag large backpack along_withe harness pilots may wanthe added weight backpack modern harnesses include ability turn harness inside becomes backpack paragliders unique among human carrying aircraft easily portable packs carried easily pilot back car public_transport comparison air sports travel suitable takeoff selection landing place return travel tandem paragliders designed carry pilot one passenger larger otherwise similar usually fly faster trim speeds collapse slightly higher sink rate compared solo paragliders harness file_jpg thumb pilot light blue performing reverse launch pilot loosely comfortably harness bothe standing sitting positions harnesses foam protectors underneathe seat behind back reduce impact failed launches landings modern harnesses designed comfortable lounge chair sitting position many harnesses even support reserve parachute also typically connected paragliding harnesses also vary according need pilot thereby come range designs mostly training harness harness tandem passengers often also training harness harness long_distance cross_country flights round harness basic intermediate pilots pod harness intermediate pro pilots focus harnesses special designs pilots kids tandem harnesses also_available special child proof locks instruments pilots use variometer two way radio increasingly gps navigation device gps units flying variometer main purpose variometer helping pilot find stay core thermal maximise height gain conversely indicate pilot sinking air needs find rising air humans sense acceleration first hit thermal cannot difference constant rising air constant sinking air modern variometer capable rates climb sink per second variometer indicates climb rate sink rate short audio signals increase pitch tempo ascent sound gets deeper rate descent increases visual display also shows takeoff sea_level higher altitudes flight level radio communications used training communicate pilots report intend land radios normally operate range different_countriesome ushpa frequencies authorized ushpa frequencies ushpa radio ushpa handbook illegal locally local_authorities flight clubs offer periodic automated weather updates frequencies rare cases pilots use radios talk airport control towers air many pilots carry cell phone call land away intended point destination gps global positioning system necessary flying competitions demonstrated way points correctly passed recorded gps track flight used analyze flying technique shared pilots gps also_used determine drift due wind flying altitude providing position information allow restricted airspace avoided identifying one location teams landing unfamiliar territory gps integrated models variometer convenient also allows three space three record flighthe track used claims replacing old method photo documentation flying file thumb left alt paraglider paraglider showing upper surface green lower surface blue leading_edge openings pink left half suspension cone ishown launching file paraglider towed thumb paraglider towed launch lower voivodeship poland file paragliding thumb paraglider basque country autonomous community basque country aircraft launching landing done wind wing placed either running pulled existing wind wing moves pilot position carry passenger pilot lifted ground safety period sit harness unlike paragliders like hangliders jump time process two launching techniques used higher ground one assisted launch technique used areas forward launch wing inflated forward launch pilot runs forward withe wing behind thathe air pressure generated forward movement wing often easier pilot run forward buthe pilot cannot see wing check shortime correct inflation lines launch reverse launch file paraglider launch thumb launch tor england higher winds reverse launch used withe pilot facing wing bring flying position turning wing running complete launch reverse launches number advantages forward launch wing check lines free leaves ground presence wind pilot toward wing facing wing makes easier force safer case pilot opposed however movement pattern complex forward launch pilot hold brakes correct way turn correct side lines launches normally attempted reasonable wind speed making ground speed required wing much lower pilot initially launching walking opposed running towed launch file paraglider launching brazil file rock gliding bluffs lefthumb paragliding flight rock gliding bluffs countryside pilots also launched tow full launch pilots feet altitude pilot pulls release falls away training flying quite different characteristics free flying two_major ways tow pay pay pay towing involves stationary winch winds thereby pulls pilot air distance winch pilot athe_start around meters pay involves moving object like car pays line slower speed pulling pilot air cases importanto gauge indicating line tension avoid pulling pilot air another form towing line towing involves moving object like car paraglider hanglider fixed length line dangerous forces line controlled moving object almost impossible rope pressure tension meter used static line towing rope load cell tension meter used poland ukraine russiand eastern_european countries twentyears name abouthe safety record forms towing one form towing hand towing people pull paraglider using tow rope stronger wind fewer people needed successful hand feet accomplished allowing piloto get lift band nearby ridge buildings ridge soar lifthe way regular foot launch landing paraglider unpowered aircraft cannot abort landing specific techniques traffic patterns paragliding pilots commonly lose height flying figure landing zone correct height achieved line wind give glider full speed correct height meter ground achieved pilot stall glider order land traffic pattern unlike launch coordination multiple pilots landing involves planning one pilot might land athe_time therefore specific airfield traffic pattern traffic pattern established pilots line position airfield side landing area dependent lose height necessary flying circles position follow legs rectangular pattern landing zone leg base leg final approach allows multiple pilots reduces risk pilot pilots around going landing involves lining approach wind touching wing vertical horizontal speed consists going brake around two meters brake touching ground light common moderate medium landings without forward speed even going respecto ground strong winds buthis would usually mean thathe conditions strong glider additionally around four meters braking around two seconds applied released forward momentum gain speed approaching ground minimal vertical speed strong winds landing two techniques common first wing make lose performance thus faster alternatively braking releasing around per second though danger stall makes experts technique second wing immediately touchdown avoid either braking maximum quickly turning around pulling risers last set risers leading_edge control file l righthumb upright mechanism brakes controls held pilot hands edge left right sides wing controls called brakes provide primary general means control paraglider brakes used speed addition weight shift flare landing weight shift addition brakes paraglider pilot must_also lean order properly weight shifting also_used limited steering brake use unavailable big advanced control techniques may_also involve weight shifting speed bar kind control called speed bar_also paragliding harness connects leading_edge paraglider wing usually system leastwo animation margin control used increase speed wing angle attack control necessary brakes slow wing called trim speed brakes applied needed go faster advanced means control obtained paraglider risers lines directly commonly lines connecting points wing leading_edge used induce fold technique known big ears used increase rate descent see picture full description risers connecting rear wing also manipulated steering brakes otherwise unavailable ground handling purposes direct manipulation lines offer control brakes theffect sudden wind directly pulling risers making wing thereby avoiding falls fast descents problems getting occur lift situation good weather changes unexpectedly three possibilities rapidly reducing altitude situations whichas benefits issues aware big ears maneuver induces descent rates additional speed bar techniques learn b line stall induces descent rates increases loading parts wing pilot weight mostly b lines instead spread across lines finally spiral dive offers fastest rate descent places greater loads wing techniques requires highest level skill piloto safely big ears file paragliding big thumb paraglider big ears maneuver pulling outer lines non accelerated normal flight folds wing tips substantially reduces glide angle small decrease forward speed wing area reduced wing loading increased becomes stable however angle attack increased craft closer stall_speed buthis applying speed bar_also increases descent rate lines wing necessary short brakes helps normal flight compared techniques big ears wing still forward enables piloto leave area danger even landing way pilot counter slope b line stall b line stall second set risers leading_edge b lines independently withe specific lines used initiate stall flight stall puts wing thereby separating upper surface wing dramatically reduces lift produced canopy thus induces maneuver b lines held position tension wing puts upwards force lines release lines handled carefully noto fast forward shooting wing could fall less popular induces high loads internal structure wing spiral dive spiral dive rapid form controlled fast descent aggressive spiral dive achieve sink rate maneuver forward progress brings pilot pulls brakes one_side shifts weight onto side induce sharp turn flight begins resembles specific speed reached wing points directly ground pilot reaches desired height maneuver slowly releasing inner brake shifting outer side braking release inner brake handled carefully end spiral dive turns done wing translates turning dangerous motion spiral put strong force wing glider must done carefully g forces involved induce rotation produce orientation mental high_end gliders called stable spiral problem spiral without pilot input wings automatically return normal flight stay inside spiral serious injury fatal accidents occur pilots could maneuver ground rate rotation spiral dive reduced using chute deployed spiral induced reduces g forces experienced soaring file soaring lefthumb px ridge soaring along california coast soaring flight achieved utilizing upwards fixed object dune slope soaring pilots fly along length slope feature landscape relying lift provided air_forced passes slope soaring highly dependent steady wind within defined range suitable range depends performance wing skill little wind insufficient lift available stay airborne pilots end along slope wind gliders fly well forward slope much wind risk blown back slope particular form ridge soaring soaring row buildings form artificial ridge form soaring particularly used flat lands natural ridges buthere plenty man_made building ridges thermal flying file paragliding jpg thumb paragliders air sun ground warm features othersuch rock faces large buildings thermals rise air sometimes may simple rising column air often blown wind break offrom source new thermal forming later pilot finds thermal begins fly circle trying center circle part thermal core air rising fastest pilots use variometer altimeter indicates climb rate visual display help core thermal often sink surrounding thermals also strong resulting wing enter strong thermal good thermal flying skill time learn good pilot often core way cloud base cross_country flying skills using thermals gain altitude pilots glide one thermal nexto go cross_country altitude thermal pilot next available thermal potential thermals identified land features generate thermals cloud mark top rising column warm humid air reaches point form cloud cross_country pilots also need intimate familiarity air law flying regulations aviation maps indicating restricted flight wing deflation collapse since shape wing airfoil formed moving air entering wing turbulent air part wing collapse techniques referred active flying greatly reduce frequency modern recreational normally recover without pilot intervention thevent severe deflation correct pilot input speed recovery deflation incorrect pilot input may slow return glider normal flight pilotraining practice correct response necessary rare occasions possible recover deflation threatening spin pilots carry reserve parachute however pilots never cause throw wing deflation occur low altitude shortly takeoff landing wing paraglider may recover correct structure rapidly enough prevent accident withe pilot oftenot enough altitude remaining deploy reserve parachute withe minimum altitude approximately periods using altitude successfully different packing methods reserve parachute affect time low altitude wing failure result serious injury death due subsequent velocity ground impact paradoxically higher altitude failure may allow time regain degree control descent rate critically deploy reserve needed flight wing deflation hazards minimized flying suitable glider choosing appropriate weather conditions locations pilot skill experience level competitive sport file n png_thumbnail practicing paragliding province n spain n spain various disciplines competitive paragliding cross_country flying classical form paragliding competitions championships club regional national paragliding world aerobatics demand participants perform certain competitions held individual pilots well pairs show performances form spectacular spectators ground fly competitions certain route flown several days red bull x alps unofficial world_championship category competition held seventh time addition organized events also possible participate various online require participants upload data dedicated websites like online contest gliding safety file righthumb paraglider launch video brazil paragliding like extreme sport potentially dangerous activity united_states example last year details available one paraglider pilot died equivalent rate two pilots years average seven every active paraglider pilots injured though marked improvement recent_years france twof every pilots injured rate years although around six every pilots seriously injured two_day hospital stay potential injury significantly reduced training risk managementhe use proper equipment wing designed pilot size well helmet reserve parachute harness also minimize risk pilot safety influenced understanding site air thermals wind ground power pilotraining wing control emergency instructors minimize accidents many paragliding accidents result combination pilot error poor flying conditions popular paragliding regions number schools generally registered organized national associations certification systems vary widely countries though instruction file img thumb flying austria file paragliding hill jpg thumb tandem paragliding indonesia file thumb tandem several key components paragliding pilot certification instruction program initial training beginning pilots usually begins amount ground school discuss including elementary theories oflight well basic structure operation paraglider students learn control glider ground practicing take offs controlling wing overhead low gentle hills next students getheir first short flights flying low altitudes get used handling wing varied terrain special used tow glider low altitude areas hills readily available skills move higher hills higher winch making longer flights learning turn glider control glider speed moving landings big ears used increase rate descent paraglider advanced techniques training instructions often provided student via radio particularly first_flights third key complete paragliding program background key areas aviation law general flight area etiquette give prospective pilots chance determine would like proceed full pilotraining schools offer tandem flights experienced instructor pilots paraglider withe prospective pilot passenger schools often offer pilot families friends opportunity fly tandem tandem pleasure flights holiday resorts recognised courses lead internationally recognised international pilot proficiency information identification card five stages paragliding proficiency thentry level advanced stage level typically allows piloto fly without instructor supervision world_records fai f ration ronautique internationale world distance preliminary claim brazil rafael brazil samuel brazil brazil para october straight distance ratified frank brown brazil brazil brazil october straight distance female fukuoka japan australia december straight distance declared goal south_africa south_africa december distance declared urban slovenia south_africa december gain height uk south_africa january others highest flight antoine broad peak pakistan oldest female paraglider northern took sky athe_age ofrom peak mail online sky aged become world oldest diving parachute paragliders buthe sports different whereas sky diving parachute tool safely return earth free fall paraglider allows longer flights use thermals hangliding hangliding close cousin hanglider paraglider launches often found proximity tone another despite considerable difference two activities offer similar pleasures pilots involved sports powered paragliding powered paragliding flying paragliders small engine attached speed_flying speed_flying speed_riding separate sport oflying paragliders reduced size wings increased speed though normally capable paragliding soaring flighthe sport involves taking skis foot rapidly close_proximity periodically touching skis used smaller wings alsometimes used wind speeds high full sized paraglider although invariably coastal sites wind flow subjecto much mechanical inland sites like paragliders hangliders glider use thermals extend time air speed glide_ratio flight distances superior ones achieved paragliders hand able also facilitate thermals small much_larger turn weak gliding paragliding local importance commercial activity paid accompanied tandem flights available many mountainous regions winter summer addition many schools offering courses guides lead groups pilots exploring area finally manufacturers associated repair paraglider like wings also find uses example wind energy exploitation arelated forms power kite skiing uses equipment similar paragliding national organizations ushpa united_states hangliding paragliding association united_states paragliding association paragliding association uk charity disabled paragliding hangliding f ration fran aise de_france association paragliding pilots instructors hangliding paragliding association canada h hangliding association germany largest national organization members references_furthereading les guide l air pour l externalinks paragliding video collection category_adventure_travel_category aircraft configurations category_air sports_category individual sports_category paragliding category_articles containing_video_clips"},{"title":"Paragliding in Azerbaijan","description":"paragliding in azerbaijan is quite young and even though azerbaijan has a rich sporting heritage little was known abouthe sport of paragliding and air sport generally athe begging of the century early in the sports development somex parachute jumpers and shorterm foreign visitors were trying to develop the sport but with no real success these days community consist of about pilots members of the sporting clubs rockstone gilavar climb club canfly pilots arequired to follow f d ration a ronautique internationale main safety requirements and ethics one of azerbaijan s first paragliding pilots was huseyngulu baghirov he imported all the necessary equipment into the country generally powered paragliding found an experienced trainer from abroad and had the first real achievements in the air this was azerbaijan s firstep skyward in paragliding sometime later an organization called fairex was established to develop mountaineering and air sports in azerbaijan this organization with federation status was mr baghirov s brainchild back in order to widen and establish the sport fairex az rbaycan hava v ekstremal i dman vl ri federasiyas called for open training with an experienced instructor from russia there was huge interest from the young population in azerbaijan to participate unfortunately not everyone could make it but it planted the seed and people fell in love withe sport some of these people were from climbing and mountaineering club rockstone within the next several months very proactive members of rockstone organized a community of the people who wanted to fly and under the instruction of a dutch pilot from pancho amelia started the firstraining sessions with several second hand wings development waso fast and proactive that in july with fairex support azerbaijan became the home country to the first international paragliding festival in the caucasus open air paragliding festival the participants in the festival apart from azerbaijani pilots were guests from the netherlands georgia country georgia south africand belgium less than one year after the festival rockstone club had pilots flying as b class pilots the community was growing significantly breaking into the various paragliding disciplines based on the member s individual interestsuch as x country acro moto etc the break even point of paragliding in azerbaijan is considered to be may which is the day when an advanced group of pilots performed the first big boy flights from qicky mountain file paragliding pioneers of azerbaijanjpg thumb nikolay zakobluk jamal kashkay firuz takhirov ziya qasimov aleksey zakobluk these flights were undertaken by stephen charlton as a trainer and pilots alex zakobluk nanabiyeva firuz tahirov ziya qasimov nuran abbasov jamal kashkay nikolay zakobluk and fidan mammedova these pilots were the pioneers of high altitude flight in azerbaijan on that day and so the day has beenamed azerbaijan paragliders day flying spots all interesting flying spots are marked andescribed at paraglidingearth externalinks category adventure travel category azerbaijan category air sports category individual sports category 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found experienced trainer abroad first real achievements air azerbaijan paragliding sometime later organization called established develop mountaineering air sports azerbaijan organization federation status back order establish sport v called open training experienced instructor russia huge interest young population azerbaijan participate unfortunately everyone could make seed people fell love withe sport people climbing mountaineering club rockstone within next several months proactive members rockstone organized community people wanted fly instruction dutch pilot started sessions several second hand wings development waso fast proactive july support azerbaijan became home_country first_international paragliding festival caucasus open_air paragliding festival participants festival apart azerbaijani pilots guests netherlands georgia country georgia south_africand belgium less one_year festival rockstone club pilots flying b class pilots community growing significantly breaking various paragliding disciplines based member individual x country etc break even point paragliding azerbaijan considered may day advanced group pilots performed first big boy flights mountain file paragliding pioneers thumb zakobluk zakobluk flights undertaken stephen charlton trainer pilots alex zakobluk zakobluk pilots pioneers high_altitude flight azerbaijan day day azerbaijan paragliders day flying spots interesting flying spots marked andescribed externalinks_category adventure_travel_category azerbaijan category_air sports_category individual sports_category paragliding"},{"title":"Paris Passion","description":"paris passion also known as passion was an english language city magazine in france that existed from to its main editorial focus was on life in paris for both residents and visitors launched on a shoestring budget as a page black and white tabloid passion eventually evolved into a glossy page magazine passion was conceived as a forum for the written word and to showcase the visual side of paris it regularly published excellent photography and benefited from the pool of creative illustrators in paris the magazine s use of strong eye catching visuals on its large format covers was an influential part of its identity launched inovember paris passion was an english language magazine in france that existed until early its main editorial focus was on life in paris for both residents and visitors also known as passion it featured an eclectic mix ofeature journalism interviews with leading figures in paris city consumer advice coverage ofrench arts culture politics design architecture food and fashion and was also a regular showcase for excellent photography for manyears passion also had a detachablevents listingsection published short fiction by paris based writers a french language section and a separate fashion supplement called accent image paris passion issue jpg thumbnail first issue november despite goodistribution and a relatively high profile in paris passion was more a critical success than a financial one its financial struggle undermined the magazine s full editorial potential passion began on a shoestring budget as a page black and white tabloid and eventually evolved into a full fledged glossy page magazine over its nine plus years passion published issues at its peak the circulation reached copies with almost a quarter of that distributed outside france it wasold andisplayed prominently inews kiosks and bookstores in paris and even had street hawkerselling it in certain parts of the city it was available international newsstands inew york city los angeles chicago boston toronto montrealondon and amsterdam and had subscribers in many countries in addition to its practical information and extensive arts and entertainment coverage passion became popular also for its often irreverent and humorous but not mocking take on the french people french and the challenges and idiosyncrasies of paris life it did not shy away from serious issues itackled everything from the political intrigues at paris city hall to urban planning fiascoes to anti semitism in france to drug related social problems in paris to the plight of north african immigrants in france and a variety of environmental concerns passion can be seen as part of the time honored tradition of expatriatenglish language publishing in paris that dates back to thearly th century over the years there have beenumerous mostly literary publications published in english in the french capital most of them short lived passion was founded by expatriate canadian journalist robert sarner he moved to paris in from toronto where he had begun his career in journalism a few years earlier before starting passion sarner took part in the paris based journalists in europe fellowshiprogram his partners in the magazine were michael budmandon green both originally from detroit and the co founders of roots canada ltd a successful apparel company and lifestyle brand sarner was theditor in chief and publisher while budmand green were thexecutive publishersarner had first met budmand green in canada few years earlier when he approached them for investment in a city magazine that he had hoped to launch in toronto in the london based city magazine time out company time out purchased the majority of paris passion time out s owner tony elliott became the co publisher with robert sarner who also remained theditor in chief under the new ownershipassion adopted a more conventional physical format expanded itstaff and moved into new better equipped headquarters two and a half years later following a difference of opinion over the direction of the magazinelliott squeezed out sarner in mid elliotthen brought in staffrom london redesigned the magazine and changed theditorial style from american to british buthe business faltered further and time out ended up closing the magazine in the s time out used the paris passioname in conjunction with some of the annual paris guides it publisheduring that period editorial content paris passion was conceived as both a forum for the written word and a showcase of the visual side of the city one of its main objectives was to engage bothe minds and theyes of readers to that end the magazine drew on a wealth ofreelance talent based in paris that shared theditorial aims of its editors despite limited financial means passion featured well established journalists photographers and illustrators while also developing manyounger writers who had rarely been published before as a magazine based in and focused on paris passion attracted a wide range of talented expatriate writers and journalists eager to have their work published in english in a creative magazine circulated both in france and abroad some were longtime paris residents others were morecent arrivals most of the writers came from english speaking counties including the united states canada great britain australia new zealand south africand india others were french especially during the period when each issue of passion published several pages in french collectively they wrote many article publishing articles columns reviews and short stories that in one way or anotherelated to paris the following are some of the writers who contributed to passion listed in alphabetical order kathy acker john baxter author john baxter chris boicos philip brooks charla carteramesh chandran tony crawley claire downey davidownie fiona dunlop jonathan ferzigerichard foltz sarah gaddis peter green historian peter green brion gysin linda healey susan herman loomis edward hernstadt amy hollowell mark honigsbaun mark hunter doug ireland nickent jackevorkian tanis kmetyk dawn kolokithas randy koral corrine labalme william leone bernard henri l vy barbara lippert jb miller carol mongo lisa nesselson robert noah stephen o shea barbara oudiz bart plantenga carol pratl jean rafferty paul rambali allen robertson louis bernard robitaille robert rotenberg mark schapiro peter de selding antoine silber claude solnik jean sebastien stehli john strand william styron stephanie theobald alexandra tuttle rebecca voight maia wechsler maclin williams david wray michael zwerin the visual side paris passion was a visually striking magazine thanks both to its large format and the quality of its photography illustration and art direction its visual presentation most of which focused on paris was an important part of its appeal starting with its first issue paris passion alwayshowed an appreciation for good photography devotingenerouspace to photo essays portfolios and portraits of parisians photography was an intrinsic part of the magazine and helped shaped its identity it was a natural development given the large number of talented photographers and leading photo agencies and galleries in paris on a regular basis passion showcased the work of some of the world s leading photographers working in paris in the process the magazinearned an enviable reputation for the quality of images featured in its pages the following are some of the photographers who worked with passion and or whose work was featured prominently in the magazine listed in alphabetical order jim allen arnaud bauman henri cartier bresson chalkie davies francois dischinger barry dunne christophe galatry jean paul goude frank horvat benjamin kanarek william klein photographer william klein xavier lambours antoine legrand elizabeth lennard erica lennard jonathan lennard berangere lomont wily maywaldoug metzler jacques mitelman jean baptiste mondino helmut newton scott osmandre ostier ian patrick alain potignon ray reynolds bettina rheims david rochline david seidner jean loup sieff alice springs lawrence sudre keichi tahara patrick trautwein peter turnley ellen von unwerth javier vallhonrat claus wickrath patrick wilen michael williams rafael winer as part of its design paris passion also benefited from thenormous pool of gifted illustrators in paris it commissioned many french and expatriate illustrators to create images to enhanceditorial content in the magazine the following are some of the illustrators who worked with passion and or whose work was featured prominently in the magazine listed in alphabetical order fran ois avrillustrateur fran ois avril jean paul buquet helene cote milo daax jean philippe delhomme bil donovan blair drawson davidudu geva diana huff myles hymantonio lopez illustrator antonio lopez patricia marx tina mercier philippetit roulet patricia reznikav michael roberts hippolyte romain laurie rosenwald tignousolweig vonkleist art direction among the graphic artists and art directors who worked with passion and contributed to the look of the magazine were layne jacksonancy dorking judith christ scott minick and r my magron the front covers file issue jpg issue may file issue jpg issue summer file issue jpg issue november file issue jpg issue october file issue may jpg issue may file issue summer jpg issue summer file street hawker in parisjpg thumb street vendor proposing paris passion in the caf costes in paris like the rest of the magazine paris passion s front covers evolved considerably from the time of its first issue in until the last in the changes included going from black and white images to those in full color from newsprinto glossy stock from celebrity portraits to more conceptual illustrations andifferent logos and varying approaches to the use of text during the life of passion its use of strong eye catching visuals on its large format covers was an influential part of its identity passion favored simple clean bold colorful images to grab the attention of readers it stemmed in part from the facthat as a magazine relying mainly onewsstands for its distribution it had to stand out from other publications in order to establish and promote itself especially in the absence of any marketing budget in paris in addition to its presence onewsstands and in kiosks passion also had a network of street hawkers who sold the magazine they circulated in places where potential readers would congregate from hip cafes and restaurants to major cultural events fashion shows and tourist attractions where hawkers would hold up the latest issue for all to see and hopefully buy the cover played a critical role in determining the perception and sales of the magazine in the pursuit of effective images for its covers passion drew from the presence of many excellent photographers and illustrators in parisee text above they liked seeing their work showcased on the covers of passion thanks to its large size its relatively unobtrusive cover text and good visibility in paris kiosks and international bookstores and newsstands in major cities outside france magazine paris passion decides to stopublishing time out company history a selection of paris passion covers category disestablishments in france category establishments in france category defunct magazines ofrance category french magazines category english 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rough indication book contents foreword steven introduction definition overview medical_tourism patients travel care comparative treatment costs part one medical know international facilities accreditation overview travel post care medical_travel visited hospitals specialties overview hospitals countries offering international_healthcare_services resources references josef_woodman_patients beyond_borders taiwan edition simplified chinese translation josef_woodman_patients beyond_borders dubai healthcare city edition josef_woodman_patients beyond_borders mexico edition josef_woodman_patients beyond_borders turkey edition josef_woodman_patients beyond_borders malaysia edition josef_woodman_patients beyond josef_woodman_patients beyond_borders thailand edition josef_woodman_patients beyond_borders taiwan edition josef_woodman_patients beyond_borders edition josef_woodman_patients beyond arabic translation josef_woodman_patients beyond_borders korea edition references_category_books category_medical tourism"},{"title":"PD AeroSpace","description":"inagoyaichi prefecture japan founder shuji ogawa hq location city nagoya hq location country japan key people shuji ogawa president services num employees num employees year website often abbreviated pdas is a japanese space tourism company based inagoya founded in by shuji ogawa the pd in the company s name stands for pulse detonation pdas is developing a suborbital spaceplane to carry two pilots and six passengers using a hybrid of jet engine jet and rocket power initial tickets are planned for japanese yen about united states dollar usd as of april eventually lowering to about pdas plans to develop a hybrid engine that produces jet and rockethrust using pulse detonation jet and pulse combustion rocket modes to reduce the cost of development and keep the vehicle low cost pdas plans to use commercially available hardware instead of custom designed parts pdas plans to launch an unmanned prototype in performanned testing 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num_employees num_employees year website often abbreviated pdas japanese space_tourism company_based founded company name stands pulse detonation pdas developing suborbital spaceplane carry two pilots six passengers using hybrid jet engine jet rocket power initial tickets planned japanese yen united_states dollar usd april eventually lowering pdas plans develop hybrid engine produces jet using pulse detonation jet pulse combustion rocket modes reduce cost development keep vehicle low_cost pdas plans use commercially available hardware instead custom designed parts pdas plans launch unmanned prototype testing start commercial flights travel_agency airways company respectively see_also xcor_aerospace virgin_galactic blue_origin externalinks_category category_transport companiestablished category vehicle manufacturing companiestablished category_japanese companiestablished category_companies_based category_transport companies japan_category_travel holiday_companies 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jpg thumb pegas fly boeing pegas touristik is based on the investment principal owneramazan akp nar who initially cooperated withe turkish company infotur but in broke the relations because of the conflict of relationship activity file pegas touristik bus inha trangjpg thumb pegas touristik bus inha trang vietnam in the company served thousand tourists and the total income was million in summer pegas touristik bought of nordwind airlines nordwind airlines as the result of the contract between the tourist company and the airline nordwind airlines became personal for pegas touristik airline and personal terminal in sheremetyevo international airport moscow sheremetyevo terminal c nordwind airlines nordwind airlines fleet details and history in december pegas touristik absorbed the ural based tour operatorange tour since pegas touristik began to buy popular hotels in turkey thailand egypto form its own group of hotels as in it hasold one of its pgs world palace to the company alva donna url gursesintourcom december the federal agency of tourism has excluded pegas touristik and other tourist companies from one group of tourist operatorsuspension of tours to egypt and turkey in due to the metrojet flight metrojet aircrash in egypt which was recognised as the terrorist attack andue to the turkish attack on the russian air force planes pegas touristik along with other big tourist companies in russia suspended all their tours to egypt and turkey the resuming of the tours is expected but with no fixedates awardsilver award inomination bestour operator with emirates airlinemiratesales in russia dubai award inomination outbound tourism xivth tourist premy guiding star moscow award for the highest value of sales in barcelo maya beach resort mexico moscow certificate trusted brand the brand which gothe highestrust among the clients the catalan government award for promotion of catalonia in russia moscow nominant of the award of the ministry of tourism india national tourism award international award my planet nomination my favourite tour operator moscow pegas touristik market s leader book of top lists for magazine delovoy kvartal ekaterinburg incidents accident of the bus with russian tourists in antalya may bus turned in thailand octobereferences externalinks official website of pegas touristik category companies based in moscow category russian brands category companiestablished in category tourism category establishments in russia category tourism 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file boeing pegas_touristik nordwind airlines jpg thumb pegas fly boeing pegas_touristik based investment principal initially withe turkish company broke relations conflict relationship activity file pegas_touristik bus thumb pegas_touristik bus vietnam company served thousand tourists total income million summer pegas_touristik bought nordwind airlines nordwind airlines result contract tourist company airline nordwind airlines became personal pegas_touristik airline personal terminal international_airport moscow terminal c nordwind airlines nordwind airlines fleet details history december pegas_touristik absorbed ural based tour tour since pegas_touristik began buy popular hotels turkey thailand egypto form group hotels hasold one pgs world palace company url december federal agency tourism excluded pegas_touristik tourist companies one group tourist tours egypt turkey due flight egypt recognised terrorist attack turkish attack russian air_force planes pegas_touristik along big tourist companies russia suspended tours egypt turkey tours expected award operator emirates russia dubai award outbound tourism tourist guiding star moscow award highest value sales maya beach resort mexico moscow certificate trusted brand brand among clients catalan government award promotion catalonia russia moscow award ministry tourism_india national_tourism award international award planet nomination favourite tour_operator moscow pegas_touristik market leader book top lists magazine incidents accident bus russian tourists antalya may bus turned thailand externalinks_official_website pegas_touristik category_companies_based moscow category russian brands category_companiestablished category_tourism category_establishments russia category_tourism companies"},{"title":"Pentahotels","description":"pentahotels is a german based hotel chain pentahotels was established in as a joint venture between lufthansa swissair alitalia british overseas airways and british european airlines in it was purchased by a subsidiary of neworldevelopment neworld group and rebranded as a lifestyle hotel brand as of the chain had properties in europe and asiathe time the company said it hoped topen hotels by category european hotel stubs category hotels category hotels established in category hotel chains category hotel types category united kingdom hotel 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accommodate pet owners in these hotels pet owners get gourmet room service menus for their pets examples include jw marriott hotels ritz carlton renaissance hotelservices in pet friendly hotels pets get specialized bedding leashes collars and litter box especial treats like rawhide bones catnip and scratch poles helpful amenities like dog walking route maps water bowls doggie pick up bags and pet walking and pet sitting services there are alsome map servicesuch as google maps andogalize dogalize maps whichelp to find pet friendly hotels restaurants camping shopping parks beachesee also pet friendly dormitories references furthereading joanna symons april dog friendly hotels and accommodation in britain the daily telegraph category 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by tom gleisner santo cilauro and rob sitch about phaic t n the kingdom of phaic t n is a composite creation of a number of stereotypes and clich s about indochinese countries phaic t n isaid to be situated indochina place names in phaic t n initially seem to be vietnamese language vietnamese or thai language thai buthey form english language pun s hence the capital is called bumpattabumpah bumper to bumper phaic t n can be read as fake tan also the districts are the mountainous pha phlung far flung the infertile sukkondat suck on thathe hyper buhng lunhg bung lung australian slang bung meaning failed and thexotic thong on the country was formerly a colony ofrance but was liberated in thearly th century through student and communist uprisings a marxist dictatorship under chau quocontinued until his death in which prompted the country to launch into a lengthy civil war eventually a cia backed coup operation freedomade the country into a military dictatorship which it remains to this day the country has a popularoyal family though the current king has been deposed no fewer than times like molvan a the humour of the book comes from the guide s attempts to present phaic t n as an attractivenjoyable country when it is really little more than a squalid third worldump the country is frequently plagued by monsoon s and earthquake s and many armed militia groupstill patrol the streets the phaic t n people are presented to bextremely superstitious and obsessed withe concept of luck the index of the book contains a list of almost numbers the phaic t nese consider lucky plus two considered unlucky and turning left while driving is also considered unlucky which causes a lot of traffic problems also unlucky is asking for a non exotic massage having more than holes in quic pot and to lose a lottery the current king isukhimbol tralanhng iii ninth king of the angit dynasty interestingly king falanhng prides himself on being something of a musiciand composer in facthe country s national anthem was actually written by him and whenever it is played phaic t nese will immediately stand place one hand over each ear his wife is the very overweight suahm luprang his crown prince is the perverted ferduk his daughter is the alsoverweight and embarrassed buk phang and his youngest son is luathe brooding who was arrested for misusing a gun geography and provinces according to the book phaic t n is a country situated indochina of southeast asia south east asia it ishown in the book s map as being bounded to the south by the lhong chuk seand the pong and kut rivers to the north and east respectively phaic t n is depicted as being roughly kilometres abroad from east west at its broadest point and the same distance from its far geographical north eastip to the pong delta in the country south easthe country is divided by several rivers including the sirikan upper kut and the nahkthong the country s majorivers are the pong and nahkthong which both finish in the pong and nahkthong river delta s respectively phaic t n is made up ofour province s going in order clockwise sukkondat pha phlung buhng lung and thong on the provinces are connected by roads but not by rail as rail gauges vary throughouthe country and sometimes even on the same line in one page the country s location is contradicted from being indochina to being korean demilitarized zone betweenorth korea north and south korea south korea the capital city of phaic t n is bumpattabumpah which isituated in buhng lung in a roughly central position the pong river and athe west end of the upper kut river bumpattabumpah is phaic t n s largest city and presumably the most populous according to the book bumpattabumpah means water convergence and refers to the facthathe city isituated where the country s main river the pong meets untreated effluent from a sewage treatment plant further upstream also bumpattabumpah was previously named phxuxauan but was changed because a survey revealed that less than of the population were able to pronounce it an in book map of bumpattabumpah shows the names of itsuburb s all english language puns qic phuk phlatiht andud bhonk many of the names of the roads throughouthe city are also english puns as is the name of the city s and country s major airport phlat chat airport high smog levels in the capital city mean that office blocks require no window tinting a result of heavy amounts of air pollution in developers announced plans to build the tallest office block in the world construction actually began but only a short while after the foundations were dug the asian financial crisis asian economicrisis hit meaning the project was completely shelved bumpattabumpah now boasts the largest unfenced hole in the world sukkondat is traditionally phaic t n s poorest province due to the infertility of itsoilack of natural resources and high number of casino s an agricultural province farmers harvest hay in order to camouflage their true primary cropium the capital of the province isloh phan which is located about ninety kilometres north east of gunsa wah phaic t n s tallest peak at metres in height despite the facthathat sukkondat receives less than of all visitors to phaic t n everyear thistatistic has not stopped its local tourism bureau from declaring the province the place to be pha phlung pha phlung in the country s northeast is mountainous and renowned for its rainforests waterfalls and mud slides pha phlung is traditionally known as the land of a thousand tigers and while actual numbers may be closer to seven counting five in the lom buak grand circus nature walks through pha phlung are an excellent way to see nature and wildlife up close the capital of this wet and humid province is nham pong buhng lung according to the book buhng lung is a busy province where all car horns have cruise control seto goff every ten seconds the pong delta is located in the south east of the buhng lung province the capital city of bumpattabumpah is located in the north of the province thong on thong on is an exotic province of which pattaponga located on the coast of kru kut bay is the capital the coast is composed of many beaches of particular note is zou kow bow beach which isaid to have the whitest sand of any beach in the world the beach sand s whiteness was formed in the s by the rare combination of global warming and a huge spill from a tanker carrying laundry bleach file flag phaic tansvg thumb right flag of phaic t n the phaic t nese flag has the design of a ping pong table tennis table it is known as the phing pong and is noted to be the world s only hinged flag which while unconventional makes flag folding ceremonies easier the phaic t nese language is a tone linguistics tonalanguage with four tonesharing similarities with chinese language chinese there is also a fifth tonemerging buthis tone is largely restricted to use by rappers it ispoken with an average of syllables per minute pyangtru yix qaugen hospital of hearts the phaic t n website features a spoof soap opera called pyangtru yix qaugen hospital of hearts in which the characters doctor lahbkot star general kpow and his much younger millionairess wife speak in what appears to be a dialect of chinese language chinese spoken in taiwand parts ofujian vietnamese and some heavily accented garbled sounds made to resemble korean language korean subtitle captioning subtitle d in a stilted form of english with curious turns of phrase andoublentendre s this a parody of thenglish subtitles oftencountered on kung fu movies or an attempt at engrish other titles in the jetlag travel series molvan a san sombro fictional travel guides this book advertises other fictional travel guides on the industrialized costa del alternative names for the british pommy pom iberia pfaffland scandinavia unappetizingastronesia south asia sherpastan the himalayas and cartelombia south americas well asuch specialized guides as travel for germans family vacations cycling the 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n book written australians tom gleisner santo cilauro rob sitch molvan also_published travel written tom gleisner santo cilauro rob sitch phaic n kingdom phaic n composite creation number stereotypes countries phaic n isaid situated indochina place names phaic n initially seem vietnamese language vietnamese thai language thai buthey form english_language pun hence capital called bumpattabumpah bumper bumper phaic n read fake tan also districts mountainous pha phlung far sukkondat thathe hyper buhng lung australian slang meaning failed thexotic thong country formerly colony ofrance liberated thearly_th century student communist dictatorship death prompted country launch lengthy civil_war eventually cia backed coup operation country military dictatorship remains day country family though current king deposed fewer times like molvan humour book comes guide attempts present phaic n country really little third country frequently earthquake many armed militia patrol streets phaic n people presented withe concept luck index book contains list almost numbers phaic nese consider lucky plus two considered unlucky turning left driving also_considered unlucky causes lot traffic problems also unlucky asking non exotic massage holes pot lose lottery current king iii ninth king dynasty king something composer facthe country national anthem actually written whenever played phaic nese immediately stand place one hand wife crown prince daughter youngest son arrested gun geography provinces according book phaic n country situated indochina southeast_asia south_east_asia ishown book map south seand pong kut rivers north_east respectively phaic n depicted roughly kilometres abroad east west point distance far geographical north pong delta country south country divided several rivers including upper kut country pong finish pong river delta respectively phaic n made ofour province going order clockwise sukkondat pha phlung buhng lung thong provinces connected roads rail rail gauges vary throughouthe_country sometimes even line one page country location indochina korean zone korea north south_korea south_korea capital_city phaic n bumpattabumpah isituated buhng lung roughly central position pong river athe west end upper kut river bumpattabumpah phaic n largest city presumably according book bumpattabumpah means water convergence refers facthathe city isituated country main river pong meets sewage treatment plant also bumpattabumpah previously named changed survey revealed less population able book map bumpattabumpah shows names english_language many names roads throughouthe city also english name city country major airport chat airport high_levels capital_city mean office blocks require window result heavy amounts air pollution developers announced_plans build tallest office block world construction actually began short foundations dug asian financial crisis asian economicrisis hit meaning project completely bumpattabumpah largest hole world sukkondat traditionally phaic n poorest province due infertility natural_resources high number casino agricultural province farmers harvest hay order camouflage true primary capital province located ninety kilometres north_east phaic n tallest peak metres height despite sukkondat receives less visitors phaic n everyear stopped local tourism bureau province place pha phlung pha phlung country_northeast mountainous renowned waterfalls mud slides pha phlung traditionally known land thousand tigers actual numbers may closer seven counting five grand circus nature walks pha phlung excellent way see nature wildlife close capital wet humid province pong buhng lung according book buhng lung busy province car horns cruise control seto goff every ten seconds pong delta located south_east buhng lung province capital_city bumpattabumpah located north province thong thong exotic province located coast kut bay capital coast composed many beaches particular note bow beach isaid sand beach world beach sand formed rare combination global warming huge tanker carrying laundry file flag phaic thumb right flag phaic n phaic nese flag design pong table tennis table known pong noted world flag unconventional makes flag folding ceremonies easier phaic nese language tone linguistics four similarities chinese_language chinese also fifth buthis tone largely restricted use average per_minute hospital hearts phaic n website features soap opera called hospital hearts characters doctor star general much younger wife speak appears dialect chinese_language chinese spoken taiwand parts vietnamese heavily sounds made resemble korean language korean form english curious turns phrase parody thenglish movies attempt titles travel series molvan san_sombro fictional travel_guides book advertises fictional travel_guides costa del alternative names british scandinavia south asia himalayas south_americas well asuch specialized guides travel germans family vacations cycling world drives walks travel seniors tax let go game 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school of the university of pennsylvania the wharton school of the university of pennsylvania the association began in january and february within eight months of its emanation pmfalready had members in order to jointerested food truck owners must pay a membership fee ranging from additionally a prospective member must operate a food truck be interested in owning a food truck or be involved in the business of assisting mobile food operators category organizations based in philadelphia category food industry category food 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places events define character culturally rich city history profile philadelphia style wastarted john publisher ceo part media holdings niche media founded jason acquired publication published seven times year externalinks_category_establishments pennsylvania_category_american lifestyle_magazines_category_city_guides category_local_interest_magazines category_magazinestablished category_magazines_published pennsylvania_category_media philadelphia"},{"title":"Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells","description":"imageastern fells coverjpg thumb righthe anniversary cover of theastern fells apart from the bottom banner the design has not changed since first publication a pictorial guide to the lakeland fells is a series of seven books by alfred wainwright a wainwright detailing the fell s the local word for hills and mountains of the lake district inorthwest england written over a period of years from they consist entirely of reproductions of wainwright s manuscript hand produced in pen and ink with no typesetting typeset material the series has been in print almost continuously since it was first published between and with more than million copiesold the wainwright society the alfred wainwright centenary it istill regarded by many hillwalking walkers as the definitive guide to the lakeland mountains the fells described in the seven volumes have become known as list of wainwrights the wainwrights the ldwa register of those who have climbed all the fells listed names the wainwright society maintains a register of current society members who have climbed all fells first editions the first five books were originally published by wainwright s friend henry marshall chief librarian of kendal and westmorland who took charge of publicity and administration another friend sandy hewitson of batemand hewitson ltd agreed to printhe books using wainwright s original manuscript although in facthe printing was done by westmorland gazette the westmorland gazette in kendal who had taken over batemand hewitson ltd from westmorland gazette also became the publisher and their name appears asuch on the first impressions of booksix and seven the books together with details of the first impressions are book one theastern fells published by henry marshall ino dustwrapper dark green cloth boards with gold lettering book two the far eastern fells published by henry marshall in dustwrapper priced grey cloth boards with red lettering book three the central fells published by henry marshall in dustwrapper priced light blue cloth boards with silver lettering book four the southern fells published by henry marshall in dustwrapper priced brownish orange cloth boards with dark blue lettering book five the northern fells published by henry marshall in dustwrapper priced reddish brown cloth boards with silver lettering book six the north western fells published by westmorland gazette in dustwrapper priced yellow cloth boards with dark blue lettering book seven the western fells published by westmorland gazette in dustwrapper priced green boards with silver lettering the second impression of book one released at easter came with a dustwrapper and customers who had previously bought a jacket less first impression could obtain a dustwrapper from the printer wainwrighthe biography by hunter davis first edition pp as a result most first impressions of book one still in existence usually have a dustwrapper priced at in a year after wainwright s death michael joseph publisher michael joseph took control of all of wainwright s books including the pictorial guides a change of which wainwright himself was in favour when they ceased publication in wainwright guides are shelved bbc website the rights were bought by frances lincoln frances lincoln press release who shortly afterwards embarked on a revised second edition of the guidestyle and layout image pike of blisco ascentpng thumb right a typical page from the southern fells describing an ascent of pike of blisco the diagrams of ascent are perhaps the most innovative feature of the pictorial guides each of the fells covered by the guides has its own chapter which normally includes a map of the fell comprehensive details andimensional drawings of ascent routes ridge routes tother fells routes of descent and a description of the summit carefully annotated pen and ink drawings of ascents and views accompany the details of each fell each book starts with a description of the geography of the areand ends with some personal notes in conclusion unlike many authors who dedication dedicate books to particular people known to them wainwright commences each book with an unusual dedication these are book the men of the ordnance survey book the men who builthe stone walls book the dogs of lakeland book the sheep of lakeland book the solitary wanderers on the fells book my right leg and my left leg book all who have helped me wainwright notoriously shy also includes one drawing of himself in each book generally from behind of him admiring a particular view these are book view of blencathra from cloughead book view of haweswatereservoir haweswater from harter fell mardale harter fell book view of thirlmere from raven crag book view of the pinnacle scafell book binsey summit with ancient briton ie the author book view of high stile from lanthwaite hill book view of yewbarrow from gatherstone head in the notes athend of book wainwright lists what he considers to be the finest half dozen fells in lakeland his list consists of scafell pike bowfell pillar lake district pillar great gablencathra crinkle crags a th anniversary edition and a box set of the original edition have been published leather bound versions can be found secondhand second editions between and the series was factually revised by the publishers frances lincoln publishers frances lincoln to adjusthe contento the present day lake district chris jesty undertook the revisions using an imitation of wainwright s hand lettering to make the alterations look as unobtrusive as possible the most notable changes are thathe covers of the revised bookshow photographs of the lake district by derry brabbs rather than the drawings that were on the covers of the originals and the mapshow the main paths in red the books withe isbns of the reviseditions are book theastern fells book the far eastern fells book the central fells book the southern fells book the northern fells book the northwestern fells book the western fells reviseditions of wainwright s other pictorial guides a coasto coast walk the outlying fells of lakeland pennine way companion were published between and withe amendments again being made by chris jesty reviseditions of walks in limestone country and walks on the howgill fells were published in april third editions a third edition of the guides known as the walkers edition is being prepared by clive hutchby book one theastern fells was published in march book two the far eastern fells was published in october 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charge publicity administration another friend sandy ltd agreed books using wainwright original manuscript although facthe printing done westmorland gazette westmorland gazette kendal taken ltd westmorland gazette also_became publisher name appears asuch first impressions seven books together details first impressions book one theastern fells_published henry marshall dustwrapper dark green cloth boards gold lettering book two far eastern fells_published henry marshall dustwrapper priced grey cloth boards red lettering book three central fells_published henry marshall dustwrapper priced light blue cloth boards silver lettering book four southern fells_published henry marshall dustwrapper priced orange cloth boards dark blue lettering book five northern fells_published henry marshall dustwrapper priced brown cloth boards silver lettering book six north_western fells_published westmorland gazette dustwrapper priced yellow cloth boards dark blue lettering book seven western fells_published westmorland gazette dustwrapper priced green boards silver lettering second impression book one released easter came dustwrapper customers previously bought jacket less first impression could obtain dustwrapper printer biography hunter davis first_edition pp result first impressions book one still existence usually dustwrapper priced year wainwright death michael joseph publisher michael joseph took control wainwright books including pictorial guides change wainwright favour ceased publication wainwright guides bbc website rights bought frances lincoln frances lincoln press_release shortly afterwards embarked revised second edition layout image pike thumb right typical page southern fells describing ascent pike ascent perhaps innovative feature pictorial guides fells covered guides chapter normally includes map fell comprehensive details drawings ascent routes ridge routes tother fells routes descent description summit carefully annotated pen ink drawings views accompany details fell book starts description geography areand ends personal notes conclusion unlike many authors dedication books_particular people known wainwright book unusual dedication book men survey book men builthe stone walls book dogs lakeland book sheep lakeland book fells book right leg left leg book helped wainwright notoriously also_includes one drawing book generally behind particular view book view book view fell fell book view raven crag book view scafell book summit ancient briton author book view high hill book view head notes athend book wainwright lists considers finest half dozen fells lakeland list consists scafell pike lake_district great th_anniversary edition box set original edition_published leather bound versions found second editions series revised publishers frances lincoln publishers frances lincoln contento present_day lake_district chris jesty undertook using imitation wainwright hand lettering make alterations look possible notable changes thathe covers revised photographs lake_district derry rather drawings covers main paths red books withe reviseditions book theastern fells book far eastern fells book central fells book southern fells book northern fells book fells book western fells reviseditions wainwright pictorial guides coasto coast walk outlying fells lakeland way companion published withe amendments made chris jesty reviseditions walks limestone country walks fells_published april third editions third edition guides known walkers edition prepared clive book one theastern fells_published march book two far eastern fells_published october book three central fells_published march books four five six seven follow respectively wainwright bagging fells included series generally known list wainwrights range height feet castle crag feet scafell pike completing wainwrights popular peak bagging challenge wainwrights differ bagging marilyn geography marilyn however wainwright never set outo list inclusion based objective criteria elevation prominence 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historic preservation movement in the united states notoc the preface described the design of this publication to present full descriptions and elaborate pictorial delineations of the scenery characteristic of all the different parts of our country the wealth of material for this purpose is almost boundless this two volume set and others of the same genre achieved great popularity in the nineteenth century their illustrations provided a tour of nineteenth century america unspoilt and pastoral its centres of commerce ports architecture and natural treasures in a modern treatment of the work sue rainey who is a historian of american graphic arts and has a particular interest in the artists who drew landscapes and cityscapes for periodical and book illustrations wrote as the first publication to celebrate thentire continental nation it enabled americans after the trauma of the american civil war civil war to construct a national self image based on reconciliation betweenorth and south and incorporation of the west p xiii the volumes display both steel and wood engravings based on the paintings of some of the best american landscape painters of the nineteenth century primarily harry fenn and his friend john douglas woodward artist douglas woodward but also including john frederickensett william stanley haseltine james david smillie john william casilear thomas moran a c warren david johnson american artist david johnson granville perkins felix octavius carr darley albert fitch bellows james mcdougal hart casimir clayton griswold worthington whittredge charles g rosenberg william ludwell sheppard homer dodge martin alfred rudolph waud william hart painter william hart robert swain gifford jules tavernier painter jules tavernier william hamilton gibson and thomas colengravers included robert hinshelwood edward paxman brandard samuel valentine hunt william wellstood william chapin henry bryan hall robert hinshelwood was born in edinburgh in and emigrated to america in where he became renowned for his landscapes etchings and engravings his meticulous attention to detail was appreciated by publishing housesuch as d appleton and company appleton s and harper s magazine harper s and also by the continental bank note company who employed him to produce plates for the printing of currency he died inew york volume i engravings on the coast of maine st john s and ocklawaha rivers up andown the columbia lookout mountain and the tennessee richmond scenic and historic natural bridge virginia delaware water gap mauchunk on the savannah the french broad the white mountains neversink highlandst augustine florida charleston and itsuburbs weyer s cave virginia scenes on the brandywine cumberland gap watkins glen scenes on eastern long island the lower mississippi mackinac our great national park harper s ferry scenes in virginia newport west virginia lake superior northern californiagara trenton falls the yosemite falls providence and vicinity south shore of lakerie on the coast of california volume ii engravings highlands and palisades of the hudson philadelphiand itsuburbs northernew jersey valley of the connecticut baltimore and environs the catskills the juniata on the ohio the plains and the sierras the susquehanna boston lake george and lake champlain mount mansfield valley of the housatonic the upper mississippi valley of the genesee st lawrence and the saguenay eastern shore the adirondack region the connecticut shore of the sound lake memphremagog the mohawk albany and troy the upper delaware water falls at cayuga lake the rocky mountains the canons of the colorado chicago and milwaukee a glance athe northwesthe mammoth cave new york and brooklyn washington this ambitious work was published andelivered as a subscription semi monthly parts were sent outo subscribers once complete the subscription would be bound into volumes a variety of bindings were available from cloth bound with leather corners athe low end to full morocco leather bindings with elaborate tooling the stately bound two volume set was proudly displayed in parlors of subscriber homes as a show of status nowadays the publication frequently appears in antiquarian book collectionsometimes in pristine collection but more frequently in poor condition lower quality examples are frequently disassembled their engravings removed and sold separately see also appleton s journal a monthly journal including many of the same artists the aldine a monthly journal of the same period established as a rival to appleton s and employing many of the same artists picturesqueurope picturesque palestine sinai and egyptitle picturesque america or the land we live in a delineation by pen and pencil of the mountains rivers lakes forests water fallshores ca ons valleys cities and other picturesque features of our country with illustrations on steel and wood by eminent american artists vol i url editor last bryant editor first william cullen editor link william cullen bryant display 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arthur griffiths fitzgerald bonney arthur griffiths w williams george adam smith george adam smith respectively thesections illustrated wood engravings drawings paintings william henry james boot boot e compton harry fenn w herbert leitch e senior p skelton j williams john douglas woodward artist woodward steel engravings drawings paintings e compton harry fenn myles foster foster e george w simpson carl werner wood john douglas woodward artist woodward see_also picturesque america picturesque palestine sinai egypt grand_tour date date publisher virginia art museum title john douglas woodward shaping landscape image date category_travel_guide_books category_books category_books europe_category cassell publisher books"},{"title":"Picturesque Palestine, Sinai, and Egypt","description":"file picturesque palestine division ijpg thumb right px the cover of the first edition s division i file damascus gate p jpg thumb right px damascus gate the northern entrance to jerusalem file jerusalem dome of rock jpg thumb right px the cave under the great rock on mount moriah within the dome of the rock then known as the mosque of omar file jerusalem dome of rock jpg thumb right px the interior of the dome of the rock file pilgrims buying candlessrjpg thumb right px russian orthodox church russian christian pilgrimage pilgrims buying candles file six columns of the greatemple baalbekpng thumb right px the six columns of the temple of jupiter baalbek greatemple balbek picturesque palestine sinai and egypt was a lavishly illustrated set of books published by d appleton co in thearly s based on their phenomenally successful picturesque americand picturesqueurope series it was edited by charles william wilson the appleton series was issued as two volumes or four divisions it was reprinted in london by js virtue co simply published as four volumes it was followed in by stanley lane poole socialife in egypt a kind of sequel that billed itself as a supplemento picturesque palestine it isometimes treated as a fifth volume of the series but did not use fenn or woodward for its art charles william wilson charles wilson a royal engineer had attempted to improve british intelligence department british military intelligence in an age when spying waseen as ungentlemanly or work of a low order even successfully reducing his own role in order to get patrick leonard macdougall a general involved who would be able to defend the interests of the intelligence service never a spy asuche simply went in openly scouting and studying areas of military interesthroughouthe th century the holy land became increasingly important as a route between europe and the indian ocean importanto britain as a fasteroute to british india and tother powers as way around the britisheld choke point at gibraltar he had visited jerusalem in spending ten months mapping the city withe help of local workers and even the kingdom of prussian consul representative consul he mixed research in biblical archaeology with military and civilian intelligence about water courses and lines of defense in addition to grants from hm treasury the treasury the detailed maps and photographs produced sold very well earning a profit on thendeavor in their own right he then joined the palestinexploration fund andirected the survey of western palestine which also acted as a cover for military mapping unlike thearlier picturesque series picturesque palestine did not employ numerous artists on the project but only used twof the more successful artists from thearlier books harry fenn and john douglas woodward artist jd woodward their sketches were compiled on site during woodward and fenn s two jointours of khedivate of egypt and the ottoman syria levant in the winters of and the two trips are documented in his correspondence with woodward s wife and his mother the paireceived special permission to sketch inside and under the mosque of omar the dome of the rock although woodward compared the streets of jerusalem withe dirtiest alleys of baltimore oppressed by theat glare and barrenness the best he could say abouthe shore of the dead sea was i suppose it is not so bad it could not be worse nazareth was the worst while he was most impressed by the roman syria syrio ancient rome roman baalbek ruins at baalbek the works werenormously successful with woodward and fenn each earning an estimated a year in royalty payment royalties on the holy land volumes volume i division i division i was published separately and as part of volume in it included an introduction by dean stanley and sections on jerusalem by charles william wilson bethlehem and the north of judaea by canon henry baker tristram and the mountains of judaean mountains judah and mount ephraim by lt claude reignier conder it included steel engravings of jerusalem from scopus and from the mount of olives the dome of the rock bethany the mount of olives fromount zion bethlahem s church of the nativity mar saba monastery the plains of jericho the view from the tomb of samuel and a threshing floor division ii division ii was published separately and as part of vol in it included sections on samariand plain of esdraelon by me rogers esdraelon and nazareth by canon tristram galilee northern galilee caesarea philippi and the highlands of galilee and mount hermon and its temples by the american consul rev selah merrill damascus by philip schaff palmyra the wady baradand balbek by samuel jessup it included steel engravings of nablus mounts mountabor tabor mount hermon and mount lebanon the valley of nazareth tiberias caesarea philippi damascus rivers and streets and palmyra volume ii division iii division iii was published separately in and as part of volume iin it included sections on phoeniciand lebanon by henry w jessup the phoenicia n plain by canon tristram acre israel acre the key of palestine region palestine mount carmel and the river kishon river kishon maritime cities and the plains of palestine region palestine by me rogers lyddand ramleh and philistia by lt col warren the south country of judaea by canon tristram the southern borderland dead sea by prof palmer and mount hor and the cliffs of edom and the covent of st catherine by me rogers it included steel engravings of the kadisha gorge a well at nazareth a map of holy land palestine beirut st george bay sidon haifand mount carmel caesarea jaffa hebron and thentrance to the valley of petra division iv division iv was published separately and as part of vol iin it included sections on sinai by c pickering clarke and on the land of goshen cairo memphis egypt memphis thebes egypthebes and edf and philae by stanley lane poole it included steel engravings of the sea of galilee a map of egypt and sinai gaza city gaza tyre lebanon tyrel hesweh the valley of inscriptions mount serbal the valley of jethro the pyramids of giza luxor the greatemple of karnak greatemple at karnak and philae supplements translationsocialife in egypt was 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russian christian pilgrimage pilgrims buying candles file six columns greatemple thumb right px six columns temple jupiter baalbek greatemple picturesque palestine sinai egypt illustrated set books_published appleton thearly based successful picturesque americand picturesqueurope series edited charles william wilson appleton series issued two volumes four divisions reprinted london virtue simply published four volumes followed stanley lane poole socialife egypt kind billed supplemento picturesque palestine isometimes treated fifth volume series use fenn woodward art charles william wilson charles wilson royal engineer attempted improve british intelligence department british military intelligence age waseen work low order even successfully reducing role order get patrick leonard general involved would able defend interests intelligence service never spy simply went openly scouting studying areas military th_century holy_land became_increasingly important route_europe indian ocean importanto britain british india tother powers way around point gibraltar visited jerusalem spending ten months mapping city withe_help local workers even kingdom representative mixed research biblical archaeology military civilian intelligence water courses lines defense addition grants treasury treasury detailed maps photographs produced sold well earning profit right joined fund andirected survey western palestine also acted cover military mapping unlike thearlier picturesque series picturesque palestine employ numerous artists project used twof successful artists thearlier books harry fenn john douglas woodward artist woodward sketches compiled site woodward fenn two egypt ottoman syria levant winters two trips documented correspondence woodward wife mother special permission sketch inside mosque omar dome rock although woodward compared streets jerusalem withe alleys baltimore theat best could say abouthe shore dead_sea bad could worse nazareth worst impressed roman syria ancient_rome roman baalbek ruins baalbek works successful woodward fenn earning estimated year royalty payment holy_land volumes volume division division published separately part volume included introduction dean stanley sections jerusalem charles william wilson north canon henry baker tristram mountains mountains mount claude included steel engravings jerusalem mount olives dome rock mount olives church mar monastery plains view samuel floor division ii division ii published separately part vol included sections plain rogers nazareth canon tristram galilee northern galilee highlands galilee mount temples american rev damascus philip samuel included steel engravings nablus mount mount lebanon valley nazareth damascus rivers streets volume ii division iii division iii published separately part volume iin included sections lebanon henry w n plain canon tristram acre israel acre key palestine region palestine mount river river maritime cities plains palestine region palestine rogers col warren south country canon tristram southern dead_sea prof palmer mount cliffs covent st catherine rogers included steel engravings gorge well nazareth map holy_land palestine beirut st_george_bay mount jaffa thentrance valley petra division division published separately part vol iin included sections sinai c clarke land cairo memphis egypt memphis stanley lane poole included steel engravings sea galilee map egypt sinai city lebanon valley mount valley pyramids giza luxor greatemple greatemple supplements egypt published supplemento picturesque palestine included chapters school mosque theuropean element focused largely results egypt training women primary block way egyptian prosperity series translated german additional notes novelist georg artwork picturesque palestine also_used popular volume victor scholarly volume geographical historical archaeological description palestine see_also picturesque america picturesqueurope date location leipzig publisher deutsche title pal bild und der palestine picture word also sinai peninsuland land category_travel_guide_books category_books category_books palestine region category_books israel_category appleton company books"},{"title":"Pie and mash","description":"file goddard s pie house in greenwichjpg thumb goddards traditional pie and mashop in greenwich south east london file goddards pie mash and liquorjpg thumb pie mash and liquor with jellied eels file armentspieandmashshopjpg thumb traditional pie and mashop in walworth south east london file peckham eel and piejpg thumb pie and mashop in peckham south east london file pie n mash and eels the blue sep jpg thumb pie and mashop in the blue bermondsey south east london pie and mash is a traditionalondon working class food originating in london pie mash and eel shops have been in london since the th century and are still common in east and south east london and in many parts of kent and essex the shops may serve stewed and or jellied eels during the victorian era industrial air pollution tended to be worse in theast and south east of london because of the prevailing westerly wind withe resulthatheast end wasettled more by the working classes while the western part of the city was home to higher social classes the working class were poor and favoured foodstuffs that were cheap in plentiful supply and easy to prepare the savoury pie had long been a traditional food and itsmall handsized form also made it a transportable meal protected from dirt by its cold pastry crust european eel s baked in a pastry crust became a common worker s meal sinceels were one of the few forms ofish that could survive in theavily polluted river thames and london s otherivers athatime supply was plentiful through the late s particularly from the netherlands dutch fishing boats landing catches at billingsgate fish market adding cheap mashed potatoes made it a plate based sit down meal and a sauce made of the water used to cook theels coloured and flavoured by parsley made the whole dish something specialater and for a higher price mutton or inexpensive ground meat minced meat could be alternatively ordered as the pie filling after world war ii as theel supply dwindled and beef often became cheap and in far greater supply from overseasources minced beef became the more popular pie filling in recent years the popularity of eel based pies again rose along withe propensity of people to investigate theiroots and origins and the associated customs and cultures however since as revealed in a joint study by the zoological society of london and thenvironment agency the number of eels captured in research traps in the river thames fell from in to just in meaning most eels used in pie and mashops are now from the netherlands and northern ireland the main dish sold is pie and mash a minced beef and cold water pastry pie served with mashed potato there should be two types of pastry used the bottom or base should be suet pastry and the top can be rough puff or short it is common for the mashed potato be spread around one side of the plate and for a type of parsley sauce to be presenthis commonly called eeliquor sauce or simply liquor although it is non alcoholic traditionally made using the water kept from the preparation of the stewed eels however many shops no longer use stewed eel water in their parsley liquor the sauce traditionally has a green colour from the parsley sometimes a gravy iserved instead normally oxor bisto before shops became common trading took place from brazier s or carts it was not untilate victorian times that shops began to appear the first recorded shop was henry blanchard s at union street in southwark in which was described as an eel pie house the shops have become part of the local community and heritage of their area for example l manze in walthamstow became grade ii listed by englisheritage in due to its architectural and cultural significance traditionally pie and mashops have white tile walls with mirrors and marble floors tables and work tops all of which areasy to clean they give the shops hardly ever called restaurants a late victorian architecture victorian or art deco appearance because of the large number of pleasure boat steamer companies offering sunday trips on the river thames many eastenders used them to explore the more gentrified west of london the result was that many also wanted their traditional foods of ale and pie and mash resulting in the renaming of both a hotel thathey frequently visited and the island on which it sat in twickenham to eel pie island in thearly side dishes jellied eels and cockle bivalve cockle s are other london specialities often sold in pie and mashops usually bought ready prepared from wholesalers chilli vinegar containing pickled chilies originating from the spice trade imports to the london docks is also traditionally served with all these dishes prior to the introduction of chilies to the vinegar in recent years the vinegar of choice was a plain 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pie mash eel shops london since th_century still common east south_east london many_parts kent essex shops may_serve stewed jellied eels victorian_era industrial air pollution tended worse theast south_east london_wind withe end working_classes western part city home higher social classes working_class poor cheap plentiful supply easy prepare savoury pie long traditional food form also_made meal protected dirt cold pastry crust european eel baked pastry crust became common worker meal one forms ofish could survive river_thames london athatime supply plentiful late particularly netherlands dutch fishing boats landing catches fish market adding cheap mashed potatoes made plate based sit meal sauce made water used cook coloured flavoured parsley made whole dish something higher price mutton inexpensive ground meat minced meat could alternatively ordered pie filling world_war ii supply beef often became cheap far greater supply minced beef became_popular pie filling recent_years popularity eel based pies rose along_withe people investigate origins associated customs cultures however since revealed joint study zoological_society london thenvironment agency number eels captured research river_thames fell meaning eels used pie mashops netherlands northern_ireland main dish sold pie mash minced beef cold water pastry pie served mashed potato two types pastry used bottom base pastry top rough short common mashed potato spread around one_side plate type parsley sauce commonly called sauce simply liquor although non_alcoholic traditionally made using water kept preparation stewed eels however_many shops longer use stewed eel water parsley liquor sauce traditionally green colour parsley sometimes gravy iserved instead normally shops became common trading took_place carts victorian times shops began appear first recorded shop henry blanchard union street southwark described eel pie house shops become part local_community heritage area example l became grade_ii_listed englisheritage due architectural cultural significance traditionally pie mashops white tile walls mirrors marble floors tables work tops areasy clean give shops hardly ever called restaurants late victorian architecture victorian art_deco appearance large_number pleasure boat companies offering sunday trips river_thames many used explore west london result many also wanted traditional foods ale pie mash resulting renaming hotel thathey frequently visited island sat twickenham eel pie island thearly side dishes jellied eels cockle cockle london specialities often sold pie mashops usually bought ready prepared vinegar containing pickled originating spice trade imports london also traditionally served dishes prior introduction vinegar recent_years vinegar choice plain malt vinegar like vinegar choice non brewed malt recent_yearsome pie mashops started toffer broader selection pies including vegetariand chicken versions serve customers fruit sugar already available many shops dessert furthereading pie n mash club great_britain pie n mash guide traditional eating houses j smith chris eels pie mash photographic record pie n eel shops london museum london_externalinks review best pie mashops time company time review pie mashops pie details reviews pie mash restaurants london_category_english cuisine_category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Pig 'n Whistle","description":"closed current owner previous owner chef head chefood type american dress code casual business casual rating street address hollywood boulevard city hollywood los angeles hollywood los angeles county los angelestate california postcode country united states iso region coordinates display latitude longitude latd latm lats latns longd longm longs longew coordinateseating capacity reservations other locations other information website the pig n whistle is an american restaurant and bar located in hollywood los angeles hollywood on hollywood boulevard file latadvertfordowntownlocationofpigandwhistlepng thumb px left los angeles times advertisement foriginal pig n whistle in downtown los angeles the pig n whistle was originally a chain of restaurants and candy shops founded by john gage in he opened his first location in downtown los angeles nexto the now demolished third city hall in the block of south broadway los angeles broadway the hollywood location of the pig n whistle was first opened inexto grauman s egyptian theatre thegyptian theatre the building housing the new restaurant cost and featured c arved oak rafters imported tiles artistically wrought grilles and balcony and great panelled frescoe paintings from don quixote it was frequented by such celebrities aspencer tracy shirley temple and howard hughes the original hollywood location closedown after world war ii and its distinctive wooden furniture decorated withand carved whistle playing pigs wasold to miceli s italian restaurant located around the corner at las palmas avenue where it remains to the present day by the late s the location housed a fast food pizza restaurant and all that remained of the original tenant was a bas relief pig on the front of the building in british restaurant operator chris breed remodeled the building recovering the spectacular original ceiling ornamentation and re opened the restauranthe restaurant name originates from twold english words piggin a lead mug and wassail a wine drunk during yuletidexternalinks category restaurants in los angeles category drinking establishments category restaurants established in category establishments in 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us_air_force phillips laboratory conducted six week study associates conceptual research corporation developed aerial propellantransfer apt concept concept used existing components existing conventional technology much possible black study another study somewhat different apt concept done martin january may one near term suborbital x plane could serve demonstration vehicle apt study led wrote experiences book entering space_vehicle half size black horse called black concept used existing rocket_engine two f used takeoff aerial propellantransfer landing propulsion also rather push high performance required achieve true black suborbital vehicle withe payload delivered torbit means star v upper_stage private_sector mitchell lefthe air_force robert promoter charles founded pioneerocketplane help new_company get started allied research company pioneer colorado general tony retired air_force joined company chairman time pioneerocketplane refined concept require new engine developments would first_flight built avoid time expense building house manufacturing capability importantly must able supporthe requirements new low_earth_orbit led switch hydrogen peroxide liquid_oxygen preferred oxidizer increase overall size version pathfinder concept delivered conceptual research corporation rocketplane_limited rocketplane_limited inc formed pioneerocketplane part owner rocketplane_limited ceased operations independent company rocketplane_limited purchased intellectual property pioneer put place new management engineering team push development rocketplane acquired kistler aerospace category_space_tourism category_private_spaceflight companies_category space access"},{"title":"Plate lunch","description":"image platelunchjpg thumb px a plate lunch the plate lunch is a quintessentially hawaiian meal roughly analogous to southern united statesouthern us meat and three meat and three s however the pan asian influence on cuisine of hawaiian cuisine and its roots in the japanese bento make the plate lunch unique to hawaii standard plate lunches consist of two scoops of white rice macaroni salad and an entr e a plate lunch with more than onentr e is often called a mixed plate origins although thexact origin of the hawaian plate lunch is disputed according to professor jon okamura of the university of hawai the plate lunch likely grew out of the japanese bento because bentos were take away kinds of eating and certainly the plate lunch continues thatradition its appearance in hawaiin recognizable form goes back to the s when plantation workers were in high demand by the fruit and sugar companies on the islands laborers were broughto hawaii from around the world including from china japan portugal and the philippines kaui philpotts former food editor of the honolulu advertiser notes thathe laborers didn t eat sandwiches or things like that it was leftoverice and a lot of things like canned meat or teriyaki or cold meat or maybe scrambled eggs or pickles and almost no salad or vegetable later on macaroni salad was added to the plates as it seemed to bridge national tastes and also mixed well with gravy covered slabs of meat some locations also include the traditional korean side dish kimchi as the days of the plantations came to an end plate lunches began to be served on site by lunch wagons to construction workers anday laborers later local hole in the wall restaurants and other stand alone plate lunch restaurants began popping up then plate lunch franchises eventually these made their way to the us mainland beginning withe l hawaiian barbecue l drive inn chain california in athatime l founder eddie flores rebranded it l hawaiian barbecuexplaining that when wento the mainland the name hawaiian is a draw becauseveryone just fantasized everyone wants to come to hawaii popular entr es overwhelmingly popular plate lunch entr es reflect asian influence of japanese origin is tonkatsu chicken katsu fried boneless chicken breaded with panko japanese bread crumbs and beef teriyaki often shortened to teri beef a common side dish with plate lunches is fried noodles often either chow mein chow fun or saiminoodles entr es of hawaian originclude kalua pork also called kalua pig and lau pork or other meat or fish wrapped in a taro leaf some side dishes are lomi salmon also called lomi salmon and haupia coconut dessert korean entr es include galbi kalbi and meat jun some side dishes are taegu a dish made of shredded codfish and namul a dish made of seasoned soybean sprouts other asian ethnicontributions include the okinawan rafute shoyu pork okinawan rafute the chinese influenced char siu pork and filipino chicken philippine adobo and longanisa from western europe come dishes with lingui a traditional portuguese sausage a notably american element is the salisbury steak hamburger steak a ground beef patty smothered with brown gravy served atop rice adding a fried egg sunny side up egg makes it a loco moco image wardsplatelunchjpg traditional plate lunch of poke hawaii ahi poke lomi salmon lomi salmon kalua pork lau two scoops rice and haupia image lightplatejpg plate lunch of lau kalua pork lomi salmon poi food poi haupiand rice image shrimplate lunchjpg a shrimplate lunch file lukoki hawaiian bbq mt view seafood kalua pork combojpg kalua pork combo plate lunch from a hawaiian bbq restaurant in mountain view california see also cuisine of hawaii references externalinks history of the hawaiian plate lunch new york timesouthern california plate lunch connection origins of the plate lunch story from khnl what s in a hawaiian plate lunch video politics of the plate lunch exhibition athe japanese americanational museum category hawaiian cuisine category serving andining category restauranterminology category food combinations category lunch 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plate_lunches consist two white rice macaroni salad entr e plate_lunch e often_called mixed plate origins although thexact origin plate_lunch disputed according professor jon university plate_lunch likely grew japanese take_away kinds eating certainly plate_lunch continues appearance hawaiin recognizable form goes back plantation workers high demand fruit sugar companies islands laborers broughto hawaii around world including china japan portugal philippines former food editor honolulu advertiser notes thathe laborers eat sandwiches things like lot things like canned meat cold meat eggs pickles almost salad vegetable later macaroni salad added plates seemed bridge national tastes also mixed well gravy covered meat locations also_include traditional korean side dish kimchi days plantations came end plate_lunches began served site lunch wagons construction workers laborers later local hole wall restaurants stand alone plate_lunch restaurants began plate_lunch franchises eventually made way us mainland beginning withe l hawaiian barbecue l drive inn chain california athatime l founder eddie rebranded l hawaiian wento mainland name hawaiian draw everyone wants come hawaii popular entr popular plate_lunch entr reflect asian influence japanese origin chicken fried_chicken japanese bread beef often shortened beef common side dish plate_lunches fried noodles often either chow chow fun entr kalua pork also_called kalua pig lau pork meat fish wrapped leaf side dishes lomi salmon also_called lomi salmon coconut dessert korean entr include meat jun side dishes dish made shredded dish made seasoned asian include pork chinese influenced pork filipino chicken philippine western_europe come dishes traditional portuguese sausage notably american element salisbury steak hamburger steak ground beef brown gravy served atop rice adding fried egg sunny side egg makes image traditional plate_lunch poke hawaii poke lomi salmon lomi salmon kalua pork lau two rice image plate_lunch lau kalua pork lomi salmon food rice image lunch file hawaiian bbq view seafood kalua pork kalua pork plate_lunch hawaiian bbq restaurant mountain_view california see_also cuisine hawaii references_externalinks history hawaiian plate_lunch new_york california plate_lunch connection origins plate_lunch story hawaiian plate_lunch video politics plate_lunch exhibition athe japanese museum category hawaiian cuisine_category serving andining category_restauranterminology category_food combinations category lunch dishes"},{"title":"Platter (dinner)","description":"file th june badar s mix platterjpg thumb mixed arabic meat platter served on a bed of rice in a restaurant in the united kingdom file a thali meal served indiajpg thumb a vegetarian thalindian thali a platter is a meal or courserved on a platter dishware platter in restauranterminology a platter is often a main dish served on a platter with one or more side dishesuch as a salad or french fries notable platters includes the colombian 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category_restauranterminology category serving andining category dinner"},{"title":"Playboy Club","description":"chicago illinois united states us founder location city location country united states locations area served key people industry nightclubs productservices revenue operating income net income assets equity owner num employees parent playboy enterprises divisionsubsid homepage footnotes intl native name the playboy club was initially a chain of nightclubs and resorts owned and operated by playboy enterprises the first club opened at e walton street in downtown chicago illinois united states on february each club generally featured a living room a playmate bar a dining room and a club roomembers and their guests were served food andrinks by playboy bunny playboy bunniesome of whom were featured in playboy magazine the clubs offered namentertainers and comedians in the club rooms and local musicians and the occasional close up magic ian in the living roomstarting withe london and jamaica club locations the playboy clubecame international in scope in the club chain became defunct on october a new club was opened in las vegas and inew clubs were opened as well in macao and cancun in time the las vegas club closed on june the macao club closed in and the cancun club closed in may the commerce casino in los angeles opened a playboy themed lounge consisting of gaming tables and playboy bunny cocktail waitresses history file brazilian playmates at campus party brasil jpg thumb playboy bunny waitresses brazil the first playboy club opened in chicago in and later there were clubs in miami new orleans new york city new york atlanta los angeles detroit san francisco boston massachusetts boston des moines iowa des moines kansas city missouri kansas city phoenix arizona phoenix baltimore cincinnati denver dallas buffalo new york buffalo st petersburg flansing san diego columbus oh lake geneva wisconsin lake geneva wi omahand st louis there were playboy club resorts in jamaica new jersey and elsewhere the last american location before playboy club las vegas opened was lansing michigan located in the hilton hotel which closed international clubs existed until the closing of the manila philippines club located in the silahis international hotel international clubs were opened in macao and cancun but in time the macao club closed in and the cancun club closed in manila was the only club ever to be featured in architectural digest during the lasthree months of more than people visited the chicago club making ithe busiest night club in the world playboy club membership became a statusymbol only of all key holders ever wento a club at per year per membershiplayboy grossed million for every members the rabbit headed metal playboy key supplanted by a plastic key card in was required for admission to a club they were presented to the door bunny through most of the years a strict dress code was enforced in hughefner sent victor lownes to london topen playboy s british casinos following legalization of gambling in the united kingdom in the casino at park lane now a luxury hotel park lane was the most profitable casino in the world and the british casinos contributed million to the corporation file douglas dc n pb heffner ord edited jpg thumb righthe playboy club s douglas dc jet airliner executive aircraft at chicago hare international airport in it was used for transportinguests and staff the playboy club in lake geneva wisconsin had a ski slope and was one of the firsto install a chair lift its playmate bar featured the russ long trio and itshowroom was managed by carlo cicirello the piece house orchestra was headed by chicago pianist sam distefano the lighter side trio entertained at all of the playboy clubs from to led by joe dipietro with douglas brett and charles raimond on october playboy opened a new playboy club in las vegas nevada the new club athe palms with its prominent neon bunny head had casinos bars and a restroom with pictures of playboy playmates on the walls the club closed in june australian women were invited to sydney to audition for the iconic playboy bunny role and for positions asingers andancers athe playboy club a minimum ofive women were chosen to travel to macao for a six month contract as a playboy bunny the macao playboy club opened onovember in october it was announced that a new playboy club in london was to be opened on the site of the old rendezvous mayfair casinold park lane it was opened on june the sq ft property spread over two floors was designed by london based architects jestico whiles the club features a casino cigar terrace gentleman s tonic sports bar the player s lounge night club the cottontailounge cocktail bar under the direction of salvatore calabrase and a fine dining restaurant under the reins of iron chef judy joo along the stair walls a row of lenticular printing lenticular portraits are hung winking and smiling at guests as they walk by inovember spokesperson sanjay guptannounced that pb lifestyle the company india with rights to the brand would be opening its first club indiat candolim goa in december it was planned as a beach location in april goa chief minister manohar parrikarefused the application technical grounds parrikar said only individuals not corporations wereligible toperate a beach shack style club the law did not preclude opening a night club after the goa club pb lifestyle planned topen clubs in hyderabad india hyderabad and mumbaindia s obscenity laws ban material deemed lascivious or appealing to prurient interests pornographic magazine adult magazinesuch as playboy are banned india designer mohini tadikonda has altered the original playboy bunny playboy bunnies uniform to satisfy india s obscenity laws locations and opening dates file playboy clubarjpg thumb right px playboy clubar athe palms in las vegas chicago february miami may new orleans october st louis october new york december phoenix december detroit december manila philippines january baltimore kansas city june cincinnati september los angeles december ochos rios club hotel resort jamaica january boston february atlanta march san francisco november london casino club uk july montreal canada july denver december lake geneva club hotel resort wisconsin may playboy towers chicago november miami plaza club hotel resort december legends resort country club great gorge club hotel resort new jersey december clermont club london uk not strictly a playboy clubut non costumed bunnies did work there portsmouth uk december manchester uk december tokyo japan december dallas july osaka japan february nassau paradise island bahamas april nagoya japan july sapporo japan april atlanticity hotel casino club april buffalo april st petersburg florida may lansing september san diego december columbus ohio december des moines march omaha may rhodes greece aprilas vegas october closed june cologne august closed may los angeles may hyderabad telangana indiaugust in popular culture in a episode of the tv show laverne shirley entitled the playboy show guestarring carrie fisher laverne takes a job as a playboy bunny athe playboy club despite her father s wishes the tv movie a bunny s tale starring kirstie alley was based on writer and future feminist leader gloria steinem s article for huntington hartford show magazine a critical account of her time working as a playboy bunny athe new york playboy club the tv movie a tale of two bunnies aka price of beauty starring marina black and julie condra tells the story of two girls working as playboy bunnies in the james bond film diamonds are forever film diamonds are forever bond replaces his wallet withat of the recently killediamond smuggler peter franks to confuse his contactiffany case when she opens the wallet she finds bond s playboy club member card which she uses to identify the man on the floor the film hefner an unauthorized biography includes leotard wearing women being trained as hostesses in a playboy club in mad men season episode hands and knees lane pryce who is a member takes his father andon draper to dinner athe playboy club inew york city and introduces them to his chocolate bunny girlfriend tonin seasonepisode twof swingtown the characters visithe playboy club september saw the premiere of nbc s the playboy club a television series focusing on themployees and patrons of the first playboy club located in chicago a competitive pmonday slot contributed to low ratings and led to the show s cancellation october the december novel series rude boy usa rude boy usa features an african american bunny celia jones who works athe new york club in and later joins a mob group she later on takes on the moniker bunny as her official mob name in the seriesee also nyotaimori breastaurant wet shirt contest references externalinks the playboy clubunny manual july the playboy club london review category playboy category nightclubs category nightclubs in the united states category 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casino world british casinos contributed million corporation file douglas n edited jpg thumb_righthe playboy_club douglas jet executive aircraft chicago hare international_airport used staff playboy_club lake geneva wisconsin ski slope one firsto install chair lift playmate bar featured long managed carlo piece house orchestra headed chicago sam lighter side playboy_clubs led joe douglas charles october playboy opened new playboy_club las_vegas nevada new club athe palms prominent neon bunny head casinos bars restroom pictures playboy playmates walls club closed june australian women invited sydney iconic playboy_bunny role positions athe playboy_club minimum ofive women chosen travel macao six month contract playboy_bunny macao playboy_club opened onovember october announced new playboy_club london opened site old rendezvous mayfair park lane opened june property spread two floors designed london based architects club features casino terrace gentleman sports bar player lounge night_club cocktail bar direction fine_dining restaurant iron chef judy along walls row printing portraits hung guests walk inovember spokesperson lifestyle company india rights brand would opening first club goa december planned beach location april goa chief minister application technical grounds said individuals corporations toperate beach shack style club law opening night_club goa club lifestyle planned topen clubs hyderabad india hyderabad mumbaindia obscenity laws ban material deemed appealing interests pornographic magazine adult playboy banned india designer mohini altered original playboy_bunny playboy_bunnies uniform satisfy india obscenity laws locations opening dates file playboy thumb right px playboy athe palms las_vegas chicago february miami may new_orleans october st_louis october new_york december phoenix december detroit december manila philippines january baltimore kansas_city june cincinnati september los_angeles december club hotel resort jamaica january boston february atlanta march san_francisco november london casino club uk july montreal canada july denver december lake geneva club hotel resort wisconsin may playboy towers chicago november miami plaza club hotel resort december legends resort country club great gorge club hotel resort new_jersey december club london_uk strictly playboy non bunnies work portsmouth uk december manchester uk december tokyo_japan december dallas july osaka japan february nassau paradise island bahamas april nagoya japan july japan april atlanticity hotel casino club april buffalo april st_petersburg florida may lansing september san_diego december columbus ohio december des_moines march omaha may rhodes greece vegas october closed june cologne august closed may los_angeles may hyderabad popular_culture episode tv show shirley entitled playboy show fisher takes job playboy_bunny athe playboy_club despite father wishes tv movie bunny tale starring alley based writer future feminist leader gloria steinem article huntington hartford show magazine critical account time working playboy_bunny athe new_york playboy_club tv movie tale two bunnies aka price beauty starring marina black julie tells story two girls working playboy_bunnies james bond film forever film forever bond replaces wallet withat recently peter case opens wallet finds bond playboy_club member card uses identify man floor film biography includes wearing women trained playboy_club mad men season episode hands knees lane member takes father dinner athe playboy_club inew_york_city introduces chocolate bunny girlfriend twof characters visithe playboy_club september saw premiere nbc playboy_club television_series focusing patrons first playboy_club located chicago competitive contributed low ratings led show cancellation october december novel series rude boy usa rude boy usa features african_american bunny jones works athe new_york club later joins mob group later takes bunny official mob name also breastaurant wet shirt contest 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twilight series of novels and films north bend washington and in particular twede s cafe where much of the television show twin peaks washot roslyn washington which stood in for cicely alaska in the television show northern exposure tunisia location of the filming of the star wars movies pin oak court vermont south victoria suburban melbourne shooting location for internationally popular soap opera neighboursanta ynez valley in central california where much of sideways took place burkittsville maryland where tourists re create the most gruesome scenes from the blair witch project salzburg austria where many scenes from the musical the sound of music film the sound of music were filmed metropolis illinois declared by dcomics to be the home of superman liverpool for fans of the beatles a museum dedicated to them the beatlestory isituated athe albert dock the reconstructed cavern the club they played in before becoming famous is also a stop for beatles pilgrims a bus tour of the city entitled the magical mystery tour visits many sites associated withe group including former homes of the beatles tobermory mull tobermory isle of mull scotland location of the popular children s programme balamory albuquerque new mexico the location of the amc tv channel amc television series breaking bad brevard north carolina brevard and transylvania county north carolina filming location of the hunger games film petra jordan where visits went from the thousands to the millions after the climactic scene of indiana jones and the last crusade was filmed in al khazneh norway where tourism increased after the pixar movie frozen film frozen was released pop culture tourism is in some respects akin to pilgrimage with its modern equivalents of places of pilgrimage such as elvis presley s graceland the grave of jimorrison in p re lachaise cemetery another pop culture tourism destination is vulcan alberta canada in thearly s thismall rural community began to explore ways it could capitalize on the coincidence of the town s name being the same as popular star trek character mr spock s home planet vulcan to develop its local tourism industry see also grand tour externalinkstephen metcalf writer stephen metcalf pop culture trips traveleisure magazine may article about pop culture tourism category cultural tourism category popular 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movie name new_zealand lord rings filmed forest associated robin hood castle location harry chapel scotland lincoln cathedral england locations used vinci code film wallace monument stirling dedicated william wallace saw film loch ness home ness monster castle location abbey stratford upon avon birthplace william million_visitors year world castle south_west england association king arthur forest east sussex setting game popular attraction tom restaurant manhattan tom restaurant known many monk island canada anne green takes_place popular attraction tourists notably japan south_korea recent phenomenon east_asia japan lovers japanese pop_culture istanbul fans turkish television drama forks washington primary setting twilight novel series twilight series novels films north bend washington particular cafe much television show twin peaks washot washington stood alaska television show northern exposure tunisia location filming star wars movies pin oak court vermont south victoria suburban melbourne shooting location internationally popular soap opera valley central california much took_place maryland tourists create scenes blair witch project salzburg austria many scenes musical sound music film sound music filmed metropolis illinois declared home superman liverpool fans beatles museum dedicated isituated athe albert dock reconstructed cavern club played becoming famous also stop beatles pilgrims bus tour city entitled magical mystery tour visits many sites associated_withe group including former homes beatles mull isle mull scotland location popular children programme albuquerque new_mexico location tv_channel television_series breaking bad north_carolina transylvania county north_carolina filming location hunger games film petra jordan visits went thousands millions scene indiana_jones last filmed norway tourism increased movie frozen film frozen released pop_culture_tourism respects akin pilgrimage modern places pilgrimage elvis grave p cemetery another pop_culture_tourism destination vulcan alberta_canada thearly rural community began explore ways could capitalize town name popular star_trek character home planet vulcan develop local tourism_industry see_also grand_tour writer stephen pop_culture trips traveleisure magazine may article pop_culture_tourism category_cultural_tourism category popular_culture"},{"title":"Pop-up restaurant","description":"pop up restaurants also called supper club s are temporary restaurant s these restaurants often operate from a private home former factory or similar space anduring festival s pop up restaurants have been popular since the s in britain and australia buthey are not a new phenomenon pop up restaurants havexisted in the united states and cuba diners typically make use of social media such as the blogosphere and twitter to follow the movement of these restaurants and make online reservations pop up restaurants like food truck s are an effective way for young professionals to gain exposure of their skills in the field of hospitality as they seek investors and attention pursuantopening a restaurant or another culinary conceptsarah schindler unpermitted urban agriculture transgressive actions changing norms and the local food movement wisconsin law review available at pop up restaurants have been hailed as useful for younger chefs allowing them to utilize underused kitchen facilities and experiment withouthe risk of bankruptcy at pop ups chefs take chances with little risk gregory dicum new york times february by this restaurant style had gained steam and prevalence in larger cities thanks in parto crowd funding efforts that offered the shorterm capital needed to fund start up costs notablentrepreneurs chefs and restaurateurs have opened pop up restaurants jason atherton jason atherton pop up restaurant pkl pop up restaurants website january camille becerra thomas keller pierre koffmann london s pop up restaurants let rising chefshine ludo lefebvre pop up restaurant ludobites hit of los angeles alex cohen southern california public radio npr august alan philips born to eat and run brianiemietz new york post may so you wantopen a pop up restaurant alan phillips zagat march guess who is coming to dinner danielle stein w magazine september dining calendar florence fabricant new york times october stephen starrestaurant day differently from traditional pop up restaurants which tend to financially supportheirestaurateurs as means of profit or living the restaurant day event invites people to put up their own restaurants caf s and bars for one day only founded by timo santala olli sir n and antti tuomola in helsinki finland in the movement is intended to promote and celebrate food culturestaurant day takes place worldwide four times a year and over one day restaurants by estimated restaurateurs have catered for estimated customers in the past restaurant days one day restaurants have so far popped up in different countries including arubaustraliaustria belgium brazil bulgaria canada czech republic denmark england estonia finland france germany greece guyana hungary iceland italy japan kazakhstan lithuania mexico mozambique netherlands new zealand nicaragua norway poland portugal romania russia rwanda singapore slovakia slovenia spain sweden switzerland thailand ukraine venezueland usa some web portalsuch as bonappetourcom and mealtangocom facilitate popups for amateur chefs bonappetour and mealtango connects people looking for authentic home cooked meals withosts who cook and serve such meals in their homes through a commonline platform see also pop up shop flash mob externalinks food trend predictions for epicurious category types of 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restaurants also_called supper_club temporary restaurant restaurants_often operate private home former factory similar space anduring festival pop restaurants popular since britain australia buthey new phenomenon pop restaurants havexisted united_states cuba diners typically make use social_media twitter follow movement restaurants make online reservations pop restaurants like food_truck effective way young professionals gain exposure skills field hospitality seek investors attention restaurant another culinary urban agriculture actions changing norms local_food movement wisconsin law review available pop restaurants useful younger chefs allowing utilize kitchen facilities experiment withouthe risk bankruptcy pop ups chefs take chances little risk gregory new_york times_february restaurant style gained steam larger cities thanks parto crowd funding efforts offered shorterm capital needed fund start costs chefs restaurateurs opened pop restaurants jason atherton jason atherton pop restaurant pop restaurants website january thomas pierre london pop restaurants let rising pop restaurant hit los_angeles alex cohen southern_california public radio npr august alan born eat run new_york post may pop restaurant alan phillips zagat march coming dinner w magazine september dining calendar florence new_york times october stephen day differently traditional pop restaurants tend financially means profit living restaurant day event people put restaurants caf bars one_day founded sir n helsinki finland movement intended promote celebrate food day takes_place worldwide four_times year one_day restaurants estimated restaurateurs catered estimated customers past restaurant days one_day restaurants far different_countries including belgium brazil bulgaria canada czech_republic denmark england estonia finland france germany greece hungary iceland italy japan kazakhstan lithuania mexico netherlands new_zealand nicaragua norway poland portugal romania russia rwanda singapore slovakia slovenia spain sweden switzerland thailand ukraine usa web facilitate amateur chefs connects people looking authentic home cooked meals cook serve meals homes platform see_also pop shop flash mob externalinks food trend category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Porta Caribe","description":"extinction merger merged type government owned corporation government owned agency statustatutory purpose tourism cultural development culture headquarters calle villa location ponce puerto rico ponce puerto ricoords region served southern puerto rico membership generaleader title director leader name maritza w ruiz cab n key people past directors jose a reyes nuevos due os ponderan la demolici n del intercontinental update nuevos due os ponderan la demolici n del intercontinental jason rodr guez and omar alfonso la perla del sur ponce puerto rico year issue june pages retrieved november accessed june nadine de jes marcan su huella en porta caribe update marcan su huella en porta caribe la perla del sur ponce puerto rico year issue page novemberetrieved november accessed june main organ parent organization puerto rico tourism company affiliations budget million luz verde al programa porta caribe may el nuevo dia sandra caqu as cruz accessed february num staff num volunteers website wwwportacaribecom remarks porta caribe is a tourism region in southern puerto rico it was established in by the puerto rico tourism company an agency of the government of puerto rico when created in it consisted of municipalities in the south central zone adjuntas arroyo puerto rico arroyo coamo guayama guayanilla jayuya juana diaz patillas puerto rico patillas pe uelas ponce puerto rico ponce salinas puerto rico salinasanta isabel puerto rico santa isabel villaba yauco puerto rico tourismunicipalities in the regions now the south is known as porta caribe porta caribe official website retrieved october withe creation of the neighboring porta cordillera zone in july the municipalities of adjuntas and jayuya were transferred to the newly created porta cordillera zone and porta caribecame a municipality tourism region the name porta caribe translates to doorway to the caribbean its executive director is maritza w ruiz cab n contact us puerto rico tourism company accessed january file porta caribe headquarters ponce puerto rico dsc jpg thumb left porta caribe headquarters on villa streethe southern region of puerto rico had traditionally been considered to consist of municipalities hacia la descentralizaci n ponce y el sur se abren camino luis rey qui onesoto la perla del sur ponce puerto rico july page retrieved november thestablishment of the porta caribe region dates to the late s when two bills to theffect were brought before the puerto rico legislature but failing to garnish the necessary number of votes in both occasions the region was finally established by executive order united states executive order of governor an bal acevedo vil in may luz verde al programa porta caribe sandra caqu as cruz el nuevo dia san juan puerto rico may initially the region consisted of municipalities but guanica puerto rico guanica wasubsequently officially moved to join the porta del sol welcome to porta caribe portacaribecom retrieved april a revivir e incentivar la econom a tur stica del sur el sur a la vista ponce puerto rico january retrieved march disfruta y conoce tu isla haz turismo interno jose a reyes feliciano la perla del sur ponce puerto ricoctober page a budget of million usd was initially assigned to promote tourism for the porta caribe region the director of the government of puerto rico s puerto rico tourism company called porta caribe puerto rico second tourist destination luz verde al programa porta caribe may el nuevo dia sandra caqu as cruz accessed february file la guanchajpg thumb px right la guancha boardwalk la guancha facing the caribbean sea in ponce in the region already provided the following facilities to launch it as a tourist destination luz verde al programa porta caribe sandra caqu as cruz el nuevo dia may accessed february an international airport merceditairporthat saw a traffic of passengers in a cruise shipier port of the americas port of ponce port of the americas hotel rooms increasing to by in addition the oficina del plan de usos de terrenos office of land use planning of the government of puerto rico lists officially recognized beaches in the southern region of puerto rico though by necessity it includes coastal municipalities only they are all part of the porta caribe region ffiles fperfil regional de la region sur de puerto ricopdf plan de uso de terrenos de puerto rico perfil regional region sur estado libre asociado de puerto rico junta de planificacion oficina del plan de uso de terrenos borrador preliminar february page retrievedecember as of october the porta caribe zone boasted lodging facilities restaurant s and tourist attraction s la isla sinimo de riquezas tur sticas h ctor s nchez la perla del sur ponce puerto ricoctober year issue page retrieved october top attractions this a list of the top attractions in porta caribe according to the puerto rico tourism company puerto rico tourism company charco azul carite state forest coamo isla de caja de muertos puerto rico caja de muertos island ponce casa cauti o casa cauti o museum guayama file casa cauti o guayama prjpg thumb px right cabinetmaking museum casa cauti o in guayama cruceta el vigia la cruceta del vig a japanese garden ponce la guancha boardwalk ponce hacienda buena vista ponce parque de bombas historic firehouse ponce castillo serrall s ponce tibes indigenous ceremonial center tibes native indian museum ponce other attractions arroyo puerto rico arroyo punta de las figuras light faro punta de las figuras tren del sur coamo ba os de coamo los ba os de coamo thermal baths church san blas de illescas of coamo file churchcoamojpg thumb px right church san blas de illescas of coamo san blas de illescas church in coamo guayama haciendazucarera vives carite dam guayanilla serralles castle mario mercado castle la ventana beach juana diaz three kings festival efra n daleccio caves patillas puerto rico patillas parador caribbean paradise villa pesquera beach pe uelas guilarte forest unknown soldier monument ponce puerto rico ponce grand prix ponce carnival salinas puerto rico salinas albergue ol mpico antigua central aguirre sugar cane mill santa isabel puerto rico santa isabel jauca beach patron celebrations villaba toro negro state forestoro negro forest reserve areyto festival yauco lake luchetti national coffee festival nacional del cafebruary southern ecological tourist zone in july governor alejandro garc a padilla signed into law puerto rico house bill creating the zona tur stica ecol gica del sur english southern ecological tourist zone composed of a four municipalities in the porta caribe tourist region pe uelas guayanilla yauco and gu nica to highlighthe high ecological value of that areand their contributions in the areas of dry forests caves diversity of water forms and coffee hacienda s creanueva zona tur stica en el suroeste voces del sur vocesdelsurprcom july accessed january similar groupings in october governor luis fortuno created what he called ruta del sur english southern route in a political move to show support for the infrastructural development of the municipalities in southern puerto rico ruta del sur included the nine municipalities of gu nica yauco ponce guayanilla pe uelas arroyo salinas juana d az y santa isabel one of its goals is the development of ecotourismillonaria inversi n para el municipio de yauco el sur a la vista ponce puerto ricoctoberetrieved november disur which stands for desarrollo integral del sur english southern integral development is a private organization created in that seeks to promote and maximize the competitiveness of the municipalities that make up the southern region of puerto rico it consists of southern municipalities as follows adjuntas arroyo coamo gu nica guayama guayanilla jayuya juana d az patillas pe uelas ponce salinasanta isabel villalba yauco ante crisis fiscal reestructuraci n a la vista en disur jason rodr guez grafala perla del sur ponce puerto rico retrieved november the organization seeks to make strides in the area of turism by promoting conventions as well as the centroceanografico de ponce agricultura y turismo en lagenda de disur jason rodriguez grafala perla del sur ponce puerto rico june page retrievedecember the college of surveyors of puerto rico created the rutagr cola english agricultural route which runs from salinas through santa isabel and juana diaz and ending in ponce its purpose is to create a new magnet for tourism la rutagr cola impulsar el turismo rural en zona sur jason rodr guez grafala perla del sur ponce puerto rico retrieved november the oficina del plan de usos de terrenos office of land use planning of the government of puerto rico defines the southern region as including the municipalities of arroyo coamo guayama guayanilla juana d az pe uelas ponce salinasanta isabel and yauco see also porta caribe official website national register of historic places listings in southern puerto rico national register of historic places listings in porta caribeaches of puerto rico southern region beaches of porta caribe category tourism in puerto rico category tourism 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programa porta_caribe may el nuevo dia sandra caqu cruz accessed february num staff num volunteers website remarks porta_caribe tourism_region southern puerto_rico established puerto_rico tourism_company agency government puerto_rico created consisted municipalities south central zone adjuntas arroyo puerto_rico arroyo coamo guayama guayanilla jayuya juana diaz patillas puerto_rico patillas uelas ponce_puerto_rico ponce salinas puerto_rico isabel puerto_rico santa isabel yauco puerto_rico regions south known porta_caribe porta_caribe official_website retrieved_october withe creation neighboring porta_cordillera zone july municipalities adjuntas jayuya transferred newly created porta_cordillera zone porta municipality tourism_region name porta_caribe translates doorway caribbean executive_director w cab n contact us puerto_rico tourism_company accessed january file porta_caribe headquarters ponce_puerto_rico jpg thumb left porta_caribe headquarters villa streethe southern region puerto_rico traditionally considered consist municipalities la n ponce el sur luis rey la perla del_sur ponce_puerto_rico july page retrieved_november thestablishment porta_caribe region dates late two bills theffect brought puerto_rico legislature failing garnish necessary number votes occasions region finally established executive order united_states executive order governor may luz verde programa porta_caribe sandra caqu cruz el nuevo dia san_juan puerto_rico may initially region consisted municipalities puerto_rico wasubsequently officially moved join porta del sol welcome porta_caribe retrieved_april e la tur_stica del_sur el sur la vista ponce_puerto_rico january_retrieved_march isla turismo jose la perla del_sur ponce_puerto page budget million_usd initially assigned promote_tourism porta_caribe region director government puerto_rico puerto_rico tourism_company called porta_caribe puerto_rico second tourist_destination luz verde programa porta_caribe may el nuevo dia sandra caqu cruz accessed february file la thumb px right la boardwalk la facing caribbean sea ponce region already provided following facilities launch tourist_destination luz verde programa porta_caribe sandra caqu cruz el nuevo dia may accessed february international_airport saw traffic passengers cruise port americas port ponce port americas hotel_rooms increasing addition oficina del plan de de terrenos office land use planning government puerto_rico lists officially recognized beaches southern region puerto_rico though necessity includes coastal municipalities part porta_caribe region regional de_la region sur de puerto plan de de terrenos de puerto_rico regional region sur estado de puerto_rico de oficina del plan de de terrenos february page retrievedecember october porta_caribe zone boasted lodging facilities restaurant tourist_attraction la isla de tur h la perla del_sur ponce_puerto year issue page retrieved_october top attractions list top attractions porta_caribe according puerto_rico tourism_company puerto_rico tourism_company state forest coamo isla de de puerto_rico de island ponce casa cauti casa cauti museum guayama file casa cauti guayama thumb px right museum casa cauti guayama el la del japanese garden ponce la boardwalk ponce hacienda buena vista ponce parque de historic firehouse ponce ponce indigenous ceremonial center native indian museum ponce attractions arroyo puerto_rico arroyo punta de_las light faro punta de_las tren del_sur coamo de coamo los de coamo thermal baths church san blas de coamo file thumb px right church san blas de coamo san blas de church coamo guayama dam guayanilla castle castle la beach juana diaz three kings festival n caves patillas puerto_rico patillas caribbean paradise villa beach uelas forest unknown soldier monument ponce_puerto_rico ponce grand prix ponce carnival salinas puerto_rico salinas central sugar cane mill santa isabel puerto_rico santa isabel beach patron celebrations toro negro state negro forest reserve festival yauco lake national coffee festival nacional del southern ecological tourist zone july governor signed law puerto_rico house bill creating zona tur_stica del_sur english southern ecological tourist zone composed four municipalities porta_caribe tourist region uelas guayanilla yauco nica high ecological value areand contributions areas dry forests caves diversity water forms coffee hacienda zona tur_stica el_del sur july accessed january similar october governor luis created called ruta del_sur english southern route political move show support development municipalities southern puerto_rico ruta del_sur included nine municipalities nica yauco ponce guayanilla uelas arroyo salinas juana santa isabel one goals development n para el_de yauco el sur la vista ponce_puerto november stands integral del_sur english southern integral development private organization created seeks promote maximize competitiveness municipalities make southern region puerto_rico consists southern municipalities follows adjuntas arroyo coamo nica guayama guayanilla jayuya juana patillas uelas ponce isabel yauco crisis fiscal n la vista jason perla del_sur ponce_puerto_rico retrieved_november organization seeks make area promoting conventions well de ponce turismo de jason perla del_sur ponce_puerto_rico june page retrievedecember college puerto_rico created cola english agricultural route runs salinas santa isabel juana diaz ending ponce purpose create new magnet tourism la cola el turismo rural zona sur jason perla del_sur ponce_puerto_rico retrieved_november oficina del plan de de terrenos office land use planning government puerto_rico defines southern region including municipalities arroyo coamo guayama guayanilla juana uelas ponce isabel yauco see_also porta_caribe official_website national_register historic_places listings southern puerto_rico national_register historic_places listings porta puerto_rico southern region beaches porta_caribe category_tourism puerto_rico category_tourism regions"},{"title":"Porta Cordillera","description":"file porta cordillerasvg thumb px right municipalities of porta cordillera porta cordillera is a land locked tourism region in the central mountainous region of puerto rico it consists of municipalities in the south central zone aguas buenas cidra puerto rico cidra cayey comer o aibonito naranjito puerto rico naranjito barranquitas corozal puerto ricorozal orocovis morovis ciales jayuya florida puerto rico florida utuado adjuntas and lares puerto rico lares tourism co brands town mountain region as porta cordillera michelle kantrow news is my business july retrieved october the zone is known for itstunning natureserves forests coffee plantations lakes rivers and caves as well as its protected karst area porta cordillera nueva zona tur stica de la isla july inter newservicel vocero de puerto rico san juan puerto rico retrieved october puerto rico s ruta panor mica notably cuts through theart of this region porta cordillera was established in july by the puerto rico tourism company the name translates to doorway to the cordillera where cordillera refers to puerto rico s cordillera central puerto ricordillera central the central mountain range of the island utuado and aguas buenas are not part of the cordillera central buthey are part of the tourism zonevertheless nace la ruta porta cordillera la compa de turismo bautiz el distrito especial tur stico de la monta que agrupa municipios july el nuevo dia guaynabo puerto rico retrieved october adjuntas and jayuya were part of the porta caribe region since the creation of that zone but was moved to the porta cordillera region puerto rico tourismunicipalities in the regions now the south is known as porta caribe porta caribe official website retrieved october the creation of the tourist region was the result of puerto rico law of august representative for district which comprises of the towns in the zone barranquitas corozal naranjito and comer o rafael june riverauthored the bill that became law nace la ruta porta cordillera la compa de turismo bautiz el distrito especial tur stico de la monta que agrupa municipios july el nuevo dia guaynabo puerto rico retrieved october when the ragion was created in july the puerto rico tourism company already endorsed rooms in lodgings located in adjuntas cidra jayuyand utuado nace la ruta porta cordillera la compa de turismo bautiz el distrito especial tur stico de la monta que agrupa municipios july el nuevo dia guaynabo puerto rico retrieved october on the western end of porta cordillera is the historical town of lares known for sparking the famous rebellion against colonial spanish rule porta cordillera s attractions also include the caguana ceremonial ball courtsite caguana indian ceremonial center in utuado nearby is also lago dos bocas where complimentary boats ferry visitors to lakeside creole restaurants as well as r o abajo state forest and cueva ventana the toro negro state forest which is extends over five municipalities also spans into the porta cordillera towns of jayuya orocovis and ciales and providespectacular views from the highest elevation in puerto rico including monte jayuyaibonito has mirador piedra degetau piedra degetau rock lookout and offersome great photopportunities aibonito is also home to annual flower festival held everyear athend of june carite national forest has many natural wonders as well as many restaurants perched along the mountain slopes the region also includes ruta delech n pork route in guavate state foresthe lech n asado is a spit roasted pig meal with all the local fixings porta cordillera is home to the time honored puerto rican j baro jibarito and the region brushes into the monumento al j baro puertorrique officially located in the porta caribe municipality of salinas puerto rico salinas but long claimed by porta cordillera s town of cayey other attractions adjuntas casa pueblo puerto rico casa pueblo inab n waterfall aibonito casa manresaibonito la trinchera de asomante jayuya hacienda gripi as toro negro state forest cemi museum and written stone see also porta caribe porta del sol category tourism in puerto rico category tourism 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oversees the conservation and management of hectares along the rio sapo in moraz n department located in the northeast of el salvador the rio sapo area is particularly significant due to thecosystem surrounding it which includeseveral pine forestspecies of threatened florand faunand species of endangered fauna part of prodetur s purpose is to ensure the protection of these rare species by constant monitoring the protection of the rio sapo area was initiated in but also included the installment of tourist servicesuch as those offered by prodetur since then prodetur has attracted tourist attention while athe same time stressing a community wide conservation and management of the natural resources the protection of the rio sapo area is ensured through development of environmental friendly infrastructurenvironmental education research of the rio sapo ecosystem and the use of clean technologies donors andevelopment initiatives the funds to implement prodetur programs are provided by the 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constellation full capacity meals day tover passengers officers crew comparable provisions small_town might consume one_week see_also constellation consumption celebrity cruises uss constitution list provisions uss constitution references information provided celebrity literature celebrity cruises web_page_category foodservice category cruise_ships"},{"title":"PTDC","description":"image ptdc logopng thumb right logof ptdc file miandam ptdcjpg thumb right px ptdc miandam swat valley ptdc or pakistan tourism development corporation is an organization of the government of pakistan the ptdc is governed by the board of directors ptdc provides transportation to various areas and owns and runseveral motels across the country image malam jabba ski resortjpg thumb right px a motel of ptdc at malam jabba ski resort in swat valley development and improvement of ptdc tourist information centres hotels and motels throughout pakistan to attract domestic and international tourists to produce publicity and promotional material for distribution at home and abroad to conduct promotional programmes activities and events for attracting tourists to create awareness of tourism throughouthe private sector pakistan missions abroad pia offices tour operators travel agents and hoteliers to provide familiarization and package tours touristransportation and ground handling to group tours to hold conferenceseminars and workshops to promote and create awareness of tourism and to improve the image of pakistan planning development identification and implementation of projects dealing with tourism infrastructure such as motels recreational units resorts etc publicity promotion of tourist products and projects production of tourist literature domestic and foreign publicity operation of ahp ltd a public limited company which manages and operates flashman s hotel in rawalpindi management of all hospitality units operated by ptdc motels pvt lt in various tourist destinations of the country where the private sector ishy to invest management of pakistan tours pvt ltd which provides ground handling and transport facilities for international andomestic groups ptdc runs motels at a number of locations throughouthe country to provide quality low cost accommodation for visitors these motels are located athe following locations astakhalti lake khalti ghizer ayubia islamabad booni besham chitral karimabad hunza karimabad hunza princely state hunza khuzdar baluchistan miandam swat princely state swat saidu sharif swat princely state swat panakot satpara sust hunza princely state hunza torkham near peshawar wagah near lahore ziarat quetta naran kaghan valley naran shogran skardu gilgit baltistan see also pearl continental hotels resorts in pakistan externalinks pakistan tourism development corporation homepage retrieved july tourism development corporation of punjab pakistan homepage retrieved july official website for ptdc motels room reservation retrieved july khyber pakhtunkhwa tourism development corporation government of khyber pakhtunkhwa pakistan retrieved july tourism development corporation of sindh pakistan retrieved july tourist attractions in balochistan pakistan retrieved july baluchistan tourism development corporation pakistan retrieved july azad kashmir tourist destinations retrieved july retrieved july category tourism in pakistan category government owned companies of pakistan category hospitality companies of pakistan category motels category pakistan federal departments and agencies category tourism 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programmes activities events attracting tourists create awareness tourism throughouthe private_sector pakistan missions abroad offices tour_operators travel_agents hoteliers provide package tours ground handling group tours hold workshops promote create awareness tourism improve image pakistan planning development identification implementation projects dealing tourism infrastructure motels recreational units resorts etc publicity promotion tourist products projects production tourist literature domestic foreign publicity operation ltd public limited company manages operates hotel_management hospitality units operated ptdc motels various tourist_destinations country private_sector invest management pakistan tours ltd provides ground handling transport facilities international andomestic groups ptdc runs motels number locations throughouthe_country provide quality low_cost accommodation visitors motels located_athe following locations lake islamabad hunza hunza princely state hunza swat princely state swat swat princely state swat hunza princely state hunza near peshawar near lahore valley gilgit baltistan see_also pearl continental hotels_resorts pakistan externalinks pakistan_tourism_development corporation homepage retrieved_july tourism_development corporation punjab pakistan homepage retrieved_july official_website ptdc motels room reservation retrieved_july khyber tourism_development corporation government khyber pakistan retrieved_july tourism_development corporation pakistan retrieved_july tourist_attractions pakistan retrieved_july tourism_development corporation pakistan retrieved_july kashmir tourist_destinations retrieved_july_retrieved july category_tourism pakistan category_government owned companies pakistan category_hospitality companies pakistan category motels category pakistan federal departments agencies_category_tourism agencies"},{"title":"Pub","description":"file pubwilliamsarpixjpg thumb a thatching thatched country pub the williams arms near brauntonorth devon england file pubcamdentownjpg thumb a city pub world s end camden the world s end camden town london file london traditional pub westminster beerjpg thumb right a large selection of beers and ales in a traditional pub in london file henry singleton the ale house door c jpg thumb right uprighthe ale house door painting of c by henry singleton painter henry singleton a pub or public house is an establishment licensed to sell alcoholic drink s which traditionally include beer ale and cider it is a relaxed social drinking establishment and a prominent part of british culture british public house britannicacom subscription required retrieved july culture of ireland food andrink irish breton culture of new zealand new zealand culture of canada canadian culture of south africa south africand australian culture s australian drinking culture convict creations retrieved april in many placespecially in villages a pub is the focal point of the community in his th century diary samuel pepys described the pub as theart of england pubs can be traced back to roman tavern s through the anglo saxon alehouse to the development of the tied house system in the th century in king richard ii of england introduced legislation that pubs had to display a sign outdoors to make them easily visible for passing ale taster s who would assess the quality of ale sold most pubs focus on offering beers ales and similar drinks as well pubs often sell wines liquor spirits and soft drinks meal s and snacks the owner tenant or manager licensee is known as the pub landlord or publican referred to as their local by regulars pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work the availability of a particular beer or ale or a good selection good food a social atmosphere the presence ofriends and acquaintances and the availability of recreational activitiesuch as a darts team a skittlesport skittles team and a billiards pool or snooker table the pub quiz was established in the uk in the s the inhabitants of the british isles have been drinking ale since the bronze age but it was withe arrival of the roman empire on itshores in the st century and the construction of the roman road networks thathe first inns called taberna e in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear after the departure of roman authority in the th century and the fall of the romano british kingdoms the anglo saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings the anglo saxon alewife trade alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brewas ready these alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities herein lies the origin of the modern public house or pub as it is colloquially called in england they rapidly spread across thengland kingdom becoming so commonplace that in edgar of england king edgar decreed thathere should be no more than one alehouse per village file ye olde fighting cocks jpg thumb ye olde fighting cocks in st albans hertfordshire whicholds the guinness book of records guinness world record for the oldest pub in england a traveller in thearly middle ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries but later a demand for hostelries grewithe popularity of pilgrimage s and travel the hostellers of london were granted guild status in and in the guild became the worshipful company of innholders a survey in of drinking establishment in england wales for taxation purposesmonckton herbert anthony a history of english ale and beer bodley head p recorded alehouses inns and taverns representing one pub for every people file jan steen peasants before an innjpg thumb peasants before an inn by dutch artist jan steen c inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and usually food andrink they are typically located in the country or along a highway in europe they possibly first sprang up when the ancient rome romans built a system of roman roads two millenniago some inns in europe are several century centuries old in addition to providing for the needs of travellers inns traditionally acted as community gathering places in europe it is the provision of accommodation pub rooms pub accommodation if anything that now distinguishes inns from tavern s alehouse s and pubs the latter tend to provide alcohol and in the uk soft drinks and often food but less commonly accommodation inns tend to be older and grander establishments historically they provided not only food and lodging but also stable stabling and fodder for the traveller s horse s and on some roads freshorses for the mail coach famous london inns include the george southwark and the tabard there is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment many pubs use inn in their nameither because they are long established former coaching inn s or to summon up a particular kind of image or in many casesimply as a pun on the word in as in the welcome inn the name of many pubs in scotland the original services of an inn are now also available at other establishmentsuch as hotels lodges and motel s which focus more on lodging customers than on other services although they usually provide meals pubs which are primarily alcohol serving establishments and restaurants and taverns which serve food andrink inorth america the lodging aspect of the word inn lives on in hotel brand names like holiday inn and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers the inns of court and inns of chancery in london started as ordinary inns where barrister s meto do business but became institutions of the legal profession in england wales beer houses and the beer actraditional english ale was made solely from fermented malthe practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the netherlands in thearly th century alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale but independent breweries began to appear in the late th century by thend of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries the th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments primarily due to the introduction of gin was broughto england by the dutch after the glorious revolution of and became very popular after the government created a market for cuckoo grain or cuckoo malthat was unfito be used in brewing andistilling by allowing unlicensed gin and beer production while imposing a heavy duty economics duty on all imported spirits as thousands of gin shopsprang up all over england brewers fought back by increasing the number of alehouses by the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer and because of its cheapness it became popular withe poor leading to the so called gin craze over half of the drinking establishments in london were gin shops the drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin waseen to lead to ruination andegradation of the working classes the distinction was illustrated by william hogarth in his engravings beer street and gin lane beer street and gin lane gin lane british museum the gin act imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets the prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in the gin act however was more successful it forcedistillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates by thearly th century encouraged by lower duties on gin the gin houses or gin palaces had spread from london to most cities and towns in britain with most of the new establishments illegal and unlicensed these bawdy loud and unruly drinking densoften described by charles dickens in hisketches by boz published increasingly came to be held as unbridled cesspits of immorality or crime and the source of much ill health and alcoholism among the working classes under a banner of reducing public drunkenness the beer act of introduced a new lower tier of premises permitted to sell alcohol the beer houses athe time beer was viewed as harmless nutritious and even healthyoung children were often given what was described asmall beer which was brewed to have a low alcohol content as the local water was often unsafeven thevangelical church and temperance movement in the united kingdom temperance movement s of the day viewed the drinking of beer very much as a secondary evil and a normal accompanimento a meal the freely available beer was thus intended to wean the drinkers off thevils of gin or so the thinking went file farriers arms pub geographorguk jpg thumb right a victorian beer house now a public house in rotherhithe greater london under the act any householder who paid rates could apply with a one off payment of two guinea british coin guineas roughly equal in value today to sell beer or cider in his home usually the front parlour and even to brew his own on his premises the permission did not extend to the sale of spirits and fortified wines and any beer house discovered selling those items was closedown and the owner heavily fined beer houses were not permitted topen on sundays the beer was usually served in jugs or dispensedirectly from tapped wooden barrels on a table in the corner of the room often profits were so high the owners were able to buy the house next door to live in turning every room in their former home into bars and lounges for customers in the first year beer houses opened and within eight years there were across the country far outnumbering the combined total of long established taverns pubs inns and hotels because it waso easy tobtain permission and the profits could be huge compared to the low cost of gaining permission the number of beer houses was continuing to rise and in some towns nearly every other house in a street could be a beer house finally in the growthad to be checked by magisterial control and new licensing laws were introduced only then was it made harder to get a licence and the licensing laws which operate today were formulated although the new licensing laws prevented new beer houses from being created those already in existence were allowed to continue and many did not close until nearly thend of the th century a very small numberemained into the st century the vast majority of the beer houses applied for the new licences and became full pubs these usually small establishments can still be identified in many townseemingly oddly located in the middle of otherwise terraced housing part way up a street unlike purpose built pubs that are usually found on corners oroad junctions many of today s respected reale micro brewers in the uk started as home based beer house brewers under the acthe beer houses tended to avoid the traditional pub names like the crown the red lion the royal oak etc and if they did not simply name their place smith s beer house they would apply topical pub names in an efforto reflecthe mood of the times licensing laws file pubbsmjpg thumb the interior of a typical english pub file pub london wikimania ye olde cock tavernjpg thumb people drinking at ye olde cock tavern in london england there was already regulation public drinking spaces in the th and th centuries and the incomearned from licences was beneficial to the crown tavern owners werequired to possess a licence to sell ale and a separate licence for distilled spirits from the mid th century on the opening hours of licensed premises in the uk werestricted however licensing was gradually liberalised after the s until contested licensing applications became very rare and the remaining administrative function was transferred to local authorities in the wine and beerhouse act reintroduced the stricter controls of the previous century the sale of beers wines or spirits required a licence for the premises from the local magistrates further provisions regulated gaming drunkenness prostitution and undesirable conduct on licensed premises enforceable by prosecution or moreffectively by the landlord under threat oforfeiting his licences were only granted transferred orenewed at specialicensing sessions courts and were limited to respectable individuals often these werex servicemen or ex policemen retiring to run a pub was popular amongst military officers athend of their service licence conditions varied widely according to local practice they would specify permitted hours which might require sunday closing or conversely permit all night opening near a marketypically they might require opening throughouthe permitted hours and the provision ofood or lavatories once obtained licences were jealously protected by the licensees who werexpected to be generally present not an absentee owner or company and even occasionalicences to serve drinks atemporary premisesuch as f tes would usually be granted only to existing licensees objections might be made by the police rivalandlords or anyonelse on the grounds of infractionsuch aserving drunks disorderly or dirty premises or ignoring permitted hours the sunday closing wales act required the closure of all public houses in wales on sundays and was not repealed until detailed licensing records were kept giving the public house its address owner licensee and misdemeanours of the licensees often going back for hundreds of years many of these recordsurvive and can be viewed for example athe london metropolitan archives centre a favourite goal of the temperance movement led by protestant nonconformists was to sharply reduce theavy drinking by closing as many pubs as possibledavid m fahey the politics of drink pressure groups and the british liberal party social science in jstor in prime minister hh asquith although a heavy drinker took the lead by proposing to close about a third of the pubs in england wales withe owners compensated through a new tax on surviving pubsdonald read edwardian england society and politics p the brewers controlled the pubs and organized a stiff resistance supported by the conservatives who repeatedly defeated the proposal in the house of lords however the people s tax of included a stiff tax on pubs beer and liquor consumption fell in halfrom to in part because there were many new leisure opportunitiescolin cross the liberals in power ppaul jennings liquor licensing and the local historian the victorian public house local historian the restrictions were tightened by the defence of the realm act of august which along withe introduction of rationing and the censorship of the press for wartime purposes restricted pubs opening hours to noon pm and pm opening for the fullicensed hours was compulsory and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police a landlord might lose his licence for infractions pubs were closed under the act and compensation paid for example in pembrokeshire there was a special casestablished under the state management scheme where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state until most notably in carlisle cumbria carlisle during the th century elsewhere bothe licensing laws and enforcement were progressively relaxed and there were differences between parishes in the s at closing time in kensington at pm drinkers would rush over the parish boundary to be in good time for last orders in knightsbridge before pm a practice observed in many pubs adjoining licensing area boundariesome scottish and welsh parishes remained officially dry on sundays although often this merely required knocking athe back door of the pub these restricted opening hours led to the tradition of lock in lock ins however closing times were increasingly disregarded in the country pubs in england wales by pubs could legally open from am noon sundays through to pm on sundays that year was also the firsto allow continuous opening for hours from am onew year s eve to pm onew year s day in addition many cities had by laws to allow some pubs to extend opening hours to midnight or am whilst nightclub s had long been granted late licences to serve alcohol into the morning pubs near london smithfield london smithfield market billingsgate fish market and covent garden fruit and flower market could stay open hours a day since victorian era victorian times to provide a service to the shift working employees of the marketscotland s and northern ireland s licensing laws have long been more flexible allowing local authorities to set pub opening and closing times in scotland thistemmed out of a late repeal of the wartime licensing laws which stayed in force until the licensing act which came into force onovember consolidated the many laws into a single acthis allowed pubs in england wales to apply to the local council for the opening hours of their choice it was argued thathis would end the concentration of violence around pm when people had to leave the pub making policing easier in practice alcohol related hospital admissions rose following the change in the lawith alcohol involved in admissions in critics claimed thathese laws would lead to hour drinking by the time the law came into effect establishments had applied for longer hours and had applied for a licence to sell alcohol hours a day however nine months later many pubs had not changed their hours although some stayed open longer athe weekend but rarely beyond am lock in a lock in is when a pub owner lets drinkerstay in the pub after the legal closing time on theory that once the doors are locked it becomes a private party rather than a pub patrons may put money behind the bar before official closing time and redeem their drinks during the lock in so no drinks are technically sold after closing time the origin of the british lock in was a reaction to changes in the licensing laws in england wales which curtailed opening hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the war effort since the uk licensing laws had changed very little with comparatively early closing times the tradition of the lock in thereforemained since the implementation of licensing act premises in england wales may apply to extend their opening hours beyond pm allowing round the clock drinking and removing much of the need for lock insince the smoking ban united kingdom smoking ban somestablishments operated a lock in during which the remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but unlike drinking lock ins allowing smoking in a pub wastill a prosecutable offence indoor smoking ban file smoke by a window in a pubjpg thumb uprightobacco smoke in a pub republic of ireland banned smoking in early in pubs and clubs in march a lawas introduced to smoking ban united kingdom forbid smoking in all enclosed public places in scotland wales followed suit in april with england introducing the ban in july pub landlords had raised concerns prior to the implementation of the law that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales after two years the impact of the ban was mixed some pubsufferedeclining sales while others developed their food sales the wetherspoon pub chain reported in june that profits were athe top end of expectations however scottish newcastle s takeover by carlsbergroup carlsberg and heineken was reported in january as partly the result of its weakness following falling sales due to the ban similar bans are applied in australian pubs with smoking only allowed in designated areasaloon or lounge fileagle city road london jpg righthumb uprightheagle city road london borough of islington london september file the pub on thestate geographorguk jpg thumb right an estate pub in outer london file breakfast creek hotel jpg thumb right breakfast creek hotel one of brisbane s most famous pubs by thend of the th century a new room in the pub was established the saloon beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort singingaming or sport balls pond road in islington was named after an establishment run by a mr ball that had a duck pond athe rear where drinkers could for a fee gout and take a potshot athe ducks more common however was a card room or a cue sports billiard room the saloon was a room where for an admission fee or a higher price of drinksinging dancing drama or comedy was performed andrinks would be served athe table from this came the popular music hall form of entertainment a show consisting of a variety of acts a most famous london saloon was the grecian saloon in theagle city road which istill famous because of a nursery rhyme up andown the city road in and outheagle that is the way the money goes pop goes the weasel this meanthathe customer had spent all his money atheagle and needed to pawnbroker pawn his weasel to get some moredavid kemp the pleasures and treasures of britain a discerning traveller s companion p dundurn press ltd the meaning of the weasel is unclear buthe two most likely definitions are a flat iron used for finishing clothing orhyming slang for a coat weasel and stoat a few pubs have stage performancesuch aserious drama stand up comedy musical bands cabaret or striptease however juke box es karaoke and other forms of precorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a pianor guitar and singing public bar by the th century the saloon or lounge bar had become a middle class room carpets on the floor cushions on the seats and a penny or twon the prices while the public bar or tap room remained working class with bare boardsometimes with sawdusto absorb the spitting and spillages known aspit and sawdust hard bench seats and cheap beer this bar was known as the four ale bar from the days when the cheapest beer served there cost pence d a quart later the public bars gradually improved until sometimes almosthe only difference was in the priceso that customers could choose between economy and exclusivity or youth and age or a jukebox or dartboard withe blurring of class divisions in the s and s the distinction between the saloon and the public bar was often seen as archaic and was frequently abolished usually by the removal of the dividing wall or partition while the names of saloon and public bar may still be seen on the doors of pubs the prices and often the standard ofurnishings andecoration are the same throughouthe premises fox kate passporto the pub tourist s guide to pub etiquette and many pubs now comprise one large room however the modern importance of dining in pubs encouragesomestablishments to maintain distinct rooms or areas the snug sometimes called the smoke room was typically a small very private room with access to the bar that had a frosted glass external window set above head height a higher price was paid for beer in the snug and nobody could look in and see the drinkers it was not only the wealthy visitors who would use these rooms the snug was for patrons who preferred noto be seen in the public bar ladies would oftenjoy a private drink in the snug in a time when it was frowned upon for women to be in a pub the local police officer might nip in for a quiet pinthe parish priest for his evening whisky or lovers for a rendezvous camra have surveyed the pubs in britain and they believe thathere are very few pubs that still have classic snugs these are on a historic interiors list in order thathey can be preservederbyshire spondon malt shovel heritagepubs camra retrieved august it was the pub that first introduced the concept of the bar counter being used to serve the beer until thatime beer establishments used to bring the beer outo the table or benches as remains the practice in for example beer garden s and other drinking establishments in germany a bar might be provided for the manager to do paperwork while keeping an eye on his or her customers buthe casks of ale were kept in a separate taproom when the first pubs were builthe main room was the public room with a large serving bar copied from the gin houses the idea being to serve the maximum number of people in the shortest possible time it became known as the public bar the other more private rooms had no serving bar they had the beer broughto them from the public bar there are a number of pubs in the midlands or the north which still retain thiset up buthese days the beer is fetched by the customer from the taproom or public bar one of these is the vine known locally as the bull and bladder in brierley hill near birmingham another the cock at broom bedfordshire a series of small roomservedrinks and food by waiting staff the cock at broom one of england s real heritage pubs in the manchester districthe public bar was known as the vault otherooms being the lounge and snug as usual elsewhere by thearly s there was a tendency to change tone large drinking room and breweries wereager to invest interior design and themingevans david g et al the manchester pub guide manchester and salford city centres manchester pub surveys pp isambard kingdom brunel the british engineer and railway builder introduced the idea of a circular bar into the swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly andid not delay his trains these island bars became popular as they also allowed staff to serve customers in several different roomsurrounding the bar beer engine a beer engine is a device for pump ing beer originally manually operated and typically used to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub s basement or cellar the first beer pump known in england is believed to have been invented by john lofting b netherlands d great marlow buckinghamshire an inventor manufacturer and merchant of london the london gazette of march published a patent in favour of john lofting for a firengine but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his for a beer pump whereas their majesties have been graciously pleased to grant letters patento john lofting of london merchant for a new invented engine for extinguishing fires which said engine have found every great encouragementhe said patentee hath also projected a very useful engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from to barrels an hour which are completely fixed with brass joints and screws at reasonable rates any person thath occasion for the said engines may apply themselves to the patentee at his house near sthomas apostle london or to mr nicholas wall athe workshoppe near saddlers wells at islington or to mr william tillcar turner his agent at his house in woodtree next door to the sun tavern london their majesties referred to were william and mary who had recently arrived from the netherlands and had been appointed joint monarchs a further engine was invented in the lateighteenth century by the locksmith and hydraulics hydraulic engineer joseph bramah strictly the term refers to the pump itself which is normally manually operated though electrically powered and gas powered pumps are occasionally used when manually powered the term handpump is often used to refer to bothe pump and the associated handle after the development of the large london porter beer porter breweries in the th century the trend grew for pubs to become tied house s which could only sell beer from one brewery a pub notied in this way was called a free house the usual arrangement for a tied house was thathe pub was owned by the brewery but rented outo a private individualandlord who ran it as a separate business even though contracted to buy the beer from the brewery another very common arrangement was and is for the landlord town the premises whether freehold english law freehold or leasehold independently of the brewer buthen to take a mortgage loan from a brewery either to finance the purchase of the pub initially or to refurbish it and be required as a term of the loan tobserve the solus tie a trend in the late th century was for breweries to run their pubs directly using managers rather than tenants most such breweriesuch as the regional brewery shepherd neame in kent and young s breweryoung s and fuller s brewery fuller s in london control hundreds of pubs in a particularegion of the uk while a few such as greene king are spread nationally the landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery in which case he she would be a manager of a managed house or a self employed tenant who has entered into a lease agreement with a brewery a condition of which is the legal obligation trade tie only to purchase that brewery s beer the beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company law company the beer orders passed in were aimed at getting tied houses toffer at least one alternative beer known as a guest beer from another brewery this law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry some pubstill offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers organisationsuch as wetherspoons punch taverns and o neill s were formed in the uk in the wake of the beer orders a pubco is a company involved in the retailing but nothe manufacture of beverages while a pub chain may be run either by a pubcor by a brewery pubs within a chain will usually have items in common such as fittings promotions ambience and range ofood andrink on offer a pub chain will position itself in the marketplace for a target audience one company may run several pub chains aimed at different segments of the market pubs for use in a chain are bought and sold in large units often from regional breweries which are then closedownewly acquired pubs are often renamed by the new owners and many people resenthe loss of traditional namespecially if their favourite regional beer disappears athe same time in about half of britain s pubs were owned by large pub companies brewery tap a brewery tap is the nearest outlet for a brewery s beers this usually a room or bar in the brewery itself though the name may be applied to the nearest pub the term is not applied to a brewpub which brews and sells its beer on the same premises particular kinds country pubs file thatching at ballylooby jpg thumb a family run pub in rural ireland file the crown inn chiddingfoldsc jpg thumb the crown inn chiddingfold a country puby tradition is a rural public house however the distinctive culture surrounding country pubs that ofunctioning as a social centre for a village and rural community has been changing over the lasthirty or so years in the past many rural pubs provided opportunities for country folk to meet and exchange often local news while others especially those away from village centres existed for the general purpose before the advent of motor transport of serving travellers as coaching inns whathe country pub is by tradition southern life uk in morecent years however many country pubs haveither closedown or have been converted to establishments intent on providing seating facilities for the consumption ofood rather than a venue for members of the local community meeting and convivially drinking the morecent developments of the country pub file the dutchouse geographorguk jpg thumb righthe dutchouse a typical s roadhouse facility roadhouse on the busy a road england a road in eltham greater london the term roadhouse facility roadhouse was originally applied to a coaching inn but withe advent of popular travel by motor car in the s and s in the united kingdom a new type of roadhousemerged often located on the newly constructed arterial road s and bypass road bypass es they were largestablishments offering meals and refreshment and accommodation to motorists and parties travelling by charabanc the largest roadhouses boasted facilitiesuch as tennis courts and swimming pools their popularity ended withe outbreak of the second world war when recreational road travel became impossible and the advent of post war drink driving legislation prevented their full recovery many of thesestablishments are now operated as pub restaurants or fast food outlets theme pubs that cater for a niche clientele such asports fans or people of certainationalities are known as theme pubs examples of theme pubs include sports bars rock and roll rock pubs biker bar biker pub s goth pubstripub s karaoke bar s and irish pub s the micropub movement in britain wastarted by martyn hiller micropubs are small community pubs with limited opening hours and focustrongly on local cask ale new statesman on micropubs it becameasier to start a small pub after the passing of the licensing act licensing act which becameffective in file thegeorgesouthwarksignjpg thumb uprighthe pub signboard sign of the george southwark depicting st george slaying a dragon in king richard ii of england compelled landlords to erect signboardsigns outside their premises the legislation stated whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign otherwise he shall forfeit his ale this was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors borough ale taster s who wouldecide the quality of the ale they provided william shakespeare s father john shakespeare was one such inspector another important factor was that during the middle ages a large proportion of the population would have been illiteracy illiterate and so pictures on a sign were more useful than words as a means of identifying a public house for this reason there was ofteno reason to write thestablishment s name on the sign and inns opened without a formal writtename the name being derived later from the illustration the pub sign file sign for the robin hood inn rowlands castle geographorguk jpg thumb left uprighthe robin hood inn rowland s castle shropshire thearliest signs were oftenot painted but consisted for example of paraphernalia connected withe brewing processuch as bunches of hops or brewing implements which were suspended above the door of the pub in some cases local nicknames farming terms and puns were used local events were often commemorated in pub signsimple natural oreligiousymbolsuch as the sun the star and the cross were incorporated into pub signsometimes being adapted to incorporatelements of theraldry eg the coat of arms of the localords whowned the lands upon which the pub stood some pubs have latinscriptions file the penny black pub sign sheep street geographorguk jpg thumb uprighthe penny black pub in oxfordshire depicting the first postage stamp which featured a profile of queen victoria other subjects that lenthemselves to visual depiction included the name of battles eg battle of trafalgar explorers local notables discoveriesporting heroes and members of the british royal family royal family some pub signs are in the form of a pictorial pun orebus for example a pub in crowborough east sussex called the crow and gate has an image of a crowith gates as wings a british pathe news film of shows artist michael farrar bell at work producing inn signs videof artist michael farrar bell producing inn signs from british pathe news most british pubstill have decorated signs hanging over their doors and these retain their original function of enabling the identification of the pub today s pub signs almost always bear the name of the puboth in words and in pictorial representation the moremote country pubs often have stand alone signs directing potential customers to their door pub names are used to identify andifferentiateach pub modernames are sometimes a marketing ploy or attempto create brand awareness frequently using a comic theme thoughto be memorable slug and lettuce for a pub chain being an example interesting origins are not confined told or traditional names however names and their origins can be broken up into a relatively small number of categories as many pubs are centuries old many of their early customers were unable to read and pictorial signs could be readily recognised when lettering and words could not be read pubs often have traditional names a commoname is the marquis of granby these pubs were named after john manners marquess of granby who was the son of john manners rduke of rutland a general in the th century british army he showed a great concern for the welfare of his men and on theiretirement provided funds for many of them to establish taverns which were subsequently named after him all pubs granted their licence in were called the royal george after kingeorge iii and the twentieth anniversary of his coronation many names for pubs that appear nonsensical may have come from corruptions of old slogans or phrasesuch as the bag o nails bacchanals the goat and compasses god encompasseth us brewer e cobham brewer s dictionary of phrase and fable th ed by ivor h evans london cassell p where it is thought unlikely and twother suggestions are given the cat and the fiddle chaton fid le faithful kitten and the bull and bush which purportedly celebrates the victory of henry viii of england henry viii at boulogne bouche or boulogne sur mer harbour image indoor quoitsjpg thumb right indoor quoits being played at a pub in parkend gloucestershire traditional games are played in pubs ranging from the well known dartskittlesport skittles dominoes card games cards and bar billiards to the more obscure aunt sally nine men s morris and ringing the bull in the uk betting is legally limited to certain gamesuch as cribbage or dominoes played for small stakes in recent decades the game of blackball pool bothe british and american versions has increased in popularity as well as other table based gamesuch asnooker or table football becoming common increasingly more modern gamesuch as video games and slot machine s are provided pubs hold special events from tournament s of the aforementioned games to karaoke nights to pub quizesome play pop music and hip hop dance bar or show association football and rugby union big screen televisionsports bar shove ha penny and bat and trap were also popular in pubsouth of london some pubs in the uk also have football teams composed of regular customers many of these teams are in leagues that play matches on sundays hence the term sunday league football bowling is found in association with pubs in some parts of the country and the local team will play matches againsteams invited from elsewhere on the pub s bowlingreen pubs may be venues for pub song s and live music during the s pubs provided an outlet for a number of bandsuch as kilburn and the high roads dr feelgood bandr feelgood and the kursaal flyers who formed a musical genre called pub rock united kingdom pub rock that was a precursor to punk music file pub grubjpg thumb right pub grub a pie along with a beer pint file pint of beer and black olivesjpg thumblack olives along with a pint of beer in a montreal pub some pubs have a long tradition of serving foodating back to their historic usage as inns and hotels where travellers would stay many pubs were drinking establishments and littlemphasis was placed on the serving ofood other than sandwiches and snack food bar snacksuch as pork scratchings pickled egg salted potato chip crisps and peanuts whichelped to increase beer sales in south east england especially london it was common until recentimes for vendorselling cockle bivalve cockles whelk s mussel s and other shellfish to sell to customers during thevening and at closing time many mobile shellfish stalls would set up near pubs a practice that continues in london s east end otherwise pickled cockles and mussels may be offered by the pub in jars or packets in the some british pubs would offer a pie and a pint withot individual steak and ale pies madeasily on the premises by the proprietor s wife during the lunchtime opening hours the ploughman s lunch became popular in the late s in the late s chicken in a basket a portion of roast chicken with chipserved on a napkin a wicker basket became popular due to its convenience family chain pubs which served food in thevenings gained popularity in the s and included berninn and beefeaterestaurant beefeater quality dropped but variety increased withe introduction of microwave ovens and freezer food pub grub expanded to include british food itemsuch as meat pie steak and ale pie shepherd s pie fish and chips bangers and mash sunday roast ploughman s lunch and pasty pasties in addition dishesuch as hamburgers buffalo wing chicken wings lasagne and chilli con carne are often served some pubs offer elaborate hot and cold snacks free to customers at sunday lunchtimes to preventhem getting hungry and leaving for their lunch at home since the s food has become a more important part of a pub s trade and today most pubserve lunches andinners athe table in addition tor instead of snacks consumed athe bar they may have a separate dining room some pubserve meals to a higher standard to match good restaurant standards these are sometimes termed gastropubs file listers arms geographorguk jpg thumb the listers arms a gastropub in malham north yorkshire a gastropub concentrates on quality food the name is a portmanteau of pub and gastronomy and was coined in when david eyre and mike belben took over theagle pub in clerkenwellondon the concept of a restaurant in a pub reinvigorated both pub culture and british dining thoughas occasionally attracted criticism for potentially removing the character of traditional pubs in the good food guide suggested thathe term has become irrelevant camra maintains a national inventory of historical notability and of architecturally andecoratively notable pubs the national trust for places of historic interest or natural beauty national trust owns thirty six public houses of historic interest including the george inn southwark george inn southwark london and crown liquor saloon the crown liquor saloon belfast northern irelandevans jeff the book of beer knowledgessential wisdom for the discerning drinker st albans camra books file sun inn leintwardine geograph by peter evans jpg thumb the sun inn herefordshire one of the few remaining parlour pubs file the crooked house dudley geographorguk jpg thumb the crooked house himley is known for thextreme lean of the building caused by subsidence produced by mining file ye olde man scythe bolton geographorguk jpg thumb ye olde man scythe bolton highest and remotesthe highest pub in the united kingdom is the tan hill north yorkshire tan hill inn yorkshire at above sea level the remotest pub on the british mainland is the old forge in the village of inverie lochaber scotland there is no road access and it may only be reached by an walk over mountains or a sea crossing contenders for the smallest public house in the uk include the nutshell bury st edmundsuffolk the lakeside inn southport lancashire the little gem aylesford kenthe smiths arms godmanstone dorsethe signal box inn cleethorpes lincolnshire the list includes a small number of parlour pubs one of which is the sun inn in leintwardine herefordshire the largest pub in the uk is the moon under water manchester the moon under water manchester city centre manchester as are many wetherspoons pubs it is in a converted movie theater cinema oldest a number of pubs claim to be the oldest surviving establishment in the united kingdom although in several cases original buildings have been demolished and replaced on the same site others are ancient buildings that saw uses other than as a pub during their historye olde fighting cocks in st albans hertfordshire holds the guinness world records guinness world record for the oldest pub in england as it is an th century structure on an th century site ye olde trip to jerusalem inottingham is claimed to be the oldest inn in england it has a claimedate of based on the fact it is constructed on the site of the nottingham castle brewhouse the present building dates from around likewise the nags head in burntwood staffordshire only dates back to the th century buthere has been a pub on the site since at least as it is mentioned in the domesday book there is archaeological evidence that parts of the foundations of the old ferryboat inn in holywell cambridgeshire holywell may date to ad and there is evidence of ale being served as early as ad the bingley arms bardsey west yorkshire bardseyorkshire is claimed to date to ad ye olde salutation inn inottingham dates from although the building served as a tannery and a private residence before becoming an inn sometime before thenglish civil war the adam and eve norwich adam and eve inorwich was first recorded in when it was an alehouse for the workers constructing nearby norwich cathedral ye olde man scythe in bolton greater manchester is mentioned by name in a charter of buthe current building is dated its cellars are the only surviving part of the older structure longest and shortest name the town of stalybridge in greater manchester is thoughto have the pubs with bothe longest and shortest names in the united kingdom the old th cheshire rifleman corps inn and the q inn united kingdom the average retail price of a pint of beer is of which p is duty and p is vat million barrels of beer are sold annually jan dec there were pubs in compared with in and in british beer and pub association statistics file the first and last pub john street omagh geographorguk jpg thumb the currently closed the first and last pub nexto the closed omagh railway station in countyrone northern ireland the number of pubs in the uk has declined year on year at least since various reasons are put forward for thisuch as the failure of somestablishments to keep up with customerequirements others claim the smoking ban of intense competition from gastro pubs the availability of cheap alcohol in supermarkets or the general economiclimate areither to blame or are factors in the decline changes in demographics may be an additional factor in the rate of pub closures came under the scrutiny of parliament in the uk with a promise of legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants the lost pubs project listed closed english pubs on july with photographs of over cultural associations inns and taverns feature throughout english literature and poetry from the tabard the tabard inn in chaucer s canterbury tales onwards file jamaica inn exteriorjpg thumb right jamaica inn in cornwall inspired a novel and a film the highwayman dick turpin used the swan inn at woughton the green in buckinghamshire as his base jamaica innear bolventor in cornwall gave its name to a jamaica innovel novel by daphne du maurier and a jamaica inn film directed by alfred hitchcock in the s john fothergill was the innkeeper of the spread eagle in thame berkshire and published his autobiography an innkeeper s diary london chatto windus my three inns includes those he kept in ascot and market harborough there are morecent editions of the diary during his idiosyncratic occupancy many famous people came to stay such as h g wells united states president george w bush fulfilled his lifetime ambition of visiting a genuine british pub during his november state visito the uk when he had lunch and a pint of non alcoholic lager bush being a teetotaler with british prime minister tony blair athe dun cow pub in sedgefield county durham in sedgefield uk parliament constituency blair s home constituency there were approximately public houses in the united kingdom this number has been declining everyear so that nearly half of the smaller villages no longer have a local pub many of london s pubs are known to have been used by famous people but in some casesuch as the association between samuel johnson and ye olde cheshire cheese this speculative based on little more than the facthathe person is known to have lived nearby however charles dickens is known to have visited the cheshire cheese the prospect of whitbye olde cock tavern and many othersamuel pepys is also associated withe prospect of whitby and the cock tavern the fitzroy tavern fitzroy tavern fitzrovia london w t na is a pub situated at charlotte street in the fitzrovia districto which it gives its name it became famous or according tothers infamous during a period spanning the s to the mid s as a meeting place for many of london s artists intellectual s and bohemianism bohemian such as dylan thomas augustus john and george orwell several establishments in soho london have associations with well known post war literary and artistic figures including the pillars of hercules pub pillars of hercules the colony room and the coach and horsesoho coach and horses the canonbury tavern canonbury was the prototype forwell s ideal english pub the moon under water file the red lion whitehallondon sw geographorguk jpg thumb righthe red lion in whitehall is close to the houses of parliament and is frequented by member of parliament members of parliament and political journalists the red lion in whitehall is close to the palace of westminster and is consequently used by political journalists and member of parliament members of parliamenthe pub is equipped with a division bell that summons mps back to the chamber when they arequired to take part in a vote the punch bowl mayfair was at one time jointly owned by madonna entertainer madonnand guy ritchie the coleherne public house in earls court was a well known gay pub from the s it attracted many well known patronsuch as freddie mercury kenny everett and rudolph nureyev it was used by the serial killer colin ireland to pick up victims in the blind beggar in whitechapel became infamous as the scene of a murder committed by gangsteronnie kray the ten bells public house ten bells is associated with several of the victims of jack the ripper in ruth ellis the last woman executed in the united kingdom shot david blakely as hemerged from the magdala in southill park london street southill park hampstead the magdala fancyapintcom retrieved february the bullet holes can still be seen in the walls outside it isaid that vladimir lenin and a young joseph stalin met in the crown and anchor pub now known as the crown tavern on clerkenwell green when the latter was visiting london in the angel islington was formerly a coaching inn the first on the great north road great britain great north road the main route northwards out of london where thomas paine is believed to have written much of the rights of man it was mentioned by charles dickens became a lyons corner house and is now a the coperative bank coperative bank oxford and cambridge theagle and child and the lamb flag oxford lamb and flag oxford weregular meeting places of the inklings a writers group which included j r tolkien and c s lewis theagle pub theagle in cambridge is where francis crick interrupted patrons lunchtime on february to announce that he and james d watson james watson hadiscovered the secret of life after they had come up witheir proposal for the structure of dna regis ed what is life investigating the nature of life in the age of synthetic biology oxford university press p the anecdote is related in watson s book the double helix and commemorated with a blue plaque on the outside wall fictional pubsoap operas file the queen vicjpg thumb the fictitious queen victoria pub eastenders london the major soap operas on british television each feature a pub and these pubs have become household namesoap box or soft soap audience attitudes to the british soap opera by andrea millwood hargrave with lucy gatfield may broadcasting standards commission p retrieved july the rovers return is the pub in coronation streethe british soap broadcast on itv network itv the queen victoria queen vic short for the victoria of the united kingdom queen victoria is the pub in eastenders the major soap on bbc one and the woolpack in itv s emmerdale the sets of each of the three major television soap operas have been visited by some of the members of the royal family including elizabeth ii of the united kingdom queen elizabeth ii the centrepiece of each visit was a trip into the rovers the queen vic or the woolpack to be offered a drink the bull in the bbc radio soap opera the archers is an important meeting point outside great britain file corner pub marsta swedenjpg righthumb a swedish pub serving irish beer file jpg thumb a pub in russialthough british pubs found outside of great britain and its former colonies are often themed bars owing little to the original british pub a number of true pubs may be found around the world in denmark a country like britain with a long tradition of brewing a number of pubs have opened which eschew theming and which instead focus on the business of providing carefully conditioned beer often independent of any particular brewery or chain an environment which would not be unfamiliar to a british pub goer some import british cask ale rather than beer in kegs to provide the full british realexperience to their customers this newly establishedanish interest in british cask beer and the british pub tradition is reflected by the facthat some british cask beers were available atheuropean beer festival in copenhagen which was attended by more than people in ireland pubs are known for their atmosphere or craic in irish a pub is referred to as teach t bhairne tavernhouse or teach il drinkinghouse live music either sessions of traditional irish music or varieties of modern popular music is frequently featured in the pubs of ireland pubs inorthern ireland are largely identical to their counterparts in the republic of ireland except for the lack of spirit grocers a sideffect of the troubles was thathe lack of a tourist industry meanthat a higher proportion of traditional bars have survived the wholesale refitting of irish pub interiors in thenglish style in the s and s new zealand sports a number of irish pubs the most popular term in english speaking canada used for a drinking establishment was tavern until the s when the term bar became widespread as in the united states in the s the term used was public house as in england but pub culture did not spread to canada fakenglish looking pub trend started in the s built into existing storefronts like regular bars most universities in canada have campus pubs which are central to student life as it would be bad form justo serve alcohol to students without providing some type of basic food often these pubs are run by the student s union the gastropub concept has caught on as traditional british influences are to be found in many canadian dishes on march malcolmcdowell with fellow english actor gary oldman in attendance to pay tribute received a star on the hollywood walk ofame aptly outside the pig n whistle british pub on hollywood boulevard it s aboutime movie veteran malcolmcdowell finally awarded a star on the hollywood walk ofame daily mail see also tavern bar campaign foreale pub crawl public houses in ireland list of award winning pubs in london list of microbreweries list of public house topics list of public houses in australia cornell martyn beer the story of the pint london headline haydon peter beer and britannian inebriated history of britain stroud sutton jackson michael smyth frank thenglish pub london collins wwwbreweryartistscouk a history of the brewery artists inn sign studio furthereading burke thomas the book of the inn being two hundred pictures of thenglish inn from thearliestimes to the coming of the railway hotel selected and edited by thomas burke london constable burke thomas thenglish inn englisheritage london herbert jenkins burke thomas thenglish inn revised the country books london herbert jenkins clark peter thenglish alehouse a social history harlow longman clark peter the alehouse and the alternative society in puritans and revolutionariessays in seventeenth century history presented to christopher hill historian christopher hill ed h pennington keithomas oxford clarendon press pp douch l old cornish inns and their place in the social history of the county truro d bradford barton everitt alan thenglish urban inn perspectives in english urban history palgrave macmillan uk pp the oxford companion to local and family history edavid hey describes this as the starting point for modern studies of inns everitt described most of the previous literature on the topic as a wretched farragof romantic legends facetious humour and irritating errors gutzke david w pubs and progressives reinventing the public house in england northern illinois university press hackwood frederick w inns ales andrinking customs of old england london t fisher unwin reissued london bracken books hailwood mark alehouses and good fellowship in early modern england boydell brewer ltd jennings paul a history of drink and thenglish routledge jennings pauliquor licensing and the local historian the victorian public house local historian martin john stanley chew s pub signs a celebration of the art and heritage of british pub signs worcester john martin monson fitzjohn g j quaint signs of olde inns london herbert jenkins reissued by senate london mutch alistair improving the public house in britain sir sydney nevile and social work business history nicholls james alcoholicensing in scotland a historical overview addiction albert richardson a e the old inns of england london b t batsford externalinks lost pubs project archive of closed english pubs category pubs category bartending category types of drinking establishment category types of restaurants category british culture category community 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worcester","worcester john","john martin","g j","j quaint","quaint signs","olde inns","inns london","london herbert","herbert jenkins","senate london","public house","britain sir","sir sydney","social work","work business","business history","history nicholls","nicholls james","historical overview","overview addiction","addiction albert","albert richardson","old inns","england london","london b","externalinks lost","lost pubs","pubs project","project archive","closed english","english pubs","pubs category","category pubs","pubs category","category bartending","bartending category","category types","drinking establishment","establishment category","category types","restaurants category","category british","british culture","culture category","category community","community centres"],"new_description":"file thumb thatching thatched country pub williams arms near devon england file thumb city pub world end camden world end camden town london_file london traditional pub westminster thumb right large selection beers ales traditional pub london_file henry singleton ale house door c jpg thumb right_uprighthe ale house door painting c henry singleton painter henry singleton pub public_house establishment licensed sell alcoholic drink traditionally include beer ale cider relaxed social drinking_establishment prominent part british culture british public_house subscription required retrieved_july culture ireland food_andrink irish breton culture new_zealand new_zealand culture canada canadian culture south_africa south_africand australian culture australian drinking_culture creations retrieved_april many villages pub focal point community th_century diary samuel described pub theart england pubs traced back roman tavern anglo_saxon alehouse development tied house system th_century king richard ii england introduced legislation pubs display sign outdoors make easily visible passing ale would assess quality ale sold pubs focus offering beers ales similar drinks well pubs often sell wines liquor spirits soft_drinks meal snacks owner tenant manager licensee known pub landlord publican referred local pubs typically chosen proximity home work availability particular beer ale good selection good_food social atmosphere presence ofriends acquaintances availability recreational activitiesuch team team pool table pub quiz established uk inhabitants british_isles drinking ale since bronze age withe arrival roman_empire st_century construction roman road networks thathe_first inns called taberna e travellers could obtain refreshment began appear departure roman authority th_century fall british kingdoms anglo established alehouses grew domestic dwellings anglo_saxon trade would put green bush pole let people know ready alehouses quickly evolved meeting houses folk socially congregate gossip arrange mutual help within communities lies origin modern public_house_pub colloquially called england rapidly spread across thengland kingdom becoming commonplace edgar england king edgar thathere one alehouse per village file olde fighting cocks jpg thumb olde fighting cocks st_albans hertfordshire guinness book records guinness_world_record oldest pub england traveller thearly_middle_ages could obtain overnight accommodation monasteries later demand popularity pilgrimage travel london granted guild status guild became company survey drinking_establishment england_wales taxation herbert anthony history english ale beer head p recorded alehouses inns taverns representing one pub every people file jan steen peasants thumb peasants inn dutch artist jan steen c inns buildings travellers seek lodging usually food_andrink typically located country along highway europe possibly first ancient_rome romans built system roman roads two inns europe several century centuries old addition providing needs travellers inns traditionally acted community gathering places europe provision accommodation pub rooms pub accommodation anything inns tavern alehouse pubs latter tend provide alcohol uk soft_drinks often food less_commonly accommodation inns tend older establishments historically provided food lodging also stable traveller horse roads mail coach famous london inns include george southwark tabard however longer formal distinction inn kinds establishment many_pubs use inn long established former coaching_inn particular kind image many pun word welcome inn name many_pubs scotland original services inn also_available hotels lodges motel focus lodging customers services although usually provide meals pubs primarily alcohol serving establishments restaurants taverns serve_food_andrink inorth_america lodging aspect word inn lives hotel brand_names like holiday_inn state laws refer lodging operators inns court inns london started ordinary inns business became institutions legal profession england_wales beer houses beer english ale made solely fermented practice adding produce beer introduced netherlands thearly_th century alehouses would brew distinctive ale independent breweries began appear late_th century thend century almost beer brewed commercial breweries th_century saw huge growth number drinking_establishments primarily due introduction gin broughto england dutch glorious revolution became_popular government created market cuckoo grain cuckoo used brewing allowing unlicensed gin beer production imposing heavy duty economics duty imported spirits thousands gin england brewers fought back increasing_number alehouses production gin increased six times beer became_popular withe poor leading called gin craze half drinking_establishments london gin shops drunkenness created gin waseen lead working_classes distinction illustrated william engravings beer street gin lane beer street gin lane gin lane british museum gin act imposed high taxes retailers led streets duty gradually reduced finally abolished gin act however successful sell licensed retailers brought gin shops jurisdiction local magistrates thearly_th century encouraged lower duties gin gin houses gin spread london cities towns britain new establishments illegal unlicensed loud drinking described charles_dickens published increasingly came held crime source much ill health alcoholism among working_classes banner reducing public drunkenness beer act introduced new lower tier premises permitted sell alcohol beer houses athe_time beer viewed even children often given described asmall beer brewed low alcohol content local water often church temperance movement united_kingdom temperance movement day viewed drinking beer much secondary evil normal meal freely available beer thus intended drinkers gin thinking went file arms pub geographorguk_jpg thumb right victorian beer house_public house greater_london act paid rates could apply one payment two guinea british coin roughly equal value today sell beer cider home usually front parlour even brew premises permission extend sale spirits fortified wines beer house discovered selling items closedown owner heavily fined beer houses permitted topen sundays beer usually served tapped wooden barrels table corner room often profits high owners able buy house next door live turning every room former home bars lounges customers first_year beer houses opened within eight years across country far combined total long established taverns pubs inns hotels waso easy tobtain permission profits could huge compared low_cost gaining permission number beer houses continuing rise towns nearly every house street could beer house finally checked control new licensing_laws introduced made harder get licence licensing_laws operate today formulated although new licensing_laws prevented new beer houses created already existence allowed continue many close nearly thend th_century small st_century vast_majority beer houses applied new licences became full pubs usually small establishments still identified many located middle otherwise terraced housing part way street unlike purpose_built pubs usually found corners many today respected reale micro brewers uk started home based beer house brewers acthe beer houses tended avoid traditional pub names like crown red_lion royal_oak etc simply name place smith beer house would apply pub names efforto reflecthe mood times licensing_laws file thumb_interior typical english pub file pub london olde_cock thumb people drinking olde_cock_tavern london_england already regulation public drinking spaces th th_centuries licences beneficial crown tavern owners werequired possess licence sell ale separate licence distilled spirits mid_th century opening hours licensed premises uk however licensing gradually contested licensing applications became rare remaining administrative function transferred local_authorities wine act reintroduced controls previous century sale beers wines spirits required licence premises local magistrates provisions regulated gaming drunkenness prostitution undesirable conduct licensed premises prosecution landlord threat licences granted transferred sessions courts limited respectable individuals often servicemen run pub popular_amongst military officers athend service licence conditions varied widely according local practice would permitted hours might require sunday closing conversely permit night opening near might require opening throughouthe permitted hours provision ofood obtained licences protected licensees werexpected generally present owner company even serve drinks f would usually granted existing licensees objections might made police grounds dirty premises permitted hours sunday closing wales act required closure public_houses wales sundays repealed detailed licensing records kept giving public_house address owner licensee licensees often going back hundreds years many viewed example athe london metropolitan archives centre favourite goal temperance movement led protestant sharply reduce theavy drinking closing many_pubs politics drink pressure groups british liberal party social science jstor prime_minister although heavy drinker took lead proposing close third pubs england_wales withe owners new tax surviving read england society politics p brewers controlled pubs organized resistance supported repeatedly defeated proposal house lords however people tax included tax pubs beer liquor consumption fell part many new leisure cross liberals power jennings liquor licensing local historian victorian public_house local historian restrictions defence realm act august along_withe introduction censorship press wartime purposes restricted pubs opening hours noon opening hours compulsory closing_time equally enforced police landlord might lose licence pubs closed act compensation paid example special state management scheme brewery licensed premises bought run state notably carlisle cumbria carlisle th_century elsewhere bothe licensing_laws enforcement progressively relaxed differences closing_time kensington drinkers would rush parish boundary good time last orders knightsbridge practice observed many_pubs adjoining licensing area scottish welsh remained officially dry sundays although often merely required athe back door pub restricted opening hours led tradition lock lock ins however closing_times increasingly country pubs england_wales pubs could legally open noon sundays sundays year also firsto allow continuous opening hours onew year eve onew year day addition many cities laws allow pubs extend opening hours midnight whilst nightclub long granted late licences serve alcohol morning pubs near london smithfield_london smithfield market fish market covent_garden fruit flower market could stay open_hours day since victorian_era victorian times provide service shift working employees northern_ireland licensing_laws long flexible allowing local_authorities set pub opening closing_times scotland late repeal wartime licensing_laws stayed force licensing act came force onovember consolidated many laws single allowed pubs england_wales apply local council opening hours choice argued thathis would end concentration violence around people leave pub making policing easier practice alcohol related hospital admissions rose following change alcohol involved admissions critics claimed thathese laws would lead hour drinking time law came effect establishments applied longer hours applied licence sell alcohol hours day however nine months_later many_pubs changed hours although stayed open longer athe weekend rarely beyond lock lock pub owner lets pub legal closing_time theory doors locked becomes private party rather pub patrons may put money behind bar official closing_time redeem drinks lock drinks technically sold closing_time origin british lock reaction changes licensing_laws england_wales opening hours stop factory workers turning drunk war effort since uk licensing_laws changed little early closing_times tradition lock since implementation licensing act premises england_wales may apply extend opening hours beyond allowing round clock drinking removing much need lock smoking ban united_kingdom smoking ban somestablishments operated lock remaining patrons could smoke without unlike drinking lock ins allowing smoking pub wastill offence indoor smoking ban file smoke window pubjpg thumb smoke pub republic ireland banned smoking early pubs clubs march lawas introduced smoking ban united_kingdom smoking enclosed public places scotland wales followed suit april england introducing ban july pub landlords raised concerns prior implementation law smoking ban would negative impact sales two_years impact ban mixed sales others developed food sales pub_chain reported june profits athe_top end expectations however scottish newcastle takeover reported january partly result weakness following falling sales due ban similar applied australian pubs smoking allowed designated lounge city road london_jpg_righthumb city road london_borough islington london september file pub thestate geographorguk_jpg thumb right estate pub outer london_file breakfast creek hotel jpg thumb right breakfast creek hotel one brisbane famous pubs thend th_century new room pub established saloon beer establishments always provided entertainment sort sport balls pond road islington named establishment run ball duck pond athe rear drinkers could fee gout take athe ducks common however card room sports billiard room saloon room admission fee higher price dancing drama comedy performed andrinks would served athe_table came popular music hall form entertainment show consisting variety acts famous london saloon saloon theagle city road istill famous nursery andown city road way money goes pop goes weasel customer spent money needed pawn weasel get kemp pleasures treasures britain traveller companion p press ltd meaning weasel unclear buthe two likely definitions flat iron used finishing clothing slang coat weasel pubs stage drama stand comedy musical bands cabaret however juke box karaoke forms music otherwise replaced musical tradition guitar singing public_bar th_century saloon lounge bar become middle_class room carpets floor seats penny prices public_bar tap room remained working_class bare absorb known hard bench seats cheap beer bar known four ale bar days cheapest beer served cost pence later public_bars gradually improved sometimes almosthe difference customers could choose economy youth age jukebox withe class divisions distinction saloon public_bar often_seen frequently abolished usually removal dividing wall partition names saloon public_bar may still seen doors pubs prices often standard throughouthe premises fox kate pub tourist_guide pub etiquette many_pubs comprise one large room however modern importance dining pubs maintain distinct rooms areas snug sometimes_called smoke room typically small private room access bar glass external window set head height higher price paid beer snug nobody could look see drinkers wealthy visitors would use rooms snug patrons preferred noto seen public_bar ladies would private drink snug time upon women pub local police officer might quiet parish priest evening whisky lovers rendezvous camra surveyed pubs britain believe thathere pubs still classic historic interiors list order thathey malt shovel camra retrieved august pub first introduced concept bar counter used serve beer thatime beer establishments used bring beer outo table benches remains practice example beer_garden drinking_establishments germany bar might provided manager paperwork keeping eye customers buthe ale kept separate first pubs builthe main room public room large serving bar copied gin houses idea serve maximum number people shortest possible time became_known public_bar private rooms serving bar beer broughto public_bar number pubs midlands north still retain buthese days beer customer public_bar_one vine known locally bull hill near birmingham another cock broom bedfordshire series small food waiting_staff cock broom one england real heritage pubs manchester districthe public_bar known vault lounge snug usual elsewhere thearly tendency change tone large drinking room breweries invest interior design david g manchester pub_guide manchester salford city centres manchester pub surveys pp kingdom_british engineer railway builder introduced idea circular bar station pub order customers served quickly andid delay trains island bars became_popular also allowed staff serve customers several different bar beer engine beer engine device pump ing beer originally manually operated typically used beer cask container pub basement cellar first beer pump known england believed invented john b netherlands great buckinghamshire inventor manufacturer merchant london london gazette march published patent favour john remarked upon recommended another invention beer pump whereas pleased grant letters john london merchant new invented engine fires said engine found every great said also projected useful engine starting beer liquors deliver barrels hour completely fixed brass joints reasonable rates person occasion said engines may apply house near apostle london nicholas wall athe near wells islington william turner agent house next door sun tavern london referred william mary recently arrived netherlands appointed joint engine invented century hydraulic engineer joseph strictly term refers pump normally manually operated though electrically powered gas powered occasionally used manually powered term often_used refer bothe pump associated handle development large london porter beer porter breweries th_century trend grew pubs become tied house could sell beer one brewery pub way called free house usual arrangement tied house thathe pub owned brewery rented outo private ran separate business even_though contracted buy beer brewery another common arrangement landlord town premises whether english law independently brewer buthen take loan brewery either finance purchase pub initially required term loan tobserve tie trend late_th century breweries run pubs directly using managers rather tenants regional brewery shepherd kent young fuller brewery fuller london control hundreds pubs particularegion uk greene king spread nationally landlord tied pub may employee brewery case would manager managed house self employed tenant entered lease agreement brewery condition legal obligation trade tie purchase brewery beer beer selection mainly limited beers brewed particular company law company beer orders passed aimed getting tied houses toffer least_one alternative beer known guest beer another brewery law repealed force dramatically altered industry offer regularly changing selection guest beers organisationsuch punch taverns neill formed uk wake beer orders company involved retailing nothe manufacture beverages pub_chain may run either brewery pubs within chain usually items common fittings promotions ambience range ofood andrink offer pub_chain position marketplace target audience one company may run several pub_chains aimed different segments market pubs use chain bought sold large units often regional breweries acquired pubs often renamed new owners many_people loss traditional favourite regional beer athe_time half britain pubs owned large pub companies brewery tap brewery tap nearest outlet brewery beers usually room bar brewery though name may applied nearest pub term applied brewpub brews sells beer premises particular kinds country pubs file thatching jpg thumb family run pub rural ireland file crown inn jpg thumb crown inn country tradition rural public_house however distinctive culture surrounding country pubs social centre village rural community changing years past many rural pubs provided opportunities country folk meet exchange often local news others especially away village centres existed general purpose advent motor transport serving travellers coaching_inns whathe country pub tradition southern life uk morecent years however_many country pubs closedown converted establishments intent providing seating facilities consumption ofood rather venue members local_community meeting drinking morecent developments country pub file dutchouse geographorguk_jpg thumb_righthe dutchouse typical roadhouse facility roadhouse busy road england road greater_london term roadhouse facility roadhouse originally applied coaching_inn withe_advent popular travel motor car united_kingdom new type often located newly constructed road bypass road bypass offering meals refreshment accommodation motorists parties travelling largest roadhouses boasted facilitiesuch tennis courts swimming_pools popularity ended withe outbreak second_world_war recreational road_travel became impossible advent post_war drink driving legislation prevented full recovery many thesestablishments operated pub restaurants fast_food outlets theme pubs cater niche clientele fans people known theme pubs examples theme pubs include sports bars rock roll rock pubs biker bar biker pub karaoke bar irish_pub movement britain wastarted small community pubs limited opening hours local cask ale new statesman start small pub passing licensing act licensing act file thumb_uprighthe pub_sign george southwark depicting st_george dragon king richard ii england landlords outside premises legislation stated shall brew ale town intention selling must hang sign otherwise shall ale make alehouses easily visible passing inspectors borough ale quality ale provided william shakespeare father john shakespeare one inspector another important factor middle_ages large proportion population would pictures sign useful words means identifying public_house reason reason write thestablishment name sign inns opened without formal name derived later illustration pub_sign file sign robin hood inn castle geographorguk_jpg thumb left uprighthe robin hood inn castle shropshire thearliest signs oftenot painted consisted example connected withe brewing brewing implements suspended door pub cases local farming terms used local events often pub natural sun star cross incorporated pub adapted coat arms whowned lands upon pub stood pubs file penny black pub_sign sheep street geographorguk_jpg thumb_uprighthe penny black pub oxfordshire depicting first stamp featured profile queen victoria subjects visual depiction included name battles battle explorers local heroes members british royal family royal family pub_signs form pictorial pun example pub east sussex called crow gate image gates wings british news film shows artist michael bell work producing inn signs videof artist michael bell producing inn signs british news british decorated signs hanging doors retain original function enabling identification pub today pub_signs almost always bear name words pictorial representation moremote country pubs often stand alone signs directing potential customers door pub names used identify pub sometimes marketing attempto create brand awareness frequently using comic theme thoughto memorable slug lettuce pub_chain example interesting origins confined told traditional names however names origins broken relatively small number categories many_pubs centuries old many early customers unable read pictorial signs could readily recognised lettering words could read pubs often traditional names marquis granby pubs named john manners granby son john manners rutland general th_century british army showed great concern welfare men provided funds many establish taverns subsequently named pubs granted licence called royal george kingeorge iii twentieth anniversary coronation many names pubs appear may come old slogans bag goat god us brewer e brewer dictionary phrase th_ed h evans london cassell p thought unlikely twother suggestions given cat fiddle faithful bull bush celebrates victory henry viii england henry viii boulogne boulogne sur mer harbour image indoor thumb right indoor played pub gloucestershire traditional games played pubs ranging well_known card games cards bar obscure aunt sally nine men morris bull uk legally limited certain gamesuch played small recent decades game pool bothe british american versions increased popularity well table based gamesuch table football becoming common increasingly modern gamesuch video_games machine provided pubs hold special_events tournament games karaoke nights pub play pop music hip_hop dance_bar show association football rugby union big screen bar penny bat trap also_popular london pubs uk also football teams composed regular customers many teams leagues play matches sundays hence term sunday league football bowling found association pubs parts country local team play matches invited elsewhere pub bowlingreen pubs may venues pub song live_music pubs provided outlet number kilburn high roads feelgood feelgood flyers formed musical genre called pub rock united_kingdom pub rock precursor punk music file pub thumb right pub grub pie along beer pint file pint beer black olives along pint beer montreal pub pubs long tradition serving back historic usage inns hotels travellers would stay many_pubs drinking_establishments placed serving ofood sandwiches snack food bar pork pickled egg salted potato chip increase beer sales south_east england especially london common recentimes vendorselling cockle shellfish sell customers thevening closing_time many mobile shellfish stalls would set near pubs practice continues london_east end otherwise pickled mussels may_offered pub british pubs would offer pie pint withot individual steak ale pies premises proprietor wife lunchtime opening hours ploughman lunch became_popular late late chicken basket portion roast chicken napkin basket became_popular due convenience family chain pubs served food gained popularity included beefeater quality dropped variety increased withe introduction microwave ovens freezer food pub grub expanded include british food_itemsuch meat pie steak ale pie shepherd pie fish chips mash sunday roast ploughman lunch addition dishesuch hamburgers buffalo wing chicken wings con carne often_served pubs offer elaborate hot cold snacks free customers sunday getting hungry leaving lunch home since food become important_part pub trade today lunches athe_table addition tor instead snacks consumed athe bar may separate dining_room meals higher standard match good restaurant standards sometimes termed gastropubs file arms geographorguk_jpg thumb arms gastropub north_yorkshire gastropub concentrates quality food name portmanteau pub gastronomy coined david mike took theagle pub concept restaurant pub pub culture british dining occasionally attracted criticism potentially removing character traditional pubs good_food_guide suggested thathe term become camra maintains national_inventory historical notable pubs national_trust places historic interest natural_beauty national_trust owns thirty six public_houses historic interest including george inn southwark george inn southwark london crown liquor saloon crown liquor saloon belfast northern jeff book beer wisdom drinker st_albans camra books file sun_inn leintwardine geograph peter evans jpg thumb sun_inn herefordshire one remaining parlour pubs file crooked house dudley geographorguk_jpg thumb crooked house known lean building caused produced mining file olde man bolton geographorguk_jpg thumb olde man bolton highest highest pub united_kingdom tan hill north_yorkshire tan hill inn yorkshire sea_level pub british mainland old forge village scotland road access may reached walk mountains sea crossing smallest public_house uk include bury st lakeside inn lancashire little gem arms signal box inn lincolnshire list includes small number parlour pubs one sun_inn leintwardine herefordshire largest pub uk moon water manchester moon water manchester city centre manchester many_pubs converted movie_theater cinema oldest number pubs claim oldest surviving establishment united_kingdom although several cases original buildings demolished replaced site others ancient buildings saw uses pub olde fighting cocks st_albans hertfordshire holds guinness_world_records guinness_world_record oldest pub england th_century structure th_century site olde trip jerusalem inottingham claimed oldest inn england based fact constructed site nottingham castle present building_dates around likewise head staffordshire dates_back th_century buthere pub site since least mentioned book archaeological evidence parts foundations old inn holywell holywell may date evidence ale served early bingley arms west yorkshire claimed date olde salutation inn inottingham dates although building served private residence becoming inn sometime thenglish civil_war adam eve norwich adam eve first recorded alehouse workers constructing nearby norwich cathedral olde man bolton greater_manchester mentioned name charter buthe current_building dated cellars surviving part older structure longest shortest name town greater_manchester thoughto pubs bothe longest shortest names united_kingdom old th cheshire corps inn inn united_kingdom average retail price pint beer p duty p million barrels beer sold annually jan dec pubs compared british beer pub association statistics file first last pub john street geographorguk_jpg thumb currently closed first last pub nexto closed railway_station northern_ireland number pubs uk declined year year least since various reasons put forward failure somestablishments keep others claim smoking ban intense competition pubs availability cheap alcohol supermarkets general areither blame factors decline changes demographics may additional factor rate pub came scrutiny parliament uk promise legislation improve relations owners tenants lost pubs project listed closed english pubs july photographs cultural associations inns taverns feature throughout english literature poetry tabard tabard inn canterbury tales onwards file jamaica inn thumb right jamaica inn cornwall inspired novel film dick used swan inn green buckinghamshire base jamaica cornwall gave name jamaica novel jamaica inn film directed alfred john innkeeper spread eagle berkshire published autobiography innkeeper diary london three inns includes kept market morecent editions diary occupancy many famous people came stay h g wells united_states president george w bush fulfilled lifetime visiting genuine british pub november state visito uk lunch pint non_alcoholic bush british prime_minister tony blair athe cow pub county durham uk parliament constituency blair home constituency approximately public_houses united_kingdom number declining everyear nearly half smaller villages longer local pub many london pubs known used famous people association samuel johnson olde cheshire cheese based little facthathe person known lived nearby however charles_dickens known visited cheshire cheese prospect olde_cock_tavern many also associated_withe prospect whitby cock_tavern fitzroy_tavern fitzroy_tavern fitzrovia london_w pub situated charlotte street fitzrovia gives name became famous according infamous period spanning mid meeting_place many london artists intellectual bohemian dylan_thomas augustus john george orwell several establishments soho london associations well_known post_war literary artistic figures including pillars pub pillars colony room coach coach horses tavern prototype ideal english pub moon water file red_lion geographorguk_jpg thumb_righthe red_lion close houses parliament frequented member parliament members parliament political journalists red_lion close palace westminster consequently used political journalists member parliament members pub equipped division bell back chamber arequired take_part vote punch bowl mayfair one_time jointly owned guy public_house earls_court well_known gay pub attracted many well_known mercury used serial killer colin ireland pick victims blind became infamous scene murder committed ten bells public_house ten bells associated several victims jack ruth ellis last woman executed united_kingdom shot david magdala southill park_london street southill park hampstead magdala retrieved_february bullet holes still seen walls outside isaid young joseph stalin met crown anchor pub known crown tavern clerkenwell green latter visiting london angel islington formerly coaching_inn first great north road great_britain great north road main route london thomas paine believed written much rights man mentioned charles_dickens became lyons corner house coperative bank coperative bank oxford cambridge theagle child lamb_flag oxford lamb_flag oxford meeting_places writers group included j r tolkien c lewis theagle pub theagle cambridge francis crick interrupted patrons lunchtime february announce james watson james watson secret life come witheir proposal structure dna regis ed life investigating nature life age synthetic biology oxford_university_press_p related watson book double blue plaque outside wall fictional operas file queen thumb queen victoria pub london major soap operas british_television feature pub pubs become household box soft soap audience attitudes british soap opera andrea lucy may broadcasting standards commission p retrieved_july return pub coronation streethe british soap broadcast itv network itv queen victoria queen vic short victoria united_kingdom queen victoria pub major soap bbc one itv sets three_major television soap operas visited members royal family including elizabeth ii united_kingdom queen elizabeth ii visit trip queen vic offered drink bull bbc radio soap opera important meeting point outside great_britain file corner pub righthumb swedish pub serving irish beer file_jpg thumb pub british pubs found outside great_britain former colonies often themed bars owing little original british pub number true pubs may found around world denmark country like britain long tradition brewing number pubs opened theming instead focus business providing carefully conditioned beer often independent particular brewery chain environment would unfamiliar british pub import british cask ale rather beer provide full british customers newly interest british cask beer british pub tradition reflected facthat british cask beers available beer festival copenhagen attended people ireland pubs known atmosphere irish_pub referred teach teach live_music either sessions traditional irish music varieties modern popular music frequently featured pubs ireland pubs inorthern_ireland largely identical counterparts republic ireland except lack spirit thathe lack tourist_industry meanthat higher proportion traditional bars survived wholesale irish_pub interiors thenglish style new_zealand sports number irish_pubs popular term english_speaking canada used drinking_establishment tavern term bar became widespread united_states term_used public_house england pub culture spread canada looking pub trend started built existing like regular bars universities canada campus pubs central student life would bad form justo serve alcohol students without providing type basic food often pubs run student union gastropub concept caught traditional british influences found many canadian dishes march fellow english actor gary attendance pay tribute received star hollywood walk ofame outside pig n whistle british pub hollywood boulevard movie veteran finally awarded star hollywood walk ofame daily_mail see_also tavern bar campaign_foreale pub crawl public_houses ireland list award_winning pubs london list microbreweries list public_house_topics list public_houses australia cornell beer story pint london peter beer history britain sutton jackson michael smyth frank thenglish pub london collins history brewery artists inn sign studio furthereading burke thomas book inn two hundred pictures thenglish inn coming railway hotel selected edited thomas burke london burke thomas thenglish inn englisheritage london herbert jenkins burke thomas thenglish inn revised country books london herbert jenkins clark peter thenglish alehouse social history longman clark peter alehouse alternative society seventeenth_century history presented christopher hill historian christopher hill ed h oxford clarendon press_pp l old inns place social history county barton alan thenglish urban inn perspectives english urban history palgrave macmillan uk pp oxford companion local family history describes starting_point modern studies inns described previous literature topic romantic legends humour errors david w pubs public_house england northern illinois university_press frederick w inns ales andrinking customs old england london fisher unwin london books mark alehouses good fellowship early modern england brewer ltd jennings paul history drink thenglish routledge jennings licensing local historian victorian public_house local historian martin john stanley pub_signs celebration art heritage british pub_signs worcester john martin g j quaint signs olde inns london herbert jenkins senate london improving public_house britain sir sydney social work business history nicholls james scotland historical overview addiction albert richardson e old inns england london b externalinks lost pubs project archive closed english pubs_category_pubs category bartending category_types drinking_establishment_category types restaurants_category british culture_category community centres"},{"title":"Punjabi dhaba","description":"file resturant of a gurdas maan fanjpg thumb px a punjabi dhabha punjabi dhaba is a roadside restaurant or cafe in either india or pakistan featuring punjabi cuisine these are found on highways and on the outskirts of cities towns and villages dhabas were initially started by enterprising punjabis to cater to the needs of truckers who were also initially mostly punjabis for authentic wholesome cleand hot punjabi food at any hour of the day or nighthey typically offer service dhaba roadsideateries are now a common feature on the punjab s national and state highways earlier frequented only by truck drivers today eating at a dhaba urban oroadside is a trend thus punjabi dhaba has become a part of the culture of the punjabi people origin it isaid thathe dhaba moves wherever a punjabi goes the first punjabi dhaba was probably established soon after the linking of the cities of india by highways national state and village roads though no records can be cited as to the first punjabi dhaba it can reasonably be assumed that such restaurants first flourished along the grand trunk road which ran from peshawar in the punjab now in pakistan through amritsar andelhi to calcutta there is now a large network of the punjabi emigrant community worldwide and many punjabis have openedhabas in far landsuch as at service stations on the trans canada highway network one joke goes that even if one were to visithe moone might find a punjabi dhaba punjabi dhaba cuisine punjabi food served in dhabas is wholesome and full of rustic flavour food iserved on big brass thali plates andrinks water lassi milk of several varieties or teas well ashorbasoups are served in a inch long brass glass two types ofood are served in the punjabi dhabas the non vegetarian cuisine which is the most popular and the vegetarian fare which is termed vaishno dhabas where only vegetarian food is cooked in pure ghee or clarified white butter dal makhni a shining blackish lentil named urad or mah is a popular dish in the vegetarian type of dhaba tandoor the tandoor also called tandooria or bhattis a barrel shaped clay or earthenware oven which makes the punjabi cuisine very special it is not only a versatile kitchen appliance for making roti s and naan s but also a social institution in rural punjab the community tandoor dug in the ground and either coal fired or morecently electrically heated is a meeting place just like the village well for the women folk who bring the kneaded atta dough and sometimes marinated meats to have them cooked while socializing until a few years ago this phenomenon existed in urbaneighbourhoods too even today a few neighbourhoods in delhi still have a community tandoor constituents of a punjabi cuisine most punjabi menus are made according to the season the universal favourite is chole bathure which is a yearound item and is available at every wayside dhaba it originated inorthern india but is now found anywhere india or other countries where the indian diaspora have migrated in large numbers buthe pride of the punjabi winter cuisine isarson ka saag curry made out of mustard leaveserved with blobs of white butter accompanied by makke di roti and lassi churned yogurthe various food articles that make up the delicious punjab cuisine vegetariand non vegetarian are the following wheat and maize the staple food grains allentils especially black gram and yellow gram rajma kidney beans and chickpea chanare a part of punjabi cuisine popular spices in punjabi cuisine are coriander cumin cloves cinnamon cardamom black peppered chili powder turmeric and mustard condiment mustard one of the main crops of punjab is mustard or sarson its leaves are used to make sarson ka saag curry made out of mustard leaves while itseeds are used for tempering and also for making mustard oil which is widely used as a cooking mediumilk isynonymous with punjab the land ofive rivers and all milk productsuch as dahi yogurt lassi churned wateryogurtempered with either salt or sugar paneer local cottage cheese cottage cheese cream butter and ghee butter oil butter is an important cooking medium apart from being consumed raw along withe food non vegetarian food especially chicken is a favorite all over punjab mutton and fish are also cooked all types of vegetables the delicious fares that are doled out in punjabhi dhabas using the above ingredients are innumerable vegetarian specialities the simple vegetarian meal served could be paratha of different kinds depending on the type of vegetable stuffing one wishes to have the aloo parathas potato parathas which are mashed potatoestuffed between flat bread made out of kneaded atta wheat flour is the most popular paratha s with cooked mashed and spiced vegetables astuffing such as gobi cauliflower are also popular for breakfast with yoghurt or curds or tea vegetarian meal for lunch or dinner consists of chana horse gramasala mixture channa pindi vegetables and lentilsarson ka saag palak paneer barwan kareland subz korma rajma kidney beans or kadhi curd curry punjabi food without dals would be incomplete and therefore sukhi dal dhuli uradal dal makhni and rajmah masala complement every meal the dals are made of whole pulses like black gram green gram and bengal gram they are cooked on a slow fire often simmered for hours till they turn creamy and then are flavoured with spices and rounded off with malai cream to get a rich finish paneer cottage cheese a low fat item dishes are a must in a vegetarian menu several delectable items are made out of the paneer the blanderivative of milk innovatively cooked as the kadai paneer and makhani paneer it is cooked with every kind of vegetable the popular dishes of such variety are palak paneer or saag paneer pureed creamed spinach withomemade cheese cubes mutter paneer etc naand paratha fried bread layered with cooked mashed and spiced vegetables fried on pan rotis made of maize flour makke di roti chappatis made out of the flour of maize and rumali rotis multilayered bread are typical punjabi breads khasta roti methi parathand lasooni garlic nan are also popular the simplest of the punjabi meal served in a dhaba could be tandoorias orotis or phulkas with dal and oraita raita ispiced yogurt with vegetables and muthi piaz onionsplit open by smashing them with a fist buthe universal favorite dish is the chole bathure which is a round the year item the basic gravy used for vegetables and meat dishes is onion tomato garlic ginger the popular starters are chaats pani puri sev puri among others and of course the dahi balle paneer dhuandar subz goolar kebab vegetarian kathi rolls etc pakori chaat spicyogurt and tomato salad studded with chunks of pakora fritters chicken tikka etc are the most popular dish the soups or shorbare alson offer the popular ones are kale chane aur dhaniya shorba for the vegetarians rice a predominantly wheating people the punjabis cook rice only on special occasions rice is rarely cooked plain or steamed and is always made with a flavouring of cumin or fried onionsada chawal plain rice is also an item served with other wheat basedishes vegetable biryani fried rice is also a favorite dish in winterice is cooked with jaggery gurwala chawal or with green peas or as a delicacy called rao ki kheer which is rice cooked on a slow fire for hours together with sugar cane juice nonvegetarian options authentic items include kadhai murg tandoori chicken tali machali amritsarara gosht chicken tikka masala peppery tandoori chicken anda paneer egg curry seekebabs butter chicken vegetariand non vegetarian kathi rolls etc non vegetarian popular starters include kebab s gosht pudhina sheek tangri and macchi hariyali tikkand chicken tikka murg yakhni shorband chicken shorbare popular soups most meat delicacies are usually eaten with plain rice phulka or tandoori roti without ghee or butter sweets or desserts phirni file firnijpg thumb firni or phirni a sweet dish made of milk rice flour and sugar and chilled in earthenware bowls gulab jamuns and burfi the desserts also include freshot jelebi with vanilla ice cream rasamalai and kesari kheer file patialassijpg thumb patialassi the saffron mixed buttermilk lassi of amritsar milk boiled with almonds pistachio andry dates in winter and the same mix boiled into a thick liquid and then solidified in a banana shaped mould in the form of a kulfi are also dessert items ofood panjiri whole wheat flour fried in sugar and ghee heavily laced with dry fruits and herbal gums is in eaten in the winters to ward off cold category punjabi cuisine category types of restaurants category transport culture of india category punjabi 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initially started punjabis cater needs also initially mostly punjabis authentic cleand hot punjabi food hour day typically offer service dhaba common feature punjab national state_highways earlier frequented truck_drivers today eating dhaba urban trend thus punjabi dhaba become part culture punjabi people origin isaid thathe dhaba moves wherever punjabi goes first punjabi dhaba probably established soon linking cities india highways national state village roads though records cited first punjabi dhaba reasonably assumed restaurants first flourished along grand trunk road ran peshawar punjab pakistan amritsar calcutta large network punjabi community worldwide many punjabis far service stations trans_canada highway network one joke goes even one visithe moone might find punjabi dhaba punjabi dhaba cuisine punjabi food_served dhabas full rustic flavour food iserved big brass thali plates andrinks water lassi milk several varieties teas well served inch long brass glass two types_ofood served punjabi dhabas non vegetarian cuisine popular vegetarian fare termed dhabas vegetarian food cooked pure ghee white butter dal named mah popular dish vegetarian type dhaba tandoor tandoor also_called barrel shaped clay oven makes punjabi cuisine special kitchen making roti also social institution rural punjab community tandoor dug ground either coal fired morecently electrically heated meeting_place like village well women folk bring dough sometimes marinated meats cooked socializing years_ago phenomenon existed even today delhi still community tandoor punjabi cuisine punjabi menus made according season universal favourite yearound item available every wayside dhaba originated inorthern india found anywhere india countries indian diaspora migrated large_numbers buthe pride punjabi winter cuisine saag curry made mustard white butter accompanied roti lassi various food articles make delicious punjab cuisine vegetariand non vegetarian following wheat maize staple food grains especially black gram yellow gram kidney beans part punjabi cuisine popular spices punjabi cuisine cinnamon black chili powder mustard condiment mustard one main crops punjab mustard leaves used make saag curry made mustard leaves used also making mustard oil widely_used cooking punjab land ofive rivers milk productsuch yogurt lassi either salt sugar paneer local cottage cheese cottage cheese cream butter ghee butter oil butter important cooking medium apart consumed raw along_withe food non vegetarian food especially chicken favorite punjab mutton fish also cooked types vegetables delicious fares dhabas using ingredients vegetarian specialities simple vegetarian meal served could paratha different kinds depending type vegetable one wishes potato mashed flat bread made wheat flour popular paratha cooked mashed spiced vegetables also_popular breakfast tea vegetarian meal lunch dinner consists horse mixture pindi vegetables saag paneer kidney beans curry punjabi food without would incomplete therefore dal dal every meal made whole like black gram green gram bengal gram cooked slow fire often hours till turn flavoured spices rounded cream get rich finish paneer cottage cheese low fat item dishes must vegetarian menu several items made paneer milk cooked paneer paneer cooked every kind vegetable popular dishes variety paneer saag paneer spinach cheese paneer etc paratha fried bread cooked mashed spiced vegetables fried pan made maize flour roti made flour maize bread typical punjabi breads roti garlic also_popular punjabi meal served dhaba could dal yogurt vegetables open buthe universal favorite dish round year item basic gravy used vegetables meat dishes onion tomato garlic ginger popular puri puri among_others course paneer kebab vegetarian rolls etc tomato salad fritters chicken tikka etc popular dish soups alson offer popular ones kale rice predominantly people punjabis cook rice special occasions rice rarely cooked plain always made fried plain rice also item served wheat vegetable fried_rice also favorite dish cooked green peas delicacy called rice cooked slow fire hours together sugar cane juice options authentic items include tandoori chicken chicken tikka tandoori chicken paneer egg curry butter chicken vegetariand non vegetarian rolls etc non vegetarian popular include kebab chicken tikka chicken popular soups meat usually eaten plain rice tandoori roti without ghee butter sweets desserts file thumb sweet dish made milk rice flour sugar bowls desserts also_include ice_cream kesari file thumb mixed lassi amritsar milk boiled almonds dates winter mix boiled thick liquid banana shaped form also dessert items ofood whole wheat flour fried sugar ghee heavily dry fruits herbal eaten winters ward cold category punjabi cuisine_category_types restaurants_category transport culture india_category punjabi culture"},{"title":"Quasi Universal Intergalactic Denomination","description":"the quasi universal intergalactic denomination quid is a proposed space currency created as a viral marketing campaign launched by travelex group travelex withe london based public relations and advertising firm talkpr the full name is a backronym from quid a slang term for the pound sterling british pound the campaign stated thatravelex was launching a new form of money for space tourism space tourists that had no sharp edges was chemically inert chemistry inert and had other advantages over paper money the quid after coming up withe idea of a space money campaign talkpr and travelex contacted the national spacentre whosemployees were presented with a number of mockups made by the campaign artists and were asked to select one thend result was a series of circular clear discs with colored centersymbolizing theight planet s of the solar system inside andenominations ranging from to each quid coin would have its own unique code number similar to the serial number on banknote paper currency to allow currency bill tracking and to prevent counterfeit ing travelex stated it planned to work withe bank of england to begin registering the quid as possiblegal currency in the future on october a one page presstatement announcing the quid was released and placed on the united press international press release newswire the campaign was launched in the midst of intense press coverage of the virgin galactic news the story was picked up by major news agencies in the uk and soon after the uscience magazines and technological blog writers weighed in on the topicalling it useless and nonsense further spreading the story statements by members of the nsc and the university of leicester who started the nsc were added to the campaign release when the campaign concluded nsc received the resulting coins and puthem on display in their space now display see also space adventurespace colonization commercial astronaut space tourism society list of private spaceflight companies externalinks dvice travelex quid intergalacticurrency for your nextrip into space res communis blog space law and space money category private currencies category space tourism category 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established but continued to trade under the name queensland governmentourist bureau on june the name was officially changed to queensland governmentravel centres category former government departments of queensland tourist category tourism in queensland category tourism 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agencies"},{"title":"Rave","description":"label related genres data labelocation data worldwide label types of street rave dance data label related events data label related topics data rave from the verb to rave is a large dance party at a nightclub dance club or festival featuring performances by disc jockeys dj s who select and mix a seamless flow of loud electronic dance music songs and tracks djs at ravevents play electronic dance music on vinyl cds andigital audio from a wide range of genres including acid house acid trance hardcorelectronic dance music hardcore breakbeat uk garage and free teknoccasionally live music live performers playing synthesizer or other electronic instruments will play electronic music the music is amplified with a large powerful sound reinforcement system typically withuge subwoofer s to produce a deep bassound the music is often accompanied by laser lighting display laser light shows image projector projected coloured images visual effects and fog machines the word rave was first used in the late s to describe the culture that started at many midlands universities including wolvehampton coventry ande montfort university movement while some raves may be small parties held at nightclub s or private homesome raves have grown to immense size such as the large festivals and events featuring multiple djs andance areas eg the castlemorton common festival in some list of electronic music festivals electronic dance music festivals have features of raves but on a larger often commercial scale raves may last for a long time with somevents continuing for twenty four hours and lasting all through the night law enforcement raids and anti rave laws have been used againsthe rave scene in many countries this due to the association of illegal club drugsuch as mdma ecstasy and party drugsuch as benzylpiperazine bzp and the use of non authorized secret venues for some ravesuch asquat parties at unused warehouses or aircraft hangars in parthis due to the mediattention and moral panic that has arisen when everave participants have adverse drug reactions origin of rave s in the late s in london the term rave was used to describe the wild bohemian parties of the soho beatnik set in buddy holly recorded the hit rave on citing the madness and frenzy of a feeling and the desire for it never to end the word rave was later used in the burgeoning mod subculture mod youth culture of thearly s as the way to describe any wild party in general people who were gregarious party animals were described as ravers pop musiciansuch asteve marriott of the small faces and keith moon of the who were self described ravers file mur ultim atom biobanasjpg thumb px a huge bank of speakers and subwoofer s from a rave sound reinforcement system presaging the word subsequent s association with electronic music the word rave was a common term used regarding the music of mid s garage rock and psychedelia bands most notably the yardbirds who released an album in the us called having a rave up along with being an alternative term for partying at such garagevents in general the rave up referred to a specificrescendo moment near thend of a song where the music was played faster more heavily and with intense soloing or elements of controlled feedback it was later part of the title of an electronic music performancevent held on january at london s roundhouse venue roundhouse titled the million volt light and sound rave thevent featured the only known public airing of an experimental sound collage created for the occasion by paul mccartney of the beatles the legendary carnival of light recording withe rapid change of british pop culture from the mod era of to the hippiera of and beyond the term fell out of popular usage during the s and early s until its resurrection the term was not in vogue one notablexception being in the lyrics of the song drive in saturday by david bowie from his album aladdin sane which includes the line it s a crash course for the ravers its use during that era would have been perceived as a quaint or ironic use of bygone slang part of the dated s lexicon along with wordsuch as groovy in atheight of the disco era new nightclub andiscoth que was opened inew york city the club studio created a new model for what a elaboratelite dance club the club spent hundreds of thousands of dollars on complex lighting systems and the dance floors had theatrical sets that could be changed for different events in the late s the club was the best knownightclub in the world the club played a formative role in the growth of dj fuelledisco music and nightclub culture the club was notorious for itsubjective and often restrictiventry policy frequent celebrity attendees andy warhol mick jagger etc and open drug use and promiscuity the perception of the word rave changed again the late s when the term was revived and adopted by a new youth culture possibly inspired by the use of the term in jamaica birth of acid house s file rave juiz de fora mgjpg thumb left px rave juiz de fora mg featuring bright psychedelic theming common at many raves in the mid to late s a wave of psychedelic and other electronic dance music most notably acid house music emerged from acid house music party acid house music parties in the mid to late s in the chicago illinois chicago area in the united states after chicago acid house artists began experiencing overseasuccess acid house quickly spread and caught on in the united kingdom altered state the story of ecstasy culture and acid house matthew collin contributions by john godfrey serpent s tail within clubs warehouses and free parties first in manchester in the mid s and then later in london in the late s the word rave was adopted to describe the subculture that grew out of the acid house movement activities werelated to the party atmosphere of ibiza mediterranean island in spain frequented by british italian greek irish and german youth on vacation who would hold raves andance parties the problem of rave parties michael scott center for problem oriented policing webpage popc rave growth of the scene s present file mtac prime rave danceogv thumb right px dancing at a rave in by the s genresuch as house music house trance music trance acid house acid trance oldschool jungle breakbeat hardcore electronic dance music hardcore techno and electronica were all being featured at raves both large and small there were mainstream events which attracted thousands of people up to instead of the that came to earlier warehouse parties acid house music parties were first re branded rave parties in the media during the summer of by genesis p orridge neil andrew megson during a television interview however the ambience of the rave was not fully formed until thearly s in the uk in raves were similar to football matches in thathey provided a setting for working class unification at a time of union movement in decline and few jobs many of the attendees of raves were die hard football fans in raves were also held underground in several citiesuch as berlin miland patras in basements warehouses and foreststimeline and numbers british politicians responded withostility to themerging rave party trend politicianspoke out against raves and began to fine penalty fine promoters who held unauthorized parties police crackdowns on these often unauthorized parties drove the rave scene into the countryside the word rave somehow caught on in the uk to describe common semi spontaneous weekend parties occurring at various locations linked by the brand new motorway m london orbital motorway that ringed london and the home counties it was this that gave the band orbital band orbital their name these ranged from former warehouses and industrial sites in london to fields and country clubs in the countryside file ozora festivaljpg thumb right px rave in hungary in showing the fantastical thematic elements at such events prior to the commercialization of the rave scene when large legal venues became the norm for thesevents the location of the rave was kept secret until the night of thevent usually being communicated through mobile messaging secret flyers and websites this level of secrecy necessary for avoiding any interference by the police on account of the illicit drug usenabled the ravers to use locations they could stay in for ten hours at a time it promoted the sense of deviance and removal from social controltammy l anderson understanding the alteration andecline of a music scene observations from rave culture sociological forum vol no accessed stable url in the s this level of secrecy still exists in the underground rave scene however after hours clubs as well as large outdoor events create a similar type of alternate atmosphere but focus much more on vibrant visual effectsuch as props and cor in morecent years large commercial events are held athe same locations year after year with similareoccurring themes everyear events likelectric daisy carnival and tomorrowland festival tomorrowland are typically held athe same venue that hold mass amounts of people some raves make use of paganism pagan symbolismodern raving venues attempto immerse the raver in a fantasy like world indigenous imagery and spirituality can be characteristic in the raving ethos in bothe new moon and gateway collectives pagan altars are set up sacred images from primitive cultures decorate the walls and rituals of cleansing are performed over the turntables and the dance floor scott r hutson the rave spiritual healing in modern western subcultures anthropological quarterly no accessed stable url this type of spatial strategy is an integral part of the raving experience because it sets the initial vibe in which the ravers will immerse themselves thisaid vibe is a concept in the raver ethos that represents the allure and receptiveness of an environment s portrayed and or innatenergy the landscape is an integral feature in the composition of rave much like it is in pagan rituals for example the numic ghost dancers rituals were held on specific geographical sites considered to hold powerful natural flows of energy these sites were laterepresented in the rhythmic dances in order to achieve a greater level of connectivityalex k carroll m nieves zedeno and richard w stoffle landscape of the ghost dance a cartography of numic ritual journal of archeological method and theory no recent advances in the archaeology of place part accessed stable url notable venues the following is an incomplete list of venues associated withe rave subculture sub club present serbia magacin depo nightclub magacin depo hangar nightclub hangar tube nightclub tube slovakia subclub spain amnesia nightclub amnesia present cream nightclub cream ibiza cream ibiza dc nightclub dc pacha groupresent privilege ibiza present sankeyspace ibiza nightclub space ibiza middleast egypt space sharm israel haoman lebanon b north americanada stereo nightclub the guvernment mexico magicircus united states beacham theatre aahz beacham theater catacombs nightclub philadelphia club glow club space masterdome paradise garage studio the saint club the saintunnel new york nightclub tunnel u street music hall warehouse nightclub warehouse australia club filter melbourne home nightclub chain mansionightclub new zealand the palladium niteclub file t stepgif thumb right step of the melbourne shuffle a sense of participation in a group event is among the chief appeals of rave music andancing to pulsating beats is its immediate outlet raving in itself is a syllabus free dance whereby the movements are freestyle dance not predefined and the dance is performed randomly dancers take immediate inspiration from the music their mood and watching other people dancing thus thelectronic rave and club dances refer to the street dance styles that evolved alongsidelectronic musiculture such dances are street dancesince they evolved alongside the underground rave and club movements withouthe intervention of dance studios these dances were originated in some scenes around the world becoming known only to ravers or clubgoers who attempto these locations they were originated at some pointhat certain moves had begun to be performed to several people athose places creating a completely freestyle yet still highly complex set of moves adaptable to every dancer change andance whatever they want based on these moves a common feature shared by all these dances alongside with being originated at clubs raves and music festivals around the world and in different years is that when youtube and other social media started to become popularound these dances began to be popularized by videos of raves performing them recording and uploading their videos therefore they began to be practiced outside their places of origin creating different scenes in several countries furthermore some of these dances began to evolve and these dance scenes are nototally related to the club rave scenes they were originated also the way of teaching and learning them have changed in the past if someone wanted to learn one of these dances the person had to go to a club rave watch people dancing and try to copy them nowith social media these dances are mostly taught on video tutorials and the culture spreads and grows inside those social media like flogger on fotolog rebolation sensualize and free step on orkut and cutting shapes on instagram due the lack of studies dedicated to those dances combined with poor and inaccurate information of them available on the internet it is hard to find reliable information class wikitable sortable style text align left font size list of electronic rave club dances name city country oforigin style width px year or closestimate of origin tempo bpm range and preferable music styles brisbane stomp brisbane australia to to hardcorelectronic dance music genre hardcore happy hardcore happy hardcore uk hardcore uk hardcore hard house melbourne shuffle melbourne australia to to hard trance hard trance hardstyle trance music trancelectro houselectro house progressive house progressive house muzza melbourne and sydney australia to hardstyle trance music trance psychedelic trance psy trance happy hardcore happy hardcore uk hardcore uk hardcore glowsticking rowspanew york city new york city usa to rowspan to trance music trance acid house acid house acid trance acid trance liquid andigits liquidigitz to nordictrack united states united states of america to gloving california usa to trance music trance dubstep glitchop glitchop trap music traprogressive house progressive house drum n basstep x outing hungary to drum and bass drum n bass and its variations flogger argentina to electro houselectro house progressive house progressive house dirty house dutchouse industrial cybergoth dance ruhr region germany to aggrotech synthpop electro industrial cutting shapes london england to deep house deep house techouse techouse techno big room house big room house progressive house progressive house tecktonik danse lectro paris france to complextro electro houselectro house progressive house progressive house hakken rotterdam netherlands to gabber house gabberhouse hardcorelectronic dance music genre hardcore hardstyle jumpstyle belgium to jumpstyle jump hardstyle hardcorelectronic dance music genre hardcorebolation brazil to psychedelic trance psy trance progressive house progressive houselectro houselectro housensualize rowspan s o paulo s o paulo brazil to electro houselectro house progressive house progressive house dutchouse dutchouse free step to complextro electro houselectro house progressive house progressive house image atomik reaktionjpg thumb left px cybergoth neon fashion under a nightclublack light while some ravers have natural dreadlocks cybergoths often create artificial neon dreadlocks in various colors file raversjpg thumb px phat pants worn by ravers in australia file rave glowsticking jpg thumb right px glowsticking in the loose casual and sports clothing was originally adopted by the acid houset earlier on in ibiza utilizing easy to dance in attire from hip hop and football soccer culture as well as clothing there developed a range of accessories carried by many ravers including vicks vaporub which ravers find pleasant under the influence of mdma pacifier s to satiate the need to grind one s teeth bruxism caused by taking mdmand glow stick s which adjuncthe mild psychedelia of mdma s effecthis led some clubs and event organizers to search participants on entry and confiscate such items due to it being evidence of drug use inside the venue recent global raveventsuch asensation event sensation have a strict minimalistic dress policy either all white or black attire this ties in withe initial plur approach upheld from earlierave culture in the united states and other countries rave fashion is characterized by colorful clothing and accessories most notably kandi jewellery that fluorescence fluoresce under ultraviolet lighthey contain words or phrases that are unique to the raver and they can choose to trade with each other using plur peace love unity respect in european countries this kandi culture is much less common most raves are illegal and take place outside or in poorly heated warehouseso keeping warm is a priority dreadlocks dyed hair and mohawks are popular as are tattoos and piercings clothing is vibrant and alternative often taking inspiration from new age punk rock punk and grunge style however there is no set dress code for the illegal rave scene since rave culture haseen such an explosion in the usince as the rave scene is no longer illegal or underground raves in the us are now so popular thathere are many brands retailers and websiteselling apparel costumes and accessories just for those who go to dress up at raves thistyle of attire along withentire rave culture is now spilling out into the mainstream especially in the usometimes called rave fashion or festival fashion it now includes all kinds of accessories to create unique looks depending on the person and event itemsuch as jewelry body chains temporary tattoos furry leg warmers also known as fluffiesunglasses fanny packs pasties light up itemspirit hoods and much more can be seen at any majoravevent around the us and globe there has also been a recentrend in the use of diffraction and kaleidoscope glasses in the festival industry to create or enhance an mdma or ecstasy experience light shows file yagatheringjpg thumb right px complex laser lighting show at a trance festival file aphex twin ilosaarirock jpg thumb left px the laser lighting display light show for thelectronic musician aphex twin some ravers participate in one ofour light orientedances called glowstickinglowstringingloving and lightshows of the four types of light orientatedances gloving in particular has evolved beyond and outside of the rave culture other types of light relatedancing include led lights flash lights and blinking strobe lights leds come in various colours with different settings gloving has evolved into a separate dance form that has grown exponentially in the last couple of years while still keeping its rave roots the origins of gloving is often credited to hermes who putogetherav n lights into a pair of white gloves in since then the culture has extended to all ages ranging from kids in their early teens to college students and more the traditional rav n lights are limited now but many stores have developed newer brighter and more advanced version of lights with a plethora of colors and modes include solid stribbon strobe dops hyper flash and other variations what was once an extension of the rave culture has now blossomed into a hobby or a form of danceven though gloving originated in southern california it canow be seen inorthern california florida new york and many other states in the us in college you can see a gloving club called ambience whichaspread into university of california irvine university of california davis university of california berkeley university of california santa barbara university of california san diego drug use file bzptabletjpg lefthumb an impure tablet sold as mdma seized by law enforcement in the united states the tablet was determined to containo mdma instead it contained a mixture of benzylpiperazine bzp methamphetamine and caffeine filecstasy monogramjpg thumb right px a selection of mdma tablets better known as ecstasy file hopoppersjpg thumb right px a selection of poppers a volatile drug inhaled for the rush it can provide among the various elements of s disco subculture that ravers drew on in addition to basing their scene aroundance music mixed by dj s an element common to disco and the rave scene ravers also inherited the positive attitude towards using club drug s to enhanc e the sensory experience of dancing to loud music however disco dancers and ravers preferredifferent drugs whereas disco scene members preferred cocaine and the depressant sedative quaaludes ravers preferred mdma c b amphetamine morphine and other pills according to the fbi raves are one of the most popular venues where club drugs are distributed and asuch feature a prominent drug subculture club drugs include mdma more commonly known as ecstasy e or molly c b more commonly known as nexus amphetamine commonly referred to aspeed morphine commonly known as morphy or m gamma hydroxybutyric acid ghb commonly referred to as fantasy or liquid e cocaine common short name for coke n dimethyltryptamine dmt and lysergic acidiethylamide lsd commonly referred to as lucy or acid poppers is the street name for alkyl nitrites the most well known being amyl nitrite which are inhaled for their intoxicating effects notably the rush or high they can provide nitrites originally came asmall glass capsules that were popped open which led to the nickname poppers the drug became popular in the us first on the disco club scene of the s and then at dance and ravenues in the s and s in the synthetic phenethylaminesuch as c i c b andimethoxy bromoamphetamine dob have been referred to as club drugs due to their stimulating and psychedelic nature and their chemical relationship with mdma bbc i by late derivates of the psychedelic drug psychedelic x drugs the nbome s and especially i nbome had become common at raves in europe in the usome law enforcement agencies have branded the subculture as a recreational drug use drug centriculture as rave attendees have been known to use drugsuch as cannabis drug marijuana cb andimethyltryptamine dmt groups that have addressed allegedrug use at raves eg thelectronic music defense and education fund em def the toronto raver info project canadancesafe united states usand canadand eve rave germany and switzerland all of which advocate harm reduction approaches in antonio maria costa executive director of the united nations office on drugs and crime advocatedrug testing on highways as a countermeasure against drug use at raves much of the controversy moral panic and law enforcement attention directed at rave culture and its association with drug use may be due to reports of drug overdoses particularly mdmat raves concerts and festivals history by country file kw das heizkraftwerk nightclub munich jpg thumb left ravers in a german techno club kw munich in the s file franconia love truck jpg thumb love parade in berlin by a german party scene started by tauseef alam based on the house musichicago house sound was well established the following year saw acid house making asignificant an impact on popular consciousness in germany and central europe as it had in englandshort excerpt from special on german tele from dec the show is called tanzhouse hosted by a young fred kogel it includes footage from hamburg s front with boris dlugosch kemal kurum s opera house and the prinzenbar in german djs westbam andr mottestablished the ufo cluberlin ufo club an illegal party venue and co founded the love parade robb d techno in germany its musical origins and cultural relevance german as a foreign language journal no p onovember the berlin wall fell free underground techno parties mushroomed in east berlin and a rave scene comparable to that in the uk was established east german dj paul van dyk has remarked thathe techno based rave scene was a major force in restablishing social connections between east and west germany during the unification periodmessmer s eierkuchensozialismus taz p in urbanized germany raves and techno parties often preferred industrial sceneriesuch as decommissioned power stations factories the canalization or former military properties of the cold war in a number of party venues closed including ufo cluberlin ufo and the berlin techno scene centred itself around three locations close to the foundations of the berlin wall the werk the bunker berlin bunker and the now legendary tresor henkel o wolff k berlin underground techno und hiphop zwischen mythos und ausverkauf berlin fab verlag pp in the same period german djs began intensifying the speed and abrasiveness of the sound as an acid infused techno began transmuting into hardcore techno hardcore schuler m gabber hardcore p in anz p walder p eds rev edn st publ zurich verlag ricco bilger techno reinbek rowohltaschenbuch verlag this emerging sound was influenced by dutch gabber and belgian hardcore other influences on the development of thistyle wereuropean electronic body music groups of the mid such as deutsch amerikanische freundschaft dafront and nitzer ebb reynolds energy flash a journey through rave music andance culture pan macmillan p across europe rave culture was becoming part of a new youth movement djs and electronic music producersuch as westbam proclaimed thexistence of a raving society and promoted electronic music as legitimate competition forock and roll indeed electronic dance music and rave subculture became mass movementsince the mid s raves had tens of thousands of attendees youth magazines featured styling tips and televisionetworks launched music magazines on house and techno music the annualove parade festivals in berlin and later the metropolitan ruhr area repeatedly attracted more than one million party goers between andozens of other annual technoparade s took place in germany and central europe athatime the largest ones being union move generation move reincarnation and vision parade as well astreet parade and lake parade in switzerland large commercial ravesince the nineties are mayday music festival mayday nature one time warp festival time warp sonnemondsterne and melt festival melt beyond berlin further centers of the techno and rave scene in germany are for example frankfurt famous clubs of the s and s were omen dorian gray club dorian gray cocoon club cocoon and u munich ultraschall kw natraj temple harry klein rote sonne leipzig distillery and hamburg tunnel club since the late s berlin istill called the capital of electro music and rave and techno clubsuch as berghain tresor watergate or kitkatclub and the way to party in barely renovated venues ruins or wooden shacksuch as among many others club der visionaere wilde renate fiese remise or bar attracted international mediattentione movie that portraits this recent scene is berlin calling starring paul kalkbrenner united kingdom birth of uk rave scene s the uk was finally recognized for its rave culture around the late s early s exodus collective which was founded in luton famously known for london luton airport and hat manufacturing exodus played a big part in the uk s rave scene today by organisationsuch as fantazia dance fantazia universe nasa nice and safe attitude raindance rave raindance and amnesia house were holding massive legal raves in fields and warehouses around the country one fantazia party called one step beyond was an open air all night affair thattracted people other notablevents included vision at pophams airfield in august with in attendance and universe s tribal gathering in thearly s the scene waslowly changing with local councils passing by laws and increasing fees in an efforto prevent or discourage rave organisations from acquiring necessary licenses this meanthathe days of legal one off parties were numbered by the mid s the scene had fragmented into many different styles of dance music making large parties morexpensive to set up and more difficulto promote the happy old skool style was replaced by the darker oldschool jungle and the faster happy hardcore although many ravers lefthe scene due to the split promotersuch as esp dreamscape and helter skelterave music promoter helter skelter still enjoyed widespread popularity and capacity attendances with multi arena events catering to the various genres notablevents of this period included esp s dreamscape on september at brafield aerodrome fields northamptonshire northants and helter skelter s energy event on aug aturweston aerodrome northants free parties and outlawing of raves the illegal free party scene also reached its zenith for thatime after a particularly large festival when many individual sound systemsuch as bedlam circus warp diy and spiral tribe set up near castlemorton common festival castlemorton common in may the government acted under the criminal justice and public order acthe definition of music played at a rave was given as criminal justice and public order act sections of the actargeted electronic dance music played at raves the criminal justice and public order act empowered police to stop a rave in the open air when a hundred or more people are attending or where twor more are making preparations for a rave section allows any uniformed constable who believes a person is on their way to a rave within a five mile radius to stop them andirecthem away from the area non compliant citizens may be subjecto a maximum fine not exceeding level on the standard scale the act was officially introduced because of the noise andisruption caused by all night parties to nearby residents and to protecthe countryside however some participants in the scene claimed it was an attempto lure youth culture away fromdmand back to taxable alcohol simon reynolds energy flash a journey through rave music andance culture pan macmillan p inovember the zippiestaged an act of intervasion of the uk electronicivil disobedience to protest againsthe cjb ie criminal justice and public order act criminal justice billegal and underground raves present after the main outlet foraves in the uk were a number of licensed venues amongsthem helter skelterave music promoter helter skelter life at bowlers trafford park manchester thedge formerly theclipse coventry the sanctuary milton keynes and club kinetic in london itself there were a few large clubs that staged raves on a regular basis most notably the laser dome the fridge the hippodrome club uk and trade the laser dome featured two separate dance areas hardcore and garage as well as over video game machines a silent movie screening lounge replicas of the statue of liberty san francisco bridge and a large glass maze at capacity the laser dome held in excess of peoplevents proved to be one of the main forces in rave holding legendary events across the north east and scotland initially playing techno breakbeat rave andrum and bass it later embraced hardcore techno including happy hardcore and bouncy techno judgement day history of dance and now regeneration continued the rezerection legacy scotland s clubsuch as the fubar nightclub fubar in stirling scotland stirling hangar in ayr and nosebleed nightclub nosebleed in rosyth played important roles in the development of these dance music styles these were nearly all pay to enter events however it could be argued that rave organisersaw the writing on the wall and moved towards more organised and legitimate venues enabling a continuation of large scale indooraves well into the mid nineties one might remember thathearliest house and acid house clubs were themselves effectively nightclubs public perception of raves was alsovershadowed in the press by the death of leah betts a teenager who died after taking mdma journalists and billboard campaigns focused on drug use despite betts cause of death being water intoxication in her home not an mdma overdose at a rave in london the warehouse party scene has made a revival with many large clubs closing popular djs are playing in abandoned car parks warehouses factories etc many puthis down to the recessionightclubs and bars being less affordable than in the past few years a similar situation to the late s and early s when house music and rave took off genuine illegal raves have continued throughouthe uk and unlicensed parties have been organised in venues including disused quarries warehouses and condemned night clubs the rise of the internet has bothelped and hindered the cause with much wider and more accessible communication resulting in bigger parties but consequently increasing the risk of police involvement north america origins in disco and psychedelia s american ravers following their early uk european counterparts have been compared to the hippies of the s due to their shared interest inon violence and psychedeliaenergy flash simon reynolds p macmillan publishers rave culture incorporatedisco culture same love of dance music spun by djs drug exploration sexual promiscuity and hedonism although disco culture had thrived in the mainstream the rave culture would make an efforto stay underground to avoid the animosity that wastill surrounding disco andance music the key motive foremaining underground in many parts of the us had to do with curfew and the standard am closing of clubs it was a desire to keep the party going past legal hours that created the undergroundirection because of the legality they had to be secretive aboutime and place most did not have drugs or alcohol that came later new york raves and party promoters in the late s rave culture began to filter through from english expatriates andjs who would visit europe howeverave culture s major expansion inorth america is often credited to frankie bones who after spinning a party in an aircraft hangar in england helped organize some of thearliest known american raves in the s inew york city called storm raves which maintained a consistent core audience fostered also by zines like fellow storm dj and co founder with adam x and frankie bones of the us firstechno record store groove records heather heart s under one sky simultaneously inyc events called nasa were introducing electronic dance music to new york in pawn lasers from pennsylvania produced the st electronic dance festival impact with josh wink superstar dj keokin pand then later became the most well known laser company at raves in east coast by cross promoting these raveventstate to state as far south as floridand louisiana between and promotional groupsprung up across theast coast such as ultraworld mdc park rave madness nyc satellite productions nyc go guaranteed overdose nyc local nj caffeine nyc liquid grooove aka liquified ga columns of knowledge ct special k aka circle management pa zen festivals fl disco donnie la ultra music festival fl and later the west coast causing a true scene to develop san diego and latin america s in the s one of the most influential rave organisers promoters in america wasan diego s global underworld network they were made famous forganizing and throwing the opium and narnia raves that reached in size of plus people in attendance a feat unheard of athatime narnia which would become famous for a morning hand holding circle of unity was featured on mtv and twice in life magazine being honored with event of the year inarnia became known as the woodstock of generation x nicholas luckinbill and branden powers of gun have been called the merry pranksters of the rave scene these festivals were mostly held on indian reservations and ski resorts during the summer months and were headlined by well known djsuch as doc martin dimitri of deee lite afrika islam and the hardkiss brothers from san francisco they were instrumental in creating the righto dance movement a non violent protest held in san diego and later in los angeles on the steps of city hall whicheld that rave culture was about community peace and love featuring local san diego dj s jon bishop steve pagan alien tom jeff skot and mark e quark global underworld s events were the first prop heavy themed parties in america they were also the first production company to throw raves within mexico thus launching thentire rave culture movement within south america the iconic fairy and pixie craze with ravers getting fairy tattoos and wearing wings to parties likely started from an image of a winged fairy on the first narnia flyer the crystal method played their first out of town show for gun s universary event fearing reprisals from the police thevent was advertised as a thousand points of light referring to the power of healing crystals of the crystal methods name this tickled the upcoming artistso much they would refer to it years later in their biography the communal space hosting the gun office amongst many othersomething of a waco meets warhol in the mit media lab was a crossroads of the scene this vibrant weird chaotic top stories of a building in downtown san diego unceremoniously known as the loft grew out of an unlikely collaboration between alabama yoga guru murshid van merlin hackers jerry lugert bill huey sin magazineditor chris howland in contrasto the commercial oriented mega raves the loft hosted intimate parties over the years provided an artechnology incubator for thousands in the sd underground scene of the s the percussive group crash worship in particular sometimes working out of the loft mechanistically generated thessence of techno tribal dionysian abandon of the rave scene roots thiscene marks the post industrial pre rave period of tranced out dance parties in the us adults are often active members of the uscene and are well represented at events certain facets of dance musiculture in the uk europe and globally are also welcoming to the older generation especially the free party squat party gay scenes howeverave and club culturemains on the whole very much a youth driven movement in terms of its core fan base although rave parties are commonly associated with warehouse break insuch raves themselves are more often considered to be legal often commercial gatherings growth in california in the late s and early s there was a boom in rave culture in the bay areat first small underground partiesprung up all over the soma district in vacant warehouses loft spaces and clubs like dv and folsom and basement of jessie streethat had permits to run to am as long as no alcohol waserved the no alcohol rule fueled thecstasy driven parties to a much larger crowd and soon the first large scale raves were held every weekend a few hundred would show up at venues like the townsend warehouse the king street garage and other mid size warehouses located in the somand south san francisco area rave crewstarted to become famous not only for their music and parties but also for the vibe crews included the gathering toontown wiked rave called sharon the church and osmosismall underground raves were justarting out and expanding beyond sf to include theast bay the south bay area including san jose santa clarand santa cruz beaches where the full moon raves took place at bonny dune beach every month in late ravestarted to expand across northern californiand cities like sacramentoakland silicon valley palo alto san jose holding raves every weekend this proved to be the turning point inorthern california s rave history raves were no longer a secret where one had to know the right people to gain access to mapoints now rave flyers were to be found up andown haight street at stores like anubis warpus amoeba behind the post office and athe newly opened housewares toontown s nye rave which took place in the basement of the fashion center in sf was the first massive rave in the bay area over people participated similarly a year later the gathering held new year s eve of in vallejo with people the massive parties were taking place in outdoor fields airplane hangars and hilltops that surround the valley san francisco has long been a mecca foravers from all over the world a lot of thearly promoters andjs were from the uk and europe for almosten years after the initial raves took place there were several parties each weekend there was no curfew in place some venues would have up to peoplevery weekend homebase and baldwin were the largest venues to be used in the bay area raves took place the somart museum where the wild things are museum on top of the sony metreon and in the maritime hall some old locations were used such as the concourse that saw thousands of ravers in was used again the galleria that once held a concert in with artistsuch as moby aphex twin prodigy and space time continuum was used for a few one off events that utilized all five floors of the building with a different music style on each floor the mid saw a generaloss of the first generation of ravers causing the scene to take a short dive in this time however a newest coast sound was formed andeveloped by djsuch as jeno tony spun galen solar harry who and rick preston venues and partiesuch astompy harmony cloudfactory cyborganic lounge acme warehouse started to fuse the breakbeat sound from hardcore trax withe more melodic pace of house music west coast funky break beat was born from this and stormed the dance scene by thend of a new generation of ravers were attracted by the new sounds la scene promotersuch as vince bannon and phil blaine held gigs for electronic acts like state aphex twin prodigy and massive attack edm began to become popularaves could be found in many different kinds of venues as opposed to just basements and warehouses promoterstarted to take notice and putogether the massives of the late s with many music forms under one roofor hour events parties were known to attractens of thousands in venues like homebase or th baldwin for a night of continuous dancing san francisco became a notorious destination foraves in the united states and to a lesser extenthe world at large djs from all corners of the globegan performing in san francisco saw the demise of massive raves as curfews were placed on permits handed outo promoters instead of all night and into the next day parties now had to end at am twof the largest venues closedown soon after and there wasn t enough momentum to sustain parties that catered to tens of thousands of people the homebase warehouse that held parties from burnedown in smaller intimate venues continued just like they had from the start and underground raves became the norm in the years after the tech boom of the s while san francisco s crowd attendance and variety of djs might have peaked it still maintains a much smaller but dedicated cadre of various crews djs promoters and producers events are still dedicated to the various forms of electronic music across the greater bay area thelectric daisy carnival death of sasha rodgriguez athelectric daisy carnival in put a negative spin on raves in land california through the mid s and into the s the city of seattle also shared in the tradition of west coast rave culture though a smaller scene compared to san francisco seattle also had many different rave crews promoters djs and fans candy raver style friendship and culture became popular in the west coast rave scene both in seattle and san francisco athe peak of west coast rave candy raver and massive rave popularity it was common to meet groups of ravers promoters andjs who frequently travelled between seattle and san francisco which spread the overall sense of west coast rave culture and the phenomenon of west coast massives recent years by raves were becoming thequivalent of large scale rock music festivals but many times even bigger and more profitable thelectric daisy carnival in las vegas drew more than fans over three days in the summer of making ithe largest edmusic festival inorth america ultra music festival in miami drew fans over three days in while otheraves likelectric zoo inew york beyond wonderland in la movement in detroit electric forest in michigan spring awakening in chicago andozens more now attract hundreds of thousands of ravers everyear these new edm based ravevents now simply referred generically to as music festivalsell out festival attendance athelectric daisy carnival edc increased by or attendees from to in edc had attendance of approximately people a record for the festival the average ticket for edcost over and thevent contributed million to the clark county economy in this festival takes place at acre complex featuring a half dozen custom built stages enormous interactive art installations and hundreds of edm artists insomniac events insomniac a us edm event promoter holds yearly edc and other edm events and s outdooraves and the sydney scene rave parties began in australias early as the s and continued well into the late s they were mobilised versions of the warehouse parties across britain similar to the united states and britain raves in australia were unlicensed and held in spaces normally used for industrial and manufacturing purposesuch as warehouses factories and carpet showrooms in addition suburban locations were also used basketball gymnasiums train stations and even circus tents were all common venues in sydney common areas used for outdoor events included sydney park a reclaimed garbage dump in the inner south west of the city cataract park and various other natural unused locations and bush lands the raves placed a heavy emphasis on the connection between humans and the natural environmenthus many raves in sydney were held outdoors notably the happy valley parties ecology and field of dreams july the mid late saw a slight decline in rave attendance attributed to the anna wood born death of anna wood at a licensed inner city sydney venue which was hosting a rave party known as apache wood had taken mdma ecstasy andied in hospital a few days later leading to extensive media exposure on the correlation of drug culture and its links to the rave scene in australia s presenthe tradition continued in melbourne with earthcore parties raves also became less underground as they were in the s and many were held at licensed venues well into the s despite this rave parties of size became less commononetheless the rave scene in australia experienced a brief resurgence briefly up until during this period the resurfacing of the melbourne shuffle a melbourne club rave dance style became a youtube trend and videos were uploaded the rave subculture in melbourne wastrengthened withe opening of clubsuch as basstation and hard candy melbourne helped keep raving culture alive with young people notablevents the following is an incomplete list of notable raves particularly smalleraves that may not fithe profile of being an electronic dance music festival s frankie bonestorm raves rat parties full moon party present winter musiconference present biology genesis raindance rave present sunrise back to the futureal bad helter skelterave music promoter helter skelter weekend world s perception mayday music festival fantazia dancearthcore present castlemorton common festival one timevent energy eventhunderdome music festival kazantip street parade presentribal gathering czechtek bal en blanc present rainbow serpent festival present scattered rave notable soundsystems the following is an incomplete list of notable sound system dj sound systems burning man the diy sound system spiral tribe sp insomniac eventsee also acid house party forerunner of raves typically originating from chicago illinois algorave artrave the artpop ball music festival new rave nightclub rave act an american law targeting raves rave board game board game based on the uk rave scene zippies furthereading collin matthew altered state the story of ecstasy and acid house london serpent s tail how rave dances began in manchester england in the summer of the second summer of love and the aftermath simon reynolds simon generation ecstasy into the world of techno and rave culture new york little brown and company ott brian l and herman bill d excerpt fromixed messages resistance and reappropriation in rave culturevans helen out of sight out of mind analysis of rave culture wimbledon school of art london includes bibliography through st john graham ed rave culture and religionew york routledge st john graham technomad global raving countercultures london equinox griffin tom playgrounds a portrait of rave culture official website wallawalla kotarba joseph the rave scene in houston texas an ethnographic analysis austin texas commission alcohol andrug abuse thomas majeedah together friday nights athe roxy official websitexternalinks category rave category dance musicategory electronic musicategory entertainment category musical subcultures category s fads and trends category s fads and trends category generation x category drug culture category nightclubs category 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breakbeat uk garage free live_music live performers playing electronic instruments play electronic_music music amplified large powerful sound_system typically produce deep music often accompanied laser lighting display laser light shows image projected coloured images visual effects machines word rave first_used late describe culture started many midlands universities including coventry ande university movement raves may small parties held nightclub private raves grown size large festivals events featuring multiple djs andance areas castlemorton common festival list electronic_music_festivals electronic_dance_music festivals features raves larger often commercial scale raves may last long_time continuing twenty four hours lasting night law_enforcement anti rave laws used againsthe rave_scene many_countries due association illegal club_drugsuch mdma ecstasy party drugsuch benzylpiperazine bzp use non authorized secret venues parties unused warehouses aircraft due mediattention moral panic arisen participants adverse drug reactions origin rave late london term rave used describe wild bohemian parties soho set holly recorded hit rave citing madness frenzy feeling desire never end word rave later used burgeoning mod subculture mod youth culture thearly way describe wild party general people party animals described ravers pop marriott small faces keith moon self described ravers file thumb px huge bank speakers rave sound_system word subsequent association electronic_music word rave common term_used regarding music mid garage rock bands notably released album us called rave along alternative term general rave referred moment near thend song music played faster heavily intense elements controlled feedback later part title electronic_music held january london venue titled million light sound rave thevent featured known public airing experimental sound created occasion paul mccartney beatles legendary carnival light recording withe rapid change british pop_culture mod era beyond term fell popular usage early term vogue one lyrics song drive saturday david album includes line crash course ravers use era would perceived quaint ironic use slang part dated along atheight disco era new nightclub que opened inew_york_city club studio created new model dance club club spent hundreds thousands dollars complex lighting systems dance_floors theatrical sets could changed different events late club best world club played role growth music nightclub culture club notorious often policy frequent celebrity attendees andy etc open drug_use perception word rave changed late term revived adopted new youth culture possibly inspired use term jamaica birth acid_house file rave de thumb left_px rave de featuring bright psychedelic theming common many raves mid late wave psychedelic electronic_dance_music notably acid_house_music emerged acid_house_music party acid_house_music parties mid late chicago_illinois chicago area united_states chicago acid_house artists began experiencing acid_house quickly spread caught united_kingdom altered state story ecstasy culture acid_house matthew contributions john godfrey serpent tail within clubs warehouses free parties first manchester mid later london late word rave adopted describe subculture grew acid_house movement activities party atmosphere ibiza mediterranean island spain frequented british italian greek irish german youth vacation would hold raves andance parties problem rave parties michael scott center problem oriented policing webpage rave growth scene present file prime rave thumb right px dancing rave house_music house trance_music trance acid_house acid trance jungle breakbeat hardcore electronic_dance_music hardcore techno featured raves large small mainstream events attracted thousands people instead came earlier warehouse parties acid_house_music parties first branded rave parties media summer genesis p neil andrew television interview however ambience rave fully formed thearly uk raves similar football matches thathey provided setting working_class unification time union movement decline jobs many attendees raves die hard football fans raves also held underground several citiesuch berlin miland warehouses numbers british politicians responded themerging rave party trend raves began fine penalty fine promoters held parties police often parties drove rave_scene countryside word rave caught uk describe common semi spontaneous weekend parties occurring various_locations linked brand new motorway london orbital motorway london home counties gave band orbital band orbital name ranged former warehouses industrial sites london fields country clubs countryside file thumb right px rave hungary showing thematic elements events prior commercialization rave_scene large legal venues became norm thesevents location rave kept secret night thevent usually mobile messaging secret flyers websites level necessary avoiding interference police account illicit drug ravers use locations could stay ten hours time promoted sense removal social l anderson understanding music scene observations rave_culture sociological forum vol accessed stable url level still exists underground rave_scene however hours clubs well large outdoor events create similar type alternate atmosphere focus much vibrant visual props cor morecent years large commercial events held_athe locations year year themes everyear events daisy carnival festival typically held_athe venue hold mass amounts people raves make use pagan raving venues attempto raver fantasy like world indigenous imagery characteristic raving bothe new moon gateway collectives pagan set sacred images primitive cultures walls rituals performed dance_floor scott r rave spiritual modern western subcultures quarterly accessed stable url type spatial strategy integral_part raving experience sets initial vibe ravers vibe concept raver represents allure environment portrayed landscape integral feature composition rave much like pagan rituals example ghost dancers rituals held specific geographical sites considered hold powerful natural flows energy sites dances order achieve greater level k carroll richard w landscape ghost dance ritual journal archeological method theory recent advances archaeology place part accessed stable url notable venues following incomplete list venues associated_withe rave subculture sub club present serbia nightclub hangar nightclub hangar tube nightclub tube slovakia spain amnesia nightclub amnesia present cream nightclub cream ibiza cream ibiza nightclub pacha privilege ibiza present ibiza nightclub space ibiza middleast egypt space israel lebanon b north stereo nightclub mexico magicircus united_states theatre theater catacombs nightclub philadelphia club club space paradise garage studio saint club new_york nightclub tunnel street music hall warehouse nightclub warehouse australia club filter melbourne home nightclub chain new_zealand palladium file thumb right step melbourne shuffle sense participation group event among chief appeals rave music andancing pulsating beats immediate outlet raving free dance whereby movements freestyle dance dance performed dancers take immediate inspiration music mood watching people dancing thus thelectronic rave club dances refer street dance styles evolved dances street evolved alongside underground rave club movements withouthe intervention dance studios dances originated scenes around world becoming known ravers clubgoers attempto locations originated certain moves begun performed several people places creating completely freestyle yet still highly complex set moves every dancer change andance whatever want based moves common feature shared dances alongside originated clubs raves music_festivals around world different years youtube social_media started become dances began popularized videos raves performing recording videos therefore began practiced outside places origin creating different scenes several countries furthermore dances began evolve dance scenes related club rave_scenes originated also way teaching learning changed past someone wanted learn one dances person go club rave watch people dancing try copy social_media dances mostly taught video culture spreads grows inside social_media like free step cutting shapes instagram due lack studies dedicated dances combined poor information available internet hard find reliable information class wikitable sortable_style text align left_font_size list electronic rave club dances name city country style width_px year origin tempo range music styles brisbane brisbane australia hardcorelectronic dance_music genre hardcore happy hardcore happy hardcore uk hardcore uk hardcore hard house melbourne shuffle melbourne australia hard trance hard trance hardstyle trance_music houselectro house_progressive_house progressive_house melbourne sydney_australia hardstyle trance_music trance psychedelic trance psy trance happy hardcore happy hardcore uk hardcore uk hardcore york_city new_york city usa rowspan trance_music trance acid_house acid_house acid trance acid trance liquid united_states united_states america gloving california usa trance_music trance trap music house_progressive_house drum n x outing hungary drum bass drum n bass variations argentina electro houselectro house_progressive_house progressive_house dirty house dutchouse industrial dance region germany electro industrial cutting shapes london_england deep house deep house techno big room house big room house_progressive_house progressive_house paris_france electro houselectro house_progressive_house progressive_house rotterdam netherlands house hardcorelectronic dance_music genre hardcore hardstyle belgium jump hardstyle hardcorelectronic dance_music genre brazil psychedelic trance psy trance progressive_house progressive_houselectro houselectro rowspan paulo paulo brazil electro houselectro house_progressive_house progressive_house dutchouse dutchouse free step electro houselectro house_progressive_house progressive_house image thumb left_px neon fashion light ravers natural often create artificial neon various colors file thumb px worn ravers australia file rave jpg thumb right px loose casual sports clothing originally adopted acid earlier ibiza utilizing easy dance attire hip_hop football soccer culture well clothing developed range accessories carried many ravers including ravers find pleasant influence mdma need one caused taking stick mild mdma led clubs event organizers search participants entry items due evidence drug_use inside venue recent global event sensation strict dress policy either white black attire ties withe initial approach upheld culture united_states countries rave fashion characterized colorful clothing accessories notably contain words phrases unique raver choose trade using peace love unity respect european_countries culture much less_common raves illegal take_place outside poorly heated keeping warm priority hair popular clothing vibrant alternative often taking inspiration new age punk rock punk style however set dress_code illegal rave_scene since rave_culture haseen explosion rave_scene longer illegal underground raves us popular thathere many brands retailers costumes accessories go dress raves thistyle attire along rave_culture mainstream especially called rave fashion festival fashion includes kinds accessories create unique looks depending person event itemsuch body chains temporary leg also_known fanny packs light much seen around us globe also_use glasses festival industry create enhance mdma ecstasy experience light shows file thumb right px complex laser lighting show trance festival file aphex twin jpg thumb left_px laser lighting display light show thelectronic musician aphex twin ravers participate one ofour light called four types light gloving particular evolved beyond outside rave_culture types light include led lights flash lights lights come various colours different settings gloving evolved separate dance form grown last couple years still keeping rave roots origins gloving often credited n lights pair white gloves since culture extended ages ranging kids early teens college_students traditional n lights limited many stores developed newer brighter advanced version lights colors modes include solid hyper flash variations extension rave_culture hobby form though gloving originated southern_california canow seen inorthern california florida new_york many states_us college see gloving club called ambience university california irvine university california davis university california berkeley university california_santa_barbara university california_san diego drug_use file lefthumb tablet sold mdma law_enforcement united_states tablet determined mdma instead contained mixture benzylpiperazine bzp methamphetamine caffeine thumb right px selection mdma tablets better_known ecstasy file thumb right px selection poppers drug inhaled rush provide among various elements disco subculture ravers drew addition scene music mixed element common disco rave_scene ravers also inherited positive attitude towards using club_drug e sensory experience dancing loud music however disco dancers ravers drugs whereas disco scene members preferred cocaine quaaludes ravers preferred mdma c b amphetamine morphine pills according raves one popular venues club_drugs distributed asuch feature prominent drug subculture club_drugs include mdma commonly_known ecstasy e molly c b commonly_known amphetamine commonly_referred aspeed morphine commonly_known gamma acid ghb commonly_referred fantasy liquid e cocaine common short name n dmt lsd commonly_referred lucy acid poppers street name nitrites well_known nitrite inhaled effects notably rush high provide nitrites originally came asmall glass capsules open led nickname poppers drug became_popular us first disco club scene dance synthetic c c b referred club_drugs due stimulating psychedelic nature chemical relationship mdma bbc late psychedelic drug psychedelic x drugs nbome especially nbome become common raves europe law_enforcement agencies branded subculture recreational drug_use drug rave attendees known use drugsuch cannabis drug marijuana dmt groups addressed use raves thelectronic music defense education fund toronto raver info project united_states usand canadand eve rave germany switzerland advocate harm reduction approaches antonio maria costa executive_director united_nations office drugs crime testing highways drug_use raves much controversy moral panic law_enforcement attention directed rave_culture association drug_use may due reports drug particularly raves concerts festivals history country file das nightclub munich jpg thumb left ravers german techno club munich file franconia love truck jpg thumb love parade berlin german party scene started based house house sound well_established following_year saw acid_house making impact popular consciousness germany central_europe excerpt special german tele dec show called hosted young fred includes footage hamburg front boris opera_house german djs andr ufo ufo club illegal party venue founded love parade robb techno germany musical origins cultural relevance german foreign language journal p onovember berlin wall fell free underground techno parties east berlin rave_scene comparable uk established east german paul van remarked thathe techno based rave_scene major force social connections east west germany unification p germany raves techno parties often preferred industrial decommissioned power stations factories former military properties cold_war number party venues closed including ufo ufo berlin techno scene around three locations close foundations berlin wall bunker berlin bunker legendary k berlin underground techno und und berlin verlag pp period german djs began speed sound acid techno began hardcore techno hardcore hardcore p p p eds rev st publ zurich verlag techno verlag emerging sound influenced dutch belgian hardcore influences development thistyle electronic body music groups mid reynolds energy flash journey rave music andance culture pan macmillan p across_europe rave_culture becoming part new youth movement djs electronic_music proclaimed thexistence raving society promoted electronic_music legitimate competition roll indeed electronic_dance_music rave subculture became mass mid raves tens thousands attendees youth magazines featured tips launched music magazines house techno music parade festivals berlin later metropolitan area repeatedly attracted one_million party goers annual took_place germany central_europe athatime largest ones union move generation move vision parade well parade lake parade switzerland large commercial music_festival nature one_time warp festival time warp melt festival melt beyond berlin centers techno rave_scene germany example frankfurt famous clubs dorian_gray club dorian_gray cocoon club cocoon munich temple harry klein leipzig distillery hamburg tunnel club since late berlin istill called capital electro music rave techno clubsuch way party barely renovated venues ruins wooden among many_others club der bar attracted international movie portraits recent scene berlin calling starring paul united_kingdom birth uk rave_scene uk finally recognized rave_culture around late early collective founded luton famously known london luton airport hat manufacturing played big part uk rave_scene today organisationsuch fantazia dance fantazia universe nasa nice safe attitude rave amnesia house holding massive legal raves fields warehouses around country one fantazia party called one step beyond open_air night affair people included vision airfield august attendance universe tribal gathering thearly scene changing local councils passing laws increasing fees efforto prevent discourage rave organisations acquiring necessary licenses days legal one parties numbered mid scene many_different styles dance_music making large parties morexpensive set difficulto promote happy old style replaced darker jungle faster happy hardcore although_many ravers lefthe scene due split helter music promoter helter skelter still enjoyed widespread popularity capacity multi arena events catering various genres period included september fields helter skelter energy event aug free parties raves illegal free party scene also reached thatime particularly large festival many individual sound circus warp diy spiral tribe set near castlemorton common festival castlemorton common may government acted criminal justice public order acthe definition music played rave given criminal justice public order act sections electronic_dance_music played raves criminal justice public order act police stop rave open_air hundred people attending twor making preparations rave section allows believes person way rave within five_mile stop away area non citizens may subjecto maximum fine exceeding level standard scale act officially introduced noise caused night parties nearby residents protecthe countryside however participants scene claimed attempto lure youth culture away back alcohol simon reynolds energy flash journey rave music andance culture pan macmillan p inovember act uk protest againsthe criminal justice public order act criminal justice underground raves present main outlet uk number licensed venues helter music promoter helter skelter life_park manchester thedge formerly coventry sanctuary milton club london large clubs staged raves regular basis notably laser dome fridge club uk trade laser dome featured two separate dance areas hardcore garage well video_game machines silent movie screening lounge replicas statue liberty san_francisco bridge large glass maze capacity laser dome held excess proved one main forces rave holding legendary events across north_east scotland initially playing techno breakbeat rave bass later embraced hardcore techno including happy hardcore techno day history dance regeneration continued legacy scotland clubsuch nightclub stirling scotland stirling hangar ayr nightclub played important_roles development dance_music styles nearly pay enter events however could argued rave writing wall moved towards organised legitimate venues enabling large_scale well mid one might remember house acid_house clubs effectively nightclubs public perception raves press death died taking mdma journalists billboard campaigns focused drug_use despite cause death water intoxication home mdma overdose rave london_warehouse party scene made revival many large clubs closing popular djs playing abandoned car parks warehouses factories etc many bars less affordable past_years similar situation late early house_music rave took genuine illegal raves continued throughouthe uk unlicensed parties organised venues including disused warehouses condemned night_clubs rise internet cause much wider accessible communication resulting bigger parties consequently increasing risk police involvement north_america origins disco american ravers following early uk european counterparts compared hippies due shared interest inon violence flash simon reynolds p macmillan publishers rave_culture culture love dance_music spun djs drug exploration sexual although disco culture thrived mainstream rave_culture would make efforto stay underground avoid wastill surrounding disco andance music key motive underground many_parts us curfew standard closing clubs desire keep party going past legal hours created legality secretive place drugs alcohol came later new_york raves party promoters late rave_culture began filter english expatriates would visit europe culture major expansion inorth_america often credited frankie bones spinning party aircraft hangar england helped organize thearliest known american raves inew_york_city called storm raves maintained consistent core audience also like fellow storm founder adam x frankie bones us record store groove records heather heart one sky simultaneously events called nasa introducing electronic_dance_music new_york pawn pennsylvania produced st electronic_dance festival impact josh later_became well_known laser company raves east_coast cross promoting state far south floridand louisiana promotional across theast_coast park rave madness nyc satellite productions nyc go guaranteed overdose nyc local caffeine nyc liquid aka columns knowledge special k aka circle management festivals disco la ultra music_festival later west_coast causing true scene develop san_diego latin_america one influential rave organisers promoters america diego global underworld network made famous throwing raves reached size plus people attendance feat athatime would_become famous morning hand holding circle unity featured mtv twice life_magazine honored event year became_known woodstock generation x nicholas powers gun called merry rave_scene festivals mostly held indian reservations ski resorts summer months well_known doc martin lite islam brothers san_francisco instrumental creating righto dance movement non violent protest held san_diego later los_angeles steps city_hall rave_culture community peace love featuring local san_diego jon bishop steve pagan alien tom jeff mark e global underworld events first heavy themed parties america also first production_company throw raves within mexico thus launching thentire rave_culture movement within south_america iconic fairy craze ravers getting fairy wearing wings parties likely started image fairy first flyer crystal method played first town show gun event fearing police thevent advertised thousand points light referring power crystal methods name upcoming much would refer years_later biography communal space hosting gun office amongst many meets mit media lab crossroads scene vibrant weird top stories building downtown san_diego known loft grew unlikely collaboration alabama yoga guru van merlin jerry bill sin chris contrasto commercial oriented raves loft hosted intimate parties years provided thousands underground scene group crash particular sometimes working loft generated thessence techno tribal abandon rave_scene roots marks post industrial pre rave period dance parties us adults often active members well represented events certain facets dance uk europe globally also welcoming older generation especially free party party gay scenes club whole much youth driven movement terms core fan base although rave parties commonly associated warehouse break raves often considered legal often commercial gatherings growth california late early boom rave_culture bay first small underground district vacant warehouses loft spaces clubs like basement jessie permits run long alcohol waserved alcohol rule fueled driven parties much_larger crowd soon first large_scale raves held every weekend hundred would show venues like warehouse king_street garage mid size warehouses located south san_francisco area rave become famous music parties also vibe crews included gathering rave called sharon church underground raves expanding beyond include theast bay south bay_area including san_jose santa santa_cruz_beaches full moon raves took_place dune beach every month late expand across northern californiand cities like silicon valley san_jose holding raves every weekend proved turning point inorthern california rave history raves longer secret one know right people gain access rave flyers found andown street stores like behind post_office athe newly opened rave took_place basement fashion center first massive rave bay_area people participated similarly year_later gathering held new year eve vallejo people massive parties taking_place outdoor fields airplane valley san_francisco long mecca world lot thearly promoters uk europe years initial raves took_place several parties weekend curfew place venues would weekend largest venues used bay_area raves took_place museum wild things museum top sony maritime hall old locations used concourse saw thousands ravers used held concert aphex twin space time continuum used one events utilized five floors building different music style floor mid saw first generation ravers causing scene take short dive time however newest coast sound formed andeveloped tony spun solar harry rick preston venues harmony lounge warehouse started breakbeat sound hardcore withe pace house_music west_coast break beat born dance scene thend new generation ravers attracted new sounds la scene phil held gigs electronic acts like state aphex twin massive attack edm began become could found many_different kinds venues opposed warehouses take notice putogether late many music forms one hour events parties known thousands venues like th night continuous dancing san_francisco became notorious destination united_states lesser world large djs corners performing san_francisco saw massive raves placed permits handed outo promoters instead night next_day parties end twof largest venues closedown soon enough momentum sustain parties catered tens thousands people warehouse held parties burnedown smaller intimate venues continued like start underground raves became norm years tech boom san_francisco crowd attendance variety djs might still maintains much_smaller dedicated various crews djs promoters producers events still dedicated various forms electronic_music across greater bay_area thelectric daisy carnival death daisy carnival put negative spin raves land california mid city seattle also shared tradition west_coast rave_culture though smaller scene compared san_francisco seattle also many_different rave crews promoters djs fans candy raver style friendship culture became_popular west_coast rave_scene seattle san_francisco athe peak west_coast rave candy raver massive rave popularity common meet groups ravers promoters frequently travelled seattle san_francisco spread overall sense west_coast rave_culture phenomenon west_coast recent_years raves becoming thequivalent large_scale rock music_festivals many_times even bigger profitable thelectric daisy carnival las_vegas drew fans three_days summer making_ithe largest festival inorth_america ultra music_festival miami drew fans three_days zoo inew_york beyond wonderland la movement detroit electric forest michigan spring chicago attract hundreds thousands ravers everyear new edm based simply referred music_festival attendance daisy carnival edc increased attendees edc attendance approximately people record festival average ticket thevent contributed million clark county economy festival takes_place acre complex featuring half dozen custom built stages enormous interactive art installations hundreds edm artists events us edm event promoter holds yearly edc edm events sydney scene rave parties began early continued well late versions warehouse parties across britain similar united_states britain raves australia unlicensed held spaces normally used industrial manufacturing purposesuch warehouses factories addition suburban locations also_used basketball train stations even circus tents common venues sydney common areas used outdoor events included sydney park garbage inner south_west city park various natural unused locations bush lands raves placed heavy emphasis connection humans natural many raves sydney held outdoors notably happy valley parties ecology field dreams july mid late saw slight decline rave attendance attributed anna wood born death anna wood licensed inner city sydney venue hosting rave party known wood taken mdma ecstasy andied hospital days later leading extensive media exposure correlation drug culture links rave_scene australia presenthe tradition continued melbourne parties raves also_became less underground many held licensed venues well despite rave parties size became less rave_scene australia experienced brief resurgence briefly period melbourne shuffle melbourne club rave dance style became youtube trend videos uploaded rave subculture melbourne withe opening clubsuch hard candy melbourne helped keep raving culture alive young_people following incomplete list notable raves particularly may fithe profile electronic_dance_music festival frankie raves rat parties full moon party present winter present biology genesis rave present sunrise back bad helter music promoter helter skelter weekend world perception music_festival fantazia present castlemorton common festival one energy music_festival street parade gathering blanc present serpent festival present scattered rave notable following incomplete list notable sound_system sound_systems burning man diy sound_system spiral tribe also acid_house party forerunner raves typically originating chicago_illinois ball music_festival new rave nightclub rave act american law targeting raves rave board game board game based uk rave_scene furthereading matthew altered state story ecstasy acid_house london serpent tail rave dances began manchester england summer second summer love aftermath simon reynolds simon generation ecstasy world techno rave_culture new_york little brown company brian l bill excerpt messages resistance rave helen sight mind analysis rave_culture wimbledon school art london includes bibliography st_john graham ed rave_culture york routledge st_john graham global raving london griffin tom portrait rave_culture official_website joseph rave_scene houston_texas ethnographic analysis austin_texas commission alcohol andrug abuse thomas together friday nights athe roxy official category rave category_dance_musicategory electronic_musicategory entertainment category_musical subcultures category fads trends category fads trends category generation x category drug culture_category_nightclubs_category djing"},{"title":"Raw bar","description":"file oysters with mignonette sauce and cocktail saucejpg thumb right px raw oyster s on the half shell served with cocktail sauce and mignonette sauce a raw bar is a small restaurant or a bar counter bar within a restaurant where live raw shellfish are shucked and served raw bars typically offer a variety of raw and cooked seafood and shellfish that iserved cold seafood basedish foodishes may also be proferred and additional non seafoods may also be part of the fare raw bars may offer alcoholic beveragesuch as oyster shooters as well as wine and sake that is wine and food matching paired with various foods additional accompaniments may include condimentsauces and foodsuch as lemon and lime several restaurants in the united states offeraw barsome of which are seasonal file mariscadajpg thumb px a plateau de fruits de meraw seafood raw bars may serve a selection of raw oyster s clam s hard clam quahog s hard clamscallop s and mussel s varieties of hard clamay include littlenecks which are less than inches cm in size and cherrystones which are up to inches cm the naturalist s guide to the atlantic seashore scott w shumway p various types of oysters may be served some raw bars may offer oyster shooters a type of cocktail prepared with raw oyster some alsoffer ceviche a dish foodish prepared with raw seafood that is cured with citrus juices particularly lime ceviche citrus juices make fresh fish a tangy flavor sensation utsandiegocom thinly sliced octopus carpaccio is anotheraw bar item cooked seafood raw barsometimesupplementhe menu with cooked versions of the same and additional seafoods and shellfish that are typically served cold such as clam chowder oyster stew poached shrimp food shrimp cocktail cooked or seared scallops mussels crab legs lobster cured salmon sea urchin and steamed clamsteamersteamed clams other cooked foodsometimes lightly cooked liver or foie gras is a raw bar item tag raw bar makes us melt with foie gras westword the plateau de fruits de mer is a seafoodish sometimes offered by raw bars that is prepared with raw and cooked shellfish and cold on a platter usually on a bed of ice anotheraw bar dish is ceviche accompaniments and condiments raw bars may offer wine or sake to accompany and be wine and food matching paired withe various foods condimentsuch as cocktail sauce and lemon may be available which are typically served with raw oysters these may also be used on other foods other food additions may include lime tomato chili peppers mignonette sauce and caviaraw bars exist in various cities in the united statesuch as jay s restaurant inew york city whichas a raw barbrady john january looking for mraw bar cincinnati magazine pp d some bistro style restaurants offer a raw bar some restaurants offer a seasonal raw bar such as grand banks restaurant inew york city and the newly opening bagley shakespeare in london file shanahansrawbarjpg a raw bar at a shanahan s restaurant see also seafood restaurant oyster bar sushi bar salad bar list of oyster bars list of seafoodishes list ofish dishes externalinks category types of restaurants category oyster 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smuggling or other drug related charges in their home jurisdictions or in the jurisdictions they are visiting especially if they bring their purchases home rather than using them abroad the act of traveling for the purpose of buying or using drugs is itself a criminal offense in some jurisdictions by country region asia middleast malana himachal pradesh malana india is famous for its production of charas indian hashish attracting foreign tourists indian pharmacies also sell many generic drugs at prices far lower than in the us the rif mountains of morocco are a well known center for the production of hashish europe file cannabiscoffeeshopamsterdamjpg thumb a sign of a cannabis coffee shop in amsterdam in europe the netherlands and especially the dutch capital amsterdam is a popular destination for drug tourists due to the liberal attitude of the dutch toward cannabis drug cannabis use and possession drug tourism thrives because legislation controlling the sale possession and use of drugs varies dramatically from one jurisdiction to another file drugs warning amsterdam november jpg thumb warning sign in amsterdam after tourists died after taking white heroin that wasold as cocaine in may the dutch government announced thatourists would to be banned from dutch coffeeshopstarting in the southern provinces athend of tourists face weed ban in dutch coffee shopsky news may and the rest of the country by tourists to be banned from dutch cannabis cafes nydailynews november though this was never made into law and thus coffeeshops throughouthe netherlands continue remain open tourists as of may many coffeeshops in the netherlands are still open tourists find one you like onovember two british tourists aged andied in a hotel room in amsterdam after snorting amsterdam drug deaths white heroin that wasold as cocaine by a street dealer drugs expert claims rogue dealer caused amsterdam deaths bbccouk the bodies were found less than a month after another british tourist died in similar circumstances at least other people have had medical treatment after taking the white heroin british tourists who died after snorting white heroinamed the guardianorth america drug tourism from the united states occurs in many contexts americans between the ages of and may cross the border into canada or mexico to purchase alcohol conversely many canadians travel to the united states to purchase alcohol at lower prices due to high taxes levied on alcohol in canadamericans living in dry county dry counties also frequently cross county or state lines to purchase alcohol many americans crosstate lines to purchase cigarette s crossing from a jurisdiction with very high cigarette taxes to a jurisdiction such as another state or anative american reservation indianation with lower cigarette taxes this occurs particularly in the northeastern united states where states levy cigarette taxes in the united states among the highestobacco taxes in the nation colorado and washington since the 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related charges home jurisdictions jurisdictions visiting especially bring purchases home rather using abroad act traveling purpose buying using drugs criminal offense jurisdictions country region asia middleast pradesh india famous production indian attracting foreign tourists indian also_sell many generic drugs prices far lower us mountains morocco well_known center production europe file thumb sign cannabis coffee_shop amsterdam europe netherlands especially dutch capital amsterdam popular_destination drug tourists due liberal attitude dutch toward cannabis drug cannabis use possession drug tourism legislation controlling sale possession use drugs varies dramatically one jurisdiction another file drugs warning amsterdam november jpg thumb warning sign amsterdam tourists died taking white heroin wasold cocaine may dutch government announced thatourists would banned dutch southern provinces athend tourists face ban dutch coffee news may rest country tourists banned dutch cannabis cafes november though never made law thus throughouthe netherlands continue remain open tourists_may many netherlands still open tourists find one like onovember two british tourists aged andied hotel_room amsterdam amsterdam drug deaths white heroin wasold cocaine street dealer drugs expert claims rogue dealer caused amsterdam deaths bodies found less month another british tourist died similar circumstances least people medical_treatment taking white heroin british tourists died white america drug tourism united_states occurs many contexts americans ages may cross_border canada mexico purchase alcohol conversely many canadians travel united_states purchase alcohol lower prices due high taxes alcohol living dry county dry counties also frequently cross county state lines purchase alcohol many americans lines purchase cigarette crossing jurisdiction high cigarette taxes jurisdiction another state american reservation lower cigarette taxes occurs particularly northeastern_united_states states levy cigarette taxes united_states among taxes nation colorado washington since marijuana colorado amendment colorado washington initiative washington_state many drug tourists states countries cannabis illegal travel states purchase cannabis cannabis products sale possession psilocybin prohibited federal health law however prohibition mostly psilocybin mushroom resulthe towns de jim nez san jos del pac fico southern state oaxaca gained notoriety association magic mushrooms constitute safe even non america south_america tourists attracted amazon basin villages try called mixture psychedelic drug psychedelic plants used traditional tourists peru try called san pedro originally used local tribes oceania australia australian capital territory south_australia liberal approach marijuana use promoting interstate drug tourism particularly victoriaustralia_victoriand new_south_wales addition areas south_wales liberal recreational drug culture particularly areas around south_wales annual festival local guides may_also source also drug policy netherlands recreational drug_use route bar world first cocaine bar santos n cannabis use tourism sociological perspective leisure studies g bennett ibiza uncovered changes sexual behaviour amongst young_people visiting international night life resort international_journal drug policy de drug tourism amazon westerners find b j p c dietrich g analysis andrug related behavioral patterns students spring_break tourismanagement influence dance_music uk youth n drugs tourists experiences journal travel research n drugs risk taking tourism annals tourism_research drug tourists andrug policy us mexican border ethnographic investigation journal drug issues october september category drug culture_category_types tourism"},{"title":"Recreational travel","description":"file two rvs for sale by owner cropped jpg thumb px recreational vehicle s can be used forecreational travel recreational travel involves travel for pleasure and recreation 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owner cited rising rent as the reason for the shutdown a discussion of the club s closing by some of its patrons can be found on deephousepagecom andistrictsoulcom featuredjs file red jpg righthumbnail px red am photo by robertillman aka deesko a resident dj red resident dj s athe time of red s closing sam the man burns doug smith north productions inc oji kostas farid owner case tom b tuff crew slant bjoo jahwei deesko ian svenonius comprehensive list of dj s who have played at redj pope formeresident mandrill formeresident aou formeresident saeed formeresident dj spen formeresident apple rochez formeresidenteddy douglas master kev ray casil dan soda groovino roy davis jr tony humphries david vibes tobon hippie torrales miguel migs dj dove harvey dj paulette kelly g timmy richardson adam scott adam cruz james lbs avery district soul will gantt lexus king rated m kevin o lars lbehrenroth tony fernandez karizma keenan phil d jovonn tony fashaw deep dish bandeep dish djulius miles maeda diz filatorre formeresident smoothdj marv frankie feliciano taha elroubi t kolai whyteout ricardo santamaria kevin yosturntables on the hudson dj dealer jeanie hopper charles dockinsean haney elliott smith unda dub chris udoh konk west east coast boogiemen anderson soares niv rip jean philippe aviance file thumbnail px shy fx uk on the decks bigsexy alix alvarez victor simonelli donna edwards adrian loving henry da man featherstone shadrach dj dub tony artuso chris newton javate formeresident john michael formeresident chuck bleu darrow omar faison q burns abstract message solomonic sound system soldiers of jah army rob paine cool aaron lacrate spankrock bailey flight file flight slantjpg thumbnail px slant and flight in the booth during a weeknight shy fx doc scott london elektricity marcus intalex mc justyce storm friction teebee technical itch fierce dieselboy rob playford concordawn slipmaster j nookie mc five alive karl kaos method one dj redemption mathematics darak dj stress deinfamous winterman insulin godfather sage plan b darkenetiks relapse agent sunshine aaron myers jon freeze catalyst dc patrick mineo kiko demetrios master b mo simetra ill effect campbell tyler see i mc mecha mc nes kc fatback djs michelle mae mark zimin creator of the mousetrap upside down the wag monkey island plus the living room nights blow up and cherry candy centeraymondudeck jr ex charm city soul dj living room johan boegli founding member of moving units living room bert blunt majik mike thunderball carl michaels willyum donna edwards category nightclubs category electronic dance music 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harvey kelly g richardson adam scott adam cruz james lbs district soul king rated kevin tony keenan phil tony deep dish dish miles formeresident frankie ricardo kevin hudson dealer hopper charles elliott smith chris west east_coast anderson jean philippe file thumbnail px uk decks alvarez victor edwards adrian henry man tony chris newton formeresident john michael formeresident chuck bleu omar burns abstract message sound_system soldiers army rob paine cool aaron bailey flight file flight thumbnail px flight booth doc scott london marcus storm friction technical fierce rob j five alive karl method one redemption mathematics stress sage plan b agent sunshine aaron jon freeze catalyst patrick master b ill effect campbell tyler see djs michelle mae mark creator upside monkey island plus living_room nights blow cherry candy charm city soul living_room founding member moving units living_room blunt mike carl edwards category_nightclubs_category_electronic_dance_music venues"},{"title":"Red Envelope club","description":"image red envelope clubjpg thumb px entrance to a red envelope club in ximending taipei a red envelope club is a form of cabaret in taiwan that originated in taipein the s as an imitation of shanghai cabaret in these cabarets female singersing old chinese songs from the s to s to mostly older men many of whom were soldiers in general chiang kai shek s kuomintang army that fled mainland chinafter the chinese civil war the cabarets getheir name from the facthathe audience gives the singers who they appreciate money in red envelope s the remaining clubs are mostly located in the ximending district of taipei on hankou street emei street and xining south road see also military dependents village mainland chinese mainlanders betel nut beauty externalinks red envelope club divas category taiwanese culture category history of taipei category taiwanese musicategory music venues in taiwan category history of the republic of china category nightclubs category 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cabaret taiwan originated imitation shanghai cabaret cabarets female old chinese songs mostly older men many soldiers general chiang kai army mainland chinese civil_war cabarets getheir name facthathe audience gives singers appreciate money red envelope remaining clubs mostly located district taipei street street south road see_also military village mainland chinese nut beauty externalinks red envelope club category taiwanese culture_category history taipei category taiwanese musicategory music_venues taiwan category_history republic china_category_nightclubs_category singing"},{"title":"Refectory","description":"file convento cristo december ajpg px thumb righthe refectory of the convent of christomar portugal a refectory also frater house fratery is a dining room especially in monastery monasteries boarding school s and academic institutions one of the places the term is most often used today is in graduate seminary seminaries it derives from the latin reficere to remake orestore via late latin refectorium which means a place one goes to be restored cf restaurant refectories and monasticulture image malbork refektarz letni jpg thumb left summerefectory in the grand master order grand master s palace malbork castle communal meal s are the times when all monks of an institution are together diet and eating habits differ somewhat by monasticismonastic order and more widely by schedule the benedictine rule is illustrative the rule of st benedict orders two meals dinner is provided yearound supper is also served from late spring to early fall except for wednesdays and fridays the diet originally consisted of simple fare two dishes with fruit as a third course if available the food wasimple withe meat of mammals forbidden to all buthe sick moderation in all aspects of diet is the spirit of benedict s law meals areaten in silence facilitated sometimes by hand signals a single monk might read aloud from the scriptures or writings of the saint s during the mealsize structure and placement refectories vary in size andimension based primarily on wealth and size of the monastery as well as when the room was builthey share certain design features monks eat long benches important officialsit at raised benches at onend of the hall a lavabor large basin for hand washing usually stands outside the refectory tradition also fixes other factors in england the refectory is generally built on an undercroft perhaps in an allusion to the upperoom where the last suppereportedly took place on the side of the cloister opposite the church benedictine models are traditionally generally laid out on an east west axis while cistercian models lie north south norman architecture norman refectories could be as large as long by wide such as the abbey at norwich even relatively early refectories might have windows buthese became larger and morelaborate in the high medieval period the refectory at cluny abbey was lithrough thirty six large glazed windows the twelfth century abbey at mont saint michel had six windows five feet wide by twenty feet high eastern orthodox image trapezna lavrajpg thumb trapeza refectory church at kiev pechersk lavra in eastern orthodox church eastern orthodox monasteries the trapeza refectory is considered a sacred place and even in some cases is constructed as a full church with an altar and iconostasisome services are intended to be performed specifically in the trapeza there is always at least one icon with a lampada oilamp kept burning in front of ithe service of the prosphora panagia lifting of the panagia is performed athend of meals during bright week thiservice is replaced withe artos paschal artos lifting of the artos in some monasteries the clean monday ceremony oforgiveness athe beginning of great lent is performed in the trapezall food served in the trapeza should be blessed and for that purpose holy water is often kept in the kitchen modern usage as well as continued use of the historic monastic meaning the word refectory is often used in a modern contexto refer to a caf or cafeteria that is open to the public including non worshipersuch as tourist s attached to a cathedral or abbey this usage is particularly prevalent in church of england buildings which use the takings to supplementheir income many universities in the uk also call their student cafeteria or dining facilities the refectory the term is rare at american colleges although brown university calls its main dining hall the sharpe refectory nicknamed the ratty and the main dining hall at rhodes college is known as the catherine burrow refectory nicknamed the rat see also refectory table adams henry mont saint michel and chartres new york penguin fernie c the architecture of norman england oxford university press harvey barbara living andying in england oxford clarendon pressingman jeffrey daily life in medieval europe westport ct greenwood press webb geoffrey architecture in britain the middle ages baltimore penguin externalinks 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master palace castle communal meal times monks institution together diet eating habits differ somewhat order widely schedule rule rule st benedict orders two meals dinner provided yearound supper also_served late spring early fall except wednesdays fridays diet originally consisted simple fare two dishes fruit third course available food withe meat mammals forbidden buthe sick aspects diet spirit benedict law meals facilitated sometimes hand signals single monk might read writings saint structure placement refectories vary size based primarily wealth size monastery well room share certain design features monks eat long benches important raised benches onend hall large basin hand washing usually stands outside refectory tradition also factors england refectory generally built perhaps last took_place side opposite church models traditionally generally laid east west axis models lie north south norman architecture norman refectories could large long wide abbey norwich even relatively early refectories might windows buthese became larger morelaborate high medieval period refectory abbey thirty six large windows century abbey mont saint michel six windows five feet wide twenty feet high eastern orthodox image thumb trapeza refectory church kiev eastern orthodox church eastern orthodox monasteries trapeza refectory considered sacred place even cases constructed full church services intended performed specifically trapeza always least_one icon kept burning front ithe service lifting performed athend meals bright week thiservice replaced withe lifting monasteries clean monday ceremony athe_beginning great performed food_served trapeza purpose holy water often kept kitchen modern usage well continued use historic meaning word refectory often_used modern refer caf cafeteria open public including non tourist attached cathedral abbey usage particularly prevalent church england buildings use income many universities uk also call student cafeteria dining facilities refectory term rare american colleges although brown university calls main dining hall refectory nicknamed main dining hall rhodes college known catherine refectory nicknamed rat see_also refectory table adams henry mont saint michel new_york penguin c architecture norman england oxford_university_press harvey barbara living england oxford clarendon jeffrey daily life medieval_europe greenwood press webb geoffrey architecture britain middle_ages baltimore penguin externalinks refectory russian orthodox convent jerusalem category church architecture category_types restaurants_category rooms category eastern orthodox category religious architecture category religious buildings"},{"title":"Reisehaandbog over Norge","description":"reisehaandbog over norge is a norwegian travel guide book first published in byngvar nielsen it was re issued in twelve different editions between and the guide book became quite popular and played an important role in the development of tourism inorway an english edition of the guide book was published in file nielsen yngvargif thumb right px yngvar nielsen the author of the travel guide was geographer historiand politician yngvar nielsen he was an eager hiking hiker and made long journeys inorway everyear he was a board member of the norwegian trekking association from and chaired the organization for years from to as a young boy nielsen travelled along withis father carsten tank nielsen who was in charge of the development of a telegraph infrastructure inorway he crossed the jostedalsbreen by foot in from jostedal to stryn this visit sparked his interest for the glacier the surrounding districts and tourism nielsen travelled all over the country and became familiar with various aspects of travelling in he was offered the opportunity to write a travel guide to norway which was issued in german as norwegen ein praktisches handbuch f reisende published in hamburg in the original edition of reisehaandbog over norge had pages while the tenth edition from had pages the guide book covered themesuch as transport lodging prices mountain passages distances glacier walks and historical and cultural overviews from the th edition the book wasplit geographically into four parts called i s ndenfjeldske ii stenfjeldske iii vestenfjeldske and iv nordenfjeldske among the map suppliers for the book were topographer and military officer kristen gran gleditsch and engineer gunnar s tren category norwegian books category travel guide books category books category books about 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th_edition book geographically four parts called ii iii among map suppliers book military officer gran engineer tren category norwegian books_category travel_guide_books category_books category_books norway"},{"title":"Rejuvenation of dai pai dong","description":"dai pai dong is a kind of traditional food stall in hong kong it was famous and popular in hong kong during the s and s the literal meaning of dai pai dong in english is big license stall the characteristics of dai pai dong are lack of air conditioners unclean environment but various kinds ofoodai pai dong endangered species in hong kong south china morning post july however starting from s the government stopped issuing new licenses and began buying them back due to its hygienic problem and the license holders were diedai pai dong closedown and was replaced by different kinds of restauranthere are only dai pai dong left in hong kong according to the food and environmental hygiene department which manages the licenses nevertheless because of voices about preserving local food culture it isuggested that licenseshould be issued again to the vendors and the dai pai dong owners chinese besides there are several changes of dai pai dong due to the urban development backgroundai pai dong were popular among working class due to its cheaprice in the s and they earned the nickname poor people s nightclub however the rise of hygiene and trafficongestion complaints forced the governmento stop issuing big licenses in and limited their transfer due to black market of selling licenses the licensees could only transfer the licenses to their spouses upon their death not even their children if the licensees did not have a spouse the license would expire chinese in withe opening of the first cooked food center a lot of dai pai dong moved into these center and markets for easy control in the government began to buy back licenses from the holders to improve public hygiene since the licenses could not be transferred many aged license holders chose to sell their licenses to the governmenthe number of dai pai dong in hong kong dropped significantly there were dai pai dong in kowloon city but now there is none now there are only dai pai dong remaining in hong kong in sham shui po in central hong kong central three in wan chai and one in tai only a few of them are still on the streets in the traditional style nevertheless while the traditional food stalls which represent hong kong local food culture closedown one by one because of urban developmenthere are voicesuggesting preserving dai pai dong chinese athe same time it is to preserve hong kong people collective memories controversy in the closing down of severalocal food stalls like man yuenoodles has raised voices of preserving local food culture including dai pai dong about preserving dai pai dong there are both argeeing andisargeeing for the agree side food and health bureau preserving dai pai dongs and vendors helps hong kong to promote tourism protect local culture create job opportunities as well as alleviate proverty should the government finalises the decision of preserving local food culture the food and health bureau will coordinate withe government hong kong citizens not only do dai pai dongs represent hong kong traditional food culture but also people s collective memory the relationships between customers and stalls owners are close and friendly chinese dai pai dong is one of the places connecting them dai pai dongs owners dai pai dongs represent hong kong food culture they wished thathe government can set standards for them to improve instead oforcing them to move out chinese they wanto preserve local food culture and the collective memories of hong kong people for the disagree side sham shui po district council the sham shui po district council district council disagrees because dai pai dongs have hygiene and safety problems they also block the roads and streets moreover the attitudes of the owners of dai pai dongs are not aggressive in preserving the dai pai dongs chinese some of the legislative councillor somembers of the hong kong legislative council have voiced concerns that dai pai dongs may lead to noise and safety problems which may negatively affecthe images of a district and the lives of residents nearby chinese tourism board it isaid thathexistence of dai pai dongs blocks the roads there are also hygiene problems the boards did not wanthe tourists to feel that hong kong was not a clean place tourism authoritiespurn dai pai dong south china morning post june changes though preserving dai pai dongs is a controversial issue the hong kong tourism board argues thathere are policies to help the dai pai dongs besidesome of them are operating in a different ways these changes in dai pai dongs help them to survive in hong kong local food culture can also be protected policies to response the voices in the society the hong kongovernment loosened the control on licenses transfer dai pai dong licenses on the hong kong island were transferred and the stalls are kept alive chinese to coordinate the improvement in quality of dai pai dongs the food and environmental hygiene department has provided funds to dai pai dongs in central the funds were to improve the sewage disposal systems and gasystems there weregular sanitation events to maintain cleanliness chinese operating indoor a typical dai pai dong is a big iron box painted in green with foldable tables and chairs on the roadside during opening hours with no air conditioning however because of the management issuesome dai pai dongs have moved to municipal services building for instance dai pai dongs in tai kwok tsui chinese references furthereading lai lawrence wai chung town planning in hong kong a review of planning appeal decisions hong kong hong kong university press london eurospan externalinks hksar government category cantonese words and phrases category hong kong cuisine category types of 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local_food culture issued vendors dai_pai_dong owners chinese besides several changes dai_pai_dong due urban development pai_dong popular_among working_class due earned nickname poor people nightclub however rise hygiene trafficongestion complaints forced governmento stop issuing big licenses limited transfer due black market selling licenses licensees could transfer licenses upon death even children licensees spouse license would chinese withe opening first cooked_food center lot dai_pai_dong moved center markets easy control government began buy back licenses holders improve public hygiene since licenses could transferred many aged license holders chose sell licenses governmenthe number dai_pai_dong hong_kong dropped significantly dai_pai_dong kowloon city none dai_pai_dong remaining hong_kong sham shui central hong_kong central three wan chai one tai still streets traditional style nevertheless traditional food stalls represent hong_kong local_food culture closedown one one urban preserving dai_pai_dong chinese athe_time preserve hong_kong people collective memories controversy closing food stalls like man raised voices preserving local_food culture including dai_pai_dong preserving dai_pai_dong agree side food health bureau preserving dai_pai_dongs vendors helps hong_kong promote_tourism protect local_culture create job opportunities well government decision preserving local_food culture food health bureau coordinate withe government hong_kong citizens dai_pai_dongs represent hong_kong traditional food_culture also people collective memory relationships customers stalls owners close friendly chinese dai_pai_dong one places connecting dai_pai_dongs owners dai_pai_dongs represent hong_kong food_culture wished thathe_government set standards improve instead move chinese wanto preserve local_food culture collective memories hong_kong people disagree side sham shui district council sham shui district council district council dai_pai_dongs hygiene safety problems also block roads streets moreover attitudes owners dai_pai_dongs aggressive preserving dai_pai_dongs chinese legislative hong_kong legislative council voiced concerns dai_pai_dongs may lead noise safety problems may negatively affecthe images district lives residents nearby chinese tourism_board isaid dai_pai_dongs blocks roads also hygiene problems boards wanthe tourists feel hong_kong clean place tourism dai_pai_dong south china morning post june changes though preserving dai_pai_dongs controversial issue hong_kong tourism_board argues thathere policies help dai_pai_dongs operating different ways changes dai_pai_dongs help survive hong_kong local_food culture also protected policies response voices society hong_kongovernment control licenses transfer dai_pai_dong licenses hong_kong island transferred stalls kept alive chinese coordinate improvement quality dai_pai_dongs food environmental hygiene department provided funds dai_pai_dongs central funds improve sewage disposal systems sanitation events maintain cleanliness chinese operating indoor typical dai_pai_dong big iron box painted green tables chairs roadside opening hours air_conditioning however management dai_pai_dongs moved municipal services building instance dai_pai_dongs tai tsui chinese references_furthereading lawrence chung town planning hong_kong review planning appeal decisions hong_kong hong_kong university_press london_externalinks government category cantonese words phrases category hong_kong cuisine_category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Religious tourism","description":"file makkahi mukarramahjpg thumb right center of mecca city saudi arabia in the background the great mosque of mecca great mosque file santu rio de f tima jul cropped jpg thumb righthe sanctuary of tima shrine of our lady of tima in portugal is one of the largest religious tourism sites in the world religious tourism also commonly referred to as faith tourism is a type of tourism where people travel individually or in groups for pilgrimage missionary or leisure fellowshipurposes the world s largest form of mass religious tourism takes place athe annual hajj pilgrimage in mecca saudi arabia north american religious tourists comprise an estimated billion of the industry washington postcomodern religious tourists are more able to visit holy city holy cities and holy sites around the world the most famous holy cities are mecca medina karbala f tima portugal f tima jerusalem and the vatican city the most famous holy sites are the great mosque of mecca the sanctuary of tima sanctuary of our lady of tima in cova da iria the basilica of our lady of guadalupe in mexico city the church of the nativity in bethlehem the western wall in jerusalem and the st peter s basilica in rome religious tourism has existed since antiquity a study in found that million people visited karbala on the day of arbaeen in pilgrim s visited jerusalem for a few reasons to understand appreciate theireligion through a tangiblexperience to feel secure aboutheireligious beliefs and to connect personally to the holy city tourism segments religious tourism comprises many facets of the travel industry including pilgrimage shrines to the virgin mary marian shrines visits missionary traveleisure fellowship vacations faith based cruising crusades convention meeting convention s and rallies retreats monastery visits and guestays faith based camps religious tourist attraction s although no definitive study has been completed on worldwide religious tourism some segments of the industry have been measured according to the world tourism organization an estimated to million pilgrims visithe world s key religiousites everyear according to the us office of travel and tourism industries americans traveling overseas foreligious or pilgrimage purposes has increased from travelers in to travelers increase the christian camp and conference association states that more than eight million people are involved in ccca member camps and conferences including more than churches religious attractions including sight sound theatre attracts visitors a year while the holy land experience and focus on the family welcome center each receives about guests annually see also devotional articles pilgrimage sacred travel shrines to the virgin mary religious tourism india furthereading razaq raj and nigel d morpeth religious tourism and pilgrimage festivals management an international perspective cabi dallen j timothy andaniel h olsen tourism religion and spiritual journeys routledgexternalinks encyclopedia of religion and society religious tourism fatima great marian experience sacredestinationsource about religious tourism sites usa today great places to market christianity s holiest day cbs early show rest relaxation religion usa today on a wing and a prayer washington post seeking answers with field trips in faithe complete pilgrim guide to world s most popular pilgrimage destinations by religion category religious behaviour and experience category types of 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mecca saudi_arabia north_american religious tourists comprise estimated billion industry washington religious tourists able visit holy city holy cities holy sites around world famous holy cities mecca f tima portugal f tima jerusalem vatican_city famous holy sites great mosque mecca sanctuary tima sanctuary lady tima basilica lady guadalupe mexico_city church western wall jerusalem st_peter basilica rome religious_tourism existed since antiquity study found million_people visited day pilgrim visited jerusalem reasons understand appreciate feel secure beliefs connect personally holy city tourism segments religious_tourism comprises many facets travel_industry including pilgrimage shrines virgin mary shrines visits missionary traveleisure fellowship vacations faith based cruising convention_meeting convention rallies retreats monastery visits faith based camps religious tourist_attraction although definitive study completed worldwide religious_tourism segments industry measured according world_tourism organization estimated million pilgrims visithe world key everyear according us office travel_tourism industries americans traveling overseas pilgrimage purposes increased travelers travelers increase christian camp conference association states eight million_people involved member camps conferences including churches religious attractions including sight sound theatre attracts visitors year holy_land experience focus family welcome center receives guests annually see_also articles pilgrimage sacred travel shrines virgin mary religious_tourism india furthereading razaq raj nigel religious_tourism pilgrimage festivals management international perspective cabi j timothy h olsen tourism religion spiritual journeys encyclopedia religion society religious_tourism great experience religious_tourism sites usa_today great places market christianity day cbs early show rest relaxation religion usa_today wing prayer washington_post seeking answers field trips complete pilgrim guide world popular pilgrimage destinations religion category religious behaviour experience category_types tourism"},{"title":"Resort town","description":"file heiligendamm um salon und badehaus godewind verlagjpg thumb heiligendamm in germany established in the oldest seaside resort in continental europe file cancun jpg thumb aerial view of the cancun island from the top of the torresc nicain may image tatranska lomnica stationjpg thumb railway station in tatransk lomnica ski resort slovakia resortown often called a resort city oresort destination is an urban area where tourism or vacation ing is the primary component of the local culture and economy a typical resortown has one or more actual resort s in the surrounding area sometimes the term resortown is used simply for a locale popular among tourists the term can also refer to either an incorporated or unincorporated contiguous area where the ratiof transient rooms measured in bed units is greater than of the permanent population generally tourism is the main export in a resortown economy with most residents of the area working in the tourism oresort industry retail shops and luxury boutique selling locally themed souvenir s motel s and unique restaurant s often proliferate the downtown areas of a resortown in the case of the united states resortowns were created around the late s and early s withe development of early town makingcrewe katherine chandler s hotel san marcos the resort impact on a rural town journal of urban design academic search premier web nov consistent however throughout many resortowns includes elements of ambitious architecture romanticizing a location andependence on cheap laboresortown economy if the resorts or tourist attractions are seasonal inature such as a ski resort towns typically experience an on season where the town is bustling with tourists and workers and an off season where the town is populated only by a small amount of local yearound residents in addition resortowns are often popular with wealthy retirement retirees and people wishing to purchase vacation home s which typically drives uproperty value s and the cost of living in the region sometimes resortowns can become boomtown s due to the quick development of retirement and vacation based residences nevada commission tourism however most of themployment available in resortowns are typically low paying and it can be difficult for workers to afford to live the area in which they aremployedthrane christer earnings differentiation in the tourism industry gender human capital and socio demographic effects tourismanagement many resortowns have spawned nearby bedroom communities where the majority of the resort workforce lives resorts townsometimestruggle with problems regarding sustainable growth due to the seasonal nature of theconomy the dependence on a single industry and the difficulties in retaining a stable workforceconomic impact of tourism local residents are generally receptive of theconomic impacts of tourism resortowns tend to enjoy lower unemployment rates improved infrastructure more advanced telecommunication and transportation capabilities and higher standards of living and greater income in relation to those who live outside this areatato lu assist prof ekrem et al resident perceptions of the impact of tourism in a turkish resortown leisure sciences increased economic activity in resortowns can also have positiveffects on the country s overall economic growth andevelopment in addition business generated by resortowns have been credited with supporting the local economy through times of national market failure andepression as in the case of san marcos california during the cotton market bust in thearly s and great depression of in a study conducted by the urband regional planning department of istanbul technical university local residents in the resort community of antalya were interviewed and asked to give their opinion theconomic impacts of tourism among the participants had lived in antalya for over ten years had at least a high school degree and reported jobs that werelated tourismkor a perveresident perceptions of tourism in a resortown leisure sciences academic search premier web nov the results are as follows perceived impact on select economic impact items antalya class wikitableconomic item total agree standardeviation increase in cost of land housing increase in prices of goods and services more job opportunities in antalya better maintenance of antalya higher standard of roads and public facilities increased income for local people better appearance of antalya more shopping opportunities increased standard of living economic gains fordinary people morecently resortowns have come under greater scrutiny by local communities instances wheresortowns are poorly managed have adverseffects on the local economy onexample is the uneven distribution of income and land ownership between local residents and businesses during tourist season increasedemand for accommodation may raise the price of land causing a simultaneous increase in rent for local residents whose income invariably lower than foreign residents this results in a preponderance oforeigners in the land market and an erosion of economic opportunities for local residents the revenues amassed from tourism typically do not benefithe host country or the local communities income to local communities generated by tourism are all of thexpenditures accrued after taxes profits and wages are paid out however around of traveler s expenditures go to airlines hotels and international companies noto local businesses these funds areferred to as leakageffect leakages tourism has also been blamed for other negativeconomic impacts to local communities although resortowns usually boast more improved infrastructure than surrounding areas these developments usually present high costs to local governments and tax payers reallocatingovernment funds to subsidize infrastructure and tax breaks to firmshift available funding to local education and health services in addition resortowns typically do not have dynamic economies resulting in an over dependence one industry economic dependence on tourism poses particular challenges to resortowns and its local residents given the seasonal nature of the job market in some areas local residents of resortowns face job insecurity difficulties in obtaining training medical benefits and housingovernancevery resortown is unique and local governance should be viewed on a case by case basis there are however several broad criteria for insuring the most effective governance models they include implementation of necessary andesirable services to local residents recover costs through fees taxes and charges use of parcel taxes to fund services like recreation and fire protection grant assistance to benefit local residents like tax exemption andelegate tasks to elected officialstaff and committees to streamline procedures and save time and money in most democratic systems a voter must reside primarily in one place and vote only for local government representatives in that place however somexceptions do exist for example in alberta canada there is a special type of municipal government for holiday areas called a summer village which allows non permanent residents to vote for the council even if they only live there partimexamples of resortowns file kurhaus in binzjpg thumb right grand hotel kurhaus in resort architecture style in binz r gen rugia island germany torquay argentina mar del plata villa gesell australia gold coast queensland gold coasthredbo new south wales thredbo yulara northern territoryulara hamilton island queensland hamilton island shoalhaven sunshine coast queensland sunshine coast katoomba new south wales katoombaustria ischgl tirol sankt anton am arlberg st anton tirol kitzb hel kitzb hel tirol bangladesh cox s bazar barbadosaint lawrence gap brazil balne rio cambori caldas novas palmas tocantins bulgaria sunny beach golden sands borovets canary islandspain las palmas canada montremblant quebec montremblant niagara falls ontario niagara falls tofino lake cowichan whistler british columbia whistler banff alberta banff collingwood ontario collingwood lake louise alberta lake louise jasper alberta jasper fernie british columbia fernie canmore alberta canmore china macau cuba varadero dominican republic punta cana egypt sharm el sheikh el gouna marina egypt marina sahl hasheesh estonia haapsalu kuressaare p rnu finland hanko kittil france deauville cannes nice germany baden binz garmish partenkirchen heiligendamm heringsdorf mecklenburg vorpommern heringsdorf sassnitz sellin spiekeroog warnem nde part of rostock zinnowitz iran sareyn shahrak e namak abrud namak abrud ireland bray clonakilty tramore israel eilat italy riccione jamaica negril ocho rios latvia jurmala malta st julian s incl paceville resorts regions visitmaltacom sliema mexico canc n mazatl n puerto pe asco puerto vallarta playa del carmen cozumel cabo san lucas isla mujeres morocco ifranew zealand queenstownew zealand queenstown wanaka nepal pokhara north korea wonsanorth korea ski resort cnnews philippines baguio pagudpud ilocos norte pagudpud puerto galera oriental mindoro puerto galera el nido palawan el nido island garden city of samal poland jedlina zdroj krynica zdr j krynica g rska mi dzyzdroje sopot zakopane portugal caldas da rainha estoril faro portugal faro lagos portugalagos russia sochi yalta slovakia pie any star smokovec trbsk pleso tatransk lomnica turkey antalya bodrum alanya marmaris e me ku adas kemer ukraine alupka feodosiya united kingdom ayr blackpool bournemouth burntisland girvan largs nairn rothesay bute rothesay saltcoats torquay devon brighton st leonards on sea weston super mare united states aspen colorado aspen atlanticity biloxi mississippi branson missouri coronado california fire island new york galveston texas gatlinburg tennessee gulf shores alabama 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tourism oresort industry retail shops luxury boutique selling locally themed souvenir motel unique restaurant often downtown areas resortown case united_states resortowns created around late early withe development early town katherine chandler hotel san resort impact rural town journal urban design academic search premier web nov consistent however throughout many resortowns includes elements ambitious architecture location cheap economy resorts tourist_attractions seasonal inature ski resort towns typically experience season town bustling tourists workers season town populated small amount local yearound residents addition resortowns often popular wealthy retirement people wishing purchase vacation home typically drives value cost living region sometimes resortowns become due quick development retirement vacation based residences nevada commission tourism however themployment available resortowns typically low paying difficult workers afford live area earnings tourism_industry gender human capital socio demographic effects tourismanagement many resortowns nearby bedroom communities majority resort workforce lives resorts problems regarding sustainable growth due seasonal nature theconomy dependence single industry difficulties retaining stable impact tourism local_residents generally theconomic impacts tourism resortowns tend enjoy lower unemployment rates improved infrastructure advanced telecommunication transportation capabilities higher standards living greater income relation live outside assist prof resident perceptions impact tourism turkish resortown leisure sciences increased economic activity resortowns also country overall economic_growth andevelopment addition business generated resortowns credited supporting local_economy times national market failure case san california cotton market bust thearly great_depression study conducted urband regional planning department istanbul technical university local_residents resort community antalya interviewed asked give opinion theconomic impacts tourism among participants lived antalya ten_years least high_school degree reported jobs perceptions tourism resortown leisure sciences academic search premier web nov results follows perceived impact select economic_impact items antalya class item total agree increase cost land housing increase prices goods services job opportunities antalya better maintenance antalya higher standard roads public facilities increased income local_people better appearance antalya shopping opportunities increased standard living economic gains people morecently resortowns come greater scrutiny local_communities instances poorly managed local_economy onexample distribution income land ownership local_residents businesses tourist season accommodation may raise price land causing simultaneous increase rent local_residents whose income invariably lower foreign residents results land market erosion economic opportunities local_residents revenues tourism typically benefithe host country local_communities income local_communities generated tourism taxes profits wages paid however around traveler expenditures go airlines hotels international companies noto local_businesses funds areferred tourism_also blamed negativeconomic impacts local_communities although resortowns usually improved infrastructure surrounding areas developments usually present high costs local_governments tax funds infrastructure tax breaks available funding local education health services addition resortowns typically dynamic economies resulting dependence one industry economic dependence tourism poses particular challenges resortowns local_residents given seasonal nature job market areas local_residents resortowns face job difficulties obtaining training medical benefits resortown unique local governance viewed case case basis however several broad criteria effective governance models include implementation necessary services local_residents recover costs fees taxes charges use taxes fund services like recreation fire protection grant assistance benefit local_residents like tax tasks elected committees procedures save time money democratic systems must reside primarily one place vote local_government representatives place however exist example alberta_canada special type municipal government holiday areas called summer village allows non permanent residents vote council even live resortowns file thumb right grand hotel resort architecture style binz r gen island germany torquay argentina mar del plata villa australia gold_coast queensland gold new_south_wales northern hamilton island queensland hamilton island sunshine coast_queensland sunshine coast new_south_wales tirol anton st anton tirol tirol bangladesh cox lawrence gap brazil rio bulgaria sunny beach golden sands canary las canada quebec niagara_falls ontario niagara_falls lake whistler british_columbia whistler banff alberta banff ontario lake_louise alberta lake_louise jasper alberta jasper british_columbia canmore alberta canmore china macau cuba dominican republic punta egypt el sheikh el marina egypt marina sahl_hasheesh estonia p finland france nice germany baden binz heiligendamm mecklenburg part iran e ireland bray israel italy jamaica latvia malta st julian incl resorts regions mexico n n puerto puerto vallarta playa del carmen cabo san lucas isla morocco zealand queenstownew zealand queenstown nepal north_korea korea ski resort philippines baguio puerto oriental puerto el el island garden city poland j g portugal faro portugal faro lagos russia slovakia pie star turkey antalya alanya e ukraine united_kingdom ayr blackpool bournemouth torquay devon brighton st sea weston super mare united_states colorado atlanticity mississippi branson_missouri california fire island new_york galveston texas tennessee gulf shores alabama mississippi hot_springs arkansas jacksonville beach_florida kemah texas lake george village new_york lake george new_york la california las_vegas nevada miami beach_florida new_york myrtle_beach south_carolina newport rhode_island niagara_falls new_york ocean_city maryland orlando_florida palm springs california panama city beach_florida park city utah pigeon_forge_tennessee massachusetts nevada tennessee south padre island texas city michigan virginia beach virginia wisconsin dells wisconsin uruguay punta del la rocha la uruguay vietnam switzerland st category resortowns"},{"title":"Restaurant","description":"file sandrinosjpg thumbnail sandrinos restaurant in fremantle western australia file x dpiment rouge view of cellar fmezz stairs to peeljpg thumb right le piment rouge restaurant in montreal a restaurant or an eatery is a business which prepares and serves food andrinks to customers in exchange for money meals are generally served and eaten on the premises but many restaurants alsoffer take out andelivery commerce foodelivery services and some offer only take out andelivery restaurants vary greatly in appearance and offerings including a wide variety of cuisine s and customer service models ranging from inexpensive fast food restaurants and cafeteria s to mid priced family restaurant s to high priced luxury establishments in western countries most mid to high range restaurantserve alcoholic beverage such as beer wine and light beer some restaurantserve all the major mealsuch as breakfast lunch andinner eg major fast food chains diners hotel restaurants and airport restaurants otherestaurants may only serve a single meal eg a pancake house may only serve breakfast or they may serve two meals eg lunch andinner or even a kids meal types restaurants may be classified or distinguished in many different ways the primary factors are usually the food itself eg vegetarianism vegetarian seafood steak the cuisineg italian chinese japanese indian french mexican thai and or the style offering eg tapas bar a sushi train a tastet restaurant a buffet restaurant or a yum cha restaurant beyond this restaurants may differentiate themselves on factors including speed see fast food formality location cost service or theme restaurant novelty themesuch as automated restaurant s restaurants range from inexpensive and informalunch ing or dining places catering to people working nearby with modest food served in simple settings at low prices to expensivestablishmentserving refined food and fine wine s in a formal setting in the former case customers usually wear casual clothing in the latter case depending on culture and local traditions customers might wear semi casual semi formal or formal wear typically at mid to high priced restaurants customersit atables their orders are taken by a waiter who brings the food when it is ready after eating the customers then pay the bill in some restaurantsuch as workplace cafeteria s there are no waiters the customers use trays on which they place cold items thathey select from a refrigerated container and hot items which they request from cooks and then they pay a cashier before they sit down anotherestaurant approach which uses fewaiters is the buffet restaurant customerserve food onto their own plates and then pay athend of the meal buffet restaurants typically still have waiters to serve drinks and alcoholic beverages fast food restaurants are also considered a restauranthe travelling public has long been catered for with ship s mess es and railway restaurant cars which are in effectravelling restaurants many railways the world over also cater for the needs of travellers by providing railway refreshment rooms a form of restaurant at railway stations in the s a number of travelling restaurantspecifically designed for tourists have been created these can be found on trams boats buses etc file salaamahutjpg a salaama hut restaurant at a somali people somali strip mall in toronto file petrus london kitchenjpg the kitchen of p trus restaurant p trus located in knightsbridge centralondon restaurant staff a restaurant s proprietor is called a restaurateur like restauranthis derives from the french verb restaurer meaning to restore professional cooks are called chef s withere being various finer distinctions eg sous chef de partie most restaurant other than fast food restaurant s and cafeteria s will have various waiting staff to serve food beverages and alcoholic drinks including busboy s who remove usedishes and cutlery in finerestaurants this may include a host or hostess a ma tre d h tel to welcome customers and to seathem and a sommelier or wine waiter to helpatronselect wines a new route to becoming a restauranterather than working one s way up through the stages is toperate a food truck once a sufficient following has been obtained a permanent restaurant site can be opened this trend has become common in the uk and the us chef s table a chef s table is a special table in the restauranthat can be reserved for special events or special guests in some cases the chef s table could be located in the actual kitchen most of the time if seated athe chef s table the patron will be served a themed tasting menu that is preselected by the chef restaurants are allowed to require a minimum party and can charge a flat fee that is higher then one would pay sitting at a regular table reservations are usually always required for parties to sit athe chef s table by region history greece and rome in ancient greece and ancient rome thermopolium thermopolia singular thermopolium were small restaurant bars that offered food andrinks to customer s a typical thermopolium had little l shaped counters in which large storage vessels were sunk which would contain either hot or cold food their popularity was linked to the lack of kitchens in many dwellings and thease with which people could purchase prepared foods furthermoreating out was considered a very important aspect of socializing in pompeii thermopolia with a service counter have been identified across the whole town area they were concentrated along the main axis of the town and the public spaces where they were frequented by the localsellisteven j r the distribution of bars at pompeii archaeological spatial and viewshed analyses journal of roman archaeology vol pp file grandetabernajpg a roman thermopolium in pompeii china file nanjing hunan road ajisen ramenjpg thumb left ajisen ramen restaurant inanjing file restaurant for people shigatse jpg thumb restaurant for people sign shigatse tibet in china food catering establishments that may be described as restaurants have been known since the th century in kaifeng china s capital during the first half of the song dynasty probably growing out of the tea house s and taverns that catered to travellers kaifeng s restaurants blossomed into an industry catering to locals as well as people from otheregions of china there is a direct correlation between the growth of the restaurant businesses and institutions of culture of the song dynasty performing arts theatrical stage drama gambling and prostitution which served the burgeoning four occupations merchant middle class during the song dynasty restaurants catered to different styles of cuisine price brackets and religious requirements even within a single restaurant muchoice was available and people ordered thentree they wanted from written menu s an account from writes of hangzhou the capital city for the last half of the dynasty the restaurants in hangzhou also catered to many northern chinese who had fled south from kaifeng during the jurchens jurchen jin campaign againsthe song dynasty invasion of the s while it is also known that many restaurants were run by families formerly from kaifeng file tom s restaurant nycjpg thumb leftom s restaurant in manhattan was made internationally famous by seinfeld the birth of the modern restaurant paris in the th century the modern idea of a restaurant as well as the term itself appeared in paris in the th centuryrebecca l spang the invention of the restaurant paris and modern gastronomiculture harvard university press for centuries paris had taverns which served food at large common tables buthey were notoriously crowded noisy not very cleand served food of dubious quality in about a new kind of eating establishment called a bouillon was opened on rue des poulies near the louvre by a manamed boulanger it had separate tables a menu and specialized in soups made with a base of meat and eggs which were said to be restaurants or in english restoratives other similar bouillonsoon opened around paris thanks to boulanger and his imitators these soups moved from the category of remedy into the category of health food and ultimately into the category of ordinary food their existence was predicated on health not gustatory requirementsmetzner paul crescendof the virtuoso spectacle skill and self promotion in paris during the age of revolution berkeley university of california press c the first luxury restaurant in paris called the taverne anglaise was opened athe beginning of shortly before the french revolution by antoine beauvilliers the former chef of the count of provence athe palais royal it had mahogany tables linen tablecloths chandeliers well dressed and trained waiters a long wine list and an extensive menu of elaborately prepared and presentedishes in june the provost of parissued a decree giving the new kind of eating establishment official status authorizing restaurateurs to receive clients and toffer themeals until eleven in thevening in winter and midnight in summer a rival restaurant wastarted in by m othe former chef of the duke of orleans which offered a wine list with twenty two choices of red wine and twenty seven of white wine by thend of the century there were other luxury restaurants athe grand palais hur the couvert espagnol f vrier the grotte flamande v ry masse and the cafe des chartrestill openow the grand vefour united states in the united states it was not until the late th century that establishments that provided meals without also providing lodging began to appear in major metropolitan areas in the form of coffee house coffee and oyster bar oyster houses the actual term restaurant did not enter into the common parlance until the following century prior to being referred to as restaurants theseating establishments assumed regional namesuch as eating house inew york city restorator in boston or victualing house in other areas restaurants were typically located in populous urban areas during the th century and grew both inumber and sophistication in the mid century due to a more affluent middle class and to suburbanization the highest concentration of these restaurants were in the west followed by industrial cities on theastern seaboard early restaurants in america in contemporary timesouth america brazil in brazil restaurants varieties mirrors the multitude of nationalities that arrived in the country japanese arab lebanese german italian portuguese and many more colombia in colombia piqueteadero is a type of casual orustic eatery meals are often shared and typical offerings include dishesuch as chorizo chicharron fried organs fried yuca cooking plantain maduro and corn on the cob customers order the foods they want and the prepared foods are served together on a platter to be shared the word piquete can be used to refer to a common colombian type of meal that includes meat yucand potatoes which is a type of meal served at a piqueteaderos the verb form of the word piquetear means to participate in binging liquor drinking and leisure activities in populareas or open spaces diccionario comentado del espa ol actual en colombia rd edition by ramiro montoya north america united states in the s there was one restaurant for every persons in there werestaurants one for every people the average person eats out five to six times weekly of the nations workforce is composed of restaurant workers guides file noma entrancejpg thumb noma restaurant noma in copenhagen denmark rated stars in the michelin guide and named restaurant magazine top best restaurant in the world by restaurant magazine restaurant guides review restaurants often ranking them or providing information to guide consumers type ofoodisability handicap accessibility facilities etc one of the most famous contemporary guides is the michelin guide michelin series of guides which accord from to star classification stars to restaurants they perceive to be of high culinary merit restaurants with stars in the michelin guide are formal expensivestablishments in general the more stars awarded the higher the prices the main competitor to the michelin guide in europe is the guidebook series published by gault millaunlike the michelin guide which takes the restaurant d cor and service into consideration with its ratingault millau only judges the quality of the food its ratings are on a scale of to with being the highest file persejpg thumb right left per se restaurant per se inew york city has three michelin stars and is rated at or near the top of multiple zagat lists in the united states the forbes travel guide previously the mobil travel guides and the american automobile association aaa rate restaurants on a similar to star forbes or diamond aaa scale three four and five star diamond ratings are roughly equivalento the michelin one two and three staratings while one and two staratings typically indicate more casual places to eat in michelin released a new york city guide its first for the united states the popular zagat survey compiles individuals comments about restaurants but does not pass an official critical assessment freshnyc recommends plausible new york city restaurants for busy new yorkers and visitors alike the good food guide published by the fairfax newspaper group in australiaccessed september is the australian guide listing the best places to eat chefs hats are awarded for outstanding restaurants and range from one hathrough three hats the good food guide also incorporates guides to bars cafes and providers the good restaurant guide is another australian restaurant guide that has reviews on the restaurants as experienced by the public and provides information locations and contact details any member of the publican submit a review nearly all major americanewspapers employ food critic s and publish online dininguides for the cities they serve some newsources provide customary reviews of restaurants while others may provide more of a generalistingservice morecently internet sites have started up that publish both food critic reviews and populareviews by the general public economics many restaurants are small businesses and franchising franchise restaurants are common there is often a relatively large immigrant representation reflecting bothe relatively low start up costs of the industry thus making restaurant ownership an option for immigrants with relatively few resources and the cultural importance ofood canada there are commercial foodservice units in canada or units per canadians by segmenthere are crfa s provincial infostats and statistics canada full service restaurants limited service restaurants contract and social caterers drinking places fully of restaurants in canadare independent brands chain restaurants account for the remaining and many of these are locally owned and operated franchisesrecount npd group and crfa s foodservice facts european union file inside le procopejpg thumb right le procope restaurant in paris france theu has an estimated m businesses involved in accommodation food services more than of which are small and medium enterprises file restaurant in pollenca jpg thumb a restaurant in pollenca spain united states file the kitchen at delmonico s jpg thumb workers in the kitchen at delmonico s restaurant new york as of there are approximately full service restaurants in the united states accounting for billion in sales and approximately limited service fast food restaurants accounting for billion us industry market outlook by barnes reportstarting in americanspent more on restaurants than groceries one study of new restaurants in cleveland ohio found that in changed ownership or went out of business after one year and out of did so after three years not all changes in ownership are indicative ofinancial failure kerry miller the restaurant failure myth business week april cites an article by hg parsa in cornell hotel restaurant administration quarterly published augusthe three year failure rate for franchises was nearly the samemiller failure myth page restaurants employed cooks in earning an average per hourbureau of labor statistics occupational employment and wages may cooks restaurant online the waiting staff numbered in earning an average per hourbls occupational outlook handbook food and beverage serving and related workers january online jiaxi lu of the washington post reports in that americans are spending billion a year dining out and they are also demanding better food quality and greater variety from restaurants to make sure their money is well spent jiaxi lu consumereports mcdonald s burgeranked worst in the us dining in restaurants has become increasingly popular withe proportion of meals consumed outside the home in restaurants or institutions rising from in to in this caused by factorsuch as the growing numbers of older people who are often unable or unwilling to cook their meals at home and the growing number of single parent households it is also caused by the convenience that restaurants can afford people the growth of restaurant popularity is also correlated withe growing length of the work day in the us as well as the growing number of single parent households eating in restaurants has also become more popular withe growth of higher income households athe same time less expensivestablishmentsuch as fast food establishments can be quite inexpensive making restaurant eating accessible to many regulations in many countries restaurants are subjecto inspections by environmental health officer health inspectors to maintain standards for public health such as maintaining proper hygiene and cleanliness as part of these inspections cooking and handling practices of ground beef are taken into accounto protect againsthe spread of e coli poisoning the most common kind of violations of inspection reports are those concerning the storage of cold food at appropriatemperatures proper sanitation of equipment regular hand washing and proper disposal of harmful chemicalsimple steps can be taken to improve sanitation in restaurants asickness is easily spread through touch restaurants arencouraged to regularly wipe down tables door knobs and menus depending on local customs and thestablishment restaurants may or may not serve alcoholic beverage s restaurants are often prohibited from selling alcoholic beverage s without a meal by alcohol sale lawsuch sale is considered to be activity for bar establishment bars which are meanto have more severestrictionsome restaurants are licensed to serve alcohol fully licensed and or permit customers to bring your own alcohol byobeverage byob in some places restaurant licenses may restrict service to beer or wine and beer see also barbecue restaurant list of barbecue restaurants communal dining culinary art food quality food safety food street gastropub health food restaurant list of buffet restaurants list of michelin starred restaurants list of restaurant chains list of restaurant chains in ireland list of restaurant chains in the united states list of restauranterminology list of restaurants in barcelona list of restaurants in sweden list of seafood restaurants lists of restaurants menu engineering pub seafood restaurant steakhouse theme restaurants types of restaurant s notes and references bibliography spang rebecca l the invention of the restaurant harvard university press furthereading appelbaum robert dishing it out in search of the restaurant experience london reaktion fleury h l ne l inden miniature paris le d cor des restaurants diasporas indiennes dans la ville hommes et migrations number haley andrew p turning the tables restaurants and the rise of the american middle class university of north carolina press pp lundberg donald e the hotel and restaurant business boston cahners books whitaker jan teathe blue lantern inn a social history of the tea room craze in america st martin s press externalinks category restaurants category 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restaurants otherestaurants may_serve single meal pancake_house may_serve breakfast may_serve two meals lunch andinner even kids_meal types restaurants_may classified distinguished many_different ways primary factors usually food vegetarian seafood steak italian chinese japanese indian french mexican thai style offering tapas bar sushi train restaurant buffet restaurant yum cha restaurant beyond restaurants_may differentiate factors including speed see fast_food location cost service theme restaurant novelty automated restaurant restaurants range inexpensive ing dining places catering people_working nearby modest food_served simple settings low prices refined food fine wine formal setting former case customers usually wear casual clothing latter case depending culture local traditions customers might wear semi casual semi formal formal wear typically mid high priced restaurants atables orders taken waiter brings food ready eating customers pay bill workplace cafeteria waiters customers use trays place cold items thathey select container hot items request cooks pay sit approach uses buffet restaurant food onto plates pay athend meal buffet restaurants typically still waiters serve drinks alcoholic_beverages fast_food_restaurants also_considered restauranthe travelling public long catered ship mess railway restaurant cars restaurants many railways world also cater needs travellers providing railway refreshment rooms form restaurant railway_stations number travelling designed tourists created found boats buses etc file hut restaurant people strip mall toronto file london kitchenjpg kitchen p trus restaurant p trus located knightsbridge centralondon restaurant_staff restaurant proprietor called restaurateur like derives french verb meaning restore professional cooks called chef various finer distinctions sous_chef de_partie restaurant fast_food_restaurant cafeteria various waiting_staff serve_food beverages alcoholic_drinks including busboy remove cutlery may_include host hostess tre h_tel welcome customers sommelier wine waiter wines new route becoming working one way stages toperate food_truck sufficient following obtained permanent restaurant site opened trend become common uk us chef table chef table special table restauranthat reserved special_events special guests cases chef table could located actual kitchen time seated athe chef table patron served themed tasting menu chef restaurants allowed require minimum party charge flat fee higher one would pay sitting regular table_reservations usually always required parties sit athe chef table region history greece rome ancient_greece ancient_rome thermopolium thermopolia thermopolium small restaurant bars offered food_andrinks customer typical thermopolium little l shaped counters large storage vessels would contain either hot cold food popularity linked lack kitchens many dwellings thease people could purchase prepared foods considered important aspect socializing pompeii thermopolia service counter identified across whole town area concentrated along main axis town public_spaces frequented j r distribution bars pompeii archaeological spatial analyses journal roman archaeology vol pp file roman thermopolium pompeii china file road thumb left ramen restaurant file restaurant people jpg thumb restaurant people sign tibet china food catering establishments may described restaurants known since th_century kaifeng china capital first_half song dynasty probably growing tea_house taverns catered travellers kaifeng restaurants industry catering locals well people otheregions china direct correlation growth restaurant businesses institutions culture song dynasty performing arts theatrical stage drama gambling prostitution served burgeoning four occupations merchant middle_class song dynasty restaurants catered different styles cuisine price religious requirements even within single restaurant available people ordered wanted written menu account writes hangzhou capital_city last half dynasty restaurants hangzhou also catered many northern chinese south kaifeng jin campaign againsthe song dynasty invasion also_known many_restaurants run families formerly kaifeng file tom restaurant thumb restaurant manhattan made internationally famous birth modern restaurant paris th_century modern idea restaurant well term appeared paris th l invention restaurant paris modern harvard university_press centuries paris taverns served food large common tables buthey notoriously crowded cleand served food_quality new kind eating establishment called opened rue des near louvre boulanger separate tables menu specialized soups made base meat eggs said restaurants english similar opened around paris thanks boulanger soups moved category category health food ultimately category ordinary food existence health paul spectacle skill self promotion paris age revolution berkeley university california_press c first luxury restaurant paris called opened athe_beginning shortly french revolution antoine former chef count provence athe palais royal tables well dressed trained waiters long wine_list extensive menu prepared june decree giving new kind eating establishment official status restaurateurs receive clients toffer eleven thevening winter midnight summer rival restaurant wastarted former chef duke orleans offered wine_list twenty two choices red wine twenty seven white wine thend century luxury restaurants athe grand palais couvert f v cafe_des grand united_states united_states late_th century establishments provided meals without also providing lodging began appear major metropolitan areas form coffee_house coffee oyster_bar oyster houses actual term restaurant enter common following century prior referred restaurants establishments assumed regional namesuch eating house inew_york_city boston house areas restaurants typically located urban_areas th_century grew inumber sophistication mid century due affluent middle_class highest concentration restaurants west followed industrial cities theastern early restaurants america contemporary america brazil brazil restaurants varieties mirrors multitude nationalities arrived country japanese arab lebanese german italian portuguese many colombia colombia type casual eatery meals often shared typical offerings include dishesuch fried organs fried cooking corn customers order foods want prepared foods served together platter shared word used refer common colombian type meal includes meat potatoes type meal served verb form word means participate liquor drinking leisure activities open spaces del espa actual colombia edition north_america united_states one restaurant every persons one every people average person five six times weekly nations workforce composed restaurant workers guides file noma entrancejpg thumb noma restaurant noma copenhagen denmark rated stars michelin_guide named restaurant magazine top best restaurant world restaurant magazine restaurant_guides review restaurants_often ranking providing information guide consumers type accessibility facilities etc one famous contemporary guides michelin_guide michelin series guides star classification stars restaurants high culinary merit restaurants stars michelin_guide formal general stars awarded higher prices main competitor michelin_guide europe guidebook series published gault michelin_guide takes restaurant cor service consideration millau judges quality food ratings scale highest file thumb right left per restaurant per inew_york_city three michelin_stars rated near top multiple zagat lists united_states forbes_travel_guide previously mobil travel_guides american_automobile_association aaa rate restaurants similar star forbes diamond aaa scale three four five star diamond ratings roughly equivalento michelin one two three staratings one two staratings typically indicate casual places eat michelin released new_york city_guide first united_states popular zagat survey individuals comments restaurants pass official critical assessment new_york city restaurants busy new visitors alike good_food_guide published newspaper group september australian guide listing best places eat chefs hats awarded outstanding restaurants range one three hats good_food_guide also incorporates guides bars cafes providers good restaurant_guide another australian restaurant_guide reviews restaurants experienced public provides_information locations contact details member publican submit review nearly major employ food critic publish online cities serve provide customary reviews restaurants others may provide morecently internet sites started publish food critic reviews general_public economics many_restaurants small businesses franchising franchise restaurants common often relatively large immigrant representation reflecting bothe relatively low start costs industry thus making restaurant ownership option immigrants relatively resources cultural importance ofood canada commercial foodservice units canada units per canadians provincial statistics canada full_service restaurants limited_service restaurants contract social caterers drinking places fully restaurants independent brands chain restaurants account remaining many locally owned operated group foodservice facts european union file inside thumb right restaurant paris_france estimated businesses involved accommodation food_services small medium enterprises file restaurant jpg thumb restaurant spain united_states file kitchen delmonico jpg thumb workers kitchen delmonico restaurant new_york approximately full_service restaurants united_states accounting billion sales approximately limited_service fast_food_restaurants accounting billion us industry market outlook barnes restaurants groceries one study new restaurants cleveland_ohio found changed ownership went business one_year three_years changes ownership ofinancial failure kerry miller restaurant failure myth business week april cites article cornell hotel restaurant administration quarterly published augusthe three year failure rate franchises nearly failure myth page restaurants employed cooks earning average per labor statistics occupational employment wages may cooks restaurant online waiting_staff numbered earning average per occupational outlook handbook food beverage serving related workers january online washington_post reports americans spending billion year dining also demanding better food_quality greater variety restaurants make_sure money well spent mcdonald worst us dining_restaurants become increasingly_popular withe proportion meals consumed outside home restaurants institutions rising caused factorsuch growing numbers older people often unable cook meals home growing number single parent households also caused convenience restaurants afford people growth restaurant popularity also withe growing length work day us well growing number single parent households eating restaurants also become_popular withe growth higher income households athe_time less fast_food establishments quite inexpensive making restaurant eating accessible many regulations many_countries restaurants subjecto inspections environmental health officer health inspectors maintain standards public_health maintaining proper hygiene cleanliness part inspections cooking handling practices ground beef taken protect againsthe spread e coli poisoning common kind violations inspection reports concerning storage cold food proper sanitation equipment regular hand washing proper disposal harmful steps taken improve sanitation restaurants easily spread touch restaurants arencouraged regularly tables door menus depending local customs thestablishment restaurants_may may_serve_alcoholic_beverage restaurants_often prohibited selling alcoholic_beverage without meal alcohol sale sale considered activity bar_establishment_bars meanto restaurants licensed serve alcohol fully licensed permit customers bring alcohol byob places restaurant licenses may restrict service beer wine beer see_also barbecue restaurant list barbecue restaurants communal dining culinary art food_quality food safety food street gastropub health food_restaurant list buffet restaurants_list michelin_starred_restaurants list restaurant_chains list restaurant_chains ireland list restaurant_chains united_states list restauranterminology list restaurants barcelona list restaurants sweden list seafood_restaurants_lists restaurants menu_engineering pub seafood_restaurant steakhouse theme_restaurants types restaurant notes references bibliography rebecca l invention restaurant harvard university_press furthereading robert search restaurant experience london reaktion h l l miniature paris cor des restaurants dans la ville hommes number andrew p turning tables restaurants rise american middle_class university north_carolina press_pp donald e hotel restaurant business boston books whitaker jan blue lantern inn social history tea_room craze america st_martin press externalinks_category_restaurants category_restauranterminology"},{"title":"Restaurant management","description":"restaurant management is the profession of managing a restaurant associate bachelor and graduate degree programs are offered in restaurant management by community colleges junior colleges and some universities in the united states the owner or proprietor is the person responsible for the business in general the general manager or operations manager may also be called the managing partner if he owns a stake in the business is the person whoperates the restaurant for the owner the assistant manager or administrative assistant manages the office and business aspect of the restaurant is responsible for human resource management human resources including payroll financial and taxation documentation and all records management record managementhe host or greeter also awaits in the front of the house managementhe ma tre d h tel or manager is entirely responsible for all front of the house operations managestaff who give services to customers and allocate the duties of opening and closing the restaurant he or she is responsible for making sure his or her staff is following the service standards and health and safety regulations he or she is the most important person in the front of the housenvironment since it is up to him or her to motivate the staff and give them job satisfaction he or she looks after and guides the personal well being of the staff since it makes the work force stronger and more profitable and works with other executive management officersuch as thexecutive chef and the owner the beverage manager or bar manager bartender is responsible for all the beverage service and bar operations of the restaurant he or she reports directly to the ma tre d h tel manager beverage managers order bar inventory maintain and track inventory issue bar stock and schedule bar service personnel often a bar manager will have prior experience as a bartender often a beverage manager will havextensive knowledge of beverages that include wine beer and spirits back of the house managementhexecutive chef usually operates in corporate restaurant companies he or she is entirely responsible for all back of the house operations and works with other executive management officersuch as the maitre d h tel and the owner the chef de cuisine or executive sous chef manages the kitchen staff working in the kitchen and creates the menus in absence of thexecutive chef the kitchen is often referred to as theart of the restauranthey create the menu and specials as well as order the products needed for the menu recipes managing the kitchen staff helps to control food timing quality and cost kitchen management involves most importantly cost control and budgeting the sous chef or kitchen manager oversees the daily kitchen operations he or she acts also as the chef de cuisine chef de cuisine when he or she is not in the restauranthead cook is thead preparation chef who supervises food preparation prep 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general_manager operations manager may_also called managing partner owns stake business person restaurant owner assistant manager administrative assistant manages office business aspect restaurant responsible human_resource management human_resources including payroll financial taxation documentation records management record managementhe host also front house managementhe tre h_tel manager entirely responsible front house operations give services customers duties opening closing restaurant responsible making sure staff following service standards health safety regulations important person front since motivate staff give job satisfaction looks guides personal well staff since makes work force stronger profitable works executive management thexecutive chef owner beverage manager bar manager bartender responsible beverage service bar operations restaurant reports directly tre h_tel manager beverage managers order bar inventory maintain track inventory issue bar stock schedule bar service personnel often bar manager prior experience bartender often beverage manager knowledge beverages include wine beer spirits back house chef usually operates corporate restaurant companies entirely responsible back house operations works executive management h_tel owner chef_de_cuisine executive sous_chef manages kitchen staff working kitchen creates menus absence thexecutive chef kitchen often_referred theart create menu specials well order products needed menu recipes managing kitchen staff helps control food timing quality cost kitchen management involves importantly cost control sous_chef kitchen manager oversees daily kitchen operations acts also chef_de_cuisine chef_de_cuisine cook thead preparation chef supervises food_preparation thead station chef head lead line chef cook supervises cooking work menu order push ensure entire table receive order athe_time references_furthereading restaurant labor management restaurant marketing strategies category_food_services 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start cooking first timing food finishing athe_time category_restaurants"},{"title":"Restaurant rating","description":"restaurant ratings identify restaurant s according to their quality using notationsuch astars or other symbols or numberstar classification stars are a familiar and popular symbol with scales of one to three or five stars commonly used ratings appear in guide book guide books as well as in the media typically inewspaper s lifestyle magazine s and webzine s websites featuring consumer written reviews and ratings are increasingly popular but are far less reliable fake reviews on tripadvisor a real problem for hoteliers in addition there are ratings given by public health agencies rating the level ofood safety sanitation practiced by an establishment restaurant guides one of the most well known guides is the michelin guide michelin series which award one to three stars to restaurants they perceive to be of high culinary merit one star indicates a very good restaurantwo stars indicate a place worth a detour three stars means exceptional cuisine worth a special journey several bigger newspapers employ restaurant critic s and publish online dininguides for the cities they serve such as the irish independent forepublic of ireland irish restaurants list of notable restaurant guides europe original working area class wikitable sortable name working area type of rating method michelin guide worldwide to stars professional inspectors gault millau europe to points inspectors of local agents the automobile association automobile association united kingdom to rosettes professional inspectors gamberosso wine ratings gamberosso italy and san marino to forks harden s united kingdom rating out of annual survey la liste worldwide ranking proprietary algorithm the good food guide united kingdom rating out of inspections by correspondents the world s best restaurants worldwide ranking class wikitable sortable name working area type of rating method michelin guide new york chicago dc and san francisco to stars professional inspectors gayot guide gault millaunited states to points inspectors of local agents american automobile association united states to aaa five diamond awardiamonds aaa employees hired specifically to rate hotels forbes travel guide united states to stars professionals consumers and self reporting by restaurants zagat united states point scale public reviews class wikitable sortable name working area type of rating method miele guide asia kingfisher beer kingfisher explocity food guide india inspectors internet restaurant review sites havempowered regular people to generate non expert reviews this hasparked criticism from restaurant establishments abouthe non editorial non professional critiques those reviews can be falsified or faked tripadvisoresponds to fake reviews controversy with phone lines for aggrieved hotel owners rating criteria the different guides have their own criteria not every guide looks behind the scenes or decorum others look particularly sharply to value for money this why a restaurant can be missing in one guide while mentioned in another because the guides work independently it is possible to have simultaneous multiple recognitions things you did not know abouthe michelin guide what are the criteria foreceiving michelin stars gault millau criteria smulweb criteriagfg chef hat awards ratings impact a top restaurant rating can mean success or failure for a restaurant particularly when bestowed by influential sources like michelin still a good rating is not enough for economic success and many michelin starred and or highly rated restaurants have methe same fate as the netherlands dutch restaurant de swaen restaurant de swaen in michelin came under fire after bipolar disorder bipolar chef bernard loiseau committed suicide after he was rumoured to be in danger of losing one of his three stars however the michelin guide had stated he would not be downgraded most news reports attributed hisuicide to the downgrade carried out by the rival gault millau guide many countries have a system of checks and inspections in place for sanitationly a few countries amongst others the united states and canada create and publish restaurant ratings based on this however the whole of the united kingdom is covered as is denmark united states in the united stateseveral states have imposed uniform statewide restaurant grading systems under which safety and hygiene inspection reports are used to compute numerical scores or letter grades and those must be prominently posted by restaurants the firstate to enact such a statewide system wasouth carolina in tennessee and north carolina later enacted legislation imposing similar statewide systems in many other states the mandatory posting of restaurant grades is neitherequired nor prohibited statewide which means it is purely a matter for local governments like cities and counties los angeles inovember a kcbs tv sweeps newstory called behind the kitchen door focused attention problems in los angeles top restaurants the station used hidden cameras to catch restaurant employees practicing unsafe food handling practicesuch as picking up food from the floor and re serving it vermin crawling near food to be served and mixing uncooked meat and vegetables the kcbs report also reviewed inspection reports whichave always been public records but were available only on request and athe time required an in person visito thealth department and found that many problems had already been expressly identified in the inspection reports but had not been adequately publicized as a result of this report in december the los angeles county board of supervisors board of supervisors of los angeles county introduced a letter grading system already in use for some years in twother nearby countiesan diego county and riverside county instead of merely listing violations in a reporthe restaurant inspection system was changed to a point system with each restaurant starting each inspection with a perfect score of points environmental health specialists werequired to use a standard form called the food official inspection reporto identify violations as they inspected establishments the form required them to subtract a certainumber of points for each violation found based on the number of points remaining letter grades were then assigned and required to be prominently posted at all establishmentselling food and all establishments were also required to provide a copy of the underlying inspection reporto any customer on request grades are available athe county public health department s web site two stanford university economics researchers found that higher lettered restaurantscored a rise in revenue while lower lettered restaurants have seen theirevenues decline the quality of restaurants in thentire county became more acceptable withe average score going up from abouto nearly in the year afterestaurant grading was implemented the researchers concluded thathe results were not explained solely by consumerswitching to higher quality restaurants and that some of theffect had to do with restaurants making changes due to grade cards another study estimated a reduction in hospitalization for food borne illnesses in the year following implementation of the program suggesting that implementing a restaurant grading program could improve public safety although los angeles county was nothe first local jurisdiction to requirestaurants to post grades itsuccess in implementing such a program inspired many other local governments during the s to enact similar programs based on the los angeles model such as toronto las vegas dallas and new york city see also culinary arts food critic food grading food safety category hospitality industry category rating systems category 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websites featuring consumer written reviews ratings increasingly_popular far less reliable fake reviews tripadvisor real problem hoteliers addition ratings given public_health agencies rating level ofood safety sanitation practiced establishment restaurant_guides one well_known guides michelin_guide michelin series award one three stars restaurants high culinary merit one star indicates good stars indicate place worth detour three stars means exceptional cuisine worth special journey several bigger newspapers employ restaurant critic publish online cities serve irish independent ireland irish restaurants_list notable restaurant_guides europe original working area class wikitable sortable name working area type rating method michelin_guide worldwide stars professional inspectors gault millau europe points inspectors local agents automobile_association automobile_association united_kingdom professional inspectors wine ratings italy san marino forks harden united_kingdom rating annual survey la liste worldwide ranking proprietary good_food_guide united_kingdom rating inspections world best restaurants worldwide ranking class wikitable sortable name working area type rating method michelin_guide new_york chicago san_francisco stars professional inspectors guide gault states points inspectors local agents american_automobile_association united_states aaa five diamond aaa employees hired specifically rate hotels forbes_travel_guide united_states stars professionals consumers self reporting restaurants zagat united_states point scale public reviews class wikitable sortable name working area type rating method guide asia beer food_guide india inspectors internet restaurant review sites regular people generate non expert reviews criticism restaurant establishments abouthe non editorial non professional critiques reviews fake reviews controversy phone lines hotel owners rating criteria different guides criteria every guide looks behind scenes others look particularly sharply value money restaurant missing one guide mentioned another guides work independently possible simultaneous multiple things know abouthe michelin_guide criteria michelin_stars gault millau criteria chef hat awards ratings impact top restaurant rating mean success failure restaurant particularly influential sources like michelin still good rating enough economic success many michelin_starred highly rated restaurants methe fate netherlands dutch restaurant de restaurant de michelin came fire disorder chef bernard committed suicide danger losing one three stars however michelin_guide stated would news reports attributed carried rival gault millau guide many_countries system checks inspections place countries amongst others united_states canada create publish restaurant ratings based however whole united_kingdom covered denmark united_states united_states imposed uniform statewide restaurant grading systems safety hygiene inspection reports used scores letter grades must prominently posted restaurants statewide system carolina tennessee north_carolina later enacted legislation imposing similar statewide systems many states mandatory posting restaurant grades prohibited statewide means purely matter local_governments like cities counties los_angeles inovember tv called behind kitchen door focused attention problems los_angeles top restaurants station used hidden cameras catch restaurant employees practicing unsafe food handling picking food floor serving near food_served mixing meat vegetables report also reviewed inspection reports whichave always public records available request athe_time required person visito thealth department found many problems already expressly identified inspection reports adequately publicized result report december los_angeles county board supervisors board supervisors los_angeles county introduced letter grading system already use years twother nearby diego county riverside county instead merely listing violations reporthe restaurant inspection system changed point system restaurant starting inspection perfect score points environmental health specialists werequired use standard form called food official inspection reporto identify violations inspected establishments form required certainumber points found based number points remaining letter grades assigned required prominently posted food establishments also required provide copy underlying inspection reporto customer request grades available athe county public_health department web_site two stanford university economics researchers found higher rise revenue lower restaurants seen decline quality restaurants thentire county became acceptable withe average score going abouto nearly year grading implemented researchers concluded thathe results explained solely higher quality restaurants theffect restaurants making changes due grade cards another study estimated reduction food borne illnesses year following implementation program suggesting implementing restaurant grading program could improve public safety although los_angeles county nothe first local jurisdiction post grades implementing program inspired many local_governments similar programs based los_angeles model toronto las_vegas dallas new_york city see_also culinary_arts food critic food grading food safety category_hospitality_industry category rating systems category_restaurants"},{"title":"Restaurant ware","description":"file iroquois china topstampjpg thumb lithographdictionary of ceramics rd edition ed by arthur doddavid murfin maney publishing on a plate produced by iroquois china company from s or s restaurant ware or most commonly hotelware serving suggestions asian hotelware finds its place athe table rware asian ceramics february south east asian hotelware asian ceram october pg can retailers profit from hotelware rweightman tableware international no pg porcelain tableware of high strength properties and microstructure rrubin chahn sprechsaal resistance of hotelware glazes to attack by commercial dishwasher agents a scowcroft ssalt wroberts british ceramics research association research paper an introduction to the technology of pottery nd edition paul rado institute of ceramics pergamon press whitewares testing and quality control wryan cradford institute of ceramics pergamon press is vitrified ceramic tableware which exhibits high mechanical strength and is produced for use in hotels and restaurantsdictionary of ceramics rd edition ed by arthur doddavid murfin maney publishing tableware used in railway dining cars passenger ships and airlines are also included in this category collectable hotelware was usually made of stoneware or ironstone china during thearly to mid th century examples from the th century are also collectable but rarer file syracuse china oakleigh airbrushed stencil design on bread butter platesjpg thumb the oakleigh airbrushed stencil design on side plates by syracuse china hotelware was produced by the same potteries that producedomestic ware as the middle class grew during the late th century dining out became an affordable option for more people with disposable income the number of restaurants and mass transportation such aships and railways with dining facilities led to a greater demand for hotelware stoneware and ironstone ware were popular choices forestaurants for their ability to withstand heavy use transfer designs also enabled some restaurants to setheir tables with pieces bearing the business name or emblem by thearly th century hotelwarexpanded into diners catering to road travellers and airlines also introduced on board mealserved on hotelware united states homer laughlin the largest pottery in the united states for much of the th century first began producing hotelware in but by it ended its production of household porcelain homer laughlin produced hotelwarexclusively until the revival of interest in fiesta ware led to its reintroduction to its product lines although not ceramic and not generally considered hotelware from to anchor hocking produced jadeite kitchenware fire king jadeite ware that was aimed at catering establishments file mug humboldt hbp jpg thumb hotelware coffee mug for the humboldt restaurant in rostock germany the hotelware industry in the united states faced many challenges beginning in the late s following theconomic downturn of and the s restaurants were hit hard by a decline in consumer spending andemand for hotelware declined by athe same time americans consumed fast food in disposable containers at an increasing rate putting more pressure on the us hotelware industry by thearly st century syracuse china whichad for decades been a major producer of hotelwarended manufacture in the us and outsourced production overseasince hotelware isubjecto heavy use it is made to resist chipping and cracking rather than emphasizing aesthetic qualities over utility whereas bone china is fired at near its melting point when it is produced hotelware is not colombia corona czech republic pirken hammer czechoslovakian ceramics industry a major contributor to theconomy american ceramic society bulletino pgermany eschenbash eschenbach investing in technology tableware international no hutschenreuther villeroy boch villeroy boch s uk consolidation tableware international no pg indonesia royal doulton all aboard for indonesia royal doulton closes final uk operations asian ceramics may japanoritake noritake investment grows in sri lanka tableware international no pg luxembourg villeroy boch villeroy boch s uk consolidation tableware international no pg sri lanka noritake investment grows in sri lanka tableware international no pg united arab emirates rak porcelain south east asian hotelware asian ceram october pg united kingdom dudson can retailers profit from hotelware rweightman tableware international no pg family of english pottersince dudson centennial ofine hotel tableware london royal doulton changes at royal doulton ceramic technology international sterling publications ltd steelite wedgwood united statesyracuse china buffalo china company iroquois china company homer laughlin anchor hocking related collectables vintage fast food ware such as beehive glass condiment containers is also collectable and several united states manufacturers and vintage dealers also market reproductions of vintage stylesee also retro style ironstone china category collecting category pottery category hospitality industry category tableware category 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ceramics february south_east_asian hotelware asian october retailers profit hotelware tableware international porcelain tableware high strength properties resistance hotelware attack commercial dishwasher agents british ceramics research association research paper introduction technology pottery edition paul institute ceramics press testing quality control institute ceramics press ceramic tableware exhibits high mechanical strength produced use hotels ceramics edition ed arthur publishing tableware used railway dining_cars passenger ships airlines also_included category collectable hotelware usually_made china thearly_mid_th century examples th_century also collectable file syracuse china oakleigh design bread butter thumb oakleigh design side plates syracuse china hotelware produced ware middle_class grew late_th century dining became affordable option people disposable income number restaurants mass transportation railways dining facilities led greater demand hotelware ware popular choices forestaurants ability withstand heavy use transfer designs also enabled restaurants tables pieces bearing business name thearly_th century diners catering road_travellers airlines also introduced board hotelware united_states homer laughlin largest pottery united_states much th_century first began producing hotelware ended production household porcelain homer laughlin produced revival interest fiesta ware led reintroduction product lines although ceramic generally considered hotelware anchor hocking produced kitchenware fire king ware aimed catering establishments file mug humboldt jpg thumb hotelware coffee mug humboldt restaurant germany hotelware industry united_states faced many challenges beginning late following theconomic downturn restaurants hit hard decline consumer spending andemand hotelware declined athe_time americans consumed fast_food disposable containers increasing rate putting pressure us hotelware industry thearly st_century syracuse china whichad decades major producer manufacture us outsourced production hotelware isubjecto heavy use made resist rather emphasizing aesthetic qualities utility whereas bone china fired near melting point produced hotelware colombia czech_republic hammer ceramics industry major contributor theconomy american ceramic society investing technology tableware international villeroy boch villeroy boch uk consolidation tableware international indonesia royal doulton aboard indonesia royal doulton closes final uk operations asian ceramics may investment grows sri_lanka tableware international luxembourg villeroy boch villeroy boch uk consolidation tableware international sri_lanka investment grows sri_lanka tableware international united_arab_emirates porcelain south_east_asian hotelware asian october united_kingdom retailers profit hotelware tableware international family english centennial ofine hotel tableware london royal doulton changes royal doulton ceramic technology international sterling publications ltd 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the linesomething fantastically unmilitary occurred germand french troopspontaneously made peace and ceased hostilities they visited each other through disused trench tunnels and exchanged wine cognac and cigarettes for westphalian black bread biscuits and ham thisuited them so well thathey remained good friends even after christmas was over schirrmann served in a regiment holding a position the bernhardstein one of the mountains of the vosges mountains vosgeseparated from the french troops by a narrow no man s land no man s land whichis account describes astrewn with shattered trees the ground ploughed up by shellfire a wilderness of earth tree roots and tattered uniforms military discipline wasoon restored but schirrmann pondered over the incident wondering whether thoughtful young people of all countries could be provided with suitable meeting places where they could geto know each other german youthostel association in he founded a nationwide youthostel association and in he 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akpughunum okwulehie chief position permanent secretary chief name chief position child agency child agency child agency child agency child agency child agency child agency website the riverstate ministry of culture and tourism is a government ministry of riverstate nigeria entrusted withe formulation and implementation of policies to promote culture and tourism with a view to stimulating economic growth in the state the ministry s mandate is to put in place programmes and events thattract international and local tourists the ministry of culture and tourism states that its vision and mission is to promote the diverse cultural heritage of rivers people and to identify andevelop the tourism potentials of the state as a means of job creation wealth generation as well inculcating pride andignity in our local art work and cultural values this to establish and brand riverstate a choicedestination for cultural tourism beside oil and gas the ministry of culture and tourism has the following objectives to draw immediate attention tourism development in riverstate to provide leisure and recreational faculties in the local government areas of the state to reawaken interest and active participation of all stakeholders in the development of riverstate culture towards economic well being of the people to identify the cultural diversity and heritage of the state for proper management and utilization to regulate categorize standardize and control hotels restaurants fast foods travel agencies four operators and other tourism related enterprises to providenabling environment for the development of traditional small scale cottagenterprises for domestic and export promotion see also list of government ministries of riverstate riverstate tourism development agency category government ministries of riverstate culture and tourism category tourism in riverstate ministry of culture and tourism category culture in riverstate category culture ministries category 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commissioner chief_name grace chief_position permanent secretary chief_name_chief position child_agency_child agency_child agency_child agency_child agency_child agency_child agency_website riverstate ministry culture_tourism government ministry riverstate nigeria withe formulation implementation policies promote culture_tourism view stimulating economic_growth state ministry mandate put place programmes events thattract international local tourists ministry culture_tourism states vision mission promote diverse cultural_heritage rivers people identify andevelop tourism state means job creation wealth generation well pride local art work cultural values establish brand riverstate cultural_tourism beside oil gas ministry culture_tourism following objectives draw immediate attention tourism_development riverstate provide leisure recreational local_government areas state interest active participation stakeholders development riverstate culture towards economic well people identify cultural diversity heritage state proper management utilization regulate control hotels_restaurants fast_foods travel_agencies four operators tourism_related enterprises environment development traditional small_scale domestic export promotion see_also list government_ministries riverstate riverstate tourism_development agency category_government ministries riverstate culture_tourism category_tourism riverstate ministry culture_tourism category_culture riverstate category_culture_ministries category_tourisministries"},{"title":"Rivers State Tourism Development Agency","description":"motto employees budget minister name minister pfo minister name minister pfo deputyminister name deputyminister pfo deputyminister name deputyminister pfo chief name sam achibi dede chief position director general chief name stanley daopuye chief position director ofinance and accounting chief name uloma saya braide chief position head of business development and marketing agency type parent department parent agency child agency child agency website footnotes map width map caption the riverstate tourism development agency abbreviated rstda is an agency of the government of riverstate responsible for promoting and improving sustainable tourism activities and attractions in the statestablished in january the agency s mission is to initiate partnerships with local and international tourism cultural andevelopment agencies with a view to maximize the tourism potentials in riverstate and meet best global practices the rstda has its headquarters in d line port harcourthe current director general isam achibi dede see also carniriverstate ministry of culture and tourismusic of port harcourt externalinks official website category d line port harcourt category government agencies and parastatals of riverstate category organisations based in port harcourt category tourism agencies category government agenciestablished in category tourism in riverstate category establishments inigeria category s establishments 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between and caldwell s editorial vision fortm was an automotive magazine for the average consumer one that was not geared toward car enthusiasts therefore making ithe rare lifestyle magazine thatargets everyday in market consumers those looking for information purchasing autos triplanning and safety on the road awards international car of the year awards in road travel magazine launched its annual international car of the year international car of the year awards icoty honoring tenew vehicles in ten categories for the upcoming new model year icoty awards became the first awards to honor new vehicles from a theme that reflected lifestyle and life stage focusing on themotionally compelling experience consumers have during car buying and ownership the categories that make up the icoty awards are international car of the year international truck of the year suv of the year most resourceful sedan of the year most dependable luxury car of the year most respected pick up truck of the year 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a tv special on opening weekend of the naias to consumers lifetime achievement award in road travel magazine introduced an award to honor automotive journalists who have achieved a lifetime of contributions to the automotive industry the award was designed to acknowledge the talents of those journalists whose lifetime of contributions have helped enrich the world of automobiles past recipients includenise mccluggage denise mccluggage thecarconnectioncom jerry flint david e davis jr and jim dunne in mccluggage appeared as a guest challenger on the tv panel show to tell the truth references externalinks road travel magazine category american automobile magazines category american monthly magazines category american online magazines category american women s magazines category magazinestablished in category magazines disestablished in category magazines published in michigan category online magazines with defunct print editions category 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editorial direction road_travel primary target audience women caldwell editorial vision automotive magazine average consumer one geared toward car enthusiasts therefore making_ithe rare lifestyle_magazine everyday market consumers looking information purchasing safety road awards international car year_awards road_travel_magazine launched annual international car year international car year_awards vehicles ten categories upcoming new model year_awards became first awards honor new vehicles theme reflected lifestyle life stage focusing experience consumers car buying ownership categories make awards international car year international truck year year sedan year luxury car year respected pick truck year year sports car year sex appeal year level car year qualifications include vehicles manufactured united_states american united_kingdom british germany_german japan ese korea n sweden swedish sold america order achieve balanced perspective voting reflects consumers one engages diverse group men women renowned automotive journalists us canada voting process jury respected writers publications robb report road msn new_york times times detroit power associates votes ensure credibility annual place detroit athe onset press week north_american international auto show thevent local cbs affiliate tv presented tv special opening weekend consumers lifetime achievement award road_travel_magazine introduced award honor automotive journalists achieved lifetime contributions automotive industry award designed acknowledge talents journalists whose lifetime contributions helped world automobiles past recipients denise jerry flint david e davis jim appeared guest tv panel show tell truth references_externalinks road_travel_magazine category_american automobile magazines_category american_monthly_magazines_category american online_magazines_category american women magazines_category_magazinestablished category_magazines disestablished category_magazines_published michigan 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food writing establishment after three years of travel in a beat up volkswagen beetle staying at seedy motel s and occasionally sleeping in the back seat of the car they drafted the manuscript of roadfood a guide to restaurants that were neither fast food nor gourmet dining but were an expression of local foodways roadfood was a landmark the first cross country guide to regional american food since then the sterns have written roadfood columns for gourmet magazine and saveur and report regularly about road food on public radio s the splendid table they have wonumerous james beard award s for their writing and have been inducted into the who s whof american food the book roadfood has been updated several times the th edition will be published in writing in the new york times book review aboutwo for the road the sterns memoir of their pursuit of road food nora ephron commented jane and michael stern write about ordinary food so simply and exuberantly that i could not help thinking as i read this latest book of theirs the sthathey deserved a room of their own in the smithsonian institution right nexto julia child s cambridge kitchen in the yearsince its first publication roadfood has inspired countless other writers television personalities and internet bloggers to pay attention to regional fare in the sterns partnered with stephen rushmore to create roadfoodcom the first internet website to include photos with restaurant reviews in roadfood was acquired by fexy media of seattle washington category travel guide books category restaurant 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gambling most roadhouses are located along highways oroads in rural areas or on the outskirts of towns early roadhouses provided lodging for travelers but withe advent ofaster means of transporthan walking horseback riding or horse drawn carriages few now offerooms to let roadhouses have a slightly disreputable image similar to honky tonk s this type of roadhouse has been portrayed in moviesuch as the wild oneasy rider and road house film road house file sheep camp dog team jpg thumb left px alt sheep camp roadhouses in roadhouses along a trail to klondike gold rush klondike yukon alaskand the yukon from the s in alaskand the yukon beginning withe gold rushistoric roadhouses along the yukon roadhouses were checkpoints where dog drivers mushing musher s or dog sleders horse driven sled s and people on snowshoe skiing ski s or walking would stop overnight for shelter and a hot meal remains of a roadhouse can be seen today south of carmacks yukon along the klondike highway the rapids 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to stay at night butoday they are often restaurants or pubs without lodging however many coaching inns especially those in rural counties have keptheir accommodation to become bed breakfast s or country hotels withe advent of popular travel by motor car in the s and s a new type of roadside pub emerged often located on the newly constructed arterial road s and bypass road bypass es they were largestablishments offering meals refreshment and accommodation to motorists and parties travelling by charabanc the largest pubs boasted facilitiesuch as tennis courts and swimming pools their popularity ended withe outbreak of the second world war when recreational road travel became impossible and the advent of post war drink driving legislation prevented their full recovery post office name post houses casas de postas werestablished in major towns and along principal highways post masters provided freshorses and sometimes carriages and over night accommodation for use by royal officers called postillones who were uniformed guides authorised to conduct passengers goods and messages along specific routes from the latest collections of juan de la reguera y valdelomar google book in spanish in popular culture roadhouse blues a song by the doors road house film road house a movie about a bouncer starring patrick swayze see also rest area charging station fast food restaurant black rapids roadhouse an old alaskan roadhouse list of public house topics rika s landing roadhouse filling station service station category types of restaurants category hotel 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used restop long_distance buses roadhouse house canada coaching_inn commercial built near highway services passing travellers word meaning country western canada western canada thequivalent facility historically called stopping house united_states local inn roadhouse house commonly serves meals especially bar serving beer hard liquor features music dancing sometimes gambling roadhouses located along highways rural_areas outskirts towns early roadhouses provided lodging travelers withe_advent means walking horseback riding horse drawn carriages let roadhouses slightly disreputable image similar honky tonk type roadhouse portrayed wild rider road house film road house file sheep camp dog team jpg thumb left_px_alt sheep camp roadhouses roadhouses along trail gold rush yukon yukon yukon beginning withe gold roadhouses along yukon roadhouses dog drivers dog horse driven people skiing ski walking would stop overnight shelter hot meal remains roadhouse seen today south yukon along highway rapids roadhouse history black rapids website image queen bee roadhouse righthumb_px queen bee roadhouse victoriaustralia australia roadhouse full_service filling station rural area located major intercity route fuel provides maintenance repairs cars also attached restaurant like caf diner sell serve hot food travellers roadhouses usually also_serve truck_stop providing space parking semi trailer truck buses well catering travellers private cars remote areasuch plain roadhouse alsoffers motel style accommodation camping facilities file dutchouse geographorguk_jpg thumb_righthe dutchouse typical british coaching_inn busy road greater_london britain wayside lodgings type called coaching_inn countries originally place along road people travelling foot horse stay night often restaurants pubs without lodging however_many coaching_inns especially rural counties accommodation become bed breakfast country hotels withe_advent popular travel motor car new type roadside pub emerged often located newly constructed road bypass road bypass offering meals refreshment accommodation motorists parties travelling largest pubs boasted facilitiesuch tennis courts swimming_pools popularity ended withe outbreak second_world_war recreational road_travel became impossible advent post_war drink driving legislation prevented full recovery post_office name post houses de werestablished major towns along principal highways post masters provided sometimes carriages night accommodation use royal officers called guides conduct passengers goods messages along specific routes latest collections juan de_la google book spanish popular_culture roadhouse blues song doors road house film road house movie bouncer starring patrick see_also rest area charging station fast_food_restaurant black rapids roadhouse old roadhouse list public_house_topics landing roadhouse filling station service station category_types restaurants_category hotel types"},{"title":"Roadrunner (magazine)","description":"roadrunner is 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trucks"},{"title":"Robert Young Pelton","description":"birth placedmonton alberta canada death date death place occupation journalist author filmmaker nationality canadian american period genre adventure conflict subject movement influences influenced children twin daughtersignature website robert young pelton born july in edmonton alberta is a canadian american author journalist andocumentary filmmaker pelton s journalistic work usually consists of conflict reporting and interviews with military and political figures in warzones his career is notable because of the number of conflict zones he has reported from and the breadth of important figures he has interviewed his reputation is built on history of entering forbidden deadly and violent places pelton has been present at conflictsuch as the battle of qala i jangin afghanistan the battle of grozny in chechnya the rebel campaign to take monrovia in liberia the siege on villa somalia in mogadishu and has been with ground forces in approximately other conflicts he survived an assassination attempt in uganda spentime withe taliband the northern alliance pre the cia during the hunt for bin laden and also with both insurgents and blackwater security contractors during the war in iraq pelton s regularly published survival and political guide the world s most dangerous places purports to provide practical and survival information for people who work and travel in high risk zones and is a bestseller withe book s bestseller status pelton became a self styled expert on work and travel in high risk environments his adventurist persona has gained widespread currency however he routinely provides political analysis of the conflicts he has visited he was also host of the discovery travel channel series robert young pelton s the world s most dangerous places from to now residing in los angeles pelton currently writes books produces documentaries on conflict related subjects and operates cultural engagement journeys into the world s most dangerous and forbidden places pelton is also a frequentelevision and magazine interview subject often appearing as a raconteur of his various adventures and safety tips on shows as diverse as oprah conan o brien cnn fox bbc abcbs nbc and others pelton is a regular commentator for shepard smith s on fox news providing insight and background on breaking news pelton was born july in edmonton alberta canadat age ten he became the seventh youngestudent ever to attend saint john s cathedral boyschool a school in selkirk manitoba pelton claims to have been a lumberjack boundary cutter tunneler driller and blaster s assistant before getting his first job as a copywriter when he was in toronto working for the ad agency bbdo having originally been working in the mailroom he moved to the united states where he worked for various multimedia companies that did product launches like working directly with steve jobs withe apple lisa launch and macintosh launch in his mid thirties he retired from the business world and focused his time on understanding conflict pelton quickly made a name for himself traveling and reporting from the dirty wars rebel camps and war zones he got his break as a writer while reporting on the camel trophy annual event in which teams from around the world competed by overcoming some of the world s most hostile natural environments in land rovers he was withe us team and published his account in soldier ofortune magazine soldier ofortune he licensedatabased travel contento companies like microsoft and ibm selling his businesses to turn full time to conflict coverage in the mid s he began with a two book deal from random house the adventurist and come back alive a television series from discovery called robert young pelton s the world s most dangerous places and a major web event with abc news calledangerous places while in uganda he missed a bomb assassination attempt against him by the adf an islamic group by minutes athe kampala speke hotel in january pelton wassigned by discovery and national geographic to do a television special and article on the darien gapelton and two year old travelers were ambushed killing one kuna indiand injuring one other the group was then kidnapped and marched at gunpointhrough the darien gap by the united self defense forces of colombiauc and across the mile jungle trail over the days before being released when auc leader carlos casta o gil carlos casta o finally learned of the identity of the hostages he ordered pelton and his companions released and issued a press release to reuterstating thathey were being held for their safety casta o had remembered pelton s name from a meeting they d arranged years before and put in the order for the hostage s release pelton contributed to national geographic adventure as both a contributing editor and a long running columnist from january to in december he released his article on blackwater worldwide he was involved inegotiations withe president of equatorial guinea regarding thearly release of simon mann equatorial guinea coup scandal couplotters nick du toit who had worked for executive outcomes in the mid s the story behind the simon mann equatorial guinea coup scandal coup and his efforts to free nick du toit and simon mann are documented in the may men s journal article how to stage a coup in december pelton travelled the horn of africa with pirates and with anti piracy crew researching the piracy and piracy anti piracy measures anti piracy industry in january pelton resumed immersion style coverage by going inside the army s controversial human terrain system according to radio tv interviews and newspaper articles pelton spent a year in an advisory position to the commander of international security assistance force isaf and us forces afghanistan usfor a in afghanistan projects and the creation of the sojo concept for abc news pelton has built a career around his own uniquexperiential style of reportage andocumentary filmmaking spending time with many differenterrorist rebel or insurgent groups around the world often returning with exclusive and unique footage pelton began the sojo concept or solo journalist concept for abc news in pelton filed copy photos and video as he wento the world s longest running hotspots the series called abc news dangerous places had a viewership of people per day second highest rated web event athe time after the death of diana peter jennings documentary crew tried to document pelton s to autonomous region of bougainville afghanistand the southern sudan but bob woodruff and jay ananai eventually deemed the assignmentoo risky and abandoned their attempts to follow pelton dpx gear adventure and survival equipment in pelton createdpx gear and launched a line of adventure and survival gear starting withe dpx hest hostilenvironment survival tool in a fixed version and a folding version called the dpx hest for folding twof his designs have won awards at blade the annual show for knife makers pelton also designs and makes the aculus a gentleman s knife machined from a solid block of titanium alloy with an elmax blade the dpx heft hostilenvironment field tool is a large military design and the dpx heat hostilenvironment all purpose tool is a smaller folder the company features the famous mr dp laughing skullogo pelton has used in his adventures films and books dangerous magazine dangerous magazine is an online publication published by pelton that containstories photos and videos from robert young pelton tom goltz jason florio tim cahill and other well known contributors articles include first hand accounts on forays into rebel held burmafghanistan somaliand other hostile regions ground networks pelton has worked as a war correspondent for major news organizations cbs minutes national geographicnn and abc investigative and has been published and featured by many others he does not view himself as a journalist since pelton has financed and managed privately funded ground network news and research sites in conflict zones he has mentored trained and created networks of local journalists in conflict zones in iraq afghanistan somaliand otheregions his efforts to bringround truth from war zones directly to readers and bypass the media have been controversial and covered in depth by news organizations front page articles in the new york times including a retraction by the publication and others for incorrectly labeling pelton as a government contractor articles abouthe reporting errors in the new york times article were published by the washington post and other publications migrant report according to bloomberg businessweek in june pelton founded founder the migrant reporto the movement of refugees and migrants he is asaying so much attention has been paid to whatheu has or has not done pelton says but while theu has not donenough to rescue the people on these boats they are nothe onesending migrants to their graves that s the ruthless gangs that run these operations and we don t know nearly enough abouthem based in malta migrant report is edited by journalist mark micallef the webased news and research site has reported from libya bangladesh myanmar turkey greece and europe to create an ongoing focus on the global phenomena of displaced people the venture isponsored by the organization for better security obsomalia report in his ongoing efforts to bring information from war zones directly to the people pelton created somalia report in with assistance from around locals and western editors pelton provides ground coverage of al shabaab pirates governments contractors intelligence groups and regular people on a information website pelton views this as a natural extension of his best selling book and tv series and often debunks reports by prestigious academics and think tanks afpax pelton s experience in the region since also led to his ad hoc unpaid advisory relationship withe us and isaf command in afghanistan the subscription information service included major clients including the department of defense controversy of the diversion of afpax subscription funds authorized by the us government led to front page coverage in the new york times washington post mother jones and other outlets a front page new york times article in march and other articles in the independent mother jones magazine and the washington post noted that pelton was involved in providing a significant amount of high level insight access and advice to the senior isaf command on afghanistand pakistan via subscription website similar to his iraqslogger venture in iraq in one case peltonoted that a video he had been given was used to strike insurgents in pakistan the new york times corrected its assertions that pelton was a contractor two months later with follow up articles abouthe correction in the washington post deutsche welle and other outlets pelton provided the afpax service as an open source subscription service available online for the public numerous published retractions and corrections followed the initial coverage with much of erroneous initial coverage removed from the internet iraqslogger pelton teamed up with eason jordan former head of international news for cnn to create iraqslogger a man ground network during theight of violence in the iraq war they sold the information a subscription basis to media ngos government and private customers described by poynter as an intriguing approach that blends professional and citizen journalism writing projects pelton began as a publisher having purchased and later sold the fielding travel guide concessionamed after former oss member and first class travel expertemple fielding the series quickly expanded and made use of database technology pelton had worked as a copywriter at age for bbdo in toronto but has no formal education he has a high school degree fromount douglasenior secondary in victoria bc the world s most dangerous places harperresource pelton s first major writing project was his breakthrough initially self published guide to conflicthe world s most dangerous places the massive page plus book was disguised as a travel guide and written in a humorous and apolitical style the first edition was written in and it currently is in its fifth edition the mascot of the book is mr dp mr dp a laughing skull that has been seen stickered on ak s burmese rocket propelled grenade rpgs and in bars around the world mr dp can be seen athe history bar in djibouti and was a famous welcome sign athe bar athe gandamack lodge in kabul the adventurist broadway pelton wrote an autobiography that covered his life from birth to his departure for chechnya in the book is a series of vignettes that come together athend to form a powerful narrative publisher s weekly reviewed the book as painful but crucial childhood memories are often interlaced with accounts of his defiant journeys to the world s most dangerous places come back alive broadway a real world survival guidesigned to strip much of the posturing and bushcraft found in other guides pelton providesurvival advice gleaned from his personal experiences in over a countries hunter hammer and heaven three world s gone mad lyons press hunter hammer and heaven is a book on his journey into three wars in three tiny countries chechnya sierra leone and autonomous region of bougainville werexamples of a jihad againsthe russians a mercenary war foresources and an eco war to preserve a native lifestyle licensed to kill hired guns in the war on terror broadway books pelton has written about contemporary private military contractors licensed to kill hired guns in the war on terror as well as his experiences with uspecial forces in the opening weeks in the war on terror of licensed to kill one reviewer summarized his a journalistic story quilt of characters engaged as private security contractors and mercenaries in a variety of settings from afghanistan to equatorial guinea the pages turn because pelton stories are intrinsically interesting peter j woolley soldiers ofortune in the common review spring pp oretrievedecember the book was reviewed by author and filmmaker sebastian junger an incredible look into the murky and virtually impenetrable world of private military contractors pelton may well have seen the future and terrorism expert peter bergen a rollicking read thatakes the reader inside the murky world of military contractors from the craggy passes of the afghan pakistan border to thextreme danger of baghdad s airport road to the diamond fields of africa licensed to kill is not only a greatravelogue it also hasome importanthings to say abouthe brave neworld of privatized violence raven adventuristmedia pelton s only novel a fictionalized account of his early life interwoven with experiences in the pacific northwest entitled raven as well as an autobiography entitled the adventurist civilian warriors uncredited in july pelton stated in an interviewith spy talk s jeff stein that erik prince had come to him to fix a ghostwritten autobiography that prince had been unsuccessfully trying to publish since february with regnery and again with simon schuster according to the interview peltonot only rewrote prince s book hired a fact checker to remove numerous plagiarized passages from the previous writers andissuaded prince from self publishingetting prince a one million dollar advance from adrian zackheim at penguin publishing according to the washington post prince tried to block pelton s ownership and copyright by suing pelton in federal court initially alleging pelton had stolen his book buthen and then filed urgent papers demanding thathe federal court in virginia under presiding judge leonie brinkema dismiss prince s own case before it was broughto a jury trial pelton then sued prince in loudon county with a court case scheduled for december finding kony st martin s press pelton announced that he was writing a book about america s rapidly expanding engagement in africa using the hunt for joseph kony as the through line pelton trackedown former warlord turned vice presidenturned rebeleaderiek machar during the peak of the fighting in south sudan machar was the last man to see joseph kony alive the story filled thevice magazine volume number the firstime any single author had written an entire issue for vice the accompanying saving south sudan about his journey was posted online in three parts pelton s quest for kony has generated significant publicity worldwide with feature articles in foreign policy national post npr daily mail outside and others in late pelton began writing feature stories for national geographic adventure and then continued writing a column until entitled pelton s world for national geographic adventure his feature stories for national geographicovered his journeys into afghanistan iraq and colombia pelton has been profiled inumerous magazines including the world s most dangerous friend by tim cahill in men s journal covering topics like blackwater worldwide blackwater the us military human terrain system south african mercenaries and american military volunteers in rebel held burma he also has written about his time with somali pirates and maritime anti piracy security teams for bloomberg businessweek and security contractors in iraq for popular mechanics in may vice magazine release a multi media event which featured robert young pelton traveling with photographer tim frecciand with a former lost boy machot lap thiep to south sudan atheight of the fighting it was the firstime in vice s year history that a single author and single photographer created an entire issue one topic the page word article was also released online and in conjunction with a three part minute documentary graphic novels artist billy tuccillustrated and wrote a page illustrated novel entitled roll hard based one of pelton s chapters in licensed to kill the book documents the true story of a team of blackwater company blackwater misfits who mustravel up andown the most dangerous road in iraq pelton rodevery mission withe team for a month which routinely came under attack after pelton lefthe team they were hit by an ied with one fatality and a number wounded wired magazine described it as at a time when comics are still dominated by busty babes zombies and superheroes wearing tights pelton and tucci s gritty journalistic portrayal of america s fighters for hire is a profoundeparture publishers weekly described the book while that s a prime setup for endlesscenes of action movie carnage the narrative instead focuses on the men as professionals and what makes them putheir lives on the line for a daily payout of around it s that spotlight on the humanity of the contractors that makes this an engaging read and artistucci sgt rock the lost battalion turns in understated realistic artwork that is among the finest of his career while the role of contractors in the iraq conflict is controversial this gives it a human face interviews by robert young peltone of the cornerstones of pelton s quests has been to track down meet up with and interview some of the world s most dangerous and wanted men in some cases his unique access on the battlefield has led to troops or insurgents bringing him to interview high profile prisoners a partialist of pelton s interviews john walker lindh the american taliban captured by northern alliance forces and rescued by pelton al qaeda in both europe and afghanistan documented in his book hunter hammer and heaven and his tv special on afghanistan taliban leadership in afghanistan in their firstelevision interview including mohammed omar mullah omar who would only allow his voice to be recorded ahmed shah massoud and the northern alliance leadership in the panjshir valley abdul rashidostum erik prince former owner of blackwater usa mono jojoy manuel marulandalfonso cano and the top farc leadership in colombia hashim salamat leader of the moro islamic liberation front milf in the southern philippines aleksey galkin of the russian gru captured and tortured by chechen rebels and implicated russia in the bombing of apartment buildings that led to the second war in chechnya imprisoned south african mercenary nick du toit and presidenteodorobianguema mbasogobiang of equatorial guinea during his attempts to free nick from a year prison sentence for attempting toverthrow the country the leadership of the united self defense forces of colombiauc the right wing death squads of colombia the chechen mafia chechen georgian mafia georgiand turkish mafia francis ona the self proclaimed king of meekamui on the island of bougainville island bougainvilleadership of liberians united foreconciliation andemocracy lurd in liberia kamajors in sierra leone presidenteodorobianguema mbasogof equatorial guinea the sudan people s liberation army spla in southern sudan drug organizations in illegal drug trade in colombia and illegal drug trade in peru leadership of new people s army communist rebels in the philippines general bo mya of the karenationaliberation army karen th brigade of kawthoolei burma tha u wa pa or the father of the white monkey the director ofree burma rangers burmasad abdullahi aka farahirsi kulan booyah one of the original three pirate kingsomaliabdirahman mohamud farole president of puntland ssna leaderiek machar and odorah choul the leader of the white army during the taking of malakal south sudan according to humanosphere pelton interviewed machar in his busheadquarters and was present the fall of malakal with tim freccia interviews of robert young pelton s experience in over three dozen conflicts and independent point of view has made him a sought after and prescient commentator on conflicthe mediand key historical events rebel jihadi and insurgent groups in order to gain access pelton haspent an unusual amount of time living with traveling with andocumenting some of the world s best known insurgent groupsome of the groups pelton has lived with and interviewed include the northern alliance in afghanistan the liberians united foreconciliation andemocracy lurd in liberia moro islamic liberation front milf in the southern philippines bougainville revolutionary army the sudan people s liberation army in southern sudan the taliban in afghanistan the farc and united self defense forces of colombiauc in colombia the chechen people chechen rebels and the karenationaliberation army the karenational union and the free burma rangers in burma his access and interviews initially were to create the world s most dangerous places his unusual andeath defying efforts to gethis accessoon then morphed into his tv series and then into a series of other books and film projects pelton hashown how he gets access and world exclusive interviews in his tv series the world s most dangerous places for the discovery channel investigating and reporting from the inside the drug business in colombiand peru the mafia in georgiand turkey and bounty hunting in mexico television series pelton executive produced and hosted seven one hour specials for discovery these aired on the travel channel which athe time was owned by discovery communications from until according to the site the world s most dangerous places whichas video clips and a timeline this was the line up of pelton series the crescent and the cross first footage of a new communist rebel group on the island of negros island negros new people s army the moro islamic liberation front milf pirates a crucifixion and pelton tracks down the most wanted man in the philippines the man who killed special forces legend james n rowe nick rowe the lion of the panjshir pelton enters afghanistan to find ahmed shah massoud and then henters the war on both sides first withe northern alliance and then the feared taliban home of the brave a journey through america on a motorcycle to find rebels revolutionaries and militias pelton visits with country western singer willie nelsonative american activist russell means motorcycle icon peter fondand finds an american jihadi aukai collins who trained in terroristraining camps run by osama bin laden inside afghanistan in his first post show pelton renters afghanistan this time he is only outside witness to war with a special forces team that fights on horseback with a brutal warlord abdul rashidostum general rashidostum he is in the battle of qali jangi and finds an american jihadi named john walker lindh introducing the world to the first american al qaeda member ever interviewed on the battlefield inside liberia pelton enters a little known war in whiche isurrounded by armed child soldiers in a brutal fighto the deathe rag tag lurd rebels and pelton s group isurrounded by the violent forces of charles taylor liberia charles taylor pelton becomes close to the small boys unit a group of child soldiers and we meet survival a year old gun toting killer who befriends pelton inside colombia pelton is the first outside to interview and meets withe leaders manuel marulanda ra l reyes mono jojoy alfonso canof the deadly left wing farc rebel group barely escaping being kidnapped by mono jojoy at a drunken party pelton then switchesides and searches for the right wing united self defense forces of colombiauc death squads while waiting he provides a rare inside view on the cocaine trade from growing to picking to processing the final product kidnapped pelton intended to be back from vacation to film a show about in america but was kidnapped his footage of the brutal kidnap is interwoven with previous trips to grozny chechnya where he interviews a captured russian spy aleksey galkin then to uganda where a young terrorist puts a bomb under pelton s table athe kampala speke hotel seriously injuring a number of patrons pelton then spends a long bloody night in kampala ugandat other bomb sites trying to save shattered victims before heading to meethe sudan people s liberation army movement spla in southern sudand finally peru in which pelton s journey inside the drug war is cut short when he is hit and seriously injured by a car while riding his motorcycle on a mountain road although the wmdp series under discovery steve cheskin was renewed for another shows pelton series of specials was cancelled by discovery after pelton left for iraq the dvd versions are available on come back alive pelton produced house of war with award winning documentary director paul yule to documenthe largest and most bloody battle in operation enduring freedom the battle of qala i jangi pelton wento iraq to cover the war for abc investigative and then led a search for a find of chemical tipped rockets for cbs minutes pelton eventually chose to stay along the syrian border with insurgents and later document evidence of mass grave s around the country traveling in a red bentley previously owned by uday hussein pelton would return to iraq in late to live with a blackwater usa security team running route irish in baghdad while researching his book licensed to kill hired guns in the war on terror national geographic tv hired pelton to go inside the world of private security contractors for the film iraq guns for hire his documentary for vice was the firstime the white army had been filmed in combat and the first interviewith riek machar and his wife after they fled to the bush the film was part of a web eventhat was released with an entire issue on south sudand pelton s tripublished by vice pelton continues to be featured in a number of upcoming documentaries on a diverse variety of subjects that range fromercenaries child soldiers private military company and conflicthey are a diverselection including iraq for sale by robert greenwald shadow company by nick bicanic weapons of mass deception by danny schechter children at war and bounty hunting by bobby williams as well as news documentaries and interviews by al jazeera cnn dan rather and many others he currently is directing and editing a minute film shot at sea focusing on the rescue of migrants at sea by the migrant offshore aid station moas expedition kony inovember pelton launched a crowd sourced and crowd funded search for joseph kony the project was launched using indiegogo and covered extensively in the media outside magazine foreign policy national post george noury interviewed ryp on his first hour on coasto cast am which was broadcast live onovember they talk in detail regarding the forthcoming expedition of joseph kony on december st martin s press announced that it had acquired the book rights to pelton s quest editor nichole argyres described the non fiction book finding kony will also reconstruct joseph kony s life story and show his impact on central africa while drawing a larger picture of the turmoil and instability that is modern emerging africa publishers weekly book deals week of december expedition kony was held up as dark comedy as pelton launches not only a search for joseph kony but goes behind the motivations of many of the well intentioned but failed attempts by the westo bring security to central africa migrant offshore aid station moas of pelton has been a strategic advisor to christopher and regina catrambone the founders of the search and rescue ngo migrant offshore aid station or moas in addition to advising the charity pelton arranged feature profile articles in sunday times new york times time the guardian bloomberg businessweek outside and global tv coverage on board the phoenix and responder pelton also provided on the ground research on migrant conditions in camps prisons along with in depth interviews with smugglers and mapped human trafficking networks in libya myanmar bangladesh thailand europersonal appearances pelton has promoted his controversial agenda of experiential education in selected venues like ted conference ted colleges television and long form radio like coasto coast am coasto coast his view that people mustake responsibility for their own education safety and insight and form their own opinions outside of the mediand political environment has created a following athe black flag cafe the best american travel writing best adventure and travel stories boots on the ground see also house of war pelton worked with paul yule to produce this award winning look athe battle of qali jangi weapons of mass deception danny schechter s look athe buildup to the iraq war features pelton shadow company a feature length documentary by nick bicanic with footage and interviews of pelton mercenaries and security contractors iraq guns for hire pelton executive produced this national geographic explorer look at life andeath inside the gritty world of private security contractors in iraq blackwater hart and other companies gave pelton exclusive access iraq for sale the war profiteers a documentary by robert greenwald with footage and interviews of pelton mercenaries and contractors time machine child warriors in bill brummel s history channel documentary pelton discusses his experiences in liberia withe small boys unit and other child soldiers bounty hunters robert william s documentary for history channel about high risk bounty hunters pelton details his experience in cross border snatch and grabs of wanted fugitives the child soldier s new job interviews and footage for a film by mads elles e abouthe hiring of child soldiers from sierra leone for work in iraq by tim spicer and aegisaving south sudan a journey into the causes andestruction of africa s newest country featuring thexclusive interview of riek machar and intense fighting of the white army in malakalegion of brothers legion of brothers by greg barker film abouthe th group army special forces and their work withe afghans toverthrow the taliban after featuring pelton s exclusive footage of odand general dostum externalinksomalia report pelton s ground network newsite on somaliand piracy in the horn of africa come back alive robert young pelton s website black flag cafe robert young pelton s forum come back alive robert young pelton s facebook page come back alive iraqsloggerobert young pelton s newservice from inside iraq npr interview on the hunt for bin laden pelton discusses blackwater company blackwater and his experiences in baghdad withe private security firm advice for travel writers insightfulook into pelton s motivation and cause pelton discusses fundamentalism on thecho chamber projectranscript of pelton s interviewith john walker lindh pelton s background on john walker lindh category births category living people category adventure travel category canadian emigrants to the united states category canadian journalists category people from 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work usually consists conflict reporting interviews military political figures career notable number conflict zones reported breadth important figures interviewed reputation built history entering forbidden violent places pelton present battle afghanistan battle chechnya rebel campaign take liberia siege villa somalia ground forces approximately conflicts survived assassination attempt uganda withe northern alliance pre cia hunt bin also insurgents blackwater security contractors war iraq pelton regularly published survival political guide world dangerous_places provide practical survival information people work travel high risk zones withe book status pelton became self styled expert work travel high risk environments adventurist gained widespread currency however routinely provides political analysis conflicts visited also host discovery travel_channel series robert_young_pelton world dangerous_places residing los_angeles pelton currently writes books_produces documentaries conflict related subjects operates cultural engagement journeys world dangerous forbidden places pelton also magazine interview subject often appearing various adventures safety tips shows diverse conan brien cnn fox bbc nbc others pelton regular shepard smith fox news providing insight background_breaking news pelton born july edmonton_alberta_canadat age ten became seventh ever attend saint john_cathedral school manitoba pelton claims boundary blaster assistant getting first job toronto working agency originally working moved united_states worked various multimedia companies product launches like working directly steve jobs withe apple lisa launch launch mid retired business world focused time understanding conflict pelton quickly made name traveling reporting dirty wars rebel camps war zones got break writer reporting camel trophy annual event teams around world competed overcoming world hostile natural_environments land withe us team published account soldier ofortune magazine soldier ofortune travel contento companies like microsoft selling businesses turn full_time conflict coverage mid began two book deal random_house adventurist come back alive television_series discovery called robert_young_pelton world dangerous_places major web event abc news places uganda missed bomb assassination attempt islamic group minutes athe kampala hotel january pelton wassigned discovery national_geographic television special article darien two_year old travelers killing one indiand injuring one group kidnapped darien gap united self defense forces colombiauc across mile jungle trail days released leader carlos carlos finally learned identity ordered pelton companions released issued press_release thathey held safety remembered pelton name meeting arranged years put order release pelton contributed national_geographic adventure contributing editor long running columnist january december released article blackwater worldwide involved withe president equatorial guinea regarding thearly release simon mann equatorial guinea coup scandal nick worked executive outcomes mid story behind simon mann equatorial guinea coup scandal coup efforts free nick simon mann documented may men journal article stage coup december pelton travelled horn africa pirates anti piracy crew researching piracy piracy anti piracy measures anti piracy industry january pelton resumed immersion style coverage going inside army controversial human terrain system according radio tv interviews newspaper articles pelton spent year advisory position commander international security assistance force us forces afghanistan afghanistan projects creation concept abc news pelton built career around style spending time many rebel groups around world often returning exclusive unique footage pelton began concept solo journalist concept abc news pelton filed copy photos video wento world longest_running hotspots series called abc news dangerous_places people per_day second highest rated web event athe_time death diana peter jennings documentary crew tried document pelton autonomous region bougainville afghanistand southern sudan bob jay eventually deemed risky abandoned attempts follow pelton dpx gear adventure survival equipment pelton gear launched line adventure survival gear starting withe dpx survival tool fixed version folding version called dpx folding twof designs awards blade annual show knife makers pelton also designs makes gentleman knife solid block alloy blade dpx field tool large military design dpx heat purpose tool smaller company features famous pelton used adventures films books dangerous magazine dangerous magazine online publication published pelton photos videos robert_young_pelton tom jason tim well_known contributors articles include first hand accounts rebel held hostile regions ground networks pelton worked war correspondent major news organizations cbs minutes national abc investigative published featured many_others view journalist since pelton financed managed privately_funded ground network news research sites conflict zones trained created networks local journalists conflict zones iraq afghanistan otheregions efforts truth war zones directly readers bypass media controversial covered depth news organizations front page articles new_york times including publication others labeling pelton government contractor articles abouthe reporting errors new_york times article published washington_post publications migrant report according bloomberg businessweek june pelton founded founder migrant reporto movement migrants much attention paid done pelton says rescue people boats nothe migrants gangs run operations know nearly enough based malta migrant report edited journalist mark webased news research site reported libya bangladesh myanmar turkey greece europe create ongoing focus global phenomena displaced people venture isponsored organization better security report ongoing efforts bring information war zones directly people pelton created somalia report assistance around locals western editors pelton provides ground coverage pirates governments contractors intelligence groups regular people information_website pelton views natural extension best selling book tv_series often reports prestigious academics think_tanks pelton experience region since also led hoc unpaid advisory relationship withe us command afghanistan subscription information service included major clients including department defense controversy subscription funds authorized us_government led front page coverage new_york times washington_post mother jones outlets front page new_york times article march articles independent mother jones magazine washington_post noted pelton involved providing significant amount high_level insight access advice senior command afghanistand pakistan via subscription website similar venture iraq one case video given used strike insurgents pakistan new_york times corrected pelton contractor two months_later follow articles abouthe washington_post deutsche outlets pelton provided service open source subscription service available_online public numerous published followed initial coverage much initial coverage removed internet pelton teamed jordan former head international news cnn create man ground network theight violence iraq war sold information subscription basis media ngos government private customers described approach blends professional citizen journalism writing projects pelton began publisher purchased later sold fielding travel_guide former member first class travel fielding series quickly expanded made use database technology pelton worked age toronto formal education high_school degree secondary victoria world dangerous_places pelton first major writing project breakthrough initially self published guide world dangerous_places massive page plus book disguised travel_guide written humorous style first_edition written currently fifth edition book skull seen burmese rocket propelled bars around world seen athe history bar famous welcome_sign athe bar athe lodge kabul adventurist broadway pelton wrote autobiography covered life birth departure chechnya book_series come together athend form powerful narrative publisher weekly reviewed book crucial childhood memories often accounts journeys world dangerous_places come back alive broadway real_world survival strip much found guides pelton advice personal experiences countries hunter hammer heaven three world gone mad lyons press hunter hammer heaven book journey three wars three tiny countries chechnya sierra_leone autonomous region bougainville jihad againsthe russians war eco war preserve native lifestyle licensed kill hired guns war terror broadway books_pelton written contemporary private military contractors licensed kill hired guns war terror well experiences forces opening weeks war terror licensed kill one reviewer journalistic story characters engaged private security contractors mercenaries variety settings afghanistan equatorial guinea pages turn pelton stories interesting peter j soldiers ofortune common review spring pp book reviewed author filmmaker incredible look virtually world private military contractors pelton may well seen future terrorism expert peter bergen read reader inside world military contractors passes afghan pakistan border danger baghdad airport road diamond fields africa licensed kill also hasome say abouthe violence raven pelton novel account early_life experiences pacific_northwest entitled raven well autobiography entitled adventurist civilian warriors july pelton stated interviewith spy talk jeff erik prince come fix autobiography prince unsuccessfully trying publish since february simon schuster according interview prince book hired fact remove numerous previous writers prince self prince one_million dollar advance adrian penguin publishing according washington_post prince tried block pelton ownership copyright pelton federal court initially alleging pelton stolen book buthen filed urgent papers demanding thathe federal court virginia judge prince case broughto jury trial pelton sued prince county court case scheduled december finding kony st_martin press_pelton announced writing book america rapidly expanding engagement africa using hunt joseph kony line pelton former turned vice machar peak fighting south_sudan machar last man see joseph kony alive story filled magazine_volume number firstime single author written entire issue vice accompanying saving south_sudan journey posted online three parts pelton quest kony generated significant publicity worldwide feature articles foreign policy national post npr daily_mail outside others late pelton began writing feature stories national_geographic adventure continued writing column entitled pelton world national_geographic adventure feature stories national journeys afghanistan iraq colombia pelton inumerous magazines including world dangerous friend tim men journal covering topics like blackwater worldwide blackwater us military human terrain system south_african mercenaries american military volunteers rebel held burma also written time pirates maritime anti piracy security teams bloomberg businessweek security contractors iraq popular mechanics may vice magazine release multi media event featured robert_young_pelton traveling photographer tim former lost boy south_sudan atheight fighting firstime vice year history single author single photographer created entire issue one topic page word article also released online conjunction three part minute documentary graphic novels artist billy wrote page illustrated novel entitled roll hard based one pelton chapters licensed kill book documents true story team blackwater company blackwater andown dangerous road iraq pelton mission withe team month routinely came attack pelton lefthe team hit one fatality number wounded wired magazine described time comics still dominated babes wearing pelton journalistic portrayal america hire publishers weekly described book prime setup action movie narrative instead focuses men professionals makes putheir lives line daily around spotlight humanity contractors makes engaging read rock lost battalion turns realistic artwork among finest career role contractors iraq conflict controversial gives human face interviews robert_young_pelton track meet interview world dangerous wanted men cases unique access battlefield led troops insurgents bringing interview high_profile prisoners pelton interviews john walker lindh american taliban captured northern alliance forces rescued pelton europe afghanistan documented book hunter hammer heaven tv special afghanistan taliban leadership afghanistan interview including mohammed omar omar would allow voice recorded ahmed shah northern alliance leadership valley abdul erik prince former owner blackwater usa mono manuel top leadership colombia leader islamic liberation front southern philippines russian captured chechen rebels russia bombing apartment buildings led second war chechnya south_african nick equatorial guinea attempts free nick year prison sentence attempting country leadership united self defense forces colombiauc right wing death colombia chechen mafia chechen georgian mafia georgiand turkish mafia francis self proclaimed king island bougainville island united andemocracy liberia sierra_leone equatorial guinea sudan people liberation army southern sudan drug organizations illegal_drug trade colombia illegal_drug trade peru leadership new people army communist rebels philippines general army karen th brigade burma father white monkey director ofree burma rangers aka one original three pirate president machar leader white army taking south_sudan according pelton interviewed machar present fall tim interviews robert_young_pelton experience three dozen conflicts independent point view made sought mediand key historical events rebel jihadi groups order gain access pelton unusual amount time living traveling world best_known groups pelton lived interviewed include northern alliance afghanistan united andemocracy liberia islamic liberation front southern philippines bougainville army sudan people liberation army southern sudan taliban afghanistan united self defense forces colombiauc colombia chechen people chechen rebels army union free burma rangers burma access interviews initially create world dangerous_places unusual andeath efforts gethis tv_series series books film projects pelton hashown gets access world exclusive interviews tv_series world dangerous_places discovery channel investigating reporting inside drug business colombiand peru mafia georgiand turkey bounty hunting mexico television_series pelton executive produced hosted seven one hour specials discovery aired travel_channel athe_time owned discovery communications according site world dangerous_places whichas video_clips timeline line pelton series crescent cross first footage new communist rebel group island island new people army islamic liberation front pirates pelton tracks wanted man philippines man killed special forces legend james n rowe nick rowe lion pelton enters afghanistan find ahmed shah war sides first withe northern alliance feared taliban home journey america motorcycle find rebels pelton visits country western singer american activist russell means motorcycle icon peter finds american jihadi collins trained camps run bin inside afghanistan first post show pelton afghanistan time outside witness war special forces team fights horseback brutal abdul general battle finds american jihadi named john walker lindh introducing world first_american member ever interviewed battlefield inside liberia pelton enters little_known war whiche armed child soldiers brutal deathe tag rebels pelton group violent forces charles taylor liberia charles taylor pelton becomes close small boys unit group child soldiers meet survival year_old gun killer pelton inside colombia pelton first outside interview meets withe leaders manuel l mono left wing rebel group barely escaping kidnapped mono party pelton searches right wing united self defense forces colombiauc death waiting provides rare inside view cocaine trade growing picking processing final product kidnapped pelton intended back vacation film show america kidnapped footage brutal previous trips chechnya interviews captured russian spy uganda young terrorist puts bomb pelton table athe kampala hotel seriously injuring number patrons pelton spends long bloody night kampala bomb sites trying save victims heading meethe sudan people liberation army movement southern finally peru pelton journey inside drug war cut short hit seriously injured car riding motorcycle mountain road although series discovery steve renewed another shows pelton series specials cancelled discovery pelton left iraq dvd versions available come back alive pelton produced house war award_winning documentary director paul yule largest bloody battle operation enduring freedom battle pelton wento iraq cover war abc investigative led search find chemical tipped rockets cbs minutes pelton eventually chose stay along syrian border insurgents later document evidence mass grave around country traveling red bentley previously owned pelton would return iraq late live blackwater usa security team running route irish baghdad researching book licensed kill hired guns war terror national_geographic tv hired pelton go inside world private security contractors film iraq guns hire documentary vice firstime white army filmed combat first interviewith machar wife bush film part web eventhat released entire issue south pelton vice pelton continues featured number upcoming documentaries diverse variety subjects range child soldiers private military company including iraq sale robert shadow company nick weapons mass deception danny children war bounty hunting bobby williams well news documentaries interviews cnn dan rather many_others currently directing editing minute film shot sea focusing rescue migrants sea migrant offshore aid station expedition kony inovember pelton launched crowd sourced crowd funded search joseph kony project launched using covered extensively media outside magazine foreign policy national post george interviewed first hour coasto cast broadcast live onovember talk detail regarding expedition joseph kony december st_martin press announced acquired book rights pelton quest editor described non_fiction book finding kony also joseph kony life story show impact central africa drawing larger picture instability modern emerging africa publishers weekly book deals week december expedition kony held dark comedy pelton launches search joseph kony goes behind motivations many well failed attempts westo bring security central africa migrant offshore aid station pelton strategic advisor christopher founders search rescue migrant offshore aid station addition advising charity pelton arranged feature profile articles sunday_times new_york times time guardian bloomberg businessweek outside global tv coverage board phoenix responder pelton also_provided ground research migrant conditions camps along depth interviews smugglers mapped human_trafficking networks libya myanmar bangladesh thailand appearances pelton promoted controversial agenda experiential education selected venues like ted conference ted colleges television long form radio like coasto coast coasto coast view people responsibility education safety insight form opinions outside mediand political environment created following athe black flag cafe best american_travel_writing best adventure_travel stories boots ground see_also house war pelton worked paul yule produce award_winning look athe battle weapons mass deception danny look athe buildup iraq war features pelton shadow company feature length documentary nick footage interviews pelton mercenaries security contractors iraq guns hire pelton executive produced national_geographic explorer look life andeath inside world private security contractors iraq blackwater hart companies gave pelton exclusive access iraq sale war documentary robert footage interviews pelton mercenaries contractors time machine child warriors bill history channel documentary pelton discusses experiences liberia withe small boys unit child soldiers bounty hunters robert william documentary history channel high risk bounty hunters pelton details experience cross_border wanted child soldier new job interviews footage film e abouthe hiring child soldiers sierra_leone work iraq tim south_sudan journey causes africa newest country featuring interview machar intense fighting white army brothers legion brothers greg barker film abouthe th group army special forces work withe afghans taliban featuring pelton exclusive footage general report pelton ground network piracy horn africa come back alive robert_young_pelton website black flag cafe robert_young_pelton forum come back alive robert_young_pelton facebook page come back alive young_pelton inside iraq npr interview hunt bin pelton discusses blackwater company blackwater experiences baghdad withe private security firm advice travel_writers pelton motivation cause pelton discusses chamber pelton interviewith john walker lindh pelton background john walker lindh category_births_category_living_people_category_adventure_travel_category canadian united_states category_canadian journalists category_people edmonton"},{"title":"Rocketplane Global Inc.","description":"rocketplane global inc is a reusable rocketplane aerospace design andevelopment company headquartered in depere wisconsin history rocketplane limited inc was incorporated under the laws of the state of oklahoma on july after going bankrupt it was bought out of bankruptcy and re named to rocketplane global as of april it is incorporated in delaware the corporation s founders envisioned building a rocketplane that would send passengers more than feet km above thearth and launch satellites in rocketplane limited was designated a qualified space transportation provider by the state of oklahoma under the guidelinespecified in sb withis designation the state of oklahomawarded to rocketplane re sellable tax credits that were used to initiate operations develop facilities and recruithe required engineering staff rocketplane global inc a delaware company is the current name of the company rocketplane global inc is the successor of pioneerocketplane rocketplane limited of oklahoma rocketplane kistler and rocketplane globallc pioneerocketplane and rocketplane kistler have been dissolved kistler space systems has replaced the kistler part of rocketplane kistlerocketplane kistler owned the intellectual property of pioneer george french ceof rocketplane limited announced on february that he was purchasing kistler aerospace for an undisclosed sum and renaming it rocketplane kistler aerospace hadesigned and begun construction of the k launch vehicle a fully reusable two stage torbit launcher but filed for bankruptcy before the vehicle could be completed french used the k to bid for commercial crew and cargo resupply contracts to the international space station under the nasa cots commercial orbital transportation services commercial orbital transportation services program this contract was awarded jointly to spacex and rocketplane kistler on august space tourism rocketplane limited intended to fly space tourism flights using the rocketplane xp spaceplane it was building it had announced plans to fly the xp in but on august its chief executive officer calvin burgessaid test flights would be delayed until and commercial flights were pushed back until at least rocketplane anticipated ticket prices of us for a seat on a suborbital flight including minutes of weightlessness with an apogee of over kilometers altitude bankruptcy space news aviation week and the oklahoma gazette reported layoffs and funding problems these publications reported rocketplane kistler officials failed to meet a funding deadline mandated by a nasa contracto build a reusable rocket space news reported in a june story if rpk rocketplane kistler misses the new deadline it would be the fourth time the company has gone back to nasand requested an extension october nasa discontinued its agreement with rocketplane kistler and announced thathe remaining million commitmento the project would be made available tother companies on october the company appealed the decision and asked nasa to reconsider the termination or alternatively pay million in costs incurred to date in february rocketplane vacated its oklahoma city headquarters building according toklahoma state representative davidank rocketplane no longer has any presence in the state but rocketplane has paid all of its taxes and has noutstanding debts which is remarkable for a company to accomplish this while going bankrupt rocketplane filed for chapter title united states code chapter bankruptcy and liquidation in july out of bankruptcy in rocketplane limited s assets were sold in an auction and bought by george french and john burgener the assets were rolled into the new company rocketplane globallc based in depere wisconsin focus moved from passenger flights withe xp spaceplane to satellites withe pathfinder xs largerocketplane rocketplane global significantly updated and revised the pathfinder plans to submit a bid for darpa s xs program but did not win a contract rocketplane global moved itstate of incorporation to delaware in april to allow for better financing opportunities new life rocketplane global inc has one of the most affordable designs to provide reusable launch services for small to medium satellites with an expected retail price of million per launch and a kg payload to leo rocketplane global can provide launch services at half the present retail pricing on launches rocketplane global has agreements to launch over satellitestarting in if it can obtain sufficient funding in the xs design rocketplane global s xs design follows on the work done on the xpassenger vehicle and continues using jet engines for take off and flighto altitude ithen loads on lox and fuel from a tanker airplane and then fires its rocket engines and flies to km where it releases a second stage booster to carry the satellite s torbit with a totally reusable firstage and an expendable second stage the costs are minimized and the system is moreliable than trying to land vertical take off and landing rocketsee also rocketplane kistler blue origin virgin galactic two commercial space companies join forces rocketplane press release on the kistler acquisitionasa commercial orbital transportation services list of private spaceflight companies a compiled list of private spaceflight companies latespace fellowship rocketplanews references externalinks company home page space news major space trade publication aviation week rocketplane global talks to the space fellowship abouthe new rocketplane xp configuration international space fellowship category space tourism category private spaceflight companies category space access category companiestablished in category aerospace companies of the united 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july going bankrupt bought bankruptcy named rocketplane_global april incorporated delaware corporation founders envisioned building rocketplane would send passengers feet thearth launch satellites rocketplane_limited designated qualified space_transportation provider state oklahoma withis designation state rocketplane tax credits used initiate operations develop facilities required engineering staff rocketplane_global inc delaware company current name company rocketplane_global inc successor pioneerocketplane rocketplane_limited oklahoma rocketplane_kistler rocketplane_globallc pioneerocketplane rocketplane_kistler dissolved kistler space systems replaced kistler part rocketplane_kistler owned intellectual property pioneer george french ceof rocketplane_limited announced february purchasing kistler aerospace undisclosed sum renaming rocketplane_kistler aerospace begun construction k launch_vehicle fully reusable two_stage torbit launcher filed bankruptcy vehicle could completed french used k bid commercial_crew cargo resupply contracts international_space_station nasa cots commercial orbital transportation_services commercial orbital transportation_services program contract awarded jointly spacex rocketplane_kistler august space_tourism rocketplane_limited intended fly space_tourism flights using rocketplane spaceplane building announced_plans fly august chief_executive_officer calvin test_flights would delayed commercial flights pushed back least rocketplane anticipated ticket prices us seat suborbital flight including minutes weightlessness apogee kilometers altitude bankruptcy space news aviation week oklahoma gazette reported layoffs funding problems publications reported rocketplane_kistler officials failed meet funding deadline mandated nasa contracto build reusable rocket space news reported june story rocketplane_kistler new deadline would fourth time company gone back nasand requested extension october nasa discontinued agreement rocketplane_kistler announced_thathe remaining million commitmento project would made_available tother companies october company appealed decision asked nasa termination alternatively pay million costs incurred date february rocketplane oklahoma_city headquarters building according toklahoma state representative rocketplane longer presence state rocketplane paid taxes debts remarkable company accomplish going bankrupt rocketplane filed chapter title united_states code chapter bankruptcy liquidation july bankruptcy rocketplane_limited assets sold auction bought george french john assets rolled new_company rocketplane_globallc based depere wisconsin focus moved passenger flights withe spaceplane satellites withe pathfinder rocketplane_global significantly updated revised pathfinder plans submit bid program win contract rocketplane_global moved delaware april allow better financing opportunities new life rocketplane_global inc one affordable designs provide reusable_launch_services small medium satellites expected retail price million per launch payload leo rocketplane_global provide launch_services half present retail pricing launches rocketplane_global agreements launch obtain sufficient funding design rocketplane_global design follows work done vehicle continues using jet engines take flighto altitude ithen loads lox fuel tanker airplane fires rocket_engines flies releases second_stage booster carry satellite torbit totally reusable firstage expendable second_stage costs minimized system trying land vertical take landing also rocketplane_kistler blue_origin virgin_galactic two commercial_space companies join forces rocketplane press_release kistler commercial orbital transportation_services list private_spaceflight companies compiled list private_spaceflight companies fellowship references_externalinks company home page space news major space trade publication aviation week rocketplane_global talks space_fellowship abouthe new rocketplane configuration international_space fellowship category_space_tourism category_private_spaceflight companies_category space access category_companiestablished category aerospace_companies united_states"},{"title":"Rocketplane Limited, Inc.","description":"rocketplane global inc is a reusable rockeplane aerospace design andevelopment company headquartered in depere wisconsin history rocketplane limited inc was incorporated under the laws of the state of oklahoma on july after going bankrupt it was bought out of bankruptcy and renamed to rocketplane global as of april it is incorporated in delaware the corporation s founders envisioned building a rocketplane that would send passengers more than feet km above thearth and launch satellites in rocketplane limited was designated a qualified space transportation provider by the state of oklahoma under the guidelinespecified in sb withis designation the state of oklahomawarded to rocketplane re sellable tax credits that were used to initiate operations develop facilities and recruithe required engineering staff rocketplane global inc a delaware company is the current name of the company rocketplane global inc is the successor of pioneerocketplane rocketplane limited of oklahoma rocketplane kistler and rocketplane globallc pioneerocketplane and rocketplane kistler have been dissolved kistler space systems has replaced the kistler part of rocketplane kistlerocketplane kistler owned the intellectual property of pioneer george french ceof rocketplane limited announced on february that he was purchasing kistler aerospace for an undisclosed sum and renaming it rocketplane kistler aerospace hadesigned and begun construction of the k launch vehicle a fully reusable two stage torbit launcher but filed for bankruptcy before the vehicle could be completed french used the k to bid for commercial crew and cargo resupply contracts to the international space station under the nasa cots commercial orbital transportation services commercial orbital transportation services program this contract was awarded jointly to spacex and rocketplane kistler on august space tourism rocketplane limited intended to fly space tourism flights using the rocketplane xp spaceplane it was building it had announced plans to fly the xp in but on august its chief executive officer calvin burgessaid test flights would be delayed until and commercial flights were pushed back until at least rocketplane anticipated ticket prices of us for a seat on a suborbital flight including minutes of weightlessness with an apogee of over kilometers altitude bankruptcy space news aviation week and the oklahoma gazette reported layoffs and funding problems these publications reported rocketplane kistler officials failed to meet a funding deadline mandated by a nasa contracto build a reusable rocket space news reported in a june story if rpk rocketplane kistler misses the new deadline it would be the fourth time the company has gone back to nasand requested an extension october nasa discontinued its agreement with rocketplane kistler and announced thathe remaining million commitmento the project would be made available tother companies on october the company appealed the decision and asked nasa to reconsider the termination or alternatively pay million in costs incurred to date in february rocketplane vacated its oklahoma city headquarters building according toklahoma state representative davidank rocketplane no longer has any presence in the state buthey left with no debt owing toklahoma rocketplane filed for chapter title united states code chapter bankruptcy and liquidation in july out of bankruptcy in rocketplane limited s assets were sold in an auction and bought by george french and john burgener the assets were rolled into the new company rocketplane globallc based in depere wisconsin focus moved from passenger flights withe xp spaceplane to satellites withe pathfinder xs largerocketplane rocketplane global significantly updated and revised the pathfinder plans to submit a bid for darpa s xs program but did not win a contract rocketplane global moved itstate of incorporation to delaware in april to allow for better financing opportunities new life rocketplane global inc has one of the most affordable designs to provide reusable launch services for small to medium satellites with an expected retail price of million per launch and a kg payload to leo rocketplane global can provide launch services at half the present retail pricing on launches rocketplane global has agreements to launch over satellitestarting in if it can obtain sufficient funding in the xs design rocketplane global s xs design follows on the work done on the xpassenger vehicle and continues using jet engines for take off and flighto altitude ithen loads on lox and fuel from a tanker airplane and then fires its rocket engines and flies to km where it releases a second stage booster to carry the satellite s torbit with a totally reusable firstage and an expendable second stage the costs are minimized and the system is moreliable than trying to land vertical take off and landing rocketsee also blue origin list of private spaceflight companies rocketplane kistler virgin galactic references externalinks company home page rocketplane global talks to the space fellowship abouthe new rocketplane xp configuration international space fellowship category space tourism category private spaceflight companies category space access category companiestablished in category aerospace companies of the united 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required engineering staff rocketplane_global inc delaware company current name company rocketplane_global inc successor pioneerocketplane rocketplane_limited oklahoma rocketplane_kistler rocketplane_globallc pioneerocketplane rocketplane_kistler dissolved kistler space systems replaced kistler part rocketplane_kistler owned intellectual property pioneer george french ceof rocketplane_limited announced february purchasing kistler aerospace undisclosed sum renaming rocketplane_kistler aerospace begun construction k launch_vehicle fully reusable two_stage torbit launcher filed bankruptcy vehicle could completed french used k bid commercial_crew cargo resupply contracts international_space_station nasa cots commercial orbital transportation_services commercial orbital transportation_services program contract awarded jointly spacex rocketplane_kistler august space_tourism rocketplane_limited intended fly space_tourism flights using rocketplane spaceplane building announced_plans fly august chief_executive_officer calvin test_flights would delayed commercial flights pushed back least rocketplane anticipated ticket prices us seat suborbital flight including minutes weightlessness apogee kilometers altitude bankruptcy space news aviation week oklahoma gazette reported layoffs funding problems publications reported rocketplane_kistler officials failed meet funding deadline mandated nasa contracto build reusable rocket space news reported june story rocketplane_kistler new deadline would fourth time company gone back nasand requested extension october nasa discontinued agreement rocketplane_kistler announced_thathe remaining million commitmento project would made_available tother companies october company appealed decision asked nasa termination alternatively pay million costs incurred date february rocketplane oklahoma_city headquarters building according toklahoma state representative rocketplane longer presence state buthey left debt owing toklahoma rocketplane filed chapter title united_states code chapter bankruptcy liquidation july bankruptcy rocketplane_limited assets sold auction bought george french john assets rolled new_company rocketplane_globallc based depere wisconsin focus moved passenger flights withe spaceplane satellites withe pathfinder rocketplane_global significantly updated revised pathfinder plans submit bid program win contract rocketplane_global moved delaware april allow better financing opportunities new life rocketplane_global inc one affordable designs provide reusable_launch_services small medium satellites expected retail price million per launch payload leo rocketplane_global provide launch_services half present retail pricing launches rocketplane_global agreements launch obtain sufficient funding design rocketplane_global design follows work done vehicle continues using jet engines take flighto altitude ithen loads lox fuel tanker airplane fires rocket_engines flies releases second_stage booster carry satellite torbit totally reusable firstage expendable second_stage costs minimized system trying land vertical take landing also blue_origin list private_spaceflight companies rocketplane_kistler virgin_galactic references_externalinks company home page rocketplane_global talks space_fellowship abouthe new rocketplane configuration international_space fellowship category_space_tourism category_private_spaceflight companies_category space access category_companiestablished category aerospace_companies united_states"},{"title":"RocketShip Tours","description":"rocketship tours is an united states american space tourism company founded in by travel industry entrepreneur jules klar and which planned to provide sub orbital spaceflight sub orbital human spaceflight s to the paying public in partnership with rocketplane developer xcor aerospace klar created rocketship tours to act as general sales agent for xcor aerospace jules klar got histart in the travel business inew york city in he founded a day tours in partnership with arthur frommer ofrommer s fame klar s company great american travel became one of the most successful wholesale travel organizations in america through the succeeding years the company space tourism package included screening training and a trip into suborbital space juleselected xcor aerospace to partner with due to its record of reliable rocket engine development and technological approach towardsuborbital human spaceflight space travel in xcor signed spacexpedition corporation sxc as their new general sales agent for space tourism flightschow denise june space tourists can hop on a flight in xcor says nbc news retrieved february spacecraft image lynx suborbital ascentjpg thumb right px the lynx rocketplane in flight artists conception xcor aerospace designed and built by xcor aerospace the lynx rocketplane will have four liquid rocket engines athe rear of the fuselage burning a mixture of lox kerosene and each of them will give between lbf n of thrusthe lynx is projected to carry one pilot a ticketed passenger and or a payload or small satellites above km altitude the occupants would wear pressure suits made by orbital outfitters the lynx was initially announced on march with plans for an operational vehicle within two years xcor aerospace suborbital vehicle to fly within two years that date hasince fallen to late xcoready for liftoff sept mark i prototype maximum altitude km ft primary internal payload kg lbs external dorsal mounted pod kg lbsecondary payload spaces include a small area inside the cockpit behind the pilot or outside the vehicle in two areas in the aft fuselage fairing mark ii production model maximum altitude km ft primary internal payload kg lbs external dorsal mounted pod kg lbs and is largenough to hold a two stage carrier to launch a microsatellite or multiple nanosatellites into low earth orbit secondary payload spaces include the same as the mark i suborbital flightickets are now available person with a deposithe initial deposit qualifies the passenger for a four day orientation medical screening and g force training at an arizona resort a final payment is required to take the flight aboard the lynx rocketplane it is expected thathe spacecraft will be piloted by richard a searfoss a retired united states air force colonel nasastronaut and current xcor test pilothe craft is projected to be a one passenger one pilot rocketplane its planned trajectory will overlap thearth s atmosphere at feet m which will make it a sub orbital spaceflight sub orbital journey with a short period of weightlessness the spacecrafthe lynx rocketplane is a suborbital rocket powered aircraft being developed by the california based company xcor aeorospace when operational the vehicle will fly over km the k rm n line a common definition of where space begins the time from liftoff of the lynx until the touchdown of the vehicle after the sub orbital flight will be about hour the sub orbital flight itself will only be a small fraction of thatime the weightlessness willast approximately minutes competition besides rocketship tours there are list of private spaceflight companies numerous other companies actively working on commercial passenger suborbital spaceflight additionally there are several others developing commercial manned orbital spaceflight capability including some which are initially designed for may eventually be used for commercial passenger spaceflight which is a significantly more difficult problem than suborbital spaceflight in tickets were available through the xcor partnership with spacexpedition corporation sxc priced athey were around half the cost quoted by virgin galactic the main competitor in the commercial sub orbital spaceflight markethollingham richard june space a travel guide bbc news futuretrieved february base test launches are planned to take place from the mojave spaceport where xcor aerospace is constructing the spacecraft rocketship tours expects that initial passenger flights will take place there as well see also commercial astronaut list of private spaceflight companiespace adventurespace colonization space tourism space tourism society xcor aerospace references externalinks xcor aerospace official website rocketship tours official website rocketship tours company info rocketship tours founder info rocketship tours marketing info category airlinestablished in category space tourism category human spaceflight programs category commercial spaceflight category private spaceflight 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travel organizations america years company space_tourism package included screening training trip suborbital space xcor_aerospace partner due record reliable rocket_engine development technological approach human_spaceflight space_travel xcor signed spacexpedition corporation sxc new general sales agent space_tourism denise june space_tourists hop flight xcor says nbc news retrieved_february spacecraft image lynx suborbital thumb right px lynx rocketplane flight artists conception xcor_aerospace designed built xcor_aerospace lynx rocketplane four liquid rocket_engines athe rear fuselage burning mixture lox give n lynx projected carry one pilot passenger payload small satellites altitude occupants would wear pressure suits made orbital outfitters lynx initially announced march plans operational vehicle within two_years xcor_aerospace suborbital vehicle fly within two_years date hasince fallen late liftoff sept mark prototype maximum altitude primary internal payload lbs external mounted pod payload spaces include small area inside cockpit behind pilot outside vehicle two areas aft fuselage fairing mark ii production model maximum altitude primary internal payload lbs external mounted pod lbs largenough hold two_stage carrier launch microsatellite multiple low_earth_orbit secondary payload spaces include mark suborbital available person initial deposit passenger four day orientation medical screening g force training arizona resort final payment required take flight aboard lynx rocketplane expected thathe spacecraft richard retired united_states air_force colonel current xcor test pilothe craft projected one passenger one pilot rocketplane planned trajectory overlap thearth atmosphere feet make sub_orbital_spaceflight sub_orbital journey short period weightlessness spacecrafthe lynx rocketplane suborbital rocket_powered_aircraft developed california based company xcor operational vehicle fly k n line common definition space begins time liftoff lynx touchdown vehicle sub_orbital flight hour sub_orbital flight small fraction thatime weightlessness approximately minutes competition besides rocketship tours list private_spaceflight companies numerous companies actively working commercial passenger suborbital_spaceflight additionally several others developing commercial manned orbital_spaceflight capability including initially designed may eventually used commercial passenger spaceflight significantly difficult problem suborbital_spaceflight tickets available xcor partnership spacexpedition corporation sxc priced around half cost quoted virgin_galactic main competitor commercial sub_orbital_spaceflight richard june space_travel_guide bbc_news february base test launches planned take_place mojave spaceport xcor_aerospace constructing spacecraft rocketship tours expects initial passenger flights take_place well see_also commercial astronaut list private_spaceflight adventurespace colonization space_tourism space_tourism society xcor_aerospace references_externalinks xcor_aerospace official_website rocketship tours official_website rocketship tours company info rocketship tours founder info rocketship tours marketing info category category_space_tourism category_human spaceflight programs category_commercial_spaceflight category_private_spaceflight companies"},{"title":"Rod\u00edzio","description":"rod zio pronounced in brazilian portuguese brazil is an buffet all you can eat style of restaurant service in brazil ian restaurants in most areas of the world outside of brazil a rod zio restaurant refers to a brazilian style steakhouse restaurant customers pay a prix fixed price pre o fixo and waiters bring samples ofood to each customer at several times throughouthe meal until the customersignal thathey have had enough in churrascaria s or the traditional brazilian style steakhouse restaurantservers come to the table with knives and a skewer on which are speared various kinds of quality cuts of meat most commonly local cuts of beef pork chicken and sometimes exotic meats less populare otherod zio style restaurants in brazil such as oneserving pasta or pizza in which various pizzas and pastas are brought on trays kaiten sushi rod zio style sushi restaurants are also common in brazil most rod zio courses are served right off the rotisserie cooking spit and are sliced or plated right athe table sometimes they are accompanied with fried potatoes fried bananas collard greens black turtle bean black beans and rice served buffet style in many restaurants the diner is provided with a colored card green one side indicates to servers to bring more meat red on the other side indicates the opposite the following foods are often served at a churrascaria filet mignon chunks wrapped in bacon turkey chunks wrapped in bacon these two are usually two bite sized sirloin steak cut semicircular and served in slices roast beef served like sirloin steak rump cover called picanha in portuguese beef short ribs lamb and mutton lamb pork ribs chouri or some other spicy iberian pork sausage chicken hearts grilledark meat chicken grilled pineapple or banana meant as a palate cleanser between coursesee also brazilian cuisine culinary art category types of restaurants category brazilian 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pay prix fixed price pre waiters bring samples ofood customer several times throughouthe meal thathey enough churrascaria traditional brazilian style steakhouse restaurantservers come table knives various kinds quality cuts meat commonly local cuts beef pork chicken sometimes exotic meats less zio style_restaurants brazil pasta pizza various brought trays sushi rod zio style sushi restaurants also_common brazil rod zio courses served right rotisserie cooking spit sliced plated right athe_table sometimes accompanied fried potatoes fried bananas greens black turtle bean black beans rice served buffet style many_restaurants diner provided colored card green one_side indicates servers bring meat red side indicates opposite following foods often_served churrascaria wrapped bacon turkey wrapped bacon two usually two bite sized steak cut served slices roast beef served like steak cover called portuguese beef short ribs lamb mutton lamb pork ribs spicy pork sausage chicken hearts meat chicken 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ellingham travel author mark ellingham successor country united kingdom headquarters london distribution keypeople publications topics travel guidebook s genre imprints revenue numemployees nasdaq url rough guides ltd is a travel guidebook and reference publisher owned by penguin random house their travel titles cover more than destinations and they are distributed worldwide through the penguin group the series began withe rough guide to greece a book conceived by mark ellingham who was dissatisfied withe polarisation of existinguidebooks between cost obsessed student guides and heavyweight cultural tomes initially the series was aimed at low budget backpacking travel backpackers the rough guides books have incorporated morexpensive recommendationsince thearly s and books have had colour printing since the late s which are now marketed to travellers on all budgets much of the books travel content is also available onlinellingham left rough guides inovember after the company had 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survival rural crafts doubt according report mapping heritage craft nov produced sale fall description handicraft produced hobby qualify handicraft arts crafts recently produced dedicated full_time worker rather part general repertoire skills produced sale artisan class makers latter would makers examples rural crafts would basket basket making carrying fish trap making catching animals eels agricultural making hay barn crib making spinning laying charcoal burning dry stone wall dry stone thatching pond making making boundary marker making stone wide_variety construction wood also practiced tool making gate making wheel making full_scale barn building add path laying list rural crafts coastal areas additional crafts associated_withe sea net making fishing small boat making rural crafts tend vary styles place place thus often contribute strongly spirit place sense place offering training courses rural crafts becoming viable job parts united_kingdom british_isles thus contributing development tourism andy also exploring artistic possibilities applying rural crafts techniques making outdoor arthe rural crafts distinguished pseudo primitive rustic handicraft goods often_seen rural gift also craft non timber forest product ancient_greek god rural crafts furthereading stowe crafts countryside green mapping heritage craft uk research report november externalinks_category cultural geography category_tourism category rural culture"},{"title":"Rural tourism","description":"rural tourism focuses on actively participating in a ruralifestyle it can be a variant of ecotourismany rural villages can facilitate tourism because many villagers are hospitable and eager to welcome and sometimeven host visitors agriculture is becoming highly mechanized and thereforequires less manualabor this trend is causing economic pressure on some villages which in turn causes young people to move to urban type settlement urban areas there is however a segment of the urban population that is interested in visiting the rural areas and understanding the lifestyle benefits rural tourism allows the creation of a replacement source of income in the non agricultural sector forural dwellers the added income from rural tourism can contribute to the revival of lost folk art and handicrafts relevance in developing nations rural tourism is particularly relevant in developing nations where farmland has become fragmentedue to population growthe wealthat rural tourism can provide to poor households creates great prospects for development relevance in developed nations rural tourism exists in developed nations in the form of providing accommodation in a scenic location ideal forest and relaxation there are many scenic towns that have become quaint spots for vacationersee sanford fl folsom ca st augustine fl creede co united states niche tourism in rural areas many niche tourism programs are located in rural area s from wine tourism wine tours and ecotourism eco tourism to agritourism and season al events tourism can be a viableconomicomponent in rural community development according to the usda cooperative state research education and extension service cooperative stateducation and extension service tourism is becoming increasingly importanto the us economy a conservativestimate from the federal reserve board in kansas based on data shows that basic travel and tourism industries accounted for percent of all us employment even more telling data from the travel industry association of america indicate that out of every people in the us has a job directly resulting from travel expenditures rural tourism february usda cooperative stateducation and extension service retrievedecember wilkerson chad travel and tourism an overlooked industry in the us and tenth district economic review third quarter federal reserve board in kansas retrievedecember economic research economic impact of travel and tourism travel industry association of america retrievedecember the publication promoting tourism in rural america john patricia lacaille promoting tourism in rural america national agriculturalibrary rural information centeretrievedecember explains the need for planning and marketing rural communities as well as weighing the pros and cons of the impacts of tourism local citizen participation is helpful and should be included in starting any kind of a tourism program being prepared when planning tourism can assist in a successful program that enhances the community rural tourism isubdivided into agricultural tourism stays experiences and experiential tourism food routesports tourism community ecotourism ethno tourism rural tourism and aging search the participation of older persons in the generation and implementation of tourism activities in rural areas characterized by aging population community ecotourism the international ecotourism society ties defines ecotourism as responsible travel to natural areas that conserves thenvironment and improves the well being of local people the international ecotourism society online ties is an example of a nonprofit organization dedicated to assisting companies in developing ecotourism practices and promoting sustainable community development ecotourism provides an alternative form of travel to mass tourismass tourism is the idea of visiting a place with minimal responsibility to the local community and environmentalomari thabit motivation and socio cultural sustainability of voluntourisma university of lethbridge canada tourism the world s largest industry of more than of total employment and of global gdp is also a quickly growing industry as total touristrips are predicted to increase to billion by rajan brilliant vincy mary varghese and anakkathil purushothaman pradeepkumar beach carrying capacity analysis for sustainable tourism development in the south west coast of india environmental research engineering and management in order to accommodate these rising needs in the tourism industry there must be a shift within this industry one in particular is the need to protecthenvironment and respecthe local culture thecotourism principles do justhat as they are the following to minimize impact build environmental and cultural awareness and respect provide positivexperiences for both visitors and hosts provide direct financial benefit for conservation provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people raisensitivity to host countries political environmental and social climate according to the world tourism organization ecotourism is growing three times faster than the tourism industrycox rachel s ecotourism cq researcher this implies the already changing phenomenon occurring in traveling similarly the world conservation union goes one step further in defining ecotourism to includenjoying and appreciating nature have low negative visitor impact and providing socio economic involvemento the local populationslindsay heather ecotourism the promise and perils of environmentally oriented travel proquest february online as ecotourism is growing it is also focusing on especially vulnerable locations to climate change in a neoliberalism theory ecotourism is a win for bothe host and touristhis because there is an effort for conservation when jobs are available outside of activitiesuch as logging that harm thenvironment and the intrinsic value of thenvironment is taken into consideration additionally ecotourism enhancesocial capital for bothe host and tourist whengaging in social interaction and learning about other cultures however becausecotourism is most popular in vulnerablenvironments it may unintentionally exploithe community causing a seriousocial justice issue the idea of community ecotourism is placing the tourism activities in the hands of the local community it addresses the needs of the tourism businesses to minimize negative impacts and maximize positive impacts in all three parts of the community social economic and environmentalli yiping situated learning responsible tourism and global peace research community ecotourism resolves one issue with ecotourism in particular the input of the community hosting the tourism governments and outside agencies have pushed communities into hosting tourists which can sometimes cause more harm if the community is not prepared without relevant knowledge leadership or capacitymoscardo g building community capacity for tourism development wallingford oxon gbr cabi publishing ebrary an example of such occurrence is in montego bay in which international organizations broughtourists to already westernized sites whicharmed this degraded environmentwest paige james g carrier ecotourism and authenticity getting away from it all current anthropology another example is the case of papua new guinea s crater mountain setting aside their ethnic tension the clans planned a tourist lodge for two years thathe government denied in five minutes the lack of collusion among the local clans and the government created tension and failure for all parties with community ecotourism the community itself primarily sees the venture to success and receives theconomic benefit rather than government or third party organizations as a whole the rise in demand of tourism to exotic places as they become more accessible provides an opportunity for vulnerable and economically impoverished communities in traditional tourism these communities are often exploited and theiresources depleted it also includes the social inequities when considering the power in the host guest relationshipjonesamantha community based ecotourism the significance of social capital annals of tourism research community ecotourism empowers the relationship of the host and guest so that both can learn from a different culture and how to maneuver such differencespantea maria carmen young people in cross national volunteering perceptions of unfairness journal of social and personal relationships august when addressed properly equitable relationships blossom in the national and global sphere unlike traditional tourism this alternative tourism experiencenables people to engage positively in the community s way of life and learn how they interact withenvironment community ecotourism can act as a solution to social justice issues that arise withe tourism industry in respecto theconomy environment and culture benefits of community ecotourism generally success is the benefits outweighing the costs a more concrete measure of success for ecotourism is ensuring thathe tourism industry operates within the location s capacity to handle such activities in the three areas of ecotourism economy environment and culture one such form of capacity is economicapacity so thathe tourism industry does not displace sustainable local economic activity already in place additionally there is an environmental carrying capacity the limit at which thenvironment is not degraded from tourism this especially important as many ecotourism locations are in locations vulnerable to climate change such as along the coasthere is also the idea of cultural capacity in which the tourism industry remains authentic and can maintain local practices with addressing these three capacity measures many problems mass tourism places on the host community aresolved in contrast with traditional tourism community ecotourism is often a tool for economic developmento promote both capital inflow and employment opportunities to the community thus it is often targeting more impoverished areas where implemented it encourages entrepreneurship for local members torganize the community in implementing and running successful community based ecotourism enterprises both financial and social capital is placed in the indigenous community driving further enhancements of the community ecotourism programcoria jessica enrique calfucura ecotourism and the development of indigenous communities the good the bad and the ugly university of gothenburg school of business economics and law this capital inflow can then be used to help the development of infrastructureducation and health practices community based ecotourism places an emphasis on local businesses and reinforcesupporting local endeavors not only does the capital increase the intrinsic value of thenvironment increases in zanzibar the idea of ecotourism has enabled entrepreneurs to give tours of their home villages and use the revenue to supporthemselves as well as give back to the community it has also helpedevelopment in conservational ways including increasing investment in solar energyhoney martha ecotourism and sustainable development whowns paradise nd edition washington dc usa island press ebrary as a whole community based ecotourism can overall increase theconomic value of a previously impoverished area through providing dignified jobs and capital into the local economy along with economic value community ecotourism enhances the value of thenvironment for bothe host and the traveler as a result community ecotourism becomes an incentive for conservationstronzamandand javier gordillo community views of ecotourism annals of tourism research for the community their environment becomes a showcase to the tourist and brings a greater desire to maintain it in mass tourism the average tourist holds little responsibility in the impacthey have on thenvironment and often depletes resources community ecotourism gives the tourist a greater stake in conservation efforts because of their involvement in the local culturechiu yen ting helena wan i lee and tsung hsiung chenvironmentally responsible behavior in ecotourism antecedents and implications tourismanagement community ecotourism becomes a potential solution to bring social justice to those suffering from sideffects of mass tourism in locations most vulnerable to climate change the galapagos islands was one of the initial ecotourism destinations as the programs have continued to evolve in combatting ecotourism issuespecifically with maintaining cultural capacity one of the main findings from community ecotourism are the programs associated with environmental conservation when visiting national parks guides must be withe tourists to ensure they stay on the paths ando not harm thenvironment during nature walks one in particular sets tourists on projects to help with environmental restoration economic development projects and biodiversity conservation these travel philanthropists are more involved tourists who wanto appreciate the natural beauty of the destination from a completely different viewpointhecotourismodel on a community based level enables conservation efforts to come from bothe tourist and the community to maximize results the sociocultural aspect of ecotourism is thathe local tourist becomes morengaged in the community and their culture this can be from learning a religious tradition or supporting a local handicraftourism can atimes force more injustices on the host community it inculcates a sense of inequality in the relationships if the tourist feels they have superior knowledge community based ecotourism places moresponsibility on the touristo learn from the other culture for example in tourism in south africa south africa community ecotourism has been especially beneficial after the apartheid because of a renewed attention towards local cultures that are selling traditional handicrafts and showing cultural tours the community based ecotourist is often more interested in engaging withe local community this can also entail building relationships andecreasing the social gap specifically engagement inationalism socioeconomiconditions and similar age groups can help narrow the social gap andecrease stereotypeswoosnam kyle m and yoon jung lee applying social distance to voluntourism research annals of tourism research this leads to a more positive cultural understanding on both sides this effect can even go beyond the tourist s journey after visiting such communities and learning aboutheir livelihood studies have found that people gain a newfound activism to contribute back to the community thisocio cultural connection withe community can in return bring about greateresources to this community to helpromoteducation conservation disease prevention and other needs it is through the sociocultural aspecthat enhances the tourist s engagement witheconomy and environmento maximize the overall community based ecotourism experience while under the neoliberalism theory ecotourism is an overall winning situation there are many issues associated with ecotourism when poorly implemented community ecotourism is a solution to many of the flaws detailed inherently flawed compared to responsible tourism and voluntourism there is an added importance on respect for thenvironment and being environmentally sustainable while traveling by definition travel inherently harms thenvironment by getting to the location using moresources than the location is used to and producing more waste thanormal it adds an overall stress to areas most vulnerable to global warming such as coastlines one tourism spothat hastruggled to implement community ecotourism is tanzania practices a kind of ecotourism that focuses exclusively on thenvironment also called nature tourism in tanzania s ngorongoro conservation area tourists come to look exclusively athe nature bringing primarily economic benefit with arguably negative impact on sociocultural and environmental factorscharnley susan from nature to ecotourism human organization as a resulthenvironmental capacity is exhausted and little attention is paid to the culture and environment it has created a situation in which thenvironment is now degraded because of tourism and theconomic returns are going torganizations outside of the local economy community based ecotourism helps address this flaw through working more small scale to not expend moresources than available greenwashing is the idea of using an environmentally friendly label on low impact conservation efforts these certifications are often marketing tactics that can actually promote low impact projects in which the costs can be greater than the benefithis idea is common with certain lodging as people look for green marketing to attempto have an ecotourism experience with minimal responsibilities as a touristzeppel heather indigenous ecotourism sustainable development and management wallingford oxfordshire gbr cabi publishing ebrary cox offers that small scale privatized ecotourism enterprisesuch as community ecotourism can avoid such downfalls of green washing with community ecotourism the host community has a greater involvement in trying to protectheir environmento eliminate any harmful behavior to thenvironment however these low impact campaigns can cause harm to already vulnerable communities amplifying the institutionalized poverty found in many of these locations effective community ecotourismust allow the community to define their environmental needs economic downfalls while seen as a driver in the industry economic returns may not be as high as anticipated community ecotourism tends to be more small scale andoes not attract a higher income population as a result community ecotourism brings more backpackers and low income travelers who wish to travel cheaply and thus do not supporthe local economy it could in turn result in haggling throughouthe journey to receive the lowest prices when issues like this arise it may cost more for the community to hostourists than the return it brings especially when taking into account environmental and social costs the important part for community ecotourism is to ensure thatourists are leaving an overall positive impact on the community and that capital is reinvested into the community so community ecotourism in practice can do more damage both to thenvironment and local economy while having no positive impact on the people whenot properly practiced furthermore the challenge of community ecotourism is that it is balancing market objectives with both social and environmental aims whereas competitors that offer more luxuries have primarily financial objectives in order to lead community ecotourism to success there must be a clear sense of leadership andirection for the long term impact of this organization in the local community when looking at what makes a successful responsible tourism enterprise researchas found the focus on strong leadership clear market orientation and organizational culture to bessentialvon der weppen and janet cochrane social enterprises in tourism an exploratory study of operational models and success factors journal of sustainable tourism in community ecotourism this requires appointing a leader or board that can focus on meeting the triple bottom line community ecotourism can redefine the tourism industry asustainable travel continues to have high consumer demand thwarthe harms associated with mass tourism finally in terms of the sociocultural aspect of community based ecotourism it is essential for the community to be respected for their own cultures atimes the growing demand of tourists can cause tourist sites to adapto the demands and expectations of the tourist instead of showcasing the culture the community may have a show of whathe tourist would expecthe culture to be community based ecotourism often eliminates this concern as well when they aresponsible for showcasing their own lifestyle to the tourist case studies onexample in particular isouthwestern tourism in cambodia which successfully runs community based ecotourism to addressuch issues firsthis program targets villages of low gdp for ecotourism to helprovide jobs and education for these communities the local people in the villages determine the tourism activities available with an emphasis on showing their local culture in fact reimer and walter have found that in cambodia populations have limited their logging and other harmful practices becausecotourism has given a more successful industry and greater awareness to the intrinsic value of thenvironmentreimer j kiland pierre walter how do you know it when you see it community based ecotourism in the cardamomountains of southwestern cambodia tourismanagement by placing ecotourism in the hands of the local the least amount of harm is assessed however it may limit financial trajectory because of mismanagement or lack of attraction these concerns with ecotourism can be mitigated through education and careful implementation costa rica ecotourism in costa rica costa rica is known for its biodiversity withaving of the world s biodiversity on its of earth surface in the government announced that it would support four types of tourism ecotourism adventure tourism beach tourism and rural community based tourism a specific part of costa rica that has benefited from community based ecotourism is tortuguero a turtle nesting area surrounded by a national park with an impoverished community nearly thentire population of tortuguero is working in the tourism industry as community based ecotourism is breeding entrepreneurshoney martha ecotourism and sustainable development whowns paradise nd edition washington dc usa island press ebrary economically the largest issue of tortuguero is to maintain the community based aspect of the tourism as they continue to resist institutionalization from the outsidenvironmentally conservation has been seen as a priority in order to motivate thecotourism industry however because tortuguero is only accessible by boathere has been an increase inoise and pollution additionally beach paths had to be inputted to avoidisturbing nesting turtles in terms of the sociocultural aspectraining and education of the local community has become a priority to ensure their ability to continue as a community based endeavor the community has learned to become more organized and work together to build conservation efforts to supportheir community there are now nonprofit organizations in costa rica that will train local small businesses to successfully run community ecotourism enterprises future implications community ecotourism becomes an issue of social justice the communities that are becoming popular tourist sites are impoverished and are using ecotourism as a tool for economic developmenthese communitiespecially when looking at indigenous tourism are often lacking voices in the greater political sphere and faced with limited resources on top of thathey tend to bespecially vulnerable to climate change this brings greater attention to the need of conservation efforts through success of community ecotourism the community can have a larger voice as they show successful development and become a greater participating member in the global sphere as the tourism industry continues to grow it is imperative to continue developing more sustainable avenues to participate in such endeavors one way is making travelers aware of the potential harm their activities may have on the host culture a continuing theme is the importance of dialogue andefining the ideals for each party while stakeholders wanthe same idea of economic improvement environmental sustainability and cross cultural relationships thend goals are often definedifferently opening a reflexive dialogue that is understandable to all is essential overall the success of smaller enterprises that have thrived under strong leadership and community efforts will help tourism be a tool for economic development community ecotourism alsopens the discussion for the purpose of land usage and the difference of preservationow over usage in the future community ecotourism highlights the importance of seeing the community s usage of the land it can bring a common goal for science and local populations alike community ecotourism offers an opportunity for the tourism industry to succeed in conservation efforts whilenhancing tourism efforts through a grassroots network effort see also agritourism externalinks portal of rural tourism for whole southeastern europe nepal rural tourism rural tourism resourceseptember national agriculturalibrary rural information centeretrievedecemberural tourism of catalonia travel industry association of america retrievedecember category rural tourism category types of 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rural","rural tourism","tourism rural","rural tourism","rural information","catalonia travel","travel industry","industry association","america retrievedecember","retrievedecember category","category rural","rural tourism","tourism category","category types"],"new_description":"rural tourism focuses actively participating variant rural villages facilitate tourism many villagers eager welcome host visitors agriculture becoming highly mechanized less trend causing economic pressure villages turn causes young_people move urban type settlement urban_areas however segment urban population interested visiting rural_areas understanding lifestyle benefits rural_tourism allows creation replacement source income non agricultural sector dwellers added income rural_tourism contribute revival lost folk art handicrafts relevance developing nations rural_tourism particularly relevant developing nations become population rural_tourism provide poor households creates great prospects development relevance developed nations rural_tourism exists developed nations form providing accommodation scenic location ideal forest relaxation many scenic towns become quaint spots sanford st_augustine united_states niche tourism rural_areas many niche tourism programs located rural area wine_tourism wine tours ecotourism eco_tourism agritourism season events tourism rural community development according usda cooperative state research education extension service cooperative extension service tourism becoming_increasingly importanto us economy federal reserve board kansas based data shows basic travel_tourism industries accounted percent us employment even telling data travel_industry_association america indicate every people us job directly resulting travel expenditures rural_tourism february usda cooperative extension service retrievedecember travel_tourism overlooked industry us tenth district economic review third quarter federal reserve board kansas retrievedecember economic research economic_impact travel_tourism travel_industry_association america retrievedecember publication promoting_tourism rural america john patricia promoting_tourism rural america national rural information explains need planning marketing rural communities well weighing impacts tourism local citizen participation helpful included starting kind tourism program prepared planning tourism assist successful program enhances community rural_tourism agricultural tourism stays experiences experiential tourism food_tourism community_ecotourism ethno tourism rural_tourism aging search participation older persons generation implementation tourism_activities rural_areas characterized aging population community_ecotourism international ecotourism society ties defines ecotourism responsible_travel natural areas conserves thenvironment well local_people international ecotourism society online ties example nonprofit organization dedicated assisting companies developing ecotourism practices promoting sustainable community development ecotourism provides alternative form travel mass_tourism idea visiting place minimal responsibility local_community motivation socio cultural sustainability university canada tourism world largest industry total employment global gdp also quickly growing industry total predicted increase billion brilliant mary beach carrying_capacity analysis sustainable_tourism_development south_west coast india environmental research engineering management order accommodate rising needs tourism_industry must shift within industry one particular need respecthe local_culture thecotourism principles following minimize impact build environmental cultural awareness respect provide visitors hosts provide direct financial benefit conservation provide financial benefits empowerment local_people host countries political environmental social climate according world_tourism organization ecotourism growing three times faster tourism rachel ecotourism researcher implies already changing phenomenon occurring traveling similarly world conservation union goes one step defining ecotourism nature low negative visitor impact providing socio economic local heather ecotourism promise environmentally oriented travel february online ecotourism growing also focusing especially vulnerable locations climate_change theory ecotourism win bothe host effort conservation jobs available outside activitiesuch logging harm thenvironment intrinsic value thenvironment taken consideration additionally ecotourism capital bothe host tourist social interaction learning cultures however popular may community causing justice issue idea community_ecotourism placing tourism_activities hands local_community addresses needs tourism_businesses minimize negative_impacts maximize positive impacts three parts community social economic situated learning responsible_tourism global peace research community_ecotourism one issue ecotourism particular input community hosting tourism governments outside agencies pushed communities hosting tourists sometimes cause harm community prepared without relevant knowledge leadership g building community capacity tourism_development wallingford cabi publishing ebrary example occurrence bay international organizations already sites degraded paige james g carrier ecotourism authenticity getting away current anthropology another example case papua_new_guinea crater mountain setting aside ethnic tension planned tourist lodge two_years thathe_government denied five minutes lack among local_government created tension failure parties community_ecotourism community primarily sees venture success receives theconomic benefit rather government third_party organizations whole rise demand tourism exotic places become accessible provides opportunity vulnerable economically impoverished communities traditional tourism communities often exploited depleted also_includes social considering power host guest community_based ecotourism significance social capital annals tourism_research community_ecotourism relationship host guest learn different culture maneuver maria carmen young_people cross national volunteering perceptions journal social personal relationships august addressed properly relationships national global sphere unlike traditional tourism alternative_tourism people engage positively community way life learn interact community_ecotourism act solution social justice issues arise withe tourism_industry respecto theconomy environment culture benefits community_ecotourism generally success benefits costs concrete measure success ecotourism ensuring thathe tourism_industry operates within location capacity handle activities three areas ecotourism economy environment culture one form capacity thathe tourism_industry sustainable local economic activity already place additionally environmental carrying_capacity limit thenvironment degraded tourism especially important many ecotourism locations locations vulnerable climate_change along also idea cultural capacity tourism_industry remains authentic maintain local practices addressing three capacity measures many problems mass_tourism places host community contrast traditional tourism community_ecotourism often tool economic promote capital employment opportunities community thus often targeting impoverished areas implemented encourages local members community implementing running successful community_based ecotourism enterprises financial social capital placed indigenous community driving community_ecotourism jessica ecotourism development indigenous communities good bad ugly university gothenburg school business economics law capital used help development health practices community_based ecotourism places emphasis local_businesses local endeavors capital increase intrinsic value thenvironment increases zanzibar idea ecotourism enabled entrepreneurs give tours home villages use revenue well give back community also ways including increasing investment solar martha ecotourism sustainable_development paradise edition washington usa island press ebrary whole community_based ecotourism overall increase theconomic value previously impoverished area providing jobs capital local_economy along economic value community_ecotourism enhances value thenvironment bothe host traveler result community_ecotourism becomes incentive community views ecotourism annals tourism_research community environment becomes showcase tourist brings greater desire maintain mass_tourism average tourist holds little responsibility thenvironment often resources community_ecotourism gives tourist greater stake conservation_efforts involvement local yen helena wan lee responsible behavior ecotourism implications tourismanagement community_ecotourism becomes potential solution bring social justice suffering sideffects mass_tourism locations vulnerable climate_change galapagos_islands one initial ecotourism destinations programs continued evolve ecotourism maintaining cultural capacity one main findings community_ecotourism programs associated environmental conservation visiting national_parks guides must withe tourists ensure stay paths ando harm thenvironment nature walks one particular sets tourists projects help environmental restoration economic_development projects biodiversity conservation travel involved tourists wanto appreciate natural_beauty destination completely different community_based level enables conservation_efforts come bothe tourist community maximize results sociocultural aspect ecotourism thathe local tourist becomes community culture learning religious tradition supporting local atimes force host community sense inequality relationships tourist feels superior knowledge community_based ecotourism places learn culture example tourism south_africa south_africa community_ecotourism especially beneficial apartheid renewed attention towards local_cultures selling traditional handicrafts showing cultural tours community_based often interested engaging withe local_community also entail building relationships social gap specifically engagement similar age groups help narrow social gap kyle lee applying social distance voluntourism research annals tourism_research leads positive cultural understanding sides effect even go beyond tourist journey visiting communities learning aboutheir studies found people gain activism contribute back community cultural connection withe community return bring community conservation disease prevention needs sociocultural enhances tourist engagement environmento maximize overall community_based ecotourism experience theory ecotourism overall winning situation many issues associated ecotourism poorly implemented community_ecotourism solution many detailed compared responsible_tourism voluntourism added importance respect thenvironment environmentally sustainable traveling definition travel thenvironment getting location using location used producing waste adds overall stress areas vulnerable global warming one tourism implement community_ecotourism tanzania practices kind ecotourism focuses exclusively thenvironment also_called nature tourism tanzania conservation area tourists come look exclusively athe nature bringing primarily economic benefit arguably negative impact sociocultural environmental susan nature ecotourism human organization capacity little attention paid culture environment created situation thenvironment degraded tourism theconomic returns going outside local_economy community_based ecotourism helps address working small_scale available idea using environmentally friendly label low_impact conservation_efforts certifications often marketing tactics actually promote low_impact projects costs greater idea common certain lodging people look green marketing attempto ecotourism experience minimal responsibilities heather indigenous ecotourism sustainable_development management wallingford oxfordshire cabi publishing ebrary cox offers small_scale ecotourism community_ecotourism avoid green washing community_ecotourism host community greater involvement trying environmento eliminate harmful behavior thenvironment however low_impact campaigns cause harm already vulnerable communities poverty found many locations effective community allow community define environmental needs economic seen driver industry economic returns may high anticipated community_ecotourism tends small_scale andoes attract higher income population result community_ecotourism brings backpackers low_income travelers wish travel thus supporthe local_economy could turn result throughouthe journey receive lowest prices issues like arise may cost community return brings especially taking account environmental social costs important_part community_ecotourism ensure thatourists leaving overall positive impact community capital community community_ecotourism practice damage thenvironment local_economy positive impact people properly practiced furthermore challenge community_ecotourism balancing market objectives social environmental aims whereas competitors offer primarily financial objectives order lead community_ecotourism success must clear sense leadership andirection long_term impact organization local_community looking makes successful responsible_tourism enterprise researchas found focus strong leadership clear market orientation organizational culture der janet social enterprises tourism exploratory study operational models success factors journal sustainable_tourism community_ecotourism requires leader board focus meeting triple bottom line community_ecotourism tourism_industry travel continues high consumer demand associated mass_tourism finally terms sociocultural aspect community_based ecotourism essential community respected cultures atimes growing demand tourists cause tourist_sites demands expectations tourist instead showcasing culture community may show whathe tourist would culture community_based ecotourism often concern well aresponsible showcasing lifestyle tourist case_studies onexample particular tourism cambodia successfully runs community_based ecotourism issues program targets villages low gdp ecotourism jobs education communities local_people villages determine tourism_activities available emphasis showing local_culture fact walter found cambodia populations limited logging harmful practices given successful industry greater awareness intrinsic value j pierre walter know see community_based ecotourism southwestern cambodia tourismanagement placing ecotourism hands local least amount harm assessed however may limit financial trajectory lack attraction concerns ecotourism education careful implementation costa_rica ecotourism costa_rica costa_rica known biodiversity withaving world biodiversity earth surface government announced would support four types tourism_ecotourism adventure_tourism beach tourism rural community_based_tourism specific part costa_rica benefited community_based ecotourism tortuguero turtle nesting area surrounded national_park impoverished community nearly thentire population tortuguero working tourism_industry community_based ecotourism breeding martha ecotourism sustainable_development paradise edition washington usa island press ebrary economically largest issue tortuguero maintain community_based aspect tourism continue resist conservation seen priority order motivate thecotourism industry however tortuguero accessible increase pollution additionally beach paths nesting terms sociocultural education local_community become priority ensure ability continue community_based community learned become organized work together build conservation_efforts supportheir community nonprofit organizations costa_rica train local small businesses successfully run community_ecotourism enterprises future implications community_ecotourism becomes issue social justice communities becoming popular_tourist_sites impoverished using ecotourism tool economic looking indigenous tourism often lacking voices greater political sphere faced limited resources top thathey tend vulnerable climate_change brings greater attention need conservation_efforts success community_ecotourism community larger voice show successful development become greater participating member global sphere tourism_industry continues grow imperative continue developing sustainable participate endeavors one way making travelers aware potential harm activities may host culture continuing theme importance dialogue ideals party stakeholders wanthe idea economic improvement environmental sustainability cross cultural relationships thend goals often opening dialogue essential overall success smaller enterprises thrived strong leadership community efforts help tourism tool economic_development community_ecotourism discussion purpose land usage difference usage future community_ecotourism highlights importance seeing community usage land bring common goal science local_populations alike community_ecotourism offers opportunity tourism_industry conservation_efforts tourism efforts network effort see_also agritourism externalinks portal rural_tourism whole southeastern europe nepal rural_tourism rural_tourism national rural information tourism catalonia travel_industry_association america retrievedecember category rural_tourism category_types tourism"},{"title":"Ruski car Tavern","description":"ruski car tavern is on the corner of knez mihailova street knez mihailova street and obili evenac streets belgrade and has the status of the cultural property zavod za titu spomenika kulture grada beograda the building was built between and after the design of the architect petar popovi architect petar popovi and withe assistance of the architect dragi a bra ovan in the development of the project as a whole the building has characteristics of academic mannerism and represents a typical building erected in the city centre in order to be rented the decorations bear elements of neo baroque in the design of the corner dome whereas the corpus of the building is much closer to the academic variant of art nouveau the purpose of the building has not significantly changed since therection up to now the residential area is on the upper floors the businesspace in the mezzanine and the restaurant on the ground floor and in the basement its name ruski car is related to the old ground floor building which existed on the same site until therection of the new structure in the original interior of the tavern was changeduring the reconstruction done athe beginning of s when the first self service restaurant zagreb was opened the name ruski car originates from around when the russian tsar wasupposed to be a godfather to king alexander i of serbialeksandar i obrenovin the period between the two wars this kafana tavern was an elegant belgrade restauranthe meeting place for both noble citizens and the intellectual elite of thatime the meetings of serbian engineers and architects were held in the tavern ruski car before and after the first world war cultural monumenthe ruski car tavern was declared as the cultural monumenthe decision declaration official gazette of the city of belgrade no the tavern isituated within the spatial cultural historical area the arearound knez mihailova streethe cultural property of a great importance cultural property of a great importance the decision declaration the official gazette srs no see also sr spisak spomenika kulture u beogradu list of cultural monuments in belgradexternalinkspomenici kulture u srbiji kafana ruski car website serbian academy of sciences and artsanu serbian english republi ki zavod za titu spomenika kulture beograd nepokretna kulturna dobra lista spomenika category drinking establishments category buildings and structures in 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marajpg px righthumb lion watching during a safarin the masaai mara file serengeti safari with leopardjpg uprighthumb a safarin the serengeti national park tourists go right under a roadside tree on which a leopard is resting file krugernightsafarijpg thumb right a night drive in the kruger national park in south africa the swahili language swahili word safari means journey originally from the arabic language arabic safar meaning a journey hans wehr arabic english dictionary the verb for to travel in swahilis kusafiri these words are used for any type of journey eg by bus from nairobi to mombasa or by ferry from dar esalaam to unguja safari entered thenglish language athend of the s thanks to richard francis burton the famous explorersee also the regimental march of the king s african rifles was funga safari literally tie up the march or in other words pack up equipment ready to march which is in english on kenya s independence from britain funga safari was retained as the regimental march of the kenya riflesuccessor to the kar in william cornwallis harris led an expedition purely tobserve and record wildlife and landscapes by thexpedition s members harris established the safari style of journey starting with a notoo strenuous rising at first light an energetic day walking an afternoon resthen concluding with a formal dinner and telling stories in thevening over drinks and tobaccopp balfour daryl balfour sharna simply safari struik literary genre jules verne s first novel five weeks in a balloon published in and h rider haggard s first novel king solomon s mines published in both describe journeys of english travellers on safari and were best sellers in their day these two books gave rise to a genre of safari adventure novels and films ernest hemingway wrote several fiction and non fiction pieces about african safaris hishort stories the short happy life ofrancis macomber and the snows of kilimanjaro short story the snows of kilimanjaro are set on african safaris and were written after hemingway s own experience on safari his books green hills of africand true at first light are both set on african safaris cinematic genre the safari provided countless hours of cinema entertainment in sound films from trader horn film trader horn onwards the safari was used in many adventure filmsuch as the tarzan jungle jim and bomba the jungle boy film series up to the naked prey where cornel wilde a white hunter becomes game himself the safari genre films were parodied in the bob hope comedies road to zanzibar and call me bwana short minute helicopter safari washown in africaddio where clients are armed flown from their hotel and landed in front of an unlucky and baffled elephant out of africa has karen blixen and famous hunter denys finchatton travelling with denys refusing to abandon home comforts using fine chinand crystal and listening to mozart recordings over the gramophone while on safari trip there is a certain theme or style associated withe word 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led expedition purely tobserve record wildlife landscapes thexpedition members harris established safari style journey starting rising first light day walking afternoon formal dinner telling stories thevening drinks simply safari literary genre jules first novel five weeks balloon published h rider first novel king solomon mines published describe journeys english travellers safari best sellers day two books gave rise genre safari adventure novels films ernest hemingway wrote several fiction non_fiction pieces african safaris stories short happy life kilimanjaro short_story kilimanjaro set african safaris written hemingway experience safari books green hills africand true first light set african safaris cinematic genre safari provided countless hours cinema entertainment sound films trader horn film trader horn onwards safari used many adventure tarzan jungle jim jungle boy film series naked prey white hunter becomes game safari genre films bob hope road zanzibar call short minute helicopter safari washown clients armed flown hotel landed front unlucky elephant africa karen famous hunter travelling abandon home comforts using fine chinand crystal recordings safari trip certain theme style associated_withe word includes clothing bush jacket animal skin patterns term safari chic arose release film africa film africa p smith vivian richard black white colour african history screen james publishers included clothing also interior design jordan safari chic wild interiors africa smith publisher see_also wildlife tourism_externalinks_category african culture_category hunting category swahili words phrases category_types tourism_category_tourism africategory adventure_travel safari"},{"title":"Safari lodge","description":"image tarangire jpg thumb px kikoti safari camp in tarangire national park tanzania safari lodge also known as a game lodge is a type of tourist accommodation in southern and eastern africa lodges are mainly used by tourists on wildlife safari s and are typically located in or near national parks or game reserves lodges are usually in isolated rural areas and offer meals and activitiesuch as game drives in addition to accommodation the standard of accommodation varies considerably from rustic bush campsometimes tented to luxury lodges withe character of upmarket hotels unlike hotels or pensions which typically consist of houses with many rooms the dwellings in lodges are often in separate buildings with a bedroom a bathroom a terrace and sometimes a small kitchen the set is closed to ensure the safety of tourists externalinksafari lodges in africa difference between safari lodges tented camps and basicamping category tourist accommodations category tourism in africategory huts category resorts by 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reserves lodges usually isolated rural_areas offer meals activitiesuch game drives addition accommodation standard accommodation varies considerably rustic bush luxury lodges withe character upmarket hotels unlike hotels typically consist houses many rooms dwellings lodges often separate buildings bedroom bathroom terrace sometimes small kitchen set closed ensure safety tourists lodges africa difference safari lodges camps category_tourist accommodations category_tourism africategory huts category resorts type"},{"title":"Sahl Hasheesh","description":"file sahl hasheesh jpg thumb the sahl hasheesh bay file sahl hasheesh jpg thumb old town corniche sahl hasheesh is a bay located on the red sea coast of egypt across from sharm el sheik approximately km south of hurghada international airporthe sahl hasheesh bay is home to a number of islands and coral reefs with excellent diving and snorkeling the nearby abu hasheesh island is a local protectorate containing a thriving community of marine life development rights to sahl hasheesh are held by egyptian resorts company erc who purchased the land in erc itself was founded in and publicly listed in erc had a vision of a huge project for this area plans for the square mile community were to be completed by the builder stated objective was to create a fully integrated mixed use resort city withe aim of achieving long term economic and environmental sustainability the residential units at el andulous in sahl hasheesh were completed in and sold out quickly palm beach piazzand family resort ocean breeze are the otheresidential projectselling apartments and villas in sahl hasheesh in the resortown tourists and residents can find something of a treasure a partly submerged artificial city this artificial reef attracts fish and is a favorite with tourists for diving and snorkeling in oberoi sahl hasheesh was rated as one of the more upscale resorts in the middleast and won first place in trip advisors travelers choice award of top luxury hotels in egypt other hotels athe resort were in the top of hurgada hotels as well in bloomberg financial reported thathe developer wastruggling to sell its properties and had lost a lot of value in itstock but in the developer had a strong financial balance sheet and its hotels were being highly rated by tourists from around the world the climate of sahl hasheesh is characterised by coastal aridity withot andry summers and mild winters rainfall amounts are low and infrequent external references replica of temple of edfu in sunken city sahl hasheesh properties erc sahl hasheesh video erc egypt palm hills developments category resortowns category geography of egypt category red sea governorate category red sea riviera category red sea category resorts in egypt category seaside resorts in 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hotels egypt hotels athe resort top hotels well bloomberg financial reported_thathe developer sell properties lost lot value developer strong financial balance sheet hotels highly rated tourists around world climate sahl_hasheesh characterised coastal withot summers mild winters rainfall amounts low external references replica temple city sahl_hasheesh properties erc sahl_hasheesh video erc egypt palm hills developments category resortowns category geography egypt category red sea category red sea riviera category red sea category resorts egypt category seaside_resorts egypt"},{"title":"Samoa Tourism Authority","description":"founder defunct location city apia location country samoa locations area served key people tuilaepa sailele malielegaoi prime minister of tourism sonja hunter chief executive officer industry tourism products information products and services marketing services development services revenue operating income net income aum assets equity owner num employees parent divisionsubsid homepage footnotes intl the samoa tourism authority sta is a state owned enterprise responsible for the marketing of samoas a holiday destination and the sustainable development of new and existing tourism products in the countrysta corporate plan the authority was established as the samoa visitors bureau in following the passing of the western samoa visitors bureau act in the change of name to samoa tourism authority in was a shifto emphasize the broader concept of tourism organisation structure and information the sta s main office is located on the ground floor of the fmfmii government building in the apia central business district it alsoperates the visitor information centre on main beach road opposite the catholicathedral and information booth athe faleolo international airport sta has market representative offices inew zealand australiand uk europe image sta falejpg thumb alt sta visitor information fale the samoa tourism authority visitor information center matafele apia samoa there are four core divisions of the sta namely marketing promotions planning development research statistics and policy the finance corporate services division provides the necessary administrative support services tuilaepa sailele malielegaois the current minister of tourism community activities the sta plays a key role in the national beautification committee it also coordinates the annual teuila festival as well as the missamoa pageant in collaboration with manaia events externalinksamoa tourism authority official website government of samoa category tourism agencies category tourism in samoa category organisations based in 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passing western samoa visitors_bureau act change name samoa tourism_authority emphasize broader concept tourism_organisation structure information sta main office located ground_floor government building apia central business district alsoperates visitor_information centre main beach road opposite information booth athe international_airport sta market representative offices inew_zealand australiand uk europe image sta thumb_alt sta visitor_information samoa tourism_authority visitor_information_center apia samoa four core divisions sta namely marketing promotions planning development research statistics policy finance corporate services division provides necessary administrative support_services current minister tourism community activities sta plays key role national committee also coordinates annual festival well pageant collaboration events tourism_authority official_website government samoa category_tourism agencies_category_tourism samoa category_organisations_based 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americand south america it would be difficulto position the fictional san somb ron a map of central americalthough it is presented as a thin country between the pacific oceand the caribbean sea similar to panama it runs diagonally from northeasto southwest in comparison to the other states on the central american strip of land that run more from the northwesto southeast or westo east if san sombro were to be geographically placed it would probably fit best between panamand costa rica the book says the nation haseparate public holidays not including the carnivale long weekend san sombro appears to be a stereotypically corrupt and unstable banana republic with seemingly endless revolutions and counterevolutions the country isaid to have hadifferent presidents over yearsan sombro is described as having a very high literacy rate because of antilliteracy campaign in which over citizens who were unable to read were jailed or deported to haiti before the arrival of the spanish san sombro wasaid to inhabited by several amer indian ethnic groups called the ciboney siboney nomadic hunter gatherers ta no taino who lived on seafood puorcina who practiced simple agriculture and the most dominant guanajaxo they justole from everyonelse buthere was a tribe that existed before called the bollivquar fierce warriors who regarded themselves as a very complex and advanced society which isaid to be odd because they never quite mastered fire irrigation or star jumps buthey learnt how to farm tobacco which to this day still remains a part of the bollivquar diet explaining their stunted growth note thatheir inability to light a fire made it harder to take up smoking language san sombro is a spanish speaking country but a dialect has developed known asan sombran which combines castilian grammar portuguese language portuguese pronunciation and indigenoushouting san sombran spanish ispoken a lot faster thanormal spanish because it is considered impolite for people to take a breath during a sentence particularly since their breath iso foul san sombran spanishas many english loanwordsome of which are beisbol baseball hamburgesa hamburger these two are actual spanish words beeras beers andryvebyshooting drive by shooting drive by shooting national anthem the san sombranational anthem is o patria glorisa o glorious motherland written in by independence leader juan robirro who is famous for uttering he who loves his country lives forever shortly before falling off a ladder andying the national anthem iseto a bossa nova beat and loyal citizens of san sombro will stand respectfully place a hand on eachip and starto gyrate while the anthem is played a verse my baby melts my heart my baby drives me nuts the way she swings her hips the way her hair hangs down give me a kiss o gorgeous woman cover my lips in passionate bliss long live san sombro glorious fatherland flag file camouflagiopng thumb right flag of san sombrero the flag of san sombro is the camouflagio which resembles military camouflage with a narrow vertical white stripe on the left side when the nation first became independent from spain a dirty red and white chequered tablecloth made an impromptu flag regions the capital city of san sombro is cucaracha city in pollu i n there are five provinces in san sombro including pollu i n the other provinces are maraccapital san pistachio guacomala capital fumarole lambarda capital aguazura san abandonio capital nicoti o fictional travel guides the book advertises fictional guides on the following places unaudited arab emirates the middleast costa lottsakin to monaco the barbituros islands the caribbean alpenstein the alps tyranistan former soviet unionuku latoll south pacific frozenorgborg scandinaviand the miserable isle ofogg north sea it also advertises its website s forum as well as world tours for botanists and golfers and an opportunity to spend a year in an untouched part of europe the book ends withe jetlag story see also fictional country phaic t 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sponsoring and conducting tourism events across the country and overcoming obstacles to growth of tourism scth foundation has passed through several stages beforeaching to its current structure by becoming the only public administration authorized and responsible for tourism and national heritage in the kingdom these stages are as follows on ah saudi council of ministers issued resolutiono approving thestablishment of supreme commission for tourism sct stressing thatourism is one of the major productive sectors in retaining saudi tourist within the country and increase investment opportunities developing national human resources and expanding and creating new job opportunities for the saudi nationals given the importance of antiquities and museums a royal decree no a dated ah was issued to integrate antiquities and museums agency into sct accordingly scta came into existence as a body responsible for implementing these tasks in addition to its responsibility for tourism the council of ministers on ah issued a fresh resolutiono according to which the name of supreme commission for tourism sct was changed to the saudi commission for tourism and antiquitiescta emphasizing thathe tourism sector in the kingdom has become a national reality behind which stands the state and it requires the formation of a national authority to carry out its planning andevelopment due to many touristic features available in the kingdom some of which are huge archaeological treasure rare historic sites and historical museums allinking the kingdom to many ancient civilizations the unique geographicalocation of the kingdom its expanse andiverse terrains with a variety of climate and stunning landscapes long seacoasts along the shores of red seand the persian gulf unique customs and traditions of the saudi society and the authentic generosity and hospitality of the saudi citizens modern infrastructure with advanced services and government strong tendency towards development of tourism sector confirmed security and political stability in the kingdom a robust economy and progressive society on monday ah the cabinet decided to change the name of saudi commission for tourism and antiquitiescta to saudi commission for tourism and national heritage scth from the outsethe main objective of thestablishment of scthas been to pay attention to all aspects of the tourism sector in the kingdom of saudi arabia with respecto its organization development and promotion scth is also assigned to work for strengthening of the role of tourism and overcoming barriers impeding its growth given the kingdom s huge tourism potential its efforts include preservation development and maintenance of antiquities and activation of tourism s contribution to cultural and economic development scth s integrated program for the development of national tourism in an efforto translate government s reform and economic restructuring to reality scthas carried outhe following tasks adopted a comprehensive scientific methodology in the project of planning and implementation of the national development of tourism in the pastwentyears the project includes overall strategy for the development of tourism as well as operational pland strategies for tourism development in the regions planned and implemented integrated program for tourism development which so far has included more than projects and programs this program is consistent withe overall development plans ambitions andirections of the state s administrative and economic developmenthese initiatives represent an integrated program for the implementation of scth tasks as well as the actual practice of measurements needed to meet challenges and overcome the social institutional organizational administrative financial and investment obstacles through detailed operational plans performed according to the timeline scth is looking to take advantage of the program and the content covered by the initiatives athe state level in order to achieve a qualitative leap in the performance of important institutions of the state and its various organs and contribute to the overall development of variousectors national tourism development project since march scth simultaneously with its restructuring process has planned for integrated national economic project aiming at developing tourism in the kingdom during the nextwentyears this comes in the light of its vision the importance of strategic planning for goals and raiseconomic efficiency and managementhis comprehensive planning project in its third stage has paid off in the preparation of general strategy of national tourism developmenthe fifth executive plan intensive care phase and provincial strategies for tourism development scth provincial branchescthas provincial branchescth riyadh branch scthail branch scth al baha branch scth asir branch scth jeddah branch scth al taif branch scth al madina branch scth tabuk branch scta makkah branch scth jazan branch scth al qassim branch 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conducting tourism events across country overcoming obstacles growth tourism scth foundation passed several stages current structure becoming public administration authorized responsible_tourism national_heritage kingdom stages follows saudi council ministers issued thestablishment supreme commission tourism thatourism one major productive sectors retaining saudi tourist within country increase investment opportunities developing national human_resources expanding creating new job opportunities saudi nationals given importance antiquities museums royal decree dated issued integrate antiquities museums agency accordingly came existence body responsible implementing tasks addition responsibility tourism council ministers issued fresh according name supreme commission tourism changed saudi commission tourism emphasizing thathe tourism_sector kingdom become national reality behind stands state requires formation national authority carry planning andevelopment due many touristic features available kingdom huge archaeological treasure rare historic_sites historical museums kingdom many ancient civilizations unique kingdom variety climate landscapes long along shores red seand persian gulf unique customs traditions saudi society authentic hospitality saudi citizens modern infrastructure advanced services government strong tendency towards development tourism_sector confirmed security political stability kingdom robust economy progressive society monday cabinet decided change name saudi commission tourism saudi commission tourism national_heritage scth main objective thestablishment pay attention aspects tourism_sector kingdom saudi_arabia respecto organization development promotion scth also assigned work strengthening role tourism overcoming barriers growth given kingdom huge tourism potential efforts include preservation development maintenance antiquities tourism contribution cultural economic_development scth integrated program development national_tourism efforto government reform economic restructuring reality carried outhe following tasks adopted comprehensive scientific methodology project planning implementation national development tourism project includes overall strategy development tourism well operational pland strategies tourism_development regions planned implemented integrated program tourism_development far included projects programs program consistent withe overall development plans state administrative economic initiatives represent integrated program implementation scth tasks well actual practice measurements needed meet challenges overcome social institutional organizational administrative financial investment obstacles detailed operational plans performed according timeline scth looking take_advantage program content covered initiatives athe state level order achieve qualitative leap performance important institutions state various organs contribute overall development national_tourism_development project since march scth simultaneously restructuring process planned integrated national economic project aiming developing tourism kingdom comes light vision importance strategic planning goals efficiency comprehensive planning project third stage paid preparation general strategy national_tourism_developmenthe fifth executive plan intensive care phase provincial strategies tourism_development scth provincial provincial branch branch_scth branch_scth branch_scth branch_scth branch_scth branch_scth branch branch_scth branch_scth branch_scth branch_scth branch_scth eastern province branch_scth branch_scth branch_scth northern borders branch mas center mas arabic acronym tourism information research_center important department scth responsible collecting tourism datand conducting researches related studies according article scth tourism information research centre shall bestablished develop promote_tourism issue tourism publications coordination withe concerned parties accordingly centre established see_also tourism saudi saudi_arabia category_establishments saudi_arabia category_government agenciestablished category_government organisations saudi_arabia category_tourism agencies_category_tourism saudi_arabia"},{"title":"Savannah River Site","description":"image savannahriversite iss e jpg thumb px the savannah river site viewed from the international space station the savannah river site srs is a nucleareservation in the united states in the state of south carolina located on land in aiken county south carolinaiken allendale county south carolinallendale and barnwell county south carolina barnwell counties adjacento the savannah river southeast of augusta georgia the site was built during the s to refine nuclear materials for deployment inuclear weapon s it covers and employs more than people it is owned by the united states department of energy us department of energy doe the management and operating contract is held by savannah river nuclear solutions llc srns and the liquid waste operations contract is held by savannah riveremediation which is a team of companies led by urs corp a major focus is cleanup activities related to work done in the past for americanuclear buildup currently none of the reactors on site are operating see list of nucleareactors although twof the reactor buildings are being used to consolidate and store nuclear materialsrs is also home to the savannah river nationalaboratory and the usa s only operating radiochemical separations facility its tritium facilities are also the united states only source of tritium an essential component inuclear weapons the usa s only mox fuel mixed oxide fuel mox manufacturing plant is being constructed at srs overseen by the national nuclear security administration when operational the mox facility will convert legacy weapons grade plutonium into fuel suitable for commercial powereactors future plans for the site cover a wide range of options including hosto research reactors a reactor park for power generation and other possible uses doe and its corporate partners are watched by a combination of local regional and national regulatory agencies and citizen groups file savannah river site signjpg thumb signear entrance to the savannah river site in the federal government requesteduponto build and operate a nuclear facility near the savannah river in south carolina the company had expertise inuclear engineering nuclear operations having designed and builthe plutonium production complex athe hanford site for the manhattan project during world war ii a large portion ofarmland the towns of ellenton south carolina ellenton andunbarton south carolina dunbarton and several other communities including meyers mill south carolina meyers milleigh robbins and hawthorne were bought under eminent domain and the site of became the savannah river site managed by the united states atomic energy commission us atomic energy commission biologists from the university of georgia led by professor eugene odom began ecological studies of local plants and animals in and plant construction began production of heavy water for site reactorstarted in theavy waterework facility in and the first production reactor reactor went critical in p l and k reactors followed in and the first irradiated fuel was discharged f canyon the world s first operational full scale purex separation plant began radioactive operations onovember purex plutonium and uranium extraction extracted plutonium and uranium products fromaterials irradiated in the reactors in c reactor went critical the first plutonium shipment lefthe site h canyon a chemical separation facility began radioactive operations permanentritium facilities became operational and the first shipment of tritium to the atomic energy commission aec was made in construction of the basic plant was complete nobel prize the neutrino was discovered by fred reines and clyde cowan using the flux from p reactor with confirmation published in the july issue of science journal science reines was awarded the physics nobel prize cowan had already died in the aec established a permanent ecology laboratory on the site two army barracks were converted into laboratory space for the scientists the next year the university of georgia hired a full time staff with doctoral degrees to expand the research effort known initially as the laboratory of radiation ecology it was renamed in the mid s the savannah river ecology laboratory reflecting the broad spectrum of ecological studies carried out on the site in theavy water components test reactor hwctr went intoperation testing theavy water system for use with civilian powereactors in receiving basin for off site fuels rbof received its first shipment off site spent nuclear fuel that same year curium was produced as a heat source for spacexploration this was the first full scale conversion of an srp reactor load to nonweapons materials reactor and hwctr were shut down in californium theaviest isotope produced at srp waseparated as a byproduct of the curium program beginning in californium was made in a separate production program following the palomares b crash the savannah river site received contaminated soil from thenvironmental clean up and remediation soil with radiation contamination levels above mbq m was placed in litre us gallon drums and shipped to the savannah river plant for burial a total of hectares acres was decontaminated by this technique producing barrels hectares acres of land with lower levels of contamination was mixed to a depth of centimetres in by harrowing and plowing on rocky slopes with contamination above kbq m the soil was removed withand tools and shipped to the united states in barrels in l reactor washut down for upgrades and in k reactor became the first reactor to be controlled by computer the site was designated as a national environmental research park in image savannah river sitejpg thumb px right l reactor facility l area savannah river site september saw the startup of the plutonium fuel fabrication puffacility the savannah river archaeological program srarp was established onsite in to perform datanalysis of prehistoric and historic sites on srp land in an environmental cleanuprogram began m area settling basin cleanup began under the resource conservation and recovery act rcra theavy waterework facility was closed in construction of the defense waste processing facility dwpf began in g secure solutions wackenhut services incorporated wsi began providing security support services at srp in hb line began producing plutonium for nasa s deep spacexploration program the l reactor was restarted and c reactor shut down a full scale groundwateremediation system constructed in m area construction of saltstone and of the replacementritium facility began in dupont notifiedoe that it would not continue toperate and manage the site theffluentreatment project etp construction began in k l and p reactors were shut down an effluentreatment facility began operations to treat low level radioactive wastewater from the f and h area separations facilities in the site was included on the national priority list and became regulated by the united states environmental protection agency epa washington savannah river company llc westinghouse savannah river company wsrc assumed management and operation of site facilities the name of the facility changed from savannah river plant srp to savannah river site srs in construction of a cooling tower for k reactor began saltstone started operation in the mixed waste management facility became the first site facility to be closed and certified under the provisions of rcra l reactor and m area settling basin were shut down withend of the cold war production of nuclear materials for weapons use ceased post cold waroger d wensil a pipe fitter worked for the bf shaw co a subcontractor at savannah river in wensil was dismissed as a whistleblower after he complained of safety violations and illegal drug use among construction workers building a sensitive nuclear waste handling facility athe plant in the us congress enacted nuclear weapons whistleblower protection cass peterson doe orders rehiring of whistle blower washington post may in the cooling tower was connected to the k reactor and the reactor operated briefly for the lastime the secretary of energy announced the phase out of all uranium processing non radioactive operations began athe replacementritium facility and the defense waste processing facility dwpf k reactor was placed in cold standby condition inon radioactive test runs of the defense waste processing facility began construction began on the consolidated incineration facility tritium introduced into the replacementritium facility and radioactive operations began the workforce transition and community assistance wastarted in the savannah river site citizens advisory board was established the replacementritium facility saw itstartup in dwpf introduced radioactive material into the vitrification process k reactor washut down f canyon was restarted and began stabilizing nuclear materials in the first high level radioactive waste tanks were closed numbers and the cold war historic preservation program was begun in the k reactor building was converted to the k area materialstorage facility the savannah river site waselected as the location of three new plutonium facilities for a mox fuel fabrication pit disassembly and conversion and plutonium immobilization wsrc earned the doe s top safety performance honor of star status thousands of shipments of transuranic waste were contained and sent by truck and by rail to the doe s waste isolation pilot plant wipproject inew mexico withe first shipments beginning in dwpf completed production ofour million pounds of environmentally acceptable classified waste in the f canyon and fb line facilities completed their last production run the savannah river technology center participated in a study of using a nuclear powereactor to produce hydrogen from water scientists reported finding a new species of radiation resistant extremophiles inside one of the tanks it was named kineococcus radiotolerans augusta chronicle in january westinghouse savannah river completed transferring the last of canyon s radioactive material to h tank farm dwpf began radioactive operations with itsecond melter installeduring a shutdown the last depleted uraniumetal washipped from area for disposition at envirocare of utah the last unit of spent nuclear fuel from rbof washipped across the site to l reactor in preparation forbof s deactivation salt waste processing facility swpf construction began in the site shipped its th drum of transuranic waste to the waste isolation pilot plant wipp a doe facility inew mexico years ahead of schedule in a visit secretary of energy spencer abraham designated the savannah river nationalaboratory srnl one of doe nationalaboratories two prototype remote control vehicle bomb disposal robots developed by srnl were deployed for military use in iraq saw the tritium extraction facility tef completed for the purpose of extracting tritium fromaterials irradiated in the tennessee valley authority s commercial nucleareactorsavannah river site s first shipment of neptunium oxide arrived athe argonne nationalaboratory argonne west laboratory in idaho this was the last of the usa s neptunium inventory and the last of the materials to be stabilized to satisfy commitments for stabilizing nuclear materials f canyon was the first major nuclear facility athe site to be suspended andeactivated low enriched uranium leu from the site was used by a tennessee valley authority nuclear powereactor to generatelectricity the tritium facilities modernization and consolidation project completed start up and replaced the gas purification and processing thatook place in h wsrc began multi stage layoffs of permanent employees in design work took place for the salt waste processing facility swpf a facility designed to process radioactive liquid waste stored in underground storage tanks athe site the swpf project work is performed by a group anchored by parsons corporation parsons corp work continued on design of the mox fuel fabrication facility by a company now known ashaw areva mox services the srnl was designated as the department of energy office of environmental management s corporate laboratory aiken county south carolinaiken county s new center for hydrogen research opened its doors f area deactivation work was completed as was t area closure in the tritium extraction facility tef opened on august construction officially began on the billion mox facility following startup testing the facility expects a disposition rate of up tons of plutonium oxideach year aikenstandardcom in savannah river nationalaboratory savannah river nuclear solutionsrns was awarded the contract for maintenance and operation of srsavannah riveremediation srr was awarded the contract for the liquid waste operations of srs historical markers were placed in p and r areas commemorating the role both reactors played towards winning the cold war construction the waste solidification building wsbegan in srs began the american reinvestment and recovery act arra project representing a billion investment in srs this project expected to run through fiscal year will result in the accelerated cleanup of nuclear waste at srs and a significant reduction in the site footprint in alone more thaneworkers were hired and over jobs retainedue to arra funding srs construction employees reached million hours consecutive years without a lostime injury case m area closure was completed in withe p and r areas following in mox fuel fabrication facility the mox fuel fabrication facility was created to satisfy the plutoniumanagement andisposition agreement nuclear non proliferation agreement between the russian federation and the usa the russian federation has met its obligations of the treaty completed its processing facility and commenced processing of plutonium into mox fuel with experimental quantities produced in for a cost of about m usd reaching industrial capacity in a report by the national nuclear security administration estimated the total cost over a year life cycle for the savannah river site mox planto be billion if the funding cap was increased to million pa or billion if it were increased to million as a result of this extreme costing blowouthe project was put into cold standby the united states has cancelled the project leading the aiken chamber of commerce of the state of south carolina to file a lawsuit againsthe federal government claiming they have simply become a dumpinground for unprocessed weapons grade plutonium for the indefinite future andemanding previously agreed upon payment of contractual non delivery fines the federal government filed for dismissal and it was granted in february savannah river is home to the following nucleareactors fasorg class wikitable reactor name start up date shutdown date reactor december june p reactor february august k reactor october july l reactor july june c reactor march june contract changes management of the savannah river site was to be bid in buthe united states department of energy department of energy extended the contract withexisting partners for months to june in doe decided to splithe wsrcontract into two new separate contracts ie the m o contract and the liquid waste contracto be awarded before june responding to the doe rfp the savannah river nuclear solutionsrns llc now a fluor corporation fluor partnership withoneywell and huntington ingalls industries formerly part of northrop grumman submitted a proposal in june for the new m o contract a team led by urs and including many of the wsrc partners also submitted a proposal on january it was announced that srns llc had won the new contract with a day transition period to start january however the transition was delayed by a protest filed with gao by the urs team on january the gao denied the protest on april doe sr then directed srns to startransition may and take over operation august see also savannah river nationalaboratory relap d r eactor e xcursion and l eak a nalysis p rogram developed at idaho nationalaboratory foreactor safety analysis and reactor design athe savannah river site puff plume an atmospheric dispersion model developed for emergency response use athe savannah river site building bombs a documentary film by mark mori and susan j robinson furthereading frederickson kari cold war dixie militarization and modernization in the american south university of georgia press pages theconomic social environmental and political impact of the plant externalinks official website of the savannah river site official website of the mox mixed oxide project official website of the savannah river nationalaboratory srnl official website of the savannah river site heritage foundation official website of the department of energy official website of the savannah river nuclear solutionsrns official website of washington division of urs corp official website of parsons corp official website of bechtel annotated bibliography for savannah river from the alsos digitalibrary for nuclear issues official epa tritium fact sheet savannah river site mortality study from the national institute for occupational safety and health category bechtel category buildings and structures in aiken county south carolina category buildings and structures in allendale county south carolina category buildings and structures in barnwell county south carolina category economy of augusta georgia category military nucleareactors category nucleareprocessing sites category nuclear weapons infrastructure of the united states category superfund sites in south carolina category united states department of energy facilities category historic american engineering record in south carolina category atomic 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built refine nuclear materials deployment weapon covers employs people owned united_states department energy us_department energy doe management operating contract held savannah_river nuclear solutions llc liquid waste operations contract held savannah team companies led urs corp major focus cleanup activities related work done past buildup currently none reactors site operating see list nucleareactors although twof reactor buildings used store nuclear also home savannah_river nationalaboratory usa operating separations facility tritium facilities also united_states source tritium essential component weapons usa mox fuel mixed oxide fuel mox manufacturing plant constructed srs overseen national nuclear security administration operational mox facility convert legacy weapons grade plutonium fuel suitable commercial future plans site cover wide_range options including hosto research reactors reactor park power generation possible uses doe corporate partners watched combination local regional national regulatory agencies citizen groups file savannah_river_site signjpg thumb entrance savannah_river_site federal_government build operate nuclear facility near savannah_river south_carolina company expertise engineering nuclear operations designed builthe plutonium_production complex athe hanford_site manhattan_project world_war ii large portion towns south_carolina south_carolina several communities including meyers mill south_carolina meyers robbins hawthorne bought eminent domain site became savannah_river_site managed united_states atomic_energy_commission us atomic_energy_commission university georgia led professor eugene began ecological studies local plants animals plant construction_began production heavy water site theavy facility first production reactor reactor went critical p l k reactors followed first irradiated fuel f canyon world first operational full_scale purex separation plant began radioactive operations onovember purex plutonium uranium extraction extracted plutonium uranium products irradiated reactors c reactor went critical first plutonium shipment lefthe site h canyon chemical separation facility began radioactive operations facilities became operational first shipment tritium atomic_energy_commission aec made construction basic plant complete nobel prize discovered fred clyde cowan using flux p reactor published july issue science journal science awarded physics nobel prize cowan already died aec established permanent ecology laboratory site two army barracks converted laboratory space scientists next year university georgia hired full_time staff doctoral degrees expand research effort known initially laboratory radiation ecology renamed mid savannah_river ecology laboratory reflecting broad spectrum ecological studies carried site theavy water components test reactor went testing theavy water system use civilian receiving basin site fuels received first shipment site spent nuclear fuel year produced heat source spacexploration first full_scale conversion srp reactor load materials reactor shut theaviest isotope produced srp program beginning made separate production program following b crash savannah_river_site received contaminated soil thenvironmental clean remediation soil radiation contamination levels placed us drums shipped savannah_river plant total hectares acres technique producing barrels hectares acres land lower levels contamination mixed depth rocky slopes contamination soil removed tools shipped united_states barrels l reactor washut upgrades k reactor became first reactor controlled computer site designated national environmental research park image savannah_river_sitejpg thumb px right l reactor facility l area savannah_river_site september saw startup plutonium fuel fabrication savannah_river archaeological program established onsite perform prehistoric historic_sites srp land environmental began area basin cleanup began resource conservation recovery act theavy facility closed construction defense waste processing facility dwpf began g secure solutions services incorporated began providing security support_services srp line began producing plutonium nasa deep spacexploration program l reactor c reactor shut full_scale system constructed area construction replacementritium facility began dupont would continue toperate manage site project construction_began k l p reactors shut facility began operations treat low level radioactive f h area separations facilities site included national priority list became regulated united_states environmental_protection agency epa washington savannah_river company llc savannah_river company wsrc assumed management operation site facilities name facility changed savannah_river plant srp savannah_river_site srs construction cooling tower k reactor began started operation mixed waste management facility became first site facility closed certified provisions l reactor area basin shut withend cold_war production nuclear materials weapons use ceased post cold pipe worked shaw savannah_river dismissed complained safety violations illegal_drug_use among construction workers building sensitive nuclear waste handling facility athe plant us congress enacted nuclear_weapons protection doe orders whistle washington_post may cooling tower connected k reactor reactor operated briefly secretary energy announced phase uranium processing non radioactive operations began athe replacementritium facility defense waste processing facility dwpf k reactor placed cold condition inon radioactive test runs defense waste processing facility began construction_began consolidated facility tritium introduced replacementritium facility radioactive operations began workforce transition community assistance wastarted savannah_river_site citizens advisory board established replacementritium facility saw dwpf introduced radioactive material vitrification process k reactor washut f canyon began stabilizing nuclear materials first high_level radioactive_waste tanks closed numbers cold_war historic preservation program begun k reactor building converted k area facility savannah_river_site waselected location three new plutonium facilities mox fuel fabrication pit conversion plutonium wsrc earned doe top safety performance honor star status thousands shipments waste contained sent truck rail doe waste isolation pilot plant inew_mexico withe_first shipments beginning dwpf completed production ofour million pounds environmentally acceptable classified waste f canyon line facilities completed last production run savannah_river technology center participated study using nuclear produce hydrogen water scientists reported finding new species radiation inside one tanks named augusta chronicle january savannah_river completed last canyon radioactive material h tank farm dwpf began radioactive operations itsecond shutdown last depleted area disposition utah last unit spent nuclear fuel across site l reactor preparation salt waste processing facility construction_began site shipped th drum waste waste isolation pilot plant doe facility inew_mexico years ahead schedule visit secretary energy spencer abraham designated savannah_river nationalaboratory srnl one doe two prototype remote control vehicle bomb disposal robots developed srnl deployed military use iraq saw tritium extraction facility completed purpose tritium irradiated tennessee valley authority commercial river_site first shipment oxide arrived athe argonne nationalaboratory argonne west laboratory idaho last usa inventory last materials stabilized satisfy stabilizing nuclear materials f canyon first major nuclear facility athe_site suspended low enriched uranium site used tennessee valley authority nuclear tritium facilities modernization consolidation project completed start replaced gas processing thatook place h wsrc began multi stage layoffs permanent employees design work took_place salt waste processing facility facility designed process radioactive liquid waste stored underground storage tanks athe_site project work performed group parsons corporation parsons corp work continued design mox fuel fabrication facility company known mox services srnl designated department energy office environmental management corporate laboratory aiken county south county_new center hydrogen research opened doors f area work completed area closure tritium extraction facility opened august construction officially began billion mox facility following startup testing facility expects disposition rate tons plutonium year savannah_river nationalaboratory savannah_river nuclear awarded contract maintenance operation awarded contract liquid waste operations srs historical markers placed p r areas commemorating role reactors played towards winning cold_war construction waste building srs began american recovery act project representing billion investment srs project expected run fiscal year result accelerated cleanup nuclear waste srs significant reduction site footprint alone hired jobs funding srs construction employees reached million hours consecutive years without injury case area closure completed withe p r areas following mox fuel fabrication facility mox fuel fabrication facility created satisfy agreement nuclear non proliferation agreement russian federation usa russian federation met treaty completed processing facility commenced processing plutonium mox fuel experimental quantities produced cost usd reaching industrial capacity report national nuclear security administration estimated total cost year life cycle savannah_river_site mox billion funding cap increased million billion increased million result extreme costing project put cold united_states cancelled project leading aiken chamber commerce state south_carolina file lawsuit againsthe federal_government claiming simply become weapons grade plutonium indefinite future previously agreed upon payment non delivery fines federal_government filed granted february savannah_river home following nucleareactors class wikitable reactor name start_date shutdown date reactor december june p reactor february august k reactor october july l reactor july june c reactor march june contract changes management savannah_river_site bid buthe united_states department energy department energy extended contract partners months june doe decided two new separate contracts contract liquid waste contracto awarded june responding doe savannah_river nuclear llc fluor corporation fluor partnership huntington industries formerly part northrop grumman submitted proposal june new contract team led urs including many wsrc partners also submitted proposal january announced llc new contract day transition period start january however transition delayed protest filed gao urs team january gao denied protest april doe directed may take operation august see_also savannah_river nationalaboratory r e l p developed idaho nationalaboratory safety analysis reactor design athe savannah_river_site plume atmospheric model developed emergency response use athe savannah_river_site building bombs documentary_film mark susan j robinson furthereading cold_war modernization american south university georgia press_pages theconomic social environmental political impact plant externalinks_official_website savannah_river_site official_website mox mixed oxide project official_website savannah_river nationalaboratory srnl official_website savannah_river_site heritage foundation official_website department energy official_website savannah_river nuclear official_website washington division urs corp official_website parsons corp official_website bechtel annotated bibliography savannah_river nuclear issues official epa tritium fact sheet savannah_river_site mortality study national institute occupational safety health category bechtel category_buildings structures aiken county south_carolina category_buildings structures county south_carolina category_buildings structures county south_carolina category_economy augusta georgia category_military nucleareactors category sites category_nuclear_weapons infrastructure united_states category superfund sites south_carolina category_united_states department energy facilities category_historic american engineering record south_carolina category_atomic_tourism"},{"title":"Saveur","description":"circulation year december frequency issues per year languagenglish languagenglish editor adam sachs","main_words":["circulation","year","december","frequency","issues","per_year","languagenglish","languagenglish","editor","adam"],"clean_bigrams":[["circulation","year"],["year","december"],["december","frequency"],["frequency","issues"],["issues","per"],["per","year"],["year","languagenglish"],["languagenglish","languagenglish"],["languagenglish","editor"],["editor","adam"]],"all_collocations":["circulation year","year december","december frequency","frequency issues","issues per","per year","year languagenglish","languagenglish languagenglish","languagenglish editor","editor adam"],"new_description":"circulation year december frequency issues per_year languagenglish languagenglish editor adam"},{"title":"Scaled Composites Stratolaunch","description":"the scaled composites model nicknamed the roc is being built for stratolaunch systems to provide a platform from which air launch torbit air launch space missions can be staged with a wingspan of the design has the longest wingspan of any airplane to date june in august scaled composites president kevin mickey stated the company haso far assembled roughly of composite structure for the vehicle and if put on an american football field its wingtips would extend beyond the goalposts by on each sideach of the twin fuselages of the aircraft is long and isupported by main landingear wheels and two nose gear wheels for a total of wheels it will require of runway to lift off the air launch altitude is planned for about payload is noted as in excess of as of october orbital atk will supply multiple pegasus xl rockets for stratolaunch to mount underneathe company s huge carrier aircraft currently under construction in mojave california the aircraft was rolled out on may the project wastarted nearly a year prior to the december public announcement dynetics began work in early and had approximately employees working on the project athe time of the announcement spacex efforts began only shortly prior to the public announcementhe mothership is named by itscaled model number m the stratolaunch carrier aircraft was built in a specially constructed hangar in mojave california the first of two manufacturing buildings a facility for construction of the composite sections of the wing and fuselage was opened for production in october by june scaled composites had people working on the project on may the firstratolaunch carrier aircraft was towed out of the stratolaunch mojave building to start ground testing the plan is have the first launch in seattle times paul allen s colossal stratolaunch planemerges from its lair may microsoft founder paul allen reveals world s biggest ever plane the register jun the model has the longest wing span of any aircraft yet built at it is of twin fuselage configuration similar to the scaled composites white knightwo the centre section of the high mounted high aspect ratio aeronautics aspect ratio wing is fitted with a mating and integration systemis capable of handling a load and being developed by dynetics each fuselage has its own tail withorizontal and vertical stabilizer leaving a clearea behind the payload to reduce the risk of interference during flighthreengines are positioned on pylons outboard of each fuselage the cockpit is positioned within the starboard fuselage the aircraft is powered by six pratt whitney pw pratt whitney pw engines to cut development costs many of the aircraft systems have been adopted from the boeing including thengines avionics flight deck landingear and other systems two former united airlines boeing aircraft serial numbers were acquired and taken to the mojave air space port for cannibalization the completed aircraft ready for initial ground and fueling tests was rolled out on may wwwlivesciencecom largest aircraft stratolaunch rolled outhtml pappas world s largest and oddest looking aircraft rolled out for tests live science may pm et specificationstratolaunch systems carrier file stratolaunch comparisonsvg thumb right wingspan comparison of the stratolaunch carrier with other large airplanes prime units kts genhide crew capacity length m length ft length in length note span m span ft span in spanote height m height ft height in height note wing area sqm wing area sqft wing area note airfoil empty weight kg empty weight lb empty weight note gross weight kgross weight lb gross weight note max takeoff weight kg max takeoff weight lb max takeoff weight note fuel capacity more general external payload eng number eng name pratt whitney pw pratt whitney pw eng type turbofan eng kw eng hp eng kn eng lbf eng note power original thrust original eng kn ab eng lbf ab perfhide y max speed kmh max speed mph max speed kts max speed note max speed mach cruise speed kmh cruise speed mph cruise speed kts cruise speed note stall speed kmh stall speed mph stall speed ktstall speed note never exceed speed kmh never exceed speed mph never exceed speed kts never exceed speed note minimum control speed kmh minimum control speed mph minimum control speed kts minimum control speed note range km range miles range nmi range note ferry range km ferry range miles ferry range nmi ferry range notenduranceiling m ceiling ft ceiling note climb rate ms climb rate ftmin climb rate note time to altitude lifto drag wing loading kg m wing loading lb sqft wing loading note power mass thrust weight more performance avionicsee also externalinks category space tourism category twin fuselage aircraft category proposed aircraft of the united states category air launch torbit category rutan aircraft category space launch vehicles of the united states category six engined jet aircraft category high wing 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announcement spacex efforts began shortly prior public mothership named model number stratolaunch carrier_aircraft built specially constructed hangar mojave california first two manufacturing buildings facility construction composite sections wing fuselage opened production october june scaled_composites people_working project may carrier_aircraft towed stratolaunch mojave building start ground testing plan first_launch seattle times paul allen stratolaunch lair may microsoft founder paul allen reveals world biggest ever plane register jun model longest wing span aircraft yet built twin fuselage configuration similar scaled_composites white_knightwo centre section high mounted high aspect ratio aeronautics aspect ratio wing fitted mating integration capable handling load developed fuselage tail vertical leaving behind payload reduce risk interference positioned fuselage cockpit positioned within fuselage aircraft powered six pratt_whitney pratt_whitney engines cut development costs many aircraft systems adopted boeing including avionics flight deck systems two former united airlines boeing aircraft serial numbers acquired taken mojave air_space port completed aircraft ready initial ground fueling tests rolled may largest aircraft stratolaunch rolled world largest looking aircraft rolled tests live science may systems carrier file stratolaunch thumb right wingspan comparison stratolaunch carrier large airplanes prime units kts crew capacity length length length length note span span span spanote height height height height note wing area wing area sqft wing area note airfoil empty weight empty weight empty weight note gross weight weight gross weight note max takeoff weight max takeoff weight max takeoff weight note fuel capacity general external payload eng number eng name pratt_whitney pratt_whitney eng type turbofan eng eng eng eng eng note power original thrust original eng eng max_speed_kmh max_speed mph max_speed kts max_speed_note max_speed mach cruise speed_kmh cruise speed_mph cruise speed kts cruise speed_note stall_speed_kmh stall_speed_mph stall_speed speed_note never exceed speed_kmh never exceed speed_mph never exceed speed kts never exceed speed_note minimum control speed_kmh minimum control speed_mph minimum control speed kts minimum control speed_note range range miles range nmi range note ferry range ferry range miles ferry range nmi ferry range ceiling ceiling note climb rate climb rate climb rate note time altitude drag wing loading wing loading sqft wing loading note power mass thrust weight performance also externalinks_category space_tourism category twin fuselage aircraft_category_proposed aircraft united_states category_air launch torbit category rutan aircraft_category space_launch_vehicles united_states category six jet aircraft_category high wing aircraft"},{"title":"Scaled Composites Tier One","description":"tier one was a scaled composites program of suborbital human spaceflight using the reusable launch system reusable spacecraft scaled compositespaceshipone spaceshipone and its launcher scaled composites white knight white knighthe craft was designed by burt rutand the project was funded million us dollars by paul allen in it made the spaceshipone flight p first privately funded human spaceflight and won the million us dollars ansari x prize for the first non governmental reusable manned spacecrafthe objective of the project was to develop technology for low cost routine access to spaceshipone was not itself intended to carry paying passengers but was envisioned thathere would be commercial spinoffs initially in space tourism the company mojave aerospace ventures was formed to manage commercial exploitation of the technology a deal with virgin galacticould see routine space tourism in the late s using a spacecraft based on tier one technology program components the design concept of tier one was to air launch a three person piloted spacecraft which climbs to slightly above altitude using a hybrid rocket motor and then glides to the ground and lands horizontally scaled composites lists the following components of the program launch aircraft scaled composites white knight white knighthree seater human rated spacecraft spaceshipone hybrid rocket propulsion systemobile propulsion test facility flight simulator inertial nav flight director mobile mission control center spacecraft systems pilot spaceflight pilotraining program flightest program details on the spaceshipone vehicle itself can be found in the spaceshipone article andetails on the white knight carrier aircraft can be found on the scaled composites white knight article mission control in addition to an office based mission control tier one has a mobile mission control center this relatively small built into a large road going truck it bears the scaled composites logo but nother overt indication of its link to tier one the vehicle performs a combination of support functions telemetry monitoring and recording telecommunications auxiliary environment control for white knight and spaceshipone this control center is used to support both rocket motor ground tests and all flightests of white knight and spaceshipone its primary function is to monitor and record test datand to this end it is equipped with computers and radio communication gear spaceshipone s avionics displays are duplicated in mission control telemetry data is received on a data reduction system drs which automatically directs antenna radio antennas to point athe craft being monitored the telemetry system has a range of abouthe control center is equipped to communicate with scaled composites offices as well as the aircraft and spacecrafthe control center maintains a temperature controlled atmosphere for itstaff and can be hooked up to provide temperature control for the white knight and spaceshipone cabins the physical structure of mission control also provides easier access to the white knight cabinitrous oxidelivery unlike the solid fuel the nitrous oxide oxidiser is handled as a bulk commodity and pumped into the spacecraft s oxidiser tank in the field tier one therefore has a mobile delivery system for nitrous oxide which they call monods mo bile n itrous o xide d elivery s ystemonods is built on an open trailer which can be carried by road in conventional manner it consists principally of a tank a temperature control unit and a generator to power the temperature control unithe nitrous oxide istored at room temperature at a pressure of monods is refilled from a commercial supplier which uses tankers andelivers the nitrous oxide at about and monods heats the nitrous oxide to room temperature increasing its pressure propulsion testing tier one has a mobile thrustestand known as the testand trailer tsthe advantage of making it mobile is that all the mounting and instrumentation work can be done in the hangar so that the test site all that needs to be done is to fill the oxidiser tank fromonods and conducthe firing the testand replicates thessential structural components of the spacecraft it has an oxidiser tank and associated fittings identical to the one used in flighthis means thathe motor test also automatically performs appropriate oscillation vibration stress physicstress and heatests of the spacecraft structure the crew cabin however is not replicated for ground based thrustests a rocket nozzle with an expansion ratiof is usediffering from the nozzle used at altitude during actual flighthe testand is instrumented to record not only thrust but also side force and temperature and strain experienced by components data is recorded on a computer in a bunker athe test site the datacquisition computer is remotely controlled fromission control flight simulator the spaceshipone flight simulator consists of a simulator program and a cockpithe flight simulator program aims to accurately simulate spaceshipone s behaviour under any circumstances and in all phases oflight rather than having a model of spaceshipone s overall flight behaviour it uses computational fluidynamics to model the air around the craft it calculates the aerodynamic and other forces operating on the craftaking into accounthe positions of its control surfaces thisimulation is based on the computer modelling that was useduring the design process and refined using data from flightests this yields a highly accurate image of craft behaviour even in unanticipated modes oflighthis one of the first modern aircrafto be designed without wind tunnel testing the simpit cockpit replica is on a static base and so cannot accurately reproduce thequilibrioceptive and accelerative aspects oflight however white knight is equipped toperate as a high fidelity moving base simulator see white knight section above the simulator cockpit is an accurate copy of the spaceshipone cabincluding its avionics it is the system of pilot plus avionics not justhe pilothat is being simulated to the flight simulator program drives the sensor inputs that are used by the avionics and also drives twelve display computers which use commercial graphicsoftware to generate high resolution images of the outside view for the pilothese views appear on eleven monitors and one projector screen stick force feedback is not simulated in real time ground based flight simulation is not only used for pilotraining it is also used to train ground crew developrocedures and testhe avionicsoftware and hardware history and status according to scaled composites the concept for the program originated in april preliminary development began in and full development began in april it was initially kept secret even after scaled composites white knight white knight first flew on augusthe program was announced to the public on april when the program was ready to flightest spaceshipone its first flightest spaceshipone flight c took place on may after months of glide tests the first powered flight spaceshipone flight p was made on december further powered tests followed reaching increasing altitudes culminating on june withe first privately funded human spaceflight spaceshipone flight p ansari x prize competitive flights followed spaceshipone flight p on september and spaceshipone flight p on october were successful competitive flights winning the x prize the tier one program run by scaled composited concluded after the retirement of spaceshipone transitioning to a successor program for customer virgin galactic the costs of development construction and operation of tier one although not publicly released arestimated to be in the range of million to million us dollar s roughly two to three times the value of the ansari x prize award the sole sponsor initially secret was revealed to be paul allen a co founder of microsoft and the th richest person in the world the revelation december the same day as the program s first powered flightest followed speculation that allen was involved some commentators have drawn comparisons between the relative inexpense of the tier one program and the high cost of the space shuttle program though the technological difficulties of the two programs are completely different spaceshipone because it fliesuborbitally does not need to reach the high speeds of the space shuttle mach number mach vs mach nor the same altitude suborbital vs orbit spaceshipone also does not carry the same crew members vs or payload negligible vs tons and makes much shorter flights a few minutes vseveral days the spaceshipone program is a technical achievement more on a par withe north american x than the shuttle inflation adjusted comparisons of the spaceshipone program withat of the x budget indicate thathe tier one program costh that of the x program although the three x aircraft made almostest flights in their entire test program typically exploring hypersonic flight between mach only a few dozen x flightspecifically soughto reach peak altitudes rather than achieve top speeds though only two flights evereached altitudes near those achieved by spaceshipone on the other hand the tier one project also paid for construction of the white knight mothership within its budget while nasa had nearly free use of a prexisting usaf bomber modified to perform drop tests of experimental aircraft of many kinds currently in use for pegasusxlaunches tier one was initially developed secretly as iscaled composites policy with new programs on april the program was publicly announced and spaceshipone and white knight were demonstrated to the mediat a rollout attended by between and people media interest waso intense that what had been intended as a family and friends day on april was turned into a second media day scaled composites again courted publicity by announcing in advance the final test flight spaceshipone flight p intended to be the program s first spaceflight about people wento mojave spaceporto watch the flight which was also television televised the flight was run as an airshowith bothe principal craft and the chase plane s making takeoffs and landings in front of the crowd and celebratory flybys when the test succeeded the flight was not only a technical success but also a popular successtimulating intense public interest in spaceflight during an interview in the documentary black sky the race for space rutan stated thatier one will cover suborbital flightscaled composites tier two tier two will cover orbital flights and tier three will cover flights beyond earth s orbit including flights to the moon and other planets in the same documentary he displayedesigns for an orbital craft based on spaceshipone whichad a rocket roughly twice spaceshipone s length mounted to the ship s rear commercial aspects the stated objective of the tier one program is to demonstrate suborbital human spaceflight operations at low cost before burt rutan began considering this projecthere were three major barriers to the goal of affordable suborbital spaceflighthe dangers and costs of liquid propulsion fuels they explode the uncontrollable nature of solid fuel rocket motors you cannoturn them off the difficulties in getting back without burning up in the atmosphere tier one itself is not intended to carry paying passengers and us government permits would be required if it did intend to do so it is a technology testbed and it is expressly intended thathe technology developed in the program willater be used in commercial spaceflights to that end paul allen and burt rutan created a company mojave aerospace ventures which owns the project s intellectual property and will manage all commercial exploitation of it scaled composites initially expressed a hope that by about it would be possible for members of the public to experience a suborbital flight for abouthe price of a luxury cruise on september a deal wastruck with virgin galactic to develop the virgin spaceship based on a scaled up version of spaceshipone these spacecraft will be built by the spaceship company externalinks tier one home page at scaled composites website the space review article prelude to history featuring rutan quote about model the space review article the future starts here aerospace americarticle spaceshipone riding a white knighto space with several technical detailspacecom article spaceshipone rocket engine gets an upgrade the register article virgin toffer space flights bbc news article no experiments for spaceshipone why spaceshiponever did never will and none of its direct descendants ever will orbithearth by karen pease category space tourism category human spaceflight category scaled composites category scaled composites tier one program category ansari x 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components design concept tier_one air_launch three person spacecraft climbs slightly altitude using hybrid_rocket motor ground lands horizontally scaled_composites lists following components program launch aircraft scaled_composites white_knight white human rated spacecraft spaceshipone hybrid_rocket propulsion propulsion test facility flight simulator flight director mobile mission_control center spacecraft systems pilot spaceflight pilotraining program flightest_program details spaceshipone vehicle found spaceshipone article white_knight carrier_aircraft found scaled_composites white_knight article mission_control addition office based mission_control tier_one mobile mission_control center relatively small built large road going truck bears scaled_composites logo nother indication link tier_one vehicle performs combination support functions telemetry monitoring recording telecommunications auxiliary environment control white_knight spaceshipone control_center used support rocket motor ground tests flightests white_knight spaceshipone primary function monitor record test datand end equipped computers radio communication gear spaceshipone avionics displays mission_control telemetry data received data reduction system automatically directs antenna radio point athe craft monitored telemetry system range abouthe control_center equipped communicate scaled_composites offices well aircraft spacecrafthe control_center maintains temperature controlled atmosphere itstaff provide temperature control white_knight spaceshipone cabins physical structure mission_control also_provides easier access white_knight unlike solid fuel nitrous_oxide oxidiser handled bulk commodity spacecraft oxidiser tank field tier_one therefore mobile delivery system nitrous_oxide call n built open trailer carried road conventional manner consists principally tank temperature control unit generator power temperature control nitrous_oxide room temperature pressure commercial supplier uses nitrous_oxide heats nitrous_oxide room temperature increasing pressure propulsion testing tier_one mobile known testand trailer advantage making mobile instrumentation work done hangar test_site needs done fill oxidiser tank conducthe firing testand thessential structural components spacecraft oxidiser tank associated fittings identical one used means thathe motor test also automatically performs appropriate stress spacecraft structure crew cabin however ground based rocket nozzle expansion ratiof nozzle used altitude actual flighthe testand record thrust also side force temperature strain experienced components data recorded computer bunker athe test_site computer remotely controlled control flight simulator spaceshipone flight simulator consists simulator program flight simulator program aims accurately simulate spaceshipone behaviour circumstances phases oflight rather model spaceshipone overall flight behaviour uses model air around craft aerodynamic forces operating accounthe positions control surfaces based computer useduring design process refined using data flightests yields highly accurate image craft behaviour even modes one first modern designed without wind tunnel testing cockpit replica static base cannot accurately reproduce aspects oflight however white_knight equipped toperate high fidelity moving base simulator see white_knight section simulator cockpit accurate copy spaceshipone avionics system pilot plus avionics justhe simulated flight simulator program drives sensor used avionics also drives twelve display computers use commercial generate high resolution images outside view views appear eleven monitors one screen stick force feedback simulated real_time ground based flight simulation used pilotraining also_used train ground crew testhe hardware history status according scaled_composites concept program originated april preliminary development began full development began april initially kept secret even scaled_composites white_knight white_knight first flew augusthe program announced public april program ready flightest spaceshipone first_flightest spaceshipone flight c took_place may months glide tests first_powered flight spaceshipone flight p made december powered_tests followed reaching increasing altitudes culminating june withe_first_privately funded human_spaceflight spaceshipone flight p ansari_x_prize competitive flights followed spaceshipone flight p september spaceshipone flight p october successful competitive flights winning x_prize tier_one program run scaled concluded retirement spaceshipone successor program customer virgin_galactic costs development construction operation tier_one although publicly released range million million_us dollar roughly two three times value ansari_x_prize award sole sponsor initially secret revealed paul allen founder microsoft th person world december day program first_powered flightest followed allen involved commentators drawn comparisons relative tier_one program high cost space_shuttle program though technological difficulties two programs completely different spaceshipone need reach high_speeds space_shuttle mach number mach mach altitude suborbital orbit spaceshipone also carry crew members payload tons makes much shorter flights minutes days spaceshipone program technical achievement par withe north_american x shuttle inflation adjusted comparisons spaceshipone program withat x budget indicate thathe tier_one program x program although three x aircraft made flights entire test_program typically exploring flight mach dozen x soughto reach peak altitudes rather achieve top speeds though two flights altitudes near achieved spaceshipone hand tier_one project also paid construction white_knight mothership within budget nasa nearly free use prexisting usaf bomber modified perform drop tests experimental aircraft many kinds currently use tier_one initially developed composites policy new programs april program publicly_announced spaceshipone white_knight demonstrated rollout attended people media interest waso intense intended family friends day april turned second media day scaled_composites publicity announcing advance final test_flight spaceshipone flight p intended program first spaceflight people wento mojave watch flight also television flight run bothe principal craft chase plane making landings front crowd test succeeded flight technical success also_popular intense public_interest spaceflight interview documentary black sky race space rutan stated one cover suborbital composites tier two tier two cover orbital flights tier three cover flights beyond earth_orbit including flights moon documentary orbital craft based spaceshipone whichad rocket roughly twice spaceshipone length mounted ship rear commercial aspects stated objective tier_one program demonstrate suborbital human_spaceflight operations low_cost burt_rutan began considering three_major barriers goal affordable suborbital dangers costs liquid propulsion fuels nature solid fuel rocket difficulties getting back without burning atmosphere tier_one intended carry paying passengers us_government permits would required intend technology expressly intended thathe technology developed program used commercial_spaceflights end paul allen burt_rutan created company mojave aerospace ventures owns project intellectual property manage commercial exploitation scaled_composites initially expressed hope would possible members public experience suborbital flight abouthe price luxury cruise september deal virgin_galactic develop virgin spaceship based scaled version spaceshipone spacecraft built spaceship_company externalinks tier_one home page scaled_composites website space review article history featuring rutan quote model space review article future starts aerospace spaceshipone riding white space several technical article spaceshipone rocket_engine gets upgrade register article virgin toffer space flights bbc_news article experiments spaceshipone never none direct ever karen category_space_tourism category_human spaceflight_category scaled_composites category scaled_composites tier_one program category ansari_x_prize"},{"title":"Scaled Composites White Knight Two","description":"first flight december introduced retired produced number built status unit cost primary user more users developed from scaled composites white knight variants witheir own articles the scaled composites model white knightwo wk is a jet powered cargo aircrafthat is used to lifthe scaled compositespaceshiptwo spaceshiptwo spacecrafto release altitude it was developed by scaled composites from to as the firstage of tier b a two stage to suborbital space manned launch system wk is based on the successful mothership to spaceshipone scaled composites white knight white knight which itself is based on scaled composites proteus with an open architecture design and explicit plans for multi purpose use the aircraft could alsoperate as a weightlessness zero g aircraft for passenger training or microgravity science flights handle missions in high altitude high altitude testing more generally or be used to launch payloads other than spaceshiptwo a study of use of the aircraft as a forest fire water bomber has also been mentioned one that would utilize a large carbon composite water tank that could be quickly replenished to make repeat runs over fires virgin galactic has ordered two white knightwo vehicles together wk and ss form the basis for virgin galactic s fleet of suborbital spaceplanes inovember the spaceship company had announced that it planned to build at leasthree additional white knightwo aircraft and an additional five spaceshiptwo rocket planes the aircrafto be built by virgin after the initial prototypes of each craft are built by scaled compositespacecraft factory to break ground in mojave los angeles times accessed it is not clear how many ss and wk vehicles will actually be builthe first white knightwo is named vms eve vms eve afterichard branson s mother eve branson it was officially unveiled on july and flew for the firstime on december the second is expected to be named vmspirit of steve fossett vmspirit of steve fossett after branson s close friend steve fossett who died in an aircraft accident in history during virgin galactic was also considering use of the whiteknighttwo as the air launch platform for a new two stage liquid fueled rocket small satellite launcher called launcherone in thevent by late they decided to use a larger carrier aircraft for the job file vg wk cr jpg thumb pratt whitney canada pw used on the white knightwo white knightwo is roughly three times larger than scaled composites white knight white knight in order to perform a captive flight withe larger spaceshiptwo spacecrafthe wk isimilar in wingspan to a boeing b superfortress white knightwo is a very modern aircraft as even the flight control cables are constructed of carbon fiber using a new patentedesign wk will provide preview flights offering several seconds of weightlessness before the suborbital event it is intended to have a serviceiling of about ft km offering a dark blue sky to passengers this will allow tourists to practice before the real flight white knightwo is of twin fuselage aircraftwin fuselage design with four jet engine s mounted twon each wing one fuselage is an exact replica of that of spaceshiptwo to allow touristraining and the other will offer cut rate trips to the stratosphere the design is quite different from the white knight both in size use of tail engine configuration and placement of cockpit s the white knight uses two tail s buthe white knightwo uses two cruciform tail s engine configuration is also very different white knightwo has four engines hung underneathe wings on pylons while white knight s pair of engines are on either side of itsingle fuselage timeline of introduction file vg wk cr jpg thumb white knightwo at its rollout and christening ceremony on july virgin galacticontracted aerospace designer burt rutan to build the mothership and spacecraft bbccouk branson unveilspace tourism jet bbc news virgin galactic rolls out spaceshiptwo s mothership newscientistcom on january the white knightwo design was revealed on july the completion and rollout of the first aircraft vms eve aircraft registration tail number n ms occurred at scaled s mojave headquarters branson predicted thathe maiden space voyage would take place in months it represents the chance for our ever growingroup ofuture astronauts and other scientists to see our world in a completely new light on march the vms eve completed its th flighthe first occasion it carried the spaceshiptwo vss enterprise in a flight of hours minutes it ascended to an altitude of the launch customer of white knightwo is virgin galactic which will have the firstwo units and exclusive rights to the craft for the first few years flightest program an extensive flightest program of vms eve with nearly twenty flights between december and august was undertaken to validate the design and gradually expand the aircraft flight enveloperating envelope scaled composites white knightwo flightest summaries accessed the flightests were complete by september and testing with spaceshiptwo began in early aircraft specifications file white knightwo planformpng px right prime units kts crew flight crew spaceship launch crew capacity payload to kg satellite to low earth orbit leo when carrying a launcherone orbitalaunch vehiclength m length ft length in length note span m span ft span in spanote upper span m upper span ft upper span in upper spanote mid span mid span ft mid span in mid spanote lower span m lower span ft lower span in lower spanote swept m swept ft swept in swept note dia m dia ft dia in dia note width m width ft width in width note height m height ft height in height note wing area sqm wing area sqft wing area note swept area sqm swept area sqft swept area note volume m volume ft volume note aspect ratio airfoil empty weight kg empty weight lb empty weight note gross weight kgross weight lb gross weight note max takeoff weight kg max takeoff weight lb max takeoff weight note fuel capacity lift kg lift lb lift note more general eng number eng name pratt whitney canada pw eng type turbofan engines eng kn perfhide max speed kmh max speed mph max speed kts max speed note max speed mach cruise speed kmh cruise speed mph cruise speed kts cruise speed note stall speed kmh stall speed mph stall speed ktstall speed note never exceed speed kmh never exceed speed mph never exceed speed kts never exceed speed note minimum control speed kmh minimum control speed mph minimum control speed kts minimum control speed note range km range miles range nmi range note combat range km combat range miles combat range nmi combat range note ferry range km ferry range miles ferry range nmi ferry range notenduranceiling m ceiling ft ceiling note more performance avionicsee also scaled composites proteus predecessor to whiteknightone predecessor to whiteknighttwo scaled compositestratolaunch roc derivative of whiteknighttwo launcherone payload for whiteknighttwo externalinks bbc in picturespace tourism jet videof white knightwo being unveiled photos of virgin galactic s white knightwo unveiling photos of cockpit and interior of white knightwo category scaled composites white knightwo category virgin galactic wk vms category scaled composites whiteknighttwo category the spaceship company white knightwo category space tourism category united states airliners category twin fuselage aircraft category united statespecial purpose aircraft category rutan aircraft category space launch vehicles of the united states category quadjets category cruciform tail 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blue ridge parkway built especially tourism purposes others may enjoyed local citizens areas unique exceptional natural_beauty still othersuch lincoln highway illinois former main roads designated united_states type roadway commonly termed scenic highway europe countries around world often marked brown tourist sign withe individual route symbol name image route signjpg thumb px modern_day sign inew_mexico along section route named national scenic united_states united_states scenic_route may_also refer type special route us_highway system particularly beautiful area special routes scenic typically longer parent route two routes country remain withe official scenic designation us_route scenic us_route scenic byways united_states also_include state national scenic national_forest scenic byways bureau land management back country byways programs designate roads byways due unique characteristics national_parkway scenic roads national_park system built forecreational driving scenic historic areas unlike scenic_routes national built buffer park land along sides roadway also may large satellite parks areas built periodically along length national_historic trail follow historic theme routes theme routes special theme based tours aimed providing visitor tourist better insight popular europe cover anything individual city wine growing dutch swiss mountains norway norwegian architectural historical cultural examples theme routes image thumb px right bertha benz memorial route commemorating world first long_distance journey automobile e route_e bertha benz memorial route castle road cheese route deutsche f european_route industrial wine route golden ring russia liberation russia romantic road scotland malt whisky trail trail upper baroque route wild atlantic way see_also auxiliary route scenic drive disambiguation trail scenic byways united_states national_tourist routes inorway route route denmark asian route industrial theme routes switzerland theme routes europe industrial_heritage theme routes portuguese wine making examples themed routes austria category_scenic_routes category_types roads category_types tourism"},{"title":"Scenic viewpoint","description":"image scenic view jpg thumb right scenic overlook in scioto trail state park ohio file outeniqua pass jpg thumb scenic overlook in the outeniqua passouth africa over george western cape george and the indian ocean parking and picnic tables are provided nexto the road file tworld trade center observation deckjpg thumb right midtown manhattan in the distance photo taken atworld trade center s observation deck a scenic viewpoint also called an observation point viewpoint or viewing point or inorth america lookout scenic overlook or vista point is a high place where people can view scenery often with binoculars and photograph it scenic overlooks are typically created alongside mountain road s often as a simple wikturnouturnouts where motorist s can pull over onto pavement material pavement gravel road gravel or grass on the right of way many are larger having parking area s while some typically on larger highway s are off the road completely overlooks are frequently found inational park s and in the us along national parkway such as the blue ridge parkway whichas numerous individually named overlooks for viewing the blue ridge mountains and its valley s other overlooks are nexto waterfall s especially since mountain roads tend to follow stream s many overlooks are accessible only by trail s and boardwalk wooden walkways and stairs especially in ecologically sensitive areas these overlooks are often wooden observation deck s which minimize the impact on the land by reducing the need to disturb it for construction see also stratum pier by artist kendall buster category outdoor structures category parks category trails category tourist 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midtown manhattan distance photo taken trade_center observation_deck scenic viewpoint also_called observation point viewpoint viewing point inorth_america scenic overlook vista point high place people view scenery often photograph scenic overlooks typically created alongside mountain road often simple motorist pull onto pavement material pavement gravel road gravel grass right way many larger parking area typically larger highway road completely overlooks frequently found inational park us along national_parkway blue ridge parkway whichas numerous individually named overlooks viewing blue ridge mountains valley overlooks nexto waterfall especially since mountain roads tend follow stream many overlooks accessible trail boardwalk wooden stairs especially ecologically sensitive areas overlooks often wooden observation_deck minimize impact land reducing need disturb construction see_also pier artist buster category outdoor structures category parks_category trails category_tourist attractions"},{"title":"Scottish Youth Hostels Association","description":"extinction type scottish charity sc status company limited by guarantee sc purpose accommodation and advancement of education headquarterstirling location scotland coords region served scotland membership individuals families larger groups language scottish english scottish gaelic leader title chairman leader name david calder leader title chief executive leader name keith legge main organ parent organization affiliations hostelling international num staff num volunteers budget website wwwsyhaorguk remarks the scottish youthostels association syha scottish gaelic comann osdailean igridh na h alba founded in is part of hostelling international and provides youthostel accommodation in scotland as of around of its guests come from outwith scotland as of the hostel guide and website lists over hostel s of which are independently owned affiliate hostelsuch as those of the gatliff hebridean hostel trust and various local communities and authorities hostels vary fromodern purpose built premises to historic buildings and country cottagesited in major towns and cities and in ruralocations including remote islandssyha hostel guide retrieved august lodging accommodation is generally dormitory style but increasingly this being subdivided into smaller units for example the most modern hostel edinburgh central has many single and twin bedded rooms with ensuite facilities all have a lounge sitting room shared bathrooms and self catering kitchens many hostels provide meals at requesthe syha is a selfunding charitable organisation and as a not for profit business invests all surplus back into the organisation both to develop the network and to improve older hostels today it facestrong competition from the more numerous independent hostels and from rural hotels which provide bunkhouse accommodation changing demand limited resources have led to the closure of hostels whichad been failing to attract visitors but hostels nowadays provide facilities undreamt of in the more spartan days of half a century or more ago hostels now provide comfortable warm accommodation in both dorm and private rooms the syhas made a point of maintaining excellent communal facilities in self catering kitchens and lounges while removing olderulesuch as chores and no alcohol it has been claimed that it has left its roots as a working class movemento provide accommodation to people of limited means behind and become too expensive the syha s defenders including allan wilson scottish politician allan wilson member of the scottish parliament mspoint outhat hostellers today require higher levels of comforthan when the hostelling movement began hostels past and present in there were more than hostels and membership was approaching atheir highest pointhe shya had hostels by this had reduced to image youthostel road signsvg right px class wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed hostel opened closed address grid ref notes abbey st bathans the rest house abbey st bathans duns td tx nt aberdeen queen s rd aberdeen ab yt nj achininver ullapool iv yl nc achintraid kishorng achmelvich recharn lairg iv jb nc achnashellach lair achnashellach nh achtascailt dundonnell nh alltsaigh invermoristonh alltsaigh loch ness alltsaigh invermoriston iv yd nh ardgartan arrochar g ar nn ardgartan house ardgartan house arrochar nn armadale ardvasar sailing clubhouse armadale sleat skye iv rs ng attonburn yetholm kelso nt auchen castle auchen castle moffat nt auchenblae backbrae auchenblae no auchmithie arbroath no auchterawe fort augustus nh aultbea achnasheen iv jq ng aviemore hut grampian rd aviemore nh aviemore lodge grampian rd aviemore ph pr nh ayr craigweil road ayr ka xj ns badbea dundonnell nh badcaul dundonnell nh ballater ferndeanderson road ballater ab qw no balmacara kyle of lochalsh ng balminnoch lodge kirkcowanx balquhidder stronvar house balquhidder nn barns manor peebles nt berneray isle of berneray lochmaddy north uist hs bq nf gatliff trust opened birnam old school great north road birnam no birness toll of birness near ellonk birsay outdoor centre orkney kw ly hy affiliate blackness castle blackness castle blackness linlithgow nt bracadale struan house tearooms bracadale skye ng independent braemar corrie feragie glenshee road braemar ab yq no broadford skye iv aa ng broadford temporary lower harrapool broadford skye ng broadmeadows old broadmeadows yarrowford td lz nt brodick high glencloy brodick arrans buntait glen urquhart nh butlaw port edgaroyal naval hospital south queensferry nt cannichuts cannich beauly iv lt nh cannich westward cannich beauly nh carbisdale castle carbisdale castle culrain iv dp nh cargen castle dumfries nx carn deargairloch carn deargairloch iv dj ng carrbridge slochd mhor lodge carrbridge ph ay nh affiliate castletown raf camp castletownd chapelhope cappercleugh nt chapelhope farmhouse chapelhope cappercleugh nt claddach baleshare claddach baleshare north uist nf gatliff trust opened clova newbiggin g kirriemuir no coldingham the mount coldingham sands eyemouth td pa nt colzium house kilsyth ns comrie croft braincroft comrie crieff ph jz nn affiliate comrie fordie lodge fordie lodge lawers comrie nn corgarff delachuper corgarff cockbridge strathdonj cormiston towers thankerton biggar nt corraith symington kilmarnock ns corran ardgour hotel corran ferry nn corrour station house fort william nn cove castle cove castle near kilcreggans craig diabaig achnasheen iv he ng creag dhu creag dhu brig o turk callander nn crianlarichut station road crianlarich fk qnn crianlarich lodge station road crianlarich fk qnn crosbie towers west kilbride ns crosshill schoolroom crosshill ns cruachan st conan s tower loch awe dalmally nn cummertrees annany dalmally monument roadalmally loch awe nn dalquharran castle dalquharran castle dailly ns darvel schoolroom darvel ns divach granary divach drumnadrochit nh drumnadrochit loch ness backpackers coiltie farmhouse lewiston drumnadrochit iv unh affiliate dunblane whitehead hostel doune rdunblane nn dundee constitution road constitution roadundee no dundee west park perth roadundee dd nno affiliate dunvegan kilmaur dunvegan skye ng durnessmoo durness lairg iv qa nc durness british legion hall british legion hall durness lairg nc eday community association london bay eday kw ab hy affiliateday church miles n of backaland pier eday hy privateddrachillis lower badcall scourie nc edgerston camptown jedburgh nt edinburgh st fet lor club huts fettesian lorettonian boys club crewe road south crewe toll edinburgh nt edinburgh nd fet lor club hut fettesian lorettonian boys club crewe road south crewe toll edinburgh nt edinburgh blackie house lawnmarket or bank street edinburgh nt edinburgh bruntsfield crescent edinburgh eh ez nt edinburgh central haddington place leith walk edinburgh eh al nt edinburgh central international metro college wynd cowgatedinburgh eh ly nt edinburgh colinton rd edinburgh nt edinburgh eglinton crescent edinburgh eh dd nt edinburghailes hailes house hailes avenue lanark road colinton or kingsknowedinburgh eh nt edinburgh international kincaid court guthrie street edinburgh eh jt nt edinburgh north merchistonorth merchiston club watson crescent merchiston edinburgh nt edinburgh pleasance new arthur placedinburgh eh nt edinburgh portobello ramsay technical institute inchview terrace portobello edinburgh eh nt edinburgh riddell s court oriddles court riddles court lawnmarket edinburgh nt edinburgh robertson s close robertson s closedinburgh eh nt elgin hythehill house west high street bishopmill elginj evie woodwick housevie hy falkland the war memorial burgh lodge back wynd falkland ky bx no ferniehirst castle ferniehirst castle jedburgh td nx nt feughside banchory no fintry g xg ns fisherton schoolroom fishertons flodigarry staffin portree skye ng affiliate fochabers eastreet fochabers nj foresthill eddleston peebles nt fort augustus morag s lodge bunoich brae fort augustus ph nd nh affiliate fothergill struan by calvine blair atholl nn garenin carloway lewis hs al nb garramore house morar ph pd nm garth fortingall aberfeldy ph nf nn gatehouse ofleet swan street gatehouse ofleet castle douglas nx glasgow old police station clarkston road clarkston glasgow ns glasgow park terrace park terrace glasgow g by ns glasgowoodlands terrace woodlands terrace glasgow g dd ns glen affric allt beithe glen affricannich iv nd nh glen loin succouth arrochar nn glenevis belford road fort william ph sy nn glenevis cottage and hut belford road fort william nn glenevis croftea rooms glenevis fort william nn glenevis huts belford road fort william nn glen urquhart bearnock country centre glen urquhart by loch ness iv tnh affiliate glenbrittle skye iv ta nglenbrittle schoolhouse bualintur glenbrittle skye nglencoe glencoe ballachulish phx nn glendevon dollar fk jy nn glendoll lodge clova kirriemuir dd rd no glenelg daldregnish glenelg kyle of lochalsh nglenelg ferry inn kylerhea house bernera glenelg nglenisla the round house knockshannock glenislalyth ph pe no glentrool the school glentrool village nx grantown on spey grant road grantown on spey ph ld nj affiliate harlosh balmore house harlosh dunvegan skye ng helmsdale old gymnasium stafford street helmsdale kw jr nd affiliate from hoddom castle hoddom ecclefechany howmore south uist hsh nf gatliff trust opened hoy stromness kw nj hy affiliate inveralligin torridong inveraray dalmally rd inveraray pa xd nn independent from inveraray hut dalmally rd inveraray nn inverbeg luss alexandria g pd ns inverernan house strathdonj inverey blackburn cottage inverey by braemar ab yb no invergarry lodge mandally road invergarry php nh affiliate inverness millburn victoria drive inverness iv qb nh invernesst mary s churchall st mary s churchall huntly street inverness nh inverness viewhill house old edinburgh road inverness iv hf nh islay port charlotte main street port charlotte islay pa tx nr john o groats canisbay wickw yh nd kendoon blackwater dam carsphairn castle douglas dg ud nx kershader community hostel ravenspoint kershader south lochs isle of lewis hs qa nb affiliate killin tighndhuin killin fk tnn kindrochit ardtalnaig loch tay nn kingussie happy days high street kingussie phx nh affiliate kingussie viewmount easterrace kingussie ph js nh kirbister orphir kw ra hy kirk yetholm the schoolhouse kirk yetholm td pg nt reopened as affiliate kirkfieldbank schoolroom kirkfieldbank ns kirkmichael old manse kirkmichael no kirknewton schoolroom kirknewtont kirkwall old scapa road kirkwall kw bb hy kirkwall shore street shore street kirkwall hy kishorn old school ardarroch kishorn strathcarrong kyle of lochalsh old schoold school kyle of lochalsh iv da ng kyle of lochalsh wd camp wd camplock of kyle of lochalsh ng kyleakin skye iv pl ng laggan gergask schoolaggan kingussie nn lairg lower lairg nc langhaugh kirkton manor nt ledard kinlochard aberfoyle nn lendrick trossachs brig o turk callander fk hr nn lerwick islesburghouse king harald street lerwick zeq hu affiliate lindores berryhillindores newburgh no loch ard loch ard house aberfoyle fk tl nn loch eck whistlefield loch eckilmun dunoons lochy south laggan spean bridge ph ea nn loch lomond auchendennan house arden alexandria g rb ns loch morlich cairngorm lodge glenmore aviemore ph qy nh loch ossian corrour station fort william ph aa nn lochgoilhead creag an reigh lochgoilhead ns lochmaddy ostrom house lochmaddy north uist hs ae nf lochranza arran ka hl nr lonbain calnakille schoolhouse lonbain applecross ng lumsden gayville main street lumsden huntly nj mauchline schoolroomauchline ns melrose priorwood house melrose td ef nt minnigaff newton stewarthe old school minnigaff newton stewart dg pl nx rah only mochrum the old school kirk of mochrum port william dg ly nx monachyle beg cottage monachyle beg by balquhidder nn monachyle hut monachyle by balquhidder nnethy bridge nethybridge station ph dnj affiliate nethybridge abernethy school nethybridge nj new lanark wee row rosedale st new lanark ml dj ns north berwick dirleton avenue north berwick nt north strome old school north strome strathcarrong oban corran esplanade oban paf nm opinan schoolhouse gairloch achnasheeng papa westray beltane house papa westray kw bu hy affiliate not perthamilton house glasgow rd perth ph ns no perth uhi perth college crieff road perth ph ga no phesdo house laurencekirk no pitlochry braeknowe knockard road pitlochry phj nn poltalloch house kilmartinr portree skye iv ew ng prosen glenprosen kirriemuir angus dd sa no affiliate raasay creachan lodge raasay kyle iv nt ng rackwick outdoor centre hoy kw nj nd affiliate rahane gareloch ns ratagan sheil bridge glenshiel kyle iv hp ng rhenigidale reinigeadal harris hs bd nb gatliff trust opened roshven lochailort nm rowardennan lodge drymen g ar nsalen salen isle of mull nm sanday hostel ayre s rock ayre coo road sanday kw ay hy affiliate scourie school scourie via lairg nc shieldaig strathcarrong shortwoodend moffat nt skelmorlie school upper skelmorlie school skelmorlie nskelmorlie st phillanst phillanskelmorlie nslattadale slattadale loch maree ng snoot roberton hawick td ly nt st andrews david russell david russell apartments buchanan gardenst andrews ky ly no st andrews new hall new hall northaugh st andrews no staffin lodge staffin skye ng stirling argyllodging argyllodging castle wynd stirling fk eg nstirling st john street st john street stirling fk ea nstirling union street union street stirling fk nz nstockinish schoolhouse kylestockinish stockinish tarbert harris hs eng stoer schoolhouse stoer lairg nc stornoway red triangle club ymca bayhead embankment stornoway nb stranraer former seamen s mission stranraer nx stranraer temporary ashwoodrive stranraer nx strathpeffer elsick house strathpeffer iv bt nh strathtummel allean house strathtummel pitlochry nn stromness drill hall hellihole road stromness kw de hy strone dunselma strone dunoons a listed building temple schoolroom temple village nthirlestane thirlestane gardens hostel ettrick nthurso sandra s backpackers princestreethurso kw bq nd affiliate tighnabruaich dunara high road tighnabruaich pa bd nr tirchardie glen quoich amulree nn tobermory main streetobermory mull pa nu nm tomintoul huts back lane tomintoul ab ha nj tomintoul old school the old school main streetomintoul ab ex nj later affiliate tomintoul the square the square tomintoul nj tongue lodge tongue via lairg iv xh nc affiliate from torridon achnasheen iv ez ng torridon glen cottage glen cottage torridon achnasheeng troon muirhead hosteloans troons uig john martin memorial hostel uig skye iv yd ng independent from uig memorial hospital john martin memorial hostel uig skye ng uig rha bridge uig skye ng ullapool shore street ullapool iv uj nh ullapoold schoold school market street ullapool nh walkerburn on tweed barn walls hostel tweedholm avenue now park avenue walkerburn on tweed nt 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hostelling_international provides youthostel accommodation scotland around guests come scotland hostel guide website lists hostel independently owned affiliate gatliff hostel trust various local_communities authorities hostels vary purpose_built premises historic buildings country major towns cities including remote hostel guide retrieved august lodging accommodation generally dormitory style increasingly smaller units example modern hostel edinburgh central many single twin rooms facilities lounge sitting room shared bathrooms self_catering kitchens many_hostels provide meals charitable organisation profit business surplus back organisation develop network improve older hostels today competition numerous independent hostels rural hotels provide bunkhouse accommodation changing demand limited resources led closure hostels whichad failing attract visitors hostels nowadays provide facilities spartan days half century ago hostels provide comfortable warm accommodation private rooms made point maintaining excellent communal facilities self_catering kitchens lounges removing chores alcohol claimed left roots working_class movemento provide accommodation people limited means behind become expensive including allan wilson scottish politician allan wilson member scottish parliament outhat today require higher levels hostelling movement began hostels past present hostels membership approaching atheir highest pointhe hostels reduced image youthostel road right px class wikitable sortable collapsed hostel opened closed address grid ref notes abbey st rest house abbey st aberdeen queen aberdeen ullapool lairg lair loch ness g house house sailing skye yetholm castle castle fort augustus aviemore hut aviemore aviemore lodge aviemore ayr road ayr road kyle lochalsh lodge balquhidder house balquhidder barns manor isle north uist gatliff trust opened old_school great north road toll near outdoor centre affiliate blackness castle blackness castle blackness house skye independent road broadford skye broadford temporary lower broadford skye old high glen port naval hospital south_westward castle castle castle carn carn lodge affiliate raf camp farmhouse north uist gatliff trust opened g mount sands house comrie comrie affiliate comrie lodge lodge comrie towers hotel ferry station house fort william cove castle cove castle near craig turk station road lodge station road towers west kilbride schoolroom st conan tower loch awe dalmally dalmally monument loch awe castle castle schoolroom loch ness backpackers farmhouse affiliate hostel constitution road constitution west park perth affiliate skye lairg british legion hall british legion hall lairg community association london bay church miles n pier lower edinburgh st club huts boys club crewe road south crewe toll edinburgh edinburgh club hut boys club crewe road south crewe toll edinburgh edinburgh blackie house bank street edinburgh edinburgh crescent edinburgh edinburgh central place walk edinburgh edinburgh central international metro college edinburgh edinburgh edinburgh crescent edinburgh house avenue road edinburgh international court guthrie street edinburgh edinburgh north club watson crescent edinburgh edinburgh new arthur edinburgh ramsay technical institute terrace edinburgh edinburgh court court court edinburgh edinburgh robertson close robertson house west high_street falkland war memorial lodge back falkland castle castle g schoolroom skye affiliate fort augustus lodge fort augustus affiliate blair atholl lewis house swan street castle douglas glasgow old police station road glasgow glasgow park terrace park terrace glasgow g terrace terrace glasgow g glen glen glen glenevis road fort william glenevis cottage hut road fort william glenevis rooms glenevis fort william glenevis huts road fort william glen country centre glen loch ness affiliate skye schoolhouse skye dollar lodge glenelg glenelg kyle lochalsh ferry inn house glenelg round house school village grant road affiliate house skye old street affiliate castle south uist gatliff trust opened affiliate inveraray dalmally inveraray independent inveraray hut dalmally inveraray alexandria g house cottage lodge road affiliate inverness victoria drive inverness mary st mary street inverness inverness house old edinburgh road inverness port charlotte main_street port charlotte john groats blackwater dam castle douglas community hostel south isle lewis affiliate loch kingussie happy days high_street kingussie affiliate kingussie kingussie kirk yetholm schoolhouse kirk yetholm reopened affiliate schoolroom old_schoolroom kirkwall old road kirkwall kirkwall shore street shore street kirkwall old_school kyle lochalsh old_school kyle lochalsh kyle lochalsh camp kyle lochalsh skye kingussie lairg lower lairg manor turk king_street affiliate loch loch house loch loch south bridge loch house alexandria g loch lodge aviemore loch station fort william house north uist schoolhouse main_street melrose house melrose newton old_school newton stewart old_school kirk port william monachyle cottage monachyle balquhidder monachyle hut monachyle balquhidder bridge station affiliate school new row rosedale st new north berwick avenue north berwick north old_school north schoolhouse papa house papa affiliate house glasgow perth perth perth college road perth house road house skye angus affiliate lodge kyle outdoor centre affiliate bridge kyle harris gatliff trust opened lodge g isle mull hostel rock road affiliate school via lairg school upper school st loch st andrews david russell david russell apartments andrews st andrews new hall new hall st andrews lodge skye stirling castle stirling st_john street st_john street stirling union street union street stirling schoolhouse harris eng schoolhouse lairg red triangle club ymca stranraer former mission stranraer stranraer temporary stranraer house house hall road de listed_building temple schoolroom temple village gardens hostel sandra backpackers affiliate high road glen main mull tomintoul huts back lane tomintoul tomintoul old_school old_school main later affiliate tomintoul square square tomintoul tongue lodge tongue via lairg affiliate glen cottage glen cottage muirhead uig john martin memorial hostel uig skye independent uig memorial hospital john martin memorial hostel uig skye uig bridge uig skye ullapool shore street ullapool school market street ullapool tweed barn walls hostel avenue park avenue tweed lodge later affiliate bay house shore road bay cottages source material youthostels_association official_website gatliff trust official_website_categoryouth organizations_established category_organisations_based stirling council area_category_tourism scotland_categoryouthostelling_category hostelling_international_member_associations category walking united_kingdom category_establishments scotland_category charities based scotland_categoryouth charities based united_kingdom"},{"title":"SDH Institute","description":"sdh institute pte ltd is a hospitality management studies hospitality schoolocated in singapore it is registered withe council of privateducation under the singapore ministry of education the school d hospitality offers higher education programs from professional certification certificate to postgraduateducation postgraduate levels in hospitality leisure studies leisure and tourism studies it has a teacher to student ratio at for lectures and for tutorials with support from full time lecturers the school was established in aschool d hospitality it changed to its current name on october school d hospitality has industry links and internshipartners like sentosa rasa sentosa resorts hilton hotels resorts holiday inn goodwood park hotel and the fullerton hotel academic partners include the association of business executives which is an international examining board and provider of business and management qualifications that lead to degree and master s degree master s routes category education in singapore 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thumb px fish food fish and lobster athe shamrock hotel seafood restaurant inathan road jordan hong kong jordan hong kong file union oyster house boston majpg thumb union oyster housexterior in boston massachusetts one of the oldest continuously open restaurants in america file desire oyster bar interiorjpg thumb the interior of desire oyster bar in french quarter new orleans louisiana seafood restaurant is a restauranthat specializes in seafood cuisine and seafoodishesuch as fish food fish and shellfish dishes may include freshwater fish the concept may focus upon the preparation and service ofresh seafood successful restaurant design regina s baraban joseph f durocher as opposed to frozen food frozen productsome seafood restaurants also provide retail sales of seafood that consumers take home to prepare seafood restaurants may have a marine themedecor with decorationsuch as fish nets nautical images and buoys fare can vary due to seasonal food seasonality in fish availability and in the fishing industry starting a restaurant business guide a startup guide with planning tips and rick p wooten seafood restaurants may offer additional non seafood itemsuch as chicken and beef dishes upscale and midscale seafood restaurants may offer more selections compared to fast food restaurant quick service restaurantstart your own restaurant and morentrepreneur press jacquelynn some are located nearby or on a waterfront fare in seafood restaurants may include fresh and frozen fish food fishellfish crawfishrimp crab lobster mussels and oystersome have a raw barea where raw shellfish products are prepared such as raw oysters list of seafood restaurants this a list of notable seafood restaurants image carlosncharlies oranjestad aruba croppedjpg thumb the former carlos n charlie s in oranjestad aruba file mool yam dish jpg thumb a seafoodish at mul yam restaurant located atel aviv portel aviv israel file casquinhadesirijpg thumb stuffed blue crab shells known as casquinha de siri being enjoyed in tropicana restaurant at rio de janeiro city file bobo a dish from braziljpg thumb a bob de camar o dish enjoyed at a rio de janeiro restaurant anstruther fish bar the ashvale carlos n charlie s flying fish garfish restaurants h salt esquire harbourmaster hotel harry ramsden s heichinrou hong kong hilton dubai creek ismet baba fish restaurant joey seafood restaurants jumbo kingdom jumbo seafood loch fyne oysters loch fyne restaurants long beach seafood restaurant magpie caf moran s oyster cottage mul yam nordsee riverside restaurant royal dragon restaurant sam woo seafood restaurant se or frog skipperseafood chowder house star seafood floating restaurant sturehof sweetings union oyster house file jumbo seafoodjpg jumbo seafood s main restaurant at east coast seafood centre in east coast park singapore file harryramsdenguiseley mar jpg the branch of harry ramsden s in guiseley england image loch fyne oyster bar cairndowjpg the originaloch fyne oysters loch fyne oyster bar near cairndow scotland file magpie caf whitbyjpg the magpie caf in whitby north yorkshirengland united states file bahrslandingjpg thumbahrs bahrs landing famouseafood restaurant and marina in highlands new jersey file gladstones malibujpg thumb aerial photof gladstones malibu file lundys far jehjpg thumb lundy s restaurant is located in the sheepshead bay brooklyn community and location sheepshead bay neighborhood of the new york city borough of brooklyn file fried clams woodman s of essex massachusettsjpg thumb fried clams fries and onion rings at woodman s of essex in essex massachusetts aquagrill arthur treacher s atlantic grill bahrs le bernardin bonefish grill boston sea party bubba gump shrimp company captain d s colonnade restaurant colonnade country bill s the crab claw restauranthe crab cooker dand louis oyster bar driftwood inn and restaurant eddie v s prime seafood gladstones malibu greek islands restaurant greek islands gustevenseafood restaurant buccaneer lounge defunct hoss steak and sea house ivar s jacob wirth restaurant jake s famous crawfish joe s crab shack joe stone crab l o l o landry seafood legal sea foods long john silver s lundy s restaurant marea restaurant marea mccormick schmick s mcgrath s fishouse mitchell s fish market morton s the steakhouse morton s muer seafood restaurants ocean prime one if by land two if by sea restaurant oyster bar pappas restaurantseafood restaurants include pappadeaux seafood kitchen pappaseafood house and little pappaseafood kitchen phillips foods inc and seafood restaurants red lobsterestaurant red lobsteroy sam woo seafood restaurant shuckum s oyster bar skipperseafood chowder house spenger s fresh fish grotto tadich grill ted peters famousmoked fish umberto s clam house weathervane restaurant woodman s of essex file captain d s edited version elizabeth city nc june jpg thumb captain d s on the lot of southgate mall elizabeth city southgate mall in elizabeth city north carolina image number jpg a typical meal from long john silver s a platter with batter cooking battered and fried fish and chicken french fries chips battered fried shrimp hushpuppy hushpuppies and coleslaw file oyster barjpg lunchtime athe oyster bar located on the lower level of grand central terminal at nd street and vanderbilt avenue in manhattan inew york city the grand central oyster barestaurant new york east s restaurant menus and reviews zagat file union oyster house boston majpg union oyster house located on union street boston massachusetts union street boston massachusettsee also calabash north carolina dubbed the seafood capital of the world because of the town s offering of calabash style seafood restaurants chinatown cantoneseafood restaurants cantoneseafood restaurants typically use a large dining room layout have ornate designs and specialize in seafood such as expensive chinese style lobster s crab s prawn s clam s and oyster s all kept live in fish tank s until preparation gampo eup an eup 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tourism","description":"file soi cowboy bangkokjpg thumb a red light district in thailand sex tourism is travel to engage in human sexual activity sexual activity particularly with prostitution prostitutes the world tourism organization a specialized agency of the united nations definesex tourism as trips organized from within the tourism sector from outside thisector but using itstructures and networks withe primary purpose of effecting a commercial sexual relationship by the tourist with residents athe destination some people regard sexual activity while traveling as a way of enhancing their travel experience however social problems arise when particular countries or cities acquire a reputation as a destination or become attractive for sex tourism attractions for sex tourists can include lower costs for sexual services in the destination country more favorable local attitudes to prostitution separation from person s normal social circle and physical environment because prostitution is either legal or there is indifferent law enforcement and access to child prostitution generally people who travel to engage in sexual activity with an adult prostitute are subjecto prostitution laws of the destination country when the sexual activity involves child sex tourism child prostitution is forced prostitutionon consensual or involvesex trafficking it is often illegal both in the participating country and in the individual s home country sex tourismay be domestic which involves travel within the same country or trans national which involves travel across national bordersex tourism is a multibillion dollar industry that supports an international workforcestimated to number in the millions that also benefitservice industriesuch as the airline taxi restaurant and hotel industries most sex tourism involves touristseeking prostitutes in various countries these include brazil costa rica the dominican republic the netherlands particularly amsterdam prostitution in kenya colombia thailand the philippines cambodia cuband indonesia particularly bali a number of countries have become popular destinations for female sex tourism including southern europe mainly in greece italy cypruspain and portugal the caribbean led by prostitution in jamaica prostitution in barbados and the prostitution in the dominican republic dominican republic prostitution in brazil prostitution in egypt prostitution in turkey southeast asiand phuket province phuket in prostitution in thailand and prostitution in the gambia prostitution in senegal and prostitution in kenya in africa other popular destinations include prostitution in bulgaria prostitution in tunisia prostitution in lebanon prostitution in morocco prostitution in jordan prostitution in azerbaijan prostitution in fiji prostitution in colombia and prostitution in costa rica costa rica women going on sex tours look for big bamboos and marlboro men pravdaru balin indonesia is the only destination where females from western europe japand australia engage in sex tourism with male locals bali beach gigolos under fire asia sentinel may motivations for sex tourism according to thethics of tourism critical and applied perspectives by lovelock and lovelock romance in general and sexual encounters more specifically are a key factor in world travel tourist markets havexploited this motivation for travel through prostitution this industry of sex work is extremely profitable and the tourist market s role in sex tourism raises questions about its moral and legal standing key factors in the issue of sex tourism are child sex tourism and the trafficking of women and girls for use as prostitutesex tourism can be formally or informally arranged and local sex workers in the tourist destination are often migrants these migrants can beither voluntary migrants or trafficked sex workersex tourism is characterized by a disparity between the motivations of the tourist and the sex worker the tourist has disposable capital which can be used to pay for sexual services as well as a number of other experiences associated with travel and tourism leisurecreation sightseeing etconversely the sex worker is usually living in poverty and providing sexual services because it is the best option available to them the most common type of sex tourism is of men seeking women less common forms include female sex tourism women seeking men seeking men and adultseeking children sex tourists generally come from developed nations in europe as well as the united states asian countriespecially thailand the philippines cambodiand nepal are common destinations for sex tourists as well as countries in central and south america study conducted by procon a nonprofit nonpartisan publicharity which provides different opinions on controversial issuestimated the percentage of men who had paid for sex at least once in their lives and found the highest rates in cambodia between and of men had paid for sex at least once and thailand an estimated followed by italy spain japan the netherlands and the united statestudies indicate thathe percentage of mengaging in commercial sex in the united states has declined significantly in recent decades in an estimated of men had paid for sex at least once this indicates growing stigmagainst prostitution in the us nations withigherates of prostitution clients or johns display much more positive attitudes towards commercial sex in some countriesuch as cambodiand thailand sex with prostitutes is considered commonplace and men who do not engage in commercial sex may be considered unusual by their peers cultural attitudes according to female sex trafficking in asia the resilience of patriarchy in a changing world by samarasinghe cultural attitudes towardsex tourism in asian countries are complex families in poorural areas commonly sell their children to human traffickers who take the children to large cities in order to perform sex work the people in these communities are generally aware of whathey are committing their children to but consider the rewards of increased financial return to be greater than the consequence for their children additionally this a common practice among rural families and children are oftenticed by the prospect of moving to a large city attitudes towardsex work in general is a complex issue samarasinghe states that many women in asian countriesuch as thailand support husbands visiting prostitutes this because prostitution iseen as an alternative to men taking on mistresses whom they would be obligated to support financially drawing funds away from the wife and children thus opposition to prostitution does not gather a great deal of support within receiving countries of sex tourism the countries where tourists come from tend to have harsher attitudes towards prostitution men who travel seeking to pay for sex may do so because it is mucharder to engage in sex work in their home countries conversely in receiving countriesuch as cambodia commercial sex work is generally accepted as a common behavior for men and sex with minors is often accepted as wellawmakers as well as law enforcement often do not place priority on policing prostitution and sex trafficking university of leicester sociologiststudied thisubject as part of a research project for theconomic and social research council and end child prostitution and trafficking campaign the study included interviews with over caribbean sex tourists amongstheir findings were preconceptions about racialism racial categorization race and genderoles gender influenced the tourists opinions economically underdeveloped tourist receiving countries are considered cultural relativism culturally different so that in the western tourist s cultural relativism political critique understanding prostitution and traditional male domination of women have lesstigma than similar practices might have in their home countries however despite a great deal of interest in sexual tourism amongstheorists methodologically thorough andetailed studies remain rare despite the increasing accessibility of such groups for study in the pasthree decades economic and policy implications mcphee notes that one of the central challenges to addressing sex tourism is the differing laws and norms regarding normal sexual behavior in sending and receiving countries becausex tourism is a transnational issue it must be addressed beyond the domestic level sex tourism also has economic implications for all nations involved sex tourism is encouraged by the tourist sector of destination countries because it draws individuals from wealthier nations with greater amounts of disposable income into poorer nations thistimulates theconomy of these poorer nations theseconomic reinforcements are part of the reason sex tourism continues to exist in an article published by the university of chicago patil argues thatourism in general has changed with economic policies in recent decades patil states thathe promotion of tourism caters tourists in both western and eastern countries by emphasizing racial ethnic and gender differences in order to appeal tourists from western countries travel agencies may emphasize a stereotypical exoticized portrait of the people in the destination country this in turn can reproduce colonial and traditional attitudes toward race and gendereinforcing inequality between groups according to patil the state plays a vital part in this interaction meaning that governments create barriers to formation of new policy in an article for international family planning perspectives mahler describes theconomiconditions that lead to sexual exploitation of children youngirls and adolescent women are sold into slavery or transported across national borders to work in the commercial sex industry mahler states thathe rate of child prostitution is higher in countries where girls marry at veryoung ages additionally prostitution of children is highest in countries where youngirls arexpected to carry some of the family s financial burden such as in thailand of prostitutes in thailand send money home to their familiesex work yields higher wages than work in the formal sector and remittances from a relative in the sex industry allows poor familiespecially in rural areas to achieve a muchigher quality of life sex tourism is also encouraged by cultural attitudes in thailand for example prostitution is very common and isocially reinforced by the high value placed on sexual experience for men combined withe high value placed on sexual purity for women the social restrictions placed on women create high demand for commercial sex workers and this ensures a consistent supply of prostitutes the high number of prostitutes and widespread cultural acceptance of prostitutes in thailand is one of the factors that promotesex tourism to this country child sex tourism some people travel to engage in sex with child prostitutes in a practice called child sex tourism while it is criminal in most countries this multibillion dollar commercial sexual exploitation of children csec it is estimated that csec is worth billion usd a year according to ecpat child abuse images werestimated being worth billion annually in they werestimated to be worth around billion showing thus a very worrying escalation industry is believed to involve as many as million children around the world child sex tourists may not have a specific preference for children asexual partners butake advantage of a situation in whichildren are made available to them for sexual exploitation it is often the case thathese people have travelled from a wealthier country or a richer town oregion within a country to a less developedestination where poorer economiconditions favourablexchange rates for the traveller and relative anonymity are key factors conditioning their behaviour and sex tourism in an efforto eradicate the practice many countries havenacted laws to allow prosecution of their citizens for child abuse that occurs outside their home country even if it is not againsthe law in the country where the child abuse took place for example the united states protect act of protect acthe code of conduct for the sexual exploitation of children in travel and tourism is an international organization composed of members of the tourism industry and children s rights experts withe purpose to eradicate the practice of child sex tourism thailand cambodia brazil colombiand mexico have been identified as countries where child sexual exploitation is prevalent child sex tourism has been closely linked to poverty in thailand though thexact numbers are not known it has been estimated that children make up tof prostitutes in the country brazil is considered to have the worst child sex trafficking record after thailand unicef notes that sexual activity is often seen as a private matter making communities reluctanto act and intervene in cases of sexual exploitation these attitudes make children far more vulnerable to sexual exploitation most exploitation of children takes place as a result of their absorption into the adult sex trade where they arexploited by local people and sex tourists the internet provides an efficient global networking tool for individuals to share information destinations and procurement in cases involving children the us has relatively strict domestic laws that hold accountable any american citizen or permanent resident of the us who travels abroad for the purpose of engaging in illicit conduct with a minor as of sex tourism and human trafficking remain fast growing industries opposition to sex tourism one of the primary sources of opposition to sex tourism is with regard to child sex tourism internationally defined as travel to have sex with a person under years of age this occurs when tourists from countriesuch as the united states take advantage of legal prostitution lower consent ages and the lack of extradition laws in order to engage in sex with minors in foreign countries nationsuch as the united states provide a steady stream of tourists who feed the sex tourism industry as they attempto subvert laws in their home country human rights organizations and governments argue thathis pattern creates an incentive for trafficking of children and violation of children s human rights oppositions to sex tourism also stem from concerns around the trafficking of women the united nations office on drugs and crime targets the trafficking of women and children as a central concern in their approach to transnational crime the united nations global report on trafficking in personstates that women comprise the vast majority of human trafficking victims for sexual exploitation across the world they also note that women make up a relatively large portion of human trafficking offenders about of convicted human traffickers are women samarasinghe argues that women who become involved in human trafficking were once victims of sex trafficking and sexual exploitation themselves the only way for these women to gain economic security and freedom is therefore to participate in the trafficking system as well these factors all contribute to the debate on human rights and theirelations with sex tourism in the prostitution of sexuality barry argues thathe growing sex tourism industry reflects a global increase in sexual exploitation and a lack of concern for the rights andignity of sex workers barry states that sex tourism as well as the growing international porn industry indicate a normalization of prostitution and an increase in thexploitation of women additionally barry argues that sex tourism and prostitution directly contribute to gender inequality and that general feminist political action should bexpanded to include active opposition to prostitution laws across the globe file prostitution inorth americapng prostitution inorth america file prostitution in south americapng prostitution in south america file prostitution in europepng prostitution in europe file prostitution in asiapng prostitution in asia file prostitution in africapng prostitution in africa file prostitution in australiapng prostitution in australia prostitution is also legal and regulated inew zealand map not shown see prostitution inew zealand one of the images depicts prostitution as legal in taiwan although it is presently illegal see prostitution in taiwan see also sex trafficking jineterismo cuban prostitution by country prostitution in germany prostitution in the united kingdom prostitution law zoophiliand the law externalinks franck michel mass marketing sex tourism sex tourism example dr nights exotic resort category prostitution category sex tourism category sex industry 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enhancing travel experience however social problems arise particular countries cities acquire reputation destination become attractive sex_tourism attractions sex_tourists include lower_costs sexual services destination country favorable local attitudes prostitution separation person normal social circle physical environment prostitution either legal law_enforcement access child_prostitution generally people travel engage sexual_activity adult prostitute subjecto prostitution laws destination country sexual_activity involves child_sex_tourism child_prostitution forced trafficking often illegal participating country individual home_country sex_tourismay domestic involves travel within country trans national involves travel across national_tourism multibillion dollar industry supports international number millions also airline taxi restaurant hotel industries sex_tourism involves prostitutes various_countries include brazil costa_rica dominican republic netherlands particularly amsterdam prostitution kenya colombia thailand philippines cambodia indonesia particularly bali number countries become_popular destinations female_sex_tourism including southern europe mainly greece italy portugal caribbean led prostitution jamaica prostitution barbados prostitution dominican republic dominican republic prostitution brazil prostitution egypt prostitution turkey southeast_asiand phuket province phuket prostitution thailand prostitution gambia prostitution senegal prostitution kenya africa popular_destinations include prostitution bulgaria prostitution tunisia prostitution lebanon prostitution morocco prostitution jordan prostitution azerbaijan prostitution fiji prostitution colombia prostitution costa_rica costa_rica women going sex tours look big men indonesia destination females western_europe japand australia engage sex_tourism male locals bali beach fire asia sentinel may motivations sex_tourism according thethics tourism critical applied perspectives romance general sexual encounters specifically key factor world_travel tourist markets motivation travel prostitution industry sex work extremely profitable tourist market role sex_tourism raises questions moral legal standing key factors issue sex_tourism child_sex_tourism trafficking women girls use tourism formally informally arranged local sex_workers tourist_destination often migrants migrants beither voluntary migrants trafficked sex_tourism characterized motivations tourist sex_worker tourist disposable capital used pay sexual services well number experiences associated travel_tourism sightseeing sex_worker usually living poverty providing sexual services best option available common type sex_tourism men seeking women less_common forms include female_sex_tourism women seeking men seeking men children sex_tourists generally come developed nations europe well united_states asian thailand philippines cambodiand nepal common destinations sex_tourists well countries central south_america study conducted nonprofit provides different opinions controversial percentage men paid sex least lives found highest rates cambodia men paid sex least thailand estimated followed italy spain japan netherlands united indicate thathe percentage commercial_sex united_states declined significantly recent decades estimated men paid sex least indicates growing prostitution us nations prostitution clients johns display much positive attitudes towards commercial_sex countriesuch cambodiand thailand sex prostitutes considered commonplace men engage commercial_sex may considered unusual peers cultural attitudes according female_sex trafficking asia resilience changing world cultural attitudes tourism asian countries complex families areas commonly sell children human traffickers take children large_cities order perform sex work people communities generally aware whathey children consider rewards increased financial return greater consequence children additionally common_practice among rural families children prospect moving large city attitudes work general complex issue states many women asian countriesuch thailand support husbands visiting prostitutes prostitution iseen alternative men taking would support financially drawing funds away wife children thus opposition prostitution gather great_deal support within receiving countries sex_tourism countries tourists come tend attitudes towards prostitution men travel seeking pay sex may engage sex work home_countries conversely receiving countriesuch cambodia commercial_sex work generally accepted common behavior men sex minors often accepted well law_enforcement often place priority policing prostitution sex trafficking university leicester part research project theconomic social research council end child_prostitution trafficking campaign study included interviews caribbean sex_tourists findings racial race gender influenced tourists opinions economically underdeveloped tourist receiving countries considered cultural culturally different western tourist cultural political critique understanding prostitution traditional male domination women similar practices might home_countries however despite great_deal interest sexual tourism andetailed studies remain rare despite increasing accessibility groups study decades economic policy implications notes one central challenges addressing sex_tourism differing laws norms regarding normal sexual behavior sending receiving countries tourism issue must addressed beyond domestic level sex_tourism also economic implications nations involved sex_tourism encouraged tourist sector destination countries draws individuals wealthier nations greater amounts disposable income poorer nations theconomy poorer nations part reason sex_tourism continues exist article published university chicago patil argues thatourism general changed economic policies recent decades patil states thathe promotion tourism caters tourists western eastern countries emphasizing racial ethnic gender differences order appeal tourists western countries travel_agencies may emphasize stereotypical portrait people destination country turn reproduce colonial traditional attitudes toward race inequality groups according patil state plays vital part interaction meaning governments create barriers formation new policy article international family planning perspectives describes lead sexual_exploitation children adolescent women sold slavery transported across national borders work commercial_sex industry states thathe rate child_prostitution higher countries girls ages additionally prostitution children highest countries arexpected carry family financial burden thailand prostitutes thailand send money home work yields higher wages work formal sector relative sex industry allows poor rural_areas achieve quality life sex_tourism also encouraged cultural attitudes thailand example prostitution common reinforced high value placed sexual experience men combined withe high value placed sexual women social restrictions placed women create high demand commercial_sex workers ensures consistent supply prostitutes high number prostitutes widespread cultural acceptance prostitutes thailand one factors tourism country child_sex_tourism people travel engage sex child prostitutes practice called child_sex_tourism criminal countries multibillion dollar commercial_sexual exploitation children estimated worth billion usd year according ecpat child abuse images worth billion annually worth around billion showing thus industry believed involve many million children around world child_sex_tourists may specific preference children partners advantage situation made_available sexual_exploitation often case thathese people travelled wealthier country richer town oregion within country less poorer economiconditions rates traveller relative anonymity key factors conditioning behaviour sex_tourism efforto practice many_countries laws allow prosecution citizens child abuse occurs outside home_country even againsthe law country child abuse took_place example united_states protect act protect acthe code conduct sexual_exploitation children travel_tourism international organization composed members tourism_industry children rights experts withe purpose practice child_sex_tourism thailand cambodia brazil colombiand mexico identified countries child_sexual_exploitation prevalent child_sex_tourism closely linked poverty thailand though thexact numbers known estimated children make tof prostitutes country brazil considered worst child_sex trafficking record thailand unicef notes sexual_activity often_seen private matter making communities act cases sexual_exploitation attitudes make children far vulnerable sexual_exploitation exploitation children takes_place result adult sex trade local_people sex_tourists internet provides efficient global networking tool individuals share information destinations procurement cases involving children us relatively strict domestic laws hold american citizen permanent resident us travels abroad purpose engaging illicit conduct minor sex_tourism human_trafficking remain fast_growing industries opposition sex_tourism one primary sources opposition sex_tourism regard child_sex_tourism internationally defined travel sex person years age occurs tourists countriesuch united_states take_advantage legal prostitution lower consent ages lack laws order engage sex minors foreign_countries united_states provide steady stream tourists feed sex_tourism_industry attempto laws home_country human_rights organizations governments argue thathis pattern creates incentive trafficking children children human_rights sex_tourism also stem concerns around trafficking women united_nations office drugs crime targets trafficking women children central concern approach crime united_nations global report trafficking women comprise vast_majority human_trafficking victims sexual_exploitation across world also note women make relatively large portion human_trafficking offenders convicted human traffickers women argues women become involved human_trafficking victims sex trafficking sexual_exploitation way women gain economic security freedom therefore participate trafficking system well factors contribute debate human_rights sex_tourism prostitution barry argues thathe growing sex_tourism_industry reflects global increase sexual_exploitation lack concern rights sex_workers barry states sex_tourism well growing international industry indicate prostitution increase women additionally barry argues sex_tourism prostitution directly contribute gender inequality general feminist political action include active opposition prostitution laws across globe file prostitution inorth prostitution inorth_america file prostitution south prostitution south_america file prostitution prostitution europe file prostitution prostitution asia file prostitution prostitution africa file prostitution prostitution australia prostitution also legal regulated inew_zealand map shown see prostitution inew_zealand one images depicts prostitution legal taiwan although presently illegal see prostitution taiwan see_also sex trafficking cuban prostitution country prostitution germany prostitution united_kingdom prostitution law law externalinks franck michel mass marketing sex_tourism sex_tourism example nights exotic resort category prostitution category sex_tourism_category sex industry tourism"},{"title":"Shanghai Expat","description":"shanghaiexpatcom is a chinese news media company specializing in expatriate s related services and products these include chinese news internet forum in english language classified advertising and job shanghai expat citations category city guides category media in shanghai category expatriates category entertainment 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about half the country had been covered the series wasponsored by the oil company royal dutch shell the original guides were published on a county by county basis under theditorial control of the poet john betjemand later the artist john piper artist john piper there were three publishers involved in the publication of the pre war titles the architectural press batsford and finally in faber and faber in all the previous twelve titles were issued and onew one in the same format david verey s gloucestershire the next one planned washropshire to be co written by betjemand piper however the second world war intervened interestingly only one non english area was covered the west coast of scotland by stephen bone arguably the most political of all the shell guides post war howevery bit of wales was covered in five differentitles it was not until thathe next shell guide was produced jack beddington s involvement in the shell guides and shell advertising in general cannot be underestimated and it is because of him that from the outset artists were invited to produce shell guides johnash artist john and paul nash artist paul nash for instance and of course john piper file shillinguiderbyshirejpg thumb righthe cover of the shillinguide to derbyshire and staffordshire was drawn by julian trevelyan during thearly s a series of cheaper shillinguideshillinguides appeared much to betjeman s annoyancespecially as they sold in greater numbers published by the shell mex and bp joint ventureachad just pages with a full colour card coverepresenting highlights of the county covered and included a two colour map of the area preceded by an essay on the history and landscape and followed by a short gazetteer of main towns and tourist attractions the original artwork for thiseries wasold by shell in at an auction held by sotheby s these images by such artists as keith shackleton andavid gentleman also featured in the now collectable shell posters that were published for use in schools these appeared between and from the late s to thearly s a series of general titles under the shell guide banner were produced covering most of the countries inorthwest europe guides to subjectsuch as rivers islands viewpoints archaeology gardens flowers history wildlife and museums were also published in shell issued a final series of new shell guides published by michael joseph and generally covering rather larger areas eg northern scotland the islands than in thearlier series whilsthe original shell county guides are now highly collectible the later titles published by faber ebury publishing ebury press or michael joseph tend to be shunned by collectors and book dealers alike asupply exceeds demand selected books of the original pre war guides paul nash s dorset has been described as the most artistically experimental of the series the more interesting and or collectable post war guides include betjemand piper shropshire david verey s mid wales wg hoskins rutland guide and james lees milne s worcestershire in her biography of john piper francespalding highlights henry thorold s derbyshire as one of the best later titles thorold also wrote the last book in the series nottinghamshire in published the same year that betjeman died the last few titles were published in small numbers no more thand these made them scarcer almost from the outset norman scarfe s cambridgeshire published in hardback and softback is now one of the more difficultitles in hardback as is thorold s hardback nottinghamshire as the spine fades to white sone with a legible title iscarce indeed nowynford vaughan thomas south west and mid wales is a good example of the new shell guideseries the shell guide series is remarkable for its photographs john piper was a superblack and white photographer as was hison edward peter burton took many of the photos for the lastitles paul nash took s of photos for his pre war guide and whittled them down to those that made it into the finished product externalinkshell 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biggest bus transit companies operating inorth luzon its maiden issue came out in december and was presented as the bimonthly oncevery two months alternative travel guide to northern philippines however it was only after three issues before the magazine was formally presented to the press during its officialaunch party held on april at eastwood city libis quezon city the first issue featured tourist attractions of baguio city the country summer capital and trade capital of cordilleradministrative region also included were tourism activitiesuch as ukay sidewalk vendorselling second hand clothes bags and other items along with short but informative features andirectory listing of baguio s hotels resorts and art inspired restaurants the second issue the pampanga issue was released in february and focused on pampanga s cuisine deemed to be the best in the philippines notable features were thexotic fare such as camaru and halo one ofilipino s favorite summer treat andessert which literally translates to mixed and is made with sweetened fruits yam leche flan milk and shaved ice more importantly it gave a rundown of pampanga s best restaurantsidetrip also further delved into history and culture with articles on pampanga s prehispanic or pre spanishistory in its third issue sidetrip introduced several changes in its look and content from a bimonthly magazine sidetrip changed its frequency to quarterly april to june it also noticeably improved its content by including brief and informative travel stories and a fashion section the hotel andirectory listing too was given a face lift with its new reader friendly reviews and layout buthe best improvement would be its map a detailed adventure map to zambales complete withotel and attraction listings restaurants bustations and gasoline stations conquer philippines adventure race in celebration of travel adventure and sportsidetrip organized annual adventure race series that aims to bring together travelers and adventurers together to experience the unique sights and culture of a chosen venue for its debut conquer philippines brings teams of two to the beautiful coastal province of zambales with conquer zambales the sidetrip adventure race conquer zambales conquer zambales the sidetrip adventure race is an exciting two day race that will take teams of two across the breathtaking and rugged terrains of zambales teams of two shall complete various tasks to get a chance to win a total of p cash and prizes st prize p cash and products nd prize p cash and products rd prize p cash and products the race is covered by three media outfitsolar sports living asiandream satellite tv aside from the two day race sidetrip is bringing the dawn band to zambales as a post race treat for the conquer zambales victory party magazine sections wanderlustales of travels across the philippines tasty travels includes food and restaurant reviews recipes and arts and culture features on the peoples and stories behind every destination city scenes rundown of the metro s hotspots and the places to dine wine and unwind road signs travel advisories facts and q as escape reviews of hotels resorts and other accommodation options all foraffle promos and raffle for the readers distribution points primary international airports diosdado macapagal international airport mactan cebu international airport davao international airport ninoy aquino international airport subic bay international airport secondary international airports general santos int l airportambler airport iloilo international airport laoag international airport zamboanga international airport major commercial domestic airports baguio airport dumaguete airport legazpi airport puerto princesairport roxas airport mc guire field san jose airport daniel z romualdez airportacloban airport bus and shipping lines victory liner deluxe busesuper ferry cabins and staterooms restaurants and coffee shops fuzion caf greenbelt makati city fuzion caf the podium ortigas center pasig 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clothes bags items along short informative features andirectory listing baguio hotels_resorts art inspired restaurants second issue pampanga issue released february focused pampanga cuisine deemed best philippines notable features thexotic fare one favorite summer treat andessert literally translates mixed made sweetened fruits yam milk ice importantly gave pampanga best also history culture articles pampanga pre third issue sidetrip introduced several changes look content bimonthly magazine sidetrip changed frequency quarterly april june also noticeably improved content including brief informative travel stories fashion section hotel andirectory listing given face lift new reader friendly reviews layout buthe best improvement would map detailed adventure map zambales complete attraction listings restaurants gasoline stations conquer philippines adventure race celebration travel_adventure organized annual adventure race series aims bring together travelers adventurers together experience unique sights culture chosen venue debut conquer philippines brings teams two beautiful coastal province zambales conquer zambales sidetrip adventure race conquer zambales conquer zambales sidetrip adventure race exciting two_day race take teams two across breathtaking rugged zambales teams two shall complete various tasks get chance win total p cash prizes st prize p cash products prize p cash products prize p cash products race covered three media sports living satellite tv aside two_day race sidetrip bringing dawn band zambales post race treat conquer zambales victory party magazine sections travels across philippines travels includes food_restaurant reviews recipes arts culture features peoples stories behind every destination city scenes metro hotspots places dine wine road signs travel facts escape reviews hotels_resorts accommodation options readers distribution points primary international_airports international_airport international_airport international_airport 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be unique and allow an informed gastronome to name the chef in a blind tasting it can be thought of as the culinary equivalent of an artist finding their own style or an author finding their own voice in practice a chef signature dish often changes with time or they may claim several signature dishes in a weaker sense a signature dish may become associated with an individual restaurant particularly if the chef who created it is no longer withestablishment it can also be used to refer to a culinary region in which case its meaning may be thequivalent of national dish in many cases restaurants will base their menu development on tastes and styles which are unique to the restaurant s geographicalocation local produce restaurant d cor and even the type of building you choose can all contribute to a larger yield by taking on local sensibilities emphasizing an establishment s connection to its location provides great marketing possibilities tigerchef capitalizing on culturegional food at its 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can ameliorate the single supplement for solo travelers research prior to travel may find companies that have removed the single supplement in around percent of american adults planned to travel solo that year vendors and agents in the travel industry quote package deal and accommodation prices in terms of dollars person when the customer travels in a group of two that is twin share or double the single supplement is a premium fee surcharge applied to a traveler who travels alone but will use a room that caters for two accommodation vendors argue that solo travelershould expecto pay for the luxury and convenience of having a room to themselves vendors also expecto be compensated for the cost of preparing a room for a guest in cleaning and providing disposables when only one person will be charged the solo traveler argues thatraveling alone is often a necessity rather than a luxury and thathe cost of preparing rooms for guestshould be distributed among customers without discrimination or morextremely that coupleshould be surcharged for the privilege of not having to sleep apart lonely planetravel guide maldives th edition pg lyon james lonely planet isbn those affected may choose an accommodation vendor tour operator which caterspecifically for the solo traveler singles networks may assist in finding a compatible travel companion straightforward guide getting the best out of youretirement pgrant patrick straightforward ltd isbn single parentravel moresorts offer deals link matthew time june framing effect objections to the single supplement may be partly explained by the framing social sciences framing effect described by nagle and holden in smarter pricing how to capture more value in your market pg and cram tony pearson education isbn this effect occurs when customersee cost as a combination of gains and losses take as example a hotel room advertised at with a discount for early booking and compare it withe same room at with a single person surcharge customers will tend to choose the arrangement even though the cost of is the same customers tend to choose gains over losses an early booking discount iseen a gain whereas a surcharge iseen as a loss furthereading the strategy and tactics of pricing a guide to profitable decision making third editionagle thomas t and holden reed k prentice hall isbn references category tourist 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side neighborhoods of poor immigrants to see how the other half lives in the s in south africa black residents organized township tours to educate the whites in local governments on how the black population lived such tours attracted international tourists who wanted to learn more about apartheidondolo l the construction of public history and tourism destinations in cape town s townships a study of routesites and heritage cape town university of the western cape in the mid s international tours began to be organized with destinations in the most disadvantaged areas of developing nations often known aslums they have grown in popularity and are often run and advertised by professional companies in cape town south africa for example upwards of tourists visithe city each year to view the slumsmanfred rolfes poverty tourism theoretical reflections and empirical findings regarding an extraordinary form of tourism in geojournal springer science and business media september prior to the release of slumdog millionaire in mumbai was a slum tourist destination the concept of slum tourism has recently started to gain more attention fromediand academialike in december the first international conference on slum tourism was held in bristol a social network of people working in or with slum tourism has been set up slumtourismnetwork for people working in or with slum tourism slum tourism is mainly performed in urban areas of developing countries most oftenamed after the type of areas that are visited township tourism in post apartheid south africand namibia south african settlements are still visibly divided into wealthy historically white suburbs and poor historically black townships because of theffects of apartheid and racial segregation favela tourism in brazil india various places including dharavin mumbai as depicted in the movie slumdog millionaire jakarta hidden tours in jakarta the capital city of indonesia social oreligious divisions new york city and belfast northern ireland ghettourism focuses on slums known as ghetto especially in developed countries ghettourism was firstudied in by michael stephens academichael stephens in the cultural criticism journal popmatters ghettourism includes all forms of entertainment gangsta rap video games movies tv and other forms that allow consumers to traffic in the inner city without leaving home astevensays digital mediachieves more detailed simulations of reality the quest for thrills mutates into a desire not justo see bigger and better explosions buto cross class and racial boundaries and experience other lifestyles international tourists to new york city in the s led to a successful tourism boom in harlem by philadelphia began offering tours of blighted inner city neighborhoods after hurricane katrina tours were offered in flood ravaged lower ninth ward a notoriously violent and poor section of new orleans ghettor urban tourism oftencompasses travel to destinations made famous by direct or indirect mention by populartists travel to certain parts of detroithat include mile road known for the role the travel route played in the similarly titled mile filmile film starring eminem or to crenshaw boulevard in south los angelesouth centralos angeles a metropolitan area that inspired an entire generation of pioneering musical influence could potentially be included as urban tourism the jane finch area of toronto canada is gaining notoriety as another area in transition charleroin belgium is another example of this phenomenon in a developed country image mont street grafjpg thumb right px signed street graffiti awaits urban tourists in montreal a study by the university of pennsylvania showed thatourists in mumbai s dharavi slum were motivated primarily by curiosity as opposed to several competing push factorsuch asocial comparison entertainment education or self actualization in addition the study found that most slum residents were ambivalent abouthe tours while the majority of tourists reported positive feelings during the tour with interest and intrigue as the most commonly cited feelings many tourists often come to the slums to putheir life in perspective artists have been featured in the source magazine the source magazine who travel to different urban settings to adapt and learnew graffiti styleslum tourism has been the subject of much controversy both critiques andefenses of the practice have been made in theditorial pages of prominent newspapersuch as the new york times wall street journalondon the times and others a primary accusation thathe advocates against slum tourismake is that iturns poverty into entertainment something that can be momentarily experienced and then escaped from kennedy odede a kenyan wrote in the new york times op ed section they get photos we lose a piece of our dignity slumdog tourism kennedy odede new york times august accessed similar critics call the tours voyeuristic and exploitativeeric weiner slum visits tourism or voyeurism new york times march accessed slum tourism critics have also cited the facthat christmas and valentine s day as common times for slum tourism further supporting the belief that westerners often visit slums justo feel better abouthemselves during those holidays when most people are with families and significant others the tours providemployment and income for tour guides from the slums an opportunity for craft workers to sell souvenirs and may invest back in the community with profithat is earned similarly the argument has been raised that well off tourists may be more motivated to help as a result doeslum tourismake us better people sciencedaily in controversy arose when a company called real bronx tours was discovered offering tours of the bronx advertized as a ride through a real new york city ghetto the borough was notorious for drugs gangs crime and murders borough president bronx borough presidents borough president ruben diaz jr and new york city councilwoman melissa mark viverito condemned the tourstating using the bronx to sell a so called ghetto experience tourists is completely unacceptable and the highest insulto the communities we representhe tours were soon discontinued ghettours of bronx ended after outrage see also disaster tourism ruins photography externalinkslumtourismnet category adventure travel category slums tourism category types of 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township slum_tourism ghettourism type tourism involves visiting impoverished areas originally focused slums london manhattan th_century slum_tourism becoming_increasingly prominent many places including south_africa india brazil kenya indonesia detroit others oxford_english_dictionary dates first use word london people visited slum shoreditch order tobserve life wealthier people inew_york_city began visithe five points manhattan five points area lower east side neighborhoods poor immigrants see half lives south_africa black residents organized township tours educate whites local_governments black population lived tours attracted international_tourists wanted learn l construction public history tourism_destinations cape_town study heritage cape_town university western cape mid international tours began organized destinations areas developing nations often known grown popularity often run advertised professional companies cape_town south_africa example upwards tourists visithe city year view poverty tourism theoretical reflections empirical findings regarding extraordinary form tourism springer science business media september prior release slumdog millionaire mumbai slum tourist_destination concept slum_tourism recently started gain attention december first_international conference slum_tourism held bristol social network people_working slum_tourism set people_working slum_tourism slum_tourism mainly performed urban_areas developing_countries type areas visited township tourism post apartheid south_africand namibia south_african settlements still divided wealthy historically white suburbs poor historically black theffects apartheid racial segregation tourism brazil india various places including mumbai depicted movie slumdog millionaire jakarta hidden tours jakarta capital_city indonesia social divisions new_york city belfast northern_ireland ghettourism focuses slums known ghetto especially developed_countries ghettourism michael stephens stephens cultural criticism journal ghettourism includes forms entertainment video_games movies tv forms allow consumers traffic inner city without leaving home digital detailed reality quest thrills desire justo see bigger better explosions buto cross class racial boundaries experience lifestyles international_tourists new_york city led successful tourism boom harlem philadelphia began offering tours inner city neighborhoods hurricane katrina tours offered flood lower ninth ward notoriously violent poor section new_orleans urban tourism_travel_destinations made famous direct indirect mention travel certain parts include mile road known role travel route played similarly titled mile film starring boulevard south los_angeles metropolitan area inspired entire generation pioneering musical influence could potentially included urban tourism jane area toronto canada gaining notoriety another area transition belgium another example phenomenon developed country image mont street thumb right px signed street graffiti urban tourists montreal study university pennsylvania showed thatourists mumbai slum motivated primarily curiosity opposed several competing push factorsuch comparison entertainment education self addition study found slum residents abouthe tours majority tourists reported positive feelings tour interest commonly cited feelings many tourists often come slums putheir life perspective artists featured source magazine source magazine travel different urban settings graffiti tourism subject much controversy critiques practice made theditorial pages prominent new_york times wall_street times others primary thathe advocates slum poverty entertainment something experienced escaped kennedy kenyan wrote new_york times ed section get photos lose piece slumdog tourism kennedy new_york times august accessed similar critics call tours slum visits tourism_new_york times_march accessed slum_tourism critics also cited facthat christmas valentine day common times slum_tourism supporting belief westerners often visit slums justo feel better holidays people families significant others tours income tour_guides slums opportunity craft workers sell souvenirs may invest back community earned similarly argument raised well tourists_may motivated help result us better people controversy arose company_called real bronx tours discovered offering tours bronx ride real new_york city ghetto borough notorious drugs gangs crime borough president bronx borough presidents borough president diaz new_york city melissa mark condemned using bronx sell called ghetto experience tourists completely unacceptable highest communities representhe tours soon discontinued bronx ended see_also disaster_tourism ruins photography category_adventure_travel_category slums tourism_category_types tourism"},{"title":"Snack bar","description":"file snackbar kwalitaria leidsenhagejpg thumb the interior of a snack bar in the netherlands a snack bar usually refers to an inexpensive food counter that is part of a permanent structure where snack food s and light meals are sold a beach snack bar is often a small building situated high on the sand besidesoft drink s candy candies and chewingum some snack barsell hot dog s hamburger s french fries potato chip s corn chip s and other foods while this usually the case sometimesnack barefers to a small caf or cafeteria variousmall casual dining establishments might be referred to as a snack bar including a beverage and snack counter at a movie theater and or a small delicatessen deli many places that have snack bars have a noutside food or drink policy to encourage sales the first known use of the word snack bar was in similar entitiesnack bar may also refer to a japanese host and hostess clubsnack bars hostess bar a small caf or greasy spoon style restaurant a candy bar or muesli bar edible bar shaped snacks a concession stand which can be found in a variety of locationsuch as beach cinemand other entertainment venues a food cart mobile kitchen or food truck an ice cream van a tapas bar a lunch counter sanchez yoani october cuban state penalizes private businesses for what it does itself with impunity the huffington post accessed october kokenes chris may snack bar to replace tavern on the green cnn travel accessed october nice dianne october cora founder success based on discipline not dreaming the globe and mail accessed october category snack foods category types of restaurants category types of drinking establishment de imbiss 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tuscarora on winter streethe character of pop tate was inspired by the greek immigrant owners of these haverhill soda shops in the years to when montana wento high school in haverhill he would join his friends athe chocolate shop counter and make sketches onapkins a decade prior to archie the sugar shop was a hangout for the teenagers in carl ed s comic strip harold teen soda shops are often used asettings in films and tv shows in the twilight zone tv series the twilight zone s walking distancepisode a soda shop serves as a framing device and is a link to the past for martin sloan gig young soda shops figure prominently in many movies including harold teen orson welles the stranger film the stranger has anybody seen my gal and pleasantville film pleasantville the gang from scooby doo are often seen frequenting a malt shop a malt shop also plays a key point in blast from the past film blast from the past reflecting changes in the surface world while the main characters are underground 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jpg thumb drugstore fountain counter service soda_fountain introduced around time began attract customers adding sandwiches light lunches beverage menu soda shop usually included ice_cream soda chocolate milk fountain cola issue soda_fountain magazine stated soda_fountain today temperance ice_cream soda greater medium cause temperance ever subject popular_culture many variations nashville place soda shop began drugstore soda_fountain became plate_lunch restaurant bought lynn chandler establishments made popular gathering spots teenagers noted song jukebox saturday paul lyrics soda pop tour hearts delight dancing jukebox saturday night pop tate archie comics pop tate fictional soda shop created bob setting characters archie comics archie comic books comic tate soda_fountain based realife locations frequented teenagers massachusetts crown confectionery chocolate shop street winter streethe character pop tate inspired greek immigrant owners soda shops years montana wento high_school would 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district of downtown tulsa the venue is known for its intimate space live music and sponsorship of cycling and other sporting events it is located two doors down from the world famous cain s ballroom blocks from the brady theater and mi from the bok center arena owned by mike wozniak and josh gifford the bar was one of the first businesses along with caz s and mcnellie s to initiate the revitalization of tulsa s downtownightlife in the mid s it waselected best venue foriginalive music from urban tulsa s best of tulsa in urban tulsa weekly july mentions winning for three yearstraight and urban tulsa weekly july and the club has been featured in issues of southern living spin magazine spin magazine april reuters events blog and the china shop blogchina shop blog a good story abouthe bar with great pics features located at n main st in tulsa the soundpony is open as its door says at ish until close around am it sports a shot gun style layout of sq feet not including a back outdoor patio with a view of the tulsa skyline featuring a full bar the bar also carries marshall tulsa coop okc and boulevard kc beers on tap a large bottled beer selection darts retro video games and a turntable and mic behind the bar which is used for tuesday s trivia night sometimes the bar facilitates consignment bike salesinterviewithe owners may history mike wozniak and josh gifford met inorman where they worked at chili s circafter both moving to tulsa they bartendered together at empire bar and the brook where they aspired to have their own establishment so thathey could have a venue for their own creativendeavors in music and video eventually they started a company called creative juices that made wedding videos and arto finance the bar they took out personalines of credithat were secured by josh s life insurance policy and mike s house doug dijarne at bank of oklahoma handled the financing contractor mickey payne found the space near cain s noting it would be a good spot because the ticket line from cain s often stretches pasthe space that was to become the bar once money and name were in place mike and josh enlisted thelp of duvall architects the firm that also designed vintage and the dust bowl in tulsand contractor mickey payne of happy hammer along with roger condray welder who did much of the bar s fixtures and signs artist anne marie foy did the iconic soundpony mossign inside the bar in addition to the short lived band the soundpony race team existed before the bar though they were incorporated in july the bar opened may and tends to attract a diverse and varied crowd as mike states the bar has changed and evolved over time in a very organic way just like wenvisioned the name people often wonder how the bar got its name one year when mike was in vail he called josh who was athe moment playing music with a band back in tulsa someone yelled out we are the fabulousoundpony eventually drawing on the mythe word gotied to the idea of a good horse riding racing and then bikes any form of alternate transportation as josh put it legend has ithat johnny rotten miles davis charlie parker james earl jones conan bob newhart and a horse had an orgy and out blasted the soundpony sponsorships and enthusiasts the soundpony is known for sponsoring cycling art music bands that have performed athe pony include marbin pontiaklondike sweet baby jaysus theastern seand oilhouse the bar s musiconsists of everything from soul and punk to djs jazz and hip hop but it is best known for its indie music scene the bar is also a place to see and be seen athletes like floyd landis brad huff and ivan stevic along with musicians like dan auerbach and patrick carney of the blackeys and georgia hubley ira kaplan james mcnew of yo la tengo can regularly be seen athe pony after events and shows references externalinks official soundpony site soundpony facebook page soundpony myspace page category 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sponsorship cycling sporting_events located two doors world famous ballroom blocks brady theater center arena owned mike josh bar_one first businesses along initiate revitalization tulsa mid waselected best venue music urban tulsa best tulsa urban tulsa weekly july mentions winning three urban tulsa weekly july club featured issues southern living spin magazine spin magazine april reuters events blog china shop shop blog good story abouthe bar great features located n main st tulsa soundpony open door says close around sports shot gun style layout feet including back outdoor patio view tulsa skyline featuring full bar bar_also carries marshall tulsa coop boulevard beers tap large beer selection retro video_games behind bar used tuesday night sometimes bar facilitates bike owners may history mike josh met worked chili moving tulsa together empire bar brook establishment thathey could venue music video eventually started company_called creative made wedding videos finance bar took secured josh life insurance policy mike house bank oklahoma handled financing contractor mickey payne found space near noting would good spot ticket line often stretches pasthe space become bar money name place mike josh architects firm also designed vintage dust bowl contractor mickey payne happy hammer along roger much bar signs artist anne marie iconic soundpony inside bar addition short_lived band soundpony race team existed bar though incorporated july bar opened may tends attract diverse varied crowd mike states bar changed evolved time organic way like name people often wonder bar got name one_year mike called josh athe_moment playing music band back tulsa someone eventually drawing word idea good horse riding racing bikes form alternate transportation josh put legend johnny miles davis charlie parker james earl jones conan bob horse soundpony enthusiasts soundpony known sponsoring cycling art music bands performed athe pony include sweet baby theastern seand bar everything soul punk djs jazz hip_hop best_known indie music scene bar_also place see seen like brad ivan along musicians like dan patrick georgia james la regularly seen athe pony events shows references_externalinks_official soundpony site soundpony facebook page soundpony page_category_nightclubs"},{"title":"Soup kitchen","description":"file montrealsoupkitchen jpg thumb a soup kitchen in montreal canada in a soup kitchen meal center or food kitchen is a place where food is offered to the hungry for gratis free or at a below market price frequently located in lower income neighborhoods they are often staffed by volunteer organizationsuch as church body church or community groupsoup kitchensometimes obtain food from a food bank for free or at a low price because they are considered a charitable organization charity which makes it easier for them to feed the many people who require their services many historical and some modern soup kitchenserve only soup whence its name with perhapsome bread but several establishments which title themselves as a soup kitchen also serve other types ofood social scientistsometimes discuss them together with similar hungerelief agencies that provide more varied hot meals like food kitchens and meal centers while societies have been using various methods to share food withe hungry for millennia the first soup kitchens in the modern sense may havemerged in the late th century by the late th century they were to be found in several americand european cities in the united states and elsewhere they became more prominent in the th century during the great depression withe improved economiconditions that followed world war ii soup kitchens became less widely used at least in the advanced economies in the united states there was a resurgence in the use of soup kitchens following the cutbacks in welfare that were implemented in thearly s in the st century the use of soup kitchens expanded in bothe united states and europe following world food price crisis lastinglobal increases in the price ofood which began in late demand for their services grew as the great recession began to worsen economiconditions for those on low income in much of europe demand further increased after the introduction of austerity based economic policies from thearliest occurrences of soup kitchens are difficulto identify throughout history societies have invariably recognized a moral obligation to feed the hungry the philosopher simone weil wrote that feeding the hungry when one has resources to do so is the most obvious obligation of all she also said that as far back as ancient egypt it was believed that people needed to show they had helped the hungry in order to justify themselves in the afterlife soup has long been one of the most economical and simple ways to supply nutritious food to large numbers of people social historian karl polanyi wrote that before markets became the world s dominant form of economic organisation in the th century most human societies would generally either starve all together or not at all because communities would naturally share their food as markets began to replace the older forms of resource allocation such as redistribution cultural anthropology redistribution reciprocity cultural anthropology reciprocity and autarky society s overallevel ofood security would typically rise but food insecurity could become worse for the poorest section of society and the need arose for more formal methods for providing them with food christian churches traditionally provided food for the hungry since late antiquity withe nourishment mainly provided in the form of soup emergence of the modern soup kitchen image count rumfordjpg righthumb px sir benjamin thompson painted by thomas gainsborough thearliest modern soup kitchens werestablished by the inventor benjamin thompson sir benjamin thompson who was employed as an aide camp to the charles theodorelector of bavaria elector of bavaria in the s thompson was an american loyalist refugee from new england an inventor who was ennobled by bavarias count rumford the count was a prominent advocate of hungerelief writing pamphlets that were widely read across europe his message was especially well received in kingdom of great britain great britain where he had previously held a senior government position for several years and was known as the colonel an urgent need had recently arisen in britain for food relief due to its leading role in driving the industrial revolution while technological development and economic reforms were rapidly increasingly overall prosperity conditions for the poorest were often made worse as traditional ways of life were disrupted in the closing years of the th century soup kitchens run on the principles pioneered by rumford were to be found throughout england wales and scotland with about people being fed by them daily in london alone the shadow behind our founding fathers a traitor a scientist a womanizer and an enigma review of nicholas delbanco s the count of concord book world p june the washington post while soup kitchens were generally well regarded they did attract criticism from some for encouraging dependency and sometimes on a localevel for attracting vagrants to an area in united kingdom of great britain and ireland britain they were made illegalong with other forms of aid apart from workhouses by the poor law amendment act poor law amendment act of during the great famine ireland irish famine of the th century in which as many as one million people may have died the british government passed the temporary relief act also known as the soup kitchen act in february the act amended the restrictions on the provision of aid outside the workhouses for the duration of the famine and expressly allowed thestablishment of soup kitchens in ireland to relieve pressure from the overstretched irish poor laws poor law system which was proving to be totally inadequate in coping withe disaster prohibition against soup kitchens wasoon relaxed on mainland britain too though they never again became as prevalent as they had been in thearly th century partly as from the s onwards economiconditions generally began to improveven for the poorest for the first few decades after the return of soup kitchens to mainland great britain they were at first heavily regulated run by groups like the charity organization society even in thearly th century campaigning journalists like bart kennedy would criticize them for their long queues and for the degrading questionstaff would ask the hungry before giving out any soup spread to the united states file unemployed men queued outside a depression soup kitchen opened in chicago by al capone nara jpg thumb unemployed men outside a soup kitchen opened by al capone in depression era chicago illinois the united states us uprighthe concept of soup kitchenspread to the united states from ireland after the great famine ireland great famine and the concomitant wave of irish emigration to the neworld thearliest ones werestablished in the s a sharp rise in the number of hungry people resulting from an industrial recession coincided withe success of the association for improving the condition of the poor aicp and the american branch of the charity organization society in getting various forms of outdoorelief banned this resulted in civil society establishing soup kitchens to help feed those of the poor who did not wish to subjecthemselves to the regimented organisation of the almshouses favored by the charitable societies file ollas comunes en jpg thumb px right chilean people chilean women preparing soup kitchen meals in it is believed the term breadlinentered the popular lexicon in the s it was during those years that a noteworthy bakery inew york city s greenwich village fleischmann model viennese bakery instituted a policy of distributing unsold baked goods to the poor athend of their business daywetsteon ross republic of dreams greenwich village the american bohemia simon schuster preface by the late th century soup kitchens were to be found in several us cities the concept of soup kitchens hithe mainstream of united states consciousness during the great depressione soup kitchen in chicago was even sponsored by united states american mobster al capone in an efforto clean up his image soup kitchensocial security online history page withe improved economiconditions that followed the second world war there was less need for soup kitchens in advanced economies however withe scaling back of welfare provision in the s underonald reagan president reagan s administration there was a rapid rise in activity from grass roots hungerelief agenciesuch asoup kitchens according to a comprehensive government survey completed in over ofood banks about of emergency kitchens and all known food rescue organisations werestablished in the us after presently catholicharities usa of colorado springs colorado founded by sisters of loretto the sisters of loretto provides food to upwards of persons or more per day and has been doing so since in the st century use of soup kitchens has grown rapidly across the world following the lastinglobal inflation in the cost ofood that began in late the global financial crisis further increased the demand for soup kitchens as did the introduction of austerity policies that have become common in europe since modern soup kitchens are generally well regarded though like their historical counterparts they are sometimes disliked by local residents for lowering the tone of a neighborhood world s largest soup kitchen file amritsar golden temple jpg thumb the harmandir sahib at nighthe world s largest soup kitchen run athe sikhism sikhs holiest shrine harmandir sahib golden temple in punjab india punjab india which according to croatian times can serve free food for up to peoplevery day athe langar sikhism langar kitchen food iserved to all visitors regardless ofaith religion or background vegetarian food is often served to ensure that all peopleven those with dietary restrictions can eatogether as equals the institution of the sikh langar or free kitchen wastarted by the first sikh guru prophet guru nanak it was designed to uphold the principle of equality between all people regardless of religion caste colour creed agender or social status a revolutionary concept in the caste ordered society of th century india where sikhism began in addition to the ideals of equality the tradition of langar expresses thethics of sharing community inclusiveness and oneness of all humankind every sikh gurdwara shrine serve langar for everyone comparison with front line food banks and pantries file us navy n j sailors and navy delayed entry programemberserve breakfasto homeless men and women at dorothy soup kitchen in salinas calif during salinas navy week community serviceventjpg thumb members of the united states navy serve the homeless at dorothy soup kitchen salinas california in some countriesuch as uk great britaincreasedemand from hungry people has largely been met by food bank s operating on the front line model where they give food out directly to the hungry in the usa such establishments are called food pantries americans generally reserve the term food bank for entities which perform a warehouse like function distributing food to front line agencies but not directly to the hungry themselves instead of providing hot meals front line food banks and pantries hand out packages of grocerieso that recipients can cook themselveseveral meals at home this often more convenient for thend user they can receive food for up to a dozen or so meals at once whereas with a soup kitchen they typically only receive a single meal with each visit food banks typically have procedures needed to prevent unscrupulous people taking advantage of them unlike soup kitchens which will usually give a meal to whomever turns up with no questions asked the soup kitchen s greater accessibility can make it more suitable for assisting people with long term dependence on food aid soup kitchens can also provide warmth companionship and the shared communal experience of dining with others which can bespecially valued by people such as widowers or the homeless in some countriesuch as greece soup kitchens have become the most widely used form ofood aid withe guardian reporting in that an estimated greeks visit a soup kitchen each day see also hunger homelessness income inequality basic income social programs human rights mole people tent city national welfare rights organization gini coefficient curry without worry thrift store homeless ministry freeganism food not bombs rumford soup langar sikhism langar a centuries old tradition where vegetarian meals are supplied free of charge to the hungry at sikh temples worldwide langar sufism an islamic tradition where free food is provided masbia humanitarian organization in brooklyn pathways out of poverty pop the susso welfare in australia originating in the great depression volxkuche a type ofood kitchen with a secular alternative culture character furthereading externalinks category giving category welfare category types of restaurants category soups category free meals category hungerelief organizations category soup 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considered charitable organization charity makes easier feed many_people require services many historical modern soup soup name bread several establishments title soup_kitchen also_serve types_ofood social discuss together similar hungerelief agencies provide varied hot meals like food kitchens meal centers societies using various methods share food withe hungry first soup_kitchens modern sense may late_th century late_th century found several americand european cities united_states elsewhere became prominent th_century great_depression withe improved economiconditions followed world_war ii soup_kitchens became less widely_used least advanced economies united_states resurgence use soup_kitchens following welfare implemented thearly st_century use soup_kitchens expanded bothe united_states europe following world food price crisis increases price ofood began late demand services grew great recession began economiconditions low_income much europe demand increased introduction based economic policies thearliest soup_kitchens difficulto identify throughout history societies invariably recognized moral obligation feed hungry philosopher wrote feeding hungry one resources obvious obligation also said far back ancient egypt believed people needed show helped hungry order soup long one simple ways supply food large_numbers people social historian karl wrote markets became world dominant form economic organisation th_century human societies would generally either together communities would naturally share food_markets began replace older forms resource allocation cultural anthropology reciprocity cultural anthropology reciprocity society ofood security would typically rise food could become worse poorest section society need arose formal methods providing food christian churches traditionally provided food hungry since late antiquity withe nourishment mainly provided form soup modern soup_kitchen image count righthumb_px sir benjamin thompson painted thomas thearliest modern soup_kitchens werestablished inventor benjamin thompson sir benjamin thompson employed camp charles bavaria bavaria thompson american new_england inventor count rumford count prominent advocate hungerelief writing pamphlets widely read across_europe message especially well received kingdom great_britain great_britain previously held senior government position several_years known colonel urgent need recently arisen britain food relief due leading role driving industrial_revolution technological development economic reforms rapidly increasingly overall prosperity conditions poorest often made worse traditional ways life closing years th_century soup_kitchens run principles pioneered rumford found throughout england_wales scotland people fed daily london alone shadow behind founding scientist review nicholas count book world p june washington_post soup_kitchens generally well regarded attract criticism encouraging dependency sometimes attracting area united_kingdom great_britain ireland britain made forms aid apart poor law amendment act poor law amendment act great famine ireland irish famine th_century many one_million_people may died british government passed temporary relief act also_known soup_kitchen act february act amended restrictions provision aid outside duration famine expressly allowed thestablishment soup_kitchens ireland pressure irish poor laws poor law system proving totally inadequate withe disaster prohibition soup_kitchens wasoon relaxed mainland britain though never became prevalent thearly_th century partly onwards economiconditions generally began poorest first_decades return soup_kitchens mainland great_britain first heavily regulated run groups like charity organization society even thearly_th century campaigning journalists like bart kennedy would long queues would ask hungry giving soup spread united_states file unemployed men outside depression soup_kitchen opened chicago capone nara jpg thumb unemployed men outside soup_kitchen opened capone depression era chicago_illinois united_states us uprighthe concept soup united_states ireland great famine ireland great famine wave irish emigration thearliest ones werestablished sharp rise number hungry people resulting industrial recession coincided withe success association improving condition poor american branch charity organization society getting various forms banned resulted civil society establishing soup_kitchens help feed poor wish organisation favored charitable societies file_jpg thumb px right chilean people chilean women preparing soup_kitchen meals believed term popular years noteworthy bakery inew_york_city greenwich village model bakery policy unsold baked_goods poor athend business ross republic dreams greenwich village american bohemia simon schuster preface late_th century soup_kitchens found several us cities concept soup_kitchens hithe mainstream united_states consciousness great soup_kitchen chicago even sponsored united_states american capone efforto clean image soup security online history page withe improved economiconditions followed second_world_war less need soup_kitchens advanced economies however withe back welfare provision reagan president reagan administration rapid rise activity grass roots hungerelief kitchens according comprehensive government survey completed ofood banks emergency kitchens known food rescue organisations werestablished us presently usa colorado springs colorado founded sisters sisters provides food upwards persons per_day since st_century use soup_kitchens grown rapidly across world following inflation cost ofood began late global financial crisis increased demand soup_kitchens introduction policies become common europe since modern soup_kitchens generally well regarded though like historical counterparts sometimes local_residents lowering tone neighborhood world largest soup_kitchen file amritsar golden temple jpg thumb nighthe world largest soup_kitchen run athe sikhism shrine golden temple punjab india punjab india according croatian times serve free food day athe langar sikhism langar kitchen food iserved visitors regardless religion background vegetarian food often_served ensure dietary restrictions equals institution sikh langar free kitchen wastarted first sikh guru guru designed principle equality people regardless religion caste colour social status concept caste ordered society th_century india sikhism began addition ideals equality tradition langar thethics sharing community every sikh shrine serve langar everyone comparison front line food banks file us_navy n j sailors navy delayed entry homeless men women dorothy soup_kitchen salinas calif salinas navy week community thumb members united_states navy serve homeless dorothy soup_kitchen salinas california countriesuch uk great hungry people largely met food bank operating front line model give food directly hungry usa establishments called food americans generally reserve term food bank entities perform warehouse like function food front line agencies directly hungry instead providing hot meals front line food banks hand packages recipients cook meals home often convenient thend user receive food dozen meals whereas soup_kitchen typically receive single meal visit food banks typically procedures needed prevent people taking advantage unlike soup_kitchens usually give meal turns questions asked soup_kitchen greater accessibility make suitable assisting people long_term dependence food aid soup_kitchens also_provide warmth shared communal experience dining others valued people homeless countriesuch greece soup_kitchens become widely_used form ofood aid withe guardian reporting estimated greeks visit soup_kitchen day see_also hunger homelessness income inequality basic income social programs human_rights mole people tent city national welfare rights organization curry without worry store homeless ministry food bombs rumford soup langar sikhism langar centuries old tradition vegetarian 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french polynesia kiribati new caledonia niue papua new guinea samoa solomon islands tonga tuvalu and vanuatu all of the signatory governments have ratified the constitution except american samoa the marshall islands and china have also ratified the treaty and have thereby becomembers of spto supreme governing body is the council of tourisministers that meets annually the council s primary functions include monitoring and reviewing spto s policiestrategies work programmes and budgets it is also responsible for securing funding for spto s activities a board of directors that meets abouthree times annually is responsible for the general administration of spto s operational and financial policies the board has one representative from each of the member countries and six from the tourism industry members tims the board implements the policies approved by the council of ministers a chief executive appointed by the board carries outhe day to day administrative functions of spto he isupported 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presented the souvenir the object itself may have intrinsic value or be a symbol of experience withouthe owner s inputhe symbolic meaning is invisible and cannot be articulated as objects the tourism industry designates tourism souvenirs as commemorative merchandise associated with a location often includingeographic information and usually produced in a manner that promotesouvenir collecting file souvenirschichenitza jpg thumbnaileft hand carved wood souvenirs for sale in chich n itz yucat n mexico throughouthe world the souvenir trade is an important part of the tourism industry serving a dual role firsto help improve the local economy and second to allow visitors to take withem a mementof their visit ultimately to encourage an opportunity for a return visit or to promote the locale tother tourists as a form of word of mouth marketing perhaps the most collected souvenirs by tourists are photographs as a medium to document specific events and places for futureference souvenirs as objects include mass produced merchandise such as clothing t shirt s and hat s collectable s postcard s refrigerator magnet s miniature figures household items mug s bowl vessel bowls plate dishware plate s ashtray s egg timer spoon s fudge notebook notepads plus many othersouvenirs also include non mass produced items like folk art local artisan handicrafts objects that representhe traditions and culture of the area non commercial natural objects like sand from a beach and anything else that a person attaches nostalgia nostalgic value to and collects among his personal belongings a more grisly form of souvenir in the first world war was displayed by a pathan soldier to an england english army reserve united kingdom territorial after carefully studying the tommy atkins tommy s acquisitions a fragment of shell projectile shell a spike and badge from a germany german helmet he produced a cord withears of enemy soldiers he claimed to have killed he was keeping them to take back to india for his wifereagan geoffrey military anecdotes guinness publishing p isbn as memorabilia file souvenir album of houstonjpg thumb souvenir album of houston similar to souvenirs memorabilia latin for memorable things plural of memor bile are objects treasured for their memories or historical interest however unlike souvenirs memorabilia can be valued for a connection to an event or a particular professional field company or brand examples include sporting events historical events culture and entertainment such items include apparel clothingamequipment publicity photographs and poster s magic illusion magic memorabilia other entertainment related merchandising merchandise memorabilia filmemorabilia movie memorabiliairline and other transportation related memorabiliand pin s among others often memorabilia items are kept in protective covers or display cases to safeguard and preserve their condition the largest collection of superman memorabilia belongs to herbert chavez philippines as 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meaning invisible cannot articulated objects tourism_industry tourism souvenirs merchandise associated location often information usually produced manner collecting file_jpg hand carved wood souvenirs sale n yucat n mexico throughouthe_world souvenir trade important_part tourism_industry serving dual role firsto help improve local_economy second allow visitors take withem visit ultimately encourage opportunity return visit promote locale tother tourists form word mouth marketing perhaps collected souvenirs tourists photographs medium document specific events places souvenirs objects include mass produced merchandise clothing shirt hat collectable postcard refrigerator magnet miniature figures household items mug bowl vessel bowls plate plate egg spoon plus many also_include non mass produced items like folk art local artisan handicrafts objects representhe traditions culture area non commercial natural objects like sand beach anything else person nostalgia nostalgic value among personal form souvenir first_world_war displayed soldier england english army reserve united_kingdom territorial carefully studying acquisitions shell shell spike badge germany_german helmet produced soldiers claimed killed keeping take back india geoffrey military anecdotes guinness publishing p isbn memorabilia file souvenir album thumb souvenir album houston similar souvenirs memorabilia latin memorable things plural objects memories historical interest however unlike souvenirs memorabilia valued connection event particular professional field company brand examples_include sporting_events historical events culture entertainment items include publicity photographs poster magic illusion magic memorabilia entertainment related merchandising merchandise memorabilia movie transportation related pin among_others often memorabilia items kept protective covers display cases preserve condition largest collection superman memorabilia herbert chavez philippines gifts japan souvenirs known frequently selected products associated particularegion bringing back omiyage trips workers families social obligation considered form traveller absence omiyage sales big business japanese tourism tourist_sites unlike souvenirs however omiyage frequently special food products packaged several small portions beasily distributed members family workplace travelers may buy souvenirs gift make trip philippines similar tradition bringing souvenirs family members friends called see_also articles gift shop china mug japanese philippines references_externalinks category retailing category sales category_tourism category memorabilia"},{"title":"Souvenir spoon","description":"image souvenir spoon from fords theatre washington dcjpg thumb right souvenir spoon from ford s theatre a souvenir spoon is a decorative spoon used to signify or hold a memory of a place or event or to display as a trophy of having been there the spoons may be made from a number of different materialsuch asterling silver nickel steel and in some cases wood they are often hung on a spoon rack and are typically ornamental depicting sights coat of arms associated characters etc the year the spoon was made may be inscribed in the bowl or on the back thentire spoon including the bowl handle and finial may be used to convey theme the first souvenir spoons in the united states were made in by galt bros inc of washington dc featuring the profile of george washingtone year later a souvenir salem witch trialsalem witch spoon was made and sold seven thousand copies it was created by danielow a jeweler in salemassachusetts after he saw souvenir spoons on vacation in germany the witch spoon is given credit for starting the souvenir spoon hobby in the us the beginning of souvenir spoons accessed may externalinks category spoons category tourism category memorabilia category 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spoon used hold memory place event display trophy spoons may made number different materialsuch silver steel cases wood often hung spoon typically depicting sights coat arms associated characters etc year spoon made may bowl back thentire spoon including bowl handle may used convey theme first souvenir spoons united_states made bros inc washington featuring profile george year_later souvenir salem witch witch spoon made sold seven thousand copies created saw souvenir spoons vacation germany witch spoon given credit starting souvenir spoon hobby us beginning souvenir spoons accessed_may externalinks_category spoons category_tourism category memorabilia category collecting"},{"title":"Space Angels Network Inc","description":"caption foundation location city new york city new york location country united states locationspace angels formerly known aspace angels network inc is a privately held financial services company with a group of angel investor s who are focused exclusively on the aerospace industry the tauri group start up space rising investment in commercial space ventures alexandria va sn it is based inew york with virtual offices in london los angeles hong kong seattle san francisco stockholm and zurich the typical investment is between to usd of equity space angels operates as a financial services company in that it offers deal discovery manages the deal flow pipeline conducts due diligence facilitates equity investment and manages portfolio investments morecently it has developed an online platform with virtual deal rooms where investors can see deal information and execute on investments the company was founded in crunchbase website wwwcrunchbasecom access date with four founding members and it hasince added seven founding partners as of july the group comprised accredited investors across countries it has invested in companies including four in h mostly in seed and series a rounds history space angels was founded in withe goal to manage and coordinate a group of angel investor s that are specifically focused on the aerospace industry the group began with four founding members esther dyson edventure holdingstephen fleming atlanta technology angels david s rose new york angels and ed tuck falcon fund since withe addition of chad anderson as ceo this mandate has expanded and involves deal discovery managing the deal flow pipeline conducting due diligence facilitating equity investment and managing portfolio investments in space angels added seven founding partners eric anderson eric anderson esther dyson yoel gat steven jorgensonathan kaiser joshua schrager andylan taylor executive dylan taylor in the company rebranded aspace angels dropping network from the name unveiled a new logo and launched a newebsite as part of this rebranding a new company tagline was also announced explore invest ascend which wasaid to reflecthe company s new brand platform and belief that space investing offers access to both adventure and meaning business model accredited investors membership in space angels limited to investors who qualify as accredited investor s underegulation d sec regulation d of the securities and exchange commission currently the investors have been actively sourced across multiple countries including australia china united states of america united kingdom sweden united arab emirates india south korea deals the number of deals executed through space angels as of h stands at of the deals reviewed by space angels only are deemed investment grade and curated for presentation to membersome of the more prominent deals by the group include planetary resources astrobotic technology astrobotic world view enterprises planet labs planet formerly planet labs and space adventures notable co investors include larry pageric anderson eric anderson and peter diamandis investment platform space angels has developed a proprietary investment platform that provides investors with access to a virtual data room deal room where they can browse and evaluate fund investment opportunities view investment profiles and sign investment documents virtual data room deal rooms typically contain due diligence reports pitch books and an open dialogue withe start up teams withouthis investment platform there would be a lack of advancements in the aerospace industry private space investing has been growing very fast for the past years in there had been venture capital investments in the private space industry than in the years prior and space angels plays a large role in this growing industry expeditions are open to members of the space angels and typically involve multi day trip to a city with established and emerging aerospace companies members tour the facilities of select companies and meethe teamembers in it was in california south california in it was in seattle and in it will be in san francisco thought leadership in analysts at space angels published an article on the market for space suit spacesuits anderson chad under pressure past present and future spacesuit market new york space angels network the report predicts thathere will soon be a spike in spacesuit innovation along with a reduction the time required to bring a new producto market with companies like spacex and virgin galactic entering the space industry the next generation of spacesuits will bendowed with new capabilities customers willikely demand better communication more comfort flexibility and aesthetic appeal prior to this report space angels published a blog outlining a segmentation of the spaceconomy the new framework is based on geographies withree primary geographical regions terrestrial in space and planetary in response to proposed amendments to the fy national defense authorization act ndaa space angels wrote a letter to congress outlining their opposition to allowing excess intercontinental ballistic missile intercontinental ballistic missile icbm assets available for commercial use the primary arguments are thathe amendment would benefit one company andisrupthe hard earned momentum in themerging miniaturized satellite small satellite commercialaunch vehicle launch market earlier in march space angels participated alongside a coalition of space companies to publish a space policy white paper titled ensuring us leadership in space angels network alongside a coalition of space companies ensuring us leadership in space the coalition lays out several policy proposals which if adopted will help sustain us leadership in space among them are committing to predictable budgets funding robust investments promoting innovative partnerships and repealing the budget control act of continuinglobal spacengagementhrough programs like the international space station fully funding the space launch system the orion spacecraft orion multi purpose crew vehicle and the commercial crew development commercial crew programs providing increased resources for national security space and launch programs promoting science technology engineering and mathematics education retaining us educated workers and furthereducing barriers to international trade space law regulation the investors in space angels willikely run into many regulations and laws revolving around the new frontier such laws willikely impact investment but also protect investorspace activities are conducted by governments intergovernmental organizations by hybrids and by private civil entities most investment by civil entities will be conducted in commercial space business the drafters of thexisting space law treaties did not foresee changes in the private ownership of satellites in orbithis can cause problems if a privately owned satellite is transferred to a new owner located in a state different from the launching state in such a case the registration and oversight responsibilities as well as the potentialiability for damage of the originalaunching state or states under the ost or the other space treaties continueven though the 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organisations withe goal of bringing space to the general public its onlinewservice provides visitors withe latest news and updates from both inside and outside the space community introduction to the international space fellowship retrieved on december in thearly days the space fellowship was the official x prize foundation web forum and a separate x prize blog on google s blogspot on july the x prize foundation web forum and the x prize blog spot joined to form the x prize news on october the x prize news was renamed to the international space fellowship aerospace companies teams and prizes having their official forums listed on the space fellowship are armadillo aerospace jp aerospace micro space masten space systems interorbital systems microlaunchers cambridge university spaceflight epsilon vee team prometheus n prizexternalinks category private spaceflight category commercial spaceflight category space access category space colonization category space organizations category space 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organizations_established"},{"title":"Space Island Group","description":"article needs review lack of press releases news and website updates makes company appear dissolved neglectedefunct space island group sig is a commercial organization based in west covina california ca that is dedicated to the development of commerce research manufacturing and tourism in space they plan to accomplish this by designing building and operating commercial space transportation systems andestinations their flagshiproject is the space island project space island projecthis will be a stand alone commercial space infrastructure supporting manned business activities in low earth orbit leo to miles abovearthey plan to accomplish this through the use of technologies vehicles and procedures developed by nasand aerospace companies over the last years one of the unique propositions outlined by the space island group is their funding methodology they argue that previous attempts at commercial space projects have had a dependency on revenue and subsidies from government agencies buthathey have a funding plan that would be viable through capitalizing on commercial marketsuch asolar power satellites externalinks the space island group web site the space island group solar power satellite initiative category space 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commercial marketsuch power satellites externalinks space_island group web_site space_island group solar power satellite initiative category_space_tourism"},{"title":"Space Island Project","description":"the space island project is a project whose goal is to create a stand alone commercial space infrastructure supporting manned business activities in low earth orbit leo to miles abovearthe centerpiece of this project is the space solar energy initiative which will collect energy with solar panel satellites and then beam this energy to receiving towers on earth using very weak microwave beams the space island group is the organization behind this project and plans to accomplish this through the use of technologies vehicles and procedures developed by nasand aerospace companies over the last yearsee also space tourism proposed orbital ventures commercial space hotels externalinks the space island group web site the space island project overview category proposed space stations category 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create stand alone commercial_space infrastructure supporting manned business activities low_earth_orbit leo miles centerpiece project space solar energy initiative collect energy solar panel satellites beam energy receiving towers earth using weak microwave space_island group organization behind project plans accomplish use technologies vehicles procedures developed nasand aerospace_companies last also space_tourism proposed orbital ventures commercial_space hotels externalinks space_island group web_site space_island project overview category_proposed space_stations category_space_tourism"},{"title":"Space Islands","description":"space islands is a commercial space station project proposed by hilton international in to be constructed from used space shuttle fuel tanks when completed it was to be called the hilton orbital hotel the tanks were to be connected together to form a ring resulting in a space station similar to that pictured in the film a space odyssey film a space odyssey this project should not be confused with a similar project launched by the space island group called the space island project see also space tourism commercial space stations and space hotels commercial space hotels externalinks bbc article on the space islands project category space 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film space odyssey film space odyssey project confused similar project launched space_island group called space_island project see_also space_tourism commercial_space stations space hotels commercial_space hotels externalinks bbc article space_islands project category_space_tourism"},{"title":"Space tourism","description":"file mark shuttleworth nasajpg thumb space tourist mark shuttleworth space tourism is human spaceflight space travel forecreationaleisure or business purposes to date only orbital space tourism has taken place provided by the russian space agency although work continues developing sub orbital space tourism vehicles by blue origin and virgin galactic in addition spacex announced in thathey are spacex lunar tourismission planning on sending two space tourists on a lunar free return trajectory in aboard their dragon v spacecraft launched by the falcon heavy rockethe publicized price for flights brokered by space adventures to the international space station aboard a russian soyuz spacecraft soyuz spacecraft have been us million during the period when space tourists made space flightsome space tourists have signed contracts withird parties to conduct certain research activities while in orbit russia halted orbital space tourism in due to the increase in the international space station crew size using the seats for expedition crews that would have been sold to paying spaceflight participants orbital tourist flights were seto resume in but one planned was postponed indefinitely and none have occurred since as an alternative term tourism some organizationsuch as the commercial spaceflight federation use the term personal spaceflighthe citizens in space project uses the term citizen spacexploration the soviet space program was aggressive in broadening the pool of cosmonauts the soviet interkosmos intercosmos program included cosmonautselected from warsaw pact members from czechoslovakia poland east germany bulgaria hungary romaniand later from allies of the ussr cuba mongolia vietnam and non aligned movement non aligned countries india syriafghanistan most of these cosmonauts received full training for their missions and were treated as equals but especially after the mir program began were generally given shorter flights than soviet cosmonauts theuropean space agency esa took advantage of the program as well the uspace shuttle program included payload specialist payload specialist positions which were usually filled by representatives of companies or institutions managing a specific payload on that mission these payload specialists did not receive the same training as professional nasastronauts and were not employed by nasa in ulf merbold from esand byron k lichtenberg byron lichtenberg fromassachusetts institute of technology mit engineer and united states air force air force fighter pilot were the first payload specialists to fly on the space shuttle on mission sts biographical data byron k lichtenberg sc d nasa retrieved september in charles d walker became the first non government astronauto fly withis employer mcdonnell douglas paying for his flight nasa was also eager to prove its capability to congressional sponsorsenator jake garn was flown on the shuttle in followed by representative bill nelson politician bill nelson in during the shuttle prime contractorockwell international studied a million removable cabin that could fit into the shuttle s cargo bay the cabin could carry up to passengers intorbit for up to three dayspace habitation design associates proposed in a cabin for passengers in the bay passengers were located in six sections each with windows and its own loading ramp and with seats in different configurations for launch and landing another proposal was based on the spacelab habitation modules which provided seats in the payload bay in addition to those in the cockpit area presentation to the national space society stated that although flying tourists in the cabin would costo million per passenger without government subsidy within years people a year would pay each to fly in space onew spacecrafthe presentation also forecast flights to lunar orbit within years and visits to the lunar surface within years as the shuttle program expanded in thearly s nasa began a space flight participant program to allow citizens without scientific or governmental roles to fly christa mcauliffe was chosen as the firsteacher in space in july from applicants applied for the journalist in space program including walter cronkite tom brokaw tom wolfe and sam donaldson an artist in space program was considered and nasa expected that after mcauliffe s flightwo to three civilians a year would fly on the shuttle after mcauliffe was killed in the challenger disaster in january the programs were canceled mcauliffe s backup barbara morgan eventually got hired in as a professional astronaut and flew on sts as a mission specialist a second journalist in space program in which nasa green lighted miles o brien journalist miles o brien to fly on the space shuttle wascheduled to be announced in that program was canceled in the wake of the columbia disaster on sts and subsequent emphasis on finishing the international space station beforetiring the space shuttle withe realities of the post perestroika economy in russia itspace industry was especially starved for cash the tokyo broadcasting system tbs offered to pay for one of its reporters to fly on a mission for million toyohiro akiyama was flown in to mir witheighth crew and returned a week later withe seventh crew akiyama gave a daily tv broadcast from orbit and also performed scientific experiments forussiand japanese companies however since the cost of the flight was paid by his employer akiyama could be considered a business travelerather than a tourist in british chemist helen sharman waselected from a pool of applicants to be the first briton in space the program was known as project juno and was a cooperative arrangement between the soviet union and a group of british companies the project juno consortium failed to raise the funds required and the program was almost cancelled reportedly mikhail gorbachev ordered ito proceed under soviet expense in the interests of international relations but in the absence of western underwriting less expensivexperiments were substituted for those in the original plansharman flew aboard soyuz tm to mir and returned aboard soyuz tm orbital space tourism athend of the s mircorp a private venture that was by then in charge of the space station began seeking potential space tourists to visit mir in order toffset some of its maintenance costs dennis tito an american businessmand former jet propulsion laboratory jpl scientist became their first candidate when the decision to de orbit mir was made tito managed to switchis trip to the international space station iss through a deal between mircorp and us based space adventures ltdespite strong opposition from senior figures at nasa from the beginning of the iss expeditions nasa stated it wasn t interested in space guests nonetheless dennis tito visited the iss on april and stayed for seven days becoming the first fee paying space tourist he was followed in by south african computer millionaire mark shuttleworthe third was gregory olsen in who was trained as a scientist and whose company produced specialist high sensitivity cameras olsen planned to use his time on the iss to conduct a number of experiments in parto test his company s products olsen had planned an earlier flight but had to cancel for health reasons the subcommittee on space and aeronautics committee on science of the house of representatives held on june reveals the shifting attitude of nasa towards paying space tourists wanting to travel to the iss thearing s purpose was to review the issues and opportunities for flying nonprofessional astronauts in space the appropriate government role for supporting the nascent space tourism industry use of the shuttle and space station for tourism safety and training criteria for space tourists and the potential commercial market for space tourism the subcommittee report was interested in evaluating dennis tito s extensive training and his experience in space as a nonprofessional astronaut by space tourism was thoughto be one of thearliest market economy markets that would emergencemerge for commercial spaceflight however this privatexchange market has not emerged to any significant extent space adventures remains the only company to have sent paying passengers to space in conjunction withe federal space agency of the russian federation and sp korolev rocket and space corporation energia rocket and space corporation energia space adventures facilitated the flights for all of the world s first private spacexplorers the firsthree participants paid in excess of million usd each for their day visito the iss after the columbia disaster space tourism on the russian soyuz program was temporarily put on hold because soyuz spacecraft soyuz vehicles became the only available transporto the iss on july space shuttle discovery mission sts marked the shuttle s return to space consequently in space tourism was resumed on september an iranian american businesswomanamed anousheh ansari became the fourth space tourist soyuz tma on april charlesimonyi an american businessman of hungarian descent joined theiranksoyuz tma simonyi became the first repeat space tourist paying again to fly on soyuz tma in march april canadian guy lalibert became the next space tourist in september aboard soyuz tmas reported by reuters on march russiannounced thathe country wouldouble the number of launches of three man soyuz ships to four that year because permanent crews of professional astronauts aboard thexpanded isstation are seto rise to six regarding space tourism thead of the russian cosmonauts training center said for some time there will be a break in these journeys on january space adventures and the russian federal space agency announced that orbital space tourism would resume in withe increase of manned soyuz launches to the iss from four to five per year however this has not materialized and the current preferred option instead of producing an additional soyuz would be to extend the duration of an iss expedition tone year paving the way for the flight of new spaceflight participants the british singer sarah brightman initiated plans costing a reported million and participated in preliminary training in early expecting to then fly and to perform while in orbit in september but in may she postponed the plans indefinitely list oflown space tourists class wikitable space tourist photo nationalityear duration oflight flight amount paid usd source of wealth dennis tito file dennis titojpg px days apr may launch soyuz tm return soyuz tmillion estimated investment management wilshire associates mark shuttleworth file mark shuttleworth jpg px days april may launch soyuz tm return soyuz tmillion estimated internet public key certificate security certificates thawte gregory olsen file gregory olsenjpg px days october launch soyuz tma return soyuz tma million estimated optoelectronic sensors unlimited inc anousheh ansari file anousheh ansarijpg px dayseptember launch soyuz tma return soyuz tma million estimated voip software telecom technologies inc rowspan charlesimonyi rowspan file charlesimonyijpg px rowspan days aprilaunch soyuz tma return soyuz tma million estimated rowspan desktop software microsoft office days march aprilaunch soyuz tma return soyuz tma million estimated richard garriott file richard garriott july jpg px days october launch soyuz tma return soyuz tma million estimated video games origin systems guy lalibert file guy laliberte wptjpg px dayseptember october launch soyuz tma return soyuz tma million estimated performance art cirque du soleil proposed orbital ventures boeing is building the cstarliner capsule as part of the ccdev program and intends to fly tourists the cst is planned to be launched by an atlas v rocket space adventures ltd have announced thathey are working on dse alpha circumlunar mission to the moon withe price per passenger being several plans have been proposed for using a space station as a hotel american motel tycoon robert bigelow has acquired the designs for inflatable space habitats from the transhab program abandoned by nasa his company bigelow aerospace has already launched two first inflatable habitat modules the first named genesis i was launched july the second test module genesis ii was launched june both genesis habitats remain orbit as of march the ban expandable habitation module with cubic meters of internal space is expected to be ready for launch by in bigelow aerospacestablished a competition called america space prize which offered a million prize to the first us company to create a reusable spacecraft capable of carrying passengers to a nautiluspace station the prizexpired in january without anyone making a serious efforto win ithe space island group have set out plans for their space island project and plans on having people on their space island by withe number of people doubling for each decade lunar space tourism in february elon musk announced that substantial deposits from two individuals had been received by space x for a moon loop flight using a free return trajectory and thathis could happen asoon as late spacex to fly two tourists around moon in musk said thathe cost of the mission would be comparable to that of sending an astronauto the international space station about million us dollars in sub orbital space tourism no suborbital space tourism has occurred yet but since it is projected to be more affordable many companies view it as a money making proposition most are proposing vehicles that make suborbital flights peaking at an altitude of passengers would experience three to six minutes of weightlessness a view of a twinkle free starfield and a vista of the curved earth below projected costs arexpected to be about per passenger blue origin is developing the new shepard reusable suborbitalaunch system specifically to enable short duration space tourism on october spaceshipone designed by burt rutan of scaled composites won the ansari x prize x prize which was designed to be won by the first private company who could reach and surpass an altitude of twice within two weeks the altitude is beyond the k rm n line the arbitrarily defined boundary of space the first flight was flown by mike melvill michael melvill on june to a height of making him the first commercial astronauthe prize winning flight was flown by brian binnie which reached a height of breaking the x record virgin galactic headed by sirichard branson s virgin group hopes to be the firstofferegular suborbital spaceflights to paying passengers aboard a fleet ofive spaceshiptwo classpaceplanes the first of these spaceplanes vss enterprise vss enterprise was intended to commence its first commercial flights in spring and tickets were on sale at a price of lateraised to however the company suffered a considerable setback when virgin galacticrash thenterprise broke up over the mojave desert during a test flight in october over tickets had been sold prior to the accident a second spaceplane vss unity vss unity has begun testing update fromojave vss unity s first flightest completed september xcor aerospace was developing a suborbital vehicle called lynx spacecraft lynx until development was halted in may about lynxcor aerospace retrieved april the lynx will take offrom a runway underocket power unlike spaceshipone and spaceshiptwo lynx will not require a mothership lynx is designed forapid turnaround which will enable ito fly up to four times per day because of this rapid flight rate lynx has fewer seats than spaceshiptwo carrying only one pilot and one spaceflight participant on each flight xcor expecto roll outhe first lynx prototype and begin flightests in it was hoped that lynx would carry paying customers before thend of citizens in space formerly the teacher in space project is a project of the united states rocket academy citizens in space combines citizen science with citizen spacexploration the goal is to fly citizen sciencexperiments and citizen explorers who travel free who will act as payload operators on suborbital space missions by citizens in space had acquired a contract for suborbital flights with xcor aerospace and expected to acquire additional flights from xcor and other suborbital spaceflight providers in the future in citizens in space reported they had begun training three citizen astronaut candidates and would select seven additional candidates over the nexto months the next frontier for citizen science citizens in space may spacexpedition corporation was preparing to use the lynx for spacexpedition curao a commercial flight from hato airport on curao and planned to start commercial flights in the costs wereach armadillo aerospace was developing a two seat vertical takeoff and landing vtol rocket called hyperion which will be marketed by space adventures hyperion uses a capsule similar in shape to the gemini capsule the vehicle will use a parachute for descent but will probably use retrorockets for final touchdown according to remarks made by armadillo aerospace athe next generation suborbital researchers conference in february the assets of armadillo aerospace were sold to exos aerospace and while sarge is continuing to be developed it is unclear whether hyperion istill being developed eads astrium a subsidiary of european aerospace giant eads announced its eads astrium space tourism project space tourism project on juneurope joinspace tourism race the times june under the outer space treaty signed in the launch operator s nationality and the launch site s location determine which country is responsible for any damages occurred from a launch after valuable resources were detected on the moon private companies began to formulate methods to extracthe resources article ii of the outer space treaty dictates that outer space including the moon and other celestial bodies is not subjecto national appropriation by claim of sovereignty by means of use or occupation or by any other means however countries have the righto freely explore the moon and any resources collected are property of that country when they return united states in december the us government released a set of proposed rules for space tourism these included screening procedures and training for emergency situations but not health requirements under current us law any company proposing to launch paying passengers from american soil on a suborbital rocket must receive a license from the federal aviation administration s office of commercial space transportation faasthe licensing process focuses on public safety and safety of property and the details can be found in the code ofederal regulations title chapter iii this in accordance withe commercial space launch amendments act passed by congress in march the new mexico legislature passed the spaceflight informed consent acthe sica gives legal protection to companies who provide private space flights in the case of accidental harm or death to individuals participantsign an informed consent waiver dictating that spaceflight operators canot be held liable in the death of a participant resulting from the inherent risks of space flight activities operators are however not covered in the case of gross negligence or willful misconduct environmental effects a study published in geophysical research letters raised concerns thathe growing commercial spaceflight industry could accelerate global warming the study funded by nasand the aerospace corporation simulated the impact of suborbitalaunches of hybrid rocket s from a single location calculating thathis would release a total of tonnes of black carbon into the stratosphere they found thathe resultant layer of soot particles remained relatively localised with only of the carbon straying into the southern hemisphere thus creating a strong hemispherical asymmetry this unbalance would cause the temperature to decrease by about in the tropics and subtropics whereas the temperature athe poles would increase by between the ozone layer would also be affected withe tropics losing up tof ozone cover and the polaregions gaining the researcherstressed thathese resultshould not be taken as a precise forecast of the climate response to a specific launch rate of a specific rocketype but as a demonstration of the sensitivity of the atmosphere to the large scale disruption that commercial space tourism could bring education and advocacy several organizations have been formed to promote the space tourism industry including the space tourism society space future and hobbyspace unigalactic space travel magazine is a bi monthly educational publication covering space tourism and spacexploration developments in companies like spacex orbital sciences virgin galactic and organizations like nasa classes in space tourism are currently taught athe rochester institute of technology inew york and keio university in japan attitudes toward space tourism a webased survey suggested that over of those surveyed wanted less than or equal to weeks in space in addition wanted to spacewalk only of these wouldo it for a premium and wanted a hotel or space station the concept has met with some criticism from some including politicians notably g nter verheugen vice president of theuropean commission who said of theads astrium space tourism project it s only for the superich which is against my social convictionspace race television show as of october nbc news and virgin galactic have come together to create a new reality television show titled space race the showill follow contestants as they compete to win a flight into space aboard virgin galactic spaceshiptwo rocket plane it is noto be confused withe children space tv show called space racers many private space travelers have objected to the term space tourist often pointing outhatheirole went beyond that of an observer since they also carried out scientific experiments in the course of their journey richard garriott additionally emphasized that his training was identical to the requirements of non russian soyuz crew members and thateachers and other non professional astronauts chosen to fly with nasare called astronauts he hasaid that if the distinction has to be made he would rather be called private astronauthan tourist dennis tito hasked to be known as an independent researcher and mark shuttleworth described himself as a pioneer of commercial space travel gregory olsen prefers private researcher and anousheh ansari prefers the term private spacexplorer other spacenthusiasts objecto the term on similar grounds rick tumlinson of the space frontier foundation for example hasaid i hate the word tourist and i always will tourist isomebody in a flowered shirt withree cameras around his neck russian cosmonaut maksim surayev told the press inoto describe guy lalibert as a tourist it s become fashionable to speak of space tourists he is not a tourist but a participant in the mission spaceflight participant is the official term used by nasand the russian federal space agency to distinguish between private space travelers and career astronauts tito shuttleworth olsen ansari and simonyi were designated asuch during theirespective space flights nasalso lists christa mcauliffe as a spaceflight participant although she did not pay a fee apparently due to her non technical duties aboard the sts l flighthe us federal aviation administration awards the title of commercial astronauto trained crew members of privately funded spacecrafthe only people currently holding this title are mike melvill and brian binnie the pilots of spaceshiponexpected economic growth a report from the federal aviation administration titled theconomic impact of commercial space transportation the u s economy in citestudies done by futron an aerospace and technology consulting firm which predicthat space tourism could become a billion dollar market within years in addition in the decade since dennis tito journeyed to the international space station eight private citizens have paid the million fee to travel to space adventuresuggests thathis number could increase fifteen fold by these figures do not include other private space agenciesuch as virgin galactic which as of hasold approximately tickets priced at or dollars each and has accepted more than million in depositsee also space flight participant effect of spaceflight on the human body private spaceflight commercialization of space furthereading externalinkspace tourists a documentary film by christian frei category space tourism category space tourists category american inventions category russian inventions category types of tourism category 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sub_orbital_space_tourism vehicles blue_origin virgin_galactic addition spacex_announced_thathey spacex lunar planning sending two space_tourists lunar free return trajectory aboard dragon v spacecraft launched falcon_heavy rockethe publicized price flights space_adventures international_space_station aboard russian soyuz_spacecraft soyuz_spacecraft us_million period space_tourists made space space_tourists signed contracts parties conduct certain research activities orbit russia halted orbital_space_tourism due increase international_space_station crew size using seats expedition crews would sold paying spaceflight participants orbital tourist flights seto resume one planned postponed none occurred since alternative term tourism_organizationsuch commercial_spaceflight federation use term personal citizens space project uses term citizen spacexploration soviet space_program aggressive pool cosmonauts soviet program included warsaw members czechoslovakia poland east germany bulgaria hungary later allies ussr cuba mongolia vietnam non aligned movement non aligned countries india cosmonauts received full training missions treated equals especially mir program began generally given shorter flights soviet cosmonauts theuropean space_agency took advantage program well shuttle program included payload specialist payload specialist positions usually filled representatives companies institutions managing specific payload mission payload specialists receive training professional employed nasa byron k byron institute technology mit engineer united_states air_force air_force fighter pilot first payload specialists fly space_shuttle mission sts biographical data byron k nasa retrieved september charles walker became first non government astronauto fly withis employer douglas paying flight nasa also eager prove capability congressional flown shuttle followed representative bill nelson politician bill nelson shuttle prime international studied million removable cabin could fit shuttle cargo bay cabin could carry passengers intorbit three habitation design associates proposed cabin passengers bay passengers located six sections windows loading ramp seats different configurations launch landing another proposal based habitation modules provided seats payload bay addition cockpit area presentation national space society stated although flying tourists cabin would costo million per passenger without government within years people year would pay fly space onew spacecrafthe presentation also forecast flights lunar orbit within years visits lunar surface within years shuttle program expanded thearly nasa began space flight participant program allow citizens without scientific governmental roles fly mcauliffe chosen space july applicants applied journalist space_program including walter tom tom wolfe sam artist space_program considered nasa expected mcauliffe three civilians year would fly shuttle mcauliffe killed disaster january programs canceled mcauliffe barbara morgan eventually got hired professional astronaut flew sts mission specialist second journalist space_program nasa green miles brien journalist miles brien fly space_shuttle wascheduled announced program canceled wake columbia disaster sts subsequent emphasis finishing international_space_station space_shuttle withe realities post economy russia industry especially cash tokyo broadcasting system offered pay one fly mission million akiyama flown mir crew returned week later withe seventh crew akiyama gave daily tv broadcast orbit also performed scientific experiments japanese companies however since cost flight paid employer akiyama could considered business tourist british chemist helen waselected pool applicants first briton space_program known project cooperative arrangement soviet_union group british companies project consortium failed raise funds required program almost cancelled reportedly ordered ito proceed soviet expense interests international relations absence western less original flew aboard soyuz mir returned aboard soyuz orbital_space_tourism athend mircorp private venture charge space_station began seeking potential space_tourists visit mir order maintenance costs dennis_tito american former jet propulsion laboratory scientist became first candidate decision de orbit mir made tito managed trip international_space_station iss deal mircorp us based space_adventures strong opposition senior figures nasa beginning iss expeditions nasa stated interested space guests nonetheless dennis_tito visited iss april stayed seven_days becoming first fee paying space_tourist followed south_african computer millionaire mark third gregory olsen trained scientist whose company produced specialist high sensitivity cameras olsen planned use time iss conduct number experiments parto test company products olsen planned earlier flight health reasons subcommittee space aeronautics committee science house representatives held june reveals shifting attitude nasa towards paying space_tourists wanting travel iss thearing purpose review issues opportunities flying astronauts space appropriate government role supporting space_tourism_industry use shuttle space_station tourism safety training criteria space_tourists potential commercial market space_tourism subcommittee report interested evaluating dennis_tito extensive training experience space astronaut space_tourism thoughto one thearliest market economy markets would commercial_spaceflight however market emerged significant extent space_adventures remains company sent paying passengers space conjunction withe federal space_agency russian federation rocket space corporation energia rocket space corporation energia space_adventures facilitated flights world first_private participants paid excess million_usd day visito iss columbia disaster space_tourism russian soyuz program temporarily put hold soyuz_spacecraft soyuz vehicles became available transporto iss july space_shuttle discovery mission sts marked shuttle return space consequently space_tourism resumed september iranian american anousheh ansari became fourth space_tourist soyuz_tma april charlesimonyi american businessman hungarian descent joined tma became first repeat space_tourist paying fly soyuz_tma march april canadian guy became next space_tourist september aboard soyuz reported reuters march thathe country number launches three man soyuz ships four year permanent crews professional astronauts aboard seto rise six regarding space_tourism thead russian cosmonauts training center said time break journeys january space_adventures russian federal space_agency announced orbital_space_tourism would resume withe increase manned soyuz launches iss four five per_year however current preferred option instead producing additional soyuz would extend duration iss expedition tone year way flight new spaceflight participants british singer sarah initiated plans costing reported million participated preliminary training early expecting fly perform orbit september may postponed plans list space_tourists class wikitable space_tourist photo duration oflight flight amount paid usd source wealth dennis_tito file dennis px days apr may launch soyuz return soyuz estimated investment management associates mark shuttleworth file mark shuttleworth jpg_px days april may launch soyuz return soyuz estimated internet public key certificate security gregory olsen file gregory px days october launch soyuz_tma return soyuz_tma million estimated unlimited inc anousheh ansari file anousheh px launch soyuz_tma return soyuz_tma million estimated software telecom technologies inc rowspan charlesimonyi rowspan file px rowspan days soyuz_tma return soyuz_tma million estimated rowspan software microsoft office days march soyuz_tma return soyuz_tma million estimated richard file richard july jpg_px days october launch soyuz_tma return soyuz_tma million estimated video_games origin systems guy file guy px october launch soyuz_tma return soyuz_tma million estimated performance art proposed orbital ventures boeing building capsule part ccdev program intends fly tourists cst planned launched atlas v rocket space_adventures ltd announced_thathey working dse alpha circumlunar mission moon withe price per passenger several plans proposed using space_station hotel american motel robert bigelow acquired designs inflatable space habitats transhab program abandoned nasa company bigelow_aerospace already launched two first inflatable habitat modules first named genesis launched july second test module genesis_ii launched june genesis habitats remain orbit march ban expandable habitation module meters internal space expected ready launch bigelow competition called america space prize offered million prize first us company create reusable spacecraft capable carrying passengers station january without anyone making serious efforto win ithe space_island group set plans space_island project plans people space_island withe number people doubling decade lunar space_tourism february elon_musk announced substantial deposits two individuals received space x moon loop flight using free return trajectory thathis could happen asoon late spacex fly two tourists around moon musk said thathe cost mission would comparable sending astronauto international_space_station million_us dollars sub_orbital_space_tourism suborbital space_tourism occurred yet since projected affordable many companies view money making proposition proposing vehicles make suborbital flights altitude passengers would experience three six minutes weightlessness view free vista curved earth projected costs arexpected per passenger blue_origin developing new_shepard reusable suborbitalaunch system specifically enable short duration space_tourism october spaceshipone designed burt_rutan scaled_composites ansari_x_prize x_prize designed first_private_company could reach altitude twice within two_weeks altitude beyond k n line defined boundary space first_flight flown mike michael june height making first_commercial prize winning flight flown brian binnie reached height breaking x record virgin_galactic headed sirichard branson virgin_group hopes suborbital_spaceflights paying passengers aboard fleet ofive spaceshiptwo first spaceplanes vss_enterprise vss_enterprise intended commence first_commercial flights spring tickets sale price however company suffered considerable virgin_galacticrash thenterprise broke mojave desert test_flight october tickets sold prior accident second spaceplane vss_unity vss_unity begun testing update vss_unity first_flightest completed september xcor_aerospace developing suborbital vehicle called lynx spacecraft lynx development halted may aerospace retrieved_april lynx take offrom runway power unlike spaceshipone spaceshiptwo lynx require mothership lynx designed enable ito fly four_times per_day rapid flight rate lynx fewer seats spaceshiptwo carrying one pilot one spaceflight participant flight xcor expecto roll outhe first lynx prototype begin flightests hoped lynx would carry paying customers thend citizens space formerly teacher space project project united_states rocket academy citizens space combines citizen science citizen spacexploration goal fly citizen citizen explorers travel free act payload operators suborbital space missions citizens space acquired contract suborbital flights xcor_aerospace expected acquire additional flights xcor suborbital_spaceflight providers future citizens space reported begun training three citizen astronaut candidates would select seven additional candidates nexto months next frontier citizen science citizens space may spacexpedition corporation preparing use lynx spacexpedition curao commercial flight airport curao planned start commercial flights costs armadillo aerospace developing two seat vertical takeoff landing rocket called hyperion marketed space_adventures hyperion uses capsule similar shape gemini capsule vehicle use parachute descent probably use final touchdown according remarks made armadillo aerospace athe next_generation suborbital researchers conference february assets armadillo aerospace sold aerospace continuing developed unclear whether hyperion istill developed eads_astrium subsidiary european aerospace giant eads announced eads_astrium space_tourism project space_tourism project tourism race times june outer_space treaty signed launch operator nationality launch_site location determine country responsible damages occurred launch valuable resources detected moon private companies began methods resources article ii outer_space treaty outer_space including moon bodies subjecto national claim means use occupation means however countries righto freely explore moon resources collected property country return united_states december us_government released set proposed rules space_tourism included screening procedures training emergency situations health requirements current us law company proposing launch paying passengers american soil suborbital rocket must receive license federal_aviation_administration office commercial_space transportation licensing process focuses public safety safety property details found code ofederal regulations title chapter iii accordance withe commercial_space launch amendments act passed congress march new_mexico legislature passed spaceflight informed consent acthe gives legal protection companies provide private_space flights case accidental harm death individuals informed consent spaceflight operators held liable death participant resulting inherent risks space flight activities operators however covered case gross environmental effects study published research letters raised concerns thathe growing commercial_spaceflight industry could accelerate global warming study funded nasand aerospace corporation simulated impact hybrid_rocket single location thathis would release total tonnes black carbon found thathe resultant layer particles remained relatively carbon southern hemisphere thus creating strong would cause temperature decrease tropics whereas temperature athe poles would increase layer would_also affected withe tropics losing tof cover gaining thathese taken precise forecast climate response specific launch rate specific demonstration sensitivity atmosphere large_scale disruption commercial_space_tourism could bring education advocacy several organizations formed promote space_tourism_industry including space_tourism society space future space_travel_magazine monthly educational publication covering space_tourism spacexploration developments companies like spacex orbital sciences virgin_galactic organizations like nasa classes space_tourism currently taught athe rochester institute technology inew_york university japan attitudes toward space_tourism webased survey suggested surveyed wanted less equal weeks space addition wanted premium wanted hotel space_station concept met criticism including politicians notably g vice_president theuropean_commission said astrium space_tourism project social race television show october nbc news virgin_galactic come together create new reality television show titled space race follow contestants compete win flight space aboard virgin_galactic spaceshiptwo rocket plane noto confused withe children space tv show called space racers many private_space travelers term space_tourist often pointing went beyond observer since also carried scientific experiments course journey richard additionally emphasized training identical requirements non russian soyuz crew members non professional astronauts chosen fly called astronauts hasaid distinction made would rather called private tourist dennis_tito known independent researcher mark shuttleworth described pioneer commercial_space travel gregory olsen private researcher anousheh ansari term private term similar grounds rick tumlinson space frontier foundation example hasaid word tourist always tourist shirt withree cameras around neck russian told press describe guy tourist become fashionable speak space_tourists tourist participant mission spaceflight participant official term_used nasand russian federal space_agency distinguish private_space travelers career astronauts tito shuttleworth olsen ansari designated asuch theirespective space flights lists mcauliffe spaceflight participant although pay fee apparently due non technical duties aboard sts l flighthe us federal_aviation_administration awards title commercial astronauto trained crew members privately_funded spacecrafthe people currently holding title mike brian binnie pilots economic_growth report federal_aviation_administration titled theconomic impact commercial_space transportation economy done aerospace technology consulting firm space_tourism could become billion dollar market within years addition decade since dennis_tito international_space_station eight private citizens paid million fee travel space thathis number could increase fifteen fold figures include private_space virgin_galactic hasold approximately tickets priced dollars accepted million also space flight participant effect spaceflight human body private_spaceflight commercialization space furthereading tourists documentary_film christian category_space_tourism category_space tourists category_american inventions category russian inventions category_types tourism_category introductions"},{"title":"Space Tourism Society","description":"the space tourism society sts was founded in it is the first organization specifically focused on the space tourism industry their stated goals quoted from their website to conducthe research build public desire and acquire the financial and political power to make space tourism available to as many people as possible asoon as possible sts has chapters in japanorway canada malaysia india russiand the united kingdom and is an organization member of the alliance for space developmenthe sts is a california c c nonprofit organization based in the usa sts aims to provide the vision and voice for thevolution of humanity off world in a humane fun and beautiful direction sts was created to inspire people to build real products for future use in space the president of the society john spencer is designing a space yacht aimed for cruising in low earth orbit earth orbit see also commercial astronaut private spaceflight quasi universal intergalactic denomination popular science otto spencerrugg harris bonifacecooper externalinkspace tourism society category space tourism category space organizations category 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tourism society category_space_tourism category_space organizations_category_establishments"},{"title":"Space tourism startup companies","description":"redirect list of private spaceflight companies category space tourism startup companies","main_words":["redirect","list","private_spaceflight","companies_category","space_tourism","startup","companies"],"clean_bigrams":[["redirect","list"],["private","spaceflight"],["spaceflight","companies"],["companies","category"],["category","space"],["space","tourism"],["tourism","startup"],["startup","companies"]],"all_collocations":["redirect list","private spaceflight","spaceflight companies","companies category","category space","space tourism","tourism startup","startup companies"],"new_description":"redirect list private_spaceflight companies_category space_tourism startup companies"},{"title":"Space Tourists","description":"runtime minutes country switzerland language russian english rouanian music edward artemyev jan garbarek steve reich space tourists is a feature length documentary of the swiss director christian frei the film had its premiere athe zurich film festival in and has won the world cinema directing award athe sundance film festival in plothe documentary juxtaposes the journeys of extremely rich tourists traveling withe astronauts into space withe poor kazakhs kazakh metal collectors risking their lives in search forocket waste fallen down into the plains once the space shuttle has left critics acclaimed this film for its breathtaking imagery and richness of insights the film accompanies the first female space traveler who was not a space agency employee anousheh ansari who paid us million for her flight into space on the other side the film shows the poor kazakh metal collectors risking their lives in search forocket waste that falliterally from heaven in the film we hear as well magnum photographer jonas bendiksen who has followed these metal collectors long time ago the film has itsad and funny sides we observe for example charlesimonyi chief developer of microsoft word and microsoft excel at hispace training and at his tasting of space food another protagonist of the film is dumitru popescu an aerospacenthusiast who applied athe google lunar x prize of the x prize foundation founded by anousheh ansari reception christopher campbell wrote on the official bloc of doc the documentary channel brad balfour of the huffington post emphasizes thathe film brings together the two sides of the medal of a medal ryan l kobrick author from the magazine the space review liked the authenticity of the film awards and festivals doc the documentary channel jury prize best of docervino cine mountainternational mountain film festival miglior grand prix dei festival beldocs belgrad best photography award regio fun film festival katowice nd awardocumentary film competition european documentary film festival oslo eurodok award sundance film festival park city world cinema directing award ebs international 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directing award athe film_festival documentary journeys extremely rich tourists traveling withe astronauts space withe poor kazakh metal collectors lives search waste fallen plains space_shuttle left critics acclaimed film breathtaking imagery insights film first female space_traveler space_agency employee anousheh ansari paid us_million flight space side film shows poor kazakh metal collectors lives search waste heaven film hear well magnum photographer followed metal collectors long_time ago film funny sides example charlesimonyi chief developer microsoft word microsoft training tasting space food another protagonist film applied athe google lunar x_prize x_prize foundation founded anousheh ansari reception christopher campbell wrote official doc documentary channel brad huffington_post emphasizes thathe film brings together two sides medal medal ryan l author magazine space review liked authenticity film awards festivals doc documentary channel jury prize best mountain film_festival grand prix dei festival best photography award fun film_festival film competition european documentary_film festival oslo award film_festival park city world cinema directing award international documentary_film festival seoul special jury prize swiss film prize nomination best documentary international documentary_film festival amsterdam official selection references_externalinks director category_space_tourism category swiss documentary_films category_films_category films space_programs category_filmshot kazakhstan category_documentary_films category_space program kazakhstan category_films directed christian"},{"title":"SpaceShipThree","description":"the scaled compositespaceshipthree ss was a mid s proposed spaceplane to be developed by virgin galactic and scaled composites ostensibly to follow spaceshiptwo the mission originally proposed for spaceshipthree in was forbital spaceflight as part of a program called tier by scaled composites by scaled composites had reduced those plans and articulated a conceptual design that would be a pointo point vehicle traveling outside thearth s atmosphere spaceshipthree revealed flightglobal hyperbola rob coppinger feb the spaceshipthree concept spacecraft was conceived to be used for transportation through pointo point suborbital spaceflight withe spacecraft providing for example a two hour trip on the kangaroo route from london to sydney or melbourne scaled wasold to northrop grumman in and references to further work on a conceptual scaled ss ended at some point afterwards from scaled as of richard branson istill planning to have a pointo point sub orbital spaceliner follow up to spaceshiptwo see also space bomber stratolaunch systemsupersonic transport externalinkspace tourism companies aiming forbit new scientist space category spaceplanes category space tourism category air launch torbit category proposed spacecraft category proposed aircraft of the united states category space access category scaled 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work conceptual scaled ended point afterwards scaled richard_branson istill planning pointo point sub_orbital follow spaceshiptwo see_also space bomber stratolaunch transport tourism_companies aiming new scientist space category_spaceplanes category_space_tourism category_air launch torbit category_proposed spacecraft category_proposed aircraft united_states category_space access category scaled_composites"},{"title":"SpaceShipTwo","description":"the scaled composites model spaceshiptwo ss is an air launched sub orbital spaceflight suborbital spaceplane type designed for space tourism it is manufactured by the spaceship company a california based company owned by virgin galactic spaceshiptwo is carried to its launch altitude by a scaled composites white knightwo before being released to fly on into the upper atmosphere powered by its rocket engine ithen glides back to earth and performs a conventional runway landing the spaceship was officially unveiled to the public on december athe mojave air and space port in california on april after nearly three years of unpowered testing the first one constructed successfully performed its first powered test flight virgin galactic plans toperate a fleet ofive spaceshiptwo spaceplanes in a private spaceflight private passenger carrying service virgin galactic space tourism could begin bbc october and has been taking bookings for some time with a suborbital flight carrying an updated ticket price of us fly with us virgin galactic retrieved november the spaceplane could also be used to carry scientific payloads for nasand other organizations on october during a test flight vss enterprise vss enterprise the first spaceshiptwo craft vss enterprise crash broke up in flight and crashed in the mojave desert a preliminary investigation suggested the atmospheric entry feathered reentry feathering system the craft s descent device deployed too early one pilot was killed the other was treated for a serioushoulder injury after parachuting from the stricken spacecrafthe second spaceshiptwo spacecraft vss unity vss unity was unveiled on february the vehicle is currently undergoing flightesting design overview the spaceshiptwo project is based in part on technology developed for the first generation spaceshipone which was part of the scaled composites tier one program funded by paul allen the spaceship company licenses this technology fromojave aerospace ventures a joint venture of paul allen and burt rutan the designer of the predecessor technology spaceshiptwo is aspect ratio aerodynamics low aspect ratio passenger spaceplane its capacity will beight people six passengers and two pilots the apsis apogee of the new craft will be approximately in the lower thermosphere higher than the k rm n line which waspaceshipone s target although the last flight of spaceshipone reached a one time altitude of spaceshiptwo will reach using a single hybrid rocket engine the rocketmotortwo it launches from its mother ship scaled composites white knightwo white knightwo at an altitude of and reachesupersonic speed within seconds after seconds the rocket engine cuts out and the spacecraft will coasto its peak altitude spaceshiptwo s crew cabin is long and in diameter the wing span is the length is and the tail height ispaceshiptwo uses atmospheric entry feathered reentry feathered reentry system feasible due to the low speed of reentry in contrast orbital spacecraft renter at orbital speeds closer to using heat shieldspaceshiptwo is furthermore designed to renter the atmosphere at any angle it will decelerate through the atmosphere switching to a gliding position at an altitude of and will take minutes to glide back to the spaceport spaceshiptwo and white knightwo arespectively roughly twice the size of the first generation spaceshipone and mother ship scaled composites white knight white knight which won the ansari x prize in spaceshiptwo has diameter windows for the passengers viewing pleasure and all seats will recline back during landing to decrease the discomfort of g forces reportedly the craft can land safely even if a catastrophic failure occurs during flight in burt rutan remarked on the safety of the vehicle in september the safety of spaceshiptwo s feathered reentry system was tested when the crew briefly lost control of the craft during a gliding test flight control was reestablished after the spaceplanentered its feathered configuration and it landed safely after a minute flight virgin galactic s private spaceship makesafe landing after tense test flight spacecom octoberetrieved october fleet and launch sites fleet history spaceshiptwo and the whiteknighttwo launcher aircraft are built by the spaceship company originally formed as a joint venture between scaled composites and virgin galactic virgin galactic bought out scaled composites interest in tsc in and tsc is now a wholly owned subsidiary of virgin galactic the launch customer of spaceshiptwo is virgin galactic who have ordered fivehicles the first ss was named vss enterprise vss enterprise the vss prefix stands for virgin space ship as of november only vss enterprise has been flown it was virgin galacticrash destroyed in a crash on october the build of vss unity vss unity is about percent complete as of early november and virgin galactic expected ito be complete in it was unveiled in february the third spaceshiptwo is expected to commence construction by thend of launch sitespaceshiptwo is launched from the whiteknighttwo launcher aircraft which takes offrom the mojave air and space port in california during testing spaceport america formerly southwest regional spaceport a us million spaceport inew mexico partly funded by the state government new era draws closer spaceport dedicates runway onew mexico ranch el paso times octoberetrieved october two thirds of the million required to build the spaceport came from the state of new mexicothe rest came from construction bonds backed by a tax approved by voters in do anand sierra counties will become the permanent launch site when commercialaunches begin ships in class wikitable ship tail number first unpowered flight first powered flight last flight status vss enterprise vss enterprise n ss october april october virgin galacticrash destroyed vss unity vss unity n vg december undergoing flightesting serial number three construction planned serial number four construction planned on september virgin group founderichard branson sirichard branson unveiled a mock up of the spaceshiptwo passenger cabin athe nextfest exposition athe jacob k javits convention center inew york the design of the vehicle was revealed to the press in january withe statementhathe vehicle itself was around complete on december the official unveiling and rollout of spaceshiptwo took place thevent involved the first spaceshiptwo being christened by then governor of californiarnold schwarzenegger as the vss enterprise richard branson unveils virgin galactic spaceplane bbc news december test explosion july an explosion occurreduring an oxidizing agent oxidizer flow test athe mojave air and space port wherearly stage tests were being conducted on spaceshiptwo systems the oxidizer test included filling the oxidizer tank with of nitrous oxide followed by a second cold flow injector test although the tests did not ignite the gas threemployees were killed and three injured by flying shrapnel shell shrapnel abdollah tami and silverstein stuart june test sitexplosion kills three los angeles times retrieved july rocket engine the hybrid rocket hybrid rocket engine design for spaceshiptwo has been problematic and caused extensive delays to the flightest program the original rocket engine design was based on hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene htpb fuel and nitrous oxide oxidizer sometimes referred to as anitrous oxide n o hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene htpb engine it was developed by scaled compositesubcontractor sierra nevada corporation snc from to early in may virgin galactic announced a change to the hybrid engine to be used in spaceshiptwo and took the development effort in house to virgin galactic terminating the contract with sierra nevadand halting all development work on the first generation rocket engine virgin then modified thengine design to include a change of the hybrid rocket fuel from a htpb to a polyamide fuel formulation in october virgin announced that it was considering changing back to the original htpb fuel between and scaled composites conducted numerousmall scale rocketests to evaluate spaceshiptwo s engine design after settling on the rocketmotortwo hybrid rocket design to be developed by sierra nevada the company began performing full scale hot fire rocketests in april rocketmotortwo hot fire test summariescaledcom updated august retrievedecember by december full scale tests had been successfully conducted and additional ground tests continued into march in june the federal aviation administration faa issued a rocketesting permito scaled composites allowing ito begin ss test flights powered by rocketmotortwo the first such powered flightook place on april the sierra nevada htpbased rocketmotortwo design generated of thrust change of engine manufacturer and hybrid engine fuel in may virgin galactic took over engine development from sierra nevadand announced a change to the fuel to be used in the spaceshiptwo hybrid rocket engine rather than the rubber based htpb fuel engines that had experienced serious engine stability issues on firings longer than approximately seconds thengine would now be based on a solid fuel composed of a type of plasticalled thermoplastic polyamide the plastic fuel was projected to have better performance by several unspecified measures and was projected to allow spaceshiptwo to make flights to a higher altitude when the version engine by virgin galactic was publicly announced thengine had already completed full duration burns of over seconds in ground tests on an engine testand the second generation engine design also required the modification to the ss airframe to fit additional tanks in the wings of spaceshiptwone holding methane and the other containing helium in order to ensure a proper burn and shut down of the new engine additional ground tests were performed of the new engine between may and october another fuel change following a series of rocket engine tests virgin announced in october thathey would be changing the rocket motor fuel once again this time back to hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene htpb similar to the formulation they used earlier in the development program before switching to a nylon based fuel grain they will use htpb to power the spaceshiptwo when it resumes flight following the loss of the initial ss test vehicle in october full qualification tests remain to be completed spaceshiptwo bounces back to rubber fuel spacenews october accessed november spaceshiptwo test flights file white knightwo and spaceshiptwo from directly belowjpg thumb spaceshiptwo in a captive flight configuration underneath white knightwo during the runway dedication of spaceport america in october vms eve vms eve ishown carrying vss enterprise vss enterprise file ss first launchjpg thumb a view of the firing of spaceshiptwo s rocket engines during its first powered flight in april spaceshiptwo had conducted test flights the spacecraft has used its feathered wing configuration during ten of these test flights testing vss enterprise in september virgin galactic announced thathe unpowered subsonic flight subsonic glide flightest program was essentially completerosenberg zach virgin galactic finishes unpowered flightest flightglobalcom septemberetrieved september in october scaled composites installed key components of the rocket engine and spaceshiptwo performed its first glide flight withengine installed in december the spacecraft s first powered test flightook place on april spaceshiptwo reached supersonic speeds in this first powered flight on september the second powered flight was made by spaceshiptwo the first powered test flight of and third overall occurred january the spacecraft reached an altitude of the highesto date and a speed of the whiteknighttwo carrier aircraft released spaceshiptwo vss enterprise at an altitude of october crash file ntsb go team inspects a tail section of vss enterprisejpg thumb ntsb go team inspects a tail section of vss enterprise vss enterprise on october spaceshiptwo vss enterprise suffered an in flight breakup during a powered flightest resulting in a crash killing one pilot and injuring the other it was coincidentally the first flighto use the new type ofuel based onylon plastic grains the crash is believed to have involved a premature deployment of the atmospheric entry feathered reentry feathering mechanism which is normally used to aid in a safe descent spaceshiptwo wastill in powered ascent when the feathering mechanism deployedisintegration was observed two seconds later the national transportation safety board conducted an independent investigation into the accident in july the ntsb released a report which cited inadequate design safeguards poor pilotraining lack of rigorous federal oversight and a potentially anxious co pilot without recent flight experience as important factors in the crash while the co pilot was faulted for prematurely deploying the ship s feathering mechanism the ship s designers were also faulted for not creating a fail safe system that could have guarded against such premature deployment vss unity in october it was reported that vss unity the second spaceshiptwo will make its first flight in vss unity was unveiled in february a phase of testing called system integration testing integrated vehicle ground testing began on vss unity in february between september and november virgin galacticonducted a series of captive carry flights of unity including planned glide flights and november for which the glide portion of the flight was cancelled because of wind speed glide flights of unity began on december spaceshiptwo s total development costs werestimated at around million in may a significant increase over thestimate of million commercial operation the duration of the flights will be approximately hours though only a few minutes of that will be in space the price will initially be more than would be space tourists applied for the first batch of tickets by december virgin galactic had paid up customers on its books for thearly flights and were passing the g centrifuge tests virgin galactic s timetable for progresspaceflight volume british interplanetary society february p by the start of that number had increased tover paid customers and to by early in april virgin galactic announced thathe price for a seat would increase percento before the middle of may and would remain at until the first people have traveled so that it matches up with inflation since virgin galactic started following test flights the first paying customers werexpected to fly aboard the craft in refining the projected schedule in late virgin galactic declined to announce a firm timetable for commercial flights but did reiterate that initial flights would take place from spaceport america operational roll out will be based on a safety driven schedule in addition to making suborbital passenger launches virgin galactic will market spaceshiptwo for suborbital outline of space science space science missions nasa srlv program by march virgin galactic had submitted spaceshiptwo as a reusable launch vehicle for carrying research payloads in response to nasa suborbital reusable launch vehicle srlv solicitation which is a part of the agency s flight opportunities program virgin projects research flights with a peak altitude of these flights will provide approximately four minutes of microgravity foresearch payloads payload mass and microgravity levels have not yet been specified the nasa research flights could begin during the test flight certification program for spaceshiptwo future spacecraft in augusthe president of virgin galactic stated that if the suborbital service with spaceshiptwo isuccessful the follow up spaceshipthree will be an orbital craft in virgin galactichanged their plans andecided to make it a high speed passenger vehicle offering transporthrough spaceflight pointo point to point suborbital spaceflight sources overview spaceships virgin galactic retrieved june see also references externalinks official virgin galactic website official scaled composites website virgin galactic national geographichannel documentary formation of the spaceship company spacecom the birth of spaceshiptwo spacedaily space or bust feature article on space tourism cosmos magazine space law in parispace law probe images of ss mockups zdnet vg powered flight updatedrop broll virgin galactic via youtube april shows all seconds of the first flight rocket firing from three views and most of the sequence from a fourth view category virgin galacticategory scaled composites category the spaceship company category spaceshiptwo category in science category manned spacecraft category parasite aircraft category experimental vehicles category spaceplanes category space tourism category upcoming products category space program 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company","company category","category spaceshiptwo","spaceshiptwo category","science category","category manned","manned spacecraft","spacecraft category","aircraft category","category experimental","experimental vehicles","vehicles category","category spaceplanes","spaceplanes category","category space","space tourism","tourism category","category upcoming","upcoming products","products category","category space","space program"],"new_description":"scaled composites model spaceshiptwo air_launched sub_orbital_spaceflight suborbital spaceplane type designed space_tourism manufactured spaceship_company california based company owned virgin_galactic spaceshiptwo carried launch altitude scaled_composites white_knightwo released fly upper atmosphere powered rocket_engine ithen back earth performs conventional runway landing spaceship officially unveiled public december athe mojave air_space port california april nearly three_years unpowered testing first one constructed successfully performed first_powered test_flight virgin_galactic plans toperate fleet ofive spaceshiptwo spaceplanes private_spaceflight private passenger carrying service virgin_galactic space_tourism could begin bbc october taking bookings time suborbital flight carrying updated ticket price us fly us virgin_galactic retrieved_november spaceplane could also_used carry scientific payloads nasand organizations october test_flight vss_enterprise vss_enterprise first spaceshiptwo craft vss_enterprise crash broke flight mojave desert preliminary investigation suggested atmospheric entry feathered reentry feathering system craft descent device deployed early one pilot killed treated injury parachuting spacecrafthe second spaceshiptwo spacecraft vss_unity vss_unity unveiled february vehicle currently undergoing flightesting design overview spaceshiptwo project based part technology developed first generation spaceshipone part scaled_composites tier_one program funded paul allen spaceship_company licenses technology aerospace ventures joint_venture paul allen burt_rutan designer predecessor technology spaceshiptwo aspect ratio low aspect ratio passenger spaceplane capacity people six passengers two pilots apogee new craft approximately lower higher k n line target although last flight spaceshipone reached one_time altitude spaceshiptwo reach using single hybrid_rocket_engine rocketmotortwo launches mother ship scaled_composites white_knightwo white_knightwo altitude speed within seconds seconds rocket_engine cuts spacecraft coasto peak altitude spaceshiptwo crew cabin long diameter wing span length tail height uses atmospheric entry feathered reentry feathered reentry system feasible due low speed reentry contrast orbital_spacecraft orbital speeds closer using heat furthermore designed atmosphere angle atmosphere switching gliding position altitude take minutes glide back spaceport spaceshiptwo white_knightwo roughly twice size first generation spaceshipone mother ship scaled_composites white_knight white_knight ansari_x_prize spaceshiptwo diameter windows passengers viewing pleasure seats back landing decrease g forces reportedly craft land safely even failure occurs flight burt_rutan remarked safety vehicle september safety spaceshiptwo feathered reentry system tested crew briefly lost control craft gliding test_flight control feathered configuration landed safely minute flight virgin_galactic private_spaceship landing test_flight spacecom octoberetrieved october fleet launch_sites fleet history spaceshiptwo whiteknighttwo launcher aircraft built spaceship_company originally formed joint_venture scaled_composites virgin_galactic virgin_galactic bought scaled_composites interest tsc tsc wholly owned subsidiary virgin_galactic launch customer spaceshiptwo virgin_galactic ordered first named vss_enterprise vss_enterprise vss stands virgin space ship november vss_enterprise flown virgin_galacticrash destroyed crash october build vss_unity vss_unity percent complete early november virgin_galactic expected ito complete unveiled february third spaceshiptwo expected commence construction thend launch launched whiteknighttwo launcher aircraft takes offrom mojave air_space port california testing spaceport america formerly southwest regional spaceport us_million spaceport inew_mexico partly funded state government new era draws closer spaceport runway onew mexico ranch el_paso times octoberetrieved october two_thirds million required build spaceport came state_new rest came construction bonds backed tax approved voters sierra counties become permanent launch_site begin ships class wikitable ship tail number first unpowered flight first_powered flight last flight status vss_enterprise vss_enterprise n october april october virgin_galacticrash destroyed vss_unity vss_unity n december undergoing flightesting serial number three construction planned serial number four construction planned september virgin_group branson sirichard branson unveiled mock spaceshiptwo passenger cabin athe exposition athe jacob k convention_center inew_york design vehicle revealed press january withe vehicle around complete december official unveiling rollout spaceshiptwo took_place thevent involved first spaceshiptwo governor vss_enterprise richard_branson unveils virgin_galactic spaceplane bbc_news december test explosion july explosion occurreduring agent oxidizer flow test athe mojave air_space port stage tests conducted spaceshiptwo systems oxidizer test included filling oxidizer tank nitrous_oxide followed second cold flow test although tests gas killed three injured flying shrapnel shell shrapnel stuart june test three los_angeles times retrieved_july rocket_engine hybrid_rocket hybrid_rocket_engine design spaceshiptwo problematic caused extensive delays flightest_program original rocket_engine design based terminated htpb fuel nitrous_oxide oxidizer sometimes referred oxide n terminated htpb engine developed scaled sierra_nevada corporation early may virgin_galactic announced change hybrid engine used spaceshiptwo took development effort house virgin_galactic contract sierra_nevadand development work first generation rocket_engine virgin modified thengine design include change hybrid_rocket fuel htpb fuel formulation october virgin announced considering changing back original htpb fuel scaled_composites conducted scale evaluate spaceshiptwo engine design rocketmotortwo hybrid_rocket design developed sierra_nevada company began performing full_scale hot fire april rocketmotortwo hot fire test updated august retrievedecember december full_scale tests successfully conducted additional ground tests continued march june federal_aviation_administration faa issued scaled_composites allowing ito begin test_flights powered rocketmotortwo first_powered flightook place april sierra_nevada rocketmotortwo design generated thrust change engine manufacturer hybrid engine fuel may virgin_galactic took engine development sierra_nevadand announced change fuel used spaceshiptwo hybrid_rocket_engine rather rubber based htpb fuel engines experienced serious engine stability issues firings longer approximately seconds thengine would based solid fuel composed type plastic fuel projected better performance several measures projected allow spaceshiptwo make flights higher altitude version engine virgin_galactic publicly_announced thengine already completed full duration burns seconds ground tests engine testand second generation engine design also required airframe fit additional tanks wings holding methane containing helium order ensure proper burn shut new engine additional ground tests performed new engine may october another fuel change following series rocket_engine tests virgin announced october thathey_would changing rocket motor fuel time back terminated htpb similar formulation used earlier development_program switching based fuel grain use htpb power spaceshiptwo flight following loss initial test vehicle october full qualification tests remain completed spaceshiptwo back rubber fuel october accessed november spaceshiptwo test_flights file_white_knightwo spaceshiptwo directly thumb spaceshiptwo captive flight configuration underneath white_knightwo runway dedication spaceport america october vms_eve vms_eve ishown carrying vss_enterprise vss_enterprise file first thumb view firing spaceshiptwo rocket_engines first_powered flight april spaceshiptwo conducted test_flights spacecraft used feathered wing configuration ten test_flights testing vss_enterprise september virgin_galactic announced_thathe unpowered subsonic flight subsonic glide_flightest_program essentially virgin_galactic finishes unpowered flightest septemberetrieved september october scaled_composites installed key components rocket_engine spaceshiptwo performed first glide_flight installed december spacecraft first_powered test_flightook place april spaceshiptwo reached supersonic speeds first_powered flight september second powered_flight made spaceshiptwo first_powered test_flight third overall occurred january spacecraft reached altitude date speed whiteknighttwo carrier_aircraft released spaceshiptwo vss_enterprise altitude october crash file ntsb go team inspects tail section vss thumb ntsb go team inspects tail section vss_enterprise vss_enterprise october spaceshiptwo vss_enterprise suffered flight powered_flightest resulting crash killing one pilot injuring first_flighto use new type ofuel based plastic grains crash believed involved premature deployment atmospheric entry feathered reentry feathering mechanism normally used aid safe descent spaceshiptwo wastill powered ascent feathering mechanism observed two seconds later national transportation safety board conducted independent investigation accident july ntsb released report cited inadequate design poor pilotraining lack rigorous federal oversight potentially pilot without recent flight experience important factors crash pilot faulted ship feathering mechanism ship designers also faulted creating fail safe system could guarded premature deployment vss_unity october reported vss_unity second spaceshiptwo make first_flight vss_unity unveiled february phase testing called system integration testing integrated vehicle ground testing began vss_unity february september november virgin series captive_carry flights unity including planned glide_flights november glide portion flight cancelled wind speed glide_flights unity began december spaceshiptwo total development costs around million may significant increase million commercial operation duration flights approximately hours though minutes space price initially would space_tourists applied first batch tickets december virgin_galactic paid customers books thearly flights passing g tests virgin_galactic timetable volume british interplanetary society february p start number increased tover paid customers early april virgin_galactic announced_thathe price seat would increase middle may would remain first people traveled matches inflation since virgin_galactic started following test_flights first paying customers werexpected fly aboard craft projected schedule late virgin_galactic declined announce firm timetable commercial flights initial flights would_take_place spaceport america operational roll based safety driven schedule addition making suborbital passenger launches virgin_galactic market spaceshiptwo suborbital outline space science space science missions nasa srlv program march virgin_galactic submitted spaceshiptwo reusable_launch_vehicle carrying research payloads response nasa suborbital reusable_launch_vehicle srlv solicitation part agency flight opportunities program virgin projects research flights peak altitude flights provide approximately four minutes microgravity foresearch payloads payload mass microgravity levels yet specified nasa research flights could begin test_flight certification program spaceshiptwo future spacecraft augusthe president virgin_galactic stated suborbital service spaceshiptwo follow spaceshipthree orbital craft virgin plans make high_speed passenger vehicle offering spaceflight pointo point point suborbital_spaceflight sources overview spaceships virgin_galactic retrieved june see_also references_externalinks_official virgin_galactic website_official scaled_composites website virgin_galactic national_geographichannel documentary formation spaceship_company spacecom birth spaceshiptwo space bust feature article space_tourism cosmos magazine space law law probe images powered_flight virgin_galactic via youtube april shows seconds first_flight rocket firing three views sequence fourth view category virgin_galacticategory scaled_composites category_spaceship company category_spaceshiptwo category science category manned spacecraft category_aircraft_category experimental vehicles_category_spaceplanes category_space_tourism category upcoming products category_space program"},{"title":"SpaceX","description":"founder elon musk location city hawthorne california hawthorne california united states us key people industry aerospacengineering aerospace productservices orbital spaceflight orbital rocket launch owner elon musk trust equity voting control num employeest april homepage footnotespacexploration technologies corporation better known aspacex is an american aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company headquartered in hawthorne california it was founded in by entrepreneur elon musk withe goal of reducing space transportation costs and enabling the colonization of marspacex hasince developed the falcon rocket family falcon launch vehicle family and the spacex dragon spacecraft family which both currently deliver payloads into geocentric orbit earth orbit spacex s achievements include the first privately funded liquid propellant rocketo reach orbit falcon in the first privately funded company to successfully launch orbit and recover a spacecraft dragon in the first private company to send a spacecrafto the international space station dragon in the first propulsive landing for an orbital rocket falcon in and the first reuse of an orbital rocket falcon in spacex hasince flown ten missions to the international space station iss under a commercial resupply services cargo resupply contract nasalso awarded spacex commercial crew development a further development contract in to develop andemonstrate a human rating certification human ratedragon which would be used to transport astronauts to the iss and return them safely to earth spacex announced in thathey were beginning a privately funded spacex reusable launch system development program reusable launch system technology development program in december a firstage was flown back to a landing pad near the launch site where it successfully accomplished a propulsive vtvl verticalanding this was the first such achievement by a rocket forbital spaceflight in april withe launch of crspacex successfully vertically landed a firstage on an ocean autonomouspaceport drone ship drone ship landing platform in may in another first spacex again landed a firstage but during a significantly morenergetic geostationary transfer orbit mission in march spacex became the firsto successfully re launch and land the firstage of an orbital rocket in september ceo elon musk unveiled the mission architecture of the interplanetary transport system program an ambitious privately funded initiative to develop spaceflightechnology for use in manned interplanetary spaceflight and which if demand economics demand emerges could lead to sustainable human settlements on mars over the long term this the main purpose thisystem was designed for in elon musk announced thathe company had been contracted by two private individuals to send them in a dragon spacecraft on a free return trajectory around the moon provisionally launching in this could become the first instance of tourism on the moon lunar tourism file dragon capsule and spacex employees jpg thumb spacex employees withe dragon capsule at spacex hq in hawthorne california february in elon musk conceptualized mars oasis a projecto land a miniaturexperimental greenhouse and grow plant s on marso this would be the furthesthat life s ever traveled in an attempto regain public interest in spacexploration and increase the budget of nasa musk tried to buy cheap rockets from russia but returned empty handed after failing to find rockets for an affordable price file falcon carrying crs dragon slc pad jpg thumb falcon carrying crs dragon slc pad on the flight home musk realized that he could start a company that could build the affordable rockets he needed according to early tesla inc tesland spacex investor steve jurvetson musk calculated thathe raw materials for building a rocket actually were only percent of the sales price of a rocket athe time by applying vertical integration producing around of launchardware in house and the modular approach from softwarengineering spacex could cut launch price by a factor of ten and still enjoy a percent gross margin spacex started withe minimum viable product smallest useful orbital rocket instead of building a more complex and riskier launch vehicle which could have failed and bankrupted the company file launch ofalcon carrying orbcomm og m jpg thumb launch ofalcon carrying orbcomm og m in early musk waseeking staffor his new space company soon to be named spacex musk approached renowned rocket engineer tomueller now spacex s ctof propulsion and mueller agreed to work for musk and thuspacex was born spacex was first headquartered in a warehouse in el segundo california the company has grown rapidly since it was founded in growing from employees inovember to in employees and contractors by october and near by late the company has nearly employees in musk gave a speech athe international astronautical congress where he stated that spacex can only hire americans due to employees working on advanced weapon technology file falcon flight og firstage post landing croppedjpg thumb falcon rocket s firstage on the landing pad after the first successful verticalanding of an orbital rocket stage og mission at year end spacex had over launches on its manifest representing about billion in contract revenue with many of those contracts already making progress payments to spacex the contracts included both commercial and federal government of the united states government nasa dod customerspacex had a total ofuture launches under contractwo thirds of them were for commercial customers in late space industry media began to comment on the phenomenon that spacex competition economics prices are undercutting the major competitors in the commercial communicationsatellite comsat launch markethe ariane and proton m at which time spacex had at least further geostationary orbit flights on its books file crs jpg thumb falcon firstage on an asds barge after the first successfulanding at sea crs mission musk hastated that one of his goals is to improve the cost and reliability of access touter space ultimately by a factor of ten the company plans in called for development of a heavy lift product and even a super heavy if there is customer demand with each size increase resulting in a significant decrease in cost per pound torbit ceo elon musk said i believe per pound kg or less is very achievable file falcon heavy pad a jpg thumb conceptual rendering ofalcon heavy at pad a cape canaveral a major goal of spacex has been to develop a spacex reusable launch system development program rapidly reusable launch system the publicly announced aspects of this technology development effort include an active test campaign of the low altitude low speed grasshopperocket grasshopper vtvl vertical takeoff verticalanding vtvl technology demonstratorocket and a high altitude high speed falcon post mission boostereturn test campaign where beginning in mid withe sixth overall flight ofalcon every firstage rocketry firstage will be instrumented and equipped as a controlledescentest vehicle to accomplish flightest propulsive return over water testspacex coo gwynne shotwell said athe singapore satellite industry forum in summer if we gethis reusable technology right and we re trying very hard to gethis right we re looking at launches to be in the range which would really change things dramatically musk stated in a interview that he hopes to send humans to marsurface within years in musk s calculations convinced him thathe colonization of mars was possible in june musk used the descriptor mars colonial transporter only later changed to interplanetary transport system see below to refer to the private capital privately funded new product development projecto design and build a spaceflight system of rocket engine s launch vehicle s and space capsule s to space transport human spaceflight humans to mars and return to earth in march coo gwynne shotwell said that once the falcon heavy andragon crew version are flying the focus for the company engineering team will be on developing the technology to supporthe transport infrastructure necessary for mars missions landmark achievements of spacex include the first privately funded liquid fueled rocketo reach orbit falcon flight september the first privately funded company to successfully launch orbit and recover a spacecraft falcon flight december the first private company to send a spacecrafto the international space station falcon flight may the first private company to send a satellite into geosynchronous orbit falcon flight december the first landing of an orbital rocket s firstage on land falcon flight december the first landing of an orbital rocket s firstage on an ocean platform falcon flight april the first relaunch and landing of a used orbital rocket ses falcon flight march the first controlled flyback and recovery of a payload fairing ses falcon flight march on june spacex s falcon rocket successfully launched a dragon spacecraft for the company s eleventh commercial resupply services mission crs to the international space station this mission marked the first reflight of a dragon spacecraft having previously flown during the fourth commercial resupply services crs mission back in september spacex webcast in december spacex launched an upgraded falcon rocket from cape canaveral air force station into low earth orbit on a mission designated flight after completing its primary burn the firstage of the multistage rocket detached from the second stage as usual the firstage then fired three of its engines to send it back to cape canaveral where it achieved the world s first successfulanding of a rockethat was used for an orbitalaunch the upgraded falcon rocket is currently the only space launch system that uses densified propellantspacex successfully re introduced this technology withe aforementioned flight before propellant densification had been used only on some icbms which are no longer in service and the unsuccessful n rocket soviet lunarocket n in march a spacex dragon spacecraft in orbit developed issues with its thrusters due to blocked fuel valves the craft was unable to properly control itself spacex engineers were able to remotely clear the blockages because of thissue the craft arrived at andocked withe international space statione day later than expected in june spacex crs launched a spacex dragon capsule atop a falcon to resupply the international space station all telemetry readings were nominal until minutes and seconds into the flight when a loss of helium pressure was detected and a cloud of vapor appeared outside the second stage a few seconds after this the second stagexploded the firstage continued to fly for a few seconds before disintegrating due to dynamic pressure aerodynamic forces the capsule was thrown off and survived thexplosion transmitting data until it was destroyed on impact later it was revealed thathe capsule could have landed intact if it had software to deploy its parachutes in case of a launch mishap the problem was discovered to be a failed foot long steel strut purchased from a supplier to hold a helium pressure vessel that broke free due to the force of acceleration this caused a breach and allowed high pressure helium to escape into the low pressure propellantank causing the failurethe spacex dragon software issue was also fixed in addition to analysis of thentire program in order to ensure proper abort mechanisms are in place for future rockets and their payload in september a falcon explodeduring a propellant fill operation for a standard pre launch wet dress rehearsal static fire testhe payload the spacecom amos communicationsatellite valued at million was destroyed musk described thevent as the most difficult and complex failurever in spacex s history spacex reviewed nearly channels of telemetry and video data covering a period of milliseconds for the postmortemusk reported thexplosion was caused by the liquid oxygen that is used as propellanturning so cold that it solidified and it ignited with composite overwrapped pressure vessel carbon composite helium vessels the rocket explosion senthe company into a four month launchiatus while it worked out what went wrong and spacex finally returned to flight in january ownership and valuation file spacex launchessvg thumb successful spacex launches byear in august spacex accepted a million investment from founders fund in early approximately two thirds of the company were owned by its founder and his million shares were then estimated to be worth million privatequity private markets which roughly valued spacex at billion as ofebruary after the dragon cots flight in may the company privatequity valuationearly doubled to billionheld spacex worth nearly billion or share double its pre mission secondary market value following historic success athe international space station url date june accessdate march in january spacex raised billion in funding from google and fidelity ventures fidelity in exchange for of the company establishing the company valuation at approximately billion google and fidelity joined then current investorship group of draper fisher jurvetson founders fund valor equity partners and capricorn spacex had operated on total funding of approximately billion in its firsten years of operation of this privatequity provided about m with musk investing approximately m and other investors having put in about m founders fundraper fisher jurvetson the remainder has come from progress payments on long term launch contracts andevelopment contracts nasa had put in about m of this amount with most of that as progress payments on launch contracts by may spacex had contracts for launch missions and each of those contracts provide down payments at contract signing plus many are paying progress payments as launch vehicle components are built in advance of mission launch driven in part by us accounting rules forevenue recognition long term contracts recognizing long term revenue in an initial public offering ipo was perceived as possible by thend of buthen musk stated in june that he planned to hold off any potential ipo until after the interplanetary transport systemars colonial transporter is flying regularly and this was reiterated indicating that it would be manyears before spacex would become a publicly traded company where musk stated that i just don t want spacex to be controlled by some privatequity firm that would milk it for near term revenue spacecraft and flight hardware spacex currently manufactures two broad classes of rocket engine in house the kerosene fueled merlin rocket engine merlin engines and the hypergolic fueledraco superdraco vernier thruster s the merlin powers their two main space launch vehicles the large falcon which flew successfully intorbit on its maiden launch in june and the super heavy lift vehicle super heavy class falcon heavy which ischeduled to make its first flight in spacex also manufactures the spacex dragon a pressurized orbital spacecrafthat is launched on top of a falcon booster to carry cargo to low earth orbit and the follow on dragon spacecraft currently in the process of being human rated through a variety of design reviews and test flight tests that began in rocket enginesince the founding of spacex in the company has developed three families of rocket engine s merlin rocket engine merlin and kestrel rocket engine kestrel for launch vehicle propulsion and the draco rocket engine family dracontrol thrusterspacex is currently new product development developing two furtherocket enginesuperdraco rocket engine superdraco and raptorocket engine raptor merlin is a family of rocket engines developed by spacex for use on its falcon rocket family falcon rocket family of launch vehicles merlin engines use liquid oxygen lox and rp as propellants in a gas generator power cycle the merlin engine was originally designed for sea recovery and reuse the injector atheart of merlin is of the pintle injector pintle type that was first used in the apollo program for the lunar module landing engine propellants are fed via single shaft dual impeller turbo pump kestrel is a lox rpressure fed engine rocket pressure fed rocket engine and was used as the falcon rocket second stage main engine it is built around the same pintle architecture aspacex s merlin engine but does not have a turbo pump and is fed only by pressure fed engine rocketank pressure its nozzle is ablation ablatively cooled in the chamber and throat is also radiative cooling radiatively cooled and is fabricated from a high strength niobium alloy draco are hypergolic liquid propellant rocket engines that utilize a mixture of monomethyl hydrazine fuel and nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer each draco thruster generates of thrusthey are used as reaction control system rcs thrusters on the spacex dragon spacecraft superdraco engines are a much more powerful version of the draco thrusters which will be initially used as landing and launch escape system engines on the version dragon spacecraft dragon raptorocket engine family raptor is a new family of methane liquid methane rocket fuel methane fueled staged combustion cycle full flow staged combustion cycle full flow staged combustion cyclengines to be used in its future interplanetary transport system development versions have been test fired falcon launch vehicles file spacex falcon in warehousejpg thumb the falcon prototype at spacex s assembly facilitiesince spacex has flown all its missions on the falcon they are also actively developing the falcon heavy and previously developed and flew the falcon pathfinder vehicle file falcon rocket family svg thumb px left from lefto right falcon v three versions ofalcon v three versions ofalcon full thrust falcon v full thrust and falcon heavy falcon was a small rocket capable of placing several hundred kilograms into low earth orbit functioned as an early test bed for developing concepts and components for the larger falcon attempted five flights between and on september on its fourth attempthe falcon successfully reached orbit becoming the first privately funded liquid fueled rocketo do so falcon is an evolved expendable launch vehicleelv class comparison of medium lift launch systems medium lift vehicle capable of delivering up to kilograms lb torbit and is intended to compete withe delta iv rocket delta iv and the atlas v rocket atlas v rockets as well as other launch providers around the world it has nine merlin rocket engine merlin engines in its firstage the falcon v rocket successfully reached orbit on its first attempt on its third flight cots demo flight launched on and was the first private spaceflight commercial spacecrafto reach andock withe international space station the vehicle was upgraded to falcon v in and again to the current falcon full thrust version falcon vehicles have flown list ofalcon and falcon heavy launchesuccessful missions with two failures one after launch and the other during fueling for a routine pre launch static fire in spacex began development of the falcon heavy a comparison of heavy lift launch systems heavy lift rocket configured using a cluster of three falcon firstage modularocket cores with a total merlin d engines and propellant crossfeed the firstage would be capable of lifting kilograms lb to low earth orbit leo withe merlin d engines producing newton unit kn of thrust at sea level and kn in space when spacex finishes development and the rocket is launched the falcon heavy will be the world s most powerful rocket in operation spacex is aiming for the first demonstration flight of the falcon heavy in midragon capsules file isspacex dragon commercial cargo craft approaches the iss cropjpg righthumb the dragon spacecraft approaching the iss in spacex announced plans to pursue a human rated commercial space program through thend of the decade the dragon is a conventional blunt cone ballisticapsule which is capable of carrying cargor up to seven astronauts intorbit and beyond inasannounced thathe company was one of two selected to provide crew and cargo resupply demonstration contracts to the iss under the cots program spacex demonstrated cargo resupply and eventually crew transportation services using the dragon the first flight of a dragon structural test article took place in june from launch complex at cape canaveral air force station during the maiden flight of the falcon launch vehicle the boilerplate spaceflight mock up dragon lacked avionics heat shield and other key elements normally required of a fully operational spacecraft but contained all the necessary characteristics to validate the flight performance of the launch vehicle an operational dragon spacecraft was launched in december aboard cots demo flighthe falcon second flight and safely returned to earth after tworbits completing all its mission objectives in dragon became the first commercial spacecrafto deliver cargo to the international space station and hasince been conducting regularesupply services to the iss file inside the dragon capsule jpg thumb the interior of the cots dragon in and musk suggested on several occasions that plans for a human rated variant of dragon were proceeding and had a to year time line to completion in april nasa issued a million contract as part of itsecond round ccdev commercial crew development ccdev program for spacex to develop an integrated launch escape system for dragon in preparation for human rating it as a crew transport vehicle to the iss thispace act agreement runs from april until may when the next round of contracts are to be awarded nasapproved the technical plans for the system in october and spacex began building prototype hardware spacex plans to launch its dragon spacecraft on an unmanned test flighto the iss inovember and later in a crewedragon will send us astronauts to the iss for the firstime since the retirement of the space shuttle in february spacex announced thatwould be space tourism space tourists had put down significant deposits for a mission which would see the two private astronauts fly on board a dragon capsule to the moon and back again athe press conference announcing the mission elon musk said thathe cost of the mission would be comparable to that of sending an astronauto the international space station about million us dollars per astronaut in the mission islated for late research andevelopment file raptor test jpg thumb firstest firing of a scale raptor development engine in september in mcgregor texaspacex is actively pursuing several different research andevelopment programs most notable are the programs intended to develop reusable launch vehicles an interplanetary transport system and a global telecommunications network spacex has on occasion developed new engineering developmentechnologies to enable ito pursue its various goals for example athe gpu technology conference spacex revealed their own computational fluidynamics cfd software to improve the computer simulation capability of evaluating rocket engine combustion design reusable launch system file spacex asds in position prior to falcon flight carrying crs jpg thumb autonomouspaceport drone ship just read the instructions in position prior to falcon flight carrying crspacex s reusable launcher program was publicly announced in and the design phase was completed in february the system returns the firstage rocketry firstage of a falcon rocketo its launchpad using only its own propulsion systemspacex s active test program began in late with testing low altitude low speed aspects of the vtvlanding technology grasshopperocket grasshopper and the falcon reusable development vehicles f r dev werexperimental technology demonstratoreusable launch system reusable rockets that performed vertical takeoffs and landings dragonfly rocket dragonfly is a test vehicle to developropulsive and propulsive assist landing technologies in a series of low altitude flightests planned to be conducted in high velocity high altitude aspects of the boosterocketry booster atmospheric return technology began testing in late and have continued through spacex has been improving the autonomous landing and recovery of the firstage of the falcon launch vehicle with steadily increasing success as a result of elon musk s goal of crafting more cost effective launch vehiclespacex conceived a method to reuse the firstage of their primary rockethe falcon by attempting propulsiverticalandings on solid surfaces once the company determined that soft landings were feasible by touching down over the atlantic and pacific ocean they began landing attempts on a solid platform spacex leased and modified several barges to sit out at seas a target for the returning firstage converting them to autonomouspaceport drone ship s asdspacex first achieved a falcon flight successfulanding and recovery of a firstage in december and in april the firstage booster first successfully landed on the asds of course i stillove you firstage landing on droneship url publisher youtube author spacex date april accessdate march spacex continues to carry out firstage landings on every orbitalaunch that fuel margins allow by october following the successfulandingspacex indicated they were offering their customers a ten percent price discount if they choose to fly their payload on a reused falcon firstage on march spacex launched a flight proven falcon for the ses mission this was the firstime a re launch of a payload carrying orbital rocket went back to space the firstage was recovered and landed on the asds of course i stillove you in the atlantic ocean also making ithe first landing of a reused orbital class rocket elon musk called the achievement an incredible milestone in the history of space interplanetary transport system file its interplanetary spaceship landed on europajpg thumb artist s impression of the interplanetary spaceship on the jupiter planet jovian moon europa moon europa spacex is developing a super heavy lift launch vehicle the its launch vehicle a fully spacex reusable rocket reusable booster stage and integrated second stage spacecraft interplanetary spaceship and its tanker to support flights to interplanetary spaceflight interplanetary space development of the interplanetary transport system and itsuper heavy launch vehicle will be the major focus of spacex once falcon heavy andragoncrew are flying regularly spacex hasignaled on multiple occasions that it is interested in developing much larger engines than it has done to date a conceptual plan for the raptorocket engine raptor project was first unveiled in a june american institute of aeronautics and astronautics aiaa presentation inovember musk announced a new direction for propulsion side of the company developing liquid oxygen lox liquid methane rocket engines for launch vehicle main and upper stages the raptor lox methanengine will use the morefficient staged combustion cycle rocket staged combustion cycle a departure from the open cycle gas turbines open cycle gas generator cycle rocket gas generator cycle system and lox rpropellants thathe current merlin engine series uses the rocket would be more powerful than previously released publicly with over of thrusthe raptor engine willikely be the first in a family of methane based enginespacex intends to build in august a raptor engine washipped to the spacex mcgregor testing facility in texas where it is undergoing developmentesting musk s long term vision for the company is the development of technology and resourcesuitable for human colonization mars he has expressed his interest in someday traveling to the planet stating i d like to die on mars just not on impact a rocket every two years or so could provide a base for the people arriving in after a launch in according to steve jurvetson musk believes that by athe latesthere will be thousands of rockets flying a million people to mars in order to enable a self sustaining human colony in addition to spacex s privately funded plans for an eventual exploration of mars missionasames research center hadeveloped a concept called redragon spacecraft redragon a low cost mars mission that would use falcon heavy as the launch vehicle and trans martian injection vehicle and the spacex dragon capsule to atmospheric entry enter the martian atmosphere the concept was originally envisioned for launch in as a discovery program nasa discovery mission then alternatively for but it has not been yet formally submitted for funding withinasa the objectives of the mission would be return the samples fromars to earth at a fraction of the cost of the nasa own return sample missionow projected at billion dollars in april spacex announced its plan to launch a modifiedragon lander to mars by this project is part of a public private partnership contract betweenasand spacex in early spacex has pushed the mission to the launch window to have more time to dedicate tother projectsuch as the falcon heavy and the dragon crew dragon spacecraft other projects in january spacex ceo elon musk announced the development of spacex satellite constellation a new satellite constellation to provide global broadband internet service in june the company asked the federal government for permission to begin testing for a projecthat aims to build a constellation of satellites capable of beaming the interneto thentire globe including remote regions which currently do not have internet access the internet service will use a constellation of cross linked communicationsatellite s in km orbits owned and operated by spacex the goal of the business is to increase profitability and cashflow to allow spacex to build its mars colony development began initial prototype flightestest flight satellites arexpected to be flown in and initial operation of the constellation could begin as early aspacex filed withe fcc us regulatory authorities plans to field a constellation of an additional v band satellites inon geosynchronous orbit s to provide communicationservices in an electromagnetic spectrum that had not been previously been heavily employed for commercial communicationservices called the v band low earth orbit vleo constellation it would consist of satellites to follow thearlier proposed satellites that would function in ka band kand ku band in june spacex announced thathey would sponsor a hyperloop pod competition and would build a scale model subscale testrack near spacex s headquarters for the competitivevents which could be held as early as june the plan was later delayed to january as there were many requests from teams for more time designing and building their pods filentrance to spacex headquartersjpg thumb the company s headquarters located in hawthorne california spacex is headquarter ed in california which also serves as their primary manufacturing planthey own a test site in texas and operate three current launch sites with another under development spacex also run regional offices in texas virginiand washington dc spacex publisher spacex accessdate march and a satellite development facility in seattle headquarters and manufacturing plant file falcon rocket cores under construction at spacex hawthorne facility jpg thumb falcon v rocket cores under construction athe spacex hawthorne facility november spacex headquarters is located in the los angelesuburb of hawthorne california the large three story facility originally built by northrop corporation to build boeing fuselages housespacex s office space mission control and vehicle factory the area has one of the largest concentrations of aerospace headquarters facilities and or subsidiaries in the us including boeing mcdonnell douglas main satellite building campuses raytheonasa s jet propulsion laboratory lockheed martin bae systems northrop grummand aecom etc with a large pool of aerospacengineers and recent collegengineeringraduatespacex utilizes a high degree of vertical integration in the production of its rockets and rocket enginespacex builds its rocket engine s launch vehicle rocket stagespacecraft principal avionics and all embedded software in house in their hawthorne facility which is unusual for the aerospace industry neverthelesspacex still has over suppliers with some of those delivering to spacex nearly weekly development and test facility file spacex engine test bunkerjpg righthumb spacex mcgregor engine test bunker september spacex operates theirocket development and test facility in mcgregor texas all spacex rocket engines are tested on rocket engine test facility rocketestands and low altitude vtvl flightesting of the falcon grasshopperocket grasshopper v and f r dev test vehicles were carried out at mcgregor the company purchased the mcgregor facilities from beal aerospace where it refitted the largestestand for falcon engine testing spacex has made a number of improvements to the facility since purchase and has also extended the acreage by purchasing several pieces of adjacent farmland in the company announced plans to upgrade the facility for launch testing a vtvl rocket and then constructed a half acre concrete launch facility in to supporthe grasshopper test flight program the mcgregor facility haseven testands that are operated hours a day six days a week and is building more testands because production is ramping up and the company has a large list ofalcon launches launch manifest in the next several years in addition to routine testing dragon capsules following recovery after an orbital mission are shipped to mcgregor for de fueling cleanup and refurbishment foreuse in future missions launch facilities file launch ofalcon carrying cassiope f et jpg thumb right spacex west coast launch facility at vandenberg air force base during the launch of cassiope september spacex currently operates three orbital spaceflight orbitalaunch sites at cape canaveral vandenberg air force base and kennedy spacenter and have announced plans for a fourth in brownsville texaspacex has indicated thathey see a niche for each of the four orbital facilities and thathey have sufficient launch business to fill each pad before it was retired all falcon launches took place athe ronald reagan ballistic missile defense test site on omelek island cape canaveral cape canaveral air force station space launch complex slc is used for falcon launches to low earth and geostationary orbitslc is not capable of supporting falcon heavy launches or polar launches as part of spacex s boostereusability program the former launch complex at cape canaveral now renamed landing zone has been designated for use for falcon firstage landing tests firstage booster landings file orbcomm firstage landing jpg thumb falcon flight landing on landing zone in december vandenberg afb space launch complex vandenberg air force base space launch complex east slc e is used for payloads to polar orbits the vandenberg site can launch both falcon and falcon heavy but cannot launch to low inclination orbits post launch landings will take place athe neighboring slc w kennedy spacenter kennedy spacenter launch complex kennedy spacenter launch complex a lc a has been under development by spacex since december whenasannounced thathey had selected spacex as the new commercial tenant spacex plans to launch their falcon and falcon heavy from the pad and build a new hangar near it elon musk hastated that he wants to shift most of spacex s nasa launches to lc a including commercial resupply services commercial cargo and commercial crew development crew missions to the iss in august spacex announced they would be building a spacex south texas launch site commercial only launch facility at brownsville texas the federal aviation administration released a draft environmental impact statement environmental impact statement for the proposed texas facility in april and found that no impacts would occur that would force the federal aviation administration to deny spacex a permit forocket operations and issued the permit in july spacex started construction the new launch facility in with production ramping up in the latter half of withe first launches from the facility no earlier than late real estate packages athe location have beenamed by spacex with names based on theme mars crossing satellite prototyping facility in january spacex announced it would bentering the satellite production business and global satellite internet business the satellite factory would be located in seattle washington the office will initially have approximately engineers withe potential to grow tover several years in july spacex acquired an additional creative space in irvine california orange county to focus on satellite communications launch contractspacex has been contracted by nasa to initially develop the technology and subsequently carry outhe task of resupplying the international space station isspacex is also certified for us military launches of evolved expendable launch vehicle class eelv payloads in addition to thispacex has of january a purely commercialaunch manifest of missionscheduled over the next years exclusive ofederal government of the united states us government flights of a total oflightscheduled through in september spacex stated thathey had over missions on manifest representing over b under contract nasa contracts file cots dragon is berthedjpg righthumb the cots dragon is berthed to the iss by canadarm inasannounced that spacex had won a nasa commercial orbital transportation services cots contracto demonstrate cargo delivery to the iss with a possible option for crew transporthis contract designed by nasa to provide seed money for developing new boosters paid spacex million to develop the falcon in december the launch of the cots demo flight mission spacex became the first privately funded company to successfully launch orbit and recover a spacecraft dragon wasuccessfully deployed intorbit circled thearth twice and then made a controlled rentry burn for a splashdown in the pacific ocean with dragon safe recovery spacex became the first private company to launch orbit and recover a spacecraft prior to this missionly government agencies had been able to recover orbital spacecraft cots demo flight launched in may in which dragon successfully berthed withe iss marking the firstime that a private spacecraft had accomplished this feat commercial cargo commercial resupply services crs are a series of contracts awarded by nasa from for delivery of cargo and supplies to the iss on commercially operated spacecrafthe first crs contracts were signed in and awarded billion to spacex for cargo transport missions covering deliveries to spacex crs the first of the planned resupply missions launched in october achieved orbit berthed and remained on station for days before atmospheric rentry rentering the atmosphere and splashing down in the pacific ocean crs missions have flown approximately twice a year to the issince then inasa extended the phase contracts by ordering an additional three resupply flights from spacex after further extensions late in spacex is currently scheduled to fly a total of missions a second phase of contracts known as crs were solicited and proposed in they were awarded in january for cargo transport flights beginning in and expected to lasthrough commercial crew file spacex dragon v pad abort vehicle jpg thumb crew dragon undergoing testing prior to flighthe commercial crew development ccdev program intends to develop commercially operated spacecrafthat are capable of delivering astronauts to the isspacex did not win a space act agreement in the first round ccdev but during the second round ccdev nasawarded spacex with a contract worth million to further develop their launch escape system test a crew accommodations mock up and to further progress their falcon dragon crew transportation design the ccdev program later became commercial crew integrated capability ccicap and in august nasannounced that spacex had been awarded million to continue development and testing of its dragon spacecraft in september nasa chose spacex and boeing as the two companies that will be funded to develop systems to transport us crews to and from the isspacex won billion to complete and certify dragon by the contracts include at least one crewed flightest with at least one nasastronaut aboard once crew dragon achieves nasa certification the contract requirespacex to conduct at leastwo and as many asix crewed missions to the space station defense contracts in spacex announced that it had been awarded an idiq indefinite delivery indefinite quantity idiq contract foresponsive small spacelift rss launch services by the united states air force which could allow the air force to purchase up to million worth of launches from the company in april nasannounced that it had awarded an idiq launch services contracto spacex for up to billion depending on the number of missions awarded the contract covers launch services ordered by june for launches through december musk stated in the same announcementhat spacex hasold contracts for flights on the various falcon rocket family falcon vehicles in december spacex announced its firstwo launch contracts withe united states department of defense the united states air force space and missile systems center awarded spacex two eelv class missions deep space climate observatory dscovr and space test program stp dscovr was launched on a falcon launch vehicle in while stp will be launched on a falcon heavy in may the united states air force announced thathe falcon v was certified for launching national security space missions which allowspacex to contract launch services to the air force for any payloads classified under national security in april the us air force awarded the first such national security launch an million contracto spacex to launch a gpsatellite in may this estimated cost was approximately less than thestimated cost for similar previous missions in april the pentagon announced that spacex has been awarded an million contract from the us air force to launch a next generation gpsatellite aboard its falcon rocket in may prior to this united launch alliance was the only provider certified to launch national security payloads commercial contracts file falcon carrying ses jpg thumb the falcon carrying the ses communicationsatellite intorbit spacex announced in march that it had been contracted to launch ses a telecommunicationsatellite for sesa it wasuccessfully launched in december ses waspacex s first launch of a geostationary communicationsatellite comsat signalling its entrance into the lucrative commercialaunch market in june spacex was awarded the largest ever commercialaunch contract worth million to launch iridium satellites using falcon rocketspacex has a total ofuture launches under contractwo thirds of them are for commercial customers launch market competition and pricing pressure spacex s low launch pricespecially for communication satellite s flying to geostationary transfer orbit geostationary gtorbit have resulted in competition economics market pressure on its competitors to lower their own prices prior to the space launch market competition openly competed comsat launch market had been dominated by arianespace flying ariane and internationalaunch services flying proton rocket family proton with a published price of per launch to low earth orbit falcon rockets were already the cheapest in the industry reusable falcon s couldrop the price by an order of magnitude sparking more space based enterprise which in turn wouldrop the cost of access to space still further through economies of scale spacex has publicly indicated that if they are successful with developing the spacex reusable rocket reusable technology launch market prices in the range for the reusable falcon are possible in spacex had wonine contracts out of that were openly competed worldwide in at commercialaunch service providerspace media reported that spacex had already begun to take market share from arianespace has requested that european governments provide additional subsidy subsidies to face the competition from spacex european comparison of communication satellite operatorsatellite operators are pushing theuropean space agency esa to reduce ariane and the future ariane rocket launch prices as a result of competition from spacex according tone arianespace managing director in it was clear that a very significant challenge was coming from spacex therefore things have to change and the wholeuropean industry is being restructured consolidated rationalised and streamlined jean botti director of innovation for airbus which makes the ariane warned thathose who do notakelon musk seriously will have a loto worry about ino commercialaunches were booked to fly on the russian proton rocket family proton rocket also in spacex capabilities and pricing had also begun to affecthe market for launch of us military payloads for nearly a decade the large us launch provider united launch alliance ula had faced no competition for military launches anticipating a slump in domestic military and spy launches ula stated that it would gout of business unless it won commercial satellite launch orders to that end ulannounced a majorestructuring of processes and workforce in order to decrease launch costs by half see also list ofalcon and falcon heavy launches colonization of mars human mission to mars interplanetary transport system newspace private spaceflightourism on the moon furthereading externalinkspacex instagramusk s instagram spacex youtube category spacex category aerospace companies of the united states category commercialaunch service providers category private spaceflight companies category rocket engine manufacturers category spacecraft manufacturers category space tourism category elon musk category hyperloop category science and technology in the greater los angeles area category manufacturing companies based in the greater los angeles area category technology companies based in the greater los angeles area category companies based in los angeles county california category hawthorne california category manufacturing companiestablished in category technology companiestablished in category establishments in 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productservices orbital_spaceflight orbital_rocket launch owner elon_musk trust equity voting control num april homepage technologies corporation better_known american aerospace manufacturer space transport services company headquartered hawthorne california founded entrepreneur elon_musk withe_goal reducing space_transportation costs enabling colonization hasince developed falcon_rocket_family falcon launch_vehicle family spacex_dragon spacecraft family currently deliver payloads orbit earth_orbit spacex achievements include first_privately funded liquid propellant rocketo reach orbit falcon first_privately funded company successfully launch orbit recover spacecraft dragon first_private_company send spacecrafto international_space_station dragon first propulsive landing orbital_rocket falcon first reuse orbital_rocket falcon spacex hasince flown ten missions international_space_station iss commercial resupply services cargo resupply contract awarded spacex commercial_crew_development development contract develop human rating certification human would used transport astronauts iss return safely earth spacex_announced_thathey beginning privately_funded spacex_reusable launch_system development_program reusable_launch system technology development_program december firstage flown back landing pad near launch_site successfully accomplished propulsive vtvl verticalanding first achievement rocket forbital spaceflight april withe launch successfully vertically landed firstage ocean drone ship drone ship landing platform may another first spacex landed firstage significantly geostationary transfer orbit mission march spacex became firsto successfully launch land firstage orbital_rocket september ceo elon_musk unveiled mission architecture interplanetary_transport_system program ambitious privately_funded initiative develop use manned interplanetary spaceflight demand economics demand could lead sustainable human settlements mars long_term main purpose thisystem designed elon_musk announced_thathe company contracted two private individuals send dragon_spacecraft free return trajectory around moon launching could become first instance tourism moon lunar tourism_file dragon capsule spacex employees jpg thumb spacex employees withe dragon capsule spacex hawthorne california february elon_musk mars oasis projecto land greenhouse grow plant would life ever traveled attempto regain public_interest spacexploration increase budget nasa musk tried buy cheap rockets russia returned empty handed failing find rockets affordable price file falcon carrying crs dragon slc pad jpg thumb falcon carrying crs dragon slc pad flight home musk realized could start company could build affordable rockets needed according early inc spacex investor steve jurvetson musk calculated thathe raw materials building rocket actually percent sales price rocket athe_time applying vertical integration producing around house modular approach spacex could cut launch price factor ten still enjoy percent gross margin spacex started withe minimum viable product smallest useful orbital_rocket instead building complex launch_vehicle could failed company file launch ofalcon carrying jpg thumb launch ofalcon carrying early musk new space company soon named spacex musk approached renowned rocket_engineer spacex propulsion agreed work musk born spacex first headquartered warehouse el segundo california company grown rapidly since founded growing employees inovember employees contractors october near late company nearly employees musk gave speech athe international astronautical congress stated spacex hire americans due employees working advanced weapon technology file falcon_flight firstage post landing croppedjpg thumb falcon_rocket firstage landing pad first successful verticalanding orbital_rocket stage mission year end spacex launches manifest representing billion contract revenue many contracts already making progress payments spacex contracts included commercial federal_government united_states government nasa total ofuture launches thirds commercial customers late space industry media began comment phenomenon spacex competition economics prices major competitors commercial communicationsatellite launch markethe ariane proton time spacex least geostationary orbit flights books file crs jpg thumb falcon firstage asds barge first sea crs mission musk hastated one goals improve cost reliability access space ultimately factor ten company plans called development heavy_lift product even super_heavy customer demand size increase resulting significant decrease cost per pound torbit ceo elon_musk said believe per pound less file falcon_heavy pad jpg thumb conceptual rendering ofalcon heavy pad cape_canaveral major goal spacex develop spacex_reusable launch_system development_program rapidly reusable_launch system publicly_announced aspects technology development effort include active test campaign low altitude low speed grasshopper vtvl vertical takeoff verticalanding vtvl technology high_altitude high_speed falcon post mission test campaign beginning mid withe sixth overall flight ofalcon every firstage rocketry firstage equipped vehicle accomplish flightest propulsive return water gwynne said athe singapore satellite industry forum summer gethis reusable technology right trying hard gethis right looking launches range would really change things dramatically musk stated interview hopes send humans within years musk calculations convinced thathe colonization mars possible june musk used mars colonial transporter later changed interplanetary_transport_system see refer private capital privately_funded new_product development projecto design build spaceflight system rocket_engine launch_vehicle space_capsule space transport human_spaceflight humans mars return earth march gwynne said falcon_heavy andragon crew version flying focus company engineering team developing technology supporthe transport infrastructure necessary mars missions landmark achievements spacex include first_privately funded liquid fueled rocketo reach orbit falcon_flight september first_privately funded company successfully launch orbit recover spacecraft falcon_flight december first_private_company send spacecrafto international_space_station falcon_flight may first_private_company send satellite orbit falcon_flight december first landing orbital_rocket firstage land falcon_flight december first landing orbital_rocket firstage ocean platform falcon_flight april first relaunch landing used orbital_rocket ses falcon_flight march first controlled recovery payload fairing ses falcon_flight march june spacex falcon_rocket successfully launched dragon_spacecraft company commercial resupply services mission crs international_space_station mission marked first dragon_spacecraft previously flown fourth commercial resupply services crs mission back september spacex december spacex launched upgraded falcon_rocket cape_canaveral air_force station low_earth_orbit mission designated flight completing primary burn firstage multistage rocket detached second_stage usual firstage fired three engines send back cape_canaveral achieved world first_used orbitalaunch upgraded falcon_rocket currently space_launch_system uses successfully introduced technology withe flight propellant used longer service unsuccessful n rocket soviet n march spacex_dragon spacecraft orbit developed issues thrusters due blocked fuel craft unable properly control spacex engineers able remotely clear thissue craft arrived withe international_space day later expected june spacex crs launched spacex_dragon capsule atop falcon resupply international_space_station telemetry nominal minutes seconds flight loss helium pressure detected cloud appeared outside second_stage seconds second firstage continued fly seconds due dynamic pressure aerodynamic forces capsule thrown survived thexplosion data destroyed impact later revealed thathe capsule could landed intact software deploy parachutes case launch problem discovered failed foot long steel purchased supplier hold helium pressure vessel broke free due force acceleration caused breach allowed high pressure helium escape low pressure causing spacex_dragon software issue also fixed addition analysis thentire program order ensure proper abort mechanisms place future rockets payload september falcon propellant fill operation standard pre launch wet dress rehearsal static fire testhe payload spacecom communicationsatellite valued million destroyed musk described thevent difficult complex spacex history spacex reviewed nearly channels telemetry video data covering period reported thexplosion caused liquid_oxygen used cold composite pressure vessel carbon composite helium vessels rocket explosion company four month worked went wrong spacex finally returned flight january ownership file spacex thumb successful spacex launches byear august spacex accepted million investment founders fund early approximately two_thirds company owned founder million shares estimated worth million privatequity private markets roughly valued spacex billion ofebruary dragon cots flight may company privatequity doubled spacex worth nearly billion share double pre mission secondary market value following historic success athe international_space_station url date june accessdate march january spacex raised billion funding google fidelity ventures fidelity exchange company establishing company approximately billion google fidelity joined current group fisher jurvetson founders fund equity partners spacex operated total funding approximately billion years operation privatequity provided musk investing approximately investors put founders fisher jurvetson remainder come progress payments long_term launch contracts andevelopment contracts nasa put amount progress payments launch contracts may spacex contracts launch missions contracts provide payments contract signing plus many paying progress payments launch_vehicle components built advance mission launch driven part us accounting rules recognition long_term contracts recognizing long_term revenue initial public offering ipo perceived possible thend buthen musk stated june planned hold potential ipo interplanetary_transport colonial transporter flying regularly indicating would manyears spacex would_become publicly traded company musk stated want spacex controlled privatequity firm would milk near term revenue spacecraft flight hardware spacex currently manufactures two broad classes rocket_engine house fueled merlin rocket_engine merlin engines merlin powers two_main space_launch_vehicles large falcon flew successfully intorbit maiden launch june super_heavy_lift vehicle super_heavy class falcon_heavy ischeduled make first_flight spacex also manufactures spacex_dragon pressurized orbital launched top falcon booster carry cargo low_earth_orbit follow dragon_spacecraft currently process human rated variety design reviews test_flight tests began rocket founding spacex company developed three families rocket_engine merlin rocket_engine merlin rocket_engine launch_vehicle propulsion draco rocket_engine family currently new_product development developing two rocket_engine raptorocket engine raptor merlin family rocket_engines developed spacex use falcon_rocket_family falcon_rocket_family launch_vehicles merlin engines use liquid_oxygen lox propellants gas generator power cycle merlin engine originally designed sea recovery reuse atheart merlin type first_used apollo program lunar module landing engine propellants fed via single shaft dual pump lox fed engine rocket pressure fed rocket_engine used falcon_rocket second_stage main engine built around architecture merlin engine pump fed pressure fed engine pressure nozzle cooled chamber also cooling cooled fabricated high strength alloy draco liquid propellant rocket_engines utilize mixture fuel nitrogen oxidizer draco generates used reaction control system thrusters spacex_dragon spacecraft engines much powerful version draco thrusters initially used landing launch escape system engines version dragon_spacecraft dragon raptorocket engine family raptor new family methane liquid methane rocket fuel methane fueled staged combustion cycle full flow staged combustion cycle full flow staged combustion used future interplanetary_transport_system development versions test fired falcon launch_vehicles file spacex falcon thumb falcon prototype spacex assembly spacex flown missions falcon also actively developing falcon_heavy previously developed flew falcon pathfinder vehicle file falcon_rocket_family svg thumb px left lefto right falcon v three versions ofalcon v three versions ofalcon full thrust falcon v full thrust falcon_heavy falcon small rocket capable placing several hundred kilograms low_earth_orbit functioned early test bed developing concepts components larger falcon attempted five flights september fourth falcon successfully reached orbit becoming first_privately funded liquid fueled rocketo falcon evolved expendable launch class comparison medium lift launch_systems medium lift vehicle capable delivering kilograms torbit intended compete withe delta rocket delta atlas v rocket atlas v rockets well launch providers around world nine merlin rocket_engine merlin engines firstage falcon v rocket successfully reached orbit first attempt third flight cots demo flight launched first_private_spaceflight commercial_spacecrafto reach withe international_space_station vehicle upgraded falcon v current falcon full thrust version falcon vehicles flown list ofalcon falcon_heavy missions two one launch fueling routine pre launch static fire spacex began development falcon_heavy comparison heavy_lift launch_systems heavy_lift rocket using three falcon firstage cores total merlin engines propellant firstage would capable lifting kilograms low_earth_orbit leo withe merlin engines producing newton unit thrust sea_level space spacex finishes development rocket launched falcon_heavy world powerful rocket operation spacex aiming first demonstration flight falcon_heavy capsules file isspacex dragon commercial cargo craft approaches iss cropjpg righthumb dragon_spacecraft approaching iss spacex_announced_plans pursue human rated commercial_space program thend decade dragon conventional blunt cone capable carrying seven astronauts intorbit beyond thathe_company one two selected provide crew cargo resupply demonstration contracts iss cots program spacex demonstrated cargo resupply eventually crew transportation_services using dragon first_flight dragon structural test article took_place june launch_complex cape_canaveral air_force station maiden flight falcon launch_vehicle spaceflight mock dragon lacked avionics heat shield key elements normally required fully operational spacecraft contained necessary characteristics validate flight performance launch_vehicle operational dragon_spacecraft launched december aboard cots demo flighthe falcon second flight safely returned earth completing mission objectives dragon became first_commercial spacecrafto deliver cargo international_space_station hasince conducting services iss file inside dragon capsule jpg thumb_interior cots dragon musk suggested several occasions plans human rated variant dragon year time line completion april nasa issued million contract part itsecond round ccdev commercial_crew_development ccdev program spacex develop integrated launch escape system dragon preparation human rating crew transport vehicle iss act agreement runs april may next round contracts awarded technical plans system october spacex began building prototype hardware spacex plans launch dragon_spacecraft unmanned test_flighto iss inovember later send us astronauts iss firstime since retirement space_shuttle february spacex_announced space_tourism space_tourists put significant deposits mission would see two private astronauts fly board dragon capsule moon back athe press conference announcing mission elon_musk said thathe cost mission would comparable sending astronauto international_space_station million_us dollars per astronaut mission late research_andevelopment file raptor test jpg thumb firstest firing scale raptor development engine september mcgregor actively pursuing several different research_andevelopment programs notable programs intended develop reusable_launch_vehicles interplanetary_transport_system global telecommunications network spacex occasion developed new engineering enable ito pursue various goals example athe technology conference spacex revealed software improve computer simulation capability evaluating rocket_engine combustion design reusable_launch system file spacex asds position prior falcon_flight carrying crs jpg thumb drone ship read instructions position prior falcon_flight carrying reusable_launcher program publicly_announced design phase completed february system returns firstage rocketry firstage falcon_rocketo using propulsion active test_program began late testing low altitude low speed aspects technology grasshopper falcon reusable development vehicles f r dev technology launch_system reusable rockets performed vertical landings rocket test vehicle propulsive assist landing technologies series low altitude flightests planned conducted high velocity high_altitude aspects booster atmospheric return technology began testing late continued spacex improving autonomous landing recovery firstage falcon launch_vehicle steadily increasing success result elon_musk goal cost effective launch conceived method reuse firstage primary rockethe falcon attempting solid surfaces company determined soft_landings feasible touching atlantic pacific ocean began landing attempts solid platform spacex leased modified several barges sit seas target returning firstage converting drone ship first achieved falcon_flight recovery firstage december april firstage booster first successfully landed asds course firstage landing url publisher youtube author spacex date april accessdate march spacex continues carry firstage landings every orbitalaunch fuel margins allow october following indicated offering customers ten percent price discount choose fly payload reused falcon firstage march spacex launched flight proven falcon ses mission firstime launch payload carrying orbital_rocket went back space firstage recovered landed asds course atlantic_ocean also making_ithe first landing reused orbital class rocket elon_musk called achievement incredible milestone history space interplanetary_transport_system file interplanetary_spaceship landed thumb artist impression interplanetary_spaceship jupiter planet moon europa moon europa spacex developing super_heavy_lift launch_vehicle launch_vehicle fully spacex_reusable rocket reusable booster stage integrated second_stage spacecraft interplanetary_spaceship tanker support flights interplanetary spaceflight interplanetary space development interplanetary_transport_system heavy launch_vehicle major focus spacex falcon_heavy flying regularly spacex multiple occasions interested developing much_larger engines done date conceptual plan raptorocket engine raptor project first unveiled june american institute aeronautics presentation inovember musk announced new direction propulsion side company developing liquid_oxygen lox liquid methane rocket_engines launch_vehicle main upper_stages raptor lox use staged combustion cycle rocket staged combustion cycle departure open cycle gas open cycle gas generator cycle rocket gas generator cycle system lox thathe current merlin engine series uses rocket would powerful previously released publicly raptor engine willikely first family methane based intends build august raptor engine spacex mcgregor testing facility texas undergoing musk long_term vision company development technology human colonization mars expressed interest traveling planet stating like die mars impact rocket every two_years could provide base people arriving launch according steve jurvetson musk believes athe_thousands rockets flying million_people mars order enable self sustaining human colony addition spacex privately_funded plans eventual exploration mars research_center hadeveloped concept called redragon spacecraft redragon low_cost mars mission would use falcon_heavy launch_vehicle trans injection vehicle spacex_dragon capsule atmospheric entry enter atmosphere concept originally envisioned launch discovery program nasa discovery mission alternatively yet formally submitted funding objectives mission would return samples earth fraction cost nasa return sample projected billion dollars april spacex_announced plan launch lander mars project part public_private partnership contract spacex early spacex pushed mission launch window time tother falcon_heavy dragon crew dragon_spacecraft projects january spacex ceo elon_musk announced development spacex satellite constellation new satellite constellation provide global internet service june company asked federal_government permission begin testing aims build constellation satellites capable thentire globe including remote regions currently internet access internet service use constellation cross linked communicationsatellite orbits owned operated spacex goal business increase profitability allow spacex build mars colony development began initial prototype flight satellites arexpected flown initial operation constellation could begin early filed withe us regulatory authorities plans field constellation additional v band satellites inon orbit provide spectrum previously heavily employed commercial called v band low_earth_orbit constellation would consist satellites follow thearlier proposed satellites would function band band june spacex_announced_thathey would sponsor pod competition would build scale model subscale near spacex headquarters could held early june plan later delayed january many requests teams time designing building pods spacex thumb company headquarters located hawthorne california spacex ed california also_serves primary manufacturing test_site texas operate three current launch_sites another development spacex also run regional offices texas virginiand washington spacex publisher spacex accessdate march satellite development facility seattle headquarters manufacturing plant file falcon_rocket cores construction spacex hawthorne facility jpg thumb falcon v rocket cores construction athe spacex hawthorne facility november spacex headquarters located los hawthorne california large three story facility originally built northrop corporation build boeing office space mission_control vehicle factory area one largest aerospace headquarters facilities us including boeing douglas main satellite building campuses jet propulsion laboratory lockheed martin systems northrop etc large pool recent utilizes high degree vertical integration production rockets rocket builds rocket_engine launch_vehicle rocket principal avionics embedded software house hawthorne facility unusual aerospace industry still suppliers delivering spacex nearly weekly development test facility file spacex engine test righthumb spacex mcgregor engine test bunker september spacex operates development test facility mcgregor texas spacex rocket_engines tested rocket_engine test facility low altitude vtvl flightesting falcon grasshopper v f r dev test vehicles carried mcgregor company purchased mcgregor facilities aerospace falcon engine testing spacex made number improvements facility since purchase also extended purchasing several pieces adjacent company_announced_plans upgrade facility launch testing vtvl rocket constructed half acre concrete launch_facility supporthe grasshopper test_flight program mcgregor facility operated hours day six days week building production_company large list ofalcon launches launch manifest next several_years addition routine testing dragon capsules following recovery orbital mission shipped mcgregor de fueling cleanup refurbishment future missions launch facilities file launch ofalcon carrying f jpg thumb right spacex west_coast launch_facility vandenberg air_force base launch september spacex currently operates three orbital_spaceflight orbitalaunch sites cape_canaveral vandenberg air_force base kennedy spacenter announced_plans fourth brownsville indicated thathey see niche four orbital facilities thathey sufficient launch business fill pad retired falcon launches took_place athe ronald reagan ballistic missile defense test_site island cape_canaveral cape_canaveral air_force station space_launch_complex slc used falcon launches low_earth geostationary capable supporting falcon_heavy launches polar launches part spacex program former launch_complex cape_canaveral renamed landing zone designated use falcon firstage landing tests firstage booster landings file firstage landing jpg thumb falcon_flight landing landing zone december vandenberg space_launch_complex vandenberg air_force base space_launch_complex east slc e used payloads polar orbits vandenberg site launch falcon falcon_heavy cannot launch low orbits post launch landings take_place athe neighboring slc w kennedy spacenter kennedy spacenter launch_complex kennedy spacenter launch_complex development spacex since december thathey selected spacex new commercial tenant spacex plans launch falcon falcon_heavy pad build new hangar near elon_musk hastated wants shift spacex nasa launches including commercial resupply services commercial cargo commercial_crew_development crew missions iss august spacex_announced would building spacex south texas launch_site commercial launch_facility brownsville texas federal_aviation_administration released draft environmental_impact statement environmental_impact statement proposed texas facility april found impacts would occur would force federal_aviation_administration spacex permit operations issued permit july spacex started construction new launch_facility production latter half withe_first_launches facility earlier late real_estate packages athe location spacex names based theme mars crossing satellite facility january spacex_announced would satellite production business global satellite internet business satellite factory would located seattle_washington office initially approximately engineers withe potential grow tover several_years july spacex acquired additional creative space irvine california orange county focus satellite communications launch contracted nasa initially develop technology subsequently carry outhe task international_space_station isspacex also certified us military launches evolved expendable launch_vehicle class payloads addition january purely commercialaunch manifest next years exclusive ofederal government united_states us_government flights total september spacex stated_thathey missions manifest representing b contract nasa contracts file cots dragon righthumb cots dragon iss spacex nasa commercial orbital transportation_services cots contracto demonstrate cargo delivery iss possible option crew contract designed nasa provide seed_money developing new paid spacex million develop falcon december launch cots demo flight mission spacex became first_privately funded company successfully launch orbit recover spacecraft dragon wasuccessfully deployed intorbit thearth twice made controlled rentry burn pacific ocean dragon safe recovery spacex became first_private_company launch orbit recover spacecraft prior government_agencies able recover orbital_spacecraft cots demo flight launched may dragon successfully withe iss marking firstime private_spacecraft accomplished feat commercial cargo commercial resupply services crs series contracts awarded nasa delivery cargo supplies iss commercially operated spacecrafthe first crs contracts signed awarded billion spacex cargo transport missions covering spacex crs first planned resupply missions launched october achieved orbit remained station days atmospheric rentry atmosphere pacific ocean crs missions flown approximately twice year extended phase contracts ordering additional three resupply flights spacex extensions late spacex currently scheduled fly total missions second phase contracts known crs proposed awarded january cargo transport flights beginning expected commercial_crew file spacex_dragon v pad abort vehicle jpg thumb crew dragon undergoing testing prior flighthe commercial_crew_development ccdev program intends develop commercially operated capable delivering astronauts isspacex win space act agreement first round ccdev second round ccdev spacex contract worth million develop launch escape system test crew accommodations mock progress falcon dragon crew transportation design ccdev program later_became commercial_crew integrated capability august spacex awarded million continue development testing dragon_spacecraft september nasa chose spacex boeing two companies funded develop systems transport us crews isspacex billion complete dragon contracts include least_one crewed flightest least_one aboard crew dragon nasa certification contract conduct leastwo many crewed missions space_station defense contracts spacex_announced awarded indefinite delivery indefinite quantity contract small launch_services united_states air_force could allow air_force purchase million worth launches company april awarded launch_services contracto spacex billion depending number missions awarded contract covers launch_services ordered june launches december musk stated spacex hasold contracts flights various falcon_rocket_family falcon vehicles december spacex_announced firstwo launch contracts withe united_states department defense united_states air_force space missile systems center awarded spacex two class missions deep space climate observatory space test_program stp launched falcon launch_vehicle stp launched falcon_heavy may united_states air_force announced_thathe falcon v certified launching national security space missions contract launch_services air_force payloads classified national security april us_air_force awarded first national security launch million contracto spacex launch may estimated cost approximately less cost similar previous missions april announced spacex awarded million contract us_air_force launch next_generation aboard falcon_rocket may prior united_launch_alliance provider certified launch national security payloads commercial contracts file falcon carrying ses jpg thumb falcon carrying ses communicationsatellite intorbit spacex_announced march contracted launch ses wasuccessfully launched december ses first_launch geostationary communicationsatellite entrance lucrative commercialaunch market june spacex awarded largest ever commercialaunch contract worth million launch satellites using falcon total ofuture launches thirds commercial customers launch market competition pricing pressure spacex low launch communication satellite flying geostationary transfer orbit geostationary resulted competition economics market pressure competitors lower prices prior space_launch market competition openly competed launch market dominated arianespace flying ariane services flying proton rocket_family proton published price per launch low_earth_orbit falcon_rockets already cheapest industry reusable falcon price order magnitude space based enterprise turn cost access space still economies scale spacex publicly indicated successful developing spacex_reusable rocket reusable technology launch market prices range reusable falcon possible spacex contracts openly competed worldwide commercialaunch service media reported spacex already begun take market_share arianespace requested european governments provide additional subsidies face competition spacex european comparison communication satellite operators pushing theuropean space_agency reduce ariane future ariane rocket launch prices result competition spacex according tone arianespace managing_director clear significant challenge coming spacex therefore things change industry restructured consolidated streamlined jean director innovation airbus makes ariane warned thathose musk seriously worry booked fly russian proton rocket_family proton rocket also spacex capabilities pricing also begun affecthe market launch us military payloads nearly decade large us launch provider united_launch_alliance ula faced competition military launches domestic military spy launches ula stated would gout business unless commercial satellite launch orders end processes workforce order decrease launch costs half see_also list ofalcon falcon_heavy launches colonization mars human mission mars interplanetary_transport_system newspace private moon furthereading instagram spacex youtube category_spacex category aerospace_companies united_states category_commercialaunch service_providers category_private_spaceflight companies_category rocket_engine manufacturers category_spacecraft manufacturers category_space_tourism category elon_musk category category science technology greater los_angeles area_category manufacturing companies_based greater los_angeles area_category technology companies_based greater los_angeles area_category companies_based los_angeles county_california_category hawthorne california_category manufacturing companiestablished category technology companiestablished category_establishments california"},{"title":"Spartacus International Gay Guide","description":"the spartacus international gay guide is an international gay travel guidebook published annually since originally by john d stamford currently by bruno gm nder verlag in berlin germany the guide is arranged alphabetically by country and offershortexts in english german french spanish and italian cities that are major gay travel destinations are described in greater depth each country section includes a summary of the current homosexuality laws of the world laws about homosexuality that 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hotelsaunas beaches and cruising spots are indicated on the city map via gps and photos and additional information venues are available the app also provides tips on current activities events and specialsuch as happy hours in the baround the corner for example there are four versions available on the apple app store ios europe north america latin americasiafricand oceaniand worldwide in june the bruno gm nder verlag released version of itspartacus gay guide app including a version with a free selected content both android and ios versions are available see also gay tourism international gay and lesbian travel association category lgbtourism lgbt cruises product description bruno gm nder verlagmbh june nd edition the germanationalibrary february spartacus international gay guidedge new york april die m rz ausgabe ist da manner magazine february spartacus international gay guide bald auch als iphone app gayboyat march elm guest house scandal coded adverthat gave signal to perverts daily mirror february externalinks official web site spartacus international gay guide app bruno gm nder verlagmbh category consumer guides category lgbt related media in germany category lgbtourism category gay male media category publications established in category travel guide 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fabric wing usually in close proximity to a steep slope speed flying and speed riding are very similar sportspeed flying is when the speed wing is foot launched while speed riding or ski gliding is a winter sport done on skisustained flight with a speed glider is possible over a ridge in strong winds comparison to paragliding and parachuting file speedflyingjpg lefthumb px speed flying is a hybrid sporthat has combined elements of paragliding parachuting and even skiing to create a new sport like paragliding speed flying is done by launching from a slope withe wing overhead already inflated by the incoming air the main difference between speed flying and paragliding is that speed flying is meanto create a fasthrilling ride close to the slope while the point of paragliding is usually to maintain a longer gentler flighthe fast landing technique for speed wings isimilar to that used in parachuting however parachuting or skydiving is done from a plane or fixed object base jumping and the wing is designed to arresthe free fall newer designs of hybrid wings also called mini wings are now being produced to allow a high speed hike and fly fromountainous areas they can be soared in strong laminar winds and thermalled similar to paragliders and may also be trimmed for a more traditional speed flying descent history in the late s french mountaineers began launching parachutes from steep mountains on foot ground launching and with skis modifications to these parachutes evolved into larger easier to launch wings now called paragliders and parachute ground launching remained largely forgotten however advances in material and parachute swooping events inspired a new generation of pilots in france and americabout years later foot launched parachute slalom course competitions known as blade running orunner competitionstarted in the western united states in and continue withe blade raid since an american team of stunt parachutists expanded the sport making stunt videoskimming mountain slopes in the alps from tone teamember opened the first ground launching school for foot launched parachutes in california usa file speed flying ogv righthumb speed riding video later in a group ofrench pilots began experimenting with modified parachute and parafoil kite designs one of these francois bon a paraglider test pilot unsatisfied with foot launched parachute performance helped perfecthe first speed wing design the ginano this evolved intother commercial wings between and square metres designed for speed portability and a lower glide ratio today speed gliders are produced by over manufacturers worldwide france hosted the first yearly speed riding competition speed flying pro les arcs in january which continued to be dominated by pioneer speed flyer antoine montant until his death in the sport has grown rapidly since its inception particularly in france and switzerland with an estimated to speed wing pilots all over the world speed wing pilots have already garnered mediattention with rapidescents from summitsuch as aconcagua in the andes and various peaks in the alps there arestablished flying sites all over the globe including dedicated ski runs at several resorts in france and over instructors in aroundifferent countries the new air sport has many written formsuch aspeedflying speed flying speed flying speed riding speedriding speed riding skigliding ski gliding ski gliding ski flying ski flying and ground launching the wing image francois bonjpg thumb left speed wing the wing itself is known as a speed glider speed wing or speed flyer it hasimilar material to a paraglider with a ripstop nylon fabric wing treated with a polyurethane or silicon coating kevlar or dyneema lines protected by an outer sheath and mylareinforcement on the cell openings athe leading edge however the speed wing is only about half the size of an average paraglider see the table below the wingsmall size and unique design give it a much smaller glide ratio making it more suitable to fly close to the slope the smaller size also allows the wing to be flown in windier environments and minimizes weight for hiking the speed glider flies at speeds of to mph versus a paraglider s to mph it also shares characteristics with a ram air parachute it differs however because it is much lighter more maneuverable does not have a pilot chute or slider parachuting slider and is not suitable for arresting free falls the pilot can use a standing harnessimilar to those worn with a parachute a strap like sitting harness or a protectively padded seated harness identical to those used with a paraglider the speed flyer has adjustable trims on the reariser and sometimes the front riser these allow the piloto adjusthe line lengths and pick the wing angle of attack best suited for the hill steepness and wind conditionspeed flying and speed riding requires different wing sizes because of the different glide angles and launch techniquespeed flying requires a larger slower wing for foot launches between and square metres while speed riding involves a faster smaller ski launched wing between and square metres this allows the piloto periodically touch down and speed ride the slope on skis or a snowboard class wikitable comparing speed wings paragliders and parachutespeed wings paragliders parachutes valign top area m ft m ft m ft valign top max glide ratio valign top speed range km h mph km h mph km h mph valign top aspect ratio range valign top number of risers valign top new price range us valign top weight kg lb kg lb kg lb valign top number of cells duo chamber on triple chamber safety because of the high flight speed km h or mph and close proximity to the slope and obstacles injury andeath are considerable risks in thisport over pilots have already suffered fatal injuries worldwide since also because of itsmall size and high wing loading the wing responds quickly to little pilot input which makes professional instruction very important however the high 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base jumping wing designed free fall newer designs hybrid wings also_called mini wings produced allow high_speed hike fly areas strong winds similar paragliders may_also traditional speed_flying descent history late french mountaineers began launching parachutes steep mountains foot ground launching skis modifications parachutes evolved larger easier launch wings called paragliders parachute ground launching remained largely however advances material parachute events inspired new generation pilots france years_later foot_launched parachute slalom course competitions known blade running western united_states continue withe blade raid since american team stunt expanded sport making stunt mountain slopes alps tone opened first ground launching school foot_launched parachutes california usa file speed_flying righthumb speed_riding video later group ofrench pilots began experimenting modified parachute kite designs one bon paraglider test pilot foot_launched parachute performance helped first speed wing design evolved intother commercial wings square metres designed speed lower glide_ratio today speed gliders produced manufacturers worldwide france hosted first_yearly speed_riding competition speed_flying pro les january continued dominated pioneer speed flyer antoine death sport grown rapidly since inception particularly france switzerland estimated speed wing pilots world speed wing pilots already mediattention andes various peaks alps flying sites globe including dedicated ski runs several resorts france instructors countries new air sport many written speed_flying speed_flying speed_riding speed_riding ski gliding ski gliding ski flying ski flying ground launching wing image thumb left speed wing wing known speed glider speed wing speed flyer material paraglider fabric wing treated polyurethane silicon lines protected outer cell openings athe leading_edge however speed wing half size average paraglider see table size unique design give much_smaller glide_ratio making suitable fly close slope smaller size also allows wing flown environments weight hiking speed glider flies speeds mph versus paraglider mph also shares characteristics ram air parachute differs however much lighter pilot chute parachuting suitable free falls pilot use standing worn parachute like sitting harness seated harness identical used paraglider speed flyer sometimes front allow piloto line lengths pick wing angle attack best suited hill wind flying speed_riding requires different wing sizes different glide angles launch flying requires larger slower wing foot launches square metres speed_riding involves faster smaller ski launched wing square metres allows piloto periodically touch speed ride slope skis class wikitable comparing speed wings paragliders wings paragliders parachutes valign_top area valign_top max glide_ratio valign_top speed range h mph h mph h mph valign_top aspect ratio range valign_top number risers valign_top new price range us valign_top weight valign_top number cells duo chamber triple chamber safety high flight speed h mph close_proximity slope obstacles injury andeath considerable risks pilots already suffered fatal injuries worldwide since also size high wing loading wing quickly little pilot input makes professional instruction important however high help pressurized turbulent conditions proper equipment helmets harnesses reserve parachutes help reduce injuries advanced wing ski training knowledge site conditions hazards imperative practicing safely references_externalinks video documentary fantastic global speed_riding video introduction foot_launched speed_flying video speed_riding near switzerland speed paragliding forum category_air sports_category_adventure_travel_category individual sports_category winter sports_category_articles containing_video_clips"},{"title":"Sports tourism","description":"sports tourism refers to travel which involves either observing or participating in a sporting event staying apart from their usual environment sportourism is a fast growing sector of the global travel industry and equates to billion classification of sportourism there are several classifications on sportourism gammon and robinson suggested thathe sports tourism are defined as hard sports tourism and soft sports tourism while gibson suggested thathere are three types of sports tourism included sports eventourism celebrity and nostalgia sportourism and active sportourism hard and soft sportourism the hardefinition of sportourism refers to the quantity of people participating at a competitive sport events normally these kinds of events are the motivation thattract visitors visits thevents olympic games fifa world cup formula f grand prix and regional eventsuch as nascar sprint cup series could be described as hard sports tourism the soft definition of sports tourism is when the touristravels to participate in recreational sporting or signing up for leisure interests hiking skiing and canoeing can be described asoft sports tourism perhaps the most common form of soft sports tourism involves golf in regards to destinations in europe and the united states a large number of people are interested in playing some of the world s greatest and highest ranked courses and take great pride in checking those destinations off of their list of places to visit sport events tourism sport eventourism refers to the visitors who visit a city to watch events the two events thattracthe mostourists worldwide are the olympics and the fifa world cup thesevents held oncevery four years in a different city in the world sports tourism in the united states is more focused on events that happen annually the major event for the national footballeague is the super bowl held athend of the year in different city everyear the national hockey league started the annual nhl winter classic game in this annual new year s outdoor hockey game has become a huge hit rivaling the championship stanley cup tournament in popularity it has revitalized the nhl the newestrend in college basketball is to starthe season off with annual tournamentsuch as the mauinvitational tournament mauinvitational held in hawaii and the battle for atlantis which is played in the bahamas this idea of pairing quality sports events withe bahamas attractions raised the islands profile and brought in more visitors andollars to the country the battle for atlantis brought more than fans in during thanksgiving week for the three day tournamenthevent helped increase hotel capacity from what is typically around percenthis time of year to percent sports tourism is a growing market and many different cities and countries wanto be involved celebrity and nostalgia sportourism celebrity and nostalgia sportourism involves visits to the sports halls ofame and venue and meeting sports personalities in a vacation basis active sportourism active sportourism refers to those who participate in the sports or eventsee also externalinks category 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reading week reading period or easter week depending on regional conventions however these vacations differ from spring break in the united states history and timing spring break is an academic tradition in various mostly western countries that ischeduled for different periods depending on the state and sometimes the region in japan the spring break starts withend of the academic year in march and ends on april withe beginning of a new academic year south korea in south korea the spring break starts in mid february thend of the academic year and ends on march a national holiday withe beginning of a new academic year czech republic in the czech republic only primary and secondary school students have a spring break the break is one week long and the date of the break differs from county to county to avoid overcrowding of the break destinations in the czech republiczechs usually travel to the mountains to ski there the counties are divided into six groups each group containing counties evenly distributed across the country the first group starts the holiday on the first monday ofebruary the last group starts the holiday five weeks later usually in early march the last group of counties becomes the first one to have the spring break the next year before the spring break in the country of georgia country georgia was typically an easter holiday lasting from thursday to tuesday in the holy week in the new minister of education and science of georgialeksandre jejelava made a new reform by which students of preschools elementary high schools as well as colleges and universities get six days of holiday in march lasting fromarch to march for people to gon winter vacations or dother activities in germany universities typically schedule a semester break ofive to eight weeks around march the whitsun pentecost holidays around late may or early june are also considered a spring break studenten wgde about semester breaks in germany german in greece spring break takes place during the holy week and the one after it in lithuania spring break called easter holidays or spring holidays takes place one week beforeaster and one day after it as it is the seconday of easter all school students have this vacation primary school students have another week of holidays after easter in portugal spring break is mostly known as easter holidays and it gives two weeks to all students around the country before there was an easter break in schools in the ussr spring break was always from tof march now many schools in russia still have the spring break buthexact date is decided by the school itself in sweden primary school students typically have winter sports holiday for one week in february as well as easter holidays for one week in april during easter in spain there is not a spring break proper instead the holy week is celebrated and students usually have holidays during these days united kingdom theaster break in the united kingdom is from one to two and a half weeks depending on the local council and school policy and fits around easter north americanada gives a week long break to its primary education elementary school and secondary education secondary school students in the month of march withe time varying from province to province new brunswick and quebec for example place their march breaks during the first week of march ontario nova scotiand british columbia schedule theirs during the second or third week and is usually a week long the break in albertand manitoba usually occurs in the last week of march post secondary students in ontario and alberta usually get a week off in mid february in jamaica the spring break starts in the first week of march the break may range from three days tone week in mexico spring break takes place during the holy week and the one after it united states in the united statespring break athe college and university level can occur fromarch to april depending on term dates and when easter sunday easter holiday falls usually spring break is about one week long but many k education k institutions in the united stateschedule a two week long breaknown as easter break easter holidays or easter vacation as they generally take place in the weeks before or after easter however in the states of massachusetts and maine schools typically schedule spring break for the week of the third monday in april to coincide with patriots day central america guatemala el salvador and honduras in guatemaland honduras itakes place during easter schools give students a whole week to rest while the staff workforce rests approximately three daysouth america in colombia spring break takes place the first week of april during the holy week until the second week spring break festivals large annual spring break festivals take place in various countries often in the form of music festival s and joined by special nightclub party parties beach activities and accommodation offers this an incomplete list of places with spring break festivals the south pacific enjoyspring break during november some tour companies are now chartering out entire island resorts for the festivities island party fiji nz herald fire at spring break fiji stuff what ispring break cook islands rarotonga european party destinations are increasingly becoming popular for international spring break guests tour agencies have cited the lower legal drinking age drinking ages in these places and that even then they are rarely enforced some tour companies put on special chartered flights for spring break at discounted rates file papaya club zrche beach dayjpg thumb novalja zr e zr e beach croatia novalja zr e zr e beach croatia spring break spring break island croatia pouch germany pouch sputnik springbreak festival in pouch germany r gen rugia binz prorand usedom islands heringsdorf mecklenburg vorpommern kaiser spannual baltic spring break usedom island germany mykonos firstpost videof mykonospring break si fok lake balaton spring break balaton video rimini spring break rimini video ibiza spring break ibiza lloret de mar springbreak spain magaluf mallorca spring break magaluf salou springbreak salou by funbreak video north america montego bay jamaica montego bay spring break jamaica nassau bahamas nassau spring break punta cana dominican republic punta cana spring break domrep acapulco spring break in acapulco canc n epic spring break in cancun mexico video united states panama city beach florida starting in the late s panama city beach florida panama city beach began advertising the destination hoping to attract crowds that had formerly gone to fort lauderdale and then daytona before those communities enacted restrictions from an estimated students traveled to the destination the spawn of social mediandigital marketing helped propel the beach town into a student mecca during march following well publicized shootings and a gang rape in several new ordinances were put into effect prohibiting drinking on the beach and establishing a bar closing time of am central time reportshow a drop in panama city beach spring break turnout in march followed by increased family tourism in april both are credited blamed on the new ordinances by the bay county florida bay county community development corporation cdc fort lauderdale florida fort lauderdale s reputation as a spring break destination for college studentstarted when the colgate university men swim team arrived to practice there over christmas break in marsh bill the innocent birth of the spring bacchanal the new york times march attracting approximately college students in the spring break wastill known aspring vacation and was a relatively low key affair this began to change when glendon swarthout s novel where the boys are was published in effectively ushering in modern spring break swarthout s novel was quickly made into a movie of the same title in where the boys are in which college girls met boys while on spring break there the number of visiting college students immediately jumped tover by thearly s ft lauderdale was attracting between college students per year during spring break residents of the fort lauderdale area became so upset athe damage done by college students thathe local government passed laws restricting parties in athe same time the national minimum drinking age act was enacted in the united states requiring that florida raise the minimum drinking age to and inspiring many underage college vacationers to travel tother locations in the united states for spring break by the number of college students traveling to fort lauderdale fell to a far cry from the who went four years prior south padre island texas in thearly south padre island became the first location outside oflorida to draw a large number of college students for spring break with only a few thousand residentsouth padre island has consistently drawn between and spring breakers for the last years corporate marketing it is common for major brands that cater to the youth market eg coca cola gillette brand gillette mtv and branches of the united states armed forces to market at spring break destinationsee also schoolies week senior week references notes externalinks category types of secular holidays category spring season category student culture category types of 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destinations czech usually travel mountains ski counties divided six groups group containing counties distributed across country first group starts holiday first monday ofebruary last group starts holiday five weeks later usually early march last group counties becomes first one spring_break next year spring_break country georgia country georgia typically easter holiday lasting thursday tuesday holy week new minister education science made new reform students elementary high_schools well colleges universities get six days holiday march lasting fromarch march people gon winter vacations activities germany universities typically schedule semester break ofive eight weeks around march holidays around late may early june also_considered spring_break semester breaks germany_german greece spring_break takes_place holy week one lithuania spring_break called easter holidays spring holidays takes_place one_week one_day seconday easter school students vacation primary school students another week holidays easter portugal spring_break mostly known easter holidays gives two_weeks students around country easter break schools ussr spring_break always tof march many schools russia still spring_break date decided school sweden primary school students typically winter sports holiday one_week february well easter holidays one_week april easter spain spring_break proper instead holy week celebrated students usually holidays days united_kingdom theaster break united_kingdom one two half weeks depending local council school policy around easter north gives week_long break primary education elementary_school secondary education secondary school students month march withe time varying province province new_brunswick quebec example place march breaks first week march ontario nova british_columbia schedule second third week usually week_long break manitoba usually occurs last week march post secondary students ontario alberta usually get week mid february jamaica spring_break starts first week march break may range three_days tone week mexico spring_break takes_place holy week one united_states united break athe college university level occur fromarch april depending term dates easter sunday easter holiday falls usually spring_break one_week long many k education k institutions united two week_long easter break easter holidays easter vacation generally take_place weeks easter however states massachusetts maine schools typically schedule spring_break week third monday april coincide day central_america guatemala el_salvador honduras honduras place easter schools give students whole week rest staff workforce rests approximately three america colombia spring_break takes_place first week april holy week second week spring_break festivals large annual spring_break festivals take_place various_countries often form music_festival joined special nightclub party parties beach activities accommodation offers incomplete list places spring_break festivals south_pacific break november tour companies entire island resorts festivities island party fiji herald fire spring_break fiji stuff break cook islands european party destinations increasingly becoming popular international spring_break guests tour agencies cited lower legal drinking_age drinking_ages places even rarely enforced tour companies put special chartered flights spring_break discounted rates file papaya club beach thumb e e beach croatia e e beach croatia spring_break spring_break island croatia germany festival germany r gen binz islands mecklenburg baltic spring_break island germany videof break lake spring_break video spring_break video ibiza spring_break ibiza de mar spain spring_break video north_america bay jamaica bay spring_break jamaica nassau bahamas nassau spring_break punta dominican republic punta spring_break spring_break n epic spring_break cancun mexico video united_states panama city beach_florida starting late panama city beach_florida panama city beach began advertising destination hoping attract crowds formerly gone fort_lauderdale communities enacted restrictions estimated students traveled destination social marketing helped propel beach town student mecca march following well publicized gang rape several new put effect drinking beach establishing bar closing_time central time drop panama city beach spring_break march followed increased family tourism april credited blamed new bay county florida bay county community development_corporation cdc fort_lauderdale florida fort_lauderdale reputation spring_break destination college university men swim team arrived practice christmas break marsh bill innocent birth spring new_york times_march attracting approximately college_students spring_break wastill known vacation relatively low key affair began change novel boys published effectively modern spring_break novel quickly made movie title boys college girls met boys spring_break number visiting college_students immediately tover thearly lauderdale attracting college_students per_year spring_break residents fort_lauderdale area became athe damage done college_students thathe local_government passed laws parties athe_time national minimum drinking_age act enacted united_states requiring florida raise minimum drinking_age inspiring many college vacationers travel tother locations united_states spring_break number college_students traveling fort_lauderdale fell far cry went four_years prior south padre island texas thearly south padre island became first location outside oflorida draw large_number college_students spring_break thousand padre island consistently drawn spring last_years corporate marketing common major brands cater youth market coca cola brand mtv branches united_states armed forces market spring_break also week senior week references notes_externalinks category_types secular holidays category spring season category student culture_category_types tourism"},{"title":"Stag party tourism","description":"stag party tourism is tourism for the purpose of being a participant of a stag party also called a bachelor party usually held in another country destination stag parties arespecially popular with british people briton s with eastern europe often being the preferredestinationboyer david bachelor party confidential a realife peek behind the closedoor traditionew york simon spotlight entertainment isbn popular destinations file wieczor kawalerskie partybus x jpg thumb stag party in partybus krakow central europe and the baltics central europe is becoming increasingly popular due to the cheaprices and variety of stag activities on offer with destinationsuch as budapest prague rigand krakow rising in popularity there are a number of companies now specialising in trips to venuesuch as prague and krakow astags look to head to central europe for their stag do in krakow alone million visitors came in with a number of these being stag or hen parties it is prague however which was listed in a bbc documentary as the most popular stag do destination amsterdam is popular due to itshort flightimes from the uk and also the relaxed laws regarding marijuanamsterdam s red light district is also a popular destination for stag parties withe daily mailisting amsterdam as the third most popular destination for stag parties uk many people alsopto have their stag party in the uk there are a number of activities available all over the uk with a number of different companies offering packages including all aspects of the stag weekend in this destination spain if people want nice weather then they head to spain with many people citing the good weather as a reason to visit spain is also seen as the most popular hen party destination withe daily mailisting it as the number one destination for hens negative impacts despite bringing in a lot of money to theconomies of the stag party destinations there are also a number of people who say that it has a negative impact inovember the archbishop of krakow released a statement urging the people in the city to join him in a month of prayer to help the city spiritual renewal and that it had been defaced by debauchery andrunkennessee also environmental impact of aviation hypermobility travel category types of tourism category pre 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another_country destination stag parties arespecially popular british people briton eastern_europe often david bachelor party confidential realife behind york simon spotlight entertainment isbn popular_destinations file x jpg thumb stag party krakow central_europe central_europe becoming_increasingly popular due variety stag activities offer destinationsuch budapest prague krakow rising popularity number companies specialising trips venuesuch prague krakow look head central_europe stag krakow alone million_visitors came number stag hen parties prague however listed bbc documentary popular stag destination amsterdam popular due uk also relaxed laws regarding red light district also_popular destination stag parties withe daily amsterdam third popular_destination stag parties uk many_people stag party uk number activities available uk number different companies offering packages including aspects stag weekend destination spain people want nice weather head spain many_people citing good weather reason visit spain also seen popular hen party destination withe daily number one destination negative_impacts despite bringing lot money stag party destinations also number people say negative impact inovember krakow released statement urging people city join month prayer help city spiritual renewal also environmental_impact aviation hypermobility travel_category types tourism_category pre wedding"},{"title":"Stanford's Guides","description":"stanford s guidest s were a series of travel guide book s to england elsewhere published by edward stanford of london list of stanford s guides by geographicoverageast midlands region east of england region greater london regionorth west england region south east england region ed index south west england region ed west midlands region west midlands region index yorkshire and the humberegion ed list of stanford s guides by date of publication s ed s ed s category travel guide books category series of books category publications 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region index yorkshire ed list stanford guides date publication ed ed category_travel_guide_books category_series books_category publications_established category_tourism united_kingdom"},{"title":"Staycation","description":"file kiddiepooljpg righthumb px spending time in a backyard swimming pool is one of the activitiesometimes enjoyeduring a staycation a staycation a portmanteau of stay and vacation also known as a holistay a portmanteau of holiday and stay is a period in which an individual or family stays home and participates in leisure activities within driving distance sleeping in their own beds at nighthey might make day trips to local tourist siteswimming venues or engage in fun activitiesuch as horseback riding paintball hiking or visiting museums most of the time it involves dining out more frequently than usual staycations achieved popularity in the us during the financial crisis of staycations also became a popular phenomenon in the uk in as a weak pound made overseas holidaysignificantly morexpensive staycations boom despite summer gloom sky news retrieved on common activities of a staycation include use of the backyard swimming pool visits to local park s and museum s and attendance at local festival s and amusement parksome staycationers also like to follow a set of rulesuch asetting a start and endate planning ahead and avoiding routine withe goal of creating the feel of a traditional vacation the word staycation is a portmanteau of stay meaning stay at home and vacation the terms holistay andaycation are alsometimes used the blog wordspycom attributes thearliest reference to this term as coming from article in the sunews according to a connecticutravel blog the word staycation was originally coining linguistics coined by canadian comedian brent butt staycation connecticut style in the television show corner gas in thepisode mail fraud which first aired october the word became widely used in the united states during may as the summer travel season began with world oil market chronology fromid increases gas prices reaching record highs leading many people to cut back on expenses including travel summer staycation merriam webster cites thearliest use in the cinncinati enquirer july the term was added to the version of the merriam webster s collegiate dictionary a closely related concept and term is nearcation which is taking a vacation to a location relatively close to home nearcation trend helps hershey park stay sweet nearcation and staycation may be used interchangeably since the travel destination may be in the sametropolitan region in which one resides and it is unclear how far away a destinationeeds to be until it becomes no longer a staycationearcation is a portmanteau of near and vacation the alternate naycation yes and no nay vacation has been used to signify total abstention from travelake superior state university added the word to its list of banished words the citationoted that vacation is not synonymous with travel and thus a separaterm is not necessary to describe a vacation during which one stays at home lake superior state university list of banished words january staycations are far less costly than a vacation involving traveling there are no lodging costs and travel expenses are minimal costs may include transportation for local trips dining and local attractions the american automobile association said the average north american vacation will cost per day for two people for lodging and meals add some kids and airfare and a day vacation could top staycations do not have the stress associated with travel such as packing long drives or waits at airport s indeed a few people go as far as leaving their home only for their usual errandsuch as food shopping those with backyard swimming pools have an advantage as they can spend more time swimming without leaving their property and sometimes have as much fun as they might have had going anywhere staycations may be of economic benefito some local businesses who get customers from the area providing them with business in the tourism bureaus of many us cities also began promoting staycations for theiresidents to help replace the tourism dollars lost from a drop in out of town visitors astaycationers are close to their places of employmenthey may be tempted to go to work at least part of the time and their bosses may feel their employees are available to be called into work staycationers also have access to their email whether personal or business at home as they would regularly allowing them to be contacted and feeling the temptation to keep up withis contact whether business or social these risks can be balanced by strictly adhering rules that make thexperience feelike a real get away such as no checking email or no watching television staycationers may spend money they had not planned as retailers and other advertisers offer deals to encourage staycationers to spend money retailers promote staycation sales yahoo news these may include hotel s making package deals in hopes of luring planned staycationers to do some travel staycationers can also finish a stay at home vacation feeling unsatisfied if they allow themselves to fall into their daily monotony and include household projects errands and other menial tasks in their vacation at home or near home see also couchsurfing day tripper hitchhiking externalinks category types of tourism category tourist activities category 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home vacation terms alsometimes used blog attributes thearliest reference term coming article according blog word staycation originally coining linguistics coined canadian comedian staycation connecticut style television show corner gas thepisode mail fraud first aired october word became widely_used united_states may summer travel season began world oil market increases gas prices reaching record leading many_people cut back expenses including travel summer staycation merriam_webster cites thearliest use july term added version merriam_webster dictionary closely related concept term taking vacation location relatively close home trend helps hershey park stay sweet staycation may used since travel_destination may region one unclear far away becomes longer portmanteau near vacation alternate yes vacation used total superior state_university added word list banished words vacation synonymous travel thus necessary describe vacation one stays home lake superior state_university list banished words january staycations far less costly vacation involving traveling lodging costs travel expenses minimal costs may_include transportation local trips dining local attractions american_automobile_association said average north_american vacation cost per_day two people lodging meals add kids day vacation could top staycations stress associated travel packing long drives waits airport indeed people go far leaving home usual food shopping backyard swimming_pools advantage spend time swimming without leaving property sometimes much fun might going anywhere staycations may economic benefito local_businesses get customers area providing business_tourism bureaus many us cities also began promoting staycations help replace tourism dollars lost drop town visitors close places may go work least part time may feel employees available called work staycationers also access email whether personal business home would regularly allowing contacted feeling keep withis contact whether business social risks balanced strictly rules make thexperience real get away checking email watching television staycationers may spend money planned retailers advertisers offer deals encourage staycationers spend money retailers promote staycation sales yahoo news may_include hotel making package deals hopes planned staycationers travel staycationers also finish stay home vacation feeling allow fall daily include household projects tasks vacation home near home see_also couchsurfing day_tripper hitchhiking externalinks_category_types tourism_category_tourist activities category"},{"title":"Steakhouse","description":"image amarillo texas big texan steak jpg thumb px the big texan steak ranch in amarillo texas amarillo texas a steakhouse steak house or chophouse is a restauranthat specializes in steak s and chops modern steakhouses can alsoffer other cuts of meat such astanding rib roast prime rib veal and seafood chophousestarted in london in the s and served individual portions of meat known as meat chops alan davidson oxford companion to food sv chop the traditional nature of the food served was zealously maintained through the later th century despite the new cooking styles from the continental europe continent which were beginning to become fashionable the houses were normally only open for men the steakhouse started in the united states in the late th century as a development from traditional inns and bars list of steakhouses the following are lists of notable steakhouses independent restaurants autograph brasserie wayne pennsylvania barberian steak house toronto barclay prime philadelphia bear creek saloon and steakhouse bear creek montana bern steak house tampa florida the big texan steak ranch amarillo texas bobcat bite santa fe new mexico brasserie les halles new york city carmen steak house toronto note while it shares the same location and a similar name this nothe original italic text famous justifiably so carmen s dining club the original carmen s dining club was a toronto icon and closed inovember after years in business when its owneretired the new carmen steak house has a significantly different menu some would say modernized and as good as it may be does not duplicate nor is representative of the original carmen s dining club experience cattleman restaurant new york city country bill s portland oregon delmonico s new york city five o clock steakhouse milwaukee wisconsin gallagher steak house new york city golden ox kansas city missouri gorat s omaha nebraska the hitching post california jess jim steakhouse kansas city missouri keensteakhouse new york city ken steak house framinghamassachusetts cameron mitchell restaurants mitchell steakhouse columbus ohio manny steakhouse minneapolis minnesota manny selling long aged ribeyes for a dollar a day minneapolist paul business journal moishesteakhouse montreal quebecanada peter luger steak house new york city the pine club dayton ohio porter house new york new york city ringside steakhouse portland oregon sparksteak house new york city steak cherry hill new jersey timber lodge steakhouse minnesota the willo steakhouse california chain restaurant steakhouses north america image texas roadhouse restaurant westland michiganjpg thumb px texas roadhouse image outback steakhouse cajpg thumb px outback steakhouse image valle steak house albanyjpg thumb px valle steak house s iconic signs once spanned theast coast fromaine to florida black angusteakhouse ponderosa bonanza steakhouse bonanza steakhouse the capital grille charlie brown steakhouse claim jumper del frisco s doubleagle steak house doe s eat place fleming s prime steakhouse wine bar fogo de ch o harry caray s italian steakhouse hoss steak and sea house houston s restaurant k bob steakhouse the keg lawry s logan s roadhouse lone star steakhouse saloon longhorn steakhouse montana mike s morton s restaurant group inc morton s mr steak outback steakhouse the palm restauranthe palm ponderosa bonanza steakhouse ponderosa steakhouse quaker steak lube rustler steak house ruth s christeak house saltgrassteak house shula steak house sirloin stockade sizzler smith wollensky steak and ale steak and ale restaurant stoney river legendary steakstrip house tahoe joe s texas de brazil texas land cattle texas roadhouse texasteakhouse saloon timber lodge steakhouse valle steak house western sizzlin wolfgang steakhouse york steak house outside north america file bife no restaurante block house de oeirasjpg thumb a steak dinner at block house restaurant block house in portugal berninn defunct united kingdom block house restaurant block house germany buffalo grill france l entrec te francel gaucho israel a hereford beefstouw scandinavia hog s breath cafe australia maredo germany papagaio israel ribera steakhouse l entrec te relais de l entrec te france l entrec te relais de venise london bahrain and new york city image le relais de l entrecote st germain paris vie jpg l entrec te saint germain paris th 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new_york city carmen steak_house toronto note shares location similar name nothe original text famous carmen dining club original carmen dining club toronto icon closed inovember years business new carmen steak_house significantly different menu would say modernized good may representative original carmen dining club experience restaurant new_york city country bill portland_oregon delmonico new_york city five clock steakhouse milwaukee wisconsin steak_house new_york city golden kansas_city missouri omaha nebraska post california jim steakhouse kansas_city missouri new_york city ken steak_house cameron mitchell restaurants mitchell steakhouse columbus ohio steakhouse minneapolis minnesota selling long aged dollar day paul business_journal montreal peter steak_house new_york city pine club dayton ohio porter house new_york new_york city steakhouse portland_oregon house new_york city steak cherry hill new_jersey timber lodge steakhouse minnesota steakhouse california chain restaurant 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year to their studies and obtain a double degree the south african bcom and the dutch bachelor of business administration stenden south africa was established in what was up to then known as the grand hotel in port alfred the hotel was adapted to fithe requirements of a university campus and at present all hotel rooms are occupied by students the initial name under which stenden south africa operated was eiss theducational institute for service studies in chn university andrenthe university merged forming stenden university therefore causing eiss to become stenden south africa by south african law only public universities are allowed to use the name university which is why the additive south africa was chosen stenden university of applied sciences is an international university whichas locations in the netherlands leeuwarden head office groningen meppel assen emmen and international sites in doha qatar port alfred south africa bangkok thailand balindonesia with a unique grand tour concept students have the possibility to study at all stenden s locations abroad stenden has more than employees and about students including international students from different nationalities it offers lectorates and knowledge networks associate degree s bachelor s degree bachelor s programs and master s degree master s programs within the fields of service management education welfareconomics and technology stenden south africa the company registrationumber is a campusite of stenden university of applied sciences offering a bachelor s degree bachelors program in hospitality management and a bachelor s degree bachelors program in disaster management for locally based students as well as different minor programs for grand tour students it is registered withe department of education south africa department of education of south africa registered as a private higher education institution under the higher education act registration certificate no he toffer the bachelor of commerce in hospitality management and the bachelor of business administration disaster managementhe programmes aregistered with south african qualifications authority saqa qualification id numbers and the director of stenden south africa is the chairman of thexecutive board of stenden university in mr leendert klaassen was appointed in this role taking over fromrobert veenstra who was the chairman of stenden university from onwards thead of the institution is thexecutive dean dr wouter hensens who is responsible for thexecutive management of the institution thexecutive dean reports to a board of governors composed of local stakeholders that advise thexecutive board of stenden university the board of governors is headed by mr adrian gardiner owner and chairman of the mantis collection of hotels and founder of shamwari game reserve the school of disaster managementhat offers the bba in disasterelief management is headed up by academic dean dr des pyle and the school of hotel managementhat offers the bcom hospitality management by dr juliet chipumuro facilities on campus include accommodation a dining hall offering three meals per day library computer lab coffee bar student lounge rustica parking facilities class rooms auditorium and practical kitchen most areas of the campus and student accommodations arequipped with wi fi student life stenden south africa has a very active student representative council src with portfolios that cover all aspects of student life academic quality food entertainment sport and residencies as part of the commitmento community development stenden south africa encouragestudents to take part in enactus previously known asife there are several projects these students are involved in within the ndlambe to uplifthe community learning hotel stenden south africa manages the mypond hotel in port alfred students of the hotel management school bcom hospitality management perform learning tasks in this hotel ranging from operational duties to supervisory and 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bachelor business_administration stenden south_africa established known grand hotel port alfred hotel adapted fithe requirements university campus present hotel_rooms occupied students initial name stenden south_africa operated theducational institute service studies university university merged forming stenden university therefore causing become stenden south_africa south_african law public universities allowed use name university south_africa chosen stenden university applied sciences international university whichas locations netherlands head_office international sites qatar port alfred south_africa bangkok thailand balindonesia unique grand_tour concept students possibility study stenden locations abroad stenden employees students including international students different nationalities offers knowledge networks associate degree bachelor degree bachelor programs master degree master programs within fields service management education technology stenden south_africa company stenden university applied sciences offering bachelor degree program hospitality_management bachelor degree program disaster management locally based students well different minor programs grand_tour students registered withe department education south_africa department education south_africa registered private higher_education institution higher_education act registration certificate toffer bachelor commerce hospitality_management bachelor business_administration disaster managementhe programmes south_african qualifications authority qualification numbers director stenden south_africa chairman thexecutive board stenden university appointed role taking chairman stenden university onwards thead institution thexecutive dean responsible thexecutive management institution thexecutive dean reports board composed local stakeholders advise thexecutive board stenden university board headed adrian owner chairman mantis collection hotels founder game reserve school disaster offers bba management headed academic dean des school hotel offers bcom hospitality_management facilities campus include accommodation dining hall offering three meals per_day library computer lab coffee bar student lounge parking facilities class rooms auditorium practical kitchen areas campus student accommodations student life stenden south_africa active student representative council cover aspects student life academic quality food entertainment sport part commitmento community development stenden south_africa take_part previously known several projects students involved within community learning hotel stenden south_africa manages hotel port alfred students hotel_management school bcom hospitality_management perform learning tasks hotel ranging operational duties managerial functions way students aspects hotel part real_world learning bachelor programmes stenden university applied sciences stenden hotel awards winner sunshine accommodation excellence awards hotel category lily restaurant hotel elected best restaurant theastern cape december mantis tourism_hospitality_education africa rotary international rotary golf estate hotel world sea resort hotel spa townhouse saxon one resort mount grace country house spa south_africa website_category universities theastern cape category_educational institutions established category_hospitality_schools"},{"title":"Strausse","description":"a strausse or strausswirtschaft also strau e or strau wirtschaft is a type of wine tavern in winegrowing areas of german languagerman speaking countries that is only open during certain times of the year typically it is a pub run by winegrowers and winemakers themselves in which they sell their own wine directly to the public the food served needs to be simple regional coldishes other expressions like besenwirtschaft and besensch nke broom pub r dlewirtschaft cyclists pub as well as hecken or h ckerwirtschaft are also common a strausswirtschaft is essentially understood to be a winemaker serving his own wine on his own premises theseasonal inns are not subjecto normal business laws and are thus not obliged to have a licence or to pay extra taxes they must however fulfil certain conditions instead these conditions vary from states of germany state to state buthey are in general agreement on certain essential pointsee legal aspects below the kinds of locations in which a strausswirtschaft can be found can vary considerably besides ones funished like ordinary pubs there are also simple barns where benches and tables have been temporarily set up to accommodate guests in earlier decadesome winegrowers even cleared their flats or the stables to run such a tavern in austria this kind of pub is called a buschenschank or heuriger the name is derived from a bar or posto which a so called f hrenbusch or a reisigbesen a kind of besom or broom was attached this helps to explain another expression associated withe strausswirtschaft ausg steckt is it is attached by attaching the bar outside the pub owner was informing the tax collector abouthe pub s tax liability the buschenschank and thexpression ausg steckt is can be traced back to a regulation by maria theresa of austria empress maria theresia thenactment capitulare de villis vel curtis imperii by charlemagne is often mentioned as the historical standard for the strausswirtschaft it enabled winemakers to sell their own products free of business tax the strausswirtschaft strauss german for bunch oflowers wirtschaft pub inn had to be marked asuch by a bunch oflowers put up athentrance typical dishes offered are rather simple and rich regional specialities are for instance file spundekaes bachus jpg thumb spundek s with pretzels file weckworschtwoi jpg thumb weck worscht un woi schlachtplatte black pudding liverwurst and sauerkraut spundek s in rheinhessen wine region rhenishesse and the rheingau wine region rheingau weck worscht un woin rhenishesse the rheingau and the palatinate region palatinate pf lzer saumagen palatine sow stomach maultasche n swabian pockets with potato salad winzerteller sausage and cheese dish wurstsalat sausage salad zwiebelkuchen onion pie flammkuchen tarte flamb e bratwurst and kraut blaue zipfel in franconia dressed camembert cheese camembert in franconia kuhk s in franconia cheese dish elaborate dishes are not allowed legal aspects almost nowhere are strausswirtschaften considered restaurants which means that owners do not need a concessionevertheless the trade office needs to be notified in advance abouthe perioduring which the stausswirtschaft intends to sell food andrink anzeige des betriebs einer strau wirtschaft although strausswirtschaften do not need a licence there are certain laws they have to follow among other things a strausswirtschaften is not allowed toffer lodging or engage in trade food and beverage must be served athe place of production it is forbidden to rent any extra facilities for serving food and beverage the following rules need to be respected selling food andrink is limited to four months a year the opening times can be divided into two periods there is a maximum capacity of seats there are no rules however dictating the number of people permitted to squeeze in on the benches or likewise the number of people allowed to stand aroundrinking their winexception in rhineland palatinate there is no limit on the number of seats gaststtengesetz strau wirtschaften a minimum of hygiene has to be considered and isubjecto publicontrol strausswirtschaften are only allowed to servery simple dishes hot sausages and loin ribs with sauerkraut are given asuch an example in the regulations as well as coffee and cake beer and other alcoholic beverages excluding wine must not be served home distilled spirits however are allowed alongside wine and or cider at least one non alcoholic drink has to be offered tap water is explicitly excluded besteuerung der land und forstwirtschaft see also heurigerman wine german cuisine category types of restaurants category 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typically pub run winemakers sell wine directly public food_served needs simple regional expressions like broom pub r cyclists pub well h also_common strausswirtschaft essentially understood winemaker serving wine premises inns subjecto normal business laws thus licence pay extra taxes must however certain conditions instead conditions vary states germany state state buthey general agreement certain essential legal aspects kinds locations strausswirtschaft found vary considerably besides ones like ordinary pubs also simple barns benches tables temporarily set accommodate guests earlier even cleared flats stables run tavern austria kind pub called heuriger name derived bar called f kind broom attached helps explain another expression associated_withe strausswirtschaft attached attaching bar outside pub owner informing tax abouthe pub tax liability traced back regulation maria austria maria de charlemagne often mentioned historical standard strausswirtschaft enabled winemakers sell products free business tax strausswirtschaft strauss german bunch wirtschaft pub inn marked asuch bunch put athentrance typical dishes offered rather simple rich regional specialities instance file_jpg thumb file_jpg thumb black pudding wine_region rheingau wine_region rheingau rheingau palatinate region palatinate n pockets potato salad sausage cheese dish sausage salad onion pie e franconia dressed cheese franconia franconia cheese dish elaborate dishes allowed legal aspects almost nowhere strausswirtschaften considered restaurants means owners need trade office needs notified advance abouthe intends sell food_andrink des strau wirtschaft although strausswirtschaften need licence certain laws follow among things strausswirtschaften allowed toffer lodging engage trade food beverage must served athe place production forbidden rent extra facilities serving food beverage following rules need respected selling food_andrink limited four months year opening times divided two periods maximum capacity seats rules however number people permitted benches likewise number people allowed stand palatinate limit number seats strau minimum hygiene considered isubjecto strausswirtschaften allowed simple dishes hot sausages ribs given asuch example regulations well coffee cake beer alcoholic_beverages excluding wine must served home distilled spirits however allowed alongside wine cider least_one non_alcoholic drink offered tap water explicitly excluded der land und see_also wine german cuisine_category_types restaurants_category_restaurants germany_category types drinking_establishment_category wine terminology category_german wine"},{"title":"Street food","description":"file streetfoodnyjpg thumb px street food inew york city street food is ready to eat food or drink sold by a hawker trade hawker or vendor in a street or other public place such as at a market or fair it is often sold from a portable food booth food cart or food truck and meant for immediate consumption some street foods aregional but many have spread beyond theiregion of origin mostreet foods are classed as both finger food and fast food and are cheaper on average than restaurant meals according to a study from the food and agriculture organization billion peopleat street food every day file churro vendorogg thumb a video clip of a vendor making churro s in colombia today people may purchase street food for a number of reasonsuch as to get flavourful food for a reasonable price in a sociable setting to experiencethnic group ethnicuisines or for nostalgia file collectie tropenmuseum studioportret van een verkoper van sat met zijn pikolan en klanten tmnr jpg thumb right satay street vendor in java dutch east indies c using pikulan or carrying baskets using a rod file frankfurter stand loc det a jpg thumb the presence of street food vendors inew york city throughout much of its history such as these circare credited withelping supporthe city s rapid growth small fried fish were a street food in ancient greece however theophrastus held the custom of street food in low regard evidence of a large number of street food vendors was discovereduring thexcavation of pompeii street food was widely consumed by poor urban residents of ancient rome whose tenement homes did not have ovens or hearths here chickpea soup with bread and grain paste were common meals in ancient china street food generally catered to the poor however wealthy residents would send servants to buy street food and bring it back for them to eat in their homes a traveling florentine reported in the late th century that in cairo people brought picnicloths made of rawhide to spread on the streets and sit on while they ate their meals of lamb kebabs rice and fritters thathey had purchased from street vendors in renaissance turkey many crossroads had vendorselling fragrant bites of hot meat including chicken and lamb that had been spit roasted in ottoman turkey became the first country to legislate and standardize street food aztec marketplaces had vendors who sold beveragesuch as atolli a gruel made fromaize dough almostypes of tamales with ingredients that ranged from the meat of turkey rabbit gopher frog and fish to fruits eggs and maize flowers as well as insects and stewspanish colonization brought european food stocks like wheat sugarcane and livestock to peru however most commoners continued to primarily eatheir traditional diets imports were only accepted athe margins of their diet for example grilled beef heartsold by street vendorsome of lima s th century street vendorsuch as erasmo the negro sango vendor and nagueditare still remembered today during the american colonial period street vendorsold oysters roasted corn ears fruit and sweets at low prices to all classes oysters in particular were a cheap and popular street food until around when overfishing and pollution caused prices to rise street vendors inew york city faced a lot of opposition after previous restrictions had limited their operating hourstreet food vendors were completely banned inew york city by many women of african descent made their living selling street foods in america in the th and th centuries with products ranging from fruit cakes and nuts in savannah to coffee biscuits pralines and other sweets inew orleans cracker jack started as one of many street food exhibits athe columbian exposition in the th century street food vendors in transylvania sold gingerbread nuts creamixed with corn as well as bacon and other meat fried on top of ceramic vessels withot coals inside french fries consisting ofried strips of potato probably originated as a street food in paris in the street foods in victorian london included tripea soupea pods in butter whelk prawns and jellied eels file street food yasothonjpg thumb a whole street was taken up by street food vendors during the yasothon rocket festival in thailand ramen originally broughto japan by chinese immigrants about years ago began as a street food for laborers and students however it soon became a national dish and even acquired regional variations the street food culture of southeast asia today was heavily influenced by coolie workers imported from china during the late th century in street food of thailand although street foodid not become popular among native thai people until thearly s because of rapid urban population growth by the s it hadisplaced home cooking the rise of tourism in thailand the country s tourism industry is also contributed to the popularity of thai street food in street food of indonesia especially java travelling food andrink vendor has a long history as they were described in temples bas reliefs dated from th century as well as mentioned in th century inscription as a line of work during colonial dutch east indies period circa th century several street food were developed andocumented including satay andawet cendol street vendors the current proliferation of indonesia s vigoroustreet food culture is contributed by the massive urbanization indonesia urbanization in recent decades that has opened opportunities in food service sectors this took place in the country s rapidly expanding urban agglomerations especially in greater jakarta bandung and surabayaround the world file kakilima street vendors in jakartajpg thumb right food cart s lining indonesia n street selling street foodstreet food vending is found all around the world but varies greatly between regions and cultures for example dorling kindersley describes the street food of vietnam as being fresh and lighter than many of the cuisines in the areandraw ing heavily on herbs chile peppers and lime while street food of thailand is fiery and pungent with shrimpaste and fish sauce new york city signature street food is the hot dog however new york street food also includes everything from spicy middleastern falafel or jamaican jerk chicken to belgian wafflestreet food of thailand street food in thailand offers variouselection of ready to eat mealsnacks fruits andrinksold by hawkers or vendors at food stalls or food carts on the street side bangkok is often mentioned as one of the best place for street food popular street offerings includes pad thai stir fried rice noodle som tam green papaya salad sour tom yum soup variouselection of thai curries to mango sticky rice sticky rice mango street food of indonesian street food is a diverse mix of indonesian cuisine local indonesian chinese andutch influences indonesian street food often tastes rather strong and spicy a lot of street food indonesiare fried such as local gorengan fritters also nasi goreng and ayam goreng while bakso meatball soup skewered chicken satay and gado vegetable salad served in peanut sauce are also popular indian street food is as diverse as indian cuisinevery region has its own specialties toffer some of the more popular street foodishes are vada pav cholle bhature paratha s rolls bhel puri sev puri gol gappaloo tikki kebab s tandoori chicken samosa bread omelette pav bhaji and pakoraindia street food is popularly known as nukkadwala food there are several restaurants and qsrs india that have also taken their inspiration from the vibrant street food of india in hawaii the local street food tradition of plate lunch rice macaroni salad and a portion of meat was inspired by the bentof the japanese who had been broughto hawaii as plantation workers in denmark p lsevogn sausage wagons allow passersby to purchase sausages and hot dogs in egypt a food sold commonly on the street is ful medames ful a slow cooked fava bean dish mexican street food is known as antojitos translated as little cravings which include several varieties of tacosuch as al pastor tacos al pastor huarache food huaraches and other maize based foods cultural and economic aspects file messe jpg thumb right street vendor of snack foods inepal because of differences in culture social stratification and history the ways in which family street vendor enterprises are traditionally created and run vary in different areas of the world for example fewomen are street vendors in bangladesh but women predominate in the trade inigeriand thailandoreen fernandez says that filipino cultural attitudes towards meals is one cultural factor operating in the street food phenomenon in the philippines becauseating food out in the open in the market or street or field is not at odds withe meal indoors or at home where there is no special room for dining walking on the street whileating is considered rude in some culturesuch as japan or swahili culture s although it is acceptable for children india henrike donner wrote about a markedistinction between food that could beaten outsidespecially by women and the food prepared and eaten at home with some non indian food being too strange or tied too closely to non vegetarian preparation methods to be made at home in tanzania s dar esalaam region street food vendors produceconomic benefits beyond their families because street food vendors purchase local fresh foods urban gardens and small scale farms in the area havexpanded in the united statestreet food vendors are credited with supporting new york city s rapid growth by supplying meals for the city s merchants and workers proprietors of street food in the united states have had a goal of upward mobility moving from selling on the streeto their own shops however in mexico an increase in street vendors has been seen as a sign of deteriorating economiconditions in which food vending is the only employment opportunity that unskilled labor who have migrated from rural areas to urban areas are able to find in coca cola reported that china indiand nigeria were some of its fastest growing markets where the company s expansion efforts included training and equipping mobile street vendors to sell its products health and safety file hepatitis a virus jpg thumb lefthepatitis a virus can be spread through improper food handling and poor food hygiene as early as the th century government officials oversaw street food vendor activities withe increasing pace of globalization and tourism the safety of street food has become one of the major concerns of public health and a focus for governments and scientists to raise public awareness however despite concerns about contamination at street food vendors the incidence of such is lowith studieshowing rates comparable to restaurants in a sampling of street foods in ghana by the world health organization showed that most had microbial counts within the accepted limits and a different sampling of street foods in calcutta showed thathey were nutritionally well balanced providing roughly kcal of energy perupee of cost in the united kingdom the food standards agency provides comprehensive guidance ofood safety for the vendors traders and retailers of the street food sector other effective ways of enhancing the safety of street foods include mystery shopping programs training rewarding programs to vendors regulatory governing and membership management programs and technical testing programs despite knowledge of the risk factors actual harm to consumers health is yeto be fully proven and understoodue to difficulties in tracking cases and the lack of disease reporting systems follow up studies proving actual connections between street food consumption and food borne diseases are still very few little attention has been devoted to consumers and their eating habits behaviors and awareness the facthat social and geographical origins largely determine consumers physiological adaptation and reaction to foods whether contaminated or not is neglected in the literaturemarrasr comparative analysis of legislative approaches to street food in south american metropolises in cardoso r companion marras edstreet food cultureconomy health and governance londony routledge pp in the late s the united nations and other organizations began to recognize that street vendors had been an underused method of delivering fortified foods to populations and in the un food and agriculture organization recommended considering methods of adding nutrients and supplements to street foods that are commonly consumed by the particular culture see also list of street foods list of snack foodsnack food street market catering mobile catering yatai retail yataice cream van externalinks category street food category food trucks category articles containing video 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flowers well insects colonization brought european food stocks like wheat livestock peru however continued primarily eatheir traditional diets imports accepted athe margins diet example grilled beef street lima th_century street negro vendor still remembered today american colonial period street oysters roasted corn ears fruit sweets low prices classes oysters particular cheap popular street_food around pollution caused prices rise street_vendors inew_york_city faced lot opposition previous restrictions limited operating food_vendors completely banned inew_york_city many women african descent made living selling street_foods america th th_centuries products ranging fruit cakes nuts savannah coffee biscuits sweets inew_orleans cracker jack started one many street_food exhibits athe columbian_exposition th_century street_food vendors transylvania sold nuts corn well bacon meat fried top ceramic vessels withot inside french_fries consisting potato probably originated street_food paris street_foods victorian london included pods butter jellied eels file street_food thumb whole street taken street_food vendors rocket festival thailand ramen originally broughto japan chinese immigrants years_ago began street_food laborers students however soon became national dish even acquired regional variations street_food culture southeast_asia today heavily influenced workers imported china late_th century street_food thailand although street become_popular_among native thai people thearly rapid urban population growth home cooking rise tourism thailand country tourism_industry also contributed popularity thai street_food street_food indonesia especially java travelling food_andrink vendor long history described temples dated th_century well mentioned th_century line work colonial dutch east indies period circa th_century several street_food developed including satay street_vendors current proliferation indonesia food_culture contributed massive urbanization indonesia urbanization recent decades opened opportunities food_service sectors took_place country rapidly expanding urban especially greater jakarta world file street_vendors thumb right food_cart lining indonesia n street selling street_food vending found around world varies greatly regions cultures example dorling kindersley describes street_food vietnam fresh lighter many cuisines ing heavily herbs chile peppers lime street_food thailand fish sauce new_york city signature street_food hot_dog however new_york street_food also_includes everything spicy middleastern falafel jerk chicken belgian food thailand street_food thailand offers ready eat fruits hawkers vendors food stalls food_carts street side bangkok often mentioned one best place street_food popular street offerings includes pad thai stir fried_rice noodle green papaya salad sour tom yum soup thai rice rice street_food indonesian street_food diverse mix indonesian cuisine local indonesian chinese influences indonesian street_food often tastes rather strong spicy lot street_food fried local fritters also nasi goreng goreng soup chicken satay vegetable salad served peanut sauce also_popular indian street_food diverse indian region specialties toffer popular street pav paratha rolls puri puri kebab tandoori chicken bread pav street_food popularly known food several restaurants india also taken inspiration vibrant street_food india hawaii local street_food tradition plate_lunch rice macaroni salad portion meat inspired japanese broughto hawaii plantation workers denmark p lsevogn sausage wagons allow purchase sausages hot_dogs egypt food sold commonly street slow cooked bean dish mexican street_food known translated little cravings include several varieties pastor tacos pastor food maize based foods cultural economic aspects file_jpg thumb right street_vendor snack foods inepal differences culture social history ways family street_vendor enterprises traditionally created run vary different areas world example street_vendors bangladesh women trade says filipino cultural attitudes towards meals one cultural factor operating street_food phenomenon philippines food open market street field odds withe meal indoors home special room dining walking street considered rude japan swahili culture although acceptable children india wrote food could beaten women food prepared eaten home non indian food strange tied closely non vegetarian preparation methods made home tanzania dar region street_food vendors benefits beyond families street_food vendors purchase local fresh foods urban gardens small_scale farms area united food_vendors credited supporting new_york city rapid growth supplying meals city merchants workers proprietors street_food united_states goal mobility moving selling streeto shops however mexico increase street_vendors seen sign economiconditions food vending employment opportunity labor migrated rural_areas urban_areas able find coca cola reported china indiand nigeria fastest_growing markets company expansion efforts included training mobile street_vendors sell products health safety file hepatitis virus jpg thumb virus spread food handling poor food hygiene early_th century government officials oversaw street_food vendor activities withe increasing pace globalization tourism safety street_food become_one major concerns public_health focus governments scientists raise public awareness however despite concerns contamination street_food vendors rates comparable restaurants street_foods ghana world health organization showed counts within accepted limits different street_foods calcutta showed thathey well balanced providing roughly energy cost united_kingdom food standards agency provides comprehensive guidance ofood safety vendors traders retailers street_food sector effective ways enhancing safety street_foods include mystery shopping programs training rewarding programs vendors regulatory governing membership management programs technical testing programs despite knowledge risk factors actual harm consumers health yeto fully proven difficulties tracking cases lack disease reporting systems follow studies proving actual connections street_food consumption food borne diseases still little attention devoted consumers eating habits behaviors awareness facthat social geographical origins largely determine consumers physiological adaptation reaction foods whether contaminated neglected comparative analysis legislative approaches street_food south_american r companion food health governance routledge pp late united_nations organizations began recognize street_vendors method delivering fortified foods populations food agriculture organization recommended considering methods adding supplements street_foods commonly consumed particular culture see_also list street_foods list snack food street market catering mobile_catering retail cream_van externalinks_category street_food category_food trucks_category 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as toky rumenige loktibradandj boss and serves as the base outlet for the well known bratislavian minimal electronic labelfb see also list of electronic dance music venues livelectronic music externalinksubclub s official website subclub group on lastfm externalinks category nightclubs category buildings and structures in bratislava category electronic dance music 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founded in by mtv india vj media personality vj nikhil chinapa with dj pearl navarassa review dj pearl chinappa s wife as a co founder submerge has been influential in the music and clubbing scene india kochivibexclusive interviewith nikhil chinapa by creating an alternative to then existing music mainstream playing music techno trance house progressive psychedelic tribal electro and techouse sounds and unreleased or indie sounds it is also hosto many internationally renowned names in djing and is planning to spread the formulall over india with big indiand international namesee also list of electronic dance music venues externalinks official website submerge at myspace category nightclubs category electronic dance music 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psychedelic tribal electro sounds indie sounds also hosto many internationally renowned names djing planning spread india big indiand international also_list electronic_dance_music venues externalinks_official_website_category nightclubs_category_electronic_dance_music venues"},{"title":"Suicide tourism","description":"suicide tourism or euthanasia tourism is a term used to describe the practice of potential suicide candidates travelling to a jurisdiction to commit assisted suicide or suicide in some jurisdictions assisted suicide is legal status in various countries an american expatriate who set up websites offering to helpeople make arrangements to kill themselves in cambodia shuthe sites down in saying he hoped to avoid problems withe authoritiesuicide tourism websiteshut down usa today retrieved may at pet shops across mexico there is a drug known as liquid pentobarbital that is used by owners to euthanize pets when given to humans the drug can give them a painless death in under one hour the pet shops across mexico have such drugs as a resultourists from across the globe seeking to terminate their own lives wereported to be flying outo mexicodavies julie anne nitschke diy kit upsets british the australian april they askedr philip nitschke about it as revealed in the australian last month exit members are obtaining nembutal from an online mail order supplier in mexicothers travel to mexico and smuggle the drug home in their luggage the kits which will retail for include a syringe that allows users to extract half a millilitre of the solution clearly sterility does not matter given that death is the desired outcome dr nitschke said people want reassurance they have not just bought a bottle of water news briefs from home and abroad the international task force on euthanasiand assisted suicide year volume number australia s dr death dr philip nitschke has been on the road proffering his latest invention a do it yourself kito testhe quality and potency of the barbiturate nembutal so nitschke tells thelderly and not so elderly thathe drug is both available and cheap in mexico but not all mexican vendors areputable so his euthanasia test kit is needed to make sure that people have the real thing and the potency is truly deadly the australian critics have claimed thathe dutch initiative for euthanasia will trigger a wave of euthanasia tourism however a clause insisting on a well established relationship between doctor and patient is designed to preventhis mercy killing now legal inetherlands regulations were proposed to limit possibilities of legal suicide assistance foreigners in switzerlandmichaeleidig philip sherwell swiss to crack down on suicide tourism telegraph march retrieved may the law primarily targetedignitas one of two righto die groups in switzerland assisting foreigners the swiss government rejected proposed stricteregulations in maintaining the status quo kein gesetz gegen sterbetourismus neue z rcher zeitung as regulated by paragraph of swiss criminal code although the assisted suicide market is largely german as of august approximately uk british citizens had travelled to switzerland from the uk to die at one of dignitas euthanasia group dignitas rented apartments in zurich the names of a few of these people are known though most remain anonymous by november the number of british members of dignitas had risen to a number exceeded only by swiss and german membership given the size and population density of europe it is certain thathere are dignitas members in other european countries right wing politicians in switzerland have repeatedly criticized suicide assistance foreigners branding it suicide tourism sterbetourismus in german in dignitas euthanasia group dignitas launched an efforto gain legal permission for healthy foreigners including married couples committed to suicide pacts to end their lives in switzerlandjacob m appel next assisted suicide for healthy people the huffington post july retrieved may in july british conductor sir edwardownes and his wife joan died together at a suicide clinic outside z rich under circumstances of their own choosing sir edward was noterminally ill but his wife was diagnosed with rapidly developing cancer in march the pbs list ofrontline pbs episodes frontline tv program in the united stateshowed a documentary called the suicide tourist which told the story of professor craig ewert his family andignitas euthanasia group dignitas and their decision to commit assisted suicide in switzerland after he was diagnosed and suffering with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis als lou gehrig s disease the suicide tourist pbs frontline march in a referendum on may voters in the canton of zurichave overwhelmingly rejected calls to ban assisted suicide or toutlaw the practice for non residents out of more than ballots casthe initiative to ban assisted suicide was rejected by per cent of voters and the initiative toutlaw it foreigners was turnedown by per cent zurich voters keep suicide tourism alive cbs news may retrieved may united kingdom in the british parliament said it would consider an amendmento a bill that would allow suicide tourism by not charging people with assisting suicide when they take their loved ones to another nation to kill themselves britain has a law banning assisted suicide but it has not beenforced in those casessteven ertelt british parliamento consider oking suicide tourism pro life groups opposed lifenewscomarch retrieved may united states in the oregon death with dignity act went into effect in washington passed their lawhich was then implemented in laws may only be implemented by licensed physicians based on the individual needs of qualified patients must meet state requirements to beligible for euthanasia see also list of suicide sites externalinks lifecircle dignitas brochure how dignitas works next assisted suicide for healthy people huffington post category euthanasia category types of tourism de 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online mail order supplier travel mexico drug home luggage kits retail include allows_users half solution clearly matter given death desired outcome nitschke said people want bought bottle water news home abroad international task force assisted_suicide year volume number australia death philip nitschke road latest invention testhe quality nitschke tells thathe drug available cheap mexico mexican vendors euthanasia test kit needed make_sure people real thing truly australian critics claimed thathe dutch initiative euthanasia trigger wave euthanasia tourism however clause well_established relationship doctor patient designed mercy killing legal regulations proposed limit possibilities legal suicide assistance foreigners philip swiss crack suicide tourism telegraph march_retrieved_may law primarily one two righto die groups switzerland assisting foreigners swiss government rejected proposed maintaining status quo rcher zeitung regulated swiss criminal_code although assisted_suicide market largely german august approximately uk british citizens travelled switzerland uk die one dignitas euthanasia group dignitas rented apartments zurich names people known though remain anonymous november number british members dignitas risen number exceeded swiss german membership given size population density europe certain thathere dignitas members european_countries right wing politicians switzerland repeatedly criticized suicide assistance foreigners branding suicide tourism german dignitas euthanasia group dignitas launched efforto gain legal permission healthy foreigners including married couples committed suicide end lives next assisted_suicide healthy people huffington_post july_retrieved_may july british sir wife joan died together suicide clinic outside rich circumstances choosing sir edward ill wife rapidly developing cancer march pbs list pbs episodes frontline tv program united documentary called suicide tourist told story professor craig family euthanasia group dignitas decision commit assisted_suicide switzerland suffering sclerosis als lou disease suicide tourist pbs frontline march may voters canton rejected calls ban assisted_suicide practice non residents initiative ban assisted_suicide rejected per_cent voters initiative foreigners per_cent zurich voters keep suicide tourism alive cbs news may retrieved_may united_kingdom british parliament said would consider amendmento bill would allow suicide tourism charging people assisting suicide take loved ones another nation kill britain law banning assisted_suicide british consider suicide tourism pro life groups opposed retrieved_may united_states oregon death act went effect washington passed implemented laws may implemented licensed physicians based individual needs qualified patients must meet state requirements euthanasia see_also list suicide sites externalinks dignitas brochure dignitas works next assisted_suicide healthy people huffington_post category euthanasia category_types tourism 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were constructed forecreational driving of thisortraveling on sunday by automobile is questioned by some christian s due tobserving sunday sabbath while these parties consider the activity leisure they do not count it as restricter sabbatarians consider leisure activities to be sabbath breaking becausexcluded from the three permitted categories of works of piety mercy and necessity lesstrict sabbath keepers consider leisure to be calling sabbath in christianity sabbath a delighthis reflects jewish tradition in which delighting in the day spending freely on food and traveling leisurely ie more aimlessly and unhurriedly and for shorter distances than one woulduring the week were widely considered appropriate for shabbatractate shabbat a in many jewish traditions driving on shabbat in jewish law driving on shabbat is prohibited or severely restricted henry ford was an advocate of the sunday drive he promoted sunday as a day of activity rather than rest because it led to the sale of automobiles effect ofuel prices during the mid s decade s as a result of higher gas prices gasoline pricesome have curtailed their sunday drives but after opec started increasing supply to hold market share against north american shale oil producers oil and gasoline prices dropped to records levels leading some to go driving on sunday again the mid see also staycation category leisure activities category adventure travel category 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mercy necessity sabbath keepers consider leisure calling sabbath christianity sabbath reflects jewish tradition day spending freely food traveling shorter distances one_week widely considered appropriate shabbat many jewish traditions driving shabbat jewish law driving shabbat prohibited severely restricted henry ford advocate sunday drive promoted sunday day activity rather rest led sale automobiles effect ofuel prices mid decade result higher gas prices gasoline sunday drives started increasing supply hold market_share north_american oil producers oil gasoline prices dropped records levels leading go driving sunday mid see_also staycation category leisure activities category_adventure_travel_category driving"},{"title":"Sunset (magazine)","description":"circulation year category company time inc publisher firstdate country united states based oakland california languagenglish languagenglish website issn sunset is a lifestyle magazine in the united statesunset focuses on homes 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publishing corporation part southern progress corporation subsidiary time warner file sunset mag first thumb first_edition cover sunset began"},{"title":"Superclub","description":"this page relates to a form of nightclub for the video store chain quebec see le superclub vid otron file thumb right px lights pulse at a godskitchen dancevent file wikipedia space ibiza jpg thumb right px space ibiza file gatecrasherjpg thumb px right laser lights illuminate the dance floor at a gatecrasher dance music event in sheffield england a superclub is a term usually used to describe a very large or superior nightclub often with several rooms with differenthemes collins english dictionary url accessdate march languagen the term was first coined in an article that appeared in the british electronic dance and clubbing magazine mixmag in further definitions of a superclub may include a nightclub that has high capacity is multi story high profile and operates city and region wide or is well known by people it can also be defined as a club that is owned and managed by a dance music record label or a club that was or is culturally importantthe termay also be used to define its position within the club scene hierarchy or we can retrospectively apply the term to earlier nightclubs that fulfilled certain criteria in thathey were also spatially large had multiple rooms levels themes large capacities and were deemed important during theirespective time notes the list of clubs below indicate the dates they were first established thearliest examples of a where you could retrospectively apply the term superclub were to annabel s london opened in or pacha groupacha sitges opened in early examples during this period where you could retrospectively apply the term superclub include pacha groupacha ibiza in or amnesia nightclub amnesia ibiza studio new york city paradise garage new york privilege ibiza ku club ibiza xenonightclub xenonew york roxy nyc new york heavenightclub heaven london danceteria new york examples of superclubs from this period included saint nightclub the saint inew york in the fridge the fridge london the ha ienda in manchester opened in the limelight new york hippodrome london space ibiza nightclub space ibiza tunnel new york nightclub tunnel new york palladium new york city palladium new york quadrant park liverpool excalibur nightclub chicago the sound factory bar the sound factory new york examples of superclubs from this period include trade nightclub trade and turnmills london ministry of sound in london juliana s juliana s tokyo zouk club zouk singapore avalon boston bunker berlin bunker berlin g a y g a y london cream nightclub cream at nation liverpool miss moneypenny s birmingham twilo new york thend club thend londonationightclub nation washington dc themporium leicestershire themporium coalville privilege ibiza privilege ibiza gatecrasher one the church denver godskitchen king los angeles fabriclub fabric london dc nightclub dc ibiza home nightclub home london examples of superclubs from this period include womb nightclub womb tokyo bungalow new york city vision club chicago vanguard la hollywood seone london berghain berlin cielo new york opium garden miami air nightclub air birmingham crobar chelsea manhattan chelsea new york pure las vegasound bar chicago myth minneapolis tao las vegas folsom nightclub san francisco belo san diego california san diego encore las vegas xs nightclub las vegas examples of superclubs from this period include white dubai meydan laroc sao paulo culturally important clubs these clubs listed here do not necessarily meethe criteria for the spacial definition of a superclubut are included for their significant cultural importance peppermint lounge and ufo club london s the loft new york city the loft new york city warehouse nightclub the warehouse chicago mudd club new york billy s london blitz kids blitz club london pyramid club new york club new yorkoko music venue camden palace london batcave club the batcave london taboo musical taboo london the world nightclub the world new yorkinky gerlinky kinky gerlinky london love urlove magazine accessdate march vague club leeds vague club leeds b beirut superclub the album cream gatecrasher and pacha teamed up in to produce the album superclub released onovember in the uk the cd collection features one disc for each of the clubs and was the first release from rhino uk s dance imprint one more tune superclub album announced on cream s website a second album called superclub ibiza was released in july by emi see also nightclub list of electronic dance music venues gerstner david a routledge international encyclopedia of queer culture routledge isbn hsalam dave life after dark a history of british nightclubs music venuesimon and schuster isbn robinson roxy music festivals and the politics of participation routledge isbn externalinks category electronic dance music venues category 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time notes list clubs indicate dates first established thearliest examples could apply term superclub london opened pacha groupacha opened early examples period could apply term superclub include pacha groupacha ibiza amnesia nightclub amnesia ibiza studio new_york city paradise garage new_york privilege ibiza club ibiza york roxy nyc new_york heaven london new_york examples superclubs period included saint nightclub saint inew_york fridge fridge london manchester opened new_york london space ibiza nightclub space ibiza tunnel new_york nightclub tunnel new_york palladium new_york city palladium new_york park liverpool excalibur nightclub chicago sound factory bar sound factory new_york examples superclubs period include trade nightclub trade london ministry sound london juliana juliana tokyo zouk club zouk singapore avalon boston bunker berlin bunker berlin g g london cream nightclub cream nation liverpool miss birmingham new_york thend club thend nation washington leicestershire privilege ibiza privilege ibiza gatecrasher one church denver king los_angeles fabric london nightclub ibiza home nightclub home london_examples superclubs period include nightclub tokyo bungalow new_york city vision club chicago la hollywood london berlin new_york garden miami air nightclub air birmingham chelsea manhattan chelsea new_york pure las bar chicago myth minneapolis las_vegas nightclub san_francisco san_diego california_san diego encore las_vegas nightclub las_vegas examples superclubs period include white dubai paulo culturally important clubs clubs listed necessarily meethe criteria definition included significant cultural importance lounge ufo club london loft new_york city loft new_york city warehouse nightclub warehouse chicago club new_york billy london blitz kids blitz club london pyramid club new_york club new music_venue camden palace london batcave club batcave london taboo musical taboo london_world nightclub world new london love magazine accessdate march vague club leeds vague club leeds b beirut superclub album cream gatecrasher pacha teamed produce album superclub released onovember uk collection features one disc clubs first release uk dance imprint one tune superclub album announced cream website second album called superclub ibiza released july see_also nightclub list electronic_dance_music venues david routledge international encyclopedia culture routledge isbn dave life dark history british nightclubs music schuster isbn robinson roxy music_festivals politics participation routledge isbn_externalinks_category_electronic_dance_music venues category_nightclubs"},{"title":"Supper club","description":"a supper club is a traditional dining establishmenthat also functions as a social club the termay describe different establishments depending on the region but in general supper clubs tend to presenthemselves as having a high class imageven if the price is affordable to all a newer usage of the term supper club has emerged referring to underground restaurant s other namesupper clubs when used in the newer context of underground restaurant s are also known as home bistros guerrilla dinersecret restaurants paladares puertas cerradas pop up restaurant s guestaurantspeakeasies and anti restaurantsupper clubs in the united states file village bar supper club panoramiojpg thumb right village bar supper club in wisconsin the us a supper club is a dining establishment generally found in the upper midwestern states of wisconsin minnesota ohio michigan illinois and iowa thesestablishments typically are located on thedge of town in rural areas the first supper club in the united states was established in beverly hills california by milwaukee wisconsinative lawrence frank supper clubs became popular during the s and s although somestablishments that later became supper clubs had previously gained notoriety as prohibition roadhouse facility roadhouses brenda k bredahl the state of the supper club scene chicago tribune augustraditionally supper clubs were considered a destination where patrons would spend the wholevening from cocktail hour to nightclub stylentertainment after dinner dennis getto supper clubs that are a cut above prime time milwaukee journal sentinel featuring a casual and relaxed atmosphere they are now usually just restaurants rather than the all night entertainment destinations of the pastypical menu supper clubs generally feature simple menus with somewhat limited offerings featuring american cuisine menus include dishesuch as prime rib steaks chicken and fish an all you can eat friday night fish fry is particularly common at wisconsin supper clubs relish trays with itemsuch as crackers carrots pickles radishes and celery are typically served athe table on lazy susan supper clubs in the united kingdom supper clubs in the uk adopted the cabaret concept of the american s and s and aimed to bring the ambience of the underground new york jazz club to the uk entertainment scene where people could enjoy a dinner withouthe formality of a ball whilst enjoying live music these clubs were often the centre of social networksuch as the blogging communityblogging community showsupport for fernandez and leluu here in both rural communities and cities traditional supper club menus consisted of standard american fare and in the uk there was a concertedrive to give the food and wine a british twistfernandez and leluu s game on menu some supper clubs were purely informal dining societies whilst others incorporated musical acts to complementhe atmosphere there was also a form of supper club which acted as an informal dating platform bothave largely been replaced by modernightclubs the term supper club is enjoying a revival with slightly different meaningenerally a small underground club often with roving premises which are only revealed to the guests when they buy a ticket where guests eat from a restricted or set menuthe basement galley menus and arexpected to fraternise with other guests whom they may not know diners guide simon dogget in the uk underground restaurants and supper clubs have started to blossom with reviews in leading newspapersuch as the times and the guardian they range across the uk but are mainly concentrated in london these are advertised by word of mouth and on social media networksuch as twitter and facebook there are a number of ways to find out about supper clubs including social mediand also the websiteat my world which lists events all over the uk supper clubs in latin america in latin america supper club is typically an underground restaurant known as either a paladar or a restaurante de puertas cerradas lockedoorestaurant although technically illegal this type of restaurant is built into the culture often withigher standards than many licensed establishments they are becoming increasingly popular in the us the attraction of the underground restaurant for the customer is the ability to sample new food at low prices outside the traditional restaurant experience for the host benefits are making some money and experimenting with cooking without having to invest in a restaurant proper as one hostold the san francisco chronicle it s literally like playing restaurant you can create thevent and then it is over see also list of supper clubs externalinks mount ian buenos aires psst want a discreet dinner the new york times december williams zoe the secret feasthe guardian february fairfax the age article on underground restaurants omidi maryam top table moscow s fine dining supper club is now serving the calvert journal february foxnews article on the best supper club or undergroundinners in the world the washington times article on wisconsin supper clubs frank s cucina blog supperclubbing old fashioned the story of the wisconsin supper club a documentary film about supper clubs category nightclubs category types of restaurants category wisconsin culture category supper 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rural_areas first supper_club united_states established beverly_hills california milwaukee lawrence frank supper_clubs became_popular although somestablishments later_became supper_clubs previously gained notoriety prohibition roadhouse facility roadhouses k state supper_club scene chicago_tribune supper_clubs considered destination patrons would spend cocktail hour nightclub dinner dennis supper_clubs cut prime time milwaukee journal sentinel featuring casual relaxed atmosphere usually restaurants rather night entertainment destinations menu supper_clubs generally feature simple menus somewhat limited offerings featuring american cuisine menus include dishesuch prime rib chicken fish eat friday night fish fry particularly common wisconsin supper_clubs trays itemsuch pickles typically served athe_table susan supper_clubs united_kingdom supper_clubs uk adopted cabaret concept american aimed bring ambience underground new_york jazz_club uk entertainment scene people could enjoy dinner withouthe ball whilst enjoying live_music clubs often centre social blogging community rural communities cities traditional supper_club menus consisted standard american fare uk give food wine british game menu supper_clubs purely informal dining societies whilst others incorporated musical acts atmosphere also form supper_club acted informal dating platform largely replaced term supper_club enjoying revival slightly different small underground club often roving premises revealed guests buy ticket guests eat restricted set basement galley menus arexpected guests may know diners guide simon uk underground restaurants supper_clubs started reviews leading times guardian range across uk mainly concentrated london advertised word mouth social_media twitter facebook number ways find supper_clubs including social_mediand also world lists events uk supper_clubs latin_america latin_america supper_club typically underground restaurant known either paladar de although technically illegal type restaurant built culture often standards many licensed establishments becoming_increasingly popular us attraction underground restaurant customer ability sample new food low prices outside traditional restaurant experience host benefits making money experimenting cooking without invest restaurant proper one san_francisco chronicle literally like playing restaurant create thevent see_also list supper_clubs externalinks mount ian buenos_aires want dinner new_york times december williams zoe secret guardian february age article underground restaurants top table moscow fine_dining supper_club serving journal february article best supper_club world washington times article wisconsin supper_clubs frank blog old_fashioned story wisconsin supper_club documentary_film supper_clubs category_nightclubs_category types restaurants_category wisconsin culture_category supper_clubs"},{"title":"Sustainable tourism","description":"sustainable tourism is the concept of visiting a place as a tourist and trying to make only a positivenvironmental impact on thenvironment society and economyusa today what is the meaning of sustainable tourism by jamie lisse tourism can involve primary transportation to the generalocation local transportation accommodations entertainment recreationourishment and shopping it can be related to travel for leisure business and what is called vfr visiting friends and relatives there is now broad consensus thatourism development should be sustainable however the question of how to achieve this remains an object of debatepeeters p g ssling s ceron jp dubois g patterson t richardson rb studies e theco efficiency of tourism withoutravel there is no tourism so the concept of sustainable tourism is tightly linked to a concept of sustainable mobility two relevant considerations are tourism s reliance on fossil fuels and tourism s effect on climate change percent of tourism s co emissions come from transportation percent from accommodations and percent from local activities environmental impact of aviation accounts for of those transportation co emissions or of tourism s total however when considering the impact of all greenhouse gas emissions from tourism and that aviation emissions are made at high altitude where their effect on climate is environmental impact of aviation total climateffects amplified aviation alone accounts for of tourism s climate impacthe international air transport association iata considers annual increase in aviation fuel efficiency of percent per year through to be realistic however both airbus and boeing expecthe passenger kilometers of air transporto increase by about percent yearly through at least overwhelming any efficiency gains by with other economic sectors havingreatly reduced their co emissions co emissions tourism is likely to be generating percent of global carbon emissionscohen s higham je peeters p gossling s why tourismobility behaviours must change ch in understanding and governing sustainable tourismobility psychological and behavioural approaches the main cause is an increase in the average distance travelled by tourists which for manyears has been increasing at a fasterate than the number of trips takencohen s higham j cavaliere c binge flying behavioural addiction and climate change annals of tourism researchg ssling s ceron jp dubois g hall cm g ssling is upham p earthscan l hypermobile travellers chapter in climate change and aviation issues challenges and solutionsustainable transportation is now established as the critical issue confronting a global tourism industry that is palpably unsustainable and aviation lies atheart of thissue gossling et al social economic aspects global economists forecast continuing international tourism growthe amount depending on the location as one of the world s largest and fastest growing industries this continuous growth will place great stress on remaining biologically diverse habitat s and indigenous peoples indigenous cultures which are often used to support mass tourism tourists who promote sustainable tourism are sensitive to these dangers and seek to protectourist destinations and to protectourism as an industry sustainable tourists can reduce the impact of tourism in many ways informing themselves of the culture politics and economy of the communities visited anticipating and respecting local cultures expectations and assumptionsupporting the integrity of local cultures by favoring businesses which conserve cultural heritage and traditional valuesupporting local economies by purchasing local goods and participating with smallocal businesses conserving resources by seeking out businesses that arenvironmentally conscious and by using the least possible amount of non renewable resource s increasingly destinations and tourism operations arendorsing and following responsible tourism as a pathway towardsustainable tourism responsible tourism and sustainable tourism have an identical goal that of sustainable developmenthe pillars of responsible tourism are therefore the same as those of sustainable tourism environmental integrity social justice and economic developmenthe major difference between the two is that in responsible tourism individuals organizations and businesses are asked to take responsibility for their actions and the impacts of their actions thishift in emphasis has taken place because some stakeholders feel that insufficient progress towards realizing sustainable tourism has been made since thearth summit in rio this partly becauseveryone has been expecting others to behave in a sustainable manner themphasis on responsibility in responsible tourismeans that everyone involved in tourism government product owners and operators transport operators community services ngo s and community based organization cbos tourists local communities industry associations aresponsible for achieving the goals of responsible tourism stakeholders of sustainable tourism play a role in continuing this form of tourism this can include organizations as well as individuals to be specific ecofin a stakeholder in the tourism industry is deemed to be anyone who is impacted on by development positively or negatively and as a result it reduces potential conflict between the tourists and host community by involving the latter in shaping the way in which tourism develops the global sustainable tourism council gstc serves as the international body for fostering increased knowledge and understanding of sustainable tourism practices promoting the adoption of universal sustainable tourism principles and building demand for sustainable travel it has a number of programmes including the setting of international standards for accreditation agencies the organisations that would inspect a tourism product and certify them as a sustainable company the values and ulterior motives of governments ofteneed to be taken into account when assessing the motives for sustainable tourism one important factor to consider in any ecologically sensitive oremote area or an area new tourism is that of carrying capacity this the capacity of tourists of visitors an area can sustainably tolerate without damaging thenvironment or culture of the surrounding area this can be altered and revised in time and with changing perceptions and values for example originally the sustainable carrying capacity of the galapagos islands waset at visitors per annum but was later changed by thecuadorian governmento for economic reasons and objectives non governmental organizations non governmental organization s are one of the stakeholders in advocating sustainable tourism theiroles can range from spearheading sustainable tourism practices to simply doing research university research teams and scientists can be tapped to aid in the process of planning such solicitation of research can be observed in the planning of c t b national park in vietnam dive resort operators in bunakenational park indonesia play a crucial role by developing exclusive zones for diving and fishing respectively such that both tourists and locals can benefit from the venture large convention meeting conventions meeting s and other majorganized events drive the travel tourism and hospitality industry cities and convention center s compete to attract such commerce whichas heavy impacts on resource use and thenvironment major sporting eventsuch as the olympic games present special problems regarding environmental burdens andegradationmalhado a de araujo l rothfuss r the attitude behaviour gap and the role of information influencing sustainable mobility in mega events ch in understanding and governing sustainable tourismobility psychological and behavioural approaches but burdens imposed by the regular convention industry can be vastly more significant green conventions and events are a new but growing sector and marketing point within the convention and hospitality industry morenvironmentally aware organizations corporations and government agencies are now seeking more sustainablevent practices greener hotels restaurants and convention venues and morenergy efficient or climate neutral travel and ground transportation however the convention trip notaken can be the most sustainable option with most international conferences having hundreds if nothousands of participants and the bulk of these usually traveling by plane conference travel is an area where significant reductions in air travel related ghg emissions could be made this does not meanon attendance reay since modern internet communications are now ubiquitous and remote audio visual participationreay ds new directions flying in the face of the climate change convention atmospheric environment p for example by access grid access grid technology had already successfully hosted several international conferences a particular example is the large american geophysical union s annual meeting whichas used livestreaming for several years this provides live streams and recordings of keynotes named lectures and oral sessions and provides opportunities to submit questions and interact with authors and peers agu fall meeting faqsee the virtual optionsection following the live stream the recording of each session is posted on line within hoursome convention centers have begun to take direct action in reducing the impact of the conventions they host onexample is the moscone center in san francisco whichas a very aggressive recycling program a large solar power system and other programs aimed at reducing impact and increasing efficiency local communities local communities benefit from sustainable tourism through economic development job creation and infrastructure developmentourism revenues bring economic growth and prosperity to attractive tourist destinations which can raise the standard of living in destination communitiesustainable tourism operators commithemselves to creating jobs for local community members increase in tourism revenue to an areacts as a driver for the development of increased infrastructure as tourist demands increase in a destination a more robust infrastructure is needed to supporthe needs of bothe tourism industry and the local community sustainable tourism in developing nations file community tourism riveno webm thumb sustainable tourism in sierra leone a story of community tourism file film camerapng px playlist expansion of tourism in the ledcs the renewed emphasis on outward orientated growth which accompanied the rise ineoliberal development strategies in the s in the south also focused attention international tourism as an import potential growth sector for many countries particularly in ledc s as many of the world s most beautiful and untouched places are located in the third world prior to the studies tended to assume thathextension of the tourism industry to ledcs was a good thing in the s this changed as academicstarted to take a much more negative view on tourism s consequences particularly criticising the industry as an effective contributor towards development international tourism is a volatile industry with visitors quick to abandon destinations that were formerly popular because of threats to health or security problems with sustainable tourism in the third worldisplacement and resettlement one common issue with tourism in a place where there was none prior to first world companies arriving is that of the displacement and resettlement of local communities the maasai people maasai tribes in tanzania have been a victim of this problem after the second world war first world conservationists withe intent of making such areas accessible tourists as well as preserving the areas natural beauty and ecology moved into the areas where the maasai tribes lived this was often achieved through the setting up of national parks and conservation areas monbiot olerokonga it has been claimed that maasai activities did nothreaten the wildlife and the first world knowledge was blurred by colonialism colonial disdain and misunderstandings of savannah wildlife as the maasai have been displaced the area within the ngorongoro conservation area nca has been modified to allow easier access for tourists by actionsuch as building campsites tracks and the removal of stone objectsuch astones for souvenirs this kind of sustainable tourism is viewed by many as an oxymoron or metaphor since it seriously cannot change anything there basically is not a way we can make tourism sustainable but if all tourists putheir heads together and work hard it could possibly work in a viable world that many things done in the name of sustainability are actually masking the desire to allow extra profits there is often alienation of local populations from the tourists environmental impacts thenvironmental sustainability focuses on the overall viability and ecosystem health of ecological systems natural resource degradation pollution and biodiversity loss of biodiversity are detrimental because they increase vulnerability undermine system health and reducecological resilience this aspect of sustainability has been the most often discussed through the literature by numerous authorsuch as hall c m lew aa hall d weaver and many others coastal tourismany coastal areas arexperiencing particular pressure from growth in lifestyles and growing numbers of tourists coastal environment s are limited in extent consisting of only a narrow strip along thedge of the ocean coastal areas are often the first environments to experience the detrimental impacts of tourism a detailed study of the impact on coastal areas with reference to western india can be an example the inevitable change is on the horizon as holiday destinations put moreffort into sustainable tourism holiday destinations planning and management controls can reduce the impact on coastal environmentsustainable coastal tourism paper and ensure that investment intourism productsupportsustainable coastal tourism australian sustainable coastal tourism policy some studies have led to interesting conceptual models applicable for coastal tourism the inverted funnel model and thembedded model staju jacob can be metaphors for understanding the interplay of different stake holders like government local community tourists and business community in developing tourist destinations mountain tourismount everest attracts many tourist climbers wanting to summithe peak of the highest mountain the world each year everest is a unesco world heritage site over the years carelessness and excessive consumption of resources by mountaineers as well as overgrazing by livestock have damaged the habitats of snow leopard s lesser panda s tibetan bear s and scores of bird species to counteract past abuses various reforestation programs have been carried out by local communities and the nepalese government expeditions have removed supplies and equipment left by climbers on everest slopes including hundreds of oxygen containers a large quantity of the litter of past climbers tons of itemsuch as tents cans crampons and human waste has been hauledown from the mountain and recycled or discarded however the bodies of most of the more than climbers who have died on everest notably on its upper slopes have not been removed as they are unreachable or for those that are accessible their weight makes carrying them down extremely difficult notable in the cleanup endeavour have been thefforts of theco everest expeditions the first of which was organized in to commemorate the deathat january of everest climbing pioneer sir edmund hillary thosexpeditions also have publicized ecological issues in particular concerns aboutheffects of climate change in the region through observations thathe khumbu icefall has been melting sustainable tourism as part of a development strategy third world countries arespecially interested international tourism and many believe it brings countries a large selection of economic benefits including employment opportunitiesmall business development and increased in payments oforeign exchange many assume that more money is gained through developing luxury goods and services in spite of the facthathis increases a countries dependency on imported products foreign investments and expatriate skills this classic trickle down financial strategy rarely makes its way down to brings its benefits down to small businesses it has been said thatheconomic benefits of large scale tourism are not doubted buthathe backpacker or budgetraveller sector is ofteneglected as a potential growth sector by third world governments thisector bringsignificant non economic benefits which could help to empower and educate the communities involved in thisector aiming low builds upon the skills of the local population promoteself reliance andevelops the confidence of community members in dealing with outsiders all signs of empowerment and all of which aid in the overall development of a nation improvements to sustainable tourism in the third world management of sustainable tourism there has been the promotion of sustainable tourism practicesurrounding the management of tourist locations by locals or the community this form of tourism is based on the premise thathe people living nexto a resource are the ones best suited to protecting ithis means thathe tourism activities and businesses are developed and operated by local community members and certainly witheir consent and support sustainable tourism typically involves the conservation of resources that are capitalized upon for tourism purposes locals run the businesses and aresponsible for promoting the conservation messages to protectheir environment community based sustainable tourism cbst associates the success of the sustainability of thecotourism location to the management practices of the communities who are directly or indirectly dependent on the location for their livelihoods a salient feature of cbst is that local knowledge is usually utilised alongside wide general frameworks of ecotourism business models this allows the participation of locals athe management level and typically allows a more intimate understanding of thenvironmenthe use of local knowledge also means an easier entry level into a tourism industry for locals whose jobs or livelihoods are affected by the use of their environment as tourism locations environmentally sustainable development crucially depends on the presence of local support for a project it has also beenoted that in order for success projects must provide direct benefits for the local community howeverecent researchas found that economic linkages generated by cbst may only be sporadic and thathe linkages with agriculture are negatively affected by seasonality and by the small scale of the cultivated areas this means that cbst may only have small scale positiveffects for these communities it has also been said that partnerships between governments and tourism agencies with smaller communities is not particularly effective because of the disparity in aims between the two groups ie true sustainability versus mass tourism for maximum profit in hondurasuch a divergence can be demonstrated where consultants from the world bank and officials from the institute of tourism wanted to set up a selection of star hotels near various ecotourism destinations but another operating approach in the region by usaid and aproecoh an ecotourism association promotes community based efforts whichas trained many local hondurans mader concluded thathe grassroot organisations were more successful in honduras confusion surroundingovernmental management of sustainable tourism there has been some discussion regarding the told of inter governmental organisations and the development of sustainable tourism practices in the third world in mowforth and munt s book tourism and sustainability new tourism in the third world they criticised a documenthat was written by the world travel and tourism council wttc the world tourism organisation and thearth council which was included in agenda it was entitled agenda for the travel and tourism industry towards environmentally sustainable development mowforth and munt commented on the language used to describe thenvironment and local culture in such documents because the preservation of thenvironment and local culture are the two main objectives when practising sustainable tourism they pointed outhat some of the key words used were core asset core product quality and preserve they argued thathe treatment of thenvironment as a marketable product was clear and that such documents provide a good list of advice for third world governments regarding sustainable tourism but do not actually provide the resources to incorporate them into the development of their tourism industries it is argumentsuch as these that postulate thathere is a gap between the advice given by non governmental or inter governmental organisations to third world governments and what can actually be broughto realisation these arguments try and persuade readers that documents like the one released by the wttc thathe development of sustainable tourism actually bypasses the interests of local people responsible tourism responsible tourism is regarded as a behaviour it is more than a form of tourism as it represents an approach to engaging with tourism be that as a tourist a business locals at a destination or any other tourism stakeholder it emphasizes that all stakeholders aresponsible for the kind of tourism they develop or engage in whilst different groups will see responsibility in different ways the shared understanding is that responsible tourism should entail an improvement in tourism should become better as a result of the responsible tourism approach within the notion of betterment resides the acknowledgementhat conflicting interests need to be balanced however the objective is to create better places for people to live in and to visit importantly there is no blueprint foresponsible tourism what is deemed responsible may differ depending on places and culturesponsible tourism is an aspiration that can be realized in different ways in different originating markets and in the diverse destinations of the world goodwin focusing in particular on businesses according to the cape town declaration responsible tourism it will have the following characteristics townhtml cape town declaration responsible tourisminimises negativeconomic environmental and social impacts generates greater economic benefits for local people and enhances the well being of host communities improves working conditions and access to the industry involves local people in decisions that affectheir lives and life chances makes positive contributions to the conservation of natural and cultural heritage to the maintenance of the world s diversity provides morenjoyablexperiences for tourists through more meaningful connections with local people and a greater understanding of local cultural social and environmental issues provides access for people with disabilities and is culturally sensitivengenders respect between tourists and hosts and builds local pride and confidence sustainable tourism is where tourists can enjoy their holiday and athe same time respecthe culture of people and also respecthenvironment it also means that local people such as the masaai get a fair say aboutourism and also receive some money from the profit which the game reserve make thenvironment is being damaged quite a lot by tourists and part of sustainable tourism is to make sure thathe damaging does not carry on there are many private companies who are working into embracing the principles and aspects of responsible tourism some for the purpose of corporate social responsibility activities and othersuch asustainablevisit responsibletravelcom fairtravelr and worldhotelink which was originally a project of the international finance corporation have builtheir entire business model around responsible tourism local capacity building and increasing market access for small and medium tourism enterprises humane tourism humane tourism is part of the movement of responsible tourism the idea is to empower local communities through travel related businesses around the world first and foremost in developing countries the idea of humane travel or humane tourism is to connectravelers from europe north americaustraliand new zealand seeking new adventures and authentic experiences directly to local businesses in the specific locations they wish to visithus giving economic advantages to local businesses and giving travelers authentic and truly unique travel experiences humane travel or humane tourism focuses on the people the local community the idea is to enable travelers to experience the world through theyes of its local people while contributing directly to those peoplensuring thatourist dollars benefithe local community directly humane tourism is about giving opportunity to the local peoplempower them enable them to enjoy the fruits of tourism directly the internet is changing tourismore and more travelers are planning their travels and vacations via the nethe internet enables people to cut off commissions the traveler can search for new destinations to visitalk oread about other peoplexperience and buy the services directly the internet platform can encourage local people to start new businesses and that already existing small businesses will begin to promote themselves through the net and receive theconomic advantages of this directly in their communities the world is now in a new tourism age with globalization and the internet playing a key role the new travelers have traveled the world they have seen the classic sitestaying at a western hotel is not attractivenough and they arexcited by the prospect of experiencing the authentic local way of life to go fishing with a local fisherman to eathe fish withis family to sleep in a typical village house these tourists or travelers are happy to know that while doing so they promote theconomic well being of those same people they spend time withumane tourism is part of responsible tourism the concept of responsible tourism originated in the work of jost krippendorf in the holiday makers jost krippendorf holiday makers isbn x called forebellious tourists and rebellious locals to create new forms of tourism his vision was to develop and promote new forms of tourism which will bring the greatest possible benefito all the participants travelers the host population and the tourist business without causing intolerablecological and social damage as one can see he already talked back in the s about benefits for the host population and used the term human tourism humane travel focuses on that host local population the south africa national tourism policy available at used the term responsible tourism and mentioned the well being of the local community as a main factor the cape town declaration responsible tourism in destinations available at agreed in that responsible tourism is about making better places for people to live in and better places for people to visithe declaration focused on places but did mention the local population from the rio de janeiro rio summit or earth summit on earth summit until the un commission sustainable development in commission sustainable developmenthe main focus of the tourism industry was thearthe planethe places green or eco tourism now there is a trend to include the local population this trend or branch of responsible tourism is called humane tourism or humane travel responsible hospitality as withe view of responsible tourism responsible hospitality is essentially about creating better places for people to live in and better places for people to visithis does not mean all forms of hospitality are also forms of tourism althoughospitality is the largest sector of the tourism industry asuch we should not be surprised at overlaps between responsible hospitality and responsible tourism in the instance where place of permanent residence is also the place where the hospitality service is consumed ifor example a meal is consumed in a local restauranthis does not obviate the requiremento improve the place of residence asuch thessence of responsible hospitality is not contingent upon touristic forms of hospitality while friedman famously argued that admittedly within legal parameters the sole responsibility of business was to generate profit for shareholders the idea that businesses responsibility extends beyond this has existed for decades and is most frequently encountered in the concept of corporate social responsibility there are numerous ways businesses cando engage in activities that are not intended to benefit shareholders and management at least not in the shorterm however often acts of corporate social responsibility are undertaken because of the perceived benefito business usually in hospitality this relates to the cost reductions associated with improved energy efficiency but may also relate to for example the rise in ethical consumerism and the view that being seen to be a responsible business is beneficial to revenue growth as per the cape town declaration responsible tourism responsible hospitality is culturally sensitive instead of then calling for the unachievable responsible hospitality simply makes the case for moresponsible forms of hospitality that benefits locals first and visitorsecond certainly all forms of hospitality can be improved and managed so that negative impacts are minimized whilstriving for a maximization of positive impacts on thenvironment hospitality education ministry of tourism government of india has mentioned that some of the hospitality management culinary training institutes india will no longer make it mandatory for students to engage inon vegetarian cooking the student will be given an option to choose vegetarian cooking ihmctan ahmedabad ihmctan bhopal and ihmctan jaipur are the hospitality training institutes that offer a vegetarian choice and this practice will bextended to all ihmctans fundamental research was presented in the book sustainable tourism developmentheory methodology business realities by ukrainian scientist professor tetiana tkachenko in ear with corrections and additions in the results are used to prepare students in kyiv national university of trade and economicspecialties tourism hotel and restaurant business tourismanagement management of hotel and restaurant business international tourism business and international hotel businessee also best educationetwork eco hotel ecotourism environmental impact of aviation green conventions geotourism hypermobility travel volunteer vacation furthereading journal of sustainable tourism externalinks the global development research center united nations environment programme unep tourism united nations environment programme 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come transportation percent accommodations percent local activities environmental_impact aviation accounts transportation emissions tourism total however considering impact greenhouse gas emissions tourism aviation emissions made high_altitude effect climate environmental_impact aviation total amplified aviation alone accounts tourism climate impacthe international air transport association iata considers annual increase aviation fuel efficiency percent per_year realistic however airbus boeing passenger kilometers air transporto increase percent yearly least efficiency gains economic sectors reduced emissions emissions tourism likely generating percent global carbon p behaviours must change understanding governing sustainable psychological behavioural approaches main cause increase average distance travelled tourists manyears increasing_number trips j c flying behavioural addiction climate_change annals tourism g hall g p l travellers chapter climate_change aviation issues challenges transportation established critical issue confronting global tourism_industry aviation lies atheart thissue social economic aspects global economists forecast continuing international_tourism amount depending location one world largest fastest_growing industries continuous growth place great stress remaining diverse habitat indigenous peoples indigenous cultures often_used support mass_tourism tourists promote sustainable_tourism sensitive dangers seek destinations industry sustainable tourists reduce impact tourism many ways informing culture politics economy communities visited respecting local_cultures expectations integrity local_cultures businesses conserve cultural_heritage traditional local economies purchasing local goods participating businesses conserving resources seeking businesses conscious using least possible amount non resource increasingly destinations tourism operations following responsible_tourism pathway tourism responsible_tourism sustainable_tourism identical goal sustainable_developmenthe pillars responsible_tourism therefore sustainable_tourism environmental integrity social justice economic_developmenthe major difference two responsible_tourism individuals organizations businesses asked take responsibility actions impacts actions emphasis taken_place stakeholders feel insufficient progress towards sustainable_tourism made since thearth summit rio partly expecting others behave sustainable manner themphasis responsibility responsible everyone involved tourism government product owners operators transport operators community services community_based organization tourists local_communities industry_associations aresponsible achieving goals responsible_tourism stakeholders sustainable_tourism play role continuing form tourism include organizations well individuals specific stakeholder tourism_industry deemed anyone development positively negatively result reduces potential conflict tourists host community involving latter shaping way tourism develops global sustainable_tourism council serves international body fostering increased knowledge understanding sustainable_tourism practices promoting adoption universal sustainable_tourism principles building demand sustainable travel number programmes including setting international standards accreditation agencies organisations would tourism product sustainable company values motives governments taken account assessing motives sustainable_tourism one important factor consider ecologically sensitive area area new tourism carrying_capacity capacity tourists visitors area without damaging thenvironment culture surrounding area altered revised time changing perceptions values example originally sustainable carrying_capacity galapagos_islands waset visitors per later changed governmento economic reasons objectives non_governmental organizations non_governmental organization one stakeholders advocating sustainable_tourism range sustainable_tourism practices simply research university research teams scientists tapped aid process planning solicitation research observed planning c b national_park vietnam dive resort operators park indonesia play crucial role developing exclusive zones diving fishing respectively tourists locals benefit venture large convention_meeting conventions meeting events drive travel_tourism hospitality_industry cities convention_center compete attract commerce whichas heavy impacts resource use thenvironment major sporting_eventsuch olympic games present special problems regarding environmental burdens de l r attitude behaviour gap role information sustainable mobility events understanding governing sustainable psychological behavioural approaches burdens imposed regular convention industry significant green conventions events new growing sector marketing point within convention hospitality_industry aware organizations corporations government_agencies seeking practices hotels_restaurants convention venues efficient climate neutral travel ground transportation however convention trip sustainable option international conferences hundreds participants bulk usually traveling plane conference travel area significant air_travel_related ghg emissions could made attendance since modern internet communications ubiquitous remote audio visual new directions flying face climate_change convention atmospheric environment p example access grid access grid technology already successfully hosted several international conferences particular example large american union annual meeting whichas used several_years provides live streams recordings named lectures oral sessions provides opportunities submit questions interact authors peers fall meeting virtual following live stream recording session posted line within convention_centers begun take direct action reducing impact conventions host onexample center san_francisco whichas aggressive recycling program large solar power system programs aimed reducing impact increasing efficiency local_communities local_communities benefit sustainable_tourism economic_development job creation infrastructure revenues bring economic_growth prosperity attractive tourist_destinations raise standard living destination tourism operators creating jobs local_community members increase tourism revenue driver development increased infrastructure tourist demands increase destination robust infrastructure needed supporthe needs bothe tourism_industry local_community sustainable_tourism developing nations file community tourism thumb sustainable_tourism sierra_leone story community tourism_file film px expansion tourism renewed emphasis outward growth accompanied rise development strategies south also focused attention international_tourism import potential growth sector many_countries particularly many world beautiful untouched places located third_world prior studies tended assume tourism_industry good thing changed take much negative view tourism consequences particularly industry effective contributor towards development international_tourism_industry visitors quick abandon destinations formerly popular threats health security problems sustainable_tourism third one common issue tourism place none prior first_world companies arriving local_communities maasai people maasai tribes tanzania victim problem second_world_war first_world conservationists withe intent making areas accessible tourists well preserving areas natural_beauty ecology moved areas maasai tribes lived often achieved setting national_parks conservation areas claimed maasai activities wildlife first_world knowledge colonialism colonial savannah wildlife maasai displaced area within conservation area modified allow easier access tourists building campsites tracks removal stone souvenirs kind sustainable_tourism viewed many metaphor since seriously cannot change anything basically way make tourism sustainable tourists putheir heads together work hard could possibly work viable world many things done name sustainability actually desire allow extra profits often local_populations tourists environmental_impacts thenvironmental sustainability focuses overall viability ecosystem health ecological systems natural resource degradation pollution biodiversity loss biodiversity detrimental increase vulnerability undermine system health resilience aspect sustainability often discussed literature numerous authorsuch hall c hall weaver many_others coastal coastal areas particular pressure growth lifestyles growing numbers tourists coastal environment limited extent consisting narrow strip along thedge ocean coastal areas often first environments experience detrimental impacts tourism detailed study impact coastal areas reference western india example change horizon holiday destinations put sustainable_tourism holiday destinations planning management controls reduce impact coastal coastal tourism paper ensure investment coastal tourism australian sustainable coastal tourism policy studies led interesting conceptual models applicable coastal tourism inverted model model jacob understanding different stake holders like government local_community tourists business community developing tourist_destinations mountain everest attracts many tourist climbers wanting peak highest mountain world year everest unesco_world_heritage_site years excessive consumption resources mountaineers well livestock damaged habitats snow leopard lesser bear scores bird species past various programs carried local_communities government expeditions removed supplies equipment left climbers everest slopes including hundreds oxygen containers large quantity litter past climbers tons itemsuch tents cans human waste mountain however bodies climbers died everest notably upper slopes removed accessible weight makes carrying extremely difficult notable cleanup thefforts everest expeditions first organized commemorate january everest climbing pioneer sir edmund hillary also publicized ecological issues particular concerns climate_change region observations thathe melting sustainable_tourism part development strategy third_world countries arespecially interested international_tourism many believe brings countries large selection economic_benefits including employment business_development increased payments oforeign exchange many assume money gained developing luxury goods services spite increases countries dependency imported products foreign investments expatriate skills classic financial strategy rarely makes way brings benefits small businesses said benefits large_scale tourism backpacker sector potential growth sector third_world governments thisector non economic_benefits could help educate communities involved thisector aiming low builds upon skills local population reliance confidence community members dealing signs empowerment aid overall development nation improvements sustainable_tourism third_world management sustainable_tourism_promotion sustainable_tourism management tourist locations locals community form tourism based premise thathe people living nexto resource ones best suited protecting means thathe tourism_activities businesses developed operated local_community members certainly witheir consent support sustainable_tourism typically involves conservation resources upon tourism purposes locals run businesses aresponsible promoting conservation messages environment community_based sustainable_tourism cbst associates success sustainability thecotourism location management practices communities directly dependent location feature cbst local knowledge usually alongside wide general ecotourism business_models allows participation locals athe management level typically allows intimate understanding thenvironmenthe use local knowledge also means easier entry level tourism_industry locals whose jobs affected use environment tourism locations environmentally sustainable_development depends presence local support project also order success projects must provide direct benefits local_community researchas found economic generated cbst may thathe agriculture negatively affected small_scale cultivated areas means cbst may small_scale communities also said partnerships governments tourism_agencies smaller communities particularly effective aims two groups true sustainability versus mass_tourism maximum profit demonstrated consultants world bank officials institute tourism wanted set selection star hotels near various ecotourism destinations another operating approach region ecotourism association promotes community_based efforts whichas trained many local concluded thathe organisations successful honduras confusion management sustainable_tourism discussion regarding told inter governmental organisations development sustainable_tourism practices third_world mowforth munt book tourism sustainability new tourism third_world criticised written world_travel_tourism council world_tourism_organisation thearth council included agenda entitled agenda travel_tourism_industry towards environmentally sustainable_development mowforth munt commented language used describe thenvironment local_culture documents preservation thenvironment local_culture two_main objectives sustainable_tourism pointed outhat key words used core asset core product quality preserve argued thathe treatment thenvironment product clear documents provide good list advice third_world governments regarding sustainable_tourism actually provide resources incorporate development tourism_industries thathere gap advice given non_governmental inter governmental organisations third_world governments actually broughto arguments try readers documents like one released thathe development sustainable_tourism actually interests local_people responsible_tourism responsible_tourism regarded behaviour form tourism represents approach engaging tourism tourist business locals destination tourism stakeholder emphasizes stakeholders aresponsible kind tourism develop engage whilst different groups see responsibility different ways shared understanding responsible_tourism entail improvement tourism become better result responsible_tourism approach within notion interests need balanced however objective create better places people live visit importantly foresponsible tourism deemed responsible may differ depending places tourism realized different ways different originating markets diverse destinations world goodwin focusing particular businesses according cape_town declaration responsible_tourism following characteristics cape_town declaration responsible negativeconomic environmental social impacts generates greater economic_benefits local_people enhances well host_communities working conditions access industry involves local_people decisions lives life chances makes positive contributions conservation natural cultural_heritage maintenance world diversity provides tourists meaningful connections local_people greater understanding local cultural social environmental issues provides access people disabilities culturally respect tourists hosts builds local pride confidence sustainable_tourism tourists enjoy holiday athe_time respecthe culture people also also means local_people get fair say aboutourism also receive money profit game reserve make thenvironment damaged quite lot tourists part sustainable_tourism make_sure thathe damaging carry many private companies working principles aspects responsible_tourism purpose corporate social responsibility activities othersuch originally project international finance corporation entire business_model around responsible_tourism local capacity building increasing market access small medium tourism enterprises humane tourism humane tourism part movement responsible_tourism idea local_communities travel_related businesses around world first foremost developing_countries idea humane travel humane tourism europe north new_zealand seeking new adventures authentic experiences directly local_businesses specific locations wish giving economic advantages local_businesses giving travelers authentic truly unique travel experiences humane travel humane tourism focuses people local_community idea enable travelers experience world theyes local_people contributing directly dollars benefithe local_community directly humane tourism giving opportunity local enable enjoy fruits tourism directly internet changing tourismore travelers planning travels vacations via internet enables people cut commissions traveler search new destinations buy services directly internet platform encourage local_people start new businesses already existing small businesses begin promote net receive theconomic advantages directly communities world new tourism age globalization internet playing key role new travelers traveled world seen classic western hotel prospect experiencing authentic local way life go fishing local eathe fish withis family sleep typical village house tourists travelers happy know promote theconomic well people spend time tourism part responsible_tourism concept responsible_tourism originated work holiday makers holiday makers isbn x called tourists locals create new forms tourism vision develop promote new forms tourism bring greatest possible benefito participants travelers host population tourist business without causing social damage one see already talked back benefits host population used term human tourism humane travel focuses host local population south_africa national_tourism policy available used term responsible_tourism mentioned well local_community main factor cape_town declaration responsible_tourism_destinations available agreed responsible_tourism making better places people live better places people visithe declaration focused places mention local population rio_de janeiro rio summit earth summit earth summit commission sustainable_development commission sustainable_developmenthe main focus tourism_industry planethe places green eco_tourism trend include local population trend branch responsible_tourism called humane tourism humane travel responsible hospitality withe view responsible_tourism responsible hospitality essentially creating better places people live better places people mean forms hospitality also forms tourism largest sector tourism_industry asuch surprised responsible hospitality responsible_tourism instance place permanent residence also place hospitality_service consumed example meal consumed local requiremento improve place residence asuch thessence responsible hospitality contingent upon touristic forms hospitality famously argued within legal parameters sole responsibility business generate profit shareholders idea businesses responsibility extends beyond existed decades frequently encountered concept corporate social responsibility numerous ways businesses engage activities intended benefit shareholders management least shorterm however often acts corporate social responsibility undertaken perceived benefito business usually hospitality relates cost associated improved energy efficiency may_also relate example rise ethical consumerism view seen responsible business beneficial revenue growth per cape_town declaration responsible_tourism responsible hospitality culturally sensitive instead calling responsible hospitality simply makes case forms hospitality benefits locals first certainly forms hospitality improved managed negative_impacts minimized positive impacts thenvironment hospitality_education ministry tourism government india mentioned hospitality_management culinary training institutes india longer make mandatory students engage inon vegetarian cooking student given option choose vegetarian cooking ihmctan ahmedabad ihmctan ihmctan jaipur hospitality training institutes offer vegetarian choice practice bextended fundamental research presented book sustainable_tourism methodology business realities ukrainian scientist professor additions results used prepare students kyiv national university trade tourism hotel restaurant business_tourismanagement management hotel restaurant business international_tourism_business international_hotel also best educationetwork eco hotel ecotourism environmental_impact aviation green conventions geotourism hypermobility travel volunteer vacation furthereading journal sustainable_tourism externalinks global development research_center united_nations environment programme tourism united_nations environment programme tourism linking biodiversity conservation sustainable_tourism world_heritage_sites department economic social affairs division sustainable_development african fair tourism trade organisation cape_town declaration responsible_tourism unesco chair develop promote sustainable_tourism world_heritage_sites category_economy thenvironment category_sustainable_tourism_category_types tourism_category articles_containing_video_clips tourisme durable l b n v"},{"title":"Swamper (occupational title)","description":"swamper a swamper in occupational slang is an assistant worker helper maintenance repair and operations maintenance person or someone who performs odd jobs the term has its origins circa in the southern united states to refer to a workman who cleared roads for a timber faller in a swamp according to the oxford english dictionary it hasince branched out into a variety of meanings all of which denote some variation an unskilled labor er working as an assistanto a skilled worker examples of usage in the trucking industry primarily moving storage in canada truck driver s assistant who performs a variety of tasks as a helper under supervision of the operator but does not drive a laborer in the moving industry most work consists of loading and unloading packed boxes furniture and other objects in logging somebody who clears brush clears paths for logs to be transported to the landing or limbing limbs felled trees before they are log bucking bucked in the restaurant industry a kitchen assistanto the chef alsomebody who cleans up after closing of a restaurant bar or nightclub in the united states forest service a wildfire suppression firefighter in charge of the maintenance of tools and equipment also used to refer to the assistanto a sawyer who clears brush as the sawyer cuts it in commercial rafting river outfitting an assistanto the main pilot of the boat who helps with cooking and setup and takedown of campsites a laborer in the oil and gas transportation services jobs in the oil rig mobilization sector use specialized heavy haul vehicles to transport oil rigs equipment liquid and gas products and other supplies used in thexploration development and production of oil and natural gas resources workers in such jobs take part in pre job planning equipment preparation loading dismantling unloading and erecting of oil rigs and field equipment and post job operationsee also gofer category cleaning and maintenance occupations category forestry occupations category hospitality occupations category transport 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maintenance tools equipment also_used refer assistanto brush cuts commercial rafting river assistanto main pilot boat helps cooking setup campsites oil gas transportation_services jobs oil sector use specialized heavy haul vehicles transport oil equipment liquid gas products supplies used thexploration development production oil natural gas resources workers jobs take_part pre job planning equipment preparation loading oil field equipment post job also category cleaning maintenance occupations_category forestry occupations_category hospitality_occupations_category transport occupations"},{"title":"Swinfen Hall","description":"file swinfen halljpg thumb right px swinfen hall in swinfen hall is an th century country mansion house now converted into a hotel situated at swinfen in the lichfieldistrict lichfieldistrict of staffordshire in england it is a grade ii listed building images of england heritage gateway listed building description the hall was built in by samuel swynfen to a design by architect benjamin wyatt father of james wyatt and remained the home of the swinfen and swinfen broun families for almostwo hundred yearsamuel swynfen of swynfen sold swinfen hall to his kinsman samuel swinfen of walbrook house stirnetcom samuel swinfen died without any children and left his estate in his will to his nephew samuel grundy the son of hisister anne who had married thomas grundy of appleby leicestershire on the condition that he take the surname of swinfen and procure an act of parliamento that effect stirnetcom journal of the house of commonsamuel grundy now swinfen duly changed his name by an act of parliament of deed poll office private act of parliament geo c however in samuel swinfen also died without children and the hall passed to his brother thomas grundy stirnetcom who also then changed his name to swinfen by an act of parliament of deed poll office private act of parliament geo c thomas grundy now swinfen was the grandfather of samuel swynfen whose swynfen will case will was contested in a series of trials from to and raised important questions of ethics in the legal profession the hall was extended and improved in thearly th century by lieutenant colonel michael swinfen broun on his death in thestate was bequeathed to the church and lichfield city of lichfield and most of the land wasold off the hall stood unoccupied for manyears until acquired in by the present owners and converted to a hotel patience swinfen widowedaughter in law and heir of samuel swinfen who died in was involved in a swynfen will case celebrated legal case related to his will externalinkswinfen hall hotel history category grade ii listed buildings in staffordshire category houses completed in category 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as homepage footnotes intl swisspace systems was a now insolvent company which planned to provide orbitalaunches of miniaturized satellite s and manned suborbital spaceflight s the company was based in payerne in western switzerland near payerne air base where it planned to build a spaceport in suborbital spaceplane s will be launched from an airbus a giving the spacecraft more initial speed and altitude than if it were launched from the ground the spacecraft in turn will release a disposable third stage the company planned to charge million swiss francs chf us million for a launch using unmanned suborbital spaceplane s that could carry satellites weighing up to the costs werexpected to be reduced by the reusable nature of the spaceplane and launch facilities and by somewhat lower fuel consumption than conventional systems in s also hoped to develop a manned version of itsuborbital spaceplane in order to provide supersonic transport supersonic intercontinental flights to paying customers according to ceo pascal jaussi far from wishing to launch into the space tourismarket we want rather to establish a new mode of air travel based on our satellite launch model that will allow spaceports on different continents to be reached in an hour project partners included theuropean space agency dassault aviation and the von karman institute dessibourg olivier march payerne rampe d acc s l espace le temps according to swisstatelevision swisspace systems is heavily indebted publisher srfch date accessdate in swisspace systems asked to delay bankruptcy procedures as new funds from singapore bank axios credit arexpected however news tabloid blick reported that singapore authorities declared that axios is not a licensed bank publisher blickch date accessdate publisher blickch date accessdate on december swisspace systems was declared bankrupt in the civil court of broye and north vaud history s was founded in by pascal jaussi a pilot and engineer and joined by astronaut claude nicollier the inauguration was held on march at payerne airport initial plans call for the company topen its first spaceport by and begin test launches by airbus and shuttle more spaceports are planned for malaysia morocco and north america soar plans called for s to develop a suborbital spaceplane named soar spaceplane soar that would launch a microsatellite launch vehicle microsat launch vehicle capable of putting a payload of up to into low earth orbit s hopes to achieve hthl horizontalaunch with itsmall satellite deployment system by in july s announced a partnership with north bay ontario canadand canadore college to start drop test flights of a reduced scale version the soar at jack garland airport cyyb in addition to manned sub orbital spaceflight soar would also enable high speed commercial flights over mach number mach allowing for instance passengers to reach sydney from geneva in only a few hours future launch projections the first launch ischeduled for with cleanspace one as payload spaceport plans in october swisspace systemsigned a memorandum of understanding with spaceport colorado in the united states us to allow the spaceporto be a swisspace systems potential future north american launch site in march a subsidiary was opened athe kennedy spacenter to allow swisspace systems to use the shuttle landing facility slfor its operations gran canaria canary islandspain will be the first european operations center as willaunch satellites from there in this will also be the first european location where s will operate zero g flights zerog s zerog is a part of swisspace systems holding sa offering flights in reduced gravity aircraft a modified airbus aircraft is divided in sections with prices between for a party zone with passengers to for a tailor madexperienceach flight includes parabolas during which aircraft dives at angle from giving seconds of microgravity on board s zerog aircraft will travel to numerous different countries around the world starting in switzerlanduring the second half of athend of the company was announcing first parabolic flights in january however according to astronaut claude nicollier who is president of the committee of experts of swisspace systems it is absolutely impossible it needs an official authorization and it will take months if not years die vielen schulden des pascal jaussi srf september s ceo jaussi attacked on august pascal jaussi was abducted by unknown assailants beaten showered with a flammable liquid and badly burned publisher blickch date accessdate swiss newspapers reporthathe company is heavily indebted in the years and bailiffs collected between and million swiss francs creditworthiness is deemed low publisher blickch date accessdate in january it was reported that jaussi might have staged the attack himself to save his bankrupt company see also air launch torbit comparison of orbitalaunchers families comparison of orbitalaunch systems pegasus rocket a similar concept 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somewhat lower fuel consumption conventional systems also hoped develop manned version spaceplane order provide supersonic transport supersonic intercontinental flights paying customers according ceo pascal jaussi far wishing launch space_tourismarket want rather establish new mode air_travel based satellite launch model allow spaceports different continents reached hour project partners included theuropean space_agency dassault aviation von institute march payerne l temps according swisspace systems heavily publisher date accessdate swisspace systems asked delay bankruptcy procedures new funds singapore bank credit arexpected however news reported singapore authorities declared licensed bank publisher blickch date accessdate publisher blickch date accessdate december swisspace systems declared bankrupt civil court north history founded pascal jaussi pilot engineer joined astronaut claude inauguration held march payerne airport initial plans call company topen first spaceport begin test launches airbus shuttle spaceports planned malaysia morocco north_america soar plans called develop suborbital spaceplane named soar spaceplane soar would launch microsatellite launch_vehicle launch_vehicle capable putting payload low_earth_orbit hopes achieve satellite deployment system july announced partnership north bay ontario_canadand college start drop test_flights reduced scale version soar jack garland airport addition manned sub_orbital_spaceflight soar would_also enable high_speed commercial flights mach number mach allowing instance passengers reach sydney geneva hours future launch projections first_launch ischeduled one payload spaceport plans october swisspace memorandum understanding spaceport colorado united_states us allow swisspace systems potential future north_american launch_site march subsidiary opened athe kennedy spacenter allow swisspace systems use shuttle landing facility operations gran canary first european operations center willaunch satellites also first european location operate zero g flights part swisspace systems holding offering flights reduced gravity aircraft modified airbus aircraft divided sections prices party zone passengers tailor flight includes aircraft angle giving seconds microgravity board aircraft travel numerous different_countries around world starting second_half athend company announcing first parabolic flights january however according astronaut claude president committee experts swisspace systems absolutely impossible needs official authorization take months years die des pascal jaussi september ceo jaussi attacked august pascal jaussi abducted unknown beaten liquid badly burned publisher blickch date accessdate swiss newspapers company heavily years collected million swiss deemed low publisher blickch date accessdate january reported jaussi might staged attack save bankrupt company see_also air_launch torbit comparison families comparison orbitalaunch systems rocket similar concept externalinks_official_website_category aerospace_companies switzerland_category_companiestablished category_space_tourism category_human spaceflight programs category_commercial_spaceflight category_private_spaceflight companies_category_establishments switzerland"},{"title":"Symzonia: A Voyage of Discovery","description":"symzonia voyage of discovery is a piece ofictional traveliterature adventure literature traveliterature from of obscure authorship though prominent advocate for thexistence of a hollow earth john clevesymmes jr john symmes never published any works under his owname it is likely that symzonia was authored or influenced by symmes the account by the fictional captain adam seaborn details a voyage from the united states in which captain seaborn leads a crew of sailors to the center of thearth synopsis in order to prove thexistence of a hollow earth first proposed by captain john cleve symmes captain seaborn organized an expedition to the center of thearthough ostensibly going on a sealing voyage in the south seaseaborn and his crew make landfall in the south pole after seaborn successfully sees off a mutiny upon debarking seaborn and his crew find an enormous animal resembling a mammoth and a large skeleton resembling a whale combined withe lush land seaborn thinks that he has made a discovery of incredible importance only to bexceeded by the possibility of discovering the center of thearth in celebration of their discovery seaborn has his blacksmith make a copper engraving of a hundredollar bill in order to mark their claim on this newly discovered land upon burying thengraving he has his men roll a large stone on top of ito mark the spot withe wordseaborn s land ad engraved on the stone i first drew up a manifesto setting forthat i adam seaborn mariner a citizen of the united states of america did on the th day of november anno domini one thousand eight hundred and seventeen first see andiscover thisouthern continent a part of which was between and south latitude and stretching to the n w s e and s w beyond my knowledge which land having never before been seen by any civilized people and having been occupied for the full term of eighteen days by citizens of the said united states whether it should prove to be in possession of any other people or not provided they were not christians was and of right oughto be the sole property of the said people of the united states by right of discovery and occupancy according to the usages of christianations travelling up the coast seaborn and his crew reach a point where the sky inverts and they realize thathe stars have changed they are now in the center of thearth venturing farther into the center of thearth seaborn and his crew meet ancient civilization who populate the center of thearth called the symzonians upon meeting the symzonians for the firstime captain seaborn is unable to elicit any reaction from a crowd of symzonians until he kneels to pray at which pointhe symzonians cheer in celebration thatheir visitor was christiandiscourse begins though unable to communicate at firsthe symzonianshow an incredible capacity to learn english the symzonians have no weapons of any kind and they have no knowledge of certain topicsuch as optics that said they do have advanced knowledge in other areasuch as flight small and waif like in stature the symzonians havenormoustrength and are white to the point of near translucence the symzonians are an extraordinarily virtuous race and they are aghast when seaborn informs them thathere is any kind of sickness in the rest of the world furthermore the symzonians and in particular their leader are disgusted that seaborn ship has cannons and that seaborn s peoplengage in armed conflict witheir neighbors it is revealed thathe symzonians banish any of their people who exhibithe sort of vice which could lead to sickness in fact is appears as though those symzonians who are banished formed a society on earth and subsequently populated the rest of the world though seaborn playedown thextent of sickness and violence hoping to set up a relationship withe symzonians he and his crew are banished and stripped of any sign thathe center of thearth exists fearing the corruption of the outside world the leader of the symzonians order them never to return seaborn however is adamanthathey should return and reveals that he is writing this account in order to raise funds and volunteers for a second voyage to the center of thearth externalinksymzonia voyage of discovery full text from the university of adelaide library category books category travel 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mark claim newly discovered land upon men roll large stone top ito mark spot withe land stone first drew setting adam seaborn citizen united_states america th day november anno one thousand eight hundred seventeen first see continent part south latitude n w e w beyond knowledge land never seen people occupied full term eighteen days citizens said united_states whether prove possession people provided christians right sole property said people united_states right discovery occupancy according travelling coast seaborn crew reach point sky realize thathe stars changed center thearth farther center thearth seaborn crew meet ancient civilization center thearth called symzonians upon meeting symzonians firstime captain seaborn unable reaction crowd symzonians pray pointhe symzonians celebration thatheir visitor begins though unable communicate firsthe incredible capacity learn english symzonians weapons kind knowledge certain topicsuch said advanced knowledge areasuch flight small like symzonians white point near symzonians extraordinarily race seaborn thathere kind sickness rest world furthermore symzonians particular leader seaborn ship seaborn armed conflict witheir neighbors revealed thathe symzonians people sort vice could lead sickness fact appears though symzonians banished formed society earth subsequently populated rest world though seaborn thextent sickness violence hoping set relationship withe symzonians crew banished sign thathe center thearth exists fearing corruption outside world leader symzonians order never return seaborn however return reveals writing account order raise funds volunteers second voyage center thearth voyage discovery full text university adelaide library category_books category_travel writing"},{"title":"Table d'h\u00f4te","description":"image lotos club jpg thumb a table d h te menu from the new york city lotos club file set menu at dinner by hestonjpg thumb set dinner menu from heston blumenthal in restauranterminology a table d h te table of the host menu is a menu where multi course meal course meal s with only a few choices are charged at a fixed total price such a menu may be called prix fixed price the termset meal and set menu are also used the cutlery on the table may also already be set for all of the courses table d h te contrasts with la carte where customers may order any of the separately priced menu items available table d h te is a french language french loanword loan phrase that literally means the host s table the term is used to denote a table set aside foresidents of a who presumably sit athe same table as their hosthe meaning shifted to include any meal featuring a set menu at a fixed price in the original sense its use in english is documented as early as while the later extended use now more common dates from thearly nineteenth century this meaning is not used in france country specific practices many restaurants in the united states convertheir menus to prix fixe only for special occasions generally this practice is limited to holidays wherentire families dine together such as easter and thanksgiving or on couple centric holidays like valentine s day and sweetest day in france table d h te refers to the sharedining sometimes breakfast and lunch offered in a vacationamed bed and breakfast chambre d h te similar to bed and breakfast every guest of a chambre d h te can join this meal cooked by the hosting family it is not a restauranthere is only one service the price is fixed and usually included in the vacation everyone sits around a large table and makesmall talk abouthe house the country and son what is closer in french to the meaning of table d h te in english is a menu lunch special or fixed menu it usually includeseveral dishes to pick in a fixed list an entr e introductory course a main course a choice between up to four dishes a cheese a dessert bread and sometimes beverage wine and coffee all for a set price fixed for the year between to the menu du jour a cheaper version with less choice an entr e and a main course the list ofrench words and phrases used by english speakers plat du jour dish of the day changed every day is usually between to in belgium restaurants in the medium to high price range tend to serve menus where the customer can compose a menu from a list of entrees main courses andesserts these dishes can be ordered separately and all have a different pricing depending on the ingredients used however combined in a three five or seven course menu they will be served at a fixed pricing that is usually cheaper than when ordered separately also in many cases if a menu is chosen it will be accompanied by amuse bouche amuses little side dishes between the courses wine and other beverages are almost always excluded file salt grilled salmon teishoku august jpg thumb japanese salt grilled salmon teishoku in sweden almost all restaurants from the simplest diner to the finest luxury restaurant serve dagens r tthe daily dish during lunchours on weekdays at a much lower price than the same dish would cost at other times most commonly there is a choice of twor three dishes a meat fish poultry dish a vegetarian alternative and a pasta salad buffet bread and butter and beverage are included and sometimes also a simple starter like a soup india the thali meaning plate is very common in restaurants the main course consisting of rice oroti flat bread and assorted side dishes and vegetables is arranged on a large plate this may be followed by desserthere may be more than one kind of thali vegetarian tandoori deluxe the name signifying the prix fixe items as well as the price in spain there is the men or men del d a which usually includes a starter a main dish breadrink and choice of coffee or dessert it may range in price from to with being the average price in romania the mostypical fix price menu is calledaily menu meniul zilei taken in the daytime on weekdays only in russia the mostypical fix price menu is called business lunch taken in the daytime on weekdays only in japan a similar practice is referred to as this has a fixed menu and often comes with side dishesuch as pickled vegetables and misoup typical prices can range from yen to boye de mente japan madeasy mcgraw hill professional p in italy this the typical practice in small rural restaurants called osterie singular osteria from oste meaning host as in the french te mentioned above osterie vary widely in whathey offer but most serve simple foods and wine sourced locally and prepared according to the local practices other italian restaurants offer a selection of antipasti at a fixed price oftenough to fare una tavola completa fill the table diners enjoy an informal meal as they serve themselves variousmall portions family style see also la carte the opposite of table d h te combination meal full course dinner list ofrench words and phrases used by english speakers meal externalinks category restaurant menus category 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restauranterminology table h table host menu menu multi course meal course meal choices charged fixed total price menu may called prix fixed price meal set menu also_used cutlery table may_also already set courses table h contrasts la_carte customers may order separately priced menu_items available table h french_language french loanword loan phrase literally means host table term_used denote table set aside presumably sit athe_table hosthe meaning shifted include meal featuring set menu fixed price original sense use english documented early later extended use common dates thearly nineteenth_century meaning used france country specific practices many_restaurants united_states menus prix special occasions generally practice limited holidays families dine together easter thanksgiving couple holidays like valentine day day france table h refers sometimes breakfast lunch offered bed breakfast h similar bed breakfast every guest h join meal cooked hosting family restauranthere one service price fixed usually included vacation everyone sits around large table talk abouthe house country son closer french meaning table h english menu lunch special fixed menu usually dishes pick fixed list entr e introductory course main course choice four dishes cheese dessert bread sometimes beverage wine coffee set price fixed year menu cheaper version less choice entr e main course list ofrench words phrases used english speakers dish day changed every_day usually belgium restaurants medium high price range tend serve menus customer menu list main courses andesserts dishes ordered separately different pricing depending ingredients used however combined three five seven course menu served fixed pricing usually cheaper ordered separately also many_cases menu chosen accompanied little side dishes courses wine beverages almost always excluded file salt grilled salmon august jpg thumb japanese salt grilled salmon sweden almost restaurants diner finest luxury restaurant serve r daily dish weekdays much lower price dish would cost times commonly choice twor three dishes meat fish poultry dish vegetarian alternative pasta salad buffet bread butter beverage included sometimes also simple starter like soup india thali meaning plate common restaurants main course consisting rice flat bread assorted side dishes vegetables arranged large plate may followed may one kind thali vegetarian tandoori deluxe name prix items well price spain men men del usually includes starter main dish choice coffee dessert may range price average price romania fix price menu menu taken daytime weekdays russia fix price menu called business lunch taken daytime weekdays japan similar practice referred fixed menu often comes side dishesuch pickled vegetables typical prices range yen de japan madeasy hill professional p italy typical practice small rural restaurants called osterie osteria meaning host french mentioned osterie vary widely whathey offer serve simple foods wine sourced locally prepared according local practices italian restaurants_offer selection fixed price fare una fill table diners enjoy informal meal serve portions family_style see_also la_carte opposite table h combination meal full course dinner list ofrench words phrases used english speakers meal externalinks_category_restaurant_menus category_restauranterminology"},{"title":"Table reservation","description":"a table reservation is an arrangement made in advance to have a table available at a restaurant while most restaurants in the vast majority of the worldo not require a reservation and some have no policy or simply any channel for making one so called higher end restaurants mainly in overcrowded cities often require a reservation and some may have tables booked for weeks in advance at particularly exclusivenues it may be impossible to make a reservation the same day as the planned visithe modern reservation system evolved from the prior practice of arranging catering at a restaurantoday at such venues observes joy smith author of kitchen afloat galley management and meal preparation it s alwaysmarto inquire about a restaurant s reservation policy some will only reserve for large parties of six or more in recentimes many restaurants have replaced the traditional pencil and notebook with an online reservation system some websites exist which provide thiservice for multiple venuesuch as bookatable chopetender eztable clicktable killerezzy which alsoffers rogue reservations which members can sell opentable resyelp reservations formerly known aseatme shout which allows users to either make a reservation or puthe one they have up for sale zomato resdiary and zurvu reservations for later dining times may prove problematic as a restaurant may have a backlog which will require the reservation holders to wait beyond their stated arrival time in addition diners with a late reservation face a higher chance thathe restaurant will run out of necessary ingredients for a particularly popular dish most restaurants do not charge a customer who fails to honor theireservations and courts have tended noto impose substantial penalties on restaurants that fail to honoreservations nonetheless it is generally considered politeness polite to call and cancel a reservationce it is known one will not use it importance nowadays it has become common for fine dining restaurants toffer table reservations to their clients in facthiservice has become an integral part of a restaurant s operation because of its table reservation benefits to restaurants multiple benefits even though there are still types of restaurants that prefer the modality ofirst come first served the majority ofine dining and casual restaurants organize their operation through table reservations as it has become part of restaurantservice toffereservations clients are tending more and more towards making use of this offer and for some people it has become mandatory to make a table reservation before going outo a restaurant since there are also table reservation benefits to clients benefits for the client in this type of service benefits to restaurants a restaurant will weigh the advantages and the disadvantages offering the service of table reservations to its customers and even though there is a cost involved in thiservice the benefits it offers will outweigh all the disadvantages one may consider offering table reservations may be a good tool to increase demand for certain restaurants as clients know thathere is a limited capacity of seats they will always prefer to make a table reservation instead of arriving athe restaurant and facing a long waiting line this tool helps the restauranto keep a high demand of its customers on busy nights and even better to increase traffic on slow nights when customers make reservations because they don t know how crowded the restaurant will be table reservations are also a handy tool in competitive marketsince it makes it possible forestaurants to steal some market share from its competition this occurs when clients are not able to get a reservation atheir first choice restaurant and they decide to go to their second choice restaurant where they are able to get a reservation thiservice represents an important benefit forestaurants because by guaranteeing customers a seathey will be able to start operating at an earlier time and serve food until a later time than average and thuserve more parties each day and consequently have a higher daily income the modality of table reservations helps restaurants to estimate demand in a more accurate way and therefore to improve sourcing and staffing and to manage costs morefficiently by managing workflow in a better way through reservations the restaurant will be able to deliver a better quality of service benefits to clients a client will always benefit from being able to make a table reservation athe restauranto whiche wishes to go nowadays the majority of people prefer to gout knowing thathey have a reservation instead of incurring the risk of not getting a table athe desired place a clear benefit of making a table reservation for a client is the security thathey will experience when going outo a restaurant ie making a reservation will guarantee the clienthat he will receive his table athe time and place he has planned it is an advantage for the customer to know in advance that he will not have to go through the trouble of waiting until a table is available or being put on a waiting list or in the worst case needing to find another place to eat because the one chosen won t be able to serve him another important benefit of making a reservation in the desired restaurant is the better quality of service one will receive as the restaurant knows at whatime and withow many people the customer will arrive a comfortable with enough seats and space will be reserved and the restaurant staff will be prepared to serve the arrivingroup benefits of an online reservation system traditionally restaurants have managed theireservation systems with a reservation book which means they received the reservations via telephone calls and wrote them down in a book nowadays as a consequence of the massive use of the internet and its benefits experts have seen the opportunity and great added value of creating online reservation systems and already many restaurants have replaced the traditional format withese new systems an important advantage of online reservation systems is the flexibility they offer when making a reservation when reservations are managed in the traditional way patrons will only be able to call a restauranto make a reservation during operational hours on the contrary when reservations are managed through an online reservation system customers will be able to make theireservation at any time and from any place they choose in general patrons will have a better experience when making an online reservation because it will be a quick process the service will be available and the system will provide all the necessary information in order to make the desired reservation with tranquility restaurants will experience a great number of benefits when using an online reservation system some of these benefits translate into a decline incoming phone calls a better control of the capacity of the restaurant and the number of reservations one will be able to accept and a number of handy statistics and reports that will help to analyze the business interesting ways these benefits arise from a wide range of managementools provided by online reservation systems like operational reports floor management software customereservation histories and customer databases that include customer datand preferences and growith each new table booking restaurants will also be able to track cancellations and manage walk in and waitlists in a better way eliminate overbookings and create target email and postal mailings withe information from the customer database some online reservation 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arrival time addition diners late reservation face higher chance thathe restaurant run necessary ingredients particularly popular dish restaurants charge customer fails honor courts tended noto impose substantial penalties restaurants fail nonetheless generally considered polite call known one use importance nowadays become common fine_dining restaurants toffer table_reservations clients become integral_part restaurant operation table_reservation benefits restaurants multiple benefits even_though still types restaurants prefer ofirst come first served majority ofine dining casual restaurants organize operation table_reservations become part clients towards making use offer people become mandatory make table_reservation going outo restaurant since also table_reservation benefits clients benefits client type service benefits restaurants restaurant weigh advantages disadvantages offering service table_reservations customers even_though cost involved thiservice benefits offers outweigh disadvantages one may consider offering table_reservations may good tool increase demand certain restaurants clients know thathere limited capacity seats always prefer make table_reservation instead arriving athe restaurant facing long waiting line tool helps restauranto keep high demand customers busy nights even better increase traffic slow nights customers make reservations know crowded restaurant table_reservations also tool competitive makes possible forestaurants market_share competition occurs clients able get reservation atheir first choice restaurant decide go second choice restaurant able get reservation thiservice represents important benefit forestaurants customers able start operating earlier time serve_food later time average parties day consequently higher daily income table_reservations helps restaurants estimate demand accurate way therefore improve sourcing manage costs managing better way reservations restaurant able deliver better quality_service benefits clients client always benefit able make table_reservation athe restauranto whiche wishes go nowadays majority people prefer gout knowing thathey reservation instead incurring risk getting table athe desired place clear benefit making table_reservation client security thathey experience going outo restaurant making reservation guarantee receive table athe_time place planned advantage customer know advance go trouble waiting table available put waiting list worst case needing find another place eat one chosen able serve another important benefit making reservation desired restaurant better quality_service one receive restaurant knows many_people customer arrive comfortable enough seats space reserved restaurant_staff prepared serve benefits online reservation system traditionally restaurants managed systems reservation book means received reservations via telephone calls wrote book nowadays consequence massive use internet benefits experts seen opportunity great added value creating online reservation systems already many_restaurants replaced traditional format withese new systems important advantage online reservation systems flexibility offer making reservation reservations managed traditional way patrons able call restauranto make reservation operational hours contrary reservations managed online reservation system customers able make time place choose general patrons better experience making online reservation quick process service available system provide necessary information order make desired reservation restaurants experience great number benefits using online reservation system benefits decline incoming phone calls better control capacity restaurant number reservations one able accept number statistics reports help analyze business interesting ways benefits arise wide_range provided online reservation systems like operational reports floor management software histories customer include customer datand preferences new table booking restaurants also able track manage walk better way eliminate create target email postal withe information customer database online reservation systems include integrated email marketing also_list restauranterminology_category_restauranterminology"},{"title":"Table service","description":"redirect foodservice table service category restauranterminology","main_words":["redirect","foodservice","table_service","category_restauranterminology"],"clean_bigrams":[["redirect","foodservice"],["foodservice","table"],["table","service"],["service","category"],["category","restauranterminology"]],"all_collocations":["redirect foodservice","foodservice table","table service","service category","category restauranterminology"],"new_description":"redirect foodservice table_service category_restauranterminology"},{"title":"Table sharing","description":"table sharing is the practice of seating multiple separate parties individual customers or groups of customers who may not know each other at a single restaurantable by practicing table sharing twor more groups of customers who may not know each other sitogether at a table in a restaurant and are able to get a table faster than waiting for the first group to finishowever in many cultures the act of sharing food with another person is a highly emotionally charged act even in cultures which take a more casual attitude towards it sharing a table with strangers in a restaurant can create some awkwardness table sharing is a common practice in busy restaurants in japan in japanese culture being invited to a person s home to share a meal is rather uncommon and indicates a close relationship however sharing a table in public with strangers is just a routine occurrence with no special meaning it is an example of how japanese concepts of personal space are adapted to crowded urban living conditions the custom of table sharing is also widespread in old style yum cha chinese cuisine chinese restaurant s dai pai dong s and chaan teng s in hong kong taiwand parts of china the chinese restaurant process referring to certain stochastic process random processes in probability theory is a mathematicallusion to this custom harry g shaffereported in the s that it was a common practice in soviet union soviet restaurants he used the opportunity of being seated with strangers to strike up conversations withis fellow diners table sharing is also practiced in germany but mostly informal or festive settings like in a beer hall and rarely in restaurants in italy unless very informal do not usually practice table sharing however sagra festival sagras popular festivals mostly involving food and celebrations for local patron saint s are very common throughouthe country in these occasions it is customary to share big tables in ample outdoor spaces business aspects american business author cheryl russell points outhat promoting sharing of tables can be an effective part of creating a friendly atmosphere in a restaurant and would also enable the restaurant owner to free up a table for another party however a hospitality industry traininguide from the same publisherecommends that waitstaff avoid seating strangers together unless crowded conditions demand ithe authorsuggest one way of bringing up the topic is to explain to the guesthe length of the wait for a private table and then to suggest sharing a table with a stranger they also advise against seating a man at a table where a woman is dining alone or vice versa in south korea mcdonald s found that customers would leave more quickly if they were seated nexto strangers thus effectively increasing the restaurant s capacity in japan diners who are strangers to each other will generally be seated together only by their mutual consent in canadadvice columnist mary beeckman pointed out in thathead waiter would generally ask a patron before seating a stranger at his or her table buthat refusal to do so would be regarded astuffy and selfish south korean mcdonald s customers tended to feel awkward asking for permission to sit at a stranger s table and were more comfortable being conducted to a seat by an employee being asked by the waiter to share a table may or not may be a function of party size for example in restaurants with tableseating four to six people a party of twor three may be requested to share a table as one author pointed out in the context of belarusian etiquette japanesetiquette does not require that one converse withe unknown party with whom one iseated in the united states emily post advised that it was not necessary to say anything to a stranger with whom one shared a table not even a good bye when leaving the table however she pointed outhat one would of course naturally say good bye if there had otherwise been previous conversation during the course of the meal similarly mary beeckman advised thathe safest rule was noto try to start a conversation when sharing a table with strangers a travel guide to germany advises that one would generally say mahlzeit literally mealtime idiomatically equivalento bon app tit or enjoyour meal and goodbye buthat nother small talk would be required in contrast in some african cultures it is considered impolite to share a table with strangers without exchanging some wordsee also list of restauranterminology chinese restaurant process category 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random processes theory custom harry g common_practice soviet_union soviet restaurants used opportunity seated strangers strike conversations withis fellow diners table sharing also practiced germany mostly informal settings like beer hall rarely restaurants italy unless informal usually practice table sharing however festival popular festivals mostly involving food celebrations local patron saint common throughouthe_country occasions customary share big tables ample outdoor spaces business aspects american business author russell points outhat promoting sharing tables effective part creating friendly atmosphere restaurant would_also enable restaurant owner free table another party however hospitality_industry avoid seating strangers together unless crowded conditions demand ithe one way bringing topic explain length wait private table suggest sharing table stranger also advise seating man table woman dining alone vice versa south_korea mcdonald found customers would leave quickly seated nexto strangers thus effectively increasing restaurant capacity japan diners strangers generally seated together mutual consent columnist mary pointed waiter would generally ask patron seating stranger table buthat would regarded south_korean mcdonald customers tended feel awkward asking permission sit stranger table comfortable conducted seat employee asked waiter share table may may function party size example restaurants four six people party twor three may requested share table one author pointed context etiquette require one withe unknown party one united_states emily post advised necessary say anything stranger one shared table even good leaving table however pointed outhat one would course naturally say good otherwise previous conversation course meal similarly mary advised thathe rule noto try start conversation sharing table strangers travel_guide germany one would generally say literally equivalento bon app meal buthat nother small talk would required contrast african cultures considered share table strangers without also_list restauranterminology chinese restaurant process category_restauranterminology"},{"title":"Taco Bus","description":"taco bus restaurantserve mexican food in the tampa floridarea the restaurants began as a popular food truck on hillsborough avenue a second location followed on central avenue in st petersburg floridand a restaurant was added on franklin street in downtown tampa taco bus topen in downtown tampaugustampa business journal taco bus opened their fourth locationear usf on fletcher avenue taco bus topenew locationear usf in june may tampa bay online rene valenzuela is chef and owner of the business a location in brandon at south falkengburg ischeduled topen in spring the usf location was reported to be open hours the restaurants offer meat dishes as well as vegetarian vegand gluten free selections taco bus was featured on man v food laura reiley tampa taco bus ready for its close up on man v food september tampa bay times on the special september episode of man v food nation featuring street vendor food from across the us host adam richman actor adam richman visited taco bus and tried puerco asado tacos marinated roast pork and a mix of vegetables including jalape os cabbage and marinated red onions the taco bus also appeared on the october episode of diners drive ins andives food networks guy fieri gets on the tampa taco bus march tampa bay times in whichost guy fieri sampled a chilorio tortand a butternut squash tostada taco bus also appeared in cooking channel eat street see also list ofood trucks taco stand category fast food mexican restaurants category food trucks category hispanic and latino american culture in florida category mexican american culture in florida category restaurants in tampa 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business_journal taco_bus opened fourth avenue taco_bus june may tampa_bay online chef owner business location south ischeduled topen spring location reported open_hours restaurants_offer meat dishes well vegetarian free selections taco_bus featured man v food laura tampa taco_bus ready close man v food september tampa_bay times special september episode man v food nation featuring street_vendor food across us host adam richman actor adam richman visited taco_bus tried tacos marinated roast pork mix vegetables including marinated red onions taco_bus also appeared october episode diners drive_ins andives food_networks guy gets tampa taco_bus march tampa_bay times guy tostada taco_bus also appeared cooking channel eat street see_also list_ofood_trucks taco_stand category_fast_food mexican restaurants_category food_trucks category hispanic latino american_culture florida_category mexican american_culture florida_category_restaurants tampa_florida"},{"title":"Taco stand","description":"file taqueriajpg thumb px a taco stand in morelia mexico file taco de longanizajpg thumb px tacos at a taco stand in puebla city puebla mexico a taco stand or taqueria is a food booth food stall food cart orestauranthat specializes in taco s and other list of mexican dishes mexican dishes the food is typically prepared quickly and tends to be inexpensive many various ingredients may be used and various taco styles may be served taco stands are an integral part of mexican street food tacos became a part of traditional mexican cuisine in thearly th century beginning in mexico city as what had been a miner snack began to be sold on street corners in the city shopselling tacos have since proliferated throughout mexico and other areas with a heavy mexican culinary and cultural influence including much of the western united states and most other larger american cities more typical taquer aspecialize in tacos as expected but in some localities it can be used to refer to restaurant specializing in burrito s where tacos themselves are less of a point of emphasis in mexico taco stands are commonly referred to as taquer as because originally a taquer a was typically a hawker trade street vendor however many taquer as today arestaurants located in buildings taco stands may be located at roadsides and in areas where people gather such as at outdoor mall areas taco stands are typically located outdoors although the term is also used atimes to refer to taco restaurantsome taco stands are temporary operationset up for eventsuch as fairs and festivals file a taco standjpg thumb tacos at a taco stand meats used include beef such as carne asadand cabeza pork such as al pastor shrimp and fish as used in fish taco s additional ingredients used include cheese salsa guacamole sour cream various vegetablesuch as onion and cilantro and hot sauce among others by location taco stands are common in mexico for example bah a de banderas mexico has a diverse variety of taco stands in many of its neighborhoods in banderas taco standserve as gathering places for local residents and stands develop reputations based upon variablesuch as food quality and variety el taco de la ermita is a popular outdoor taco stand in tijuana mexico that serves a diverse variety of gourmet style tacos waitimes can be an hour or longer and the stand typically has an armed security guard on premises to maintain order file tacostandtacubayadfjpg a taco stand in the tacubaya neighborhood of mexico city file tacoplacespetatlanjpg taco stands along a street in petatl n guerrero mexico file tacos de suaderojpg tacos with beef suadero being prepared at a taco stand in mexico united states in the united statesome brick and mortarestaurants may be referred to as taco standsome american chefs and service industry professionals have leftheir employment positions topen their own taco stands ninfa laurenzo founder of the ninfa s restaurant chain started out running a single taco stand in houston texas prior to establishing the taco bell restaurant chain glen bell the company s founder opened a small chain of taco stands named taco tia in san bernardino california bell owned and operated a hamburger stand prior topening taco tia in taco bell sold over billion tacos annually and had around locations in all ustates and in several countries alebrije s grill is a taco truck based in santana california santana california that purveys a signature dish called the battleship taco which is a large concoction of rice breaded steak and roasted cactuserved on a tortilla the cielito lindo food stand in los angeles california is well known for its taquito s and has been in businessince the s henry s tacos was a well known taco stand restaurant inorthollywood california that was in operation for years it went out of business in january prior to establishing jimboy s tacos jim and margaret knudson ran a mobile taco stand named jimboy spanish tacos in a converted trailer at king s beach lake tahoe california la reyna is a well known taco stand in the arts district los angeles arts district of downtown los angeles that serves tacos in front of its identically named brick and mortarestaurant in august hundreds of taco stands existed in austin texas austin texas avataco is a trade association business association of taco stand owners in austin that was formed circapril taco john s began as a small taco stand in cheyenne wyoming cheyenne wyoming named taco house that opened in see also food truck list of mexican restaurants list of street foods mobile catering taco trucks on every corner furthereading category mexican cuisine category food trucks category street 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food stall food_cart specializes taco list mexican dishes mexican dishes food typically prepared quickly tends inexpensive many various ingredients may used various taco styles may_served taco_stands integral_part mexican street_food tacos became part traditional mexican cuisine thearly_th century beginning mexico_city snack began sold street corners city tacos since proliferated throughout mexico areas heavy mexican culinary cultural influence including much western united_states larger american cities typical taquer tacos expected used refer restaurant specializing burrito tacos less point emphasis mexico taco_stands commonly_referred taquer originally taquer typically hawker trade street_vendor however_many taquer today located buildings taco_stands may located areas people gather outdoor mall areas taco_stands typically located outdoors although term also_used atimes refer taco taco_stands temporary eventsuch fairs festivals file taco thumb tacos taco_stand meats used include beef carne pork pastor shrimp fish used fish taco additional ingredients used include cheese salsa sour cream various onion cilantro hot sauce among_others location taco_stands common mexico example bah de mexico diverse variety taco_stands many neighborhoods taco gathering places local_residents stands develop based_upon food_quality variety el taco de_la popular outdoor taco_stand mexico serves diverse variety gourmet style tacos hour longer stand typically armed security guard premises maintain order file taco_stand neighborhood mexico_city file taco_stands along street n mexico file tacos de tacos beef prepared taco_stand mexico united_states united_statesome brick may referred taco american chefs service_industry professionals employment positions topen taco_stands founder restaurant_chain started running single taco_stand houston_texas prior establishing taco_bell restaurant_chain glen bell company founder opened small chain taco_stands named taco san california bell owned operated hamburger stand prior taco taco_bell sold billion tacos annually around locations ustates several countries grill taco_truck based california california signature_dish called taco large rice steak roasted tortilla food stand los_angeles california well_known henry tacos well_known taco_stand restaurant california operation years went business january prior establishing tacos jim margaret ran mobile taco_stand named spanish tacos converted trailer king beach lake tahoe california la well_known taco_stand arts district los_angeles arts district downtown los_angeles serves tacos front named brick august hundreds taco_stands existed austin_texas austin_texas trade association business association taco_stand owners austin formed taco john began small taco_stand wyoming wyoming named taco house opened see_also food_truck list mexican restaurants_list street_foods mobile_catering taco_trucks every corner furthereading category mexican cuisine_category_food trucks_category street_food"},{"title":"Taco trucks on every corner","description":"file taco truck st louis mojpg thumb upright a taco truck in the downtown area of st louis missouri the phrase taco trucks on every corner was used by marco gutierrez the co founder of latinos for trump on september in comments that received widespread attention during the united states presidential election united states presidential elections npr national public radio npr news wrote thataco food trucks now straddle the worlds of political symbolism political symbol and internet meme during an interviewith msnbc gutierrez referred to his mexican heritage stating that my culture is a very dominant culture and it s imposing and it s causing problems if you don t do something about it you re going to have taco trucks on every corner his remarksubsequently met with both sarcasm and criticismany mocking the statement on social mediand sending tacosoneverycorner to the top of twitter s list of trending topics others expressed concern over his remarkstating that he was using coded language that politicians and pundits use to get away with explicitly racist messages from crime to immigration and terrorism origin the phrase originated with marco gutierrez a co founder of the group latinos for trump during an interviewith joy ann reid joy reid on msnbc on september the phrase was used within the context of a warning abouthe dominance of culture of mexico mexican culture underscoringutierrez stance that immigration should be more closely regulated in an interviewith deutsche welle on september gutierrez explained if you do not regulate the immigration if you do not structure our communities we are going to do whatever we want we are going to take over that is what i m trying to say and i think what is happening with my culture is that its imposing itself on the american culture and both cultures areacting reactions online responses followed immediately after the interview the associated press described the online response as a social media onslaught on september tacotrucksoneverycorner was the top hashtag on twitter the united states hispanichamber of commerce started a guac the vote campaign to use taco trucks to register voters and to appear at polling stations on election day the campaigname is a reference to guacamole gustavo arellano et al started the political satire satirical political taco truck party la weekly quoted arellano astating it is perfecthathelection has been boiledown to this onessential binary do you wantacos or no tacos a taco truck voteregistration drive in houston has been widely covered in local and national mediand is expected to measurably affecthe city s voter turnout harris county tax assessor collector mike sullivan stated that such efforts have helped boosthe number of people registered to vote in harris county to up almost from four years ago and noted that it is a trend that prompted harris county clerk stanarto call a news conference wednesday just a few blocks from the tacos tierra caliente truck to encourage people to votearly and avoid the crowds houston public media last schneider first andrew date access date by political figures during a conference call with university students on september hillary clinton stated and in case you re wondering i d love it if there were taco trucks on every corner during a visito los angeles on september former president of mexico vicente fox visited a taco truck while being interviewed for the radio show el show de piol n and stated los tacos will make america great nothe other guy on september advocacy news website vox website vox quotedonald trumpresidential campaign donald trump campaign spokesperson jon cordovasaying marco gutierrez is not a surrogate for the donald trump campaign and only represents his own views nothe position of the campaign on september athe congressional hispanicaucus institute hillary clinton stated by the way i personally think a taco truck on every corner sounds absolutely delicious as part of her speech there by location the colorado democratic party used a taco truck parked outside of campaign headquarters of donald trump in denver to register voters on september the truck was vandalized taco trucks were used in political events in arizonandetroit in detroithe hillary clinton presidential campaign hillary clinton campaign announced a voteregistration every corner southwestaco trucks edition event involving eightaco trucks for september in houston design firm rigsby hull and mi familia vota organized a two week voteregistration drivenlisting taco trucks as distribution centers for voteregistration cards and bilingual voter information guides the drive started september national voteregistration day and ran through october in popular culture sales of the song i love you more than tacos by the latin music genre latin music band carne cruda increased the song is about a man s love so profound that he would give his tacos and burritos to someonelse univision reported thathe song has become something of anthem in the wake of the tacotruckoneverycorner controversy on october american singer and musical theatre actress leslie kritzereleased a satirical song titled taco truck invasion entertainment weekly wrote that kritzer battles the derogatory statement made by gutierrez who also founded latinos for trump withumor by embodying her alter ego riff tina dancing through the streets with a taco truck by her side polling in a survey of american adults conducted on september market research firm yougov reported that would be happy if there was a taco truck on your corner in an opinion poll of likely voters conducted in florida from september to polling firm public policy polling reported thatacos and taco trucks are pretty popular among voters who have opinions on them the firm reported tacos had a net favorability and taco trucks had a net favorability with a pretty significant party divide on the issue of taco trucksee also 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minister pfo chairperson chief name chief position parent agency child agency child agency website footnotes the taiwan straitourism association tsta is a semi officialist of diplomatic missions of taiwan representative office of the republic of china in mainland china handling tourism related affairs its counterpart body in taiwan by the people s republic of china is the crosstraitourism exchange association beijing office the firststa office in mainland china was opened on may the tsta office is located at lg twin towers in chaoyang district beijing chaoyang district beijing during the office official opening ceremony in beijing shao qiwei president of the mainland s crosstraitourism exchange association said that withestablishment of the reciprocal tourism office across the taiwan strait means positive progress for exchange and interactions in various aspects between the two sides janice lai chairperson of tsta said thathestablishment of the association in beijing will also promote tourism industry of taiwand introduce taiwan sightseeing spots to the people in mainland china this establishment also marks a new milestone leading to closer bilateral tourism exchanges between the two sideshanghai office the second tsta office in mainland china is the shanghai office located in zhabei districthe official opening ceremony was held onovember attended by david w j hsieh director general of the tourism bureau of the republic of china shao qiwei president of the crosstraitourism exchange association and tu jiang chairman of association for tourism exchange across the taiwan straits the office will handle taiwan related tourism affairs in shanghai jiangsu zhejiang anhui fujiand jiangxi the three major tasks of tstarexpanding distribution channels and improving the packaging of quality tourism productstrengthening publicity and promotion introducing theme packages by regions the beijing office of tsta is accessible within walking distance southwest from yong anli station of the beijing subway the shanghai office of tsta is accessible within walking distance southeast from people square station of the shanghai metro see also crosstraitourism exchange association list of diplomatic missions of taiwan crosstrait relations category organizations established in category establishments in china category organizations based in beijing category organizations based in shanghai category tourism agencies category tourism in china category tourism in taiwan category crosstrait relations category taiwan 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minister_pfo chairperson chief_name_chief position_parent_agency_child agency_child agency_website_footnotes taiwan straitourism association tsta semi diplomatic missions taiwan representative office republic china mainland china handling tourism_related affairs counterpart body taiwan people republic china crosstraitourism exchange association beijing office office mainland china opened may tsta office located twin towers district beijing district beijing office official opening ceremony beijing shao qiwei president mainland crosstraitourism exchange association said withestablishment tourism office across taiwan strait means positive progress exchange interactions various aspects two sides chairperson tsta said association beijing also promote_tourism_industry taiwand introduce taiwan sightseeing spots people mainland china establishment also marks new milestone leading closer tourism exchanges two office second tsta office mainland china shanghai office located districthe official opening ceremony held onovember attended david w j hsieh director general tourism bureau republic china shao qiwei president crosstraitourism exchange association chairman association tourism exchange across taiwan straits office handle taiwan related_tourism affairs shanghai three_major tasks distribution channels improving packaging quality tourism publicity promotion introducing theme packages regions beijing office tsta accessible within walking distance southwest station beijing subway shanghai office tsta accessible within walking distance southeast people square station shanghai metro see_also crosstraitourism exchange association list diplomatic missions taiwan crosstrait relations category_organizations established category_establishments china_category_organizations_based beijing category_organizations_based shanghai category_tourism agencies_category_tourism china_category_tourism taiwan category crosstrait relations category taiwan offices"},{"title":"Takafumi Horie","description":"image horiemon jpg thumb takafumi horie is a japan esentrepreneur who founded livedoor a website design operation that grew into a popular internet portal after being arrested and charged with securities fraud in he severed all connections withe company his trial began on september on marchorie wasentenced to imprisonment of years and months he is popularly known as due to his resemblance to doraemon the chubby robot cat in a popular japanese cartoon the name horiemon was also given to a racehorse he owned after the name had been chosen by voting on a livedoor websitearly life horie was born in yame fukuoka yame fukuoka prefecture japand was raised in an unexceptional household by a salaryman father and mother from a farm ing family he was a student athe department of literature athe university of tokyo and was going to major in religion but dropped out after establishing a website development company called livedoor history livin on thedge in with friends and classmates business career in horie tried to buy the kintetsu buffaloes baseball team the team rejected the offer buthe incident put him in the national spotlight horie was criticized by conservative business circles in japan for his unconventional manner everything from his informal attire to the practice of corporatexpansion throughostile takeover in a country where neckties are the norm for businessmen he was frequently seen wearing t shirt s or unbuttoned collared shirts while the media demonized him for his challenge of the status quo it also capitalized on thentertainment he offered withis non conformist attitude horie quietly bought a large number of shares in fuji television and attempted a hostile takeover in since japan had few laws governing defensive tactics by takeover targets a compromise was arranged in whiche was made a joint director ofuji television laws on mergers and acquisitions m a were hastily introduced thereafter in the country modeled after on the regulations in the united states horie unveiled a plan for space tourism athe th international astronautical federation international astronautical congress in fukuoka fukuoka in the spacecraft he planned to develop was based on the design of the russian tkspacecraft horie said that he planned to invest in space development and that he wanted to launch a manned rocket within five years the project was called japan space dream a takafumi horie project political campaign in horie announced on augusthat he would run in the snap election snap japanese general election general election as an independent politician independent in the hiroshima hiroshima sixth district he contemplated running as an officialiberal democratic party japan ldp candidate against ldp rebel shizukamei but chose instead to run as an independent while keeping the support of the ldp leadership he losthelection and returned tokyo to continue his business career kamei won thelection in a rather close count of to arrest and imprisonment for securities fraud japanese prosecutors raided the offices of livedoor and horie s home in january on suspicion of securities fraud the government cited several instances of apparent market manipulation including a livedoor subsidiary announcing it would acquire a company that it already controlled using misleading investment partnership accounting and artificially inflating the value of livedoor stock through stock split s in order to fund acquisitions there were also rumors that livedoor was involved in money laundering for the yakuza or for politicians as the company had been found to have moved large sums of money into fictitiously named swiss bank account s the veracity of the suspicions aside many smelled conspiracy given the timing of the action it waseen as a political move by defenders of the status quo to punishorie for daring to challenge them and to discredit him and the business practices he had come to represent whichorie s opponents consideredistasteful and un japanese livedoor share price fell percent in one day with sell orderso numerous thatrading volume prompted the tokyo stock exchange to close minutes early for the firstime in its history the nikkei index lost points its largest drop inearly two years the ramifications were felt in other markets around the world especially in asia horie s net worth was estimated to have fallen from billion in december to million in june horie was arrested by tokyo district public prosecutors on january and on january he announced his resignation as ceon april he was released on million bail on the condition that he refrain from any contact with livedoor its employees horie said he would not participate in the company s management again though indicted on charges ofabricating financial reports and spreading false information to investors he continued to assert his innocence his trial for securities fraud began on september prosecutorsought a four year prison sentence for horie who pleaded not guilty in marche was found guilty ofalsifying the company s accounts and misleading investors and wasentenced to years and months imprisonment he appealed the punishment buthe supreme court of japan on april upheld the sentence agence france presse jiji press horie stretch for fraud is now finalized japan times april p horie maintained a digital newsletter from his prison cell and communicated withe outside world though staffers who posted to twitter on his behalf he lost more than pounds while in prison whiche attributed to the bland food served there he was released on parole in march after months behind bars horie now promotes his own portfoliof businesses throughis company sns he showcases other people s big ideas throughis large social media network and his website horiemoncom references externalinks horie blog category births category living people category japanese billionaires category th century japanese businesspeople category st century japanese businesspeople category japanese chief executives category japanese fraudsters category japanese political candidates category japanese racehorse owners and breeders category japanese socialites category people from fukuoka prefecture category space tourism category university of tokyo 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conservative business circles japan unconventional manner everything informal attire practice takeover country norm businessmen frequently seen wearing shirt shirts media challenge status quo also thentertainment offered withis non attitude horie quietly bought large_number shares fuji television attempted hostile takeover since japan laws governing tactics takeover targets compromise arranged whiche made joint director television laws mergers acquisitions introduced thereafter country modeled regulations united_states horie unveiled plan space_tourism athe_th international astronautical federation international astronautical congress fukuoka fukuoka spacecraft planned develop based design russian horie said planned invest space development wanted launch manned rocket within five_years project called japan space dream horie project political campaign horie announced would run election japanese general election general election independent politician independent hiroshima hiroshima sixth district running democratic party japan candidate rebel chose instead run independent keeping support leadership returned tokyo continue business career thelection rather close count arrest imprisonment securities fraud japanese offices livedoor horie home january suspicion securities fraud government cited several instances apparent market manipulation including livedoor subsidiary announcing would acquire company already controlled using misleading investment partnership accounting value livedoor stock stock split order fund acquisitions also livedoor involved money politicians company found moved large sums money named swiss bank account aside many given timing action waseen political move status quo challenge business practices come represent opponents japanese livedoor share price fell percent one_day sell numerous volume prompted tokyo stock exchange close minutes early firstime history index lost points largest drop two_years felt markets around world especially asia horie net worth estimated fallen billion december million june horie arrested tokyo district public january january announced resignation april released million condition contact livedoor employees horie said would participate company management though charges financial reports spreading false information investors continued trial securities fraud began september four year prison sentence horie guilty found guilty company accounts misleading investors wasentenced years months imprisonment appealed punishment buthe supreme_court japan april upheld sentence france press horie stretch fraud japan times_april p horie maintained digital newsletter prison cell withe outside world though posted twitter behalf lost pounds prison whiche attributed bland food_served released march months behind bars horie promotes portfoliof businesses throughis company people big ideas throughis large social_media network website references_externalinks horie blog category_births_category_living_people_category_japanese category_th_century japanese businesspeople category st_century japanese businesspeople category_japanese chief_executives category_japanese category_japanese political candidates category_japanese owners category_japanese category_people fukuoka prefecture category_space_tourism category_university tokyo alumni"},{"title":"Take-out","description":"file take out collagejpg thumb px upper left a meat feast parmo from stockton tees uk upperight fish and chips lower left pizza delivery loweright doner kebab d ner kebab take out or takeout inorth american english north american united states us and canadand philippinenglish also carry out in some dialects in the american english us and scotland take away in the british english united kingdom other than scotland australian english australia new zealand english new zealand south african english south africa hong kong englishong kong and hiberno english ireland parcel indian english and pakistani english refers to prepared meals or other food items purchased at a restauranthathe purchaser intends to eat elsewhere a concept found in many ancient cultures take out food is now common worldwide with a number of different cuisines andishes on offer image grandetabernajpg thumb righthermopolium in herculanum the concept of prepared meals to beaten elsewhere dates back to antiquity market and roadside stallselling food were common in both ancient greece and ancient rome in pompeii archaeologists have found a number of thermopolium thermopolia these were service counters opening onto the street which provided food to be taken away and eaten elsewhere there is a distinct lack oformal dining and kitchen area in pompeian homes which may suggesthat eating or at least cooking at home was unusual over thermopolia have been found in the ruins of pompeiin the cities of medieval europe there were a number of street vendorselling take out food in medievalondon street vendorsold hot meat pie s goose geese lamb and mutton sheep s feet and french wine while in paris roasted meat squab food squab tart s and flan s cheese s and eggs were available a large strata of society would have purchased food from these vendors buthey werespecially popular amongsthe urban poor who would have lacked kitchen facilities in which to prepare their own food however these vendors often had a bad reputation often being in trouble with city civic authorities reprimanding them for selling infected meat oreheated food the cooks of norwich often defended themselves in court against selling such things asmallpox pokky pies and stynkyng mackerelles in th and th century china citizens of cities like kaifeng and hangzhou were able to buy pastriesuch as yuebing and congyoubing to take away by thearly th century the two most successful such shops in kaifeng had upwards ofifty ovens a traveling florentine reported in the late th century that in cairo people carried picnicloths made of raw hide to spread on the streets and eatheir meals of lamb kebabs rice and fritters thathey had purchased from street vendors in renaissance turkey many crossroadsaw vendorselling fragrant bites of hot meat including chicken and lamb that had been spit roasted aztec marketplaces had vendors that sold beveragesuch as atolli a gruel made fromaize dough almostypes of tamales with ingredients that ranged from the meat of turkey meaturkey rabbit gopher frog and fish to fruits eggs and maize flowers as well as insects and stews after spanish colonization of peru and importation of european food stocks like wheat sugarcane and livestock most commoners continued primarily to eatheir traditional diets but did add grilled beef heartsold by street vendorsome of lima s th century street vendorsuch as erasmo the negro sango vendor and nagueditare still remembered today file frankfurter stand loc det a jpg thumb street food vendors in early th century new york city during the american colonial period street vendorsold pepper pot soup tripe oysters roasted corn ears fruit and sweets with oysters being a low priced commodity until the s when overfishing caused prices to rise in after previous restrictions that had limited their operating hourstreet food vendors had been banned inew york city many women of african descent made their living selling street foods in america in the th and th centuries with products ranging from fruit cakes and nuts in savannah georgia to coffee biscuits pralines and other sweets inew orleans in the th century street food vendors in transylvania sold gingerbread nuts creamixed with corn and bacon and other meat fried on tops of ceramic vessels withot coals inside the industrial revolution saw an increase in the availability of take out food by thearly th century fish and chips was considered an established institution in britain the hamburger was introduced to americaround this time the diets of industrial workers were often poor and these meals provided an important componento their nutrition india local businesses and cooperatives had begun to supply workers in the city of mumbai with tiffin boxes by thend of the th century business operation file thai market food jpg thumb a market stall in thailand selling take out food take out food can be purchased from restaurants that also provide sit down foodservice table service table service or from establishmentspecialising in food to be taken away providing a take out service often saves business operators having to spend money on things like cutlery crockery and wages for servers and hosts it also means that a large number of customers can be served in a relatively short amount of time compared to a traditional dine in restaurant although once popular in europe and america street food has declined in popularity in parthis can be attributed to a combination of the proliferation of specialized takeaway restaurants and legislation relating to health and safety vendorselling street food are still common in parts of asiafricand the middleast withe annual turnover of street food vendors in bangladesh and thailand being described as particularly importanto the local economy file pizza delivery moped hongkongjpg thumb left scooter motorcycle scooter used for pizza delivery in hong kong many restaurants and take out establishments have benefit from the invention of the car drive through s also drive thru allowed customers torder purchase and receive their products without leaving their cars the idea was pioneered in a california fast food restaurant pig stand number by of mcdonald s turnover was beingenerated by drive throughs with of all us take outurnover beingenerated by them by some take out businesses offer food for delivery which usually involves contacting a local business by telephone or online ordering is available in some countriesuch as australia canada india brazil japan theuropean union and the united states where some pizza chains offer online menu and ordering the industry has kept pace with technological developmentsince the s beginning withe rise of the personal computer specialized computer software for the pizza delivery business helps determine the most efficient routes for carriers track exact order andelivery times manage calls and orders with point of sale posoftware and other functionsince gps tracking technology has been used foreal time monitoring of delivery vehicles by customers over the internetmarianne kolbasuk mcgee gps comes to high tech pizza delivery tracking informationweek february some businessesuch as pizza in ontario canada will incorporate a guarantee to deliver within a predetermined period of time or late deliveries will be free of charge for example domino s pizza had a commercial campaign in the s and early s which promised minutes or it is free this was discontinued in the united states in due to the number of lawsuits arising from accidents caused by hurriedelivery drivers take out food is packaged in paperboard corrugated fiberboard plastic or foam food container s one common container is the oyster pail a folded waxed or plasticoated paperboard container the oyster pail was quickly adopted especially in western world the west for chinese food chinese takeout corrugated fiberboard and foam containers are to somextent self thermal insulation insulating and could be used for a wide variety ofoods including cooked rice moist dishes thermal bag s and other insulated shipping container s have increased ability to control temperatures during transit aluminium containers are also popular for take out packaging due to their low costhese containers can often be customized with by being coated with unique designs to develop or further a brand identity expanded polystyrene is often used for hot drinks containers and food trays because it is lightweight and heat absorbing file nyc diner togo cheeseburger deluxejpg a bacon cheeseburger with frieserved in an aluminum tray file fish and chipsjpg fish and chipserved in a polystyrene clamshell tray pizza toscana in boxjpg pizza served in a cardboard box file oysterpailjpg boiled rice served in an oyster pail file take out nasi kuningjpg leaf wrapped rice dish nasi kuning file mcdonald s meal japanjpg paper wrapped food file thai soup take awayjpg take out food in thailand is often packaged in plastic bags disposable serviceware waste file wegwerf esst bchenjpg thumb upright disposable chopsticks in a university cafeteria trash bin japan packaging ofast food and take out food is necessary for the customer but involves a significant amount of material that ends up in landfills recycling composting or litter fast food foam food containers were the target of environmentalists in the us and were largely replaced with paper wrappers among large restaurant chainsome fast food brands look beyond polystyrene others embrace it plastics today heather caliendo august in taiwan began taking action to reduce the use of disposable tableware at institutions and businesses and to reduce the use of plastic bags yearly the nation of million people was producing tons of disposable tableware waste and tons of waste plastic bags and increasing measures have been taken in the yearsince then to reduce the amount of wasteenv research foundation undated taiwan s plastics ban in taiwan s environmental protection administration epa banned outrighthe use of disposable tableware in the nation schools government agencies and hospitals the ban is expected to eliminate metric tons of waste yearlychina post junepa to ban disposable cups from june in germany austriand switzerland laws banning use of disposable food andrink containers at large scalevents have beenacted such a ban has been in place in munich germany since applying to all city facilities and events this includes events of all sizes including very large ones christmas market auer dult faire oktoberfest and munich city marathon for small events of a few hundred people the city has arranged for a corporation tofferental of crockery andishwasher equipment in parthrough this regulation munich reduced the waste generated by oktoberfest which attracts tens of thousands of people frometric tons in tons in pre wasteundated ban on disposable food andrink containers at events in munich germany pre waste factsheet china produces about billion pairs of single use chopsticks yearly of whichalf arexported about percent are made from trees about million of themainly cotton wood birch and spruce the remainder being made from bamboo japan uses about billion pairs of these disposables per year and globally the use is about billion pairs are thrown away by an estimated billion people reusable chopsticks in restaurants have a lifespan of meals in japan with disposable ones costing about cents and reusable ones costing typically the reusables better the breakeven cost campaigns in several countries to reduce this waste are beginning to have someffectnew york times reus october disposable chopstickstrip asian forests by rachel nuwerecopedia howooden chopsticks are killing nature by alastair shaw see also condiment sachet leftovers oyster pail a type of paper container from america that later became used with chinese american cuisine pizza delivery street food category types of restaurants category 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scotland take_away british_english united_kingdom scotland australian english australia new_zealand english new_zealand south_african english south_africa hong_kong kong english ireland indian english pakistani english refers prepared meals food_items purchased intends eat elsewhere concept found many ancient cultures take food common worldwide number different cuisines andishes offer image thumb concept prepared meals beaten elsewhere dates_back antiquity market roadside food common ancient_greece ancient_rome pompeii archaeologists found number thermopolium thermopolia service counters opening onto street provided food taken away eaten elsewhere distinct lack dining kitchen area homes may suggesthat eating least cooking home unusual thermopolia found ruins cities medieval_europe number street_vendorselling take food street hot meat pie lamb mutton sheep feet french wine paris roasted meat food tart cheese eggs available large society would purchased food_vendors buthey popular_amongsthe urban poor would lacked kitchen facilities prepare food however vendors often bad reputation often trouble city civic authorities selling infected meat food cooks norwich often defended court selling things pies th th_century china citizens cities like kaifeng hangzhou able buy take_away thearly_th century two successful shops kaifeng upwards ovens traveling reported late_th century cairo people carried made raw hide spread streets eatheir meals lamb rice fritters thathey purchased street_vendors renaissance turkey many vendorselling hot meat including chicken lamb spit roasted aztec vendors sold beveragesuch made dough ingredients ranged meat turkey rabbit frog fish fruits eggs maize flowers well insects spanish colonization peru european food stocks like wheat livestock continued primarily eatheir traditional diets add grilled beef street lima th_century street negro vendor still remembered today file stand jpg thumb street_food vendors early_th century new_york city american colonial period street pepper pot soup oysters roasted corn ears fruit sweets oysters low priced commodity caused prices rise previous restrictions limited operating food_vendors banned inew_york_city many women african descent made living selling street_foods america th th_centuries products ranging fruit cakes nuts savannah georgia coffee biscuits sweets inew_orleans th_century street_food vendors transylvania sold nuts corn bacon meat fried tops ceramic vessels withot inside industrial_revolution saw increase availability take food thearly_th century fish chips considered established institution britain hamburger introduced time diets industrial workers often poor meals provided important nutrition india local_businesses begun supply workers city mumbai boxes thend th_century business operation file thai market_food jpg thumb market stall thailand selling take food take food purchased restaurants also_provide sit foodservice table_service table_service food taken away providing take service often business operators spend money things like cutlery wages servers hosts also means large_number customers served relatively short amount time compared traditional dine restaurant although popular europe america street_food declined popularity attributed combination proliferation specialized takeaway restaurants legislation relating health safety vendorselling street_food still common parts middleast withe annual turnover street_food vendors bangladesh thailand described particularly importanto local_economy file pizza delivery thumb left scooter motorcycle scooter used pizza delivery hong_kong many_restaurants take establishments benefit invention car drive also drive thru allowed customers torder purchase receive products without leaving cars idea pioneered california fast_food_restaurant pig stand number mcdonald turnover drive_throughs us take take businesses offer food delivery usually involves local business telephone online_ordering available countriesuch australia canada india brazil japan theuropean_union united_states pizza chains offer online menu ordering industry kept pace technological beginning withe rise personal computer specialized computer software pizza delivery business helps determine efficient routes carriers track exact order andelivery times manage calls orders point sale gps tracking technology used time monitoring delivery vehicles customers gps comes high tech pizza delivery tracking february businessesuch pizza ontario_canada incorporate guarantee deliver within predetermined period time late free charge example domino pizza commercial campaign early promised minutes free discontinued united_states due number lawsuits arising accidents caused drivers take food packaged plastic foam food container one common container oyster pail folded container oyster pail quickly adopted especially western world west chinese food chinese takeout foam containers somextent self thermal could used wide_variety ofoods including cooked rice dishes thermal bag shipping container increased ability control temperatures transit aluminium containers also_popular take packaging due low containers often customized unique designs develop brand identity expanded often_used hot drinks containers food trays lightweight heat absorbing file nyc diner cheeseburger bacon cheeseburger aluminum tray file fish fish tray pizza pizza served cardboard box file boiled rice served oyster pail file take nasi leaf wrapped rice dish nasi file mcdonald meal paper wrapped food file thai soup take take food thailand often packaged plastic bags disposable waste file thumb upright disposable chopsticks university cafeteria trash bin japan packaging ofast_food take food necessary customer involves significant amount material ends recycling litter fast_food foam food containers target us largely replaced paper among large restaurant fast_food brands look beyond others today heather august taiwan began taking action reduce use disposable tableware institutions businesses reduce use plastic bags yearly nation million_people producing tons disposable tableware waste tons waste plastic bags increasing measures taken reduce amount research foundation taiwan ban taiwan environmental_protection administration epa banned use disposable tableware nation schools government_agencies hospitals ban expected eliminate metric tons waste post ban disposable cups june germany austriand switzerland laws banning use disposable food_andrink containers large ban place munich germany since applying city facilities events includes events sizes including large ones christmas market munich city marathon small events hundred people city arranged corporation equipment regulation munich reduced waste generated attracts tens thousands people tons tons pre ban disposable food_andrink containers events munich germany pre waste china produces billion pairs single use chopsticks yearly percent made trees million cotton wood birch remainder made bamboo japan uses billion pairs per_year globally use billion pairs thrown away estimated billion people reusable chopsticks restaurants meals japan disposable ones costing cents reusable ones costing typically better cost campaigns several countries reduce waste beginning york_times october disposable asian forests rachel chopsticks killing nature shaw see_also condiment oyster pail type paper container america later_became used chinese american cuisine pizza delivery street_food category_types restaurants_category_restauranterminology"},{"title":"Tasting menu","description":"file rokusan tei first coursejpg thumb the first course of a tasting menu in ginza tokyo a tasting menu is a collection of small portions of several dish foodisheserved by a restaurant as a single meal the french language french name for a tasting menu is menu d gustation some restaurants and chef specialize in tasting menus while in other cases it is a special or a menu option tasting menus may be offered to provide a sample of a type of cuisine or house specialties or to take advantage ofresh seasonal ingredients coming to the mainstream in the s tasting menus evolved into elaborate showcases highlighting the culinary artistry of the chef the trend traces back centuries but some trace the latest evolution to the mid s and two highly lauded restaurants cheferran adri s el bullin spain and chef thomas keller s french laundry inapa valley north of san francisco in the us that offered tasting menus of courses or more feb tasting menus have since become increasingly popular to the point where inew york times food critic pete wells noted across the country expensive tasting menu only restaurants are spreading like an epidemic see also table d h te prix fixe degustation service la fran aise category restaurant 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thumb first course tasting menu tokyo tasting menu collection small portions several dish restaurant single meal french_language french name tasting menu menu restaurants chef specialize tasting menus cases special menu option tasting menus may_offered provide sample type cuisine house specialties take_advantage ofresh seasonal ingredients coming mainstream tasting menus evolved elaborate highlighting culinary chef trend traces back centuries trace latest evolution mid two highly restaurants adri el spain chef thomas french laundry valley north san_francisco us offered tasting menus courses feb tasting menus since become increasingly_popular point inew_york times food critic pete wells noted across country expensive tasting menu restaurants spreading like epidemic see_also table h prix service la fran aise category_restaurant_menus"},{"title":"Tavern","description":"file tavern scene david teniers iijpg thumb px tavern scene by flemish artist david teniers the younger david teniers c file jan steen revelry at an inn wga jpg thumb px a dutch golden age painting dutch tavern scene by jan steen late th century file raleigh tavern elevation jpg thumb raleigh tavern colonial williamsburg virginia file buckman tavern lexington massachusettsjpg thumbuckman tavern where the first shots of the american revolution were fired lexington massachusetts file parker tavern reading majpg thumb parker tavern reading massachusettshowing traditional new england saltbox architecture a tavern is a place of business where people gather to drink alcoholic beverage s and be served food and in most cases where travel ers receive lodging an inn is a tavern whichas a license to put up guests as lodgers the worderives from the latin taberna whose original meaning was a shed workshop market stall or pub in thenglish language a tavern was once an establishment which served wine whilst an inn served beer and ale over time the words tavern and inn became interchangeable and synonymous in england innstarted to be referred to as public houses or pubs and the term became standard for all drinking houses wowser was a negative term for christian moralists in australia especially activists in temperance groupsuch as the woman s christian temperance union historian stuart macintyre argues the achievements of the wowsers were impressive they passed laws that restricted obscenity and juvenile smoking raised the age of consent limited gambling closedown many pubs and in established a six o clock swill pm closing hour for pubs which lasted for decadesstuart macintyre the oxford history of australia vol pp until the late th century the only places for common people to eat out were inns and taverns not restaurants after taxes on wine and other alcoholic beverages grew increasingly more burdensome not only because of the continual increase in the level of taxation but also because of the bewildering variety and multiplicity of the taxes this chaotic system was enforced by an army of tax collectors the resultant opposition took many forms wine growers and tavern keepers concealed wine and falsified their methods of selling ito take advantage of lower tax rates the retailers also engaged in clandestine refilling of casks from hidden stocks wine merchantstealthily circumvented inspection stations to avoid local import duties when apprehended some defrauders reacted with passive resignation while others resorted to violence situated atheart of the country town or village the tavern was one of the traditional centers of social and politicalife before a meeting place for bothe local population and travelers passing through and a refuge forogues and scoundrels tavernsymbolized opposition to the regime and to religion tavernsometimeserved as restaurant s in paris was founded the first restaurant in the modern sense of the term however the first parisian restaurant worthy of the name was the one founded by beauvilliers in the rue de richelieu called the grande taverne de londres mile zola s novel assommoir the tavern depicted the social conditions typical of alcoholism in paris among the working classes the drunk destroyed not only his own body but also his employment his family and other interpersonal relationships the characters gervaise macquart and her husband coupeau exemplified with great realism the physical and moral degradation of alcoholics zola s correspondence with physicians reveal he used authentic medical sources for his realistic depictions in the novel germany file mendel i vjpg thumb px german tavern circa common germaname for german taverns or pubs is kneipe drinking practices in th century augsburgermany suggesthathe use of alcohol in early modern germany followed carefully structured cultural norms drinking was not a sign of insecurity andisorder it helpedefine and enhance men social status and was therefore tolerated among men as long as they lived up to bothe rules and norms of tavern society and the demands of theirole as householder tavern doors were closed to respectable women unaccompanied by their husbands and society condemnedrunkenness among women but when alcohol abuse interfered withe household women couldeploy public power to impose limits on men s drinking behaviortlusty bacchus and civic order the culture of drink in early modern germany great britain file ibbetson sailorscarousingjpg thumb px a scene in an unspecified tavern at portsmouth after one or more ships have been paid off taverns were popular places used for business as well as for eating andrinking the london tavern was a notable meeting place in the th and th centuries for example however the word tavern is no longer in popular use in the uk as there is no distinction between a tavern and an inn both establishmentserve wine and beer ale the term pub an abbreviation of public house is now used to describe these houses the legacy of taverns and inns is now only found in the pub names eg fitzroy tavern silver cross tavern spaniards inn etc the word also survives in songsuch as there is a tavern in the town anon yha songbook youthostels association england walest albans hertsong there is a tavern in the town the range and quality of pubs varies wildly throughouthe uk as does the range of beers winespirits and foods available most quality pubs will still serve cask ales and food in recent years there has been a move towards gastro pubs where the food is of better quality originally tavernserved as restops about every fifteen miles and their main focus was to provide shelter to anyone who was traveling such taverns would be divided into two major parts the sleeping quarters and the bar there is generally a sign with some type of symbol often related to the name of the premises to draw in customers the purpose of this to indicate thathestablishment sells alcohol and to set it apart from the competition pubs are still popular meeting places buthey are declining in popularity this attributed to economiconditions the narrow profit margins permitted to pub landlords by brewing companies and the inexpensive sales of alcohol in supermarkets reformers who denounced the terribleffects of heavy consumption of alcohol on public disorder health and quality of work made periodic attempts to control it in mexico city in the late th century and early th century the poor frequented the pulquer as where pulque made from the agave americana maguey plant wasold after the legalization of the more potent aguardiente in the poor could also afford the vi ater as where hard liquor waserved andrunkenness increased the taverns played an important social and recreational role in the lives of the poor influential citizens often owned the pulcher as and opposed reform as did owners of the maguey haciendas tax revenues from alcohol were importanto the governmenthese factors added to lax enforcement of the laws resulted in the failure of tavern reform north america file vera cruz tavernjpg thumb px the vera cruz tavern in vera cruz pennsylvania colonial americans drank a variety of distilled spirits as the supply of distilled spirits especially rum increased and the price dropped they became the drink of choice throughouthe coloniessalinger s v nd taverns andrinking in early america baltimore the johns hopkins university press in per capita consumption was gallons of distilled spirits per yearising to gallons in or approximately one ounce shooter mixedrink shots a day for every adult white man thatotal does not include the beer or hard cider that colonists routinely drank in addition to rum the most popular distilled beverage available in british america english america benjamin franklin printed a drinker s dictionary in his pennsylvania gazette in listing some slang terms used for drunkenness in philadelphia the sheer volume of hard liquor consumption fell off but beer grew in popularity and men developed customs and traditions based on how to behave athe tavern by the million american men over age patron ized licensed taverns and probably unlicensed illegal ones or one per hundred menkingsdale pp nationwide about half the men in belonged to pietistic protestant churchesuch as methodists and baptists that severely frowned on drinking in those days twice the density could be found in working class neighborhoods they served mostly beer bottles were available but most drinkers wento the taverns probably half the american men avoided bar establishment saloonso the average consumption for actual patrons was about a half gallon of beer per day six days a week in the city of boston with about adult men countedaily saloon customerskingsdale pp colonial america to taverns in the colonies closely followed the ordinaries of the mother country taverns along with inns at first were mostly known as ordinaries which were constructed throughout most of new england these institutions were influential in the development of new settlementserving as gathering spaces for the community taverns here though served many purposesuch as courtrooms religious meetings trading posts inns post offices and convenience stores the taverns in the north and south were different in their uses as well unlike the central ideal tavern in england the ones in the southat are closer to the frontier were used as inns and trading post from those who were headed into the unknown lands to settlethorp daniel b taverns and tavern culture on the southern colonial frontierowan county north carolina taverns and tavern culture on the southern colonial frontierowan county north carolina the multiple functions of public houses werespecially important in frontier communities where other institutions were often weak and this was certainly true on the southern colonial frontierdaniel b thorp taverns and tavern culture on the southern colonial frontierowan county north carolina the journal of southern history vol nov pp they were supervised by county officials who recognized the need for taverns and the need to maintain order to minimize drunkenness and avoid it if possible on sundays as well as to establish the responsibilities of tavern keepers withese profits came progress improving their new homeland withe use of taverns as well as breweries the original structure of these taverns were log cabins typically a story and a half high with two rooms on each floor the ground floor was the floor the publicould use where the upper level floor was the bedrooms and somewhat removed from the public earliest hotels larger taverns provided rooms for travelers especially in county seats that housed the county court upscale taverns had a lounge with a huge fireplace a bar at one side plenty of benches and chairs and several dining tables the best houses had a separate parlor for ladies an affable landlord good cooking soft roomy beds fires in all rooms in cold weather and warming pans used on the beds at night in the backwoods the taverns were wretched hovels dirty with vermin for company even so they were more pleasant and safer for the stranger than camping by the roadsideven on main highwaysuch as the boston post road travelers routinely reported the taverns had bad food hard bedscanty blankets inadequate heat and poor service one sunday in general george washington was touring connecticut discovering thathe locals discouraged travel on the sabbathe spenthe day at perkins tavern which by the way is not a good one file white horse tavernewportjpg thumb right px the historic white horse tavern inewport rhode island in the united states taverns weressential for colonial americans especially in the south where it was mostly rural in the taverns the colonists learned current croprices arranged trades heard newspapers read aloud andiscovered business opportunities and the latest betting odds on the upcoming horse races for most rural americans the tavern was the chief link to the greater world playing a role much like the city marketplace in europe and latin america taverns absorbed leisure hours and games were provided always decks of cards perhaps a billiards table horse races often begand ended ataverns as did militia training exercises cockfights were popular at upscale taverns the gentry had private rooms or even organized a club when politics was in season or the county court was meeting political talk filled the taverns served multiple functions on the southern colonial frontier society in rowan county north carolina was divided along lines of ethnicity genderace and class but in taverns the boundaries often overlapped as diverse groups were broughtogether at nearby tables consumerism in the backcountry was limited not by ideology or culture but by distance fromarkets and poor transportation the increasing variety of drinkserved and the development of clubs indicates that genteel culture spread rapidly from london to the periphery of thenglish world in the colonial era in certain areas up to percent of taverns were operated by women especially widows local magistrates who had to award a license before a tavern could operate preferred widows who knew the business and might otherwise be impoverished and become a charge to the countytavern licenses were assigned to men but both magistrates and license applicants knew thathe tavern itself would be run by the petitioner s wife or daughter mainly because tavernstarted to become upper class establishments calling for morexperienced proprietors only licensed ordinaries though would usually be able to sell alcohol for consumption with fixed measures for fixed prices women and children were not usually welcome as fellow drinkers in some instances women and children were welcome in taverns but it was mostly a place reserved for men if women were found in a tavern they were typically considered prostitutes women would come into taverns to look for their husbands or they would come witheir fathers or brothers other than that women were not allowed the drinkers were men and indeed often defined their manliness by how much they couldrink at a timeven though there were unlicensed taverns there wastill the public overseeing it in rowan county north carolina the public held standards likeeping an orderly houselling at prices that were the same as whathe law said and not slandering other tavern keepers resulting in bad reputations meeting place and community center in rural communities the tavern was a very important public space the tavern offered the community not only a place to meet but also a place to conduct business the tavern also acted as an improptu court house where rules could be made andisputes could be settled from to the virginia government met in jamestown virginia jamestown athe local taverns from to the mosby tavern was the courthouse jail and militia united states militia rendezvous for cumberland county virginiand later for powhatan county virginia giffordalley managed city tavern in philadelphia which served as an unofficial meeting place for the first continental congress and in documents he served as the keeper of the door for the first second and third united states congresses daily s brother in law samuel fraunces owned fraunces tavern inew york city where congress met while city hall was under construction the lastime congress met at a tavern it was at fraunces tavern the tun tavern in philadelphia is regarded as the place where the us marines were first recruited neither place still exists a reconstruction of city tavern in philadelphia istill in operation mail stop and post office many were also the local post office and or the polling place the united states postal service had its origins in the private taverns and coffeehouse s of america depiction of civil war troops reading their mail atheagle tavern which doubled as the post office in silver spring maryland can be seen athe silver spring library the old post office tavern is in operation today in leavenworth washington old kelley s tavern inew hampshire is a multifunctional tavern colonel william b kelley of new hampshire operated a tavern and was the postmaster general for new hampshire the mail came and went from his home the hanover tavern in hanover county virginia is another tavern which alsoperated as the post office the general wayne inn in lower merion pennsylvanialso served as a post office from to and was also the polling place in oldestaverns file barroom dancing by john lewis krimmeljpg thumb px barroom dancing c by john lewis krimmel the oldestavern is a distinction claimed by numerous establishmentsomestablishments clarify their claims with oldest continuously operating tavern oldest family owned tavern oldest drinking establishment or oldest licensed there are many ways to distinguish the oldestavern the firstavern in boston massachusetts was a puritan public house ordinary opened on march that date would have been given under the julian calendar which was in use by england its colonies athe time under the modern gregorian calendar that same day would have fallen in the calendar year the white horse tavernewport rhode island white horse tavern inewport rhode island is most likely the tavern housed in the oldest building the blue anchor the first drinking establishment at front andock streets in philadelphia began operation in jean lafitte s black smith shoppe inew orleans louisiana some claim to be the oldest bar continuously operating before lafitte himself was born in the wayside inn in sudbury massachusetts is reputedly the oldest operating inn in america going back to germania german america in germania the german american districts of cities a beer culture flourished in th century america in tavernsaloons and especially beer garden beer gardens and beer hall beer halls which operated on sundays and attracted entire families avoiding hard whiskey the germans favored beer and wine and had far less of a problem with alcoholism germans operated nearly all of the nation s breweries andemand remained high until prohibition in the united states prohibition arrived in german americanewspapers german americanewspapers promoted temperance movementemperance but not abstinence from the german perspective the issue was less the ill effects of alcohol than its benefits in promoting socialife for american germans the beer garden stood alongside the church as one of the two pillars of german social and spiritualifeperry duis the saloonew york city perhaps the most famous american tavern is fraunces tavern athe corner of broad and pearl streets in lower manhattan originally built as a residence in it was opened as a tavern by samuel fraunces in and became a popular gathering place fraunces tavern was the site of merchants meetings on the postaxes plots by the sons of liberty entertainments for british and loyalist american revolution loyalist officers during the revolution in its long room on december general george washington said farewell to his officers and family new england theavy puritan heritage of new england meanthat local government wastrong enough to regulate and close rowdy places buthe power of ministers faded and by the s provincialeaders recognized thathey could not eradicate hardrinking in taverns from that point until after the american revolution the tavern was a widely accepted institution in massachusetts between and elizabetharvey followed by her daughter in law ann harvey slayton operated a successful tavern in portsmouth new hampshire their careers reveal the public acceptance ofemale management and authority within the confines of the tavern under harvey the tavern became a mail stop and began hostingeneral assembly and executive committee meetings after slayton took over the tavern held town meetingsupplied necessities to the poor for which the town gave reimbursement and provided accommodations for the provincial government courts and legislative committeesmarcia schmidt blainentertaining the government female tavern keepers and the new hampshire provincial government proceedings of the dublin seminar for new england folklife annual proceedings p sexes and ethnicity in taverns in colonial america taverns were known for their consumption of alcohol and prostitution during thestablishment in american colonies during the s and s women weren t allowed to drink alone in the bars withoutheir husbands without having the social stigma of being called prostitutes women during those times didrink but it was mainly in their own houses among family most of this didn t change until prohibition in the s which would force sexes to mix while drinking woman were allowed to hold jobs as bartenders and tavern owners during this time because it was looked at as a profession suitable for women this was more than likely due to the view of them being able to keep the tavern cleand serve whoever would stay in the tavern during this timemcmichael andrew the american colonies lecture bowlingreen october thethnicity of colonial america wasomething never seen or heard of before this was due to the big ethnic mix of the taverns of america that was not seen anywherelse it wasaid that one could walk intone of the taverns in the british colonies and be able to hear different dialects thethnic and social class mix of people wasomething brand new to new comers who were used to the tavern scene of europe tavern life in england was divide many by social class and one would not see a mix of social or ethnic backgrounds in any tavern throughout europe the majority of the mixing of ethnicity due mainly to the trade industry that was booming in the americas athis time the mixing of races wasomething new and interesting to many foreigners who would hear stories of other people s accounts of going into american taverns and the weird things they saw this would intrigue many people and would bring them to the colonies to get a glimpse of whathe american tavern life was all aboutthorp daniel b taverns and tavern culture on the southern colonial frontierowan county north carolina taverns and tavern culture on the southern colonial frontierowan county north carolina np nd web oct ethnic saloons in ethnic neighborhoods of cities mill towns and mining camps the saloonkeeper was an important man groups of recent arrivalspeaking the same language and probably also from the same province or village back in europe drank together and frequented the same saloon they trusted the saloonkeeper to translate and write letters for them help with transatlantic letters and remittances keep their savings for them and explain american laws and customskingsdale duis rothbarthe speakeasy or blind pig was an illegal bar that becamextremely common during prohibition the term speakeasy became popular in pennsylvania in the late s as illegal saloons flourished when the cost of legaliquor licenses was raised under the brooks high license law the new york times july mostaverns closed up but drinkers found out of the way speakeasies that would serve them the owners had to buy illegal beer and liquor from criminal syndicates the most famous was run by al capone in chicago and had to pay off the police to look the other way the result was an overall decrease in drinking and an enormous increase in organized crime gang warfare and civicorruption as well as a decline in tax revenue prohibition was repealed in and legitimate places reopened see prohibition in the united states crime and repeal robertshows that in upper canada ontario in thearly th century there was an informal ritual at work thatavern keepers and patrons followed for example the barrooms wereserved for men but adjacent rooms were places where women could meet families could come and female sociability flourished meanwhile the local men and visitorsuch as travelers doctors tradespeople and artists could express their views on topics of general interest occasionally heated arguments would break into fights between religious or ethnic groupsroberts despitefforts by social reformers to regulate taverns in ontario physical violence linked to drinking was common indeed th century masculinity derived from earlier models ofur traders in the region was often predicated on feats of strength and staminand on skill in fighting taverns were the most common public gathering place for males of the working class and thus the site ofrequent confrontations men s honor and men s bodiesocially and historically linked found public and often destructivexpression in the tavern setting the term tavern was regularly used in ontario until the mid s when it disappeared having been replaced withe word bar for almost any restaurantype ofacility that sold alcohol scandinavia had very high drinking rates which led to the formation of a powerful prohibition movement in the th century magnusson explains why consumption of spirits waso high in a typical preindustrial villageskilstuna in sweden an economic feature of this town of blacksmiths was based on the verlag or outwork production system was its complex network of credit relationships the tavern played a crucial role in cultural and business life and was also the place where work and leisure were fused heavy drinking facilitated the creation of community relationships in which artisans and workersought security buying drinks rather than saving money was a rational strategy when before adjustmento a cash economy it was essential to raise one s esteem with fellow craftsmen to whom one could turn for favors in preference to the verlag capitalist balkans greece taverna in greece is commonly known as the restaurantheir history begins from the classical times withearliest evidence of a taverna discovered athe ancient agora of athens or athenian agora the style remains the same to this day greek tavernes plural of tavernare the most common restaurants in greece a typical menu includes portion dishes or small dishes of meat and fish as well asalads and appetizer mageirefta is the menu section that includes a variety of different cookedishes in casserolevery day mainly the other choices are prepared roasted tis oras or fried orektikappetizers include small dishes of greek sauces alifes usually eaten on bites of bread tavernas offer different kind of wines and retsina in barrels or in bottles ouzor tsipouro with beer and refreshments being a recent addition in the byzantine times tavernas were the place for a social gathering to enjoy a mealive music and friendly talks with a drink accompanied with a small variety dishes mezes in former yugoslavia the kafana served apart from food alcoholic beveragesee also bar establishment izakaya list of bars list of public house topics prohibition in the united states pub taverna tavern clock woman s christian temperance union blocker jack s ed alcohol and temperance in modern history an international encyclopedia vol cherrington ernest ed standard encyclopaedia of the alcohol problem volumes comprehensive international coverage to late s gately iain drink a cultural history of alcohol isbn heath dwight b international handbook on alcohol and culture countries in late th century phillips rod alcohol a history u of north carolina press bennett judith m ale beer and brewsters in england women s work in a changing world oxford university press brennan thomas public drinking and popular culture in eighteenth century paris clark peter thenglish alehouse a social history ungerichard w beer in the middle ages and the renaissance u of pennsylvania press north america conroy david w in public houses drink and the revolution of authority in colonial massachusetts duis perry the saloon public drinking in chicago and boston pages wide ranging scholarly history excerpt and text search earle alice morse stage coach and tavern days heavily illustrated full text online at google gottlieb david the neighborhood tavern and the cocktailounge a study of class differences american journal of sociology vol no may pp in jstor chicago in s gusfield joseph r passage to play rituals of drinking time in american society in constructive drinking perspectives on drink from anthropology ed mary douglas heron craig booze a distilled history on canada kingsdale jon m the poor man s club social functions of the urban working classaloon american quarterly vol noct pp in jstor lemasters e blue collaristocrats life styles at a working class tavern in wisconsin the s lender mark edward and james kirby martin drinking in america history mcburney margaret and byers mary tavern in the town early inns and taverns of ontario pp mancall peter c the art of getting drunk in colonial massachusetts reviews in american history in project muse meacham sarahand keeping the trade the persistence of tavernkeeping among middling women in colonial virginia early american studies an interdisciplinary journal volume number spring pp in project muse murphy kevin c public virtue public vices on republicanism and the tavern thesis columbia university onlinedition powers madelon faces along the bar lore and order in the workingman saloon rice kim early american taverns for thentertainment ofriends and strangers roberts julia in mixed company taverns and public life in upper canada ubc press pp isbn rorabaugh william j the alcoholic republic an american tradition rothbart ron thethnic saloon as a form of immigrant enterprise international migration review vol no summer pp in jstor study of coal towns in c pennsylvania salinger sharon v taverns andrinking in early america struzinski steven the tavern in colonial america the gettysburg historical journal vol no pp international standard serial number issn full texthompson peterum punch and revolution taverngoing and public life in eighteenth century philadelphia externalinks brewing in colonial america north american brewers association historic taverns of boston by gavin r nathan the historic vollrath tavern is one of indianapolis indiana s oldestaverns it served as a speakeasy during the prohibition era to which notables like john dillinger frequented regularly it has operated continuously since isaiah l potts billy pottsr and polly blue of potts hill potts inn tavern by william r carr category types of drinking establishment category types of 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people gather drink alcoholic_beverage served food cases travel ers receive lodging inn tavern whichas license put guests latin taberna whose original meaning shed workshop market stall pub thenglish_language tavern establishment served wine whilst inn served beer ale time words tavern inn became synonymous england referred public_houses pubs term became standard drinking houses negative term christian australia especially activists temperance groupsuch woman christian temperance union historian stuart argues achievements impressive passed laws restricted obscenity juvenile smoking raised age consent limited gambling closedown many_pubs established six clock closing hour pubs lasted oxford history australia vol pp late_th century places common people eat inns taverns restaurants taxes wine alcoholic_beverages grew increasingly increase level taxation also variety taxes system enforced army tax collectors resultant opposition took many forms wine tavern keepers wine methods selling ito take_advantage lower tax rates retailers also engaged hidden stocks wine inspection stations avoid local import duties passive resignation others violence situated atheart country town village tavern one traditional centers social meeting_place bothe local population travelers passing refuge opposition regime religion restaurant paris founded first restaurant modern sense term however first parisian restaurant worthy name one founded rue de called grande de londres mile novel tavern depicted social conditions typical alcoholism paris among working_classes drunk destroyed body also employment family relationships characters husband great physical moral degradation correspondence physicians reveal used authentic medical sources realistic depictions novel germany file thumb px german tavern circa common german taverns pubs drinking practices th_century use alcohol early modern germany followed carefully structured cultural norms drinking sign enhance men social status therefore among men long lived bothe rules norms tavern society demands tavern doors closed respectable women husbands society among women alcohol abuse withe household women public power impose limits men drinking bacchus civic order culture drink early modern germany great_britain file thumb px scene tavern portsmouth one ships paid taverns popular places used business well eating andrinking london tavern notable meeting_place th th_centuries example however word tavern longer popular use uk distinction tavern inn wine beer ale term pub abbreviation public_house used describe houses legacy taverns inns found pub names fitzroy_tavern silver cross tavern inn etc word also tavern town yha songbook youthostels_association england albans tavern town range quality pubs varies wildly throughouthe uk range beers foods available quality pubs still serve cask ales food recent_years move towards pubs food better quality originally restops every fifteen miles main focus provide shelter anyone traveling taverns would divided two_major parts sleeping quarters bar generally sign type symbol often related name premises draw customers purpose indicate sells alcohol set apart competition pubs still popular meeting_places buthey declining popularity attributed economiconditions narrow profit margins permitted pub landlords brewing companies inexpensive sales alcohol supermarkets heavy consumption alcohol public disorder health quality work made periodic attempts control mexico_city late_th century early_th century poor frequented made americana plant wasold poor could also afford hard liquor waserved increased taverns played important social recreational role lives poor influential citizens often owned opposed reform owners tax revenues alcohol importanto factors added lax enforcement laws resulted failure tavern reform north_america file vera cruz thumb px vera cruz tavern vera cruz pennsylvania colonial americans drank variety distilled spirits supply distilled spirits especially rum increased price dropped became drink choice throughouthe v taverns andrinking early america baltimore johns hopkins university_press_per capita consumption gallons distilled spirits per gallons approximately one shots day every adult white man include beer hard cider colonists routinely drank addition rum popular distilled beverage available british america english america benjamin franklin printed drinker dictionary pennsylvania gazette listing slang_terms used drunkenness philadelphia sheer volume hard liquor consumption fell beer grew popularity men developed customs traditions based behave athe tavern million american men age patron licensed taverns probably unlicensed illegal ones one per hundred pp nationwide half men belonged protestant severely drinking days twice density could found working_class neighborhoods served mostly beer bottles available drinkers wento taverns probably half american men avoided bar_establishment average consumption actual patrons half beer per_day six days week city boston adult men saloon pp colonial america taverns colonies closely followed mother country taverns along inns first mostly known constructed throughout new_england institutions influential development new gathering spaces community taverns though served many purposesuch religious meetings trading posts inns post_offices convenience stores taverns north south different uses well unlike central ideal tavern england ones closer frontier used inns trading post headed unknown lands daniel b taverns tavern culture southern colonial frontierowan county north_carolina taverns tavern culture southern colonial frontierowan county north_carolina multiple functions public_houses important frontier communities institutions often weak certainly true southern colonial b taverns tavern culture southern colonial frontierowan county north_carolina journal southern history vol nov pp county officials recognized need taverns need maintain order minimize drunkenness avoid possible sundays well establish responsibilities tavern keepers withese profits came progress improving new homeland withe use taverns well breweries original structure taverns log cabins typically story half high two rooms floor ground_floor floor use upper level floor bedrooms somewhat removed public hotels larger taverns provided rooms travelers especially county seats housed county court upscale taverns lounge huge fireplace bar_one_side plenty benches chairs several dining tables best houses separate parlor ladies landlord good cooking soft beds fires rooms cold weather warming pans used beds night taverns dirty company even pleasant safer stranger camping main boston post road_travelers routinely reported taverns bad food hard blankets inadequate heat poor service one sunday general george washington touring connecticut discovering thathe locals discouraged travel day tavern way good one file_white_horse thumb right px historic white_horse tavern inewport rhode_island united_states taverns colonial americans especially south mostly rural taverns colonists learned current arranged trades heard newspapers read business opportunities latest odds upcoming horse races rural americans tavern chief link greater world playing role much like city marketplace europe latin_america taverns absorbed leisure hours games provided always decks cards perhaps table horse races often ended militia training exercises popular upscale taverns gentry private rooms even organized club politics season county court meeting political talk filled taverns served multiple functions southern colonial frontier society county north_carolina divided along lines ethnicity class taverns boundaries often diverse groups broughtogether nearby tables consumerism backcountry limited ideology culture distance poor transportation increasing variety development clubs indicates culture spread rapidly london thenglish world colonial era certain areas percent taverns operated women especially local magistrates award license tavern could operate preferred knew business might otherwise impoverished become charge licenses assigned men magistrates license applicants knew thathe tavern would run wife daughter mainly become upper_class establishments calling proprietors licensed though would usually able sell alcohol consumption fixed measures fixed prices women children usually welcome fellow drinkers instances women children welcome taverns mostly place reserved men women found tavern typically considered prostitutes women would come taverns look husbands would come witheir brothers women allowed drinkers men indeed often defined much though unlicensed taverns wastill public overseeing county north_carolina public held standards prices whathe law said tavern keepers resulting bad meeting_place community center rural communities tavern important public_space tavern offered community place meet also place conduct business tavern also acted court house rules could made could settled virginia government met virginia athe local taverns tavern jail militia united_states militia rendezvous cumberland county_virginiand later county_virginia managed city tavern philadelphia served unofficial meeting_place first continental congress documents served keeper door first second third united_states daily brother law samuel fraunces owned fraunces tavern inew_york_city congress met city_hall construction congress met tavern fraunces tavern tavern philadelphia regarded place us first recruited neither place still exists reconstruction city tavern philadelphia istill operation mail stop post_office many also local post_office polling place united_states postal service origins private taverns coffeehouse america depiction civil_war troops reading mail tavern doubled post_office silver spring maryland seen athe silver spring library old post_office tavern operation today washington old kelley tavern inew hampshire tavern colonel william b kelley new_hampshire operated tavern general new_hampshire mail came went home hanover tavern hanover county_virginia another tavern post_office general wayne inn lower served post_office also polling place file dancing john lewis thumb px dancing c john lewis distinction claimed numerous claims oldest continuously operating tavern oldest family owned tavern oldest drinking_establishment oldest licensed many ways distinguish boston_massachusetts public_house ordinary opened march date would given julian calendar use england colonies athe_time modern calendar day would fallen calendar year white_horse rhode_island white_horse tavern inewport rhode_island likely tavern housed oldest building blue anchor first drinking_establishment front streets philadelphia began operation jean black smith inew_orleans_louisiana claim oldest bar continuously operating born wayside inn massachusetts oldest operating inn america going back german america german american districts cities beer culture flourished th_century america especially beer_garden beer_gardens beer hall beer halls operated sundays attracted entire families avoiding hard germans favored beer wine far less problem alcoholism germans operated nearly nation breweries andemand remained high prohibition united_states_prohibition arrived german german promoted temperance german perspective issue less ill effects alcohol benefits promoting socialife american germans beer_garden stood alongside church one two pillars german social duis york_city perhaps famous american tavern fraunces tavern athe_corner broad pearl streets lower manhattan originally built residence opened tavern samuel fraunces became_popular gathering place fraunces tavern site merchants meetings sons liberty entertainments british american revolution officers revolution long room december general george washington said officers family new_england theavy heritage new_england meanthat local_government enough regulate close places buthe power ministers recognized thathey could taverns point american revolution tavern widely accepted institution massachusetts followed daughter law ann harvey operated successful tavern portsmouth new_hampshire careers reveal public acceptance ofemale management authority within tavern harvey tavern became mail stop began assembly executive committee meetings took tavern held town poor town gave provided accommodations provincial government courts legislative government female tavern keepers new_hampshire provincial government proceedings dublin new_england annual proceedings p sexes ethnicity taverns colonial america taverns known consumption alcohol prostitution thestablishment american colonies women allowed drink alone bars husbands without social called prostitutes women times mainly houses among family change prohibition would force sexes mix drinking woman allowed hold jobs bartenders tavern owners time looked profession suitable women likely due view able keep tavern cleand serve would stay tavern andrew american colonies lecture bowlingreen october colonial america wasomething never seen heard due big ethnic mix taverns america seen wasaid one could walk intone taverns british colonies able hear different social class mix people wasomething brand new new used tavern scene europe tavern life england divide many social class one would see mix social ethnic backgrounds tavern throughout europe majority mixing ethnicity due mainly trade industry booming americas athis time mixing races wasomething new interesting many foreigners would hear stories people accounts going american taverns weird things saw would many_people would bring colonies get glimpse whathe american tavern life daniel b taverns tavern culture southern colonial frontierowan county north_carolina taverns tavern culture southern colonial frontierowan county north_carolina web oct ethnic saloons ethnic neighborhoods cities mill towns mining camps important man groups recent language probably also province village back europe drank together frequented saloon trusted write letters help letters keep savings explain american laws duis speakeasy blind pig illegal bar common prohibition term speakeasy became_popular pennsylvania late illegal saloons flourished cost licenses raised high license law new_york times july closed drinkers found way speakeasies would serve owners buy illegal beer liquor criminal famous run capone chicago pay police look way result overall decrease drinking enormous increase organized crime gang warfare well decline tax revenue prohibition repealed legitimate places reopened see prohibition united_states crime repeal upper canada ontario thearly_th century informal ritual work keepers patrons followed example men adjacent rooms places women could meet families could come female flourished meanwhile local_men travelers doctors artists could express views topics general interest occasionally heated arguments would break fights religious ethnic social regulate taverns ontario physical violence linked drinking common indeed th_century derived earlier models traders region often strength skill fighting taverns common public gathering place males working_class thus site men honor men historically linked found public often tavern setting term tavern regularly used ontario mid disappeared replaced withe word bar almost sold alcohol scandinavia high drinking rates led formation powerful prohibition movement th_century explains consumption spirits waso high typical sweden economic feature town based verlag production system complex network credit relationships tavern played crucial role cultural business life also place work leisure heavy drinking facilitated creation community relationships artisans security buying drinks rather saving money rational strategy cash economy essential raise one fellow one could turn favors preference verlag capitalist greece taverna greece commonly_known history begins classical times evidence taverna discovered athe ancient agora athens agora style remains day greek tavernes plural common restaurants greece typical menu includes portion dishes small dishes meat fish well appetizer menu section includes variety different day mainly choices prepared roasted fried include small dishes greek sauces usually eaten bread offer different kind wines barrels bottles beer recent addition times place social gathering enjoy music friendly talks drink accompanied small variety dishes former yugoslavia kafana served apart food alcoholic also bar_establishment izakaya list bars list public_house_topics prohibition united_states pub taverna tavern clock woman christian temperance union jack ed alcohol temperance modern history international encyclopedia vol ernest ed standard alcohol problem volumes comprehensive international coverage late iain drink cultural_history alcohol isbn heath dwight b international handbook alcohol culture countries late_th century phillips rod alcohol history north_carolina press bennett judith ale beer england women work changing world oxford_university_press thomas public drinking popular_culture eighteenth_century paris clark peter thenglish alehouse social history w beer middle_ages renaissance pennsylvania press north_america david w public_houses drink revolution authority colonial massachusetts duis perry saloon public drinking chicago boston pages wide ranging scholarly history excerpt text search alice morse stage coach tavern days heavily illustrated full text online google david neighborhood tavern cocktailounge study class differences american journal sociology vol may pp jstor chicago joseph r passage play rituals drinking time american society constructive drinking perspectives drink anthropology ed mary douglas craig booze distilled history canada jon poor man club social functions urban working american quarterly vol pp jstor e blue life styles working_class tavern wisconsin mark edward james kirby martin drinking america history margaret mary tavern town early inns taverns ontario pp peter c art getting drunk colonial massachusetts reviews american history project keeping trade among women colonial virginia early american studies interdisciplinary journal volume number spring pp project murphy kevin c public virtue public tavern thesis columbia university powers faces along bar order saloon rice kim early american taverns thentertainment ofriends strangers roberts julia mixed company taverns public life upper canada press_pp isbn william j alcoholic republic american tradition ron saloon form immigrant enterprise international migration review vol summer pp jstor study coal towns c pennsylvania sharon v taverns andrinking early america steven tavern colonial america historical journal vol pp international standard serial number issn full punch revolution public life eighteenth_century philadelphia externalinks brewing colonial america north_american brewers association historic taverns boston gavin r historic tavern one indianapolis indiana served speakeasy prohibition era like john_frequented regularly operated continuously since l potts billy polly blue potts hill potts inn tavern william r carr category_types drinking_establishment_category types restaurants"},{"title":"Taverna","description":"file naxos tavernajpg thumb right px a taverna on the greek island of naxos island naxos a taverna greek language greek is a small greek restaurant similar to a tavern that serves cuisine of greece greek cuisine the taverna is an integral part of greek culture and has become familiar to people from other countries who visit greece as well as through thestablishment of tavernes plural in countriesuch as the united states and australia by greek diaspora expatriate greeks the greek term taverna is directly derived from the latin word taberna meaning shop inn and tavern originally taberna meant hut shed orude dwelling thearliest evidence of a greek restaurant or taverna was discovered athe ancient agora of athens or athenian agora during archaeological excavations conducted by the american school of classical studies in thearly s large quantities of ancient greek cuisine classical greek cooking and eating utensils were found athe taverna such as plates mixing bowls lidded casserolespits for broiling meat mortars for chopping and grinding as well as a cooking bell and a variety of jugs furthermore large amounts ofish bones and shellfish remains were discovered revealing the menu specialties of the classical greek taverna such as oysters mussels murex shells and large fish a nearby wine shop in the athenian agora possibly in association withe taverna served local atticattic wine as well as a wide variety of wines imported from chios mende chalcidice mende corinth samos and lesbos in the th century ad taverns in the byzantinempire that served pure wine were subjecto a curfew in order to prevent alcohol induced violence and rioting as documented in the book of theparch a typical menu for a taverna would usually include many if not all of the following items bread usually loaf bread sometimes pita flat bread meat such as lamb pork and beef saladsuch as greek salad appetizers or entr es like tzatziki yogurt garlic and cucumber dip melitzanosalata eggplant dip tirokafteri whipped feta cheese withot peppers and olive oil dip spanakopitandolmades or dolmadakia rice mixture with fresherbsuch as mint and parsley and sometimes pine nuts and in some regions minced meat is added tightly wrapped with tender grape leaves and served with a thick and creamy lemony sauce soupsuch as avgolemono egg lemon soup and fasolada bean soupasta such aspaghetti napolitano pastitsio baked layers of thick pastand minced meat mixture topped with a thick b chamel sauce fish and seafoodishesuch as baked fresh fish fried salt cod served with skordalia garlic sauce squid food fried squid and octopus baby octopus bakedishes magirefta including a wide variety of seasonal vegetable dishesuch as moussaka eggplant or zucchini minced meat and b chamel sauce grilledishesuch asouvlaki wine including retsina mavrodafni and other greek red white wine varieties beer spiritsuch as ouzo tsipouro and metaxa brandy fruitavernes usually open at with dinner hourstarting at and reaching a peak around as tourism has grown in greece many tavernes have attempted to cater to foreign visitors with english menus and touts or shills being employed in many tavernes to attract passing touristsimilarly tavernes in tourist areas pay commissions tour guides who send business their way in literature and arthe lead character in the play and film shirley valentine written by willy russelleaves her husband family in liverpool for a vacation where she has an affair with a waiter athe tavernand ends up working in the taverna file corfu anemomilos r jpg a taverna in the anemomilos district of corfu city corfu town file greek salad choriatikijpg choriatiki a greek salad typically served at a taverna see also list of greek restaurants furthereading externalinksocculturegreek faq tourist information category alcohol in greece category greek cuisine category greek restaurants category types of restaurants nl griekse 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specialties classical greek taverna oysters mussels shells large fish nearby wine shop agora possibly association_withe taverna served local wine well wide_variety wines imported th_century taverns served pure wine subjecto curfew order prevent alcohol induced violence documented book typical menu taverna would usually include many following items bread usually bread sometimes pita flat bread meat lamb pork beef greek salad appetizers entr like yogurt garlic dip eggplant dip whipped cheese withot peppers olive oil dip rice mixture mint parsley sometimes pine nuts regions minced meat added tightly wrapped tender leaves served thick sauce egg lemon soup bean baked layers thick minced meat mixture topped thick b sauce fish baked fresh fish fried salt cod served garlic sauce squid food fried squid octopus baby octopus including wide_variety seasonal vegetable dishesuch eggplant zucchini minced meat b sauce wine including greek red white wine varieties beer usually open dinner reaching peak around tourism grown greece many tavernes attempted cater foreign visitors english menus employed many tavernes attract passing tavernes tourist areas pay commissions tour_guides send business way literature arthe lead character play film shirley valentine written husband family liverpool vacation affair waiter athe ends working taverna file corfu r jpg taverna district corfu city corfu town file greek salad greek salad typically served taverna see_also list greek restaurants furthereading faq tourist_information category alcohol greece category greek cuisine_category greek restaurants_category_types restaurants taverna"},{"title":"Tea house","description":"file twiningstrand heritage shop london uk jpg thumb old twiningshop on strand london the strand london a tea house is an establishment which primarily serves teand other light refreshmentsometimes the word tea is also used to refer to a tea meal although the functions of tea houses vary widely in different countries tea houses often serve as centers of social interaction like coffeehouse some cultures have a variety of distinctea centered houses of differentypes depending on the national tea culture for example the tearoom uk and us british or american tearoom serves tea meal afternoon teafternoon tea with a variety of small cakes file yuanjpg thumb tea house at night in yuan garden shanghai file chaikhaneh jpg thumbnail a chaikhaneh tea house in yazd in china japand nepal a tea house ch gu n or ch w nepali language standard nepalis traditionally a place which offers tea to its consumers people gather atea houses to chat socialize and enjoy teand young people often meet atea houses for dates the guangdong cantonese style tea house is particularly famous outside of china especially inepal s himalayas these tea houses called ch lou serve dim sum and these small plates ofood arenjoyed alongside tea in japan ese tradition a tea house ordinarily refers to a private structure designed for holding japanese tea ceremony japanese tea ceremonies thistructure and specifically the room in it where the tea ceremony takes place is called the architectural space called chashitsu was created for aesthetic and intellectual fulfillment in japan during thedo period the term tea house could also refer to a place of entertainment with geisha or as a place where coupleseeking privacy could go in this case thestablishment was referred to as an which literally meantea house however thesestablishments only served tea incidentally and were insteadedicated to geisha entertainment or to providing discreet rooms for visitors this usage is now archaicontemporary japanese go to modern tearooms called kissaten on main streets to drink black or green teas well as coffee in central asia the term tea house could refer to shayhana in kazakh chaykhana in kyrgyz and choyxona in uzbek which literally means a tea room in tajikistan the largestea houses are orientea house or chinese tea house orom tea house in isfara town on the th anniversary of independence in tajikistan the people of isfara town presented isfara tea house to kulyab city for its th anniversary on september tea houses are present in other parts of central asia notably in irand also turkey such tea houses may be referred to in persian language persian as chay khaneh or in turkish ayhane literally the house of tea these tea houses usually serve several beverages in addition to tea in arab countriesuch as egypt establishments that serve tea coffee and herbal tea s like karkade areferred to as ahwa or maqhand are more commonly translated into english as coffeehouse in pakistan the prominet pak tea house is an intellectual tea in pakistan tea caf located in lahore known as the hub of progressive writers movementea drinking is a pastime closely associated withenglish a female manager of london s aerated bread company is credited with creating the bakery s first public tearoom which became a thriving chain tea rooms were part of the growing opportunities for women in the victorian era in the uk today a tea room is a small room orestaurant where beverages and light meals are served often having a sedate or subdued atmosphere tea meal the food served can range from a cream tealso known as devonshire tea ie a scone bread scone with jam and clotted cream to an elaboratea meal afternoon teafternoon tea featuring tea sandwich es and small cakes to a high tea savoury meal in scotland teas are usually served with a variety of scones pancake s crumpet s and other cakes there is a long tradition of tea rooms within london hotels for example at brown s hotel at albemarle street whichas been serving tea in its tea room for over years part of the charm of the occasion is an attractive tea set often decorated china in a related usage a tea roomay be a room set aside in a workplace forelaxation and eating during break work tea breaks traditionally this waserved by a tea lady noto be confused with a dinner lady tea rooms are popular in commonwealth countries particularly canada with its harsh winters when afternoon tea is popular the menu will generally have similar foods to in the uk but withe addition sometimes of butter tarts or other small desserts like nanaimo bars or pets de s urs tea is commonly consumed in other commonwealth countries alone or in the british fashion file berlin belvedere schlossgarten charlottenburg jpg thumb end view of the tea house belvedere in charlottenburg palace in france a tea room is called fr salon de th salon de th and pastries and cakes are also served it seems having a separatea house was a culture in many countries in europe in germany one berghof residence mooslahnerkopf teahouse teehaus was particularly famous during the third reich era where the german dictator adolf hitler used to have his daily walk and tea on mooslahnerkopf hill near his residence berghof residence berghof in the bavarian alps hitler s tea house was a cylindrical structure built in the woods in the czech republic the tea room culture has been spreading since the velvet revolution and today there are nearly tea rooms ajovny in the country more than just in prague which is according to some sources the largest concentration of tea rooms per capita in europe in eastern europe countries like latviare located athe crossroads of trade routes between western and eastern europe and tea came both from theast and west onexample of mixed tea is a new type of tea room club tea culture for example a tea club goija relationship to th century temperance movementhe popularity of the tea room rose as an alternative to the pub in the uk and us during the temperance movement in the s the form developed in the late th century as catherine cranston opened the first of what became a chain of miss cranston s tea rooms in glasgow scotland similar establishments became popular throughout scotland in the s fine hotels in bothe united states and england began toffer tea service in tea rooms and tea courts and by they had begun to host afternoon tea dances as dance crazeswept bothe us and the uk tea rooms of all kinds were widespread in britain by the s but in the following decades caf s became more fashionable and tea rooms became less common see also chashitsu list of tea houses eating establishments chaan teng hong kong eating establishments literally tea restaurant coffeehouse dabang korea the korean word for such establishments nakamal a traditional meeting place in vanuatu where kava is drunk tea garden see pleasure garden teahouse scam a type ofraud the teahouse of the august moon disambiguation the teahouse of the august moon a novel and works derived from it yum cha going for dim sum a sort of chinese brunch tea ceremony category types of restaurants category tea houses category tea ceremony category tea culture category garden features category central asian cuisine category zen art and 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also included reviews of restaurants books musicomedy theatre cinemand arthe magazine was bought by the vip magazine group in december in march it was transformed into a weekly magazine distributed withe thursday edition of thevening herald a note from the dubliner the dubliner march retrieved june regular features capitalife was a guide to dublin music theatre foodrink film art and comedy that appeared each week contributors included victoria smurfit max mcguinness bono maia dunphy a c grayling abie philbin bowman brendan o connorosanna davison shane macgowan gavin friday jean butler quentin fottrell domini kempaul howard john stephenson john ryan gerry stembridge irvine welsh john banville and pauline mclynn dubliner of the year award the dubliner of the year award was given to a person from dublin each year by the magazine list of winners class wikitable border year winner achievement brian o driscoll magners league and irb international try of the year winneryan tubridy new host of the late show ireland the late show bono lead singer of u campaignerelated events old city new dreams is annual event organised by the magazine featuring comedy fashion food andebates theventook place in dublin s dundrum town centre dundrum town shopping centre speakers included senator david norris politician david norris newspaper columnist ian o doherty author paul howard journalist paul howard and restaurateur kevin thornton in the dubliner awarded the inaugural dubliner of the year award to irish rugby captain and former lions captain brian o driscoll martha connolly was the last editor of the magazine she joined the dubliner in september paul trainer joined the dubliner in and acted as publishing manager and a contributing editor to the dubliner best restaurants book in his time withe magazine he was responsible for the old city new dreamseries of talks and events organised by the magazine and oversaw the commercial side of the business he was appointed managing editor in and 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theatre cinemand arthe magazine bought vip magazine group december march transformed weekly magazine distributed withe thursday edition thevening herald note dubliner dubliner march_retrieved june regular features guide dublin music theatre film art comedy appeared week contributors included victoria max c brendan shane gavin friday jean butler howard john john ryan gerry irvine welsh john pauline dubliner year_award dubliner year_award given person dublin year magazine list winners class wikitable border year winner achievement brian league international try year new host late show ireland late show lead singer events old city_new dreams annual event organised magazine featuring comedy fashion food place dublin town centre town shopping centre speakers included senator david norris politician david norris newspaper columnist ian author paul howard journalist paul howard restaurateur kevin dubliner awarded inaugural dubliner year_award irish rugby captain former lions captain brian martha last editor magazine joined dubliner september paul trainer joined dubliner acted publishing manager contributing editor dubliner best restaurants book time withe magazine responsible old city_new talks events organised magazine oversaw commercial side business appointed managing_editor lefthe magazine closure previous editors dubliner included emily founding publisher white food critic dubliner home page_category_cultural magazines_category defunct_magazines ireland_category_magazinestablished category_magazines disestablished category_magazines_published republic ireland_category_media dublin city_category_city_guides category_local_interest_magazines"},{"title":"The Global Scavenger Hunt","description":"file gsh trophyjpg thumb winner s trophy file william d chalmersjpg thumb event director william chalmers the global scavenger hunt is annual international adventure travel adventure competition in which teams of two people travel around the world in competition with other teams to win the world s greatestravelers title and trophy history the first event wascheduled for but postponedue to thevents of o brien pat delayed first escape the riverside press enterprise july travelers checksan francisco chronicle september shattuck harry travel almanac houston chronicle october smyth mitchell the hunt is on for would be indiana jonses toronto star august scavenger hunt sacramento bee february the inaugural eventook place in the spring of travelers checksan francisco chronicle september teamscour city for travel race clues bangkok post aprilees nick daring duoff on global scavenger hunt edmonton journal april ethical mystery tour south china morning post april basshermakaye contest winner journeyed around the world in days for charity austin american statesman may a spring event was cancelledue to the sars epidemic and the onset of the iraq war thevent has been held annually since heslin rebecca for teams the worldwide hunt is on usa today november sachs andrea truly amazing race the washington post october wright kendall couple gon scavenger hunt around world the arizona republic april tunney donna scavenger huntravel weekly usa november greenberg peter travel adventures global scavenger hunt petergreenbergcom december monforton lisa travel talk the calgary herald january the world s greatestravelers matamata chronicle may father son crowned greatestravelers vernon morning star may johnson petrina j thstudent goes on around the world scavenger hunthe houstonews may this realife annual day event as opposed to the reality tv game show the amazing race is considered the travel world championshipchalmers william the travel world championship the huffington post march the global scavenger hunt originally called greatescape was created in and launched in a trip of a lifetime the contra costa times oct by world traveler and author william d chalmerskarkaria bachi on the road the times of india may pathak nilima globe trotter fridays magazine uae october griffin kevin world s greatestraveller keepspecial spot secrethe vancouver sunovember greenwoodavis heather scavenger hunt makes for a great escape the toronto star january sinha kounteya world s greatestraveller plugs agrasian age may inspired by his participation in an around the world race sponsored by visa traveler s cheque s michelob dry beer and holiday inn s international called the humanrace travel advisory new york times april chalmers and his travel companion andy j valvur vasilyuk saha minute interview andy valvur san francisco examiner april won the one off event collecting the first place prize money in daysdeutsch lindaround the world in a daze los angeles times jan chalmers later wrote a book chronicling their exploits entitled a blindate withe world in and was later dubbed the world s greatestraveler inational geographic traveler magazineelliott christopher smartraveler national geographic traveler p april the annual event is owned and operated by great escape adventures inc a special event and consulting firm operating out of california united statesince california seller of travel william chalmers remains thevent director theventhe global scavenger hunt is a series of rallying rallies around the world competitors participating in attempto complete a series of culturally oriented scavenges from a scavenger hunt book created for each leg of the rally likevent scavenges are assigned points based on completion difficulty during each event competitors travel to and within at leasten countries across four continents during each event but never know in advance which countries they are going to be visiting thevent is designed to testhe participants collective travel iq david shantanu blindating the world the indian express may requiring them tovercome language and communications barriers cultural nuances logistics jet lag team dynamics andays of traveling across time zones through ten countries teams are also prohibited from using any technology to assisthem and are limited to using only local modes of public transportation as they attempto complete the scavenges in the goal ofostering the trusting of strangers in strange lands the scavenges based on a risk reward pointsystem include food scavenges participatory site doing scavenges karma building scavenges assigned urban rural and nature oriented photo safaris playing bartenderoulette polling locals on issues of the day performing blind tastests figuring out how to crash major cultural happenings each leg is tallied and theventual winners of thevent are crowned the world s greatestravelers and given thatitle for that year thevent is considered to be the annual world travel championship and called the super bowl of travel adventure competitions lane lea forbes november competitions the travel magazine january winning teams earn the righto defend their the world s greatestravelers title in the next event with all entry fees waived thevent is both open to all international travel adventure competitors and has no set course as it is changed each year as of the annual around the world travel adventurevent has visited over countries across continents events to date april may los angeles to japan to hong kong to thailand to uae to egypto turkey to italy to switzerland to germany to new york city usa scheduled for april and was cancelledue to the global sars epidemic and outbreak of the iraq war april may los angeles to china to viet nam to cambodia to thailand to india to uae to morocco to gibraltar to spain to portugal to new york city usapril may los angeles to china to india to uae to egypto turkey to czech republic to austria to poland to hungary to new york city usapril may san francisco to china to malaysia to singapore to nepal to bahrain to egypto greece to macedonia to bulgaria to romania to the netherlands toronto canadapril may seattle to taiwan to cambodia to thailand to india to turkey to tunisia to germany to denmark to sweden to iceland to boston usapril may san francisco to hong kong to viet nam to laos to myanmar to thailand to sri lanka to jordan to austria to slovakia to germany to luxembourg to france to new york city usapril may los angeles to korea to philippines to indonesia to singapore to india to turkey to spain to gibraltar to morocco to portugal to new york city usapril may san francisco to taiwan to myanmar to thailand to sri lanka toman to cyprus to italy to san marino to slovenia to austria to czech republic to washington dc usapril may los angeles to china to viet nam to cambodia to malaysia to nepal to qatar to germany to denmark to sweden to norway toronto canadapril may vancouver to japan to south korea to india to uae to turkey to hungary to austria to slovakia to czech republic to poland to chicago usapril may los angeles to fiji to australia to indonesia to malaysia to uae to italy to switzerland to france to andorra to spain to colombia to miami usapril may mexico city to japan to india toman to kenya to poland to lithuania to estonia to russia to finland to washington dc usapril may san francisco to china to viet nam to thailand to sri lanka to egypto brussels to england to wales to ireland to iceland to new york city usa teams class wikitable year st place nd place rd place victoria rivers joan harvardbasshermakaye contest winner journeyed around the world in days for charity the austin american statesman may nyadiana greatescape the global scavenger hunt savvy traveler npr may usa marvin schmidt david matichuk can carol branson roger mattinglymannweiler david hoosier couple joins global hunt indianapolistar march usalicia bleier vicki sheahen usa randy hall steve belkincrump sarah adventurer to hop a plane but he will not know to where the cleveland plain dealer march usa raj krishnan carole herdegen oakland people in the news the detroit news march ward tracy ready for the world the daily oakland press april he s back and he is bushed the bergen county record may usa lisa hunt helen qubainvan wyk anika congratulations lisand helen the calgary sun may racklori around the world scavenger hunt chicago sun times april usa bel pat paul buescher usa vickie sheahan deborah grove local woman traveling around the world on a blindate bay area today nbc kntv san jose san francisco march usa bart hackley steve huntthoensen sue balboa island resident embarks on global hunt costa mesa daily pilot april team the beach boys usa zoe littlepage and rainey boothoutzen rick strangers in strange lands local attorneys gon global scavenger hunthe pensacola independent april team lawyers without borders usa joanne jeff blakely usa zoe littlepage rainey booth team lawyers without borders usa ben penchas christine littlepage something old something new usa eng sherry ken fardieholman zoe global scavenger hunt makes a stop in cambodia the phnom penh post april perez more lazaro destination adventure miami social affairs magazine june july miami twice usa zoe littlepage rainey booth team lawyers without borders usa heidi lily hutchinson bajan bah barbara schoenfeld christine littlepage barbara the barbadian usa eng zoe littlepage rainey booth team lawyers without borders usa natashanberry david ardoin the silver surfers usa emily elizabeth booth sister act usandrew parsonage saskia van waaijenburg the world s greatestravelers matamata chronicle mayou re not in guatemala now dropata nz ndl fiona katrinatkinson sydney sisters aus zoe littlepage rainey booth team lawyers without borders usa philip bouchard gerald obrecht father son crowned greatestravelers the vernon morning star may the ogopogos candrew parsonage saskia van waaijenburg you re not in guatemala now dropata nz ndl demetrius canton margarita pas miamin the mix usa pol zoe littlepage rainey booth team lawyers without borders usa tiemily booth rainey booth jr sister act ii usa kimaria lardie retired traveling chicks usa fiona katrinatkinson sydney sisters aus tania di re mickey gupta buns bird usa zoe littlepage rainey booth team lawyers without borders usa zoe littlepage rainey booth team lawyers without borders usalan sydneying team ying usa michael pavlic gillian shure go tsa pre check yourself usa thomas paula patterson slo folks usa charity the travel adventure competition also serves as a charitable fundraising event for humanitarian organizations withe twin fundingoals of building co ed elementary schools with organizations like free the children in developing nationsuch as kenya niger sri lanka sierra leone indiand ecuador and providing funds for micro loans in conjunction with kiva organization kiva org that have assisted over families in countries it has also funded medical clinics and midwifeducational centersee also the amazing raceco challenge raid gauloises geocaching teva lea race city chase great urban race humanrace references category citation overkill category adventure travel category adventure racing category recurring events established 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based chef and michele grant an entrepreneur danhi devised the idea when he competed in the th annual grilled cheese invitational a grilled cheese competition thatakes placevery spring in los angeles californias he lefthe competition and saw the food trucks lined up outside as well as the interest in grilled cheese from the competition he gothe idea topen the grilled cheese food truck the grilled cheese truck has been awarded accolades including best grilled cheese trucks and one of the top sandwiches in la danhi and the truck have had television appearances on the price is right unwrapped house ofood be our guesthe rachael ray show the joand melissa show and the cooking channel danhi s grilled cheese recipes have appeared in talk shows magazines blogs and cookbooks history and business activity in the grilled cheese truck was launched in los angeles by celebrity chef dave danhi the company initially operated one partime truck beforexpanding tone full time truck and one partime truck the partime truck was generally used for special events catering such as birthday parties and weddings the truck was only operated on a full time basis in and a portion of during thatime according to mr danhi whowned and operated the trucks the one full time truck generated gross revenues of to per week ton annualized basis and net cash flow of ton annualized basis on october trig acquisition inc a delaware form company acquired the grilled cheese truck brand the company subsequently changed its name to the grilled cheese truck followed by another name change to american patriot brands apb in when grant lefthe company the company merged with trig acquisition inc formingrilled cheese truck inc this merger helped to expand the company tother markets and they have plans to become the first publicly traded food truck the company also enlisted general wesley clark usa reto help bring the grilled cheese truck national his primary focus is to helpromote identify train support and help franchise return veteran service veterans witheir own grilled cheese trucks apb never completed its franchise filings withe federal trade commission or the state of californiat its peak apb operated trucks eight of which were company owned and twof which were licensed apb did not disclose any per truck financial information in itsec filings during the period thatheight company owned trucks operated the company generated in revenue and a net loss of as disclosed in its last k filing for the period ending december apb is not current in itsec filings as of january th present big cheese inc was incorporated in delaware on september on october it acquired the grilled cheese truck brand withe attendantrademarks pursuanto an intellectual property rights purchase agreement with dave danhi founder mr danhi had reacquired the rights on september from apb whichad originally acquired the rights fromr danhi apb had re positioned itself in the cannabis business which created the opportunity for mr danhi to reacquire the brand crowdfunding endeavors big cheese inc owner of the grilled cheese truck brand filed a form c on january th to raise capital through jobs act securities regulations on microventures the grilled cheese truck successfully closed the first evereg cf equity crowdfunding campaign by a food truck on microventures with investors investing on april st invest in the grilled cheese truck last inc first microventure marketplace website appmicroventurescom access date spotlight and awards the grilled cheese truck has been awarded accolades including los angeles hot list food truck in la los angeles times reader s choice best food truck culture cheese mag s best grilled cheese trucks and one of the la weekly s top sandwiches in los angeles danhi and the truck have had television appearances on the price is right us game show the price is right unwrapped house ofood be our guest rachael ray tv series the rachael ray show the joand melissa show and cooking channel the cooking channel thrillist los angeles best food trucks relish america s best grilled cheese sandwiches the daily mealos angeles best food trucks of people s choice award athe grilled cheese invitational danhi s grilled cheese recipes have appeared in talk shows magazines blogs and cookbooks including the wakey bacon melthe cheesy mac n rib and othersee also food cart list ofood trucks mobile catering street food list ofood companies references goldstein peter j us foods vs grilled cheese military inc k finra examination sec us bankruptcy court southern district oflorida case rbr furthereading heather taylor chef speak la street food fest huffington post usheroff marni gen clark stumps for vets grilled cheese orange county register los angeles novemberetrieved on march externalinks the grilled cheese truck launches new company website at wwwthegrilledcheesetruckcom join the grilled cheese truck revolution solid team big expansion plans the grilled cheese truck surpasses minimum fundingoal on microventures and unleashes amplified stretch goal perks the grilled cheese truck wins best melt award from time out la magazine in citywide competition chrissy teigen just bought a grilled cheese truck for her entire production crew american meltdown success comes from complicating the grilled cheese community gets taste of munch madness the daily meal wakey bacon melt community gets a taste of munch madness category food andrink companies of the united states category food trucks category retail companies of the united states category food andrink companiestablished in category retail companiestablished 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throughout southern_california phoenix_arizona phoenix santonio austin file grilled_cheese thumb lefthe grilled_cheese_truck grilled_cheese_truck started joint_venture dave danhi los_angeles based chef grant entrepreneur danhi devised idea competed th_annual grilled_cheese grilled_cheese competition spring los_angeles lefthe competition saw food_trucks lined outside well interest grilled_cheese competition idea topen grilled_cheese food_truck grilled_cheese_truck awarded accolades including best grilled_cheese_trucks one top sandwiches la danhi truck television appearances price right house ofood ray show melissa show cooking channel danhi grilled_cheese recipes appeared talk shows magazines blogs history business activity grilled_cheese_truck launched los_angeles celebrity chef dave danhi company initially operated one partime truck tone full_time truck one partime truck partime truck generally used special_events catering birthday parties weddings truck operated full_time basis portion thatime according danhi whowned operated trucks one full_time truck generated gross revenues per week ton basis net cash flow ton basis october acquisition inc delaware form company acquired grilled_cheese_truck brand company subsequently changed name grilled_cheese_truck followed another name change american brands apb grant lefthe company company merged acquisition inc cheese_truck inc merger helped expand company tother markets plans become first_publicly traded food_truck company_also general wesley clark usa help bring grilled_cheese_truck national primary focus identify train support help franchise return veteran service veterans witheir grilled_cheese_trucks apb never completed franchise withe federal trade commission state peak apb operated trucks eight company owned twof licensed apb per truck financial information period company owned trucks operated company generated revenue net loss last k filing period ending december apb current january th present big cheese inc incorporated delaware september october acquired grilled_cheese_truck brand withe intellectual property rights purchase agreement dave danhi founder danhi rights september apb whichad originally acquired rights danhi apb positioned cannabis business created opportunity danhi brand endeavors big cheese inc owner grilled_cheese_truck brand filed form c january th raise capital jobs act securities regulations grilled_cheese_truck successfully closed first equity campaign food_truck investors investing april st invest grilled_cheese_truck last inc first marketplace website access_date spotlight awards grilled_cheese_truck awarded accolades including los_angeles hot list food_truck la los_angeles times reader choice best_food_truck culture cheese mag best grilled_cheese_trucks one la weekly top sandwiches los_angeles danhi truck television appearances price right us game show price right house ofood guest ray tv_series ray show melissa show cooking channel cooking channel thrillist los_angeles best_food_trucks america best grilled_cheese sandwiches daily angeles best_food_trucks people choice award athe grilled_cheese danhi grilled_cheese recipes appeared talk shows magazines blogs including bacon cheesy n rib also food_cart list_ofood_trucks mobile_catering street_food list_ofood companies references goldstein peter j us foods grilled_cheese military inc k examination sec us bankruptcy court southern district oflorida case furthereading heather taylor chef speak la street_food fest huffington_post gen clark grilled_cheese orange county register los_angeles novemberetrieved march externalinks grilled_cheese_truck launches new_company website join grilled_cheese_truck revolution solid team big expansion plans grilled_cheese_truck minimum amplified stretch goal perks grilled_cheese_truck wins best melt award time la magazine competition bought grilled_cheese_truck entire production crew american success comes grilled_cheese community gets taste madness daily meal bacon melt community gets taste madness category_food_andrink companies united_states category_food trucks_category retail companies united_states category_food_andrink companiestablished category retail companiestablished"},{"title":"The Halal Guys","description":"seating capacity reservations other locations other information website the halal guys is a halal fast casual restaurant franchise that began as a food cart on the south east corner of rd street manhattan rd street and sixth avenue manhattan sixth avenue in the borough new york city borough of manhattan inew york city the franchise also has a cart on the south west corner of the same intersectionew locations both food cart and storefront are being added throughout new york including a storefront on th street manhattan th street and second avenue manhattan second avenue and around the world the franchise is most recognized by its primary dish which is a platter of chicken or gyro food gyro meat with rice while it also serves a chicken or gyro wrap sandwich file rdand thtattoojpg thumb a tattoo created as a tribute to the halal guys first location rd sth avenue new york the halal guys was founded in by egyptian descendent mohamed abouelenein along with compatriots ahmed elsakand abdelbaset elsayed as a hot dog cart located on rd and th abouelenein however believed that a hot dog was not a satisfying meal and switched to the current menu of chicken gyro meat rice and pita in the cart has caused a decline in the popularity of hot dog vendors inew york city and has influenced many imitation carts a cart called new york s best halal food is also located on rd and th on the sw corner it is unknown which cart was located athe intersection first new york s best halal food also has a strong following and a long line of lunchtime patrons workers at both carts wear similar attire bright yellow shirts and serve the same type ofood though the texture taste and freshness islightly different on october a fighthat started in linended with year old ziad tayeh stabbing and killing year old tyrone gibbons tayeh was later found not guilty as the jury found that he acted in self defense the fight began after one accused the other of cutting in line the new york times once reported thathe owners had hired bouncers the main cart is located on rd street manhattan rd street and sixth avenue manhattan th avenue during weekday evenings pm am and weekends across from the new york hilton midtown hilton hotel on the southwest corner a second cart is located across the street from the original cart on the southeast corner of that intersection and is open both during the daytime and at night a third cart exists on the southwest corner of rd street and seventh avenue manhattan th avenue and beginserving food at lunch time inovember the halal guys announced its intentions topen a restaurant located on th street manhattan th street and second avenue manhattand avenue according to general manager hesham hegazy in december the halal guys opened a restaurant on tenth avenue manhattan amsterdam avenue and westh street manhattan th streethe halal guys opened their first chicago location augusthe restaurant is located in chicago s gold coast historic district chicagold coast neighborhood four more locations arexpected topen in the city on october the halal guys opened a restaurant in costa mesa california the first location the west coast of the united states west coasthe business plans to expand in southern california with franchised unitsold already in october the halal guys opened up shop in megamall manila in the philippines more locations has been added since in the philippines on january a second california location opened in long beach california long beach at ximeno avenue in may a store opened in east brunswick new jersey in may a store was opened in san jose california on july a store was opened in los angeles california on july a store was opened in dallas texas on august a store was opened in las vegas nevada on september a store was opened in springfield virginia on september a store was opened in fairfax virginia on september customers in montreal quebec lined up at mackay street ande maisonneuve boulevarde maisonneuve boulevard west for the grand opening of the very first canadian location ahead of torontontario as previously publicized on december halal guys opened the firstore in east asia on exit of itaewon station seoul south korea on january a store was opened in tempe arizona store was opened in davie florida in a store was opened in union township union county new jersey unionew jersey located on route in april of toronto restaurant was opened on may in june the halal guys hired fransmarthe franchise development company behind the success of qdoba mexican grill and five guys explosive growth within the first year of launching their franchisexpansion campaign they have closedeals for california new jersey connecticut virginia washington dc houston and austin texas chicago illinois as well as international deals for canada the philippines malaysiand indonesia in total this represents over locations under developmenthe cart serves platters and sandwiches the platter includes meat chicken gyror both riceberg lettuce or instead extra rice and slices of pita bread the sandwich serves the same ingredients wrapped in pita bread instead a third menu option is a platter that does not include rice falafel is also available as an alternative to meathe halal guys also serve a white condiment which patrons cite as a favorite a similar condiment is found at all or most other halal carts inew york city buthe recipe likely often varies from carto carthe packet of tangy white sauce containsoybean canola oil egg yolk vinegar water salt sugar natural flavors and black pepper besides their white sauce the halal guys also have a red sauce recipe which included ground red pepper vinegar salt spices and concentrated lemon juice in chicken and rice was one ofour finalists for the vendy award presented by a new york city street vendor advocacy group known as the street vendor project chicken and riceventually lost outo rolf babiel from hallo berlin a sausage cart on th and th in addition the popularity of the cart has been further aided by high profile customers chef christopher lee who was one ofood wine magazine s best new chefs of mentioned in an interviewithe magazine that he can t stay away from it and once was there on christmas eve waiting two and a half hours in the cold the cart hasince become a prominent cuisine throughout new york city and has been heard as far as hawaiit has caused an increase in competition among street meat carts in midtown manhattan lines commonly grow tover an hour s waithere is also a student club at new york university dedicated to the food cart see also list of chicken restaurants externalinks category establishments inew york category arab american culture inew york city category egyptian american culture 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manhattan th_street second avenue_manhattan second avenue around world franchise recognized primary dish platter chicken gyro food gyro meat rice also_serves chicken gyro wrap sandwich file thumb created tribute halal_guys first location avenue new_york halal_guys founded egyptian mohamed along ahmed hot_dog cart located th however believed hot_dog satisfying meal switched current menu chicken gyro meat rice pita cart caused decline popularity hot_dog vendors inew_york_city influenced many imitation carts cart called new_york best halal food also located th corner unknown cart located_athe intersection first new_york best halal food also strong following long line lunchtime patrons workers carts wear similar attire bright yellow shirts serve type ofood though texture taste freshness different october started year_old stabbing killing year_old later found guilty jury found acted self defense fight began one accused cutting line new_york times reported_thathe owners hired bouncers main cart located street manhattan street sixth avenue_manhattan th avenue evenings weekends across new_york hilton midtown hilton hotel southwest corner second cart located across street original cart southeast corner intersection open daytime night third cart exists southwest corner street seventh avenue_manhattan th avenue food lunch time inovember halal_guys announced intentions topen restaurant_located th_street manhattan th_street second avenue avenue according general_manager december halal_guys opened restaurant tenth avenue_manhattan amsterdam avenue westh street manhattan th_streethe halal_guys opened first chicago location augusthe restaurant_located chicago gold_coast historic district coast neighborhood four locations arexpected topen city october halal_guys opened restaurant costa mesa california first location west_coast united_states west_coasthe business plans expand southern_california franchised already october halal_guys opened shop manila philippines locations added since philippines january second california location opened long_beach_california long_beach avenue may store opened east brunswick new_jersey may store opened san_jose_california july store opened los_angeles california july store opened dallas_texas august store opened las_vegas nevada september store opened springfield virginia september store opened virginia september customers montreal quebec lined mackay street ande boulevard west grand opening first canadian location ahead torontontario previously publicized december halal_guys opened east_asia exit station seoul south_korea january store opened tempe arizona store opened florida store opened union township union county_new_jersey jersey located route april toronto restaurant opened may june halal_guys hired franchise development company behind success mexican grill five guys explosive growth within first_year launching campaign california new_jersey connecticut virginia washington houston austin_texas chicago_illinois well international deals canada philippines malaysiand indonesia total represents locations developmenthe cart serves sandwiches platter includes meat chicken lettuce instead extra rice slices pita bread sandwich serves ingredients wrapped pita bread instead third menu option platter include rice falafel also_available alternative meathe halal_guys also_serve white condiment patrons cite favorite similar condiment found halal carts inew_york_city buthe recipe likely often varies packet white sauce oil egg vinegar water salt sugar natural flavors black pepper besides white sauce halal_guys also red sauce recipe included ground red pepper vinegar salt spices concentrated lemon juice chicken rice one ofour award presented new_york city street_vendor advocacy group known street_vendor project chicken lost outo hallo berlin sausage cart th th addition popularity cart aided high_profile customers chef christopher lee one ofood wine magazine best_new chefs mentioned magazine stay away christmas eve waiting two half hours cold cart hasince become prominent cuisine throughout new_york city heard far caused increase competition among street meat carts midtown manhattan lines commonly grow tover hour also student club new_york university dedicated food_cart see_also list chicken restaurants externalinks_category_establishments inew_york category arab american_culture inew_york_city category egyptian american_culture inew_york category_food trucks_category halal restaurants_category midtown manhattan category_restaurants manhattan category_street culture"},{"title":"The Improper Bostonian","description":"the improper bostonian is a glossy lifestyle guide for the city of boston the magazine comes out bi weekly and reports on the area trends in a young and entertaining way the magazine is a staple of the city being free to people inside the city and a year for people who live outside boston the magazine covers music theatre sports fashion personalshopping and local events the magazine also holds or sponsors events in the city ranging from balls to events benefiting the homeless and children when it was first published it was a newsprintabloid and over time it has changed format upgrading several times the improper bostonian was founded by mark semonian in hisister wendy is currently the publisher the publication has belonged to the family of its publisher since its inception externalinks category establishments in massachusetts category american lifestyle magazines category biweekly magazines category city guides category local interest magazines category magazinestablished in category magazines published in massachusetts category media in 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magazine staple city free people inside city year people live outside boston magazine covers music theatre sports fashion local events magazine also holds sponsors events city ranging balls events homeless children first_published time changed format upgrading several times founded mark wendy currently publisher publication belonged family publisher since inception externalinks_category_establishments massachusetts_category_american lifestyle_magazines_category biweekly magazines_category_city_guides category_local_interest_magazines category_magazinestablished category_magazines_published massachusetts_category_media boston"},{"title":"The Milepost","description":"image milepostgif righthumb the original mileposthe milepost is an extensive guide book covering alaska the yukon the northwesterritories and british columbia it was first published in as a guide aboutraveling along the alaska highway often locally referred to as the alcan the milepost from the website of morris communications it hasincexpanded to cover all major highways in the northwest corner of north america including the alaska marine highway it is updated annually the milepost is packaged andistributed like a book edition but like the yellow pages it includes paid advertising testimonials from advertisers from the milepost website the original edition was a mere pages by it had expanded to pages detailing every place a traveler might eat sleep or just pull off the road for a moment on all of the highways of northwesternorth america in addition to the paid ads descriptions are provided of interesting hikes or side trip drives near the highways campgrounds and other public facilities as well ashort histories of most of the settlements on the highways newer additions include special sections on selected areas popular with touristsuch as the kenai peninsula it is also exhaustively cross indexed and maps and charts are provided so thatravelers can determine the total driving distance between any two points covered by the guide since the milepost has been published by morris communications and currently shares publishing offices with alaska magazine alaska magazine beginning in the milepost is also available in an interactive digital format or download the milepost media kit externalinks category establishments in alaska category books category books about alaska category directories category morris communications category publications established in category roads in alaska category travel guide 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edition mere pages expanded pages detailing every place traveler might eat sleep pull road moment highways america addition paid ads descriptions provided interesting side trip drives near highways campgrounds public facilities well histories settlements highways newer additions include special sections selected areas popular peninsula also cross maps provided determine total driving distance two points covered guide since milepost published morris communications currently shares publishing offices alaska magazine alaska magazine beginning milepost also_available interactive digital format download milepost media kit externalinks_category_establishments alaska category_books category_books alaska category category morris communications category_publications_established category_roads alaska category_travel_guide_books"},{"title":"The Mount Dora Ghost Walk","description":"the mount dora ghost walk is a ninety minutes long bizarre bilingualshow christine staff writer orlando sentinel january mount dora ghost walk targets hispanic visitors theatrical and lantern guided walking tour of the city of mount dora florida it is an adventure into the darker side of the city often referred by visitors as the new england of the south and gets its inspiration from the local history legends and myths that are compiled by a group of historians and actors as an entertainment venue the mount dora ghost walk consists of live victorian fashion victorian costumed actors giving a macabre theatrical interpretation that involves comedy storytelling improvisation and parlor magic all of which is immediately followed by the full stage marionette theater performance that serves as the introductory platform launching the audience into the final walking tour the outdoors tour itself led by the same actors that performeduring the indoorshow is the longest part of the venue and takes the participants throughistorical streets and inside landmark locations the storyteller alwaystay in character while performing the interactive narration using props and other theatrical resources to this date the show is considered the leading attraction of its kind in lake county florida show christine ghostours coming to tavares orlando sentinel monday april ghostours coming to tavares has been ranked among the top spooky attractions in the orlando floridarea manieri kristen eerie orlando homes leisure magazine october eerie orlando and a location that regularly attracts the attention of paranormal investigatorsellarry staff writer daily commercial september ghostrackers look for evidence of paranormal activity in mount dora jail rippel amy c staff writer orlando sentinel october is mount dora haunted ghost chasers investigate for its first years of existence thenterprise operated exclusively from the mount dora historical society old jail museum but as its aim has grown considerably to also include fullengtheatrical productions the show is now associated withe historicalakeside inn mount dora florida lakeside inn in mount dora the mount dora ghost walk originality and unique approaches have been a staple for thentire central floridareand its reputation as an entertainment venue hastimulated several other groups to try to copy the concept but unfortunately with lessuccess the creators would like to see more venues like theirspawning all around the areaccording tone of its founders andrew mullen their failure may because the others just wanted to do a spooky show but we have created thentire cracker gothiconcept restored cemeteries produced full theater and none will be able to surpass or even match that we are the original ghostorytellers in lake county although considered by many as a ghostour or haunted attraction simulated haunted attraction the mount dora ghost walk can be more precisely defined as a theater experience very similar to the old and longone ghost showscarlson charlie weird florida p sterling publishing co new york isbn running from the s through the s on movie theater stages across the united states image smallthreejpg thumb the mount dora ghost walk main characters inspired by the increasing public interest on the paranormal research of ghost hunters and the proliferating number of guided tours geared towards the macabre side of history as a tourist attraction abbott jim staff writer orlando sentinel october haunted florida the darker side of the sunshine state its creators and founders andrew mullen vernarsky taylor staff writer daily commercialeesburg october historical and haunting comas martin e staff writer orlando sentinel january run down black cemetery a symbol of the past and hector de leon carter lori staff writer orlando sentinel october history buff portrays lake s past in mount dora ghost walk adopted the idea for a similar ghost walk as their contribution to benefithe mount dora history museum and the mount dora historical societythe city of mount dorand lake county florida have a rich patrimony of ghostly legends of historical value brown roxanne vernarsky taylor staff writers daily commercialeesburg october the haunts of lake county so having a venue such as a ghostour was not a far fetched idea considering that up to the time the amount of haunted attractions was negligible outside of those provided by the region s theme parks both being avid amateur historians with unique artistic talents but sharing a common passion for historical reenactment acting and gothic fiction gothic lore their concept evolved into a very different direction that including innovative puppetry magic actorstorytelling storytellers and a historical trail iself proclaiming to be a new form of southern gothic for which de leon created the name cracker gothic to make a clear distinction after theirandom first meeting athe front door of the museum where mullen volunteers as president of the mount dora historical society vernarsky taylor staff writer daily commercialeesburg october after more than years the simpson house gets a new lease on life thanks to the mount dora library association and mount dora historical society the two quickly allied to brainstorm potential ideas and one week later they had a complete full script and the marionette stage on its way the plan wasimply to create a group of mysterious ghostly characters along a story line based or inspired on the history of mount dorafteresearching and writing the stories the decision was made to invite local volunteers willing to participate acting theatrical vignettes along the route providing the voices for the marionette theater sound track helping withe logistics or guiding the tours astorytellers more than thirty people of all ages responded to this first call and within days a full cast was complete and scheduled for weekly rehearsals once the rehearsals finished the historical museum transformed into a haunted version of a freak show and the marionette program was finalized the official inaugural date of the mount dora ghost walk was october withree shows running nightly through november manis debbie staff writer orlando sentinel october history chills meet for initial ghost walk as the initial plan was to have thevent only once a year mullen ande leonever expected to receive the torrent of requests that followed asking to continue the show permanently specially from the local mount dora businessector a decision was promptly made to accommodate this general support with shows offered the st and rd weekends of the month anduring special times like halloween christmas manis debbie staff writer orlando sentinel december boo humbug is latest from ghost walk vernarsky taylor staff writer daily commercialeesburg december ghost walk combines mount dora s history and mystery with a little dickens thrown in or any friday the th since then the group has continued providing a very creativentertaining production that has influenced and inspired others to bring more scary venues particularly around halloweendonaldavistaff writer daily commercialeesburg october halloween haunts however the mount dora ghost walk continues as the onlyearound macabre show in their areand the only one that haserved as a platform to bring new entertainment options like the cracker gothic actingrouproducing dinner theater and parlor theater performances athe historicalakeside inn the story line most known ghostours in the united states are guided excursions of the hosting city more often thanothey are just walking experiences although several well known ones also use trolleys and even converted hearses to take their audience out some other tours combine special packages that may include dining pub visits or other specialized privileges like a visito a morestricted location as the mount dora ghost walk main objective is to educate people abouthe history of a city already well known for its tourist appeal the creators had the challenge toffer not only a tour through a historical trail but a solid venue that could be compared in reputation to the many festivals traditionally offered for this purpose they had to be sure thatheir intended product could stand out over the many others through the nation presents a novel formattracts the interest of the general public adheres to the traditions of the city and most importantly entertains perhaps the most important goal was the overall general acceptance from the other merchants and organizers of eventsuch as the mount dora village merchant s and business association benitez tom staff photographer orlando sentinel october photograph zombie attack afteresearching and visiting similar tours from key west florida to savannah georgia the consensus was to create not just a tour but a complete show culminating withe outdoors walk it was agreed that guides wearing costumes andescribing isolated legends was not enough and that a much enduring approach that could create unforgettable memories was the way to go after investigating the material compiled through their own work withe historical society the creators wrote a storyline wherevery single haunted story converged on three mythical and fictional main characters through a very complex and twisted plothese characters were to be the glue for all the other characters in the tour stories as they sustain their claims of either being involved with or weresponsible of each of the narrated events the plot is based on the idea of a fantastical man made gateway known as the keyhole vortex thatransports living humans and ghosts back and forth between historical periods and the beyond this movement ends up creating a series of disruptions of a hypothetical reality continuum that is the cause of all the bizarrevents in all of history particularly the history of mount dora this keyhole vortex is like a time machine that not only travels through time but is also capable of crossing the barriers between the spiritual and real worlds all the acting characters aressentially macabre human or ghostly travelers of this device whom unfortunately are trapped inside the continuum of current day mount doras any good plot always has a villain this case all the chaotically and mysterious events described are because of thevil doings of a never seen mythical but historically inspired ghost known as dr nutter having nother way to return to theirespective realities the main characters have to endure their imposed captivity guiding and educating people abouthe dangers of the keyhole vortex s macabreffects on history hoping that in exchange they will receive clues abouthe whereabouts of the infamous dr nutter and his malignant spawn raspail withis crazy convoluted story highlighted by jokes puns and other weirdness the whole thing takes a live of its own and keeps feeding itself with new situations and characters that complicate the story even more after all and as mullen de leon and miller will gladly claim this weird storyline can be consider almost a hybrid mutated child between shows like science fiction s doctor who the time tunnel and the x files with comedy s gilligan s island the munsters the addams family and monty python dickinson joy wallace staff writer orlando sentinel may these ghost walks are a frightfully good time the stories for a ghostour to be successful it is necessary to have a well prepared set of interesting stories related to important locations prominent people and remarkablevents although the sources for these stories may be very variable in general they are mostly based on true historical facts legends myths oral traditions researching historical facts can be measured even scientifically buto define legend and mythere are more ambiguities of differentypesuch a sociological cultural and religious among other although not everything that is part ofolklore can be absolutely verifiable material at least even the most bizarre of stories can be supported by saying that myth and legend are always based one something truetangherlinit happened notoo far from here a survey of legend theory and characterization western folklore october a definition of legend states that legends are tales that because of the tie to a historical event or location are believable although not necessarily believed legend wikipediarticlegend and according to hippolyte delehaye legend has of necessity some historical or topographical connection it refers imaginary events to some real personage or it localizes romantic stories in some definite spot delehaye p re hippolyte bollandist sj translated by v m crawford reprinted university of notre dame press with an introduction by richard j schoeck the legends of the saints an introduction to hagiography since the first scripted version of the mount dora ghost walk mullen ande leon made the firm resolution of utilizing the vast number of resources and references available to them from the mount dora historical society s and the mount dora library s archives they conducted numerous personal interviews to tap into the resource of oral traditions and consulted several books considered rareedgerton david memories of mount dorand lake county to self published for the mount dora public library circa longstreet rj the story of mount dora mount dora historical society laux james mount dora florida short history firstpublish july isbn or out of print for more than sixtyearskennedy w t history of lake county florida the record company st augustine florida the stories compiled ranged from the bizarre and ridiculous tall tales being told a local pubs to the more well known historical original material as iturned out considering thathere were numerous and very interesting stories to select from the task was more difficulthan they anticipated finally the decision was made to select andevelop those stories along a centralized and easy to complete walking route having as the main objective a family friendly and memorablentertainment event rather than a ghost hunting symposium the team saw as appropriate to modify or adapt some of the stories that because of their content would have resulted too graphic or intense they knew thathis wouldetract many of the hard core ghost enthusiasts buthis was not considered as a problem because true paranormal researchas been done behind curtains and the information is available on requestellarry staff writer daily commercial september ghostrackers look for evidence of paranormal activity in mount dora jail among the stories presenteduring the show there are some that are part of the permanent repertoire and considered staples of mount dora s history other stories are included seasonally or alternateduring special events and some others are creative interpretations based on tales about a particular location or event in general there is an average of stories presented with some of them enacted by the acting staff or the marionettes while the rest are narrateduring the tour each tour guide is a character of his own who has a particular narrative style that always delivers the performance according to his point of view and involvement withe plot as they never have a predetermined schedule and the stories constantly change in relation to that character s mood each tour can result in a completely different experience from the previous one so in that way the audience will always have the chance of seeing something new perhaps the only exception is the plot performed by the marionettes which is always a prerecorded play and necessary because of the logistical complexities involved in a puppetry show the following is an example of some of the stories throughoutheiregular season the ghost ofiddler s pond this the oldest legend that has occurred within the city limits of today s mount dora when it comes to historical mystery and romantic values it is perhaps a true mount dora gothic tale comparable to the legend of sleepy hollow the story is based on historical and folkloric elements that have been documented by different sources including edgerton s and kennedy s booksedgerton david op citkennedy wt op cit outside of the city of mount dora by the intersection of donnelly street and state road exists a body of water named fiddler s pond it is in reality a deep sink hole with a very steep bank but which gives the appearance of a large pond by the time the town settlement was on its way during the mid s early references already had named the body of water as fiddler s pondkennedy wt ibid although no specific evidence has been found yet abouthe origin of the namedgerton described in his book thathe location was a frequently used watering stop for the animals pulling wagons into mount doras the story goes a mellonville today sanford florida merchant s wagon caravan suffered an accident losing all its cargo consisting ofiddle casesedgerton david ibid however several folk tales abouthe place have described thathe location got its name after an errant vagrant fiddler mysteriously disappeared only leaving his fiddle case which was later found floating on the waters it wassumed thathe man drowned there leaving the place haunted some local residents have claimed witnessing apparitions that wander around the area late at night or have heard some sad fiddle sounds coming from the orange groves that for more than hundred years have surrounded the pond storytelling another art form highly cultivated and promoted by the cast members istorytelling the group of performers are carefully selected from those with a special talent for this narrative art references externalinks the official mount dora ghost walk web site unima mount dora village merchants business association category ghostours category tourism in florida category mount dora 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visitors new_england south gets inspiration local history legends myths compiled group historians actors entertainment venue mount_dora_ghost_walk consists live victorian fashion victorian actors giving macabre theatrical interpretation involves comedy storytelling parlor magic immediately followed full stage marionette theater performance serves introductory platform launching audience final walking_tour outdoors tour led actors longest part venue takes participants streets inside landmark locations character performing interactive narration using props theatrical resources date show considered leading attraction kind lake county florida show christine ghostours coming orlando_sentinel monday april ghostours coming ranked among top attractions orlando orlando homes leisure magazine october orlando location regularly attracts attention paranormal staff_writer daily commercial september look evidence paranormal activity mount_dora jail amy c staff_writer orlando_sentinel october mount_dora haunted ghost investigate first_years existence thenterprise operated exclusively mount_dora historical_society old jail museum aim grown considerably also_include productions show associated_withe inn mount_dora florida lakeside inn mount_dora mount_dora_ghost_walk unique approaches staple thentire central reputation entertainment venue several groups try copy concept unfortunately creators would like see venues like around tone founders andrew mullen failure may others wanted show created thentire cracker restored cemeteries produced full theater none able even match original lake county although considered many haunted attraction simulated haunted attraction mount_dora_ghost_walk defined theater experience similar old ghost charlie weird florida p sterling publishing new_york isbn running movie_theater stages across united_states image thumb mount_dora_ghost_walk main characters inspired increasing public_interest paranormal research ghost hunters number guided_tours geared_towards macabre side history tourist_attraction abbott jim staff_writer orlando_sentinel october haunted florida darker side sunshine state creators founders andrew mullen vernarsky taylor staff_writer daily commercialeesburg october historical martin e staff_writer orlando_sentinel january run black cemetery symbol past hector de leon carter staff_writer orlando_sentinel october history lake past mount_dora_ghost_walk adopted idea similar ghost_walk contribution benefithe mount_dora history museum mount_dora historical city mount lake county florida rich patrimony ghostly legends historical value brown vernarsky taylor staff_writers daily commercialeesburg october haunts lake county venue far idea considering time amount haunted attractions outside provided region theme_parks avid amateur historians unique artistic talents sharing common passion historical reenactment acting gothic fiction gothic concept evolved different direction including innovative magic historical trail iself new form southern gothic de leon created name cracker gothic make clear distinction first meeting athe front door museum mullen volunteers president mount_dora historical_society vernarsky taylor staff_writer daily commercialeesburg october years simpson house gets new lease life thanks mount_dora library association mount_dora historical_society two quickly allied potential ideas one_week later complete full script marionette stage way plan create group mysterious ghostly characters along story line based inspired history mount writing stories decision made invite local volunteers willing participate acting theatrical along route providing voices marionette theater sound track helping withe logistics guiding tours thirty people ages responded first call within days full cast complete scheduled weekly finished historical museum transformed haunted version freak show marionette program official inaugural date mount_dora_ghost_walk october withree shows running nightly november debbie staff_writer orlando_sentinel october history meet initial ghost_walk initial plan thevent year mullen ande expected receive requests followed asking continue show permanently specially local mount_dora decision promptly made accommodate general support shows offered st weekends month anduring special times like halloween christmas debbie staff_writer orlando_sentinel december latest ghost_walk vernarsky taylor staff_writer daily commercialeesburg december ghost_walk combines mount_dora history mystery little dickens thrown friday th since group continued providing production influenced inspired others bring venues particularly around writer daily commercialeesburg october halloween haunts however mount_dora_ghost_walk continues macabre show areand one haserved platform bring new entertainment options like cracker gothic dinner_theater parlor theater performances athe inn story line known ghostours united_states guided excursions hosting city often walking experiences although several well_known ones also_use trolleys even converted take audience tours combine special packages may_include dining pub visits specialized privileges like visito location mount_dora_ghost_walk main objective educate people abouthe history city already well_known tourist appeal creators challenge toffer tour historical trail solid venue could compared reputation many festivals traditionally offered purpose sure thatheir intended product could stand many_others nation presents novel interest general_public adheres traditions city importantly perhaps important goal overall general acceptance merchants organizers eventsuch mount_dora village merchant business association tom staff photographer orlando_sentinel october photograph attack visiting similar tours key west florida savannah georgia consensus create tour complete show culminating withe outdoors walk agreed guides wearing costumes isolated legends enough much enduring approach could create memories way go investigating material compiled work withe historical_society creators wrote single haunted story three mythical fictional main characters complex characters characters tour stories sustain claims either involved weresponsible narrated events plot based idea man_made gateway known vortex living humans back forth historical periods beyond movement ends creating series reality continuum cause history particularly history mount_dora vortex like time machine travels time also capable crossing barriers spiritual real_worlds acting characters aressentially macabre human ghostly travelers device unfortunately trapped inside continuum current day mount good plot always case mysterious events described never seen mythical historically inspired ghost known nother way return theirespective realities main characters endure imposed captivity guiding educating people abouthe dangers vortex history hoping exchange receive abouthe infamous withis crazy story highlighted jokes whole thing takes live keeps feeding new situations characters story even mullen de leon miller claim weird consider almost hybrid child shows like science_fiction doctor time tunnel x files comedy island family python joy wallace staff_writer orlando_sentinel may ghost_walks good time stories successful necessary well prepared set interesting stories related important locations prominent people although sources stories may variable general mostly based true historical facts legends myths oral traditions researching historical facts measured even buto define legend sociological cultural religious among although everything part absolutely material least even bizarre stories supported saying myth legend always based one something happened far survey legend theory western folklore october definition legend states legends tales tie historical event location although necessarily believed legend according legend necessity historical topographical connection refers imaginary events real romantic stories definite spot p translated v crawford reprinted university dame press introduction richard j legends saints introduction since first version mount_dora_ghost_walk mullen ande leon made firm resolution utilizing vast number resources references available mount_dora historical_society mount_dora library archives conducted numerous personal interviews tap resource oral traditions several books considered david memories mount lake county self published mount_dora public_library circa story mount_dora mount_dora historical_society james mount_dora florida short history july isbn print w history lake county florida record company st_augustine florida stories compiled ranged bizarre tall tales told local pubs well_known historical original material considering thathere numerous interesting stories select task anticipated finally decision made select andevelop stories along centralized easy complete walking route main objective family friendly event rather ghost hunting symposium team saw appropriate modify stories content would resulted graphic intense knew thathis many hard core ghost enthusiasts buthis considered problem true paranormal researchas done behind information available staff_writer daily commercial september look evidence paranormal activity mount_dora jail among stories show part permanent repertoire considered staples mount_dora history stories included seasonally special_events others creative interpretations based tales particular location event general average stories presented enacted acting staff rest tour tour_guide character particular narrative style always performance according point view involvement withe plot never predetermined schedule stories constantly change relation character mood tour result completely different experience previous one way audience always chance seeing something new perhaps exception plot performed always play necessary logistical involved show following example stories season ghost pond oldest legend occurred within city limits today mount_dora comes historical mystery romantic values perhaps true mount_dora gothic tale comparable legend hollow story based historical elements documented different sources including kennedy david cit outside city mount_dora intersection street state road exists body water named fiddler pond reality deep sink hole steep bank gives appearance large pond time town settlement way mid early references already named body water fiddler although specific evidence found yet abouthe origin described book thathe location frequently used watering stop animals pulling wagons mount story goes today sanford florida merchant wagon caravan suffered accident losing cargo consisting david however several folk tales abouthe place described thathe location got name fiddler disappeared leaving fiddle case later found floating waters thathe man leaving place haunted local_residents claimed witnessing wander around area late_night heard sad fiddle sounds coming orange groves hundred years surrounded pond storytelling another art form highly cultivated promoted cast members group performers carefully selected special talent narrative art references_externalinks_official mount_dora_ghost_walk web_site mount_dora village merchants business association category ghostours category_tourism florida_category mount_dora florida"},{"title":"The Navigator (1801 guide book)","description":"the navigator written by zadok cramer and first published in was a guide for settlers and travelers moving westward intor through the interior of the united states during the first half of the th century itsubject matter is described on its title page cramer enlarged corrected and expanded ithrough editions in years though priced at one dollar it was very popular theighth edition was published in contained pages as well as dozens of maps detailing the navigable waterways and all their hazards in a facsimile version of theighth edition was printed and bound in hardcover by readex microprint corporation and wassigned the library of congress catalog card number who s whon the ohio river and its tributaries cincinnati by ethel c leahy pages historic highways of america cleveland by archer b hulbert pages externalinks detailed biof zadok cramer and his navigator athe carnegie library of pittsburgh zadok cramer athe national mississippi river museum and aquarium essay about zadok cramer and his navigator category travel guide books category 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maps detailing waterways hazards facsimile version edition printed bound hardcover corporation wassigned library congress catalog card number ohio river cincinnati c pages historic highways america cleveland b pages externalinks detailed zadok cramer athe library pittsburgh zadok cramer athe_national mississippi_river museum aquarium essay zadok cramer category_travel_guide_books category_books"},{"title":"The Negro Motorist Green Book","description":"the negro motorist green book atimestyled the negro motorist green book or titled the negro travelers green book was annual guide book guidebook for african americans african american road trip roadtrippers commonly referred to simply as the green book it was originated and published by new york city mailman victor hugo green from to during thera of jim crow laws when open and often legally prescribediscrimination against non whites was widespread although pervasive racial discrimination and poverty limited black car ownership themerging african american middle class bought automobiles asoon as they could but faced a variety of dangers and inconveniences along the road from refusal ofood and lodging to arbitrary arrest in response green wrote his guide to services and places relatively friendly to african americans eventually expanding its coverage from the new york area to much of north americas well as founding a travel agency many black americans took to driving in parto avoid segregation public transportation as the writer george schuyler put it in all negroes who can do so purchase an automobile asoon as possible in order to be free of discomfort discrimination segregation and insult franz p black americans employed as athletes entertainers and salesmen also traveled frequently for work purposes african american travelers faced hardshipsuch as white owned businesses refusing to serve them orepair their vehicles being refused accommodation or food by white owned hotels and threats of physical violence and forciblexpulsion from whites only sundown town s green founded and published the green book to avoid such problems compiling resources to give the negro traveler information that will keep him from running into difficulties embarrassments and to make his trip morenjoyable from a new york focused first edition published in green expanded the work to cover much of north america including most of the united states and parts of canada mexico the caribbeand bermuda the green book became the bible of black travel during jim crow enabling black travelers to find lodgings businesses and gastations that would serve them along the road it was little known outside the african american community shortly after passage of the civil rights act of which outlawed the types of racial discrimination that had made the green book necessary publication ceased and it fell intobscurity there has been a revived interest in it in thearly st century in connection with studies of black travel during the jim crow era traveling while black the african american travel experience file victor hugo green in png thumb victor hugo green file whitetradeonlylancasterohiojpg righthumb many hotels and restaurants excluded african americansuch as this one in lancaster ohio in prior to the legislative accomplishments of the civil rights movement black travelers in the united states faced major problems unknown to most whites white supremacy white supremacists had long soughto restrict black mobility and were uniformly hostile to black strangers as a result simple auto journeys for black people were fraught with difficulty and potential danger they were subjected to racial profiling by police departments driving while black or dwb sometimeseen as uppity or too prosperous just for the act of driving which many whites regarded as a white prerogative they risked harassment or worse on and off the highway seiler p a bitter commentary published in a issue of the national association for the advancement of colored people s magazine the crisis highlighted the uphill struggle blacks faced in recreational travel such restrictions dated back to colonial times and were found throughouthe united states after thend of legal slavery in the north and later in the south after the civil war most freedmen continued to live at little more than a subsistence level but a minority of african americans gained a measure of prosperity they could plan leisure travel for the firstime well to do blacks arranged large group excursions for as many as people at a time for instance traveling by rail from new orleans to resorts along the coast of the gulf of mexico in the pre jim crow era this necessarily meant mingling with whites in hotels transportation and leisure facilities they were aided in this by the civil rights act of whichad made it illegal to discriminate against african americans in public accommodations and public transportation they encountered a white backlash particularly in the south where by southern democrats white democrats controlled every state governmenthe act was declared unconstitutional by the supreme court of the united statescotus in resulting in states and cities passing numerousegregation laws white governments in the south required even interstate railroads to enforce their segregation laws despite nationalegislation requiring equal treatment of passengerscotus ruled in plessy v ferguson that separate but equal accommodations were constitutional but in practice facilities for blacks were far from equal generally being of lesser quality and underfunded blacks faced restrictions and exclusion throughouthe united states if not barred entirely from facilities they could use them only at differentimes from whites or in usually inferior colored sections filewis mountainegro areajpg righthumb alt park sign reading lewis mountainegro area coffee shop cottages campground picnicground entrance separate but equal in practice a separate negro area was established at lewis mountain shenandoah national park virginia in the black writer w e b du bois observed thathe impact of everecurring race discrimination had made it so difficulto travel to any number of destinations from popularesorts to major cities that it was now a puzzling query as to whato do with vacations it was a problem that came to affect an increasing number of black people in the first decades of the th century tens of thousands of southern african americans migrated from farms in the south to factories andomestic service in the north no longer confined to living at a subsistence level many gained enough disposable income and time to engage in leisure travel the development of affordable mass produced automobiles liberated black americans from having to rely on the jim crow carsmoky battered and uncomfortable railroad carriages which were the separate but decidedly unequalternatives to more salubrious whites only carriages as one black magazine writer commented in an automobile it s mighty good to be the skipper for a change and pilot our craft whither and where we will we feelike vikings what if our craft is blunt of nose and limited of power and our sea is macademized it is good for the spirito just give the old railroad jim crow the laugh middle class blacks throughouthe united states were not at all sure how to behave or howhites would behave toward them as bart landry puts it landry p in cincinnati the african americanewspaper editor wendell dabney wrote of the situation in the s that hotels restaurants eating andrinking places almost universally are closed to all people in whom the leastincture of colored blood can be detected areas without significant black populations outside the south often refused to accommodate them not one hotel or other accommodation was open to blacks in salt lake city in the s black travelers were stranded if they had to stop there overnight only six percent of the more than motels that lined us route in albuquerque new mexico admitted black customers across the whole state of new hampshire only three motels in served african americans rugh p george schuylereported in many colored families have motored all across the united states without being able to secure overnight accommodations at a single tourist camp or hotel he suggested that black americans would find it easier to travel abroad than in their own country in chicago in st clair drake and horace a cayton reported thathe city s hotel managers by general agreement do not sanction the use of hotel facilities by negroes particularly sleeping accommodations drake cayton p one incident reported by drake and cayton illustrated the discriminatory treatment meted out even to blacks within racially mixed groups coping with discrimination the road file african americans with oldsmobilejpg thumb an african american family witheir new oldsmobile washington dc april while automobiles made it much easier for black americans to be independently mobile the difficulties they faced in traveling were such that as lester b granger of the national urban league puts it so far as travel is concerned negroes are america s last pioneerseiler seiler p black travelers often had to carry buckets or portable toilets in the trunks of their cars because they were usually barred from bathrooms and rest areas in service stations and roadside stops travel essentialsuch as gasoline were difficulto purchase because of discrimination at gastations to avoid such problems on long trips african americans often packed meals and carried containers of gasoline in their cars writing of the road trips that he made as a boy in the s courtland milloy of the washington post recalled that his mother spenthevening before the trip frying chicken and boiling eggso that his family would have something to eat along the way the next day one black motorist observed in thearly s that while black travelers felt free in the mornings by thearly afternoon a small cloud had appeared by the late afternoon it casts a shadow of apprehension our hearts and sours us a little where it asks us will you stay tonighthey often had to spend hours in thevening trying to find somewhere to stay sometimes resorting to sleeping in haylofts or in their own cars if they could not find anywhere one alternative if it was available was to arrange in advance to sleep athe homes of black friends in towns or cities along theiroute however this meant detours and an abandonment of the spontaneity that for many was a key attraction of motoring the civil rights leader john lewis georgia politician john lewis has recalled how his family prepared for a trip in finding accommodation was one of the greatest challenges faced by black travelers not only did many hotels motels and boarding houses refuse to serve black customers buthousands of towns across the united states declared themselvesundown town s which all non whites had to leave by sunset huge numbers of towns across the country wereffectively off limits to african americans by thend of the s there were at least sundown towns across the us including large suburbsuch as glendale california population athe time levittownew york and warren michigan over half the incorporated communities in illinois were sundown towns the unofficial slogan of anna illinois whichad violently expelled its african american population in was a in t n o n iggers a llowed loewen pp even in towns which did not exclude overnight stays by blacks accommodations were often very limited african americans migrating to california to find work in thearly s often found themselves camping by the roadside overnight for lack of any hotel accommodation along the way flamming p they were acutely aware of the discriminatory treatmenthathey received courtland milloy s mother who took him and his brother on road trips when they were children recalled that afteriding all day i d say to myself wouldn t it be nice if we could spend the night in one of those hotels or wouldn t it be great if we could stop for a real meal and a cup of coffee we d see the little white children jumping into motel swimming pools and you all would be in the back seat of a hot car sweating and fighting african american travelers faced real physical risks because of the widely differing rules of segregation that existed from place to place and the possibility of extrajudicial violence againsthem activities that were accepted in one place could provoke violence a few miles down the road transgressing formal or unwritten racial codes even inadvertently could putravelers in considerable danger trembanis p even driving etiquette was affected by racism in the mississippi delta region local custom prohibited blacks from overtaking whites to preventheiraising dust from the unpaved roads to cover white owned cars a pattern emerged of whites purposefully damaging black owned cars to putheir owners in their place stopping anywhere that was not known to be safeven to allow children in a car to relieve themselves presented a risk milloy noted that his parents would urge him and his brother to control their need to use a bathroom until they could find a safe place to stop as those backroads were simply too dangerous for parents to stop to letheir little black children pee racist localaws discriminatory social codesegregated commercial facilities racial profiling by police and sundown towns made road journeys a minefield of constant uncertainty and risk road trip narratives by blacks reflected their unease and the dangers they faced presenting a more complex outlook from those written by whites extolling the joys of the road milloy recalls the menacing environmenthat hencountereduring his childhood in whiche learned of so many black travelers just not making ito their destinations even foreign black dignitaries were not immune to the discrimination that african american travelers routinely encountered in one high profile incident komlagbeli gbedemah the finance minister of newly independent ghana was refused service at a howard johnson s restaurant at dover delaware while traveling to washington dc even after identifying himself by histate position to the restaurant staff seiler p the snub caused an international incidento which an embarrassed president dwight d eisenhoweresponded by invitingbedemah to breakfast athe white house decaro p repeated and sometimes violent incidents of discrimination directed against black african diplomats particularly on us route betweenew york and washington dc led to the administration of president john f kennedy setting up a special protocol service section within the united states department of state departmento assist black diplomats traveling and living within the united states lentzgower lentz gower p the state department considered issuing copies of the negro motorist green book to black diplomats but eventually decided againsteering them to black friendly public accommodations as it wanted them to have all of the privileges of whiteness wallach p john a williams wrote in his book this my country too that he did not believe white travelers have any idea of how much nerve and courage it requires for a negro to drive coasto coast in america he achieved it with nerve courage and a great deal of luck supplemented by a rifle and shotgun a road atlas and travelguide a listing of places in america where negroes can stay without being embarrassed insulted or worse he noted that black drivers needed to be particularly cautious in the south where they were advised to wear a chauffeur s cap or have one visible on the front seat and pretend they were delivering a car for a white person along the way he had to endure a stream of insults of clerks bellboys attendants cops and strangers in passing cars there was a constant need to keep his mind on the danger he faced as he was well aware black people have a way of disappearing on the road primeau p navigating jim crow the role of the green book file cabins for coloredjpg righthumb the green book listed places that provided accommodation for black travelers as in the case of this motel in south carolina which offered cabins for colored segregation meanthat facilities for african american motorists were limited but entrepreneurs of both races realized the lucrative opportunities in marketingoods and services to black patrons the challenge for travelers was to find such oases in the middle of a desert of discrimination to address this problem african american writers produced a number of guides to provide travel advice these includedirectories of hotels camps road houses and restaurants which would serve african americans jewish travelers who had long experiencediscrimination at many vacation spots created guides for their own community though they were at least able to visibly blend in moreasily withe general population jefferson p african americans followed suit with publicationsuch as hackley and harrison s hotel and apartment guide for colored travelers published in to cover board rooms garage accommodations etc in cities in the united states and canada brevard p the negro motorist green book was one of the best known of the african american travel guides it was conceived in and first published in by victor h green a world war i veteran from new york city who worked as a mail carrier and later as a travel agent he said his aim was to give the negro traveler information that will keep him from running into difficulties embarrassments and to make his trip morenjoyable franz p according to an editorial written by novera c dashiell in the spring edition of the green book the idea crystallized whenot only green but several friends and acquaintances complained of the difficulties encountered oftentimes painful embarrassmentsuffered which ruined a vacation or business trip green asked his readers to provide information the negro motoring conditionscenic wonders in your travels places visited of interest and short stories one s motoring experience he offered a reward of one dollar for each accepted account whiche increased to five dollars by he alsobtained information from colleagues in the us postal service who would ask around on theiroutes to find suitable public accommodations the postal service was and is one of the largest employers of african americans and its employees were ideally situated to inform green of which places were safe and hospitable to african american travelers the green book s motto displayed on the front cover urged black travelers to carryour green book with you may need ithedition included a quote fromark twain travel is fatal to prejudice inverting twain s original meaning as cotton seiler puts it here it was the visited rather than the visitors who would find themselves enriched by thencounter seiler p green commented in thathe green book had given black americansomething authentic to travel by and to make traveling better for the negro seiler p its principal goal was to provide accurate information black friendly accommodations to answer the constant question that faced black drivers where will you spend the night as well as essential information lodgingservice stations and garages it providedetails of leisure facilities open to african americans including beauty salons restaurants nightclubs and country clubseiler seiler p the listings focused on four main categories hotels motels tourist homes private residences usually owned by african americans which provided accommodation to travelers and restaurants they were arranged by state and subdivided by city giving the name and address of each business for an extra payment businesses could have their listing displayed in bold type or have a star nexto ito denote thathey werecommended many such establishments were run by and for african americans and in some cases were named after prominent figures in african american history inorth carolina such black owned businesses included the george washington carver abraham lincoln and booker t washington hotels the friendly city beauty parlor the black beauty tea room the new progressive tailor shop the big buster tavern and the blue duck inn each edition also included feature articles on travel andestinations rugh p and included a listing of black resortsuch as idlewild michigan oak bluffs massachusetts and belmar new jersey rugh p the state of new mexico was particularly recommended as a place where most motels would welcome guests on the basis of cash rather than color file college view court hotel wacojpg righthumb the college view court hotel in waco texas advertised itself in the s as waco s finest for negroes the green book attracted sponsorship from a number of businesses including the african americanewspapers call and post of cleveland ohio and the louisvilleader of louisville kentucky seiler p standard oilater esso was also a sponsor owing to thefforts of james billboard jackson a pioneering african american esso sales representativesso s race groupart of its marketing division promoted the green book as enabling esso s black customers to go further with less anxiety by contrast shell oil company shell gastations were known to refuse black customers lewis p thedition included an esso endorsement message thatold readers as representatives of thesso standard oil co we are pleased to recommend the green book for your travel convenience keep one on hand each year and when you are planning your trips let esso touring service supplyou with maps and complete routings and foreal happy motoring usesso products and esso service wherever you find thesso sign photographs of some african american entrepreneurs whowned esso gastations appeared in the pages of the green book although green usually refrained from editorializing in the green book he let his readers letterspeak for the influence of his guide william smith of hackensack new jersey described it as a credito the negro race in a letter published in thedition he commented file hotel clark beale street memphis tnjpg righthumb uprighthe colored only hotel clark in memphis tennesseearl hutchinson sr the father of journalist earl ofari hutchinson wrote of a move from chicago to california that you literally did not leave home withouthe green book seiler p ernest green one of the little rock nine used the green book to navigate the from arkansas to virginia in the s and comments that it was one of the survival tools of segregated life according to the civil rights leader julian bond recalling his parents use of the green book it was a guidebook thatold you not where the best places were to eat but where there was any place bond comments while the green book was intended to make lifeasier for those living under jim crow its publisher looked forward to a time when such guidebooks would no longer be necessary as green wrote there will be a day sometime in the near future when this guide will not have to be published that is when we as a race will havequal opportunities and privileges in the united states it will be a great day for us to suspend this publication for then we can go as we please and without embarrassment los angeles is now considering offering special protection to the sites that kept black travelersafe ken bernstein principal planner for the city s office of historic resources notes athe very leasthese sites can be incorporated intour city s online inventory system they are part of the story of african americans in los angeles and the story of los angeles itself writ large green book sites along route keptraveling african americansafe la is now consideringiving those spotspecial protection the los angeles times may publishing history the green book was published locally inew york but its popularity wasuch that from it was distributed nationally with input from charles mcdowell a collaborator onegro affairs for the united states travel bureau a government agency with new editions published annually from to the green book s publication wasuspendeduring world war ii and resumed in landry p itscopexpanded greatly during its years of publication from covering only the new york city metropolitan area in the first edition it eventually covered facilities in most of the united states and parts of canada primarily montreal mexico and bermuda coverage was good in theastern us and weak in great plainstatesuch as north dakota where there were few black residents it eventually sold around copies per year distributed by mail order by black owned businesses and esso service stationsome of which unusual for the oil industry athe time were franchised to african americans it originally sold for cents increasing to by withe book s growing success green retired from the post office and hired a small publishing staff that operated from westh street in harlem he also established a vacation reservation service in to take advantage of the post war boom in automobile travel from pages in its first edition by he had expanded the green book to more than pages including advertisements the green book recommended that black owned businesses raise their standards as travelers were no longer contento pay toprices for inferior accommodations and services the quality of black owned lodgings was coming under scrutiny as many prosperous blacks found them to be second rate compared to the white owned lodgings from which they werexcluded rugh p in green renamed the publication the negro travelers green book in recognition of its coverage of international destinations requiring travel by plane and ship although segregation wastill in force by state laws in the south and often by practicelsewhere the wide circulation of the green book had attracted growing interest from white businesses that wanted to tap into the potential sales of the black marketheditionoted a few years after its publication white business has also recognized its the green book s value and it is now in use by thesso standard oil co the american automobile assn and its affiliate automobile clubs throughouthe country other automobile clubs air lines travel bureaus travelers aid libraries and thousands of subscribers by the start of the s the green book s market was beginning to erode african american civil rights activism was having effects even before the passage of the civil rights act of to prohibit racial segregation in public facilities an increasing number of middle class african americans were beginning to question whether guidesuch as the green book were accommodating jim crow by steering black travelers to segregated businesses rather than encouraging them to push for equal access black owned motels in remote locations off state highways lost customers to a new generation of integrated interstate motels located near freeway exits the green book acknowledged thathe activism of the civil rights movement had widened the areas of public accommodations accessible to all but it defended the continued listing of black friendly businesses because a family planning for a vacation hopes for one that is free of tensions and problems rugh p thedition was the lasto be published after the civil rights act of made the guideffectively obsolete by outlawing racial discrimination in public accommodations hinckley p the last edition of the green book included significant changes that reflected the post civil rights act outlook the title was changed to traveler s green book international editiono longer just for the negror the motorist as its publishersoughto widen its appealthough the content continued to proclaim its mission of highlighting leisure options for black travelers the cover featured an affluent white blonde water skiing a sign of how as michael ra shon hall puts ithe green book whitened itsurface and internationalized itscope while still remaining true to its founding mission to ensure the security of african american travelers both in the us and abroad representation in other media in the s academics artists curators and writers exploring the history of african american travel in the united states during the jim crow era revived interest in the green book the result has been a number of projects books and other works referring to the green book the book itself has acquired a high value as a collectors item a partly perished copy of thedition sold at auction in march for somexamples are listed below digital projects the new york public library schomburg center foresearch in black culture has publishedigitized copies of issues of the green book dating from to accompany the digitizations the nyplabs have developed an interactive visualization of the books data to enable web users to plotheir own road trips and see heat map s of listings in the smithsonian institution s national museum of american history included the green book in an exhibition america on the move in the book was featured in a traveling exhibition called places of refuge the dresser trunk project organized by william daryl williams the director of the school of architecture and interior design athe university of cincinnati thexhibition drew on the green book to highlight artifacts and locations associated with travel by blacks during segregation using dresser trunks to reflect venuesuch as hotels restaurants nightclubs and a negro league baseball park in late the gilmore car museum in hickory corners michigan installed a permanent exhibit on the green book that features a copy of the book that guests can review as well as video interviews of those that utilized it in a copy of the book will be displayed athe smithsonianational museum of african american history and culture when the museum opens in june a copy of the book on loan from the new york public library was featured in the missouri history museum s exhibition route main streethrough st louis calvin alexanderamsey and becky wible searles interviewed people who traveled withe green book as well as victor green s relatives as part of producing a documentary the green book chronicles miles to lordsburg is a short film about a black couple crossing new mexico in with aid of the green book african american playwright calvin alexanderamsey published a children s book ruth and the green book about a chicago family s journey to alabama in which they use the green book as a guide ramsey also wrote a play called the green book a play in two acts which debuted in atlanta in august after a staged reading athe lincoln theatre washington dc lincoln theatre in washington dc in it centers on a tourist home in jefferson city missouri a black military officer his wife and a jewish survivor of the holocaust spend the night in the home just before the civil rights activist w e b du bois scheduled to deliver a speech in town the jewish traveler comes to the home after being shocked to find thathe hotel where he planned to stay has a no negroes allowed notice posted in its lobby an allusion to the problems of discrimination that jews and blacks both faced athe time the play was highly successful gaining an extension of several weeks beyond its planned closing date matt ruff s novelovecraft country novelovecraft country features a fictionalized horror fantasy version of green and the travel guide set in chicago photography projects architecture at sites listed in the green book is being documented by photographer candacy taylor in collaboration withe national park service s us route corridor preservation programcandacy taylor sites of sanctuary the negro motorist green book taylor made culture route and the historic negro motorist green book national park service she is also planning to publish other materials and apps featuring such sites taylor candacy the roots of route the atlantic media company nov web feb furthereading externalinks public domain digitized copies of the green book via new york public library schomburg center foresearch in black culture introductionavigating the green book google map 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travel_agency many black americans took driving parto avoid segregation public_transportation writer george put negroes purchase automobile asoon possible order free discrimination segregation franz p black americans employed entertainers also traveled frequently work purposes african_american_travelers faced white owned businesses serve vehicles refused accommodation food white owned hotels threats physical violence whites sundown town green founded published green_book avoid problems resources give negro traveler information keep running difficulties make trip new_york focused first_edition published green expanded work cover much north_america including united_states parts canada mexico caribbeand bermuda green_book became bible black travel jim_crow enabling black_travelers find lodgings businesses gastations would serve along road little_known outside african_american community shortly passage civil_rights act types racial discrimination made green_book necessary publication ceased fell revived interest thearly st_century connection studies black travel jim_crow era traveling black african_american_travel experience file victor hugo green png_thumb victor hugo green file righthumb many hotels_restaurants excluded african one lancaster ohio prior legislative civil_rights movement black_travelers united_states faced major problems unknown whites white supremacy white long soughto restrict black mobility hostile black strangers result simple auto journeys black people difficulty potential danger subjected racial police departments driving black act driving many whites regarded white harassment worse highway seiler p bitter commentary published issue national association advancement colored people magazine crisis highlighted uphill struggle blacks faced recreational travel restrictions dated back colonial times found throughouthe_united_states thend legal slavery north later south civil_war continued live little level minority african_americans gained measure prosperity could plan leisure travel firstime well blacks arranged large group excursions many_people time instance traveling rail new_orleans resorts along coast gulf mexico pre jim_crow era necessarily meant whites hotels transportation leisure facilities aided civil_rights act whichad made illegal discriminate african_americans public accommodations public_transportation encountered white backlash particularly south southern white controlled every state governmenthe act declared unconstitutional supreme_court united resulting states cities passing laws white governments south required even interstate railroads enforce segregation laws despite requiring equal treatment ruled v ferguson separate equal accommodations constitutional practice facilities blacks far equal generally lesser quality blacks faced restrictions exclusion throughouthe_united_states barred entirely facilities could use whites usually colored sections righthumb alt park sign reading lewis area coffee_shop cottages campground entrance separate equal practice separate negro area established lewis mountain shenandoah national_park virginia black writer w e b observed thathe impact race discrimination made difficulto travel number destinations major_cities whato vacations problem came affect increasing_number black people first_decades th_century tens thousands southern african_americans migrated farms south factories andomestic service north longer confined living level many gained enough disposable income time engage leisure travel development affordable mass produced automobiles liberated black americans rely jim_crow battered railroad carriages separate whites carriages one black magazine writer commented automobile mighty good skipper change pilot craft craft blunt nose limited power sea good give old railroad jim_crow middle_class blacks throughouthe_united_states sure behave would behave toward bart landry puts landry p cincinnati african editor wrote situation hotels_restaurants eating andrinking places almost universally closed people colored blood detected areas without significant black populations outside south often refused accommodate one hotel accommodation open blacks salt lake_city black_travelers stranded stop overnight six percent motels lined us_route albuquerque new_mexico admitted black customers across whole state_new hampshire three motels served african_americans rugh p george many colored families across united_states without able secure overnight accommodations single tourist camp hotel suggested black americans would find easier travel abroad country chicago st horace reported_thathe city hotel_managers general agreement use hotel facilities negroes particularly sleeping accommodations p one incident reported illustrated discriminatory treatment even blacks within mixed groups discrimination road file african_americans thumb african_american family witheir new washington april automobiles made much easier black americans independently mobile difficulties faced traveling b national urban league puts far travel concerned negroes america last seiler p black_travelers often carry portable toilets cars usually barred bathrooms rest_areas service stations roadside stops travel gasoline difficulto purchase discrimination gastations avoid problems long trips african_americans often packed meals carried containers gasoline cars writing road_trips made boy milloy washington_post recalled mother trip frying chicken boiling family would something eat along way next_day one black motorist observed thearly black_travelers felt free mornings thearly afternoon small cloud appeared late afternoon shadow hearts us little us stay often spend hours thevening trying find somewhere stay sometimes sleeping cars could find anywhere one alternative available arrange advance sleep athe homes black friends towns cities along however meant many key attraction motoring civil_rights leader john lewis georgia politician john lewis recalled family prepared trip finding accommodation one greatest challenges faced black_travelers many hotels motels boarding houses refuse serve black customers towns across united_states declared town non whites leave sunset huge numbers towns across country limits african_americans thend least sundown towns across us including large glendale california population athe_time york warren michigan half incorporated communities illinois sundown towns unofficial slogan anna illinois whichad african_american population n n pp even towns overnight_stays blacks accommodations often limited african_americans migrating california find work thearly often found camping roadside overnight lack hotel accommodation along way p aware discriminatory received milloy mother took brother road_trips children recalled day say nice could spend night one hotels great could stop real meal cup coffee see little white children jumping motel swimming_pools would back seat hot car fighting african_american_travelers faced real physical risks widely differing rules segregation existed place place possibility violence activities accepted one place could violence miles road formal racial codes even could considerable danger p even driving etiquette affected racism mississippi delta region local custom prohibited blacks whites dust unpaved roads cover white owned cars pattern emerged whites damaging black owned cars putheir owners place stopping anywhere known allow children car presented risk milloy noted parents would brother control need use bathroom could find safe place stop simply dangerous parents stop little black children racist discriminatory social commercial facilities racial police sundown towns made road journeys constant risk road_trip narratives blacks reflected dangers faced presenting complex outlook written whites road milloy recalls environmenthat childhood whiche learned many black_travelers making ito destinations even foreign black immune discrimination african_american_travelers routinely encountered one high_profile incident finance minister newly independent ghana refused service howard johnson restaurant dover delaware traveling washington even identifying position restaurant_staff seiler p caused international president dwight breakfast athe white_house p repeated sometimes violent incidents discrimination directed black african diplomats particularly us_route york washington led administration president john_f kennedy setting special service section within united_states department state assist black diplomats traveling living within united_states p state department considered issuing copies negro motorist green_book black diplomats eventually decided black friendly public accommodations wanted privileges p john williams wrote book country believe white travelers idea much courage requires negro drive coasto coast america achieved courage great_deal luck supplemented road atlas listing places america negroes stay without worse noted black drivers needed particularly south advised wear cap one visible front seat delivering car white person along way endure stream bellboys attendants strangers passing cars constant need keep mind danger faced well aware black people way road p jim_crow role green_book file cabins righthumb green_book listed places provided accommodation black_travelers case motel south_carolina offered cabins colored segregation meanthat facilities african_american motorists limited entrepreneurs races realized lucrative opportunities services black patrons challenge travelers find middle desert discrimination address problem african_american writers produced number guides provide travel advice hotels camps road houses restaurants would serve african_americans jewish travelers long many vacation spots created guides community though least able blend moreasily withe general population jefferson p african_americans followed suit harrison hotel apartment guide colored travelers published cover board rooms garage accommodations etc cities united_states canada p negro motorist green_book one best_known african_american_travel_guides conceived first_published victor h green world_war veteran new_york city worked mail carrier later travel_agent said aim give negro traveler information keep running difficulties make trip franz p according editorial written c spring edition green_book idea green several friends acquaintances complained difficulties encountered vacation business trip green asked readers provide_information negro motoring wonders travels places visited interest short stories one motoring experience offered reward one dollar accepted account whiche increased five dollars information colleagues us postal service would ask around find suitable public accommodations postal service one largest employers african_americans employees ideally situated inform green places safe african_american_travelers green_book motto displayed front cover urged black_travelers green_book may need included quote twain travel fatal prejudice twain original meaning cotton seiler puts visited rather visitors would find enriched seiler p green commented thathe green_book given black authentic travel make traveling better negro seiler p principal goal provide accurate information black friendly accommodations answer constant question faced black drivers spend night well essential information stations leisure facilities open african_americans including beauty restaurants nightclubs country seiler p listings focused four main categories hotels motels tourist homes private residences usually owned african_americans provided accommodation travelers restaurants arranged state city giving name address business extra payment businesses could listing displayed bold type star nexto ito denote thathey many establishments run african_americans cases named prominent figures african_american history inorth_carolina black owned businesses included george washington abraham lincoln washington hotels friendly city beauty parlor black beauty tea_room new progressive tailor shop big buster tavern blue duck inn edition also_included feature articles travel andestinations rugh p included listing black idlewild michigan oak bluffs massachusetts new_jersey rugh p state_new_mexico particularly recommended place motels would welcome guests basis cash rather color file college view court hotel righthumb college view court hotel texas advertised finest negroes green_book attracted sponsorship number businesses including african call post cleveland_ohio louisville_kentucky seiler p standard esso also sponsor owing thefforts james billboard jackson pioneering african_american esso sales race marketing division promoted green_book enabling esso black customers go less anxiety contrast shell oil company shell gastations known refuse black customers lewis p thedition included esso message readers representatives standard oil pleased recommend green_book travel convenience keep one hand year planning trips let esso touring service maps complete happy motoring products esso service wherever find sign photographs african_american entrepreneurs whowned esso gastations appeared pages green_book although green usually green_book let readers influence guide william smith new_jersey described negro race letter published thedition commented file hotel clark beale street memphis righthumb uprighthe colored hotel clark memphis hutchinson father journalist earl hutchinson wrote move chicago california literally leave home withouthe green_book seiler p ernest green one little rock_nine used green_book navigate arkansas virginia comments one survival tools life according civil_rights leader julian bond parents use green_book guidebook best places eat place bond comments green_book intended make living jim_crow publisher looked forward time guidebooks would longer necessary green wrote day sometime near future guide published race opportunities privileges united_states great day us publication go please without los_angeles considering offering special protection sites kept black ken principal planner city office historic resources notes athe_sites incorporated city online inventory system part story african_americans los_angeles story los_angeles large green_book sites along route african la protection los_angeles times may publishing history green_book published locally inew_york popularity distributed nationally input charles mcdowell collaborator affairs united_states travel bureau government agency new editions published annually green_book publication world_war ii resumed landry p greatly years publication covering new_york city metropolitan area first_edition eventually covered facilities united_states parts canada primarily montreal mexico bermuda coverage good theastern us weak great north dakota black residents eventually sold around copies per_year distributed mail order black owned businesses esso service unusual oil industry athe_time franchised african_americans originally sold cents increasing withe book growing success green retired post_office hired small publishing staff operated westh street harlem also established vacation reservation service take_advantage post_war boom automobile travel pages first_edition expanded green_book pages including advertisements green_book recommended black owned businesses raise standards travelers longer contento pay accommodations services quality black owned lodgings coming scrutiny many blacks found second rate compared white owned lodgings rugh p green renamed publication negro travelers green_book recognition coverage international destinations requiring travel plane ship although segregation wastill force state laws south often wide circulation green_book attracted growing interest white businesses wanted tap potential sales black years publication white business also recognized green_book value use standard oil american_automobile affiliate automobile clubs throughouthe_country automobile clubs air lines travel bureaus travelers aid libraries thousands subscribers start green_book market beginning erode african_american_civil rights activism effects even passage civil_rights act prohibit racial segregation public facilities increasing_number middle_class african_americans beginning question whether guidesuch green_book accommodating jim_crow steering black_travelers businesses rather encouraging push equal access black owned motels remote locations state_highways lost customers new generation integrated interstate motels located_near freeway exits green_book acknowledged thathe activism civil_rights movement areas public accommodations accessible defended continued listing black friendly businesses family planning vacation hopes one free tensions problems rugh p thedition published civil_rights act made racial discrimination public accommodations p last edition green_book included significant changes reflected post civil_rights act outlook title changed traveler green_book international longer motorist content continued mission highlighting leisure options black_travelers cover featured affluent white blonde water skiing sign michael hall puts ithe green_book still remaining true founding mission ensure security african_american_travelers us abroad representation media academics artists writers exploring history african_american_travel united_states jim_crow era revived interest green_book result number projects books works referring green_book book acquired high value collectors item partly copy thedition sold auction march somexamples listed digital projects new_york public_library center foresearch black culture copies issues green_book dating accompany developed interactive books data enable web users road_trips see heat map listings smithsonian_institution national_museum american history included green_book exhibition america move book featured traveling exhibition called places refuge trunk project organized william williams director school architecture interior design athe_university cincinnati drew green_book highlight artifacts locations associated travel blacks segregation using reflect venuesuch hotels_restaurants nightclubs negro league baseball park late car museum corners michigan installed permanent exhibit green_book features copy book guests review well video interviews utilized copy book displayed athe museum african_american history culture museum opens june copy book loan new_york public_library featured missouri history museum exhibition route main st_louis calvin interviewed people traveled withe green_book well victor green relatives part producing documentary green_book chronicles miles short film black couple crossing new_mexico aid green_book african_american playwright calvin published children book ruth green_book chicago family journey alabama use green_book guide ramsey also wrote play called green_book play two acts debuted atlanta august staged reading athe lincoln theatre washington lincoln theatre washington centers tourist home jefferson city_missouri black military officer wife jewish holocaust spend night home civil_rights activist w e b scheduled deliver speech town jewish traveler comes home find thathe hotel planned stay negroes allowed notice posted lobby problems discrimination jews blacks faced athe_time play highly successful gaining extension several weeks beyond planned closing_date matt country country features horror fantasy version green travel_guide set chicago photography projects architecture sites listed green_book documented photographer taylor collaboration withe national_park service us_route corridor preservation taylor sites sanctuary negro motorist green_book taylor made culture route historic negro motorist green_book national_park service also planning publish materials apps featuring sites taylor roots route atlantic media company nov web feb furthereading_externalinks public domain copies green_book via new_york public_library center foresearch black culture green_book google map displaying locations places listed book including searchable index category african_american segregation united_states category_american travel_books category_publications_established category_publications disestablished category_travel_guide_books"},{"title":"The Outlying Fells of Lakeland","description":"image beaconfelljpg right px thumbeacon fellooking across beacon tarn the outlying fells of lakeland is a book written by alfred wainwright dealing withills in and around the lake district of england it differs from wainwright s pictorial guide to the lakeland fells pictorial guides in that each of its chapters describes a walk sometimes taking in several summits rather than a single fell this has caused some confusion the part of authors attempting to prepare a definitive list of peaks the outlying fells do not form part of the hills generally accepted as making up the list of wainwrights buthey are included in category b of the hill walkers register hill walkers register maintained by the long distance walkers association long distance walkers association fells included the arrangement of chapters in the book is clockwise starting in the south east withe first chapter devoted to scout scar a walk starting at kendal town hall the list athe back of wainwright s book contains named fells and summits close inspection showseven of them to refer tother hills in the list while newton fell has two summits thus cartmel fell is the same as ravens barrow page hollow moor is the summit of green quarter fell page hooker crag is the summit of muncaster fell page newton fell includes newton fell north and newton fell south page potter fell is the name given to the hill whose summits are brunt knotts and ulgraves page lord seat whitbarrow lord seat is the summit of whitbarrow page williamson s monument is the same as high knott page woodland fell is the name of the moor of which yew bank and wool knott are high points page the addition of the namelessummits brings the number of wainwright s outlying fells to this more than the hills listed in john m turner s new combined indexes to a wainwright s pictorial guidesecond edition lingdales press turner s list omits two tops explicitly mentioned in the book st john s hill and newton fell south and the namelessummits and it contains many inaccuraciesfor more up to date heights grid references and other data see the database of british and irishills a second edition of the book revised by chris jesty was published by frances lincoln publishers frances lincoln in it maintains the same format but uses red to highlight paths on the route diagrams and includes updated content eg for staveley fell where jesty says p there must be many people who encouraged by the first edition of this book have turned left and been turned back by an uncrossable fence before providing an alternative route highest and lowesthe highesthree summits listed by wainwright are walna scar black combe great yarlside the lowest summits are humphrey head of which wainwright says a fell it certainly is not being a meagre feet above the sea cartmel fell cartmel fell raven s barrow newton fell south list of summits the list below has been arranged in alphabetical orderather than height in order to align as far as possible withe list athe back of wainwright s book summits are listed by the name used in the database of british and irishills with cross references from other summit names used by wainwrighto thentries in this tableach summit appears only once witheight and grid reference the page column allows the listo be sorted into wainwright s order of chapters which is roughly geographical moving clockwise round the area from kendal in theast class wikitable sortable summit height m relativeheight m grid ref chapter page long crag cumbria bannisdale fellong crag align right align right align right beacon fell cumbria beacon fell align right align right beacon fell align right bigland barrow align right align right bigland barrow align right black combe align right align right black combe align right blawith knott align right align right blawith knott align right boat how align right align right boat how align right brant fell align right align right brant fell align right brunt knott align right align right potter fell align right buck barrow hill buck barrow align right align right whit fell align right burn moor align right align right whit fell align right burney hill burney align right align right burney align right caer mote caermote hill align right align right caermote hill align right capplebarrow align right align right align right carron crag align right align right carron crag align right cartmel fell see raven s barrow cartmel fell align right caw hill caw align right align right caw align right claife heights align right align right claife heights align right clints crags align right align right clints crags align right cold fell calder bridge cold fell align right align right cold fell align right cunswick scar align right align right scout scar align right dent fell dent align right align right flat fell andent align right dunmallet align right align right dunmallet align right dunnerdale fells align right align right dunnerdale fells align right faulds brow align right align right faulds brow align right fewling stones align right align right seat robert align right finsthwaite heights align right align right finsthwaite fell align right flat fell align right align right flat fell andent align right align right align right align right grandsire hill grandsire align right align right school knott align right great ladstones align right align right seat robert align right great saddle crag align right align right align right great stickle align right align right stickle pike align right great worm crag align right align right great worm crag align right great yarlside align right align right align right green pikes align right align right caw align right gummer s how align right align right gummer s how align right hampsfell align right align right hampsfell align right hare shaw align right align right align right harper hills align right align right align right hesk fell align right align right hesk fell align right heughscar hill align right align right heughscar hill align right highouse bank align right align right align right high knott align right align right high knott align right high light haw align right align rightop o selside align right high wether howe align right align right seat robert align right hollow moor green quarter fell align right align right green quarter fell align right hooker crag see muncaster fell muncaster fell align right howes fell howes align right align right howes align right hugh s laithes pike align right align right align right hugill fell align right align right hugill fell align right humphrey head align right align right humphrey head align right irton pike align right align right irton pike align right kinmont buck barrow align right align right whit fell align right knipescar common knipe scar align right align right knipescar common align right align right align right stainton pike align right align right align right stickle pike align right lamb pasture align right align right align right langhowe pike align right align right seat robert align right latterbarrow align right align right latterbarrow align right little yarlside align right align right align right long crag cumbria long crag see bannisdale fellong crag align right lord seat crookdale lord seat highouse fell align right align right align right lord seat whitbarrow lord seat whitbarrow see whitbarrow align right low light haw align right align rightop o selside align right muncaster fell hooker crag align right align right muncaster fell align right nabs moor align right align right howes align right naddle high forest naddle horseshoe align right align right align right newton fell north align right align right newton fell align right newton fell south dixon heights align right align right newton fell align right orrest head align right align right orrest head align right align right align right hesk fell align right pikes hill pikes align right align right caw align right ponsonby fell align right align right ponsonby fell align right raven s barrow cartmel fell align right align right cartmel fell align right raven s crag align right align right stickle pike align right reston scar align right align right reston scar align right robin hood hill robin hood align right align right align right rough crag birker moorough crag align right align right align right caermote hill n top align right align right caermote hill align right scalebarrow knott align right align right align right school knott align right align right school knott align right scout scar align right align right scout scar align right seat how birker moor align right align right align right seat robert align right align right seat robert align right setmurthy common see watchill setmurthy common watchill align right sleddale pike align right align right align right stainton pike align right align right stainton pike align right staveley fell align right align right staveley fell align right stickle pike align right align right stickle pike align right stoupdale head align right align right black combe align right swinklebank crag bannisdale horseshoe align right align right align rightarn hill align right align right stickle pike align rightodd fell align right align right align rightop o selside align right align rightop o selside align rightottlebank height align right align right blawith knott align right ulgraves align right align right potter fell align right ulthwaite rigg align right align right align right wallow crag naddle horseshoe align right align right align right walna scar align right align right walna scar align right wasdale pike align right align right align right watchill cockermouth watchill align right align right watchill align right watchill cockermouth watchill setmurthy common align right align right watchill align right water crag devoke water crag align right align right align right whatshaw common align right align right align right whitbarrow lord seat align right align right whitbarrow align right white combe align right align right black combe align right white howe bannisdale align right align right align right white pike birkby fell align right align right align right whiteside pike align right align right align right whitfell align right align right whit fell align right williamson s monument see high knott high knott align right woodend height align right align right align right wool knott align right align right woodland fell align right yew bank align right align right woodland fell align right yoadcastle align right align right align right see swinklebank crag align right align right align right align right see the forest align right align right align right green quarter fell align right see naddle high forest align right see wallow crag align right align right align right align right align right align right potter fell align right align right align right potter fell align right align right align right school knott align right see raven s crag stickle pike align right align right align rightop o selside align righthe map marks the highest point reached on each of wainwright s walks the number adjacento each point gives the page number of the corresponding chapter in the book and the colour indicates the general height of the summit clicking a number provides a link to the article abouthe fell in question places label size mark location dot redsvg link marksize position right lat long label size mark location dot redsvg link marksize position right lat long label size mark location dot redsvg link marksize position right lat long label size mark location dot redsvg link marksize position 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definitive list peaks outlying fells form part hills generally accepted making list wainwrights buthey included category b hill walkers register hill walkers register maintained long_distance walkers association long_distance walkers association fells included arrangement chapters book clockwise starting south_east withe_first chapter devoted scout scar walk starting kendal town hall list athe back wainwright book contains named fells summits close inspection refer tother hills list newton_fell two summits thus cartmel fell barrow page hollow moor summit green quarter fell page crag summit muncaster fell page newton_fell includes newton_fell north newton_fell south page potter fell name given hill whose summits brunt page lord seat whitbarrow lord seat summit whitbarrow page monument high knott page woodland fell name moor bank wool knott high points page addition brings number wainwright outlying fells hills listed john turner new combined wainwright pictorial edition press turner list two tops explicitly mentioned book st_john hill newton_fell south contains many date heights grid references data see database british second edition book revised chris jesty published frances lincoln publishers frances lincoln maintains format uses red highlight paths route includes updated content staveley fell jesty says p must many_people encouraged first_edition book turned left turned back fence providing alternative route highest summits listed wainwright scar black combe great lowest summits humphrey head wainwright says fell certainly feet sea cartmel fell cartmel fell raven barrow newton_fell south list summits list arranged alphabetical height order align far possible withe list athe back wainwright book summits listed name used database british cross references summit names used summit appears grid reference page column allows wainwright order chapters roughly geographical moving clockwise round area kendal theast class wikitable sortable summit height grid ref chapter page long crag cumbria bannisdale crag_align right align right align right beacon fell cumbria beacon fell_align right align right beacon fell_align right barrow align right align right barrow align right black combe align right align right black combe align right knott_align right align right knott_align right boat align right align right boat align right fell_align right align right fell_align right brunt knott_align right align right potter fell_align right buck barrow hill buck barrow align right align right whit fell_align right burn moor align right align right whit fell_align right hill align right align right align right caermote hill align right align right caermote hill align right align right align right align right crag_align right align right crag_align right cartmel fell see raven barrow cartmel fell_align right caw hill caw align right align right caw align right claife heights align right align right claife heights align right align right align right align right cold fell calder bridge cold fell_align right align right cold fell_align right scar align right align right scout scar align right fell_align right align right flat fell_align right align right align right align right fells align right align right fells align right align right align right align right stones align right align right seat robert align right heights align right align right fell_align right flat fell_align right align right flat fell_align right align right align right align right hill align right align right school knott_align right great align right align right seat robert align right great saddle crag_align right align right align right great stickle align right align right stickle pike_align right great worm crag_align right align right great worm crag_align right great align right align right align right green pikes align right align right caw align right align right align right align right align right align right align right hare shaw align right align right align right 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pike_align right align right seat robert align right align right align right align right little align right align right align right long crag cumbria long crag see bannisdale crag_align right lord seat lord seat fell_align right align right align right lord seat whitbarrow lord seat whitbarrow see whitbarrow align right low light align right align rightop selside align right muncaster fell crag_align right align right muncaster fell_align right moor align right align right howes align right naddle high forest naddle horseshoe align right align right align right newton_fell north align right align right newton_fell_align right newton_fell south dixon heights align right align right newton_fell_align right head align right align right head align right align right align right fell_align right pikes hill pikes align right align right caw align right fell_align right align right fell_align right raven barrow cartmel fell_align right align right cartmel fell_align right raven crag_align right align right stickle pike_align right reston scar align right align right reston scar align right robin hood hill robin hood align right align right align right rough crag crag_align right align right align right caermote hill n top align right align right caermote hill align right knott_align right align right align right school knott_align right align right school knott_align right scout scar align right align right scout scar align right seat moor align right align right align right seat robert align right align right seat robert align right common see watchill common watchill align right pike_align right align right align right stainton pike_align right align right stainton pike_align right staveley fell_align right align right staveley fell_align right stickle pike_align right align right stickle pike_align right head align right align right black combe align right crag bannisdale horseshoe align right align right align hill align right align right stickle pike_align fell_align right align right align rightop selside align right align rightop selside align height align right align right knott_align right align right align right potter fell_align right align right align right align right crag naddle horseshoe align right align right align right scar align right align right scar align right pike_align right align right align right watchill watchill align right align right watchill align right watchill watchill common align right align right watchill align right water crag water crag_align right align right align right common align right align right align right whitbarrow lord seat align right align right whitbarrow align right white combe align right align right black combe align right white bannisdale align right align right align right white pike fell_align right align right align right pike_align right align right align right align right align right whit fell_align right monument see high knott high knott_align right height align right align right align right wool knott_align right align right woodland fell_align right bank align right align right woodland fell_align right align right align right align right see crag_align right align right align right align right see forest align right align right align right green quarter fell_align right see naddle high forest align right see crag_align right align right align right align right align right align right potter fell_align right align right align right potter fell_align right align right align right school knott_align right see raven crag stickle pike_align right align right align rightop selside align righthe map marks highest point reached wainwright walks number adjacento point gives page number corresponding chapter book colour indicates general height summit number provides link article abouthe fell question places label_size_mark location dot redsvg link_marksize_position_right_lat long_label size_mark location dot redsvg link_marksize_position_right_lat long_label size_mark location dot redsvg link_marksize_position_right_lat long_label size_mark location dot redsvg link_marksize_position left lat_long_label size_mark location dot redsvg link_marksize_position_right_lat long_label size_mark location dot redsvg link_marksize_position left lat_long_label size_mark location dot redsvg link_marksize_position_right_lat long_label size_mark location dot redsvg link_marksize_position_right_lat long_label size_mark location dot redsvg link_marksize_position_right_lat long_label size_mark_blue_pogsvg_link marksize_position_right_lat long_label size_mark_blue_pogsvg_link marksize_position_right_lat long_label size_mark_blue_pogsvg_link marksize_position_right_lat long_label size_mark_blue_pogsvg_link marksize_position_right_lat long_label size_mark_blue_pogsvg_link marksize_position_right_lat long_label size_mark_blue_pogsvg_link marksize_position_right_lat long_label size_mark_blue_pogsvg_link marksize_position_right_lat long_label 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association tests all the city restaurants bars and shops that it wishes to mention in its annual guide several sections the petit paum is made up of several sections which vary according to the year of publication such as lyon pratique practicalyon cycle de la vie naissance tudiant c libataires mariage life cycle birth student singles wedding temps libre activit s offrir coiffeur beaut voyage free time activities gifting hairdresser beauty trips culture v nements livres musique th tre mus e culturevents books music theater museum p ch s mignons p tisseriesalons de th pain vin fromage piceries traiteur little weakness pastries tea house bread wine cheese delicatessen catererestaurants bars bo tes nightclubs friponaughty the petit paum s work each of its members abouthirty is both a tester and a full fledged writer even though the activities of the association are divided in sixteen committees in which each one ispecialized with a budget of euro le petit paum s assagit lyon infofr the petit paum is the second biggestudent association ofrance in terms ofinancial means which enables ito print copies of the guidebook each year half is distributed in october during the officialaunching on place bellecour as well as in lyon part dieu shopping center lyon part dieu shopping center the remaining copies can be acquired by sending an email to the association official petit paum website or by going to its office on the french campus of emlyon businesschool in cully the petit paumanages in fact many products and services a paper version of the guide reviews of travel agencies as well as restaurants and nightclubs for instance a paper version dedicated to a weekly newsletter sent by e mail which lists lyon s top tips a website wwwpetitpaumecom an iphone android application events beyond all its publications the petit paum alsorganizeseveral events the village m di val the medieval village in may or june the medieval village brings together more than craft producers on place saint jean lyon place saint jean during a historical reenactment ambiance around a company of medieval actors official petit paum website this two day event attracts about people the lancement du guide the guidebook launching in october the launchings in the lyon part dieu shopping center and above all on place bellecour gather together more than inhabitants of lyon these launchings are usually accompanied by concertstreet shows etc designed to entertain the crowd the nuit du petit paum the petit paum night organized each year athe time of the guidebook launching the petit paum night is a party which notably enableseveral thousands of people to get a limitedition of the brand new guidebook one of the main issues of the party is to remind people thathe guidebook is made by students a few figures copies of a free guidebook of pages distributed each year in lyon with reviews altogether and restaurants tested le petit paum dans lestarting blocks lyon magcom overall recognition rate of among lyon inhabitants according to a survey carried out by ipsos in december approximately one lyon inhabitant out of two consults the petit paum before going to the restaurant according to the same ipsosurvey the website won a student city guide award publi city website and receives more than visitors per monthentire paper version of the guide on line with more than reviews in addition externalinks official website of the petit paum wwwpetitpaumecom emlyon businesschool website wwwem lyoncom issuu old editionscanned issuu category travel guide books category media in lyon category city guides category lyon category student organizations in 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de lyon businesschool created name comes jacques popular song les paum petit petit_paum aim design distribute critical free guide city lyon thus association tests city restaurants bars shops wishes mention annual guide several sections petit_paum made several sections vary according year publication lyon cycle de_la vie c life cycle birth student wedding temps voyage free time activities beauty trips culture v th tre mus e books music theater museum p p de th pain vin traiteur little weakness pastries tea_house bread wine cheese delicatessen bars nightclubs petit_paum work members full writer even_though activities association divided committees one budget euro petit_paum lyon petit_paum second association ofrance terms ofinancial means enables ito print copies guidebook year half distributed october place well lyon part dieu shopping_center lyon part dieu shopping_center remaining copies acquired sending email association official petit_paum website going office french campus businesschool petit fact many products services paper version guide reviews travel_agencies well restaurants nightclubs instance paper version dedicated weekly newsletter sent e mail lists lyon top tips website iphone android application events beyond publications petit_paum events village val medieval village may june medieval village brings together craft producers place saint jean lyon place saint jean historical reenactment around company medieval actors official petit_paum website two_day event attracts people guide guidebook launching october lyon part dieu shopping_center place gather together inhabitants lyon usually accompanied shows etc designed entertain crowd petit_paum petit_paum night organized year athe_time guidebook launching petit_paum night party notably thousands people get limitedition brand new guidebook one main issues party people thathe guidebook made students figures copies free guidebook pages distributed year lyon reviews altogether restaurants tested petit_paum dans blocks lyon overall recognition rate among lyon inhabitants according survey carried december approximately one lyon two petit_paum going restaurant according website student city_guide award city website receives visitors per paper version guide line reviews addition externalinks_official_website petit_paum businesschool website old category_travel_guide_books category_media lyon category_city_guides category lyon category student organizations france"},{"title":"The Side Show (nightclub)","description":"file side show main floorestaurant configurationjpg thumb the side show restauranthe side show formerly known as the fez is an capacity moroccan themed nightclub situated in mechau street cape town south africa file the side show cape town vip loungejpg thumb the side show cape town vip lounge the venue consists ofour bars a bedouin covered smoking deck a vip balcony stretching the length of the venue a separate upstairs vip section and carousel style booths with wine colored cushions that run along the main dance floor the seating is also walled in with mirrorso expecto feel as in you re in a fun house file side show main floor fulljpg thumb the side show in cape town s main dance floor the side show has played hosto nervo duo nervo australia s famous dj twins tomorrowland festival tomorrowlandj such as dimitri vegas bizarre contact and like mike german superstar trance producer neelix the official playboy launch the sports illustrated official after parties the prestigious global party brand countless internationalsuch as orca hed kandi and soul candi brands video footage side show st birthday neelix live at side show cape townervo live at side show cape town coming soon at side show cape town category buildings and structures in cape town category music venues in south africategory nightclubs category tourist attractions in cape 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landscapes descriptions dialogues with locals and good memories all have their place this travel story krasko started writing his book in early and finished in it was completed in sarankot a small village near pokhara nepalocated ft above sea level file map godvesnyjpg lefthumb round the world trip of vyacheslav krasko vyacheslav krasko tells his own story throughouthe book as an executive who reached financial independence and high status in society he suddenly realizes hard principles and rationalism have displaced the most importanthings in life happiness freedom and true feelings to find the meaning of life he breaks up withisweetheart moves house leaves his job and buys a one way ticket leaving moscow his new life has begun he starts his travel in the spring a season symbolizing new beginnings asiaustralia south americantarctic north americafricand finally europeach day of travel was different from the othersplendid ancient architecture changed to wild nature and cities alternated 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pub date media type pages isbn oclc preceded followed year spring travel lasts year book written vyacheslav krasko krasko russian traveler member union russian around world_travelers based journey around world book shares thoughts emotions impressions trip critics unable place year spring particular genre part novel autobiography travel_guide_book handbook regional geography exotic landscapes descriptions locals good memories place travel story krasko started writing book early finished completed small village near sea_level file map lefthumb round world trip vyacheslav krasko vyacheslav krasko tells story throughouthe book executive reached financial independence high status society suddenly hard principles displaced life happiness freedom true feelings find meaning life breaks moves house leaves job buys one way ticket leaving moscow new life begun starts travel spring season new beginnings south north finally day travel different ancient architecture changed wild nature cities small villages author tries one thing another like child shares thoughts impressions readers one important discoveries makes man live others ideals worth ito return old lifestyle day day routine could absorb return returned moscow given new also travel literature furthereading_externalinks category_non fiction books_category travel_writing category_travel_books category_travel"},{"title":"Theme restaurant","description":"file jekyll hyde pubjpg thumb jekyll and hyde club theme restaurants arestaurant s in which the concept of the restaurantakes priority over everything else influencing the architecture food music and overall feel of the restauranthe food usually takes a backseato the presentation of theme and these restaurants attract customersolely on the premise of theme itself popular chain restaurantsuch as applebee s or bennigans despite having a distinct and consistent style throughoutheir locations would not be considered to be theme restaurants by most people theme restaurants have an instantly recognizableasily articulable concepthat can be summed up in a fewords at most an almost cartoonish exaggeration of an idea the popularainforest cafe restaurants have the obvious theme of a tropical rainforest medieval times has its theme of medieval europe the jekyll hyde club evokes an atmosphere of jack the ripper and victorian literature victorian horror novelsome theme restaurants use controversial images contexts or ideas the most notorious of them was hitler s cross in mumbaindia which was renamed to cross cafe in august origins chains of tiki bar started opening in the united states in the mid to late s in the late s david tallichet began opening restaurants decorated as polynesia n islands new england fishing village s and world war ii era french farmhouse s barricaded with sandbag s to protect against german bombardment his proud bird restaurant athe los angeles international airport had headphones at each table so that diners could listen to control tower chatter almost all of his restaurants were in southern california his company specialty restaurants grew to revenues of million at its peak in trends thearly st century closings of several planet hollywood and jekyll hyde club locationsuggest a decline in popularity theme restaurants often depend on tourist businessince theme soon becomestale to locals and the focus is not necessarily on good food and servicertain tourist destination such as the mall of america orlando florida have better chances of supporting theme restaurants theme restaurants are commonplace atheme park such as universal parks resorts universal studios list of notable theme restaurants th aero squadron restaurants world war i era biplane and relics vanuys and san diego californialhambra dinner theatre dinner theaters jacksonville floridamerican girl american girl doll theme new york the australian bar and restaurant sports bar new york city australian outback spectacular australiana dinner and show package featuring many australianimalsongs and bush tucker barcade classic arcade brooklynew york battle of the dance dinner theater anaheim california belle of louisville steamboat louisville kentucky blindekuh restaurant blindekuh two restaurants in basel and z rich where patrons are served in the dark binghamton ferryboat a retired ferryboathat operated from to new jersey blue bayou restaurant s disneyland in anaheim california disneyland paris and tokyo disneyland in chiba japan bubba gump shrimp company the film forrest gump the firstheme restaurant inspired by a film buns and guns war detail beirut lebanon cannery casino and hotel the cannery waterfront cannery newport beach california captain john s harbour boat restaurantorontontario canada casa bonita theme park restaurant lakewood colorado cheeseburger in paradise cheesebuger heaven myrtle beach south carolina chuck e cheese s formerly chuck e cheese s pizza time theatre and chuck e cheese s pizza games raffle theatre various area city tavern colonial tavern philadelphia pennsylvania clifton s cafeteria world largest cafeteria los angeles cold spring tavern stagecoach stop santa barbara california colonial inn colonial tavern concord massachusetts us colonial tramcarestaurant a restaurant which operates from a converted fleet of three vintage trams melbourne victoriaustralia colonial williamsburg several colonial taverns in a restored colonial city williamsburg virginia us comet pizza rec room theme washington dc us coyote ugly saloon based on the movie coyote ugly new york city dans le noir dining in the dark clerkenwellondon delta king steamboat sacramento california delta queen steamboat chattanooga tennessee us derby dinner playhouse dinner theater clarksville indiana us the dinner detective dinner theater a nationwide theatrical production company based within the united states desert star theater historic dinner theater located in murray utah us dive restaurant dive was a seat restaurant beverly hills california dolly parton s dixie stampede american patriotic don the beachcomber tiki restaurants various locations drury lane theatre illinois drury lane theatre dinner theater oakbrook terrace illinois us filellen stardustjpg thumb ellen stardust diner thedison powerplant los angeles ellen stardust diner s diner encore dinner theatre dinner theater tustin california bullwinkle s restaurant family fun center and bullwinkle s restaurant features animated robotic performances by bullwinkle and rocky tukwila washington us fashion cafeaturing celebrity models new york city firehouse subs in a firehouse myrtle beach us fulton theatre dinner theater located at westh street inew york city for a few months in under the name folies bergere demolished gaslightheatre dinner theater enid oklahoma us harald restaurant harald viking age finland hard rock cafe rock music universal city california floridand las vegas heart attack grill hospital hell pizza hell theme is used in the menu new zealand thenry ford henry ford museum and greenfield village various historically themed restaurants dearborn michigan us hillbilly hot dogs roadside hot dog stand tourist attraction located near huntington west virginia cross cafe hitler s cross aka cross cafe history mumbaindia hog s breath cafe is an australiand international chain of steak house restaurants giger bar hr giger bar visual effects from the film alien various locationswitzerland islands restaurant islands fine burgers drinks also known as islands beach theme various locations california ithaa undersea restaurant metres below sea level in the maldives file jekyl hyde club w jehjpg thumb uprighthe facade of the jekyll hyde club at its timesquare location jacob wirth restaurant historic building boston us jimmy buffett s margaritaville tropical beach joe s crab shack beach theme various locations jumbo kingdom hong kong jekyll hyde club victorian english manhattanew yorkayabukiya tavern monkeys act as your wait staff utsunomiya japan la comedia dinner theatre dinner theater springborohio us l hawaiian barbecue hawaii theme honolulu hawaii us laurie beechman theatre in the basement of the west bank cafe at west nd street in the manhattan plazapartment complex just west of timesquare new york city wayside inn historic district longfellow s wayside inn colonial inn sudbury massachusetts us longhorn steakhouse orlando florida mad mex fresh mexican grillucha libre themed sydney and new zealand mai kai restaurantiki themed north federal highway in oakland park florida mars alienspace new york max brenner chocolate addicted theme new york medieval times medieval days various areas in the us michie tavern colonial tavern charlottesville virginia us the mill at sonning converted from an th century flour mill it is located on an island in the river thames at sonning eye in thenglish county of oxfordshire modern toilet restaurant a bathroom themed restaurantaipei taiwan montana s cookhouse a lodge wildernessetting thatries to provide guests with an escape to simpler times vaughan ontario montana mike s big steak country illinois indiana iowa kansas missouri north dakota oklahomand texas moshulu four masted bark sailing shiphiladelphia pennsylvania ms normac is a floating restaurant boathat was launched as a fire tug named the james r elliot port huron michigan mv sydney cruise ship dining sydney harbour the murder mystery company headquartered in grand rapids michigan with shows in over cities across the united states mystic seaport nautical themed restaurants mysticonnecticut us natchez boat natchez steamboat new orleans louisiana us officiall star caf not a typical sport bar new york cancun and las vegas from until one if by land two if by sea restaurant movie inspired new york outback steakhouse an australian themed tampa florida with over locations in countries throughout north and south america europe asiand australia peanut butter co everything on the menu prepared with peanut butter new york manhattan planet hollywood the film industry portillo s restaurants chicago and other themes ps lincoln castle was a coal fired side wheel paddle steamer under permanent dock in alexandra dock grimsby ps tattershall castle a floating pub and restaurant river humber for the london and north eastern railway file disney animal kingdom rainforest cafe jpg thumb the rainforest cafe at disney s animal kingdom rainforest cafe rainforest various locations in houston texas us rick s caf casablanca inspired by the movie casablanca film casablanca morocco ricky sports theatre and grill an oakland raiders themed sports bar san leandro california us rimsky korsakoffee house haunted cafe bar portland oregon us riverside inn cambridge springs pennsylvania riverside inn dinner theater in cambridge springs pennsylvania on the us national register of historic places the rugby club rebranded as the rugby club sydney rugby union themed sydney australia rustar floating restaurant floating dining dubai united arab emiratesafe house restaurant secret agents and espionage sports box sports theme mumbai noida indore siliguri bangalore india se or frog s infamous party scene throughout mexico the caribbean south americand the united stateserendipity dessert heavenew york city usat general frank m coxe sherman general frank m coxe is a steam ferry california san francisco bay shoeless joe s a sports themed restaurant ontario canada silver star cafe port hedland silver star cafe railway carriage port hedland western australia space aliens grill bar outer space themed restaurants bismarck north dakota uspaghetti warehouse italian restaurants each built around a trolley car spin a chain of table tennis restaurants and barstar seafood floating restaurant boat dining sha tin china stir crazy thane an oriental kitchen restauranthane maharashtra india ssouth steyne a floating restaurant moored at darling harbour australia tam o shanter inn tam o shanter scottish los angeles t rex restaurant rex prehistoric themed restaurant in kansas city ks us andisney springs outside of orlando fl us teatro zinzanni a circus dinner theater that began in seattle washington it hasincexpanded to a pier on thembarcadero in san francisco california texas de brazil combinations of brazil texas dining dallas texas roadhouse a western theme louisville kentucky us tilted kilt pub eatery a celtic themed sports tempe arizona united states modern toilet restaurantoilet restaurantaiwan trader vic s beach themed emeryville california ts queen mary ship dining william denny shipyard at dumbarton uk twin peaks restaurant chain twin peaks a hooters type of sports bar addison texas united states usat general frank m coxe floating restaurant california san francisco bay voodoo doughnut an independent doughnut shoportland oregon us walkabout pub chain an australian themed united kingdom way off broadway dinner theatre frederick maryland us wcw nitro grill an american professional wrestling steak house restaurant las vegas wingstop restaurants aviation themed garland texas us the world wwe pro wrestling theme timesquare inew york see also lists of restaurants references category theme restaurants category lists of restaurants category types of 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idea cafe restaurants obvious theme tropical rainforest medieval times theme medieval_europe jekyll hyde club atmosphere jack victorian literature victorian horror theme_restaurants use controversial images contexts ideas notorious hitler cross mumbaindia renamed cross cafe august origins chains tiki bar started opening united_states mid late late david began opening restaurants decorated n islands new_england fishing village world_war ii era french farmhouse protect german proud bird restaurant athe los_angeles international_airport table diners could listen control tower almost restaurants southern_california company specialty restaurants grew revenues million peak trends thearly st_century several planet hollywood jekyll hyde club decline popularity theme_restaurants_often depend tourist theme soon locals focus necessarily good_food tourist_destination mall america orlando_florida better chances supporting theme_restaurants theme_restaurants commonplace park universal parks resorts universal_studios list notable theme_restaurants th aero restaurants world_war era biplane relics san_diego dinner_theatre dinner_theaters jacksonville girl american girl theme new_york australian bar restaurant sports bar new_york city australian outback spectacular dinner show package featuring many bush classic arcade brooklynew york battle dance dinner_theater anaheim_california belle louisville steamboat louisville_kentucky restaurant two restaurants basel rich patrons served dark retired operated new_jersey blue restaurant disneyland_anaheim_california disneyland paris tokyo_disneyland japan shrimp company film forrest restaurant inspired film buns guns war detail beirut lebanon casino hotel waterfront newport beach_california captain john harbour boat canada casa theme_park restaurant colorado cheeseburger paradise heaven myrtle_beach south_carolina chuck e cheese formerly chuck e cheese pizza time theatre chuck e cheese pizza games theatre various area city tavern colonial tavern philadelphia_pennsylvania clifton cafeteria world largest cafeteria los_angeles cold spring tavern stagecoach stop santa_barbara california colonial inn colonial tavern massachusetts us colonial restaurant operates converted fleet three vintage melbourne_victoriaustralia colonial williamsburg several colonial taverns restored colonial city williamsburg_virginia us comet pizza room theme washington us coyote ugly saloon based movie coyote ugly new_york city dans dining dark delta king steamboat sacramento california delta queen steamboat tennessee us derby dinner playhouse dinner_theater clarksville indiana us dinner detective dinner_theater nationwide theatrical production_company_based within united_states desert star theater historic dinner_theater located murray utah us dive restaurant dive seat restaurant beverly_hills california dolly stampede american tiki restaurants various_locations drury_lane theatre illinois drury_lane theatre dinner_theater terrace illinois us thumb ellen diner los_angeles ellen diner diner encore dinner_theatre dinner_theater california bullwinkle restaurant family fun center bullwinkle restaurant features animated performances bullwinkle rocky washington us fashion celebrity models new_york city firehouse firehouse myrtle_beach us theatre dinner_theater located westh street inew_york_city months name demolished dinner_theater oklahoma us restaurant viking age finland hard rock cafe rock music universal city california floridand las_vegas heart attack grill hospital hell pizza hell theme used menu new_zealand ford henry ford museum greenfield village various historically themed restaurants michigan us hot_dogs roadside hot_dog stand tourist_attraction located_near huntington west_virginia cross cafe hitler cross aka cross cafe history mumbaindia hog cafe australiand international chain steak_house restaurants bar bar visual effects film alien various islands restaurant islands fine burgers drinks also_known islands beach theme various_locations california restaurant metres sea_level maldives file hyde club w jehjpg thumb_uprighthe facade jekyll hyde club timesquare location jacob restaurant historic building boston us jimmy tropical beach joe crab shack beach theme various_locations jumbo kingdom hong_kong jekyll hyde club victorian english manhattanew tavern monkeys act wait_staff japan la dinner_theatre dinner_theater us l hawaiian barbecue hawaii theme honolulu hawaii us laurie theatre basement west bank cafe west street manhattan complex west timesquare new_york city wayside inn historic district wayside inn colonial inn massachusetts us steakhouse orlando_florida mad fresh mexican themed sydney new_zealand mai kai themed north federal highway oakland park florida mars new_york max chocolate theme new_york medieval times medieval days various areas us tavern colonial tavern charlottesville virginia us mill sonning converted th_century flour mill located island river_thames sonning eye thenglish county oxfordshire modern toilet restaurant bathroom themed taiwan montana lodge provide guests escape simpler times vaughan ontario montana mike big steak country illinois indiana iowa kansas missouri north dakota texas four sailing pennsylvania normac floating_restaurant launched fire named james r elliot port michigan sydney cruise_ship dining sydney_harbour murder_mystery company headquartered grand rapids michigan shows cities across united_states mystic nautical themed restaurants us boat steamboat new_orleans louisiana us star caf typical sport bar new_york cancun las_vegas one land two sea restaurant movie inspired new_york outback steakhouse australian themed tampa_florida locations countries throughout north south_america europe asiand australia peanut butter everything menu prepared peanut butter new_york manhattan planet hollywood film industry restaurants chicago themes lincoln castle coal fired side wheel permanent dock alexandra dock castle floating pub restaurant river london north_eastern railway file disney animal_kingdom rainforest cafe jpg thumb rainforest cafe disney animal_kingdom rainforest cafe rainforest various_locations houston_texas us rick caf casablanca inspired movie casablanca film casablanca morocco sports theatre grill oakland themed sports bar san california us house haunted cafe bar portland_oregon us riverside inn cambridge springs pennsylvania riverside inn dinner_theater cambridge springs pennsylvania us_national_register historic_places rugby club rebranded rugby club sydney rugby union themed sydney_australia floating_restaurant floating dining dubai united_arab house restaurant secret agents sports box sports theme mumbai bangalore india frog infamous party scene throughout mexico caribbean south_americand united dessert york_city usat general frank coxe sherman general frank coxe steam ferry california_san_francisco_bay joe sports themed restaurant ontario_canada silver star cafe port silver star cafe railway carriage port western_australia space grill bar outer_space themed restaurants north dakota warehouse italian restaurants built around trolley car spin chain table tennis restaurants seafood floating_restaurant boat dining sha china stir crazy oriental kitchen maharashtra india floating_restaurant moored darling harbour australia inn scottish los_angeles rex restaurant rex prehistoric themed restaurant kansas_city us springs outside orlando us teatro circus dinner_theater began seattle_washington hasincexpanded pier san_francisco_california texas de brazil combinations brazil texas dining dallas_texas roadhouse western theme louisville_kentucky us pub eatery celtic themed sports tempe arizona united_states modern toilet trader vic beach themed california queen mary ship dining william uk twin peaks restaurant_chain twin peaks hooters type sports bar addison texas united_states usat general frank coxe floating_restaurant california_san_francisco_bay doughnut independent doughnut oregon us walkabout pub_chain australian themed united_kingdom way broadway dinner_theatre frederick maryland us nitro grill american professional wrestling steak_house restaurant las_vegas restaurants aviation themed garland texas us world pro wrestling theme timesquare inew_york see_also lists restaurants references_category theme_restaurants_category lists restaurants_category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Thermopolium","description":"image grandetabernajpg thumb righthermopolium in herculaneum in the ancient greco roman world a thermopolium plural thermopolia from greek language greek ie cook shop literally a place where something hot isold was a commercial establishment where it was possible to purchase ready to eat food the forerunner of today s restauranthe itemserved athe thermopoliare sometimes compared to modern fast food these places were mainly used by the poor those who simply could not afford a private kitchen sometimes leading them to be scorned by the upper class a typical thermopolium would consist of a small room with a distinctive masonry counter in the front embedded in this counter werearthenware jars calledolium dolia used to store dried food like nuts hot food would have required the dolia to be cleaned out after use and because they arembedded in the counter it is believed thathey were not used to store hot food but rather dried food where cleaning would not be necessary fancier thermopolia would also be decorated with fresco es well preserved ruins of thermopolia can be seen in pompeii and herculaneum thermopolium of asellina image ancient bar pompeiijpg thumb a thermopolium in pompeii thermopolium of asellina is one of the most completexamples of a thermopolium in pompeii complete jugs andishes were found on the counter as well as a kettle filled with water the ground floor in thermopolium of asellina was used for people to eat andrink and some stairs led to guest rooms on the second floor it had a typical structure consisting of a wide doorway open to the street a counter witholes where jars were set into it dolia for food or wine it had shrines for the lares household gods mercury god of commerce and bacchus god of wine as these were the most important gods for this occupation upstairs there were guest rooms as well so this may have also been used as an inn however some think thathis may have been a brothel due to the names of many women written one of the walls of thermopolium another theory is thathese were the slave girls who worked as barmaids furthereading ellisteven j r the distribution of bars at pompeii archaeological spatial and viewshed analyses journal of roman archaeology vol pp externalinks image of a thermopolium in pompeii with decorations athe walls category latin words and phrases category types of restaurants category roman 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would consist small room distinctive counter front embedded counter used store dried food like nuts hot food would required use counter believed thathey used store hot food rather dried food cleaning would necessary thermopolia would_also decorated well preserved ruins thermopolia seen pompeii herculaneum thermopolium image ancient bar thumb thermopolium pompeii thermopolium one thermopolium pompeii complete andishes found counter well kettle filled water ground_floor thermopolium used people eat andrink stairs led guest rooms second floor typical structure consisting wide doorway open street counter set food wine shrines lares household gods mercury god commerce bacchus god wine important gods occupation upstairs guest rooms well may_also used inn however think thathis may brothel due names many women written one walls thermopolium another theory thathese slave girls worked furthereading j r distribution bars pompeii archaeological spatial analyses journal roman archaeology vol pp externalinks image thermopolium pompeii decorations athe walls category latin words phrases category_types restaurants_category roman cuisine"},{"title":"Thessaloniki Convention & Visitors Bureau","description":"thessaloniki convention visitors bureau known as tcvb in greek was the first such bureau that operated in greece it was founded by thessaloniki hotel association tha in operated as a nonprofit organization and was active until the main goal of tcvb was to establish the city of thessaloniki as an internationally recognized conference city and a popular destination for incentive travel membership and supporters although initially founded by than amendment of tcvby laws allowed all types of companies in thessaloniki to join ashareholders or as members and to play an active role in the strategy and operation of the bureau members were drawn from the city s conference trade including congress organizers public relation firmsuppliers of audiovisual systems travel and tourist agencies caterers restaurateurs and retailerseveraleading bodies in the city were granted honorary membership for contributing to the success of the bureau tcvb operated under the auspices of the ministry of tourism the ministry of macedoniand thrace the national tourism organization the region of central macedonia the prefecture office and the municipality of thessalonikit also enjoyed the support of thessaloniki tourism organization the aristotle university of thessaloniki thessaloniki traders association thessaloniki port authority and helexpo sa president vassilios yiannis director helena milona board of directors the president and board of directors werelected by the general assembly the board included representatives of the hotel and tourism industry of thessaloniki as well as the regional governments and other local companies and organizations activitieservices tcvb services were provided on a non profit basis activities included marketing thessaloniki as a conference destination creation of marketing material both on and off line media relations providing information promotional material and bidding assistance to associations companies and other conference organizers participation international conference and incentive market exhibitionsuch as imex eibtm confex btc etc organizing educational networking events organizing familiarization or inspection trips to thessaloniki for pcos press etc maintaining a database of association market conferences taking place in greece conducting research and providing annual statistical information thessaloniki conference trade collaboration with local authorities and organizations collaboration with national and international associations and organizations of the conference and incentive marketcvb was the first organization to supply the icca with information about conference activity in thessaloniki recording annual figures for local national and international conferences held in the town thessaloniki ranked among the most popular conference destinations in the world according to figures issued by icca in the city was ranked th in the world tables hosting conferences including international conferences participation international associations the tcvb was an active member of international congress and convention association icca destination marketing association international dmai meetings professional international mpi society of incentive travel executivesitecm european cities marketing skal international tcvb was the first convention visitors bureau toperate in greece thus pioneering cvb operations andestination marketing for conferences in greece the bureau contributed to the increase of conferences taking place in thessaloniki during the period the total number of conferences held in the town increased from in to in the bureau supported many campaigns of significant importance for the greek conference market including the creation of a national convention bureau the funding of a national campaign for the promotion of conference tourism in greece the development of statistic information related to the conference market on a nationalevel and the official certification of greek professional congress organizers throughout its existence the bureau assisted in organizing numerous conferences held in thessalonikincluding actrims ectrims the st congress of theuropean committee for treatment and research in multiple sclerosis and the th annual meeting of the americas committee for treatment and research in multiple sclerosis held in ioannis vellidis congress center helexpo from september toctober these were twof the largest conferences held in thessaloniki with over participants each the bureau provided support and assistance at varioustages of the conference bidding and planning process the th world conference of the international society for music education isme was held in thessaloniki concert hall from july to july attracting participants from around the world the bureau contributed to the successful bid for this conference and assisted in the conference planning in tcvb received the prestigious award of thellenic association of professional congress organizers hapco in tcvb president vassilios brovas was awarded the site greece imic award of excellence for his outstanding contribution to thestablishment of thessaloniki as a conference and incentive destination and for his commitmento the development of business tourism in greece in an attempto raise funds for its activities the bureau agreed to merge withessaloniki tourism organization tto in spring its office was relocated to tto premises but even though this relocation enabled the bureau to minimize operational costs the office atto remained inactive allegedly through inefficient bureaucracy in a new non profit company bearing no relation to tcvb called thessaloniki convention bureau tcb was established with yiannis aslanis at its head externalinks category tourism 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first bureau operated greece founded thessaloniki hotel association operated nonprofit organization active main goal tcvb establish city thessaloniki internationally recognized conference city popular_destination incentive travel membership supporters although initially founded amendment laws allowed types companies thessaloniki join members play active role strategy operation bureau members drawn city conference trade including congress organizers public relation systems travel tourist agencies caterers restaurateurs bodies city granted honorary membership contributing success bureau tcvb operated auspices ministry tourism ministry national_tourism_organization region central macedonia prefecture office municipality also enjoyed support thessaloniki tourism_organization university thessaloniki thessaloniki traders association thessaloniki port authority president director helena board directors president board directors general_assembly board included representatives hotel tourism_industry thessaloniki well regional governments local companies organizations tcvb services provided non_profit basis activities included marketing thessaloniki conference destination creation marketing material line media relations providing information promotional material bidding assistance associations companies conference organizers participation international conference incentive market etc organizing educational networking events organizing inspection trips thessaloniki press etc maintaining database association market conferences taking_place greece conducting research providing annual statistical information thessaloniki conference trade collaboration local_authorities organizations collaboration national international_associations organizations conference incentive first organization supply icca information conference activity thessaloniki recording annual figures local national international conferences held town thessaloniki ranked among popular conference destinations world according figures issued icca city ranked th world tables hosting conferences including international conferences participation international_associations tcvb active member international congress convention association icca destination_marketing association_international dmai meetings professional international society incentive travel european cities marketing international tcvb first convention_visitors_bureau toperate greece thus pioneering cvb operations andestination marketing conferences greece bureau contributed increase conferences taking_place thessaloniki period total number conferences held town increased bureau supported many campaigns significant importance greek conference market including creation national convention_bureau funding national campaign promotion conference tourism greece development information related conference market official certification greek professional congress organizers throughout existence bureau assisted organizing numerous conferences held st congress theuropean committee treatment research multiple sclerosis th_annual meeting americas committee treatment research multiple sclerosis held congress center september toctober twof largest conferences held thessaloniki participants bureau provided support assistance conference bidding planning process th world conference international society music education held thessaloniki concert hall july july attracting participants around world bureau contributed successful bid conference assisted conference planning tcvb received prestigious award association professional congress organizers tcvb president awarded site greece award excellence outstanding contribution thestablishment thessaloniki conference incentive destination commitmento development business_tourism greece attempto raise funds activities bureau agreed merge tourism_organization spring office relocated premises even_though enabled bureau minimize operational costs office remained allegedly new non_profit company bearing relation tcvb called thessaloniki convention_bureau established head externalinks_category_tourism agencies"},{"title":"This Month in Taiwan","description":"this month in taiwan founded by e kirk henderson and first published in is the most widely distributed tourismagazine in taiwan with annual estimated circulation of copies the publishers authorizes advertisers or their agents to physically count and verify the quantity of magazines published at its printing plant at any time this month in taiwan is distributed free of charge and available at leading hotels in taiwan as well as in airports clubs government offices and other tourism related locations common topics covered by the magazine include tourist attraction s maps hotelists nightlife in taipei art and culture dining associations and clubs tourism offices public transportation schedules externalinks official website category establishments in taiwan category free magazines category magazinestablished 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founded e kirk henderson first_published widely distributed tourismagazine taiwan annual estimated circulation copies publishers advertisers agents physically count verify quantity magazines_published printing plant time month taiwan distributed free charge available leading hotels taiwan well airports clubs government offices tourism_related locations common topics covered magazine include tourist_attraction maps nightlife taipei art culture dining associations clubs tourism offices public_transportation schedules externalinks_official_website_category_establishments taiwan category_free_magazines category_magazinestablished category monthly_magazines_category taiwanese magazines_category tourismagazines"},{"title":"Thomas Cook European Timetable","description":"as cook s continental time tables finaldate finalnumber company european rail timetable ltd thomas cook group thomas cook publishing and predecessor thomas cook and son thomas cook son ltd country united kingdom based oundle northamptonshire languagenglish languagenglish with page introduction in four other languages websiteuropean rail timetable issn oclc file cook s timetable coverjpg thumb right upright cover of the december edition theuropean rail timetable more commonly known by its former names the thomas cook european timetable the thomas cook continental timetable or simply cook s timetable is an international public transportimetable timetable of passengerail transport rail schedules for every country in europe along with a small amount of such content from areas outsideurope it also includes regularly scheduled passenger shipping services and a few coach scheduled transport intercity bus coach services on routes where rail services are not operated except during world war iit has been in continuous publication since until it was published by thomas cook group thomas cook publishing in the united kingdom and since has been issued monthly the longstanding inclusion of continental in the title reflected the facthat coverage was for manyears mostly limited to continental europe information rail services in great britain was limited tonly about pages out of about plus pages until and then omitted entirely until june marked the th edition although minor changes to the publication s title have been made over the years every version included continental rather than european from through except for a brief period when the coverage was expanded to worldwide and the name became the thomas cook international timetable fromost non european content was moved into a new publicationamed the thomas cook overseas timetable rail was added to the title only relatively recently in making ithe thomas cook european rail timetable but its coverage continued to include some non rail content such as passenger shipping and ferry timetables the timetable has been recommended by several editors of guide book travel guide books for europe one of whom described it as the most revered and accurate railway reference in existence on july thomas cook announced that it would cease publishing the timetable and all of its other publications in accordance with a decision to close the company s publishing business altogether the final thomas cook edition of the timetable was published in august however athend of october it was announced that publication would resume independent of thomas cook group in february as a result of agreements that had been reached allowing the formation of a new company for that purposeuropean rail timetable limited the new company is owned by john potter who was a member of the former editorial staff the new version does not include thomas cook in its title the first issue compiled by the new company was published in march withe publication title now being european rail timetable history and overview the idea thathomas cook son should publish a compendium of railway and steamship timetables for continental europe was proposed by cook employee john bredall and approved by john mason cook son of company founder thomas cook the first issue was published in march under the title cook s continental time tables tourist s handbook the first editing editor partime only was john bredall the title was later altered to cook s continental time tables tourist s handbook and steamship tables publication was quarterly until the beginning of and monthly thereafter except for a break during world war ii publication has continued to be monthly ever since the timetable has only had six editor in chief editors in chief in its history john bredall was followed in by c h davies later editors were h v francis john h price then managing editor until john price obituary of tramways urban transit magazine december p ian allan publishing brendan h fox and john potter since so as to remain sufficiently compacthat it can beasily carried by a railway traveller the timetable does not show every scheduled train and every line for each country but shows all major lines and most minor lines it has always been a paperback softcover book world war i did not interrupt publication but emphasis during the war washifted more to shipping services the result of disruption of rail service in several countries during world war ii however the timetable s publication wasuspended the last prewar issue being that of august publication resumed in cook s chief competitor bradshaw s railway guide bradshaw s continental railway guide also ceased publication in but did not resume after the war a bradshaw guide covering justhe united kingdom survived until this improved the potential for significant increase in sales of the cook s timetable in the postwar period and thomas cook began toffer it in the form of a monthly subscription in addition to selling individual copies title changes from january the title was altered slightly to cook s continental time table the apostrophe was dropped in and time table also became one word subsequent name changes were made as follows thomas cook continental timetable mid through thomas cook international timetable thomas cook continental timetable thomas cook european timetable thomas cook european rail timetable issn unchanged european rail timetable the international name washort lived as the non european contenthat had prompted the adoption of that name was moved into a new publication athe beginning of the thomas cook overseas timetable the continental timetable became theuropean timetable in january although rail was added to the title in the timetable continues to include principal passenger shipping services and a few coach intercity buservices as before and its issn did not change in content and format changes coverage of great britain the united kingdom was originally very limited and in the period it was excluded altogether bradshaw s railway guide had been publishing railway timetables for britain since and continued to do so until british rail was publishing its own timetable book so even after bradshaw s ceased publication cook s timetable continued to cover only the continent however by thend of that decade thomas cook publishing hadecided it would be worthwhile to include in its timetable a section covering the principal british services and pages of tables were added for this purpose in following thexample of some of the national railway companies on the continent starting with italy in the use of a hour clock for train arrival andeparture times was adopted by cook s timetable in december it was the firstimetable book in britain to adopthis practice although railway timetables have always been its predominant contenthe cook s timetable included a substantial amount of other information during the first decades of the th century the august edition for example devoted of its pages to general travel information and regularly scheduled passenger shipping routes took pages in later decades content other than railway timetables has continued to be included but on a smaller scale shipping services consumed only about pages in cooks continental timetable february issue and general travel information consumed about pages after the post waresumption of publication file cook s timetable various covers jpg thumb right px several continental european timetable covers along with one overseas timetable cover a graphic of a hour clock was part of the cover design from december through the final thomas cook iteration is at loweright a longstanding regular inclusion was a section giving passport and visa document visa requirements for each european country as applicable to travellers from different countries taking about pages other longtime regular features included a summary of baggage and customs regulations for each country information foreign currency currencies and a table giving the annual rainfall and average monthly high and low temperatures for each of about european citiesvarious issues cook s continental timetable and thomas cook european timetable some of these features although included in the timetable for more than a century were scaled back in the s or s after such information became available in greater detail on the internet or because of the simplification of border control and currencies under theuropean union added in about was a briefive language glossary of words often used by railway travellers a one page list of scenic rail routes is anotheregular inclusion included since at least is a multi page section with small maps of several cities that have more than one train station showing the locations of the principal railines and stations and also showing rapid transit metror tram lines connecting stations where available to help travellers who need to go between stations to continue their journeys the number of cities covered by thisection has varied over time between about and among the changes implemented in the immediate post war period was thatimetables were numbered by route previously tables had been simply headed by the names of the major citieserved by the route numbering of timetables is a common practice now initially the maps for each country oregion remained unaltered not showing the timetable numbers this changed withe issue of may which introduced a set of new index maps in place of maps previously included all drawn in a new style showing only the railway lines covered by the timetable and with individual timetable numbers marked for each line on the mapsprice j h may stopress regular section summarising significant changes in each issue mostly to transport services new maps cook s continental timetable may june issue p thomas cook and son thomas cook son ltd sections in which timetables for certain types of long distance services are grouped are another longtime regular feature with a section motorail car sleeper train s and one covering major lists of named passenger trains named international trains after the launch of the trans europ express trans europexpress tee network a section covering justee trains was addedesignated table and this table was changed to a eurocity table when ecs replaced most of then remaining tee services athe start of the railwaysummer timetable period on may thomas cook continental timetable may issue pp and the february through may editions include a section athe back of the issue giving planned schedules for the forthcoming summer timetable period on mainternational routes for the benefit of persons doing advance planning of a summer travel itinerary subjecto the railway companies of the various countries providing the information sufficiently far enough ahead of time for thisupplement similarly the october and november editions include a supplement showing the planned winter schedules on majoroutes for the railway operators winter timetable period this practice of including advance summer and winter supplements in cook s timetable in the months before thoseasonal changes took effect started in around listings began to use local place name spellings instead of anglicisation anglicised versions for some but not yet all cities for which an english languagenglish spelling existed for example the hague became and munich became this change was made in steps not all at once it was applied to all italian citiesuch as and with effect from the may editionprice j h march editorial cooks continental timetable march april issue p by mid the transition to local place name spellings throughouthe book had been completedistances between stationshown in each route s timetable werexpressed in miles until the s but were changed to kilometres in price j h july editorial thomas cook continental timetable july issue p the timetable s page size from was thomas cook european timetable april issue p but was increased to withe post waresumption and there have been only small changes to thisubsequently the timetable currently measures the number of pages per issue varies from issue to issue mainly seasonally and has varied over time from the s to thearly s the size of one issue usually varied between about and pages while since the mid s it has varied between about and pages for more than years the cover of the cooks continental or european timetable was orange ored orange in colour but with effect from the october issue it was changed to blue fox brendan ed october our new look thomas cook european rail timetable p matching the colour used for thomas cook s overseas timetable in publication since when publication was taken over by a new publisher in what is now theuropean rail timetable returned to using red orange for the cover colour in some years a portion of the cover space wasold for an advertising advertisement including from the s through and from through since the cover does not carry advertising and in the final years of publication by thomas cook instead featured a monochrome photography monochrome photograph changed with each issue of a train of one of the railways of europe in theuropean timetable started to include a route of the month article in each monthly edition it features narrative travel writing describing a particular european rail journey usually with cross reference to particular table numbers in the timetable section of the book the legacy publication independently published since march and now titled european rail timetable continues to carry a route of the month in every issue from early the route of the month was complemented by a second piece of narrative writing in every issue this additional feature gives tips of travel planning and ticketing and runs under the title tip of the month non european coverage although coverage was mainly limited to continental europe by at leasthe s a few pages were devoted to majoroutes in other areas mostly adjacento europe for example in the february issue of its total of pages were given to railway timetables for the ussr and far easturkey and all countries in the middleast and north africa that had any scheduled train service cooks continental timetable february issue non european coverage was expanded in the schedules for amtrak in the united states were added in after amtrak hired thomas cook son ltd as a sales agent and paid to have itschedules included in the timetable by canadianational railway canadianational service had also been added however altogether the us and canadian section still took up only pages in a page book a more substantial change was implemented early in when coverage was expanded to world wide and the title was changed from the thomas cook continental timetable to the thomas cook international timetable the new information for non european countries was much more condensed than that for europe buthe change still added pages to the publication the monthly print run exceeded in summer in january the non european content was taken back outo be included instead in a new bi monthly publication entitled the thomas cook overseas timetable which averaged about pages and included much more coach scheduled transport intercity bus coach services in countries where intercity rail service was very limited or non existent withis change the main timetable book reverted to the name thomas cook continental timetable the overseas timetable was published for years but ceased publication athend of starting in thearly s quarterly editions of theuropean timetable have also been published sub titled the independentraveller s editions and containing additional pages of travel information the frequency of these was latereduced to twice per year for the summer and winter periods only theseditions are intended mainly for sale at book shops and each one is given a distinct isbn in addition to the issn of the series title they have a full colour photograph on the cover as compared to the monochrome photography monochrome photon the cover of the regular european timetable in august about eight months after the overseas timetable ceased publication a new section called beyond europe was added to theuropean timetable thisection appears in every issue but rotates among six different regions of the world outsideurope with each area being included only twice per year six months apart foreign languageditions a japanese language japanesedition of theuropean timetable was introduced in published twice a year named the spring and summer editions and printed by a different company under a license licensing agreement withomas cook publishing the frequency later increased to quarterly buthen reverted to bi annually the tables of train times aressentially unmodified buthe general information sections and the introductory paragraphs athe start of each section are translated into japanese from to a monthly german languagerman languagedition was published and this was producedirectly by thomas cook publishing under an agreement with german railways and titled unlike the japanese version this edition differed only slightly from the regular english thomas cook european timetable with a brief german introduction and a different cover design users and buyers of the timetable have included independentravellers both tourism tourist and business travellers travel agency travel agent s bookselling book shop s libraries and railfan railway enthusiast s the timetable has been suggested as a useful reference by travel writers in various media such as the new york times and by many noted guide book travel guide writers fodor s has recommended cook s timetable for travellers to europe who wanto be really knowledgeable aboutrain times in europe whilet s go travel guides has called ithe ultimate reference forail travellers on the continent in europe through the back doorick steves wrote thathe thomas cook european timetable is worth considering by any rail travellers who prefer a book format over internet sources when planning or taking a trip guide book editor stephen birnbaum described the timetable in as a weighty andetailed compendium of europeanational and international rail 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title reflected facthat coverage manyears mostly limited continental_europe information rail services great_britain limited tonly pages plus pages entirely june marked th_edition although minor changes publication title made years every version included continental rather european except brief period coverage expanded worldwide name became thomas_cook international timetable non european content moved new thomas_cook overseas timetable rail added title relatively recently making_ithe thomas_cook_european rail_timetable coverage continued include non rail content passenger shipping ferry timetables timetable recommended several editors guide_book travel_guide_books europe one described accurate railway reference existence july thomas_cook announced would cease publishing timetable publications accordance decision close company publishing business altogether final thomas_cook edition timetable published august however athend october announced publication would resume independent thomas_cook group february result agreements reached allowing formation new_company rail_timetable limited new_company owned john potter member former editorial staff new version include thomas_cook title first_issue compiled new_company published march withe publication title european rail_timetable history overview idea cook_son publish railway steamship timetables continental_europe proposed cook employee john approved john mason cook_son company founder thomas_cook first_issue published march title cook_continental time tables tourist handbook first editing editor partime john title later altered cook_continental time tables tourist handbook steamship tables publication quarterly beginning monthly thereafter except break world_war ii publication continued monthly ever since timetable six editor chief editors chief history john_followed c h davies later editors h v francis john h price managing_editor john price obituary urban transit magazine december p ian allan publishing brendan h fox john potter since remain sufficiently beasily carried railway traveller timetable show every scheduled train every line country shows major lines minor lines always book world_war publication emphasis war shipping services result disruption rail service several countries world_war ii however timetable publication wasuspended last issue august publication resumed cook chief competitor bradshaw railway guide bradshaw continental railway guide also ceased publication resume war bradshaw guide covering justhe united_kingdom survived improved potential significant increase sales cook timetable postwar period thomas_cook began toffer form monthly subscription addition selling individual copies title changes january title altered slightly cook_continental time table dropped time table also_became one word subsequent name changes made follows thomas_cook continental_timetable mid_thomas cook international timetable thomas_cook continental_timetable thomas_cook_european_timetable thomas_cook_european rail_timetable issn unchanged european rail_timetable international name lived non european prompted adoption name moved new publication athe_beginning thomas_cook overseas timetable continental_timetable became theuropean timetable january although rail added title timetable continues include principal passenger shipping services coach intercity issn change content format changes coverage great_britain united_kingdom originally limited period excluded altogether bradshaw railway guide publishing railway timetables britain since continued british rail publishing timetable book even bradshaw ceased publication cook timetable continued cover continent however thend decade thomas_cook publishing would include timetable section covering principal british services pages tables added purpose following thexample national railway companies continent starting italy use hour clock train arrival times adopted cook timetable december book britain practice although railway timetables always cook timetable included substantial amount information first_decades th_century august edition example devoted pages general travel_information regularly scheduled passenger shipping routes took pages later decades content railway timetables continued included smaller scale shipping services consumed pages cooks continental_timetable february issue general travel_information consumed pages post publication file cook timetable various covers jpg thumb right px several continental_european_timetable covers along one overseas timetable cover graphic hour clock part cover design december final thomas_cook iteration regular inclusion section giving passport visa document visa requirements european country applicable travellers different_countries taking pages longtime regular features included summary baggage customs regulations country information foreign currency currencies table giving annual rainfall average monthly high low temperatures european issues cook_continental_timetable thomas_cook_european_timetable features although included timetable century scaled back information became available greater detail internet border control currencies theuropean_union added language glossary words often_used railway travellers one page list scenic rail routes inclusion included since least multi page section small maps several cities one train station showing locations principal stations also showing rapid transit tram lines connecting stations available help travellers need go stations continue journeys number cities covered thisection varied time among changes implemented immediate post_war period numbered route previously tables simply headed names major route numbering timetables common_practice initially maps country oregion remained showing timetable numbers changed withe issue may introduced set new index maps place maps previously included drawn new style showing railway lines covered timetable individual timetable numbers marked line j h may regular section significant changes issue mostly transport services new maps cook_continental_timetable may june issue p thomas_cook_son thomas_cook_son ltd sections timetables certain types long_distance services grouped another longtime regular feature section car train one covering major lists named passenger trains named international trains launch trans europ express trans tee network section covering trains table table changed table replaced remaining tee services athe_start timetable period may thomas_cook continental_timetable may issue pp february may editions include section athe back issue giving planned schedules summer timetable period routes benefit persons advance planning summer travel itinerary subjecto railway companies various_countries providing information sufficiently far enough ahead time similarly october november editions include supplement showing planned winter schedules railway operators winter timetable period practice including advance summer winter supplements cook timetable months changes took effect started around listings began use local place name spellings instead versions yet cities english_languagenglish spelling existed example hague became munich became change made steps applied italian citiesuch effect may j h march editorial cooks continental_timetable march april issue p mid transition local place name spellings throughouthe book route timetable miles changed kilometres price j h july editorial thomas_cook continental_timetable july issue p timetable page size thomas_cook_european_timetable april issue p increased withe post small changes timetable currently measures number pages per issue varies issue issue mainly seasonally varied time thearly size one issue usually varied pages since mid varied pages years cover cooks continental_european_timetable orange ored orange colour effect october issue changed blue fox brendan ed october new look thomas_cook_european rail_timetable p matching colour used thomas_cook overseas timetable publication since publication taken new publisher theuropean rail_timetable returned using red orange cover colour years portion cover space wasold advertising advertisement including since cover carry advertising final years publication thomas_cook instead featured monochrome photography monochrome photograph changed issue train one railways europe theuropean timetable started include route month article monthly edition features narrative travel_writing describing particular european rail journey usually cross reference particular table numbers timetable section book legacy publication independently published since march titled european rail_timetable continues carry route month every issue early route month second piece narrative writing every issue additional feature gives tips travel planning ticketing runs title tip month non european coverage although coverage mainly limited continental_europe leasthe pages devoted areas mostly adjacento europe example february issue total pages given railway timetables ussr far countries middleast north africa scheduled train service cooks continental_timetable february issue non european coverage expanded schedules united_states added hired thomas_cook_son ltd sales agent paid included timetable canadianational railway canadianational service also added however altogether us canadian section still took pages page book substantial change implemented early coverage expanded world wide title changed thomas_cook continental_timetable thomas_cook international timetable new information non european_countries much condensed europe buthe change still added pages publication monthly print run exceeded summer january non european content taken back outo included instead new monthly publication entitled thomas_cook overseas timetable averaged pages included much coach scheduled transport intercity bus coach services countries intercity rail service limited non existent withis change main timetable book reverted name thomas_cook continental_timetable overseas timetable published years ceased publication athend starting thearly quarterly editions theuropean timetable also_published sub titled editions containing additional pages travel_information frequency twice per_year summer winter periods intended mainly sale book shops one given distinct isbn addition issn series title full colour photograph cover compared monochrome photography monochrome cover regular european_timetable august eight months overseas timetable ceased publication new section called beyond europe added theuropean timetable thisection appears every issue among six different regions world area included twice per_year six months apart foreign japanese language theuropean timetable introduced published twice year named spring summer editions printed different company license licensing agreement cook publishing frequency later increased quarterly buthen reverted annually tables train times aressentially buthe general information sections introductory athe_start section translated japanese monthly german_languagerman published thomas_cook publishing agreement german railways titled unlike japanese version edition slightly regular english thomas_cook_european_timetable brief german introduction different cover design users buyers timetable included tourism tourist business_travellers travel_agency travel_agent book shop libraries railway enthusiast timetable suggested useful reference travel_writers various media new_york times many noted guide_book travel_guide writers fodor recommended cook timetable travellers europe wanto really knowledgeable times europe go_travel_guides called ithe ultimate reference travellers continent europe back steves wrote thathe thomas_cook_european_timetable worth considering rail travellers prefer book format internet sources planning taking trip guide_book editor stephen described timetable andetailed international rail services accurate railway reference existence also recommended travel_website man seat sixty one writer different genre british novelist malcolm listed thomas_cook_european_timetable one favourite travel_related reads suggested would appeal nostalgic romanticism romance railway travel see_also rail_transport europe official guide railways list railroad related periodicals cook travellers handbooks externalinks_category transport category rail_transport europe_category rail_transport publications category ferry transport category_publications_established category_travel_guide_books"},{"title":"Thomas Cook Travel Book Award","description":"the thomas cook travel book award originated as an initiative of thomas cook ag in withe aim of encouraging and rewarding the art of literary travel writing the awardstopped in being the last year an award was given as of the only other travel book award in britain is the dolman bestravel book award begun in dolman bestravel book award michael kerr via the telegraph july source richard grant writerichard grant ghost riders travels with americanomads jenny diski stranger on a train daydreaming and smoking around america with interruptions ma jian writer ma jian redust a pathrough china stanley stewart in thempire of genghis khan amazing odyssey through the lands of the most feared conquerors in history jason elliot an unexpected lightravels in afghanistan philip marsden the spirit wrestlers a russian journey timackintosh smith yemen travels in dictionary land nicholas crane clear waters rising a mountain walk across europe stanley stewart frontiers of heaven a journey to thend of china gavin bell in search of tusitala travels in the pacific afterobert louistevenson william dalrymple historian william dalrymple city of djinns nick cohn theart of the world norman lewis author norman lewis a goddess in the stones travels india co winners jonathan raban hunting mister heartbreak a discovery of america gavin young in search of conrad mark hudson author mark hudson our grandmothers drums paul theroux riding the iron rooster colin thubron behind the wall a journey through china patrick leigh fermor between the woods the water patrick marnham so far from god journey to central america geoffrey moorhouse to the frontier vikram seth from heaven lake travels through sinkiang and tibetim severin the sinbad voyage jonathan raban old glory an american voyage robyn davidson tracks externalinks category travel writing category british literary awards category non fiction literary awards category awards established in category establishments in the united kingdom category awards disestablished in category disestablishments in the united 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languagenglish_website time magazine_published time created london based publication expanded editorial recommendations cities worldwide across countries global monthly audience reach million across content distribution platforms including mobile website magazine events magazine became free publication weekly readership addition time london_website million unique users one_million page views per_day time global market presence includes partnerships mobile_apps ios android_operating_system android_operating_systems recipient international consumer magazine year_award renamed international consumer media brand year time started magazine created tony elliott publisher tony elliott used birthday money produce one sheet first product titled inspired dave album time album time outhe magazine initially counter culture publication took non issuesuch gay rights racial equality police harassment onexample early editorial stance london time published names england early issues print run around 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subscribers access digital edition magazine_time new following launch tony magazine_time new launched paid quarterly title available via subscription circulation time aviv time aviv hebrew isold week covering tel_aviv israel ventures addition magazines travel_books websites time started opening branded food hall starting withe time market lisbon portugal externalinks time global homepage outo cut staff uk us category_establishments united_kingdom category_british lifestyle_magazines_category british monthly_magazines_category british quarterly magazines_category british weekly magazines_category cultural magazines_category entertainment magazines_category london magazines_category_magazinestablished category_city_guides category_free_magazines"},{"title":"Titan Travel","description":"foundation founder irwin ferry hugh ferry location city redhill surrey location country united kingdom uk locations area served key people andy squirrell managing director lance batchelor chief executive industry travel productservices revenue operating income net income owner num employees parent saga plc divisionsubsid caption see the worldifferently homepage wwwtitantravelcouk footnotes intl titan travel is a united kingdom british travel company founded in by brothers hugh and irwin ferry the company operates from its head office in the uk in redhill surrey it is part of the saga plc saga group limited group of companies which is listed is listed on the london stock exchange and is a constituent of the ftse index in irwin ferry then the managing editor of a surrey newspaper set up titan travel under the name titan hitours withis brother hugh the new company was located in a small office in reigate surrey with a staff ofive people and initially only ran coach tours of the uk it expanded its operations during the s to include coach tours to a range of northern european destinations and it was during this time thatitan launched its pioneering vip home departure service offering door to door transport for all uk customers in titan hitours opened offices in redhill surrey redhill surrey and in the s introduced a collection of tours to the usand canada these regions quickly became titan s biggest sellers and have remained so to the present day the company moved to its current premises at crossoak lane in redhill in change of ownership in it was acquired by acromas holdings as a sister company of sagand the automobile association the aa titan hitours was re launched as titan travel in may it was announced that lance batchelor formerly head of domino s pizza would be taking the role of chief executive officer ceof the saga group ahead of a possible initial public offering ipo in may saga group wasuccessfully listed on the london stock exchange asaga plc titan has wonumerous industry accolades for its products and servicesince its inception the most recent awards are as follows british travel awards winner of gold silver and bronze awareds including best medium escorted tours holiday company best medium holiday company to central northern europe and best medium holiday company to the usa british travel awards wave awards winners of best escorted specialistour operator wave awards globe travel awards winners of best mainstream touring company globe travel awards british travel awards winners of gold silver and bronze awards including winners of best medium escorted tours holiday company best medium holiday company for customer service best medium coacholidays company and won the top award for best holiday transfer company british travel awards cruise international awards winners of best cruise agent cruise international awards british travel awards winners of gold silver and bronze awards including best medium escorted tours holiday company best medium coacholidays company and best medium holiday company to the united states usand canada british travel awards cruise international awards winners of best cruise product or service international awards 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part saga plc saga group limited group companies listed listed london stock exchange index irwin ferry managing_editor surrey newspaper set titan travel name titan withis brother hugh new_company located small office surrey staff ofive people initially ran coach tours uk expanded operations include coach tours range northern european destinations time launched pioneering vip home departure service offering door door transport uk customers titan opened offices redhill surrey redhill surrey introduced collection tours usand canada regions quickly became titan biggest sellers remained present_day company moved current premises lane redhill change ownership acquired holdings sister company automobile_association titan launched titan travel may announced lance formerly head domino pizza would taking role chief_executive_officer ceof saga group ahead possible initial public offering ipo may saga group wasuccessfully listed london stock exchange plc titan wonumerous industry accolades 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updates from home the brothers then aged and set about creating a weekly magazine to meethe needs of the hundreds of thousands of aussies kiwis and saffas who visit london south africans did not arrive in large numbers until the post apartheid era in thearly s the first edition had only pages but within several years this had increased to pages with a weekly print run of the uk version was the first magazine to reach readers via distribution bins in key areas across london it was also available from pubs hostels and travel agents then later from internet cafes the australiand new zealand versions followed the same distribution methods in the uk it is aimed at australians new zealanders and south africans living working and travelling in the uk though mostly in london in australia the magazine is aimed at british irish europeand increasingly north american travellers the magazine focuses on travel jobs accommodation plus news and sport from home and offers tips on living in london uk 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king based on the novel the lord of the rings by j r tolkien were shot in various locations throughout new zealand many of these locations have been preserved and altered to encourage the tourism that makes up a significant portion of the country s economy touristsometimes travel dressed as characters from the books or films indulging in what is known throughout fandom as cosplay avid fans traveling to both well known and obscure locations related to the lord of the rings areferred to as tolkien tourists inew zealand file matamata signjpg thumb right welcome to hobbiton matamata signew zealand is in a unique position to capitalize on itscenery tolkien tourist attention is less geared towards visiting new zealand s national parks and more focused on scenery that was used as back drops in movies for example mount olympus dramatic pillars of rock carved out by nature and time sits in kahurangi national park near nelson in a remote corner of the south island since it featured in the fellowship of the ring the first of the lord of the rings trilogy mount olympus has become a spot for tolkien tourists film nz the national film promotion board advertises that new zealand offers an english speaking largely nonunion work force along with a kaleidoscope of urband ruralandscapes experience new zealand home of middlearth urges tourism new zealand s web site the official site for new zealand travel business us editionew zealand reference outdated and once tourists gethere they are invited to find film locations around new zealand with a free middlearth map currently new zealand is negotiating with peter jackson and new line cinema the films producers to construct a permanent lord of the rings museum for some of the props and costumes nowarehoused inew zealand jan howard finder tour guide jan howard finder the science fiction writer has organized special hostel based tours of new zealand to see places filmed in lord of the rings lastfa web site discussion file tongariro nationalpark mount ruhapeujpg thumb right mount ngauruhoe served as mount doom in the movies economic effects the annual tourist influx to new zealand grew fromillion in to million in which some have attributed to be to a large degree due to the lord of the rings phenomenon of international visitors cited the film as a reason for traveling to the countryou can argue that lord of the rings was the best unpaid advertisementhat new zealand has ever had said bruce lahood united states and canadian regional manager for tourism new zealand an article published by the new york times contradicts lahood stating that new zealand subsidized the movie trilogy with million the hobbit filming many experts and new zealanders are hoping for a renewed tolkien effect because the hobbit film series the hobbit was also filmed inew zealand whether or nothis was vitally importanto new zealand s tourism industry was a big debating point during short lived fears that industrial disputes could make the film production occur outside of the country the government of new zealand also saw some criticism for increasing movie subsidies and creating laws tailored for us movie companiesolely out ofear of losing the production some have subsequently called the price million in further financial subsidies and specific laws made for the producers benefithat new zealand had to pay to retain the moviextortionate and argued thathe discussion had occurred in a climate of hyperbole and hysterian even higher price of at least million has also been cited south africand the united kingdom tolkien tourism has also existed to a lesser extent independent from the jackson movies most notable are the following destinations oxford united kingdom aside from the colleges where tolkien taughthe pubs he and the inklings frequented and his former homes the tolkien society organizes the oxonmoot in one of the collegeseptember each year in the centennial was also celebrated in oxford birmingham united kingdom in the tolkien society hosted tolkien at aston university in the city where tolkien lived and taught for manyears to celebrate the lord of the rings th anniversary bloemfontein free state south african province free state south africa tolkien was born in bloemfontein on january the bank of africa building site has been recovered a commemoration plaque used to be on the new building on the lot buthis was later moved elsewhere due to theft risk the grave of tolkien s father has been recovered and a new tombstonerected in addition the anglican church where tolkien was baptized still stands inclusive of the baptism fontolkien s father s last will and testament written in dutch can also be read at one of the municipal offices the national afrikaans literary museum also has a number of copies of smith of wootton major die smid van groot wootton the only book by tolkien translated in afrikaansee also the lord of the rings impact on popular culture impact on popular culture of the lord of the rings 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universe travelling sites ofilm book related significance especially notable inew_zealand site movie trilogy peter jackson credited raised annual tourism numbers lord rings film series three films lord rings fellowship ring lord rings two towers lord rings return king based novel lord rings j r tolkien shot various_locations throughout new_zealand many locations preserved altered encourage tourism makes significant portion country economy travel dressed characters books films known throughout cosplay avid fans traveling well_known obscure locations related lord rings areferred tolkien tourists inew_zealand file matamata signjpg thumb right welcome matamata zealand unique position capitalize tolkien tourist attention less geared_towards visiting new_zealand national_parks focused scenery used back drops movies example mount olympus dramatic pillars rock carved nature time sits national_park near nelson remote corner south island since featured fellowship ring first lord rings trilogy mount olympus become spot tolkien tourists film national_film promotion board advertises new_zealand offers english_speaking largely work force along urband experience new_zealand home middlearth tourism_new_zealand web_site official_site new_zealand travel business us zealand reference outdated tourists invited find film locations around new_zealand free middlearth map currently new_zealand negotiating peter jackson new line cinema films producers construct permanent lord rings museum props costumes inew_zealand jan howard finder tour_guide jan howard finder science_fiction writer organized special hostel based tours new_zealand see places filmed lord rings web_site discussion file mount thumb right mount served mount doom movies economic effects annual tourist influx new_zealand grew million attributed large degree due lord rings phenomenon international visitors cited film reason traveling argue lord rings best unpaid new_zealand ever said bruce united_states canadian regional manager tourism_new_zealand article published new_york times stating new_zealand subsidized movie trilogy million hobbit filming many experts new_zealanders hoping renewed tolkien effect hobbit film series hobbit also filmed inew_zealand whether importanto new_zealand tourism_industry big point short_lived fears industrial disputes could make film production occur outside country government new_zealand also saw criticism increasing movie subsidies creating laws tailored us movie ofear losing production subsequently called price million financial subsidies specific laws made producers new_zealand pay retain argued thathe discussion occurred climate even higher price least million also cited south_africand united_kingdom tolkien tourism_also existed lesser extent independent jackson movies notable following destinations oxford united_kingdom aside colleges tolkien pubs frequented former homes tolkien society organizes one_year centennial also celebrated oxford birmingham united_kingdom 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ancestor worship also involved a veneration of dead relatives with visitations to shrines and gravesites during the th century garden cemeteries began to appear that encouraged visitors to stay and visit in the cemetery famous among these is the p re lachaise cemetery in paris france which continues to invite tourists to visit and seelaborate memorials not only to the world famous buto lesser known individuals as well cemetery records have also been a way of verifyingenealogical data makingravestone rubbings was in practice for centuries as a way of providing this documentation and appreciating the carvings on the tombstones amongenealogistscouring cemeteries looking for the graves of dead ancestors is a common and longstanding practice with individuals often relying on limited and outdated information to find burial sites the appreciation of cemeteries has evolved along with science and technology the internet allows enthusiasts to visit cemeteries and in some cases the gravesites of 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skiers it closes for maintenance between mid march and mid may every two years the trail is maintained by the memphremagog regional county municipality with funds from adhering municipalities the trail was completely converted for touristic purposes after the removal of the railway tracks in however parts of it were already informally used by hikers for a decade prior topening the last quebecentral revenue freightrain to use the line was on december the last canadian pacific train a detour freight ran onovember wildlife and nature the trail is populated by hundreds of species and plants travelers oftencounter wildlife including tortoise s heron s beaver s grassnake s falcon s andeer more rarely depending on the seasone may also encounter occasional american black bear black bear s moose coyote s and red fox es trail connections to the southwest a minor trail follows chemin de north derby and terminates right across the border from north derby another trail starts inorth derby and 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guidebooks specialized studies known high standard detailed road maps italy published one italy region prestigious guidebooks guide noto confused withe michelin red guide cover italy highly detailed volumes printed bible paper also produces wide_variety guides italy fascist period red guides also extended cover italian colonies overseas territories also publishes translations oforeign french guide bleu see_also internazionale del touring_club italiano international atlas published furthereading circa externalinks_official site_category tourism_agencies category_tourism italy_category_establishments italy_category_travel_guide_books"},{"title":"Tourism","description":"file touristaking photographs and video at archaelogical sitejpg thumb a touristaking photographs and video at an archaeological site file urban backpackingjpg thumb upright backpacking travel backpacking tourists in vienna tourism is travel for pleasure or business also theory and practice of touring the business of attracting accommodating and entertaining tourists and the business of operating tours tourismay be international or within the traveller s country the world tourism organization defines tourismore generally in terms which go beyond the common perception of tourism as being limited to holiday activity only as people traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure business and other purposes tourism can be domestic or international and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a country s balance of payments today tourism is a major source of income for many countries and affects theconomy of bothe source and host countries in some cases being of vital importance website journalgeorgetownedu languagen us access date tourism suffered as a result of a strong economic slowdown of the late s recession between the second half of and thend of and the outbreak of the flu pandemic h n influenza virus but slowly recovered international tourism receipts the travel item in the balance of payments grew to trillion billion in corresponding to an increase in real versus nominal valueconomics real terms ofrom international tourist arrivalsurpassed the milestone of billion tourists globally for the firstime in emerging marketsuch as china russiand brazil had significantly increased their spending over the previous decade the itberlin is the world s leading tourism trade fair file vysok tatry r jpg thumb postcard of tourists in the high tatraslovakia the word tourist was used in and tourism in it is formed from the word tour which is derived from old english turian from old french torner from latin tornare to turn on a lathe which is itselfrom ancient greek tornos lathe significance of tourism file turist iguazu argentina latin americajpg thumb iguazu falls in misiones argentina it is one of the most popular destinations in latin america file ahlbeck strandk rbe jpg thumb strandkorb chairs on usedom island germany not only does the service sector grow thanks tourism but also local craft manufacturers like those producing the strandkorb retail ers the real estate development real estate sector and the general city marketing image of a location can benefit file drawienski park narodowy ruiny wegornijpg thumb drawa national park in poland famous for its canoe ing routes tourism is an important even vital source of income for many regions and countries its importance was recognized in the manila declaration world tourism of as an activity essential to the life of nations because of its direct effects on the social cultural educational and economic sectors of national societies and on their international relations tourism brings in large amounts of income into a local economy in the form of payment for goods and services needed by tourists accounting for of the world s trade of services and of overall export s of goods and services it also creates opportunities for employment in the tertiary sector of theconomy service sector of theconomy associated with tourism the service industries which benefit from tourism include transportation servicesuch as airline s cruise ship s and taxicab s hospitality service such as lodging accommodations including hotel s and resort s and entertainment venuesuch as amusement park s casino shopping mall s music venue s and theatre s this in addition to goods bought by tourists including souvenirs in the league of nations defined a foreign tourist asomeone traveling abroad for at leastwenty four hours itsuccessor the united nations amended this definition in by including a maximum stay of six months in hunziker and kraft defined tourism as the sum of the phenomenand relationships arising from the travel and stay of non residents insofar as they do not lead to permanent residency permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity in the tourism society of england s definition was tourism is the temporary shortermovement of people tourist destinations outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination it includes movements for all purposes in the international association of scientific experts in tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activities chosen and undertaken outside the home in the united nations identified three forms of tourism in its recommendations on tourism statistics domestic tourism involving residents of the given country traveling only within this country inbound tourism involving non residents traveling in the given country outbound tourism involving residents traveling in another country the terms tourism and travel are sometimes used interchangeably in this contextravel has a similar definition tourism but implies a more purposeful journey the terms tourism and tourist are sometimes used pejoratively to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited by contrastraveler is often used as a sign of distinction the sociology of tourism hastudied the cultural values underpinning these distinctions and their implications for class relations world tourism statistics and rankings total volume of cross border touristravel international tourist arrivals reached billion in up from over million in and million in and international travel behavior travel demand continued to recover from the losses resulting from the late s recession where tourism suffered a strong slowdown from the second half of through thend of after a increase in the first half of growth international tourist arrivals moved into negative territory in the second half of and ended up only for the year compared to a increase in the negative trend intensifieduring exacerbated in some countries due to the outbreak of the flu pandemic h n influenza virus resulting in a worldwidecline of in to million international tourists arrivals and a decline international tourism receipts world s top tourism destinations the world tourism organization reports the following ten destinations as the most visited in terms of the number of international travelers in class wikitable sortable style margin em auto em auto rank country world tourism organization unwto united nations geoscheme region international tourist arrivals align center align left europe million align center align left north america million align center align left europe million align center align left asia million align center align left europe million align center align left europe million align center align left europe million align center align left europe and asia million align center align left asia million align center align left europe million international tourism receipts international tourism receipts grew to trillion in corresponding to an increase in real terms ofrom the world tourism organization reports the following entities as the top ten tourism earners for the year class wikitable sortable style margin em auto em auto rank country area world tourism organization unwto united nations geoscheme region internationaltourismreceipts align center align left north america billion align center align left asia billion align center align left europe billion align center align left europe billion align center align left europe billion align center align left asia billion align center align left europe billion align center align left europe billion align center align left asia billion align center align left asia billion international tourism expenditure the world tourism organization reports the following countries as the ten biggest spenders on international tourism for the year class wikitable sortable style margin em auto em auto rank country world tourism organization unwto united nations geoscheme region international tourism expenditure align center align left asia billion align center align left north america billion align center align left europe billion align center align left europe billion align center align left europe billion align center align left europe billion align center align left north america billion align center align left asia billion align center align left europe billion align center align left oceania billion align center mastercard global destination cities index based upon air traffic the mastercard global destination cities index rates the following as the world s ten most popular cities for international tourism class wikitable sortable style margin em auto em auto rank city country international tourist arrivals align center align left bangkok align left million align center align left london align left million align center align left paris align left million align center align left dubai align left million align center align left new york city align left million align center align left downtown core singapore align left million align center align left kuala lumpur align left million align center align left istanbul align left million align center align leftokyo align left million align center align left seoul align left million align center class wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed style margin em auto em auto rank city country international tourist arrivals align center align left london align left million align center align left bangkok align left million align center align left paris align left million align center align left dubai align left million align center align left istanbul align left million align center align left new york city align left million align center align left downtown core singapore align left million align center align left kuala lumpur align left million align center align left seoul align left million align center align left hong kong align left million align center mastercard rates the following cities as the world s ten biggest earners from international tourism in class wikitable sortable style margin em auto em auto rank city country international touristspending align center align left london align left billion align center align left new york city align left billion align center align left paris align left billion align center align left seoul align left billion align center align left downtown core singapore align left billion align center align left barcelonalign left billion align center align left bangkok align left billion align center align left kuala lumpur align left billion align center align left dubai align left billion align center align left istanbul align left billion align center euromonitor international top city destinations ranking euromonitor international rated these the world s cities most visited by international tourists in january class wikitable sortable style margin em auto em auto rank city country international tourist arrivals align center align left hong kong align left million align center align left singapore align left million align center align left bangkok align left million align center align left london align left million align center align left paris align left million align center align left macau align left million align center align left new york city align left million align center align left shenzhen align left million align center align left kuala lumpur align left million align center align left antalyalign left million align center file a tour guide to the famous places of the capital from akizato rito s miyako meisho zue jpg thumb a japanese tourist consulting a tour guide and a guide book from akizato rit s miyako meisho zue travel outside a person s local area for leisure was largely confined to wealthy classes who atimes travelled to distant parts of the world to see great buildings and works of art multilingualism learnew languages experience new cultures and to taste different cuisine s as early ashulgi however kings praised themselves for protecting roads and building waystations for travelers during the roman republic spa s and coastal resortsuch as baiae were popular among the rich pausanias geographer pausanias wrote his description of greece in the nd century ad in ancient china noblesometimes made a point of visiting mountai and on occasion all five sacred mountains middle ages by the middle ages christian pilgrimage christianity buddhist pilgrimage buddhism and islam all had traditions of pilgrimage that motivated even the lower classes to undertake distant journeys for health or spiritual improvement seeing the sights along the way the islamic hajj istill central to its faith and chaucer s canterbury tales and wu cheng en s journey to the west remain classics of english literaturenglish and chinese literature the th to th century song dynasty also saw secular traveliterature travel writersuch asu shi th century and fan chengda th century become popular in china under the ming dynasty ming xu xiake continued the practicehargett jamesome preliminary remarks on the travel records of the song dynasty in chinese literaturessays articles reviews in medieval italy francesco petrarch also wrote an allegorical account of his ascent of mount ventoux that praised the act of traveling and criticized frigida incuriositas cold lack of curiosity the duke of burgundy burgundian poet later composed his own horrified recollections of a trip through the jura mountains grand tour image willem van haecht w adys aw vasajpg thumb prince ladislausigismund of poland visitingallery of cornelis van der geest in brussels in modern tourism can be traced to what was known as the grand tour which was a traditional trip around europespecially germany and italy undertaken by mainly upper class upper class european young men of means mainly from western and northern european countries in young prince of poland w adys aw ivasa ladislausigismund vasa theldest son and heir of sigismund iii vasa sigismund iii embarked for a journey across europe as was inorm sociology custom among polish nobility he travelled through territories of today s germany belgium netherlands where he admired the siege of breda siege of breda by spanish forces france switzerland to italy austriand czech republiczechia it was an educational journey and one of the outcomes was introduction of polish opera italian opera in the polish lithuanian commonwealthe oxford illustrated history of opera ed roger parker chapter on central and eastern european opera by john warrack p the viking opera guided amanda holden articles on polish composers p the custom flourished from about until the advent of large scale rail transport rail transit in the s and generally followed a standard travel itinerary it was an educational opportunity and rite of passage though primarily associated withe british nobility and wealthy landed gentry similar trips were made by wealthyoung men of protestantism protestant northern europe anations on the continental europe continent and from the second half of the th century some south american us and other overseas youth joined in the tradition was extended to include more of the middle class afterail and steamship travel made the journey easier and thomas cook son thomas cook made the cook s tour a byword the grand tour became a real statusymbol for upper classtudents in the th and th centuries in this period johann joachim winckelmann s theories abouthe supremacy of classiculture became very popular and appreciated in theuropean academic world artists writers and travellersuch as goethe affirmed the supremacy of classic art of which italy france and greece providexcellent examples for these reasons the grand tour s main destinations were to those centres where upper classtudents could find rarexamples of classic art and history the new york times recently described the grand tour in this way the primary value of the grand tour it was believed laid in thexposure both to the culturalegacy of classical antiquity and the renaissance and to the aristocratic and fashionably polite society of theuropean continent emergence of leisure travel file carl spitzweg jpg thumb englishman in the roman campagna by carl spitzweg c leisure travel wassociated withe industrial revolution in the united kingdom the first european country to promote leisure time to the increasing industrial population initially this applied to the owners of the machinery of production theconomic oligarchy factory owners and traders these comprised the new middle class cox kings was the first official travel company to be formed in the british origin of this new industry is reflected in many place names inice france one of the first and bestablished holiday resorts on the french riviera the long esplanade along the seafront is known to this day as the promenades anglais in many other historic resorts in continental europe old well established palace hotels have names like the hotel bristol hotel carlton or hotel majestic reflecting the dominance of england english customers image thomas cook building leicester panelsjpg thumb panels from the thomas cook building in leicester displaying excursions offered by thomas cook fileicesterail station geographorguk jpg lefthumb leicesterailway station built in to replace largely on the same site leicester campbell street railway station campbell street station the origin for many of cook s early tours a pioneer of the travel agency business thomas cook s idea toffer excursions came to him while waiting for the stagecoach on the london road at kibworth withe opening of thextended midland counties railway he arranged to take a group of temperance movementemperance campaigners from leicester campbell street railway station campbell street station to a rally in loughborough eleven miles km away on july thomas cook arranged for the rail company to charge one shilling person this included rail tickets and food for the journey cook was paid a share of the fares charged to the passengers as the railway tickets being legal contracts between company and passenger could not have been issued at his own price this was the first privately chartered excursion train to be advertised to the general publicook himself acknowledged thathere had been previous unadvertised privatexcursion trainsingle r thomas cook of leicester bangor headstart history during the following three summers he planned and conducted outings for temperance societies and sunday school children in the midland counties railway company agreed to make a permanent arrangement withim provided he found the passengers thisuccess led him to start his own business running rail excursions for pleasure taking a percentage of the railway fares four years later he planned his first excursion abroad when he took a group from leicester to calais to coincide withe paris exhibition the following year he started his grand circular tours of europe thomas cook website wwwthomascookcom access date during the s he took parties to switzerland italy egypt and the united states cook established inclusive independentravel whereby the traveller went independently but his agency charged for travel food and accommodation for a fixed period over any chosen route such was hisuccess thathe scottish railway companies withdrew their support between and to try thexcursion business for themselves cruise shipping file prinzessin victoria luise loc det a jpg thumb right prinzessin victoria luise the first cruise ship of the world launched in june in hamburgermany cruising is a popular form of water tourism leisure cruise ship s were introduced by the peninsular oriental steam navigation company p o in sailing from southampton to destinationsuch as gibraltar maltand athens in german businessman albert ballin sailed the ship augusta victoria ship augusta victoria from hamburg into the mediterranean sea in one of the first purpose built cruise ships was prinzessin victoria luise built in hamburg modern day tourismany leisure oriented tourists travel to seaside resort s on their nearest coast or further afield coastal areas in the tropics are popular in both summer and winter tourism st moritz switzerland became the cradle of the developing winter tourism in the s hotel manager johannes badrutt invited some summer guests from england to return in the winter to see the snowy landscape thereby inaugurating a popular trend it was however only in the s when winter tourism took over the lead from summer tourism in many of the swisski resorts even in winter up tone third of all guests depending on the location consist of non skiers major ski resort s are located mostly in the various european countries eg andorraustriarmenia bulgaria bosnia herzegovina croatia czech republicyprus finland france germany greece iceland italy norway latvia lithuania list of ski areas and resorts in europe poland romania serbia sweden slovakia slovenia spain switzerland turkey canada the united states eg montana utah colorado california wyoming vermont new hampshire new york lebanonew zealand japan south korea chile and argentina mass tourism file adolfriedrich erdmann von menzel jpg thumb reisepl ne travel plans by adolph menzel academics have defined mass tourism as travel by groups on pre scheduled tours usually under the organization of tourism professionalsgolden age of mass tourism its history andevelopment erkan sezgin and medet yolal anadoluniversity pg this form of tourism developeduring the second half of the th century in the united kingdom and was pioneered by thomas cook took advantage of europe s rapidly expanding railway network and established a company that offered affordable day trip excursions to the masses in addition to longer holidays to continental europe indiasiand the western hemisphere which attracted wealthier customers by the s over tourists per year used thomas cook son golden age of mass tourism its history andevelopment erkan sezgin and medet yolal anadoluniversity pg the relationship between tourism companies transportation operators and hotels is a central feature of mass tourism cook was able toffer prices that were below the publicly advertised price because his company purchased large numbers of tickets from railroads one contemporary form of mass tourism package tour ism still incorporates the partnership between these three groups travel developeduring thearly th century and was facilitated by the development of the automobiles and later by airplanes improvements in transport allowed many people to travel quickly to places of leisure interest so that more people could begin to enjoy the benefits of leisure time in continental europearly seaside resort s included heiligendamm founded in athe baltic sea being the first seaside resort ostend popularised by the people of brussels boulogne sur mer andeauville for the paris ians taormina in sicily in the united states the first seaside resorts in theuropean style were atlanticity new jersey atlanticity new jersey and long island new york state new york by the mid th century the mediterranean coast became the principal mass tourism destination the s and saw mass tourism play a majorole in the spanish miracle mass tourism and emigration spanish economic miracle niche tourism file santu rio de f tima jul cropped jpg thumb righthe sanctuary of tima shrine of our lady of tima in portugal is one of the largest religious tourism sites in the world niche tourism refers to the numerouspecialty forms of tourism that havemerged over the years each with its own adjective many of these terms have come into common use by the tourism industry and academics others aremerging concepts that may or may not gain popular usagexamples of the more commoniche tourismarkets are agritourism astronomy tourism birth tourism dark tourism culinary tourism cultural tourism extreme tourism geotourism heritage tourism lgbtourismedical tourism nautical tourism pop culture tourism religious tourism sex tourism slum tourism sports tourism virtual tourism war tourism wellness tourism wildlife tourism other terms used for niche or specialty travel forms include the term destination in the descriptionsuch as destination wedding s and termsuch as location vacation recent developments file aerial view yacht harbouresidence rostock yachthafenresidenz hohe d ne jpg thumb a destination hotel in germanyacht harbouresidence in warnem nde rostock mecklenburg there has been an up trend in tourism over the last few decadespecially in europe where international travel for short breaks is common tourists have a wide range of budgets and tastes and a wide variety of resorts and hotels have developed to cater for them for example some people prefer simple beach vacations while others want more specialised holidays quieteresorts family oriented holidays or niche marketargetedestination hotel s the developments in technology and transport infrastructure such as wide body aircraft jumbo jets low cost carrier low cost airlines and more accessible tourism accessible airport s have made many types of tourismore affordable the who estimated in thathere are around half a million people on board aircraft at any given time swine flu prompts eu warning on travel to us the guardian april there have also been changes in lifestyle for example some retirement age people sustain yearound tourism this facilitated by electronicommerce internet sales of tourist servicesome sites have now started toffer dynamic packaging in which an inclusive price is quoted for a tailor made package requested by the customer upon impulse there have been a few setbacks in tourism such as the september attacks and terrorism terroristhreats tourist destination such as in bali and several european cities alson december a tsunami caused by the indian ocean earthquake hithe list of sovereign states andependenterritories in asian countries on the indian ocean including the maldives thousands of lives were lost including many tourists this together withe vast clean up operationstopped or severely hampered tourism in the area for a time individualow price or even zero price overnight stays have become more popular in the s especially with a strongrowth in the hostel market and services like couchsurfing and airbnbeing established there has also been examples of jurisdictions wherein a significant portion of gdp is being spent on altering the primary sources of revenue towards tourism as has occurred for instance in dubai sustainable tourism sustainable tourism is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity essential ecological processes biodiversity biological diversity and life support systems world tourism organization sustainable development implies meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability ofuture generations to meetheir owneeds bruntland commission world commission environment andevelopment sustainable tourism can be seen as having regard to ecological and social cultural carrying capacities and includes involving the community of the destination in tourism development planning it also involves integrating tourism to match current economic and growth policieso as to mitigate some of the negativeconomic and social impacts of tourism impacts of mass tourismurphy advocates the use of an ecological approach to consider both plants and people when implementing the sustainable tourism development process this in contrasto the boosterism and economic approaches tourism planning neither of which consider the detrimental ecological or sociological impacts of tourism developmento a destination however butler questions thexposition of the term sustainable in the context of tourism citing its ambiguity and stating thathemerging sustainable development philosophy of the s can be viewed as an extension of the broaderealization that a preoccupation with economic growth without regard to itsocial and environmental consequences iself defeating in the long term thusustainable tourism development iseldom considered as an autonomous function of economic regeneration aseparate from general economic growth ecotourism also known as ecological tourism is responsible travel to fragile pristine and usually protected areas that strives to be low impact and often small scale it helps educate the traveler provides funds for conservation directly benefits theconomic development and political empowerment of local communities and fosters respect for different cultures and for human rights take only memories and leave only footprints is a very common slogan in protected areas tourist destinations are shifting to low carbon emissions following the trend of visitors more focused in being environmentally responsible adopting a sustainable behaviorentrepreneuring sustainable tourism jack soifer editor lisboa isbn volunteer tourism volunteer tourism or voluntourism is growing as a largely western phenomenon with volunteers travelling to aid those less fortunate than themselves in order to counter global inequalities wearing defines volunteer tourism as applying to those tourists who for various reasons volunteer in an organised way to undertake holidays that might involve aiding or alleviating the material poverty of some groups in society vso was founded in the uk in and the us peace corps wasubsequently founded in these were the first large scale voluntary sending organisations initially arising to modernise less economically developed countries which it was hoped would curb the influence of communism this form of tourism is largely praised for its more sustainable approach to travel with tourists attempting to assimilate into local cultures and avoiding the criticisms of consumptive and exploitative mass tourism however increasingly voluntourism is being criticised by scholars who suggest it may have negativeffects as it begins to undermine localabour and force unwilling host communities to adopt western initiatives while host communities without a strong heritage fail to retain volunteers who become dissatisfied with experiences and volunteer shortages persist increasingly organisationsuch as vso have been concerned with community centric volunteer programmes where power to control the future of the community is in the hands of local people pro poor tourism file community tourism riveno webm thumb community tourism in sierra leone wikibooks development cooperation handbook stories community tourism the story of a community in sierra leone trying to manage tourism in a responsible manner file film camerapng px playlist pro poor tourism which seeks to help the poorest people in developing countries has been receiving increasing attention by those involved in developmenthe issue has been addressed through small scale projects in local communities and through attempts by ministries of tourism to attract large numbers of tourists research by the overseas development institute suggests that neither is the best way to encourage tourists money to reach the poorest as only or less far less in some cases evereaches the poor successful examples of money reaching the poor include mountain climbing in tanzaniand cultural tourism in luang prabang laos recession tourism recession tourism is a travel trend which evolved by way of the world economicrisis recession tourism is defined by low cost and high valuexperiences taking place of once popular generic retreats various recession tourism hotspots have seen business boom during the recession thanks to comparatively low costs of living and a sloworld job market suggesting travelers arelongating trips where their money travels further this concept is not widely used in tourism research it is related to the short lived phenomenon that is more widely known astaycation medical tourism when there is a significant price difference between countries for a given medical procedure particularly in southeast asia india eastern europe cuband canada deloitte canada website deloitte canadaccess date september where there are different regulatory regimes in relation to particular medical procedures eg dentistry traveling to take advantage of the price oregulatory differences is often referred to as medical tourism educational tourism educational tourism is developed because of the growing popularity of teaching and learning of knowledge and thenhancing of technical competency outside of classroom environment in educational tourism the main focus of the tour or leisure activity includes visiting another country to learn abouthe culture study tours or to work and apply skills learned inside the classroom in a different environment such as in the international practicum training program creative tourism file ff of hartwell welcomes indonesiansjpg thumb left friendship force international friendship force visitors from indonesia meetheir hosts in hartwell georgia usa creative tourism has existed as a form of cultural tourism since thearly beginnings of tourism itself its european roots date back to the time of the grand tour which saw the sons of aristocratic families traveling for the purpose of mostly interactiveducational experiences morecently creative tourism has been given its owname by crispin raymond and greg richards who as members of the association for tourism and leisureducation atlas have directed a number of projects for theuropean commission including cultural and crafts tourism known asustainable tourism they have defined creative tourism as tourism related to the active participation of travellers in the culture of the host community through interactive workshops and informalearning experiences meanwhile the concept of creative tourism has been picked up by high profile organizationsuch as unesco who through the creative cities network havendorsed creative tourism as an engaged authenticity reenactment authentic experience that promotes an active understanding of the specificultural features of a location geography place file greg richards conferencia turismo creativojpg thumb greg richards conferencia turismo creativo morecently creative tourism has gained popularity as a form of cultural tourism drawing on active participation by travelers in the culture of the host communities they visit several countries offer examples of this type of tourism development including the united kingdom austria france the bahamas jamaica spain italy and new zealand the growing interest of tourists in this neway to discover a culturegards particularly the operators and branding managers attentive to the possibility of attracting a quality tourism highlighting the intangible heritage craft workshops cooking classes etc and optimizing the use of existing infrastructure for example through the rent of halls and auditorium experiential tourism experiential travel or immersion travel is one of the major marketrends in the modern tourism industry it is an approach to travelling which focuses on experiencing a country city or particular place by connecting to its history people food and culture the term experiential travel is already mentioned in publications from however it was discovered as a meaningful marketrend much later dark tourism onemerging area of special interest has been identified by lennon and foley as dark tourism dark tourism this type of tourism involves visits to dark sitesuch as battlegroundscenes of horrificrimes or acts of genocide for example internment concentration camps dark tourism remains a small niche market driven by varied motivationsuch as mourning remembranceducation macabre curiosity or eventertainment its origins are rooted in fairgrounds and medieval fairs philip stone argues that dark tourism is a way of imagining one s own deathrough the real death of others erik h cohen introduces the term populo sites to evidence theducational character of dark tourism populo sites transmithe story of vicitimized people to visitors based on a study at yad vashem the shoaholocaust memorial museum in jerusalem a new term in populo is proposed to describe dark tourism sites at a spiritual and population center of the people to whom a tragedy befellearning abouthe shoah in jerusalem offers an encounter withe subject which is different from visits to sites in europe but equally authentic it is argued that a dichotomy between authentic sites athe location of a tragedy and created sites elsewhere is insufficient participants evaluations of seminars for european teachers at yad vashem indicate thathe location is an important aspect of a meaningful encounter withe subject implications for other cases of dark tourism at in populocations are discussed in this vein peter tarlow defines dark tourism as the tendency to visithe scenes of tragedies or historically noteworthy deaths which continue to impact our lives thissue cannot be understood withouthe figure of trauma following this maximiliano korstanjexplains thatourism serves as an scapegoat mechanism used in order for society does not collapse this the reason why tourists look for something special something new beyond their nearest residential home the quest for otherness leads not only to maximize pleasure but also provides a pedagogical message to the us in the context of disasters and tragedies dark tourismay revitalize the lostrust giving a positive value that helps community in the process of recovery tourism is in fact an instrument of resiliency that paves the ways for the society to be unitedkorstanje m the anthropology of dark tourism cers centre for ethnicity and racism studies university of leeds uk working paper korstanje m e ivanov s tourism as a form of new psychological resilience the inception of dark tourism culturevista de cultura e turismo social tourism social tourism is making tourism available to poor people whotherwise could not afford to travel for their education orecreation it includes youthostels and low priced holiday accommodation run by church and voluntary organisation s trade unions or in communistimes combinenterprise publicly owned enterprises in may athe second congress of social tourism in austria walter hunziker social tourism walter hunziker proposed the following definition social tourism is a type of tourism practiced by low income groups and which is rendered possible and facilitated by entirely separate and thereforeasily recognizable services doom tourism file perito moreno glacier patagoniargentina luca galuzzi jpg thumb perito moreno glacier patagoniargentinalso known as tourism of doom or last chance tourism this emerging trend involves traveling to places that arenvironmentally or otherwise threatened such as the ice caps of mount kilimanjaro the meltinglaciers of patagonia or the coral of the great barriereef before it is too late identified by travel trade magazine travel age west editor in chief kenneth shapiro in and later explored in the new york times this type of tourism is believed to be on the rise some see the trend as related to sustainable tourism or ecotourism due to the facthat a number of these tourist destinations are considered threatened by environmental factorsuch as global warming overpopulation or climate change others worry thatravel to many of these threatened locations increases an individual s carbon footprint and only hastens problems threatened locations are already facinglemelin h dawson j stewart e j eds last chance tourism adapting tourism opportunities in a changing world routledgefrew e climate change andoom tourism advertising destinations before they disappear in j fountain k moore chair symposium conducted athe meeting of the new zealand tourism hospitality research conferencekorstanje m e george b global warming and tourism chronicles of apocalypse worldwide hospitality and tourism themes tsiokos c doom tourism while supplies last population statisticshall c m crisis events in tourism subjects of crisis in tourism current issues in tourism olsen d h koster l youroukos n last chance tourism last chance tourism adapting tourism opportunities in a changing world religious tourism religious tourism in particulareligious travel is used to strengthen faith and show devotion both of which are central tenets of many majoreligions religious touristseek destinations whose imagencourages them to believe thathey can strengthen the religious elements of their self identity in a positive manner given this the perceived image of a destination may be positively influenced by whether it conforms to the requirements of theireligiouself identity or nothe world tourism organization unwto forecasts that international tourism will continue growing athe average annual rate of withe advent of electronicommerce commerce tourism products have become one of the mostraded items on the internetourism products and services have been made available through intermediaries although tourism providers hotels airlines etc including small scale operators can sell their services directly this has put pressure on intermediaries from both on line and traditional shops it has been suggested there is a strong correlation between tourism expenditure per capitand the degree to which countries play in the global context not only as a result of the important economicontribution of the tourism industry but also as an indicator of the degree of confidence with which global citizens leverage the resources of the globe for the benefit of their community based economics local economies this why any projections of growth in tourismay serve as an indication of the relative influence that each country will exercise in the future file white knightwo and spaceshiptwo from directly belowjpg thumb right spaceshiptwo is a major project in space tourism space tourism there has been a limited amount of orbital space tourism with only the russian space agency providing transporto date a report into space tourism anticipated that it could become a billion dollar market by sports tourism since the late sports tourism has become increasingly popular eventsuch as rugby olympics commonwealth games asian games and football world cups havenabled specialistravel companies to gain official ticket allocation and then sell them in packages that include flights hotels and excursions file tourism police of colombiat ca on del chicamocha national park jpg thumb right national police of colombia tourism police of colombiathe chicamocha national park santander department santander the focus on sport and spreading knowledge on the subject especially more so recently led to the increase in the sportourismost notably the international event such as the olympics caused a shift in focus in the audience who now realize the variety of sports that exist in the world in the united states one of the most popular sports that usually are focused on was football this popularity was increased through major events like the world cups in asian countries the numerous football events also increased the popularity ofootball but it was the olympics that broughtogether the different sports that led to the increase in sportourism the drastic interest increase in sports in general and not just one sport caughthe attention of travel companies who then began to sell flights in packages due to the low number of people who actually purchase these packages than predicted the cost of these packages plummeted initially as the number starto rise slightly the packages increased to regain the lost profits withe certain economic state the number of purchases decreased once again the fluctuation in the number of packagesold wasolely dependent on theconomic situation therefore mostravel companies were forced to set aside the plan to execute the marketing of any new package features latestrends as a result of the late s recession international arrivalsuffered a strong slowdown beginning in june growth from to was only during the first eight months of thislowdown on international tourism demand was also reflected in the air transport industry with a negative growth in september and a growth in passenger traffic through september the hotel industry also reported a slowdown with room occupancy declining in worldwide tourism arrivals decreased by the first quarter of real travel demand in the united states had fallen over six quarters while this considerably milder than what occurred after the september attacks the decline was atwice the rate as real gdp has fallen journalistsresourceorg retrieved june however evidence suggests thatourism as a global phenomenon shows no signs of substantially abating in the long term it has been suggested thatravel is necessary in order to maintain relationships asocialife is increasingly networked and conducted at a distance for many people vacations and travel are increasingly being viewed as a necessity rather than a luxury and this reflected in tourist numbers recovering some globally over with growth up to in emerging economiesee also business tourism international tourism advertising visitor center notes costa p managing tourism carrying capacity of art cities the tourist review garlick s revealing the unseen tourism art and photography cultural studies gartner w c image formation process journal of travel and tourismarketing hughes h l tourism and the arts tourismanagement phelps a holiday destination image the problem of assessment an example developed in minorca tourismanagement richardson s crompton j cultural variations in perceptions of vacation attributes tourismanagement furthereading antje monshausen sustainable andevelopment friendly in d c vol mass tourism vs alternative tourism externalinks voy main page wikivoyage the free worldwide travel guide that anyone can edit category tourism category travel category leisure category service industries category seasonal traditions category articles containing video clips category th century 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source income many_countries affects theconomy bothe source host countries cases vital importance website languagen us access_date tourism suffered result strong economic slowdown late recession second_half thend outbreak flu h n virus slowly recovered international_tourism receipts travel item balance payments grew trillion billion corresponding increase real versus nominal real terms ofrom international_tourist milestone billion tourists globally firstime emerging marketsuch china russiand brazil significantly increased spending previous decade itberlin world leading tourism trade fair file r jpg thumb postcard tourists high word tourist used tourism formed word tour_derived old english old french latin turn itselfrom ancient_greek significance tourism_file argentina latin thumb falls argentina one popular_destinations latin_america file_jpg thumb chairs island germany service sector grow thanks tourism_also local craft manufacturers like producing retail ers real_estate development real_estate sector general city marketing image location benefit file park thumb national_park poland famous canoe ing routes tourism important even vital source income many regions countries importance recognized manila declaration world_tourism activity essential life nations direct effects social cultural educational economic sectors national societies international relations tourism brings large amounts income local_economy form payment goods services needed tourists accounting world_trade services overall export goods services also creates opportunities employment tertiary sector theconomy service sector theconomy associated tourism service industries benefit tourism include transportation_servicesuch airline cruise_ship hospitality_service lodging accommodations including hotel resort entertainment venuesuch amusement_park casino shopping_mall music_venue theatre addition goods bought tourists including souvenirs league nations defined foreign tourist traveling abroad four hours united_nations amended definition including maximum stay six months hunziker defined tourism sum relationships arising travel stay non residents lead permanent permanent residence connected earning activity tourism society england definition tourism temporary people tourist_destinations outside places normally live work activities stay destination includes movements purposes international_association scientific experts tourism defined tourism terms particular activities chosen undertaken outside home united_nations identified three forms tourism recommendations tourism statistics domestic tourism_involving residents given country traveling within country inbound tourism_involving non residents traveling given country outbound tourism_involving residents traveling another_country terms tourism_travel sometimes used similar definition tourism implies journey terms tourism tourist sometimes used imply shallow interest cultures locations visited often_used sign distinction sociology tourism_cultural values distinctions implications class relations world_tourism statistics rankings total volume cross_border international_tourist arrivals reached billion million million international_travel behavior travel demand continued recover losses resulting late recession tourism suffered strong slowdown second_half thend increase first_half growth international_tourist arrivals moved negative territory second_half ended year compared increase negative trend countries due outbreak flu h n virus resulting million international_tourists arrivals decline international_tourism receipts world top tourism_destinations world_tourism organization reports following ten destinations visited terms number international_travelers class wikitable sortable_style margin auto auto rank country world_tourism organization unwto united_nations region international_tourist arrivals align center align left_europe million_align center align left north_america million_align center align left_europe million_align center align left asia million_align center align left_europe million_align center align left_europe million_align center align left_europe million_align center align left_europe asia million_align center align left asia million_align center align left_europe million international_tourism receipts international_tourism receipts grew trillion corresponding increase real terms ofrom world_tourism organization reports following entities top ten tourism year class wikitable sortable_style margin auto auto rank country area world_tourism organization unwto united_nations region align center align left north_america billion_align center align left asia billion_align center align left_europe_billion align center align left_europe_billion align center align left_europe_billion align center align left asia billion_align center align left_europe_billion align center align left_europe_billion align center align left asia billion_align center align left asia billion international_tourism expenditure world_tourism organization reports following countries ten biggest international_tourism year class wikitable sortable_style margin auto auto rank country world_tourism organization unwto united_nations region international_tourism expenditure align center align left asia billion_align center align left north_america billion_align center align left_europe_billion align center align left_europe_billion align center align left_europe_billion align center align left_europe_billion align center align left north_america billion_align center align left asia billion_align center align left_europe_billion align center align left oceania billion_align center mastercard global destination cities index based_upon air traffic mastercard global destination cities index rates following world ten popular cities international_tourism class wikitable sortable_style margin auto auto rank city country international_tourist arrivals align center align left bangkok align left_million align center align left london align left_million align center align left paris align left_million align center align left dubai align left_million align center align left new_york city align left_million align center align left downtown core singapore align left_million align center align left kuala_lumpur align left_million align center align left istanbul align left_million align center align align left_million align center align left seoul align left_million align center class wikitable sortable collapsed style margin auto auto rank city country international_tourist arrivals align center align left london align left_million align center align left bangkok align left_million align center align left paris align left_million align center align left dubai align left_million align center align left istanbul align left_million align center align left new_york city align left_million align center align left downtown core singapore align left_million align center align left kuala_lumpur align left_million align center align left seoul align left_million align center align left hong_kong align left_million align center mastercard rates following cities world ten biggest international_tourism class wikitable sortable_style margin auto auto rank city country international align center align left london align left_billion align center align left new_york city align left_billion align center align left paris align left_billion align center align left seoul align left_billion align center align left downtown core singapore align left_billion align center align left left_billion align center align left bangkok align left_billion align center align left kuala_lumpur align left_billion align center align left dubai align left_billion align center align left istanbul align left_billion align center international top city destinations ranking international rated world cities visited international_tourists january class wikitable sortable_style margin auto auto rank city country international_tourist arrivals align center align left hong_kong align left_million align center align left singapore align left_million align center align left bangkok align left_million align center align left london align left_million align center align left paris align left_million align center align left macau align left_million align center align left new_york city align left_million align center align left shenzhen align left_million align center align left kuala_lumpur align left_million align center align left left_million align center file tour_guide famous places capital akizato miyako meisho zue jpg thumb japanese tourist consulting tour_guide guide_book akizato rit miyako meisho zue travel outside person local area leisure largely confined wealthy classes atimes travelled distant parts world see great buildings works art languages experience new cultures taste different cuisine early however kings praised protecting roads building travelers roman republic spa coastal popular_among rich pausanias geographer pausanias wrote description greece century ancient china made point visiting occasion five sacred mountains middle_ages middle_ages christian pilgrimage christianity buddhist pilgrimage buddhism islam traditions pilgrimage motivated even lower classes undertake distant journeys health spiritual improvement seeing sights along way islamic hajj istill central faith canterbury tales journey west remain classics english chinese literature th th_century song dynasty also saw secular traveliterature travel shi th_century fan th_century become_popular china ming dynasty ming continued preliminary remarks travel records song dynasty chinese articles reviews medieval italy francesco also wrote account ascent mount praised act traveling criticized cold lack curiosity duke burgundy poet later composed trip mountains grand_tour image willem van w adys thumb prince poland van der brussels modern tourism traced known grand_tour traditional trip around europespecially germany italy undertaken mainly upper_class upper_class european young men means mainly western northern european_countries young prince poland w adys son iii iii embarked journey across_europe sociology custom among polish nobility travelled territories today germany belgium netherlands siege siege spanish forces france switzerland italy austriand czech educational journey one outcomes introduction polish opera italian opera polish oxford illustrated history opera ed roger parker chapter central eastern_european opera john p viking opera guided amanda articles polish p custom flourished advent large_scale rail_transport rail transit generally followed standard travel itinerary educational opportunity rite passage though primarily associated_withe british nobility wealthy landed gentry similar trips made wealthyoung men protestantism protestant northern europe continental_europe continent second_half th_century south_american us overseas youth joined tradition extended include middle_class steamship travel made journey easier thomas_cook_son thomas_cook made cook tour grand_tour became real upper th th_centuries period johann theories abouthe supremacy became_popular appreciated theuropean academic world artists writers goethe supremacy classic art italy france greece examples reasons grand_tour main destinations centres upper could find classic art history new_york times recently described grand_tour way primary value grand_tour believed laid classical antiquity renaissance aristocratic polite society theuropean continent leisure travel file carl jpg thumb englishman roman carl c leisure travel withe industrial_revolution united_kingdom first european country promote leisure time increasing industrial population initially applied owners machinery production theconomic factory owners traders comprised new middle_class cox kings first official travel_company formed british origin new industry reflected many place names france one first bestablished holiday resorts french riviera long along known day many historic resorts continental_europe old well_established palace hotels names like hotel_bristol_hotel carlton hotel reflecting dominance england english customers image thomas_cook building leicester thumb panels thomas_cook building leicester displaying excursions offered thomas_cook station geographorguk_jpg lefthumb station built replace largely site leicester campbell street railway_station campbell street station origin many cook early tours pioneer travel_agency business thomas_cook idea toffer excursions came waiting stagecoach london road withe opening midland counties railway arranged take group temperance leicester campbell street railway_station campbell street station rally eleven miles away july thomas_cook arranged rail company charge one person included rail tickets food journey cook paid share fares charged passengers railway tickets legal contracts company passenger could issued price first_privately chartered excursion train advertised general acknowledged thathere previous r thomas_cook leicester history following three summers planned conducted outings temperance societies sunday school children midland counties railway company agreed make permanent arrangement withim provided found passengers led start business running rail excursions pleasure taking percentage railway fares four_years_later planned first excursion abroad took group leicester calais coincide withe paris exhibition following_year started grand circular tours europe thomas_cook website access_date took parties switzerland italy egypt united_states cook established inclusive independentravel whereby traveller went independently agency charged travel food accommodation fixed period chosen route thathe scottish railway companies support try business cruise_shipping file victoria jpg thumb right victoria first cruise_ship world launched june cruising popular form water tourism leisure cruise_ship introduced oriental steam navigation company p sailing southampton destinationsuch gibraltar athens german businessman albert sailed ship augusta victoria ship augusta victoria hamburg mediterranean sea one first purpose_built cruise_ships victoria built hamburg modern_day leisure oriented tourists travel seaside_resort nearest coast coastal areas tropics popular summer winter tourism st switzerland became developing winter tourism hotel_manager johannes invited summer guests england return winter see landscape thereby popular trend however winter tourism took lead summer tourism many resorts even winter tone third guests depending location consist non major ski resort located mostly various european_countries bulgaria bosnia herzegovina croatia czech finland france germany greece iceland italy norway latvia lithuania list ski areas resorts europe poland romania serbia sweden slovakia slovenia spain switzerland turkey canada united_states montana utah colorado california wyoming vermont new_hampshire new_york zealand japan south_korea chile argentina mass_tourism file von jpg thumb travel plans academics defined mass_tourism travel groups pre scheduled tours usually organization tourism age mass_tourism history andevelopment form tourism second_half th_century united_kingdom pioneered thomas_cook took advantage europe rapidly expanding railway network established company offered affordable day trip excursions masses addition longer holidays continental_europe western hemisphere attracted wealthier customers tourists per_year used thomas_cook_son golden_age mass_tourism history andevelopment relationship tourism_companies transportation operators hotels central feature mass_tourism cook able toffer prices publicly advertised price company purchased large_numbers tickets railroads one contemporary form mass_tourism package tour still incorporates partnership three groups travel thearly_th century facilitated development automobiles later airplanes improvements transport allowed many_people travel quickly places leisure interest people could begin enjoy benefits leisure time continental seaside_resort included heiligendamm founded athe baltic sea first seaside_resort people brussels boulogne sur mer paris sicily united_states first seaside_resorts theuropean style atlanticity new_jersey atlanticity new_jersey long island new_york state_new_york mid_th century mediterranean coast became principal mass_tourism destination saw mass_tourism play majorole spanish miracle mass_tourism emigration spanish economic miracle niche tourism_file rio_de f tima jul cropped jpg thumb_righthe sanctuary tima shrine lady tima portugal one largest religious_tourism sites world niche tourism refers forms tourism years many terms come common use tourism_industry academics others concepts may may gain popular tourismarkets agritourism astronomy tourism birth_tourism dark_tourism culinary_tourism_cultural_tourism extreme tourism geotourism heritage_tourism tourism nautical tourism pop_culture_tourism religious_tourism sex_tourism slum_tourism sports_tourism virtual_tourism war_tourism wellness_tourism wildlife tourism terms used niche specialty travel forms include term destination destination wedding termsuch location vacation recent developments file aerial view yacht jpg thumb destination hotel mecklenburg trend tourism last europe international_travel short breaks common tourists wide_range budgets tastes wide_variety resorts hotels developed cater example people prefer simple beach vacations others want specialised holidays family oriented holidays niche hotel developments technology transport infrastructure wide body aircraft jumbo jets low_cost carrier low_cost airlines accessible_tourism accessible airport made many types tourismore affordable estimated thathere around half million_people board aircraft given_time flu warning travel us guardian april also changes lifestyle example retirement age people sustain yearound tourism facilitated internet sales tourist_sites started toffer dynamic_packaging inclusive price quoted tailor made package requested customer upon tourism september attacks terrorism tourist_destination bali several european cities alson december tsunami caused indian ocean earthquake hithe list sovereign states asian countries indian ocean including maldives thousands lives lost including many tourists together withe vast clean severely hampered tourism area time price even zero price overnight_stays become_popular especially hostel market services like couchsurfing established also examples jurisdictions wherein significant portion gdp spent primary sources revenue towards tourism occurred instance dubai sustainable_tourism sustainable_tourism leading management resources way economic social aesthetic needs fulfilled maintaining cultural integrity essential ecological processes biodiversity biological diversity life support systems world_tourism organization sustainable_development implies meeting needs present without ability ofuture generations commission world commission environment andevelopment sustainable_tourism seen regard ecological social cultural carrying capacities includes involving community destination tourism_development planning also involves integrating tourism match current economic_growth mitigate negativeconomic social impacts tourism impacts mass advocates use ecological approach consider plants people implementing sustainable_tourism_development process contrasto economic approaches tourism planning neither consider detrimental ecological sociological impacts tourism_destination however butler questions thexposition term sustainable context tourism citing stating sustainable_development philosophy viewed extension economic_growth without regard environmental consequences iself long_term tourism_development considered autonomous function economic regeneration aseparate general economic_growth ecotourism also_known ecological tourism responsible_travel fragile pristine usually protected_areas strives low_impact often small_scale helps educate traveler provides funds conservation directly benefits theconomic development political empowerment local_communities respect different cultures human_rights take memories leave common slogan protected_areas tourist_destinations shifting low carbon emissions following trend visitors focused environmentally responsible adopting sustainable sustainable_tourism jack editor isbn volunteer tourism volunteer tourism voluntourism growing largely western phenomenon volunteers travelling aid less order counter global wearing defines volunteer tourism applying tourists various reasons volunteer organised way undertake holidays might involve material poverty groups society vso founded uk us peace corps wasubsequently founded first large_scale voluntary sending organisations initially arising less economically developed_countries hoped would influence form tourism largely praised sustainable approach travel tourists attempting local_cultures avoiding mass_tourism however increasingly voluntourism criticised scholars suggest may negativeffects begins undermine force host_communities adopt western initiatives host_communities without strong heritage fail retain volunteers become dissatisfied experiences volunteer increasingly organisationsuch vso concerned community volunteer programmes power control future community hands local_people pro poor tourism_file community tourism thumb community tourism sierra_leone development cooperation handbook stories community tourism story community sierra_leone trying manage tourism responsible manner file film px pro poor tourism seeks help poorest people developing_countries receiving increasing attention involved developmenthe issue addressed small_scale projects local_communities attempts ministries tourism attract large_numbers tourists research overseas development institute suggests neither best way encourage tourists money reach poorest less far less cases poor successful examples money reaching poor include mountain climbing cultural_tourism laos recession tourism recession tourism_travel trend evolved way world economicrisis recession tourism defined low_cost high taking_place popular generic retreats various recession tourism hotspots seen business boom recession thanks low_costs living job market suggesting travelers trips money travels concept widely_used tourism_research related short_lived phenomenon widely known medical_tourism significant price difference countries given medical procedure particularly southeast_asia india eastern_europe canada deloitte canada website deloitte date september different regulatory relation particular medical procedures dentistry traveling take_advantage price differences often_referred medical_tourism educational tourism educational tourism developed growing popularity teaching learning knowledge technical outside classroom environment educational tourism main focus tour leisure activity includes visiting another_country learn abouthe culture study tours work apply skills learned inside classroom different environment international training program creative_tourism_file hartwell welcomes thumb left friendship force international friendship force visitors indonesia hosts hartwell georgia usa creative_tourism existed form cultural_tourism since_thearly beginnings tourism european roots date back time grand_tour saw sons aristocratic families traveling purpose mostly experiences morecently creative_tourism given greg richards members association tourism atlas directed number projects theuropean_commission including cultural crafts tourism known tourism defined creative_tourism tourism_related active participation travellers culture host community interactive workshops experiences meanwhile concept creative_tourism picked high_profile organizationsuch unesco creative cities network creative_tourism engaged authenticity reenactment authentic experience promotes active understanding features location geography place file greg richards turismo thumb greg richards turismo morecently creative_tourism gained popularity form cultural_tourism drawing active participation travelers culture host_communities visit several countries offer examples type tourism_development including united_kingdom austria france bahamas jamaica spain italy new_zealand growing interest tourists discover particularly operators branding managers possibility attracting quality tourism highlighting heritage craft workshops cooking classes etc use existing infrastructure example rent halls auditorium experiential tourism experiential travel immersion travel one major modern tourism_industry approach travelling focuses experiencing country city particular place connecting history people food_culture term experiential travel already mentioned publications however discovered meaningful much later dark_tourism area special interest identified lennon dark_tourism dark_tourism type tourism involves visits dark sitesuch acts genocide example internment concentration camps dark_tourism remains small niche market driven varied macabre curiosity origins rooted medieval fairs philip stone argues dark_tourism way imagining one real death others erik h cohen introduces term populo sites evidence theducational character dark_tourism populo sites story people visitors based study memorial_museum jerusalem new term populo proposed describe dark_tourism sites spiritual population center people tragedy abouthe jerusalem offers encounter withe subject different visits sites europe equally authentic argued authentic sites athe location tragedy created sites elsewhere insufficient participants seminars european teachers indicate thathe location important aspect meaningful encounter withe subject implications cases dark_tourism discussed vein peter tarlow defines dark_tourism tendency visithe scenes historically noteworthy deaths continue impact lives thissue cannot understood withouthe figure trauma following maximiliano thatourism serves mechanism used order society collapse reason tourists look something special something new beyond nearest residential home quest leads maximize pleasure also_provides message us context disasters dark_tourismay giving positive value helps community process recovery tourism fact instrument paves ways society anthropology dark_tourism centre ethnicity racism studies university leeds uk working paper korstanje e tourism form new psychological resilience inception dark_tourism de cultura e turismo social_tourism_social tourism making tourism available poor people could afford travel education includes youthostels low priced holiday accommodation run church voluntary organisation trade unions publicly owned enterprises may athe second congress social_tourism austria walter hunziker social_tourism walter hunziker proposed following definition social_tourism type tourism practiced low_income groups rendered possible facilitated entirely separate recognizable services doom tourism_file moreno glacier jpg thumb moreno glacier known tourism doom last chance tourism emerging trend involves traveling places otherwise threatened ice caps mount kilimanjaro patagonia coral great barriereef late identified travel_trade magazine travel age west editor chief kenneth shapiro later explored new_york times type tourism believed rise see trend related sustainable_tourism_ecotourism due facthat number tourist_destinations considered threatened environmental factorsuch global warming climate_change others worry thatravel many threatened locations increases individual carbon footprint problems threatened locations already h dawson j stewart e j eds last chance tourism adapting tourism opportunities changing world e climate_change tourism advertising destinations disappear j fountain k moore chair symposium conducted athe meeting new_zealand tourism_hospitality research e george_b global warming tourism chronicles apocalypse worldwide_hospitality_tourism themes c doom tourism supplies last population c crisis events tourism subjects crisis tourism current issues tourism olsen h l n last chance tourism last chance tourism adapting tourism opportunities changing world religious_tourism religious_tourism_travel used strengthen faith show central many religious destinations whose believe thathey strengthen religious elements self identity positive manner given perceived image destination may positively influenced whether requirements identity nothe world_tourism organization unwto international_tourism continue growing athe average annual rate withe_advent commerce tourism products become_one items products services made_available although tourism providers hotels airlines etc including small_scale operators sell services directly put pressure line traditional shops suggested strong correlation tourism expenditure per degree countries play global context result important tourism_industry also indicator degree confidence global citizens resources globe benefit community_based economics local economies projections growth tourismay serve indication relative influence country exercise future file_white_knightwo spaceshiptwo directly thumb right spaceshiptwo major project space_tourism space_tourism limited amount orbital_space_tourism russian_space_agency providing transporto date report space_tourism anticipated could become billion dollar market sports_tourism since late sports_tourism become increasingly_popular eventsuch rugby olympics commonwealth games asian games football world_cups companies gain official ticket allocation sell packages include flights hotels excursions file tourism police del national_park jpg thumb right national police colombia tourism police national_park santander department santander focus sport spreading knowledge subject especially recently led increase notably international event olympics caused shift focus audience realize variety sports exist world united_states one popular sports usually focused football popularity increased major events like world_cups asian countries numerous football events also increased popularity olympics broughtogether different sports led increase sportourism interest increase sports general one sport attention travel companies began sell flights packages due low number people actually purchase packages predicted cost packages initially number starto rise slightly packages increased regain lost profits withe certain economic state number purchases decreased number dependent theconomic situation therefore companies forced set aside plan marketing new package features result late recession international strong slowdown beginning june growth first eight months international_tourism demand also reflected air transport industry negative growth september growth passenger traffic september hotel_industry also reported slowdown room occupancy declining worldwide tourism arrivals decreased first quarter real travel demand united_states fallen six quarters considerably occurred september attacks decline rate real gdp fallen retrieved june however evidence suggests thatourism global phenomenon shows signs substantially long_term suggested thatravel necessary order maintain relationships increasingly conducted distance many_people vacations travel increasingly viewed necessity rather luxury reflected tourist numbers recovering globally growth emerging also business_tourism international_tourism advertising visitor_center notes costa p managing tourism carrying_capacity art cities tourist review revealing tourism art photography cultural studies w c image formation process journal travel_tourismarketing hughes h l tourism arts tourismanagement holiday destination image problem assessment example developed minorca tourismanagement richardson j cultural variations perceptions vacation attributes tourismanagement furthereading sustainable andevelopment friendly c vol mass_tourism alternative_tourism externalinks main page wikivoyage free worldwide travel_guide anyone category_tourism category_travel category leisure category service industries category seasonal traditions category_articles containing_video_clips category_th_century"},{"title":"Tourism and Events Queensland","description":"preceding queensland tourist and travel corporation preceding dissolved superseding department of tourism fair trading and wine industry development jurisdiction queensland headquarters makerston street brisbane coordinates employees budget minister name kate jones minister pfo minister for tourismajor eventsmall business and commonwealth games minister for education minister name minister pfo deputyminister name deputyminister pfo deputyminister name deputyminister pfo chief name stephen gregg chief position board chairman chief name julieanne alroe chief position board vice chairperson agency type parent department of tourismajor eventsmall business and commonwealth games parent agency child agency child agency keydocument website footnotes map width map caption tourism and events queensland teq is the queensland government s lead marketing experience development and major events agency representing the state s tourism and events industries teq operates on a national and internationalevelooking at new and innovative ways to make the most out of emerging opportunities which benefithe queensland s tourism industry and economy the agency commenced life as the queensland tourist and travel corporation in it waset up by the government of sir joh bjelke petersen on the recommendation of a government inquiry headed by businessman frank moore tourism advocate frank moore later sir frank moore was the first chair of the corporation university of queensland citation retrieved june tourism and events queensland is located at makerston street in the brisbane central business districthe department of tourismajor eventsmall business and the commonwealth games dtesb was created on april following the statelection dtesb which also includes the office of small business leads whole of governmentourism initiatives and recognises thessential role of partnerships with industry and government in tourism industry developmenthe portfolio partners include the tourism group of tourism and events queensland thevents group of tourism and events queensland gold coast commonwealth games corporation tourism and events queensland collectstatistics related tourism in queensland focus areas include source markets destination markets and aviation the department has developed a queensland tourism and travel advice website called queensland holidays the agency periodically releases reports based on studies oniche markets for examplecotourism backpacking travel backpacking and bed and breakfastourism queensland study bed and breakfast markets the agency was responsible for the successful promotion campaign for hamilton island queensland hamilton island that was dubbed the hamilton island queensland the best job in the world best job in the world the unreal deals campaign was the agency s most successful domestic retail campaign ever other campaigns have targeted the gold coast queensland gold coast sunshine coast queensland sunshine coastropical north queensland the whitsundaysee also economy of queensland externalinks tourism queensland official corporate website queensland holidays official public website category establishments in australia category apraward winners category government agenciestablished in category government agencies of queensland category tourism in queensland category tourism 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canada_category_tourism agencies_category_tourism british_columbia"},{"title":"Tourism carrying capacity","description":"tourism carrying capacity is a now antiquated approach to managing visitors in protected areas and national parks which evolved out of the fields of range habitat and wildlife management in these fields managers attempted to determine the largest population of a particular species that could be supported by a habitat over a long period of time jurassicoast many authorsuch as buckley wagar washburne mccool and stankey have critiqued the concept as being fatally flawed in bothe conceptual assumptions made and its limited practical application for example the notion of a carrying capacity assumes the world such as the social ecological systems in which protected areas and tourism destinations are situated are stable but we know they are dynamically complex and impossible to predict we know thato implement a carrying capacity on a practicalevel assumes a level of control of entries into a destination or protected area not usually found in the real world we know that a carrying capacity if one could be determined requires considerable financial and technical resources to administer and we know that when demand exceeds a limithe ways in which scarce opportunities are allocated are contentious tourism carrying capacity is defined by the world tourism organisation as the maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination athe same time without causing destruction of the physical economic socio cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitorsatisfaction whereas middleton and hawkins chamberlain define it as the level of human activity an area can accommodate withouthe area deteriorating the resident community being adversely affected or the quality of visitors experience declining net coast what bothese definitions pick up on is carrying capacity is the point at which a destination or attraction starts experiencing adverse as a result of the number of visitors unfortunately there are no studies which supporthis notion of visitor management for example in areas whichave an objective of maintaining pristine conditions any level of visitor use creates adverse or negative impactsuggesting thathe carrying capacity is zero fundamentally acceptable conditions are a matter of human judgment not an inherent quality of a particular site understanding these acceptable conditions is the focus of the limits of acceptable change planning process referred to later in this article there are number of different forms of carrying capacity referred to in tourism however this article will focus on the four most commonly used however these conceptions are useful only to thextenthey focus discussion andiscourse not practical application physical carrying capacity this the maximum number of tourists that an area is actually able to support in the case of an individual tourist attraction it is the maximum number that can fit on the site at any given time and still allow people to be able to move this normally assumed to be around m person pcc per a day area in metresquared x visitors per metre x daily duration mowforth and munt mowforth munt i tourism and sustainability development and new tourism in the third world routledge london this a formula whichas been used to calculate the physical carrying capacity economicarrying capacity this relates to a level of acceptable change within the local economy of a tourist destination it is thextento which a tourist destination is able to accommodate tourist functions withouthe loss of local activities mathieson and wall tourism economic physical and social impacts longman harlow take for example a souvenir store taking the place of a shop selling essential items to the local community economicarrying capacity can also be used to describe the point at which the increased revenue brought by tourism development is overtaken by the inflation caused by tourism social carrying capacity this relates to the negative socio cultural related tourism developmenthe indicators of when the social carrying capacity has been exceeded are a reduced local tolerance for tourism as described by doxey s index of irritationg shaw a williams critical issues in tourism a geographical perspective blackwell reduced visitor enjoyment and increased crime are also indicators of when the social carrying capacity has been exceeded biophysical carrying capacity this deals withextento which the natural environment is able tolerate interference from tourists this made more complicated by the facthat because it deals with ecology which is able to regenerate to somextent so in this case the carrying capacity is when the damagexceeds the habitat s ability to regeneratenvironmental carrying capacity is also used with reference to ecological and physical parameters capacity of resources ecosystems and infrastructuremexa coccossis h tourism carrying capacity assessment ashgate weaknesses of carrying capacity the main criticism of carrying capacity is that is fundamentally flawed conceptually and practically conceptually the notion of an inherent carrying capacity assumes a stable and predictable world a j shaped curve in the relationship between use level and impact and techno scientific view of what aressential value judgments on the practicalevel it is difficulto calculate a maximum number of visitors because this also dependent on other factors like the way in which the tourists behave a large group of bird watchers moving through a landscape will have a different impact compared to a similar sized group of school children jurassicoastcom in the case of natural heritage like national parks visitor impacts change with seasons what is important is the acceptability or appropriateness of these impacts an issue that is largely dependent on social and cultural value systems with science having an input unesco the organization responsible for administrating the world heritage list has expressed a concern thathe use of carrying capacity can give the impression that a site is better protected than it actually is it points outhat although the whole site may below carrying capacity part of the site may still be crowdedpedersen a managing tourism at world heritage sites unesco paris in the context of tourism in wildlife sanctuariesingh writes carrying capacity is a concepto be thought about when we intend for sustainable versus full harvest utilization of resource for a purpose in wildlife sanctuaries full utilization of infrastructure oresource for tourism is a remote mandate unthinkable hence instead of carrying capacity it is recommended to have a set of guidelines foregulating tourism without much disturbing the wildlife that will perhaps be sustainable for both wildlife conservation and tourism industry limits of acceptable change limits of acceptable change was the first of the post carrying capacity visitor management frameworks developed to respond to the practical and conceptual failures of carrying capacity the framework was developed by the us forest service in the s it is based on the idea that rather than there being a threshold of visitor numbers in fact any tourist activity is having an impact and therefore management should be based on constant monitoring of the site as well as the objectivestablished for it is possible that with in the limit of acceptable change framework a visitor limit can bestablished but such limits are only one tool available the framework is frequently summarised in to a nine steprocesslist from jurassicoast identify area concerns and issues define andescribe opportunity classes based on the concept of roselect indicators of resource and social conditions inventory existing resource and social conditionspecify standards foresource and social indicators for each opportunity class identify alternative opportunity class allocations identify management actions for each alternativevaluate and select preferred alternatives implement actions and monitor conditionsjurassicoastcom the reader should note however thathere is a difference of lac as a concept and lac as a planning framework visitor experience and resource protection this framework is based on the idea that not enough attention has been given to thexperience of tourists and their views on environmental quality this framework isimilar in origin to lac but was originally designed to meethe legislative policy and administrative needs of the us national park service descriptive and evaluative the process of estimating tourism carrying capacity tcc has been described as having a descriptive and evaluative part it follows in principle the conceptual framework for tcc as described by shelby and heberlein and these parts are described as follows descriptive part a describes how the system tourist destination under study works including physical ecological social political and economic aspects of tourist development within this context of particular importance is the identification of constraints limiting factors that cannot beasily managed they are inflexible in the sense thathe application of organisational planning and management approaches or the development of appropriate infrastructure does not alter the thresholds associated with such constraints bottleneck production bottlenecks limiting factors of the system which managers can manipulate number of visitors at a particular place impacts elements of the system affected by the intensity and type of use the type of impact determines the type of capacity ecological physical social etc emphasishould be placed on significant impacts evaluative part b describes how an area should be managed and the level of acceptablenvironmental impacts this part of the processtarts withe identification if it does not already exist of the desirable condition or preferable type of development within this context goals and management objectives need to be defined alternative fields of actions evaluated and a strategy for tourist development formulated on the basis of this tourism carrying capacity can be defined within this context of particular importance is the identification of goals and or objectives ie to define the type of experience or other outcomes which a recreational setting should provide differing definitions first of all the carrying capacity can be the motivation to attractourists visithe destination the tourism industry especially inational parks and protected areas isubjecto the concept of carrying capacity so as to determine the scale of tourist activities which can be sustained at specific times in different places variouscholar over the years have developed several arguments developed abouthe definition of carrying capacity middleton and hawkins defined carrying capacity as a measure of the tolerance of a site or building which is open tourist activities and the limit beyond which an area may suffer from the adverse impacts of tourismiddleton hawkins chamberlain defined it as the level of human activity which an area can accommodate without either it deteriorating the resident community being adversely affected or the quality of visitors experience declining chamberlain clark defined carrying capacity as a certain threshold level of tourism activity beyond which there will be damage to thenvironment and its natural inhabitants clark the world tourism organisation argues that carrying capacity is the maximum number of people who may visit a tourist destination athe same time without causing destruction of the physical economic and socio cultural environment and or an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitorsatisfaction date assessed in the publication agenda for the travel and tourism venture towards environmentally sustainable developmenthe secretary general of the world tourism organization as part of a planning system the definitions of carrying capacity need to be considered as processes within a planning process for tourism development which involvesetting capacity limits for sustaining tourism activities in an area this involves a vision about local development decisions about managing tourism overall measuring of tourism carrying capacity does not have to lead to a single number like the number of visitors date assessed in addition carrying capacity may contain various limits in respecto the three components physical ecological socio demographic and political economicarrying capacity is not just a scientificoncept or formula of obtaining a number beyond which development should cease but a process where theventualimits must be considered as guidance they should be carefully assessed and monitored complemented with other standards etcarrying capacity is not fixed it develops with time and the growth of tourism and can be affected by managementechniques and controlsaveriades the reason for considering carrying capacity as a process rather than a means of protection of various areas is in spite of the facthat carrying capacity was once a guiding concept in recreation and tourismanagement literature because of its conceptual elusiveness lack of management utility and inconsistent effectiveness in minimising visitors impacts carrying capacity has been largely re conceptualized into management by objectives approaches namely the limits of acceptable change lac and the visitor experience and resource protection verp as the two planning and management decision making processes based on the new understanding of carrying capacity lindberg and mccool these two have been deemed more appropriate in the tourism planning processes of protected areas especially in the united states and have over the years been adapted and modified for use in sustainable tourism and ecotourism contexts wallace mccool harroun and boo see also ecotourism jurassicoast mathieson and wall tourism economic physical and social impacts longman harlow mccool sf ghstankey and rnclark an assessment oframeworks useful for public land recreation planningen tech report gtr pacific northwest research station portland or p mexa coccossis h tourism carrying capacity assessment ashgate mowforth munt i tourism and sustainability development and new tourism in the third world routledge londonet coast pedersen a managing tourism at world heritage sites unesco parishaw g williams a critical issues in tourism a geographical perspective blackwell category tourism geography category ecological 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national_parks evolved fields range habitat wildlife management fields managers attempted determine largest population particular species could supported habitat long period time many authorsuch mccool concept bothe conceptual assumptions made limited practical application example notion carrying_capacity assumes world social ecological systems protected_areas tourism_destinations situated stable know complex impossible know thato implement carrying_capacity assumes level control entries destination protected area usually found real_world know carrying_capacity one could determined requires considerable financial technical resources know demand exceeds limithe ways opportunities allocated tourism carrying_capacity defined world_tourism_organisation maximum number people may visit tourist_destination athe_time without causing destruction physical economic socio cultural environment unacceptable decrease quality whereas middleton hawkins chamberlain define level human activity area accommodate withouthe area resident community affected quality visitors experience declining net coast definitions pick carrying_capacity point destination attraction starts experiencing adverse result number visitors unfortunately studies notion visitor management example areas whichave objective maintaining pristine conditions level visitor use creates adverse negative thathe carrying_capacity zero fundamentally acceptable conditions matter human judgment inherent quality particular site understanding acceptable conditions focus limits acceptable change planning process referred later article number different forms carrying_capacity referred tourism however article focus four commonly_used however useful focus discussion practical application physical carrying_capacity maximum number tourists area actually able support case individual tourist_attraction maximum number fit site given_time still allow people able move normally assumed around person per_day area x visitors per x daily duration mowforth munt mowforth munt tourism sustainability development new tourism third_world routledge london formula whichas used calculate physical carrying_capacity capacity relates level acceptable change within local_economy tourist_destination thextento tourist_destination able accommodate tourist functions withouthe loss local activities wall tourism economic physical social impacts longman take example souvenir store taking_place shop selling essential items local_community capacity also_used describe point increased revenue brought tourism_development inflation caused tourism_social carrying_capacity relates negative socio cultural related_tourism_developmenthe indicators social carrying_capacity exceeded reduced local tolerance tourism described index shaw williams critical issues tourism geographical perspective blackwell reduced visitor enjoyment increased crime also indicators social carrying_capacity exceeded carrying_capacity deals natural_environment able interference tourists made complicated facthat deals ecology able somextent case carrying_capacity habitat ability carrying_capacity also_used reference ecological physical parameters capacity resources ecosystems h tourism carrying_capacity assessment ashgate carrying_capacity main criticism carrying_capacity fundamentally conceptually practically conceptually notion inherent carrying_capacity assumes stable world j shaped relationship use level impact techno scientific view value difficulto calculate maximum number visitors also dependent factors like way tourists behave large group bird moving landscape different impact compared similar sized group school children case natural heritage like national_parks visitor impacts change seasons important impacts issue largely dependent social cultural value systems science input unesco organization responsible world_heritage list expressed concern thathe use carrying_capacity give impression site better protected actually points outhat although whole site may carrying_capacity part site may still managing tourism world_heritage_sites unesco paris context tourism_wildlife writes carrying_capacity concepto thought intend sustainable versus full harvest utilization resource purpose wildlife full utilization infrastructure tourism remote mandate hence instead carrying_capacity recommended set guidelines tourism without much disturbing wildlife perhaps sustainable wildlife_conservation tourism_industry limits acceptable change limits acceptable change first post carrying_capacity visitor management developed respond practical conceptual carrying_capacity framework developed us forest_service based idea rather threshold visitor numbers fact tourist activity impact therefore management based constant monitoring site well possible limit acceptable change framework visitor limit bestablished limits one tool available framework frequently nine identify area concerns issues define opportunity classes based concept indicators resource social conditions inventory existing resource social standards social indicators opportunity class identify alternative opportunity class identify management actions select preferred alternatives implement actions monitor reader note however thathere difference lac concept lac planning framework visitor experience resource protection framework based idea enough attention given thexperience tourists views environmental quality framework isimilar origin lac originally designed meethe legislative policy administrative needs us_national_park service descriptive process estimating tourism carrying_capacity described descriptive part follows principle conceptual framework described parts described follows descriptive part describes system tourist_destination study works including physical ecological social political economic aspects tourist development within context particular importance identification constraints limiting factors cannot beasily managed sense thathe application organisational planning management approaches development appropriate infrastructure alter associated constraints production limiting factors system managers number visitors particular place impacts elements system affected intensity type use type impact determines type capacity ecological physical social etc placed significant impacts part b describes area managed level impacts part withe identification already exist desirable condition type development within context goals management objectives need defined alternative fields actions evaluated strategy tourist development formulated basis tourism carrying_capacity defined within context particular importance identification goals objectives define type experience outcomes recreational setting provide differing definitions first carrying_capacity motivation attractourists visithe destination tourism_industry especially inational parks protected_areas isubjecto concept carrying_capacity determine scale tourist_activities sustained specific times different places years developed several arguments developed abouthe definition carrying_capacity middleton hawkins defined carrying_capacity measure tolerance site building open tourist_activities limit beyond area may suffer adverse impacts hawkins chamberlain defined level human activity area accommodate without either resident community affected quality visitors experience declining chamberlain clark defined carrying_capacity certain threshold level tourism activity beyond damage thenvironment natural inhabitants clark world_tourism_organisation argues carrying_capacity maximum number people may visit tourist_destination athe_time without causing destruction physical economic socio cultural environment unacceptable decrease quality date assessed publication agenda travel_tourism venture towards environmentally sustainable_developmenthe secretary_general world_tourism organization part planning system definitions carrying_capacity need considered processes within planning process tourism_development capacity limits sustaining tourism_activities area involves vision local development decisions managing tourism overall measuring tourism carrying_capacity lead single number like number visitors date assessed addition carrying_capacity may contain various limits respecto three components physical ecological socio demographic political capacity formula obtaining number beyond development cease process must considered guidance carefully assessed monitored standards capacity fixed develops time growth tourism affected reason considering carrying_capacity process rather means protection various areas spite facthat carrying_capacity guiding concept recreation tourismanagement literature conceptual lack management utility effectiveness visitors impacts carrying_capacity largely management objectives approaches namely limits acceptable change lac visitor experience resource protection two planning management decision_making processes based new understanding carrying_capacity mccool two deemed appropriate tourism planning processes protected_areas especially united_states years adapted modified use sustainable_tourism_ecotourism contexts wallace mccool see_also ecotourism wall tourism economic physical social impacts longman mccool assessment useful public land recreation tech report pacific_northwest research station portland p h tourism carrying_capacity assessment ashgate mowforth munt tourism sustainability development new tourism third_world routledge coast managing tourism world_heritage_sites unesco g williams critical issues tourism geographical perspective blackwell category_tourism geography category ecological economics"},{"title":"Tourism geography","description":"file niagara falls dbjpg thumb right px tourists at niagara falls tourism geography is the study of travel and tourism as an industry and as a social and culture cultural activity tourism geography covers a wide range of interests including thenvironmental impacts of tourism impact of tourism the geographies of tourism and leisureconomies answering tourism industry and management concerns and the sociology of tourism and locations of tourism geography is that branch of science which deals withe study of travel and its impact on places geography is fundamental to the study of tourism because tourism is geographical inature tourism occurs in places it involves movement and activities between places and it is an activity in which both place characteristics and personal self identities are formed through the relationships that are created among places landscapes and people physical geography provides thessential background against which tourism places are created and environmental impacts and concerns are major issues that must be considered in managing the development of tourism places the approaches to study will differ according to the varying concerns much tourismanagement literaturemains quantitative research quantitative in methodology and considers tourism as consisting of the places of tourist origin or tourist generating areas tourist destinations or places of tourism supply and the relationship connections between origin andestination places which includes transportation routes business relationships and traveler motivationsfranklin and crang m the trouble with tourism and travel theory in touristudies p recent developments in human geography have resulted in approachesuch as those from cultural geography which take more theoretically diverse approaches tourism including a sociology of tourism which extends beyond tourism as an isolated exceptional activity and considering how travel fits into theveryday lives and how tourism is not only a consumptive of places but also produces the sense of place at a destinationlarsen j urry j and axhausen k mobilities networks geographies aldershot ashgate the tourist by dean maccannell and the tourist gaze by john urry sociologist john urry are classics in this field see also leisure studiesociology of leisure hospitality management studies list of tourism journals cultural tourism region ecotourism geotourism heritage tourism externalinks pioneering china based geotourism china daily march tourism geographies an international journal of tourism space place and environment routledgeography for travelers category human geography category types of tourism category tourism 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tourismarketing district hotel improvement district and tourism business improvement districtourism improvement districts by ustates in california tourism improvement districts are formed under the property and business improvement district law of the parking and business improvement area law of or a similar enabling ordinance adopted by a charter city california districts are also subjectother laws designed to ensure approval by business owners paying the assessment and accountability by the managing body to those business owners tourism improvement districts are formed with a majority of assessed businesses consenting and the local government s approval funds raised areturned to a non profit corporation which is under contract withe local governmento manage those fundseveral accountability mechanisms ensure that funds are spent in accordance with a specifically definedistrict plan that includes marketing and sales programs approved by the businesses paying into the districthe two main reasons for tids growing popularity among tourism related businesses are funds cannot be spent on programs that don t benefithe businesses paying the assessment funds cannot be diverted by the government for other programs as of november there were known local tourism improvement districts in california including san diego tourismarketing district napa valley tourism improvement district sacramento county tourism improvement district marin county tourism improvement district south lake tahoe tourism business improvement district san jose hotel business improvement area santa barbara south coastourism business improvement district long beach tourism business improvement area del mar tourism business improvement district newport beach tourism improvement district monterey county tourism improvement district mendocino county lodging business improvement district oceanside tourismarketing district most districts encompass either a city or county although some include multiple cities or a county and the cities within it california s firstourism improvement district was formed in west hollywood in the recentourism improvement district was formed in santa barbara california santa barbara in september california s tourism improvement districts range from small hotel community districts to major cities with several hundred hotels and its budget ranges from tover millione of california s most noticeable tourism improvement districts is the san diego tourismarketing districthe district funded the hugely popular happy happens advertising campaign the san diego tourismarketing district funds many programs and events designed to bring overnight visitors to san diego including comicon and the holiday bowl a lawsuit filed in by san diegans for open government challenges the renewal of the san diego tourismarketing districthe lawsuit filed by cory briggs a public interest lawyer claims thathe assessment is basically a tax and therefore is not valid under california proposition which requires a two thirdsupermajority to pass any tax in january the judge sided with san diegans for open governmenthathe nonprofit has legal standing to pursue the case the case now moves on to be argued on the merits of the lawsuit in montana upon a petition by owners of the businesses in the district a municipality may begin the district formation process by adopting a resolution of intention there is a day period in which owners may protest formation of the district and the municipality must hold public hearings on the proposedistrict a member board of trustees is appointed to manage the districtmontana code annotated title local government chapter improvement districts part business improvement districtshortitle this part may be cited as the business improvement district act inevada passed a tourism improvement district law under the law the governing body of a municipality may create a tourism improvement district for the purposes of carrying outhe law and without any election can acquire improvequip operate and maintain a project within such districthe district may impose a sales tax within the district washington state washington s tourism promotion areas lawchaptercw tourism promotion areas requiresubmission of petitions from business owners who will pay or more of the proposed assessment only lodging businesses with forty or more units can be included in the tourism promotion area upon receipt of petitions the municipality must adopt a resolution of intention and hold public hearings on the proposed promotion arean advisory board or commission may be appointed or a destination marketing organization may be designated to manage the district funds externalinks tourism improvement districtcom website dedicated to providing informationews case studies and legal resources related tourism improvement districts tourism improvement districts information tourism improvement districts tourism improvement district consultant five steps to forming a tourism business improvement district an overview of the tourism improvement district formation process cities markethemselves through tourism business improvement districts informational news article tid study first ever study on california tourism improvement districts business improvement districts reshaping the tourism landscape strategy implications for your destination information how tourism improvement districts are affecting destination marketing programs in areas with and withoutourism districts tot and a tourismarketing district editorial on the relationship between transient occupancy taxes and tourismarketing districtsan diego tourismarketing district home page of the san diego tourismarketing district includes information operations and programs napa valley tourism improvement district official county information the napa valley tourism improvement district category tourism 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programs bring large group terms tids include tourismarketing district hotel improvement_district tourism_business improvement improvement_districts ustates california tourism_improvement_districts formed property business_improvement_district law parking business_improvement area law similar enabling ordinance adopted charter city california districts also laws designed ensure approval business owners paying assessment accountability managing body business owners tourism_improvement_districts formed majority assessed businesses local_government approval funds raised non_profit corporation contract withe local_governmento manage accountability mechanisms ensure funds spent accordance specifically plan includes marketing sales programs approved businesses paying districthe two_main reasons tids growing popularity among tourism_related businesses funds cannot spent programs benefithe businesses paying assessment funds cannot diverted government programs november known local tourism_improvement_districts california including san_diego tourismarketing district napa_valley tourism_improvement_district sacramento county tourism_improvement_district marin county tourism_improvement_district south lake tahoe tourism_business improvement_district san_jose hotel business_improvement area santa_barbara south business_improvement_district long_beach tourism_business improvement area del mar tourism_business improvement_district newport beach tourism_improvement_district monterey county tourism_improvement_district county lodging business_improvement_district tourismarketing district districts encompass either city county although include multiple cities county cities within california improvement_district formed west hollywood improvement_district formed santa_barbara california_santa_barbara september california tourism_improvement_districts range small hotel community districts major_cities several hundred hotels budget ranges tover california noticeable tourism_improvement_districts san_diego tourismarketing districthe district funded popular happy happens advertising campaign san_diego tourismarketing district funds many programs events designed bring overnight visitors san_diego including holiday bowl lawsuit filed san open government challenges renewal san_diego tourismarketing districthe lawsuit filed public_interest lawyer claims thathe assessment basically tax therefore valid california proposition requires two pass tax january judge san open nonprofit legal standing pursue case case moves argued lawsuit montana upon petition owners businesses district municipality may begin district formation process adopting resolution intention day period owners may protest formation district municipality must hold public hearings member board trustees appointed manage code annotated title local_government chapter improvement_districts part business_improvement part may cited business_improvement_district act inevada passed tourism_improvement_district law law governing body municipality may create tourism_improvement_district purposes carrying outhe law without election acquire operate maintain project within districthe district may impose sales tax within district washington_state washington tourism_promotion areas tourism_promotion areas petitions business owners pay proposed assessment lodging businesses forty units included tourism_promotion area upon receipt petitions municipality must adopt resolution intention hold public hearings proposed promotion advisory board commission may appointed destination_marketing organization may designated manage district funds externalinks tourism_improvement website dedicated providing case_studies legal resources related_tourism improvement_districts tourism_improvement_districts information tourism_improvement_districts tourism_improvement_district consultant five steps forming tourism_business improvement_district overview tourism_improvement_district formation process cities tourism_business improvement_districts informational news article study first_ever study california tourism_improvement_districts business_improvement_districts tourism landscape strategy implications destination information tourism_improvement_districts affecting destination_marketing programs areas districts tourismarketing district editorial relationship transient occupancy taxes tourismarketing diego tourismarketing district home page san_diego tourismarketing district includes information operations programs napa_valley tourism_improvement_district official county information napa_valley tourism_improvement_district category_tourism regions"},{"title":"Tourism in Gjirokastra","description":"resources of uji ftohte this hydromanument is on the right of the national motorway tepelena gjirokastra shortly after the autopilot road to the p rmethe source comes from the upper left slope of the drinos valley in the contact of limestone with flushesthe atmospheric rainwater that falls in theasternmost part of the kurveleshighland through the carvings and carcass of caves penetrates into the depths of the limestone rocks and nourish thisourcewater noise greenery bird chatter etc have turned this place into a vacationing environment for the traveler about years ago social service facilities were builthis touristic spot is also frequented by the inhabitants of the cities of tepelen p rmet gjirokastra it is easily visited as it is nexto the tepelen gjirokast r motorway there are scientific hydrological geomorphological aesthetic and tourist values the hormova plane this located in the center of the village of hormova in the district of tepelena its height is about m the trunk diameter is about m under itshadow the village men discussed and made important decisions to solve their problems there are scientific biological didactic historical and tourist values of local importance it can be visited by rural road tepelene hormove bok rrimat e dang llis this located between the villages ofrash r mi and gost nck at m above sea level it is an erosive landscape shaped by powerful flysch erosion caused by natural factors and intervention inappropriate human environmenthere are scientific values geological geomorphologic pedological biological ecological didactic educational it is visited by the automobile route p rmet frash r mi and then taken the pedestrian path to the monument gropa e kazanithis located between the villages of st rmbec kalash m above sea level it is a large glacial circus formed in limestone of the upper cretaceous it has a length of meters and a width of up to m it has the shape of a giant couch with some smaller karst forms it hascientific values geological geomorphological hydrological didactic ecological and cultural it is visited by the motorway p rmet st rmbec and then taken the pedestrian path to the monument uji zi k lcyr this situated near the town of k lcyr on the left side of the vjosa river inorthern dh mbel mountain at an altitude of m above sea level it consists of karstic sources with a flow rate of l s emerging in the lithological contact between the limestone and the flysch ash they have cleand cold water they create a very attractivenvironmenthey have scientific values geological geomorphological hydrological cultural didactic and tourist fir of kokojka this located near the homonymous village of p rmet district close to the mountain of kokojka of the highlands of danglia it consists of spruce fir of macedonian type with average height of m diameter of trunk about cm and circumference cm they create a rich biodiversity ecosystem and are attractive it has biological aesthetic and tourist value it can be visited by the automobile road p rmet frash r kokojka the stone of atos this located near kutal village on the left side of vjosa river m above sea level it is a stone with a special shape gaps formed in the limestone of the upper cretaceous it is up to feet long up to m wide and up to m high there are scientific geological geomorphological values didactic ecological and cultural it is visited by the road permet kutal and then the pedestrian path to the monument category albania category tourism category articles of wiki academy 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inhabitants cities p rmet easily visited nexto r motorway scientific geomorphological aesthetic tourist values plane located center village district height trunk diameter village men discussed made important decisions solve problems scientific biological didactic historical tourist values local importance visited rural road e located villages r sea_level landscape shaped powerful erosion caused natural factors intervention inappropriate human scientific values geological biological ecological didactic educational visited automobile route p rmet r taken pedestrian path monument e located villages st sea_level large circus formed limestone upper length meters width shape giant couch smaller karst forms values geological geomorphological didactic ecological cultural visited motorway p rmet st taken pedestrian path monument k situated near town k left side river inorthern mountain altitude sea_level consists sources flow rate l emerging contact limestone cleand cold water create scientific values geological geomorphological cultural didactic tourist located_near village p rmet district close mountain highlands consists macedonian type average height diameter trunk circumference create rich biodiversity ecosystem attractive biological aesthetic tourist value visited automobile road p rmet r stone located_near village left side river sea_level stone special shape gaps formed limestone upper feet long wide high scientific geological geomorphological values didactic ecological cultural visited road pedestrian path monument category albania category_tourism category_articles academy albania"},{"title":"Tourism Ireland","description":"tourism ireland irish language irish turas ireacht ireann ulster scots dialects ulster scots tourism airlan tourism ireland corporate plan oreengin airlann corporate plan in ulster scots tourism ireland is the marketing body responsible for marketing the island of ireland overseas tourism ireland was established as one of six areas of coperation under the framework of the belfast agreementourism ireland has offices across europe north americand australias well as representatives across asiand south africa the island of ireland which includes bothe republic of ireland northern ireland received million visitors during a growth over the approximately of visitors come from great britain from north americand fromainland europe tourism numbers and earnings hit new records in see also f ilte ireland northern ireland tourist boardublin tourism externalinks irelandcom tourism ireland s consumer website category organizations established in category establishments inorthern ireland category establishments in ireland category organisations based in dublin city category organisations based inorthern ireland category tourism in ireland category all ireland organisations category tourism 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records see_also f_ilte ireland northern_ireland tourist tourism_externalinks tourism_ireland consumer website_category organizations_established category_establishments inorthern_ireland_category_establishments ireland_category organisations_based dublin city_category organisations_based inorthern_ireland_category_tourism ireland_category ireland organisations category_tourism agencies"},{"title":"Tourism Malaysia","description":"preceding tourist development corporation of malaysia tdc dissolved superseding jurisdiction government of malaysia employees budget headquarters th floor no tower jalan precint putrajaya malaysia chief name dato sri dr ng yen chief position chairman chief name yb senator dato maznah mazlan chief position deputy chairman chief name chief position parent agency ministry of tourismalaysia ministry of tourism child agency website footnotes tourismalaysia or malaysia tourism promotion board mtpb is an agency under the ministry of tourismalaysia ministry of tourismalaysia tourismalaysia formerly known as the tourist development corporation of malaysia tdc was established on august it was then under the former ministry of trade and industry history on may the ministry of culture arts and tourismocat was established and tdc moved to this new ministry tdc existed from to when it became the malaysia tourism promotion board mtpb through the malaysia tourism promotion board act of tourismalaysia now has overseas and marketing representative offices promotional efforts in september tourismalaysia signed a million deal with manchester united in an efforto promote visit malaysia year prior to thatourismalaysia had a deal with chelsea fc the success of the visit malaysia year a celebration of malaysia s diverse cultures beautiful holiday locations and unique attractions has helped propel the country to the forefront in tourism malaysia sponsored the carlton football club in the australian footballeague in tourismalaysiannounced that it would be makingreater efforts to attract new zealanders initiatives include a greater focus on ecotourismajor cultural events and activities for young urban professionals family friendly destinations wellness activities value for money and a safe clean environment are some the key drivers of this market said ngtourismalaysia develops unique products to woo kiwis bernamaugusthe government hastarted a campaign called malaysia green malaysia clean in order to letour operators and travelers understand the need to protect nature areas while promoting eco tourism in tourismalaysia stated besides mass tourists we are also trying to focus oniche tourism productsuch asports including motoring and others golfing bird watching medical and wellness as well ashopping shopping bringing in the highest revenue share at per cent of total tourism revenue investvine last saddique first imran website investvine languagen us access date dato siew ka weis the chairman of tourismalaysia references externalinks tourismalaysia ministry of tourismalaysia malaysia tourism category malaysian federal ministries departments and agencies category tourism in malaysia category tourism agencies category establishments in malaysia category government agenciestablished in category ministry of tourism and culture 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itineraries around new_zealand well advertising pure progress publication tourism_new_zealand corporate website published selling assets late organisation tourism_new_zealand focuses marketing new_zealand corporate overview tourism_new_zealand corporate website_retrieved achieve best efficiency limited resources campaign mainly directed travellers enjoy new_zealand experience likely enjoy authenticity new_zealand experience willing pay quality experiences uk paper daily_telegraph telegraph voted new_zealand best country world go ton holiday national_airline air new_zealand voted third best long_haul carrier promotional activity file mount cook new thumb right mount cook recent activities included million campaign china concentrating shanghai produce new_zealand tourism layer first country receive treatment giant rugby ball venue placed front tower paris order promote rugby world_cup giant rugby ball paris tourism_new_zealand media release april rugby ball subsequently london visited queen queen meets blacks giant inflatable rugby ball london tourism_new_zealand media release november tourism_new_zealand set youtube channel launch latest iteration pure new_zealand campaign featured theme new_zealand youngest country world last major discovered million_people view tourism_new_zealand commercial youtube tourism_new_zealand website feature november pure new_zealand main marketing tool tourism_new_zealand award_winning pure new_zealand campaign whichad ten year anniversary campaign uses advertising events internet work international_trade media gethe pure message across potential visitors brand attracted criticism mike joy mike joy green party new_zealand green party basis new_zealand new_zealand environment far pure prime_minister reply criticism compared campaign mcdonald advertisement thathey taken grain salt coincide withe release hobbit unexpected journey tourism_new_zealand launched modified version campaign known middlearth pure new_zealand campaign encourages tolkien tourism like lord rings film series lord rings film series hobbit filmed inew_zealand iteration campaign recognized world_travel also_tourism inew_zealand references_externalinks tourism_new_zealand corporate website tourism_new_zealand traveller website tourism_new_zealand international_travel trade website tourism_new_zealand international media website_category tourism_agencies category_tourism inew_zealand category_new_zealand crown agents"},{"title":"Tourism on the Moon","description":"file fullmoon jpg thumb righthe moon some space tourism startup companies are planning toffer tourism on or around earth s moon also known as lunar tourism estimated to be a reality sometime between and space tourism companies whichave announced they are pursuing lunar tourism include golden spike company space adventures excalibur almaz virgin galactic spacex file circumlunar free return trajectorypng thumb right sketch of circumlunar trajectory circumlunar free return trajectory tourist flights would be of three types flyby in a circumlunar trajectory lunar orbit and moon landing lunar landing some of the space tourism start up companies have declared their cost for each tourist for a tour to the moon circumlunar flyby excalibur almaz and space adventures are charging million per seat a price that includes months of ground based training although this only a fly by mission and will not land on the moon lunar orbit lunar landing the golden spike company is charging million per seat for future lunar landing tourism possible attractions file apollo earthrisepng thumb earthrise over the lunar horizon aseen from orbit on apollo two natural attractions would be available by circumlunar flight or lunar orbit without landing view of the far side of the moon view of thearth rising and setting againsthe lunar horizon protection of lunar landmarks file apollo bootprint gpn jpg thumb left buzz aldrin s boot print on the lunar surface atranquility base the site of the first human landing on an extraterrestrial body tranquility base has been determined to have cultural and historic significance by the ustates of californiand new mexico whichave listed it on their heritage register since their laws require only that listed sites have some association withe state despite the location of christopher c kraft jr mission control center mission control in houston texas has not granted similar status to the site as its historic preservation laws limit such designations to properties located within the state the us national park service has declined to grant it national historic landmark status because the outer space treaty prohibits any nation from claiming sovereignty over any extraterrestrial body it has not been proposed as a world heritage site since the united nations educational scientific and cultural organization unesco which oversees that program limits nations to submitting sites within their own borders interest in according historicalunar landing sitesome formal protection grew in thearly st century withe announcement of the google lunar x prize for private corporations to successfully build spacecraft and reach the moon a million bonus was offered for any competitor that visited a historic site on the moone team led by astrobotic technology announced it would attempto land a craft atranquility base although it canceled those plans the google lunar x prize objections to theritage bonus prizes ensuing controversy led nasa to requesthat any other missions to the moon private or governmental human orobotic keep a distance of at least from the site proposed missions the company space adventures has announced plans to take two tourists within of the lunar surface using a soyuz spacecraft soyuz spacecraft piloted by a professional cosmonauthe trip would last around a week excalibur almaz proposed to take three tourists in a flyby around the moon using modified almaz space station modules in a low energy trajectory flyby around the moon the 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circumlunar flyby excalibur almaz space_adventures charging million per seat price includes months ground based training although fly mission land moon lunar orbit lunar landing golden spike company charging million per seat future lunar landing tourism possible attractions file apollo thumb lunar horizon aseen orbit apollo two natural attractions would available circumlunar flight lunar orbit without landing view far side moon view thearth rising setting againsthe lunar horizon protection lunar landmarks file apollo jpg thumb left buzz aldrin boot print lunar surface base site first human landing extraterrestrial body base determined cultural historic significance ustates californiand new_mexico whichave listed heritage register since laws require listed sites association_withe state despite location christopher c mission_control center mission_control houston_texas granted similar status site historic preservation laws limit designations properties located within state us_national_park service declined grant national_historic landmark status outer_space treaty prohibits nation claiming extraterrestrial body proposed world_heritage_site since united_nations educational scientific cultural organization unesco oversees program limits nations sites within borders interest according landing formal protection grew thearly st_century withe announcement google lunar x_prize private corporations successfully build spacecraft reach moon million bonus offered competitor visited historic site moone team led technology announced would attempto land craft base although canceled plans google lunar x_prize objections theritage bonus prizes controversy led nasa missions moon private governmental human keep distance least site proposed missions company space_adventures announced_plans take two tourists within lunar surface using soyuz_spacecraft soyuz_spacecraft professional trip would last around week excalibur almaz proposed take three tourists flyby around moon using modified almaz space_station modules low energy trajectory flyby around moon trip would last around months however equipment never launched converted educational exhibit february spacex_announced week_long flyby mission moon set late dragon capsule carrying two moon tourists launched via falcon_heavy rocket see_also commercialization space colonization tourism_externalinks future lunar tourism patrick collins moon space_tourism moon society category moon category_space_tourism category_tourism moon"},{"title":"Tourism Partnership North Wales","description":"file could be the best open top bus ride in britain geographorguk jpg thumb an open air bus tours through snowdonia carrying walkers and tourists alike tourism partnership north wales tpnw is the regional tourism partnership rtp serving north wales visit wales and part of the national assembly for wales initiated the formation of rtps across wales to receive devolution devolved resources and responsibilities for many aspects of tourismarketing andevelopmenthe partners in swwtp are all the local authorities and a broad spread of tourism hospitality and leisure industry representatives from across the region swwtp acts as the lead body supporting tourism throughout north wales and works closely with cadw tourism training for wales and the local authorities as well asnowdonia national park the partnership is the first public or private bodies in wales to use qr codes on behalf of local businesses and are looking into using augmented reality ar leyers on smart phones the partnership engages with tourist associationsuch as visit scotland visit britain consortiand other marketingroups in all areas and sectors of the region plus local authorities and communities to establish their marketing priorities a promotional budget of million is given to the partnership by the welsh governmento look after its regions conwy caernarfon wrexham llangollen dee valley and betws y coed the partnership has an accredited scheme for hotels and other businesses called the green dragon approach tourism the partnership has many specific themes which it supports eg the launch of its golf based website which increased on line bookings to in which in turn had a very positiveffect on the local economy see alsouth west wales tourism partnership references externalinks category tourism in wales category tourism agencies category tourism organisations in the united 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tourismarketing andevelopmenthe partners swwtp local_authorities broad spread tourism_hospitality leisure industry representatives across region swwtp acts lead body supporting tourism throughout north wales works closely tourism training wales local_authorities well national_park partnership first_public_private bodies wales use codes behalf local_businesses looking using augmented reality smart phones partnership engages tourist visit scotland visit britain areas sectors region plus local_authorities communities establish marketing priorities promotional budget million given partnership welsh governmento look regions dee valley coed partnership accredited scheme hotels businesses called green dragon approach tourism_partnership many specific themes supports launch golf based website increased line bookings turn local_economy see west wales tourism_partnership references_externalinks category_tourism wales category_tourism agencies_category_tourism organisations united_kingdom"},{"title":"Tourism region","description":"image castello di colle massari gr jpg thumb px scenic landscape of tuscany italy a tourism region is a geographical region that has been designated by a governmental organization or tourism bureau as having common cultural or environmental characteristics these regions are oftenamed after historical or current administrative and geographical regions others have names created specifically for tourism purposes the names often evoke certain positive qualities of the areand suggest a coherentourism experience to visitors countries federated states provinces and other administrative regions are often carved up intourism regions in addition to drawing the attention of potential tourists these tourism regions often provide tourists who are otherwise unfamiliar with an area with a manageable number of attractive optionsome of the more famous tourism regions based on historical or current administrative regions include tuscany official website retrieved in italy and yucat n state yucat n official website retrieved in mexico famous examples of regions created by a government or tourism bureau include the united kingdom s lake district official website retrieved and california s wine country california wine country in the united states tourism website retrievedevelopment of tourism regions tourism scholar jaarko saarinen has identified a discourse of region in which a region social and geographical qualities are combined with familiar and traditional representations of the region the resulting discourse is produced and reproduced in the form of advertisements traveliterature travelogue s and regionaliterature as well as in the larger mediasaarinen jaarko the social construction of tourist destinations the process of transformation of the saariselk tourism region in finnish lapland in destinations culturalandscapes of tourism ed greg ringer london routledge mostourism regions belong to a larger economic and administrative unit which takes on the role of developing the discourse of the tourism region into a marketable product according to saarinen once the discourse of a tourism region has been established the parent region helpshape further development of the areas a tourism region this earlier period is characterized by rapidevelopment construction investment in greater advertising and increasing tourism eventually if the region becomesuccessful as a tourism region a mature stage in the development of a tourism region is reached where the meaning and history of the destination are continually produced anew in cycles of decline reinvention growth and stabilitysaarinen history of tourism regions th and th centuries historically tourism regions often developed in areas widely considered to a of historical cultural or natural importance such as the niagara falls region of new york state new york and canada the lake district of england the french rivierand the italian riviera others developed around specific attractionsuch as a major city ie paris or a monument such as the pyramids of giza tourist regions havexisted for thousands of years forelaxation and leisure as well as foreligious expression the ancient romans visited the hot springs of bath somerset bath in roman britain while santiago de compostela was a site of mass christian pilgrimage supported by a major medieval tourism industry that provided travelers with accommodations along their pilgrimage route the modern tourism region emerged from the industrial revolution as cities grew in size pollution increased and an expanding middle class possessed greater amounts of disposable income from the age of enlightenment through the nineteenth century the fashionable grand tour of continental europe for wealthyoung men popularized the idea of leisure travel the popularity of the grand tour combined withe stresses and benefits of the industrial revolution encouraged wealthy and middle class europeand american families to explore leisure travel though on a more local scale these families began frequenting seaside resorts known for their health benefitsuch as the roman resortown of bath somerset bath particularly during hotter months that left industrializing cities extremely unpleasanthe development ofaster methods of transportation during the nineteenth century allowed tourists to travel greater distances in smaller periods of time this period also saw the seasideveloped as a spatial area for mass tourism a phenomenon that resulted in the development of specificoastal areas tourist regionsandrew holden tourism and the social sciences new york routledge among elite groups in the nineteenth century the mountains also became increasingly popular in the winter months the most popular of these regions was county of tyrol in austriaholden tourism regions were often subjecto downward mobility as areas frequented by the upper classuch as the catskill mountains of new york and bath in england were abandoned by wealthier visitors when they became too popular withe middle classmurphy the romantic movement of the th century encouraged the appreciation of the natural world leading to thexplosion in popularity of scenic tourism regionsuch as thenglish lake district and the niagara falls region according to peter murphy increased competition encouraged private development of hotels resorts and entertainment facilities as well as municipal investment in parades parks piers and baths these trends marked an important intervention of the state into thevolution of tourism regionspeter e murphy tourism a community approach cambridge university of cambridge press th century in the late th and early th centuries governments increasingly took a role in encouraging the development of tourism regions federal and state governments in the united states withencouragement of conservation groups and european countries and their colonies began setting aside areas parks monuments and trails for preservation and futurenjoyment some of these such as niagara falls werexisting tourism regions while parksuch as yellowstone national park were areaselected by these organizations as future tourism regions athe same time regions became an increasingly important aspects of nationalism it is also during this period thathenglish phrase tourist region came into useric storm has argued that in the later decades of the nineteenth century the stress was put on the region in order to underline the intimate bond between everyone s own community and the nation according to stromany people believed that only by being faithful to its own character could the region contribute to the welfare of the whole the idea of the region as part of a whole nation gained further ground in the first years of the twentieth century particularly after world war i as an argument was advanced that every region had its own soul an organic part of the nation eric storm regionalism in history the cultural approach european history quarterly no april during this period regional officials and businesses began promoting regions as tourist destination through this process tourism promoterstrove to balance the demands of multiple identities local regional state national they instructed their audiences thathe regions political social and economic fates were inextricably bound to their landscapes and geography tourists were portrayed as important historical actors whosengagement played a vital role in shaping the outcome of that bond caitin e murdock tourist landscapes and regional identities in saxony central european history although local and regional governments took the largerole in promoting regional tourism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries during the great depression of the s national governments in europe and the united states began aggressively promoting travel within their own borders in doing so they drew uponationalist sentimento imbue tourism regions within the state with greater cultural and historical meaning travel became a patriotic gesture as citizens and subjects werencouraged to explore their nation s tourism regions nazi germany strengthrough joy program subsidized travel for working class germans one of the major projects of the program included assert ing that germans everywhere should be interested in the various regions of germany and that part of preservingerman culture was to geto know it in all its variants murdock according to d medina lasansky in italy one piece of tourism literature argued that every region of italy represents a page in the great book of shining national glories from which each one of us could learn to be proud of being italian d medina lasansky the renaissance perfected architecture spectacle and tourism in fascist italy university park the pennsylvania state university press in the united states regional diversity gave strength to a national whole in the united states tourist guidebooks produced by the new deal s federal writers project as andrew gross argued the guidebooks transform ed local culture into a tourist attraction and the tourist attraction into a symbol of nationaloyalty in order to reproduce patriotism as a form of brand name identification in these works progress administration wpa guides the region became an object of nostalgia victim of the national identity that flourished through celebration of the regionalism it was helping to weakenandrew s gross the american guide series patriotism as brand name identification arizona quarterly no recent developments continuing earlier trends governments have attempted to maximize tourism potential by reversengineering tourism regions this process consists of dividing their territories into discrete tourism regions in such a way that every inch of that country state oregion is given an attractive name provided with advertising and basic tourism infrastructure such asignage some traditionally heavily touristed countriesuch as france have implemented thistrategy to encourage tourists who would normally only spend time in more famous areasuch as paris and the french riviera to venture out into designated tourism regionsuch as the western loire valley and franche comthe first of these is a morecently constructed region while franche comt has been a distinct political and cultural region since the middle ages other governmentsuch as that of the american state of nebraska have attempted to use the creation of tourism regions to helproduce a tourism industry in a state not frequently considered by potential tourists the state s lewis and clark region inortheast nebraskand the frontier trails region of south central nebraskattempto deemphasize the state s reputation as a place people cross on their way somewherelse by capitalizing the role the state s territory played in the united states often romanticized project of westward expansionon government regions and eco museums a counter trend to thestablishment of government designated tourism regions is that of local voluntary associations which cooperate to market a specific area one popular type is an eco museum which promotes natural and cutltural tourism in rural areas ecomuseums originated in france in the s and have spread across europe and to north americas well for example the canadian province of alberta rationalized its tourism regions during in to six down from nearly twenty despite this local initiatives continue to promote much smaller areas than the six massive official regions which are larger than many european countries for example the might peace tourism association is a grouping of local municipalities in the peace country whichas existed since likelywise the kalyna country eco museum serves a similarole in east centralberta specialty regions wine regions image deutsche weinstrassesvg thumb px german wine route sign building on the success of enotourism in regionsuch as california s wine country the number of wine regions catering tourists has grown in recent decades although wine regions havexisted since the s in france wine tourism became increasingly popular in the s wine regionsuch as bordeaux and burgundy region burgundy in france were joined by regions in california italy spain and evenew york as areas of interesto the potential wine tourist currently several dozen countries have their own wine regions while many of these countries have dozens of regions within their borders many wine regions do not correspond to designated tourism regions for example the famous bordeaux region in france is part of the political and tourism region of aquitaine while the mosel wine region of germany is located in the rhineland palatinate state and extends far to the northeast of the moselle and saar tourism region according to c michael hall a wine region success depends not only upon its grapes and thexperience of wine tasting but alson its infrastructure physical environment scenery regional cuisine and the social and cultural components of the wine region in shorthe major characteristics of tourism regions more generallyc michael hall wine tourism around the worldevelopment management and markets woburn mass butterwortheinemann wine routes are also a popular feature of wine regions helping to guide the wine tourist from vineyard to vineyard often these wine routes are marked by signs along the region s highways which also serve to inform non wine tourists of thexistence of the wine region future trends as globalization and supranationalist organizationsuch as theuropean union encourage the renewal of interest in cross borderegions tourism regions may increasingly assume a more transnational form for example theuroregions of theuropean union allow areas that have been separated by the borders of nation states to reassert some cultural and political sovereignty theuroregion of tyrol south tyrol trentino was formed to encourage cross border cooperation between austria s tyrol state tyrol region and italy s provinces trentino and south tyrol all three formerly part of the austrian county of tyrol that oncencompassed a large area of theastern alps one of the goals of this partnership is thestablishment of tyrol south tyrol trentino as a coherentourism region to further this goal theuroregion has produced an extensive travel guide of the region the internet official travel guide retrieved in addition to tyrol some of the many euroregions that have positioned themselves as tourist regions include the adriatic euroregion whichas a commission for tourism and culture official site retrieved and the silesian euroregion comprising parts of poland slovakiand the czech republic and which also has an official tourism initiative official site retrieved category culture by regions category tourism 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created specifically tourism purposes names often certain positive qualities areand suggest experience visitors countries states provinces administrative regions often carved regions addition drawing attention potential tourists tourism_regions often provide tourists otherwise unfamiliar area number attractive famous tourism_regions based historical current administrative regions include tuscany official_website retrieved italy yucat n state yucat n official_website retrieved mexico famous examples regions created government tourism bureau include united_kingdom lake_district official_website retrieved california wine country california wine country_united states tourism_website tourism_regions tourism scholar identified discourse region region social geographical qualities combined familiar traditional representations region resulting discourse produced form advertisements traveliterature travelogue well larger social construction tourist_destinations process transformation tourism_region finnish destinations tourism ed greg london routledge regions belong larger economic administrative unit takes role developing discourse tourism_region product according discourse tourism_region established parent region development areas tourism_region earlier period characterized construction investment greater advertising increasing tourism eventually region tourism_region mature stage development tourism_region reached meaning history destination continually produced cycles decline growth history tourism_regions th th_centuries historically tourism_regions often developed areas widely considered historical cultural natural importance niagara_falls region new_york state_new_york canada lake_district england french italian riviera others developed around specific attractionsuch major city paris monument pyramids giza tourist regions havexisted thousands years leisure well expression ancient romans visited hot_springs bath_somerset bath roman britain santiago de site mass christian pilgrimage supported major medieval tourism_industry provided travelers accommodations along pilgrimage route modern tourism_region emerged industrial_revolution cities grew size pollution increased expanding middle_class greater amounts disposable income age enlightenment nineteenth_century fashionable grand_tour continental_europe wealthyoung men popularized idea leisure travel popularity grand_tour combined withe stresses benefits industrial_revolution encouraged wealthy middle_class europeand american families explore leisure travel though local scale families began frequenting seaside_resorts known health roman resortown bath_somerset bath particularly hotter months left cities extremely development methods transportation nineteenth_century allowed tourists travel greater distances smaller periods time_period also saw spatial area mass_tourism phenomenon resulted development areas tourist tourism_social sciences new_york routledge among elite groups nineteenth_century mountains also_became increasingly_popular winter months popular regions county tyrol tourism_regions often subjecto mobility areas frequented upper mountains new_york bath england abandoned wealthier visitors became_popular withe middle romantic movement th_century encouraged appreciation natural world leading thexplosion popularity scenic tourism_regionsuch thenglish lake_district niagara_falls region according peter murphy increased competition encouraged private development hotels_resorts entertainment facilities well municipal investment parks piers baths trends marked important intervention state thevolution tourism e murphy tourism community approach cambridge university cambridge press th_century late_th early_th centuries governments increasingly took role encouraging development tourism_regions federal state governments united_states conservation groups european_countries colonies began setting aside areas parks monuments trails preservation niagara_falls tourism_regions parksuch yellowstone national_park organizations future tourism_regions athe_time regions became_increasingly important aspects nationalism also period phrase tourist region came storm argued later decades nineteenth_century stress put region order intimate bond everyone community nation according people believed faithful character could region contribute welfare whole idea region part whole nation gained ground first_years twentieth_century particularly world_war argument advanced every region soul organic part nation eric storm history cultural approach european history quarterly april period regional officials businesses began promoting regions tourist_destination process tourism balance demands multiple identities local regional state national instructed audiences thathe regions political social economic inextricably bound landscapes geography tourists portrayed important historical actors played vital role shaping outcome bond e tourist landscapes regional identities saxony central_european history although local regional governments took promoting regional_tourism late nineteenth early twentieth centuries great_depression national governments europe united_states began aggressively promoting travel within borders drew tourism_regions within state greater cultural historical meaning travel became gesture citizens subjects explore nation tourism_regions nazi germany joy program subsidized travel working_class germans one major projects program included ing germans everywhere interested various regions germany part culture geto know variants according italy one piece tourism literature argued every region italy represents page great book national one us could learn proud italian renaissance architecture spectacle tourism fascist italy university park pennsylvania state_university_press united_states regional diversity gave strength national whole united_states tourist_guidebooks produced new deal federal writers project andrew gross argued guidebooks transform ed local_culture tourist_attraction tourist_attraction symbol order reproduce form brand_name identification works progress administration wpa guides region became object nostalgia victim national identity flourished celebration helping gross american guide_series brand_name identification arizona quarterly recent developments continuing earlier trends governments attempted maximize tourism potential tourism_regions process consists dividing territories tourism_regions way every inch country state oregion given attractive name provided advertising basic tourism infrastructure traditionally heavily countriesuch france implemented encourage tourists would normally spend time famous areasuch paris_french riviera venture designated tourism_regionsuch western valley first morecently constructed region distinct political cultural region since middle_ages american state nebraska attempted use creation tourism_regions tourism_industry state frequently considered potential tourists state lewis clark region frontier trails region south central state reputation place people cross way role state territory played united_states often project westward government regions eco museums counter trend thestablishment government designated tourism_regions local voluntary associations market specific area one popular type eco museum promotes natural tourism rural_areas originated france spread across_europe north_americas well example canadian province alberta tourism_regions six nearly twenty despite local initiatives continue promote much_smaller areas six massive official regions larger many european_countries example might peace tourism_association local municipalities peace country whichas existed since country eco museum serves east specialty regions wine_regions image deutsche thumb px german wine route sign building success enotourism regionsuch california wine country number wine_regions catering tourists grown recent decades although wine_regions havexisted since france wine_tourism became_increasingly_popular wine_regionsuch bordeaux burgundy region burgundy france joined regions california italy spain york areas interesto potential wine tourist currently several dozen countries wine_regions many_countries dozens regions within borders many wine_regions designated tourism_regions example famous bordeaux region france part political tourism_region wine_region germany located palatinate state extends far northeast moselle tourism_region according c michael hall wine_region success depends upon grapes thexperience wine tasting alson infrastructure physical environment scenery regional cuisine social cultural components wine_region major characteristics tourism_regions michael hall wine_tourism around management markets woburn mass wine routes also_popular feature wine_regions helping guide wine tourist vineyard vineyard often wine routes marked signs along region highways also_serve inform non wine tourists thexistence wine_region future 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approachricardo rozzi ximenarango francisca massardo christopher anderson kurt heidinger kelli moses field environmental philosophy and biocultural conservation the omora ethnobotanical park educational program environmental ethics online url field environmental philosophy methodology integrates ecological sciences and environmental ethics through a four step cycle consisting of interdisciplinary ecological and philosophical research ii composition of metaphors and communication of simple narratives iii design ofield activities guided with an ecological and an ethical orientation and iv implementation of in situ conservation areas under the perspective ofield environmental philosophy we have defined ecotourism as an invitation to have a tour or trip to share and appreciate the oikos of the diverse humand nonhuman inhabitants their habits and habitats rozzi r jj armesto j gutierrez f massardo g likens et al integrating ecology and environmental ethics earth stewardship in the southern 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eiffelturm jpg thumb uprightheiffel tower in paris france a popular tourist attraction almost million visithe tower each year a tourist attraction is a place of interest where tourism tourists visitypically for its inherent or exhibited natural or cultural value historical significance natural or built beauty offering leisure adventure and amusement file bali religi s ceremoni p strand med turisterjpg thumb uprightropical beaches and bali culture balinese culture are attractions that draw tourists to this popular island resort such as nyepi melasti rituals performed on the beach natural beauty such as beach es tropical island resort s with coral reefs hiking and camping inational park s mountains and forest s arexamples of traditional tourist attractions to spend summer vacation s other examples of cultural tourist attractions include historical places monument s ancientemple s zoo s public aquarium aquaria museum s and art galleries botanical garden s buildings and structures eg castle s library libraries former prison skyscraper s bridge s theme park s and carnival s living history museum s ethnic enclave communities heritage railway historic trains and cultural events factory tours industrial heritage creative art and crafts workshops are the object of cultural niches like industrial tourism and creative tourismany tourist attractions are also landmark s tourist attractions are also created to capitalise on legendsuch as a supposed unidentified flying object ufo crash site nearoswell new mexico and the alleged loch ness monster sightings in scotland ghost sightings also make tourist attractions ethnicommunities may become tourist attractionsuch as chinatown s in the united states and the black british neighbourhood of brixton in london england in the united states owners and marketers of attractions advertise tourist attractions on billboards along the side of highways and roadways especially in remote areas tourist attractions often provide free promotional brochures and flyers information centres fast food restaurants hotel and motel rooms or lobbies and rest area while some tourist attractions provide visitors a memorablexperience for a reasonable admission charge or even for free others can have a tendency to be of low quality and toverprice their goods and servicesuch as admission food and souvenirs in order to profit from tourists excessively such places are commonly known as touristrap s within citiesuch transportourist attractions as rides by boats and buses city sightseeing etc are very popular novelty attractionovelty attractions are odditiesuch as the biggest ball of twine in cawker city kansas the corn palace in mitchell south dakota or carhenge in alliance nebraska where old carserve in the place of stones in a replica of stonehenge novelty attractions are not limited to the american midwest but are part of midwestern united states culture midwestern culture a golden gate fantasy on the kansas prairie article by ag suleberger in the new york timeseptember accessed september tourist destination file moss landing otterjpg thumb sea otters like this onear moss landing california moss landing are a popular tourist attraction in the monterey bay monterey bay californiarea there is currently no widely acceptedefinition of the term tourist destination from the tourism industry supply perspective a destination is usually defined by a geo political boundary given destination marketing is most commonly funded by governments from the traveler perspective a destination might be perceived quite differently a tourist destination is a city town or other area that is dependento a significant extent on the revenues accruing from tourism or a country state region city or town which is marketed or markets itself as a place for tourists to visit may contain one or more tourist attractions and possibly some touristrapsiem reap town for example is a popular tourist destination in cambodia mainly owed to its proximity to angkor temples a tropical island resort is an island or archipelago that also depends on tourism as itsource of revenue the bahamas in caribbean archipelago balin indonesia phuket province phuket in thailand hawaiin the united states palawan in the philippines and fijin the pacific vamizisland santorini and ibiza in mediterranean arexamples of popular island resorts economic impacthe tourism industry generatesubstantial economic benefits to bothost countries and tourists home countriespecially in developing countries one of the primary motivations for a region to promote itself as a tourism destination is thexpected economic improvement according to the world tourism organization million people travelled to a foreign country in spending more than us billion international tourism receipts combined with passenger transport currently total more than us billion making tourism the worlds number onexport earner ahead of automotive products chemicals petroleum and food tourist attractions can contribute to government revenues direct contributions are generated by taxes on incomes from tourism employment and tourism businesses and by direct levies on touristsuch as departure taxes providemployment stimulate infrastructure investment contribute to local economies provide foreign exchangearningsee also lists of tourist attractions externalinks category tourist attractions category tourism geography attraction category places category recreation category tourist activities 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industrial_heritage creative art crafts workshops object cultural like industrial_tourism creative tourist_attractions also landmark tourist_attractions also created supposed flying object ufo crash site new_mexico alleged loch ness monster sightings scotland ghost sightings also make tourist_attractions may become tourist_attractionsuch chinatown united_states black british neighbourhood london_england united_states owners attractions advertise tourist_attractions along side highways especially remote areas tourist_attractions often provide free promotional flyers information_centres fast_food_restaurants hotel motel rooms rest area tourist_attractions provide visitors reasonable admission charge even free others tendency low quality goods servicesuch admission food souvenirs order profit tourists places commonly_known touristrap within citiesuch attractions rides boats buses city sightseeing etc popular novelty attractions biggest ball city kansas corn palace mitchell south_dakota alliance nebraska old place stones replica novelty attractions limited american midwest part midwestern united_states culture midwestern culture golden_gate fantasy kansas prairie article new_york accessed september tourist_destination file moss landing thumb sea like moss landing california moss landing popular_tourist_attraction monterey bay monterey bay currently widely term tourist_destination tourism_industry supply perspective destination usually defined geo political boundary given destination_marketing commonly funded governments traveler perspective destination might perceived quite differently tourist_destination city town area significant extent revenues tourism country state region city town marketed markets place tourists visit may contain one tourist_attractions possibly town example popular_tourist_destination cambodia mainly proximity temples tropical island resort island archipelago also depends tourism revenue bahamas caribbean archipelago indonesia phuket province phuket thailand hawaiin united_states philippines pacific ibiza mediterranean arexamples popular island resorts economic_impacthe tourism_industry economic_benefits countries tourists home developing_countries one primary motivations region promote_tourism_destination economic improvement according world_tourism organization million_people travelled foreign_country spending us_billion international_tourism receipts combined passenger transport currently total us_billion making tourism worlds number ahead automotive products chemicals food tourist_attractions contribute government revenues direct contributions generated taxes incomes tourism employment tourism_businesses direct departure taxes stimulate infrastructure investment contribute local economies provide foreign also_lists tourist_attractions externalinks_category_tourist attractions_category_tourism geography attraction category places category recreation category_tourist activities attraction"},{"title":"Tourist 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motels","main_words":["redirect","motel","tourist","homes","category_tourist","accommodations","category","motels"],"clean_bigrams":[["redirect","motel"],["motel","tourist"],["tourist","homes"],["homes","category"],["category","tourist"],["tourist","accommodations"],["accommodations","category"],["category","motels"]],"all_collocations":["redirect motel","motel tourist","tourist homes","homes category","category tourist","tourist accommodations","accommodations category","category motels"],"new_description":"redirect motel tourist homes category_tourist accommodations category motels"},{"title":"Tourist landscape","description":"a tourist landscape can be described as constructed through a large number of symbolic and material transformations of an original physical and or socioeconomic landscape in order to serve the interests of tourists and the tourist industry since thearly days of tourism landscape has played an important role in the decision making for holiday destinations in trying to escape from an ordinary taken for granted world people of all periods have looked to far away landscapes in order to re create landscapes are no longer exclusively shaped by the productive claims of agricultural interests their forms are increasingly frequently a reflection of the consumer demand recreation tourism and evenature conservation combine to model the new aesthetics of nature wilson the media shows peoplever more varied images of their surroundings commercial broadcast by the world wide fund for nature vacation folders displayed by the tour operators and tourist boards and the travel reports published in magazines determine to a large degree how the ideal tourist landscape appearance the most influential parties come from the new middle class consisting of individuals and groups who are concentrated in professions like the mediand fashion education and the arts and sciences in this contexthe tourism industry constructs the rural idyll an understanding of the countryside based partly on reality but largely onostalgiand romance it isustained andeveloped by media images and popular imagination it portrays a world of unchanging values traditional and community living which some people feel with regret has been lost forever from their own lives theritage industry has developed to meet such expectations it packages and presents aspect of theritage in ways which broadly sustain the illusion of unchanging values the national trust however by this aesthetic appropriation the landscape has become an assemblage of beautiful forms that ignores the basically vital aspects a related problem is thatourism landscapes are frequently subjecto the characteristic problems of common pool resources a tendency toward overuse and a lack of incentive for individuals to invest in maintaining or improving the resource healy scenic landscapes are often the result of active traditionaland managementhe fading away of the pastoral economy in alpine regions or the traditional orchard economy in parts of the mediterranean threatens the characteristic scenery of old culturalandscapes the mediterranean landscape to the peoples of northern europe the mediterranean landscape represented an ideal that has to be admired sketched painted and visited from the beginning of the nineteenth century on the mediterranean landscape functioned as a promotional objective of the nascentourist industry the presence of celebrities and highly effective publicity campaigns in combination withe work of many artists turned the regional geographicalandscape into a tourist landscape a dream space for the twentieth century luginb hl suggests thatourist publicity posters that appeared toward thend of the nineteenth century were used to representhe mediterranean landscape and to reinforce the selective view of that landscape held by an elite stratum of society characteristic of these posters is themphasis on thexotic in the mediterranean landscape plant lifespecially is used to symbolise the ideal tourist scenery whilst constructing a landscape that retreats from reality the mediterranean landscape is replaced with a landscape in which the only thing that is mediterranean is the stuff of the tourist promotion a beach a palm tree and a couple browning their skin the sun or letting their hair blow in the wind the mediterranean landscape no longer exists because it has been made palatable to alluginb hl the pilgrim s way to santiago de compostelanother example of impressive transformations is the pilgrim s way to santiago de compostela one of the most famous long distance routes in europe the different itineraries formed a kind of religious network in the past now thec has discovered the importance of this route and has themed it as the cultural route of europe subsidised by ec funds a considerable part of the authentic pilgrim s way in the tiere de campos inorthwestern spain has been completely transformed into a comfortable tracking road trees have been planted on every ten metersupplied with water by a smart irrigation system after every kilometer the tired modern pilgrim can take some rest nobody has to be afraid in getting lost in this area becauseven the smallest village isignposted by an impressive stone so the suffering of the former pilgrims has become unreachable for the modern ones they are degraded tordinary tourists and the landscape it is rationalised and it seems to be a question of time before the first multinational company establishes a chain ofast food outlets along the route the alpine landscape holiday villages in the netherlands the ideal of an exotic holiday destination is without any doubt strongly influenced by the image of the mediterranean landscape it is incorporated in the designing of holiday village s and thenormous increase of these facilities in the last decades has transformed parts of the netherlands into realeisure landscapes thencroachment of brick and concrete over the landscape is visible in favourable tourist regionsuch as the coastal zones and the veluwe region the high quality holiday villagesell a subtropical illusion in a country with a temperate maritime climate the mediterranean concept became predominant in the design the range of services and the names of resortsuch as porte zelande or porte gr ve in the province of zeeland the inspiration for the design of porte zelande on the brouwersdam was drawn from port grimaud in southern france port grimaud can be considered as one of the most well known examples of a radicalandscape transformation in the architect spoerry acquired a stretch of marshy land near saintropez he transformed this area to the ultimatexample ofuture leisure ports beach parks and r sidences have become popular and change the landscape dramatically in certain regions another example can be find along the languedoc roussillon coast in southern france in the huge leisure based urbanisation around port leucate image port leucate aude view from tang to harbourjpg thumb right px port leucate in southern france in order to differentiate themselves to win the favour of clients resorts ponder to the attractivenvironment in the form of landscape and culture in addition to some holyday villages golf links are also making inroads on the countryside the holiday villages developed most recently tend to be in the immediate vicinity of nature preserves or the sea coasthe use that people make of the surroundings of a holiday village is becoming more and more intensive changing the appearance of the landscape into a tourist landscape clark g et aleisure landscapes leisure culture and thenglish countryside challenges and conflicts cpre publications london dietvorst adri en jan philipsen the landscape of leisure geografie dietvorst adri tourist landscapes accelerating transformations in sheila scraton ed leisure time and space meanings and values in people s lives lsa publicationo brighton dietvorst agj hetoeristisch landschap tussen illusien werkelijkheid afscheidsrede universiteit wageningen ehrentraut adolf globalization and the representation of rurality alpine open air museums in advanced industrial societiesociologia ruralis healy roberthe common pool problem in tourism landscapes annals of tourism research luginb hl yves apolloniandionysian in luginb hl yves ed mediterranean landscape sevilla cartuja de santa maria de las cuevas june october electa milan luginb hl yves the mediterranean landscape and its value in tourist publicity in luginb hl yves ed mediterranean landscape sevilla cartuja de santa maria de las cuevas june october electa milan the national trust linking people place a consultation reporthe national trust cirencester scaramellini g the picturesque and the sublime inature and landscape writing and iconography in the romantic voyaging in the alps geojournal wilson w the culture of nature north american landscape from disney to thexxon valdez blackwell oxford category landscape category tourism 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education arts sciences tourism_industry rural understanding countryside based partly reality largely romance andeveloped media images popular imagination world values traditional community living_people feel lost forever lives theritage industry developed meet expectations packages presents aspect theritage ways broadly sustain illusion values national_trust however aesthetic landscape become beautiful forms basically vital aspects related problem thatourism landscapes frequently subjecto characteristic problems common pool resources tendency toward lack incentive individuals invest maintaining improving resource healy scenic landscapes often result active managementhe away pastoral economy alpine regions traditional economy parts mediterranean characteristic scenery old mediterranean_landscape peoples northern europe mediterranean_landscape represented ideal painted visited beginning nineteenth_century mediterranean_landscape functioned promotional objective industry presence celebrities highly effective publicity campaigns combination withe work many artists turned regional tourist landscape dream space twentieth_century luginb suggests publicity posters appeared toward thend nineteenth_century used representhe mediterranean_landscape reinforce selective view landscape held elite society characteristic posters themphasis thexotic mediterranean_landscape plant used ideal tourist scenery whilst constructing landscape retreats reality mediterranean_landscape replaced landscape thing mediterranean stuff tourist promotion beach palm tree couple skin sun letting hair blow wind mediterranean_landscape longer exists made pilgrim way santiago de example impressive transformations pilgrim way santiago de one famous long_distance routes europe different itineraries formed kind religious network past discovered importance route themed cultural route_europe funds considerable part authentic pilgrim way de spain completely transformed comfortable tracking road trees every ten water smart irrigation system every kilometer tired modern pilgrim take rest nobody getting lost area smallest village impressive stone suffering former pilgrims become modern ones degraded tourists landscape seems question time first multinational company chain ofast_food outlets along route alpine landscape holiday villages netherlands ideal exotic holiday destination without doubt strongly influenced image mediterranean_landscape incorporated designing holiday village increase facilities last decades transformed parts netherlands landscapes brick concrete landscape visible tourist regionsuch coastal zones region high_quality holiday illusion country temperate maritime climate mediterranean concept became design range services names porte porte province inspiration design porte drawn port southern france port considered one well_known examples transformation architect acquired stretch land near transformed area ofuture leisure ports beach parks r become_popular change landscape dramatically certain regions another example find along coast southern france huge leisure based around port image port view tang thumb right px port southern france order differentiate win favour clients resorts form landscape culture addition villages golf links also making countryside holiday villages developed recently tend immediate vicinity nature sea coasthe use people make surroundings holiday village becoming intensive changing appearance landscape tourist landscape clark g landscapes leisure culture thenglish countryside challenges conflicts publications london adri jan landscape leisure adri tourist landscapes transformations ed leisure time space meanings values people lives brighton adolf globalization representation alpine open_air museums advanced industrial healy common pool problem tourism landscapes annals tourism_research luginb yves luginb yves ed mediterranean_landscape sevilla de santa maria de_las june october milan luginb yves mediterranean_landscape value tourist publicity luginb yves ed mediterranean_landscape sevilla de santa maria de_las june october milan national_trust linking people place consultation reporthe national_trust g picturesque sublime inature landscape writing romantic alps wilson w culture nature north_american landscape disney blackwell oxford category landscape category_tourism geography"},{"title":"Tourist sign","description":"border cellspacing cellpadding style border collapse border color cdcdcd margin px align right align center file sign for the isle of wight bus museumjpg border px align center file xianning tourist attractions road sign jpg border px align center filefesignpng border px colspan align center various tourist signs a tourist sign often referred to as a brown sign is a traffic sign whose purpose is to direct visitors tourist destinations tourist signs brown signs at wwwhighwaysgovuk accessed on aug such as historic buildings tourist regions caravan or camp sites picnic areasporting facilities or museums by international convention brown signs with white lettering and white pictograms are often used for this purpose in the mid s tourist signs were introduced in france touri tafeln an der autobahn tourist signs on the motorway dated august at spiegel online since thatime the idea of directing tourists to sights and attractions using a uniform type of signage haspread around the world in germany these tourist signs were first used in it is not clear which of the two signs to the l wensteiner berge or to burg teck was first erected there usage tourist signs have three main applications as information signs and signposts that pointo importantourist destinations or places of interest in a specific area such as within a village or a town astandard signs used to mark tourist or holiday route s with special themes or to herald the presence of nearby landscapes towns and regions usually on long distance routesuch as motorways design file utafel a teilungjpg thumb information sign commemorating the division of germany in many countries the design and use of tourist signs is laidown in order to ensure a uniform appearance in addition to their typically brown and white colours they use sanserifonts that areasy to read in order to improve their usefulness for tourists dualanguages may be used the pictograms employed are designed to be simple and meaningful and are not multi coloured criticism critics complain thatouristsigns contain too much information andistract motorists from concentrating on the road the number of tourist signs continues to grow and lessignificant destinations are increasingly being signed kritik criticism at kulturfahrt deutschlandde see also road sign de wikipedia wikireader unterrichtungstafeln wikipedia wikireader unterrichtungstafeln for a list of tourist signs in germany references externalinks zeichen touristischer hinweisign tourist information tourist signs in the german road traffic act die braun wei en hinweisschilder an der autobahn kennt jeder ihre sch pfer nicht everyone knows the brown and white signs on the autobahn at wwwleotu chemnitzde tourist signs in great britain category traffic signs category 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signjpg righthumbnail px a billboard advertising wall drug s products file touristrap exithru gift shop ripleyjpg thumb right px directional signs to the gift shop and exit must go through the gift shop to geto thexit ripley s aquariumyrtle beach sc file summer trip da yoopers touristrap croppedjpg px thumb da yoopers touristrap in upper peninsula of michigan upper michigan touristrap is an establishment or group of establishments that has been created ore purposed withe aim of attracting tourists and their money touristraps will typically provide services entertainment food souvenirs and other products for tourists to purchase while somestablishments may be viewed by tourists as fun and interesting diversions touristraps can also have negative connotations when they directravelers off highways into commercial areas in the united states in some areasimple facilities may be a sufficient draw to entice tourists to stop wall drug in south dakota began its touristrade simply by offering ice water breezewood pennsylvania represents a physical touristrap athe intersection of interstate and interstate where the two major highways are not directly connected forcing transiting drivers off the interstate and into several suddenly urban blocks with traffic lights and a dense bazaar of gastations fast food restaurants and motels term touristrap a few establishments take pride in the term and embody it into their namesuch as da yoopers touristrap da yoopers touristrap run by the comedy troupe da yoopers in michigan s upper peninsuland the touristrap at deep creek lake maryland other establishments like the trees of mystery in klamath californiavoid the phrase in canada clifton hill niagara falls is a popular touristrap iniagara falls ontario the street attractions are owned by two entities the arealso extends to a small portionorth of victoriavenueast and west of clifton hill and centre street north of victoriavenue in australia there are a large number of australia s big 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vehicles are not actually trolley car trolleys and to avoid confusion with trolley bus es the american public transportation association apta refers to them as trolley replica buses use touristrolleys are used by both municipality municipal and private operators municipal operators may mix touristrolleys in withe regular service bus fleeto add more visitor interest or attract attention to new routes in many cities touristrolleys are used as circulatorsa circulator operates a simplified route limited to popular destinations on a fixed schedule with a reduced or free fare see refor definition touristrolleys are also run by private operators to carry tourism tourist s to popular destinations in san francisco touristrolleys mimic the city s famousan francisco cable car system cable cars touristrolleysometimes operate in places which also have streetcars for example touristrolleys operate in philadelphia which also hasepta subway surface trolley lines actual trolley service operators imagemta bayliner jpg thumb gillig trolley owned by erie metropolitan transit authority emta image kingston citibus jpg thumb dupont industries dupontrolley owned by kingston citibus notable operators of touristrolley buses new york trolley company williamsburg area transit authority local shopping centers and points of interest including merchantsquare in williamsburg virginia capital metropolitan transit authority dillo routes in downtown austin texas erie metropolitan transit authority baylineroute in downtown erie pennsylvania erie pennsylvania gray line worldwide kingston citibus in kingston city new yorkingstonew york montgomery area transit service lightning route lightning route trolleys in montgomery alabama pace transit pace circulator in the chicago area chicago trolley double decker co largest sightseeing charter company in the midwest red rose transit authority circulator in downtown lancaster pennsylvania rhode island public transit authority providence link in downtown 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popular_destinations fixed schedule reduced free fare see definition touristrolleys also run private operators carry tourism tourist popular_destinations san_francisco touristrolleys city francisco cable car system cable cars operate places also example touristrolleys operate philadelphia also subway surface trolley lines actual trolley service operators jpg thumb trolley owned erie metropolitan transit_authority image kingston jpg thumb dupont industries owned kingston notable operators touristrolley buses new_york trolley company williamsburg area transit_authority local shopping_centers points interest including williamsburg_virginia capital metropolitan transit_authority routes downtown austin_texas erie metropolitan transit_authority downtown erie pennsylvania erie pennsylvania gray_line worldwide kingston kingston city_new_york montgomery area transit service lightning route lightning route trolleys montgomery alabama pace transit pace circulator chicago area chicago trolley double decker largest sightseeing charter company midwest red rose transit_authority circulator downtown lancaster pennsylvania rhode_island public transit_authority providence link downtown providence rhode_island providence rhode_island transit_authority river city louisville_kentucky via metropolitan transit via streetcar santonio_texasantonio texas trolley scottsdale circulator downtown scottsdale riverside transit agency shuttle service downtown riverside cand around riverside molly trolley west palm beach_florida ride trolley orlando_florida transit_authority northern kentucky tank shuttle circles cities newport kentucky kentucky cincinnati ohio cape fear public_transportation authority wave transit operates circular tourist route downtown carolina area transportation authority lansing michigan name express limited stop late_night weekend service downtown lansing east lansing michigan east lansing catering nightlife capital authority saratoga visitors trolley saratoga springs day weekend day weekend niagara frontier transportation authority route touristrolley along pine avenue iniagara falls new_york falls niagara_falls international_airport area regional transit past trolley service downtown service later suspended purchased new trolley replica bus june manufacturers cable car classics inc dupont industries corporation optima bus corporation hometown trolley specialty also train tram us english heritage streetcar duck tour uses vehicle sightseeing list buses references_externalinks category_transport category_tourism category buses type"},{"title":"Tourmobile","description":"tourmobile was a sightseeing company that operated in washington dc from until the company was founded as a subsidiary of universal studios withree buses and grew to become an independent company carrying more than passengers per year at per ticket on its fleet of vehicles passengers were able to board and alight as often as they liked on the day in which a ticket was purchased tourmobile operated a legal monopoly for guided tours of the national mall and arlington cemetery which prevented the dcirculator capital bikeshare wmatand other organizations from providing services in highly traveled parts of the city this monopoly was highly controversial from the starthe national park service received an estimated per year from the arrangement after the termination of the tourmobile contract companies includingray line worldwide and open top sightseeing began providing national mall tours the company s fleet consisted of a distinctive style of bus the newest of which was manufactured in category washington dcategory tourism category tourism agencies category bus transport category national mall category national mall and memorial parks category conservation and restoration of 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washington company founded subsidiary universal_studios withree buses grew become independent company carrying passengers per_year per ticket fleet vehicles passengers able board often liked day ticket purchased operated legal monopoly guided_tours national mall arlington cemetery prevented capital organizations providing services highly traveled parts city monopoly highly controversial starthe national_park service received estimated per_year arrangement termination contract companies line worldwide open top sightseeing began providing national mall tours company fleet consisted distinctive style bus newest manufactured category washington dcategory tourism_category_tourism agencies_category bus transport category_national mall category_national mall memorial_parks category conservation restoration vehicles"},{"title":"TourRadar","description":"dissolved predecessor successor location coordinates country of origin locations vienna toronto brisbane area served founder chairman chairperson president ceo md gm key people industry productservices revenue operating income international net income assets equity owner employees parent divisionsubsidiarieslogan booking tours madeasy url programming language ipv alexa global website type travel website advertising registration users language launched current status native clients footnotes tourradar is a travel website where travellers and tourism tourists can book a escorted tour group tour as well as featuring user generated reviews of individual tours and of the tour operator tour operators it claims to have more than tours available fromore than differentour operators worldwide sean o neill tourradar just made a bold move to become the viator of multi day group tours tnooz retrieved october and acts as an online marketplace for third party tour operators to listheir tourso that users can find them as well as offering booking and reviews of tours they also allow travellers to meet before their tour departs through their ios android operating system android appsilya pozin apps for perfecting your travel experience forbes retrieved october tourradar meet is whatsapp for group travel adventure travel news retrieved october founded in the website waset up by brothershawn pittmand travis pittman our founders tourradaretrieved october and waspun offrom their social travel website bugbittenkevin may tlabshowcase tourradar tnooz retrieved october the website hasince grown to include reviews dear tour operators welcome tonline reviews drive bookings tnooz retrieved october the meet app tourradar launches mobile messaging app for b group travel industry adventure travel news retrieved october and the annual award titled world s most amazing tour phil davies tourradar hunts for world s most amazing tour travolution retrieved october in june tourradar announced a round of angel fundingrobin wautersocial group tour marketplace tourradar books funding from expedia ceo and others the next web retrieved october from investors including ex ceof expedia erik blachford in may tourradar appeared on austrias version of dragons den minuten millionen minutes million and secured in funding led by former chief executives from expediand holidaycheck as well as funding from speedinvest an austrian investment companythomas ohr group tour platform tourradar secures k in angel funding eu startups retrieved october in september tourradar launched into north america with christian wolters former vp of sales and marketing at intrepid travel as the north america managing director tourradar launches inorth america travelpress retrieved octobereferences externalinks category tourism agencies category online travel agencies category travel websites category tourism companies category travel and holiday companies of australia category travel and holiday companies of canada category companies based in vienna category companies based in 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panoramic photography tools back end infrastructure and tour viewers businesses and consumers can upload panoramas to the platform s back end through the tourwrist app and third party applications integrating the publish tourwrist api the images are then processed stored andelivered to websites and appspanning mobile devices tablets and computers in abouten minutes tourwrist executive summary tourwristcom retrieved february the free app is available in the apple itunes app store with shooting capability on apple iphone and apple iphone s tourwrist apple itunestoretrieved february the app whichas been downloaded more than times tourwrist executive summary tourwristcom retrieved february converts phones and tablets into a movable window iworld best of showinners macworld retrieved march allowing tourwrists to teleporto distant environments tourwrist among top new and noteworthy iphone apps tourwristcom february tourwrist is the number one virtual tour viewing app in the itunestore tourwrist also provides an html mobile optimized web app for android and windows devices tourwrist crunchbase retrieved february in july tourwrist released a free publish tourwrist api which enables third party developers and companies to integrate in panoramic appsoftware and hardware tourwrist degree panoramic virtual tour hosting company surpasses virtual tour scenes launches api eight white label apps prweb july tourwrist is aggregating one of the world s largest collections of geo located virtual tours by acquiring content from consumers who upload from within the app third party companies that integrate the publish the tourwrist api professional panoramic photographers using the tourwrist content delivery network large imports of existing panoramic databases tourwrist crunchbase retrieved february tourwrist alsowns and operates the world s largest panoramic photography forum panoguidecom panoramic photography goes mainstream in powered by apple google microsoft and tourwrist 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business_journal september company launched commercially first quarter tourwrist executive summary tourwristcom retrieved_february technology accessibility proprietary patent pending technology enables view shoot publish share panoramas tourwrist platform consists panoramic photography tools back end infrastructure tour viewers businesses consumers upload panoramas platform back end tourwrist app third_party applications integrating publish tourwrist api images processed stored andelivered websites mobile devices tablets computers minutes tourwrist executive summary tourwristcom retrieved_february free app available apple app store shooting capability apple iphone apple iphone tourwrist apple february app whichas downloaded times tourwrist executive summary tourwristcom retrieved_february converts phones tablets movable window best retrieved_march allowing distant environments tourwrist among top new noteworthy iphone apps tourwristcom february tourwrist number one virtual_tour viewing app tourwrist also_provides mobile optimized web app android windows devices tourwrist crunchbase retrieved_february july tourwrist released free publish tourwrist api enables third_party developers companies integrate panoramic hardware tourwrist degree panoramic virtual_tour hosting company virtual_tour scenes launches api eight white label apps july tourwrist one world largest collections geo located virtual_tours acquiring content consumers upload within app third_party companies integrate publish tourwrist api professional panoramic photographers using tourwrist content delivery network large imports existing panoramic tourwrist crunchbase retrieved_february tourwrist alsowns operates world largest panoramic photography forum panoramic photography goes mainstream powered apple google microsoft tourwrist january references_externalinks_official_website_category articles_created_via article_wizard_category virtual_tourism"},{"title":"Tower restaurant","description":"file mumbai the ambassador detailjpg thumb revolving restaurant in the tower of the ambassador hotel mumbaindia towerestaurant is a restaurant located in a tower and is accessible by an elevator towerestaurants are laid out in such a way that guests can enjoy the panorama when taking their meal and beverages numerous towerestaurants arevolving restaurant s continuously rotating around the tower axle withe help of a drive donauturm wien revolving restaurant in austria the donauturm danube tower two towerestaurants are implemented as revolving restaurants as well as the bergiselschanze athe jump tower altowerestaurantelstra tower canberra bar andining sydney tower sydney summit australia square sydney sky calgary tower calgary restaurant cn tower toronto water tower belvederevolving restaurant closed athe moment bierpinsel berlin funkturm berlin radio tower berlin berliner fernsehturm berlin revolving restaurant florianturm dortmund revolving restaurant fernsehturm dresden wachwitz dresden closed athe 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life_magazine dealing recreational vehicle trailer life founded july western trailer life california leading magazine celebrates th_anniversary press_release trailer life los_angeles advertising executive art purchased magazine history affinity group inc trailer became part umbrella company affinity group inc externalinks trailer life_magazine category_american lifestyle_magazines_category american_monthly_magazines_category_magazinestablished category recreational vehicles_category_travel writing_category_media county_california_category_magazines_published california"},{"title":"Trans Canada Trail","description":"trailheadst john s newfoundland labrador victoria british columbia tuktoyaktuk northwesterritories use hiking biking equestrianism cross country skiing snowshoeing canoeing elev gain and loss elev change highest lowest sea level grade difficulty variable season all seasons monthsights numerous hazards multiple surface variable row multiple website file trans canada trailogojpg thumb logof the trans canada trail the trans canada trail being promoted since as the greatrail is claimed to be the world s longest network of recreational trails construction began in retrieved on february when fully connected the trail will stretch from the atlantic to the pacific to the arctic oceans just over of the trail are claimed to have been completed as of november which would make thentire project approximately complete retrieved on february however it is also claimed that more than half of the completed trail follows unsegregated shoulders of roads and highways in addition gaps without shoulders totalling must be bridged in order to achieve a fully connected trail the trans canada trail foundation had given itself until its th anniversary and canada s th anniversary in to reach this objectivetogether connected trans canada trail year end review however as of april many of these gaps remained and the completion of a fully segregated trail away from roads and highways appeared to be years or even decades away origin of trail idea the creation of the trail was born of canada s th anniversary celebrations in trans canada trail the kilometre dream second edition it has its counterparts in such other greenway landscape greenway routes as theurovelo routes the uk s national cycle network and the united states numbered bicycle routes network it has been funded largely by canadian federal and provincial governments with significant contributions from corporate and individual donors the first province to have completed its designated section of the trail was princedward island see confederation trail development and maintanence the network of the trans canada trail is made up of more than community trails each trail section is developed owned and managed locally by trail groups conservation authorities and by municipal provincial and federal governments for instance in parksuch as gatineau park or along existing trailsuch as the cataraqui trail and voyageur hiking trail the trans canada trail supports and is made up of greenway landscape greenway s moreover considerable parts of the trail arepurposedefunct railines donated to provincial governments by canadian pacific and canadianational railway railbeds rebuilt as walking trails asuch much of the trans canada trail development emulated the successful rails to trails initiative in the united states whereby these transportation corridors are rail banked as recreational trails allowing conversion back to rail should future need arise thousands of canadians community partner organizations corporations local businesses and allevels of government are involved in developing and maintaining these trails the trans canada trail does not own or operate any trail as an ensemble the trans canada trail might be one of the largest volunteer projects ever undertaken in canada routes and amenities the main section runs along the southern areas of canada connecting most of canada s major cities and most populous areas there is also a long northern arm which runs through alberta to edmonton alberta edmonton and then up through northern british columbia to yukon file trans canada trail in british columbiajpg thumb this map of the province british columbia shows the trans canada trail starting inorth saanich the trail is multi use andepending on the section may allow hiking hikers bicycle bicyclists horseback riders cross country skiing cross country skiers and snowmobile rs in theory the trail is equipped with regularly spaced pavilions that provide shelter as well as fresh water to travellers buthis varies widely from section to section and particularly from province to province mile zerof the trail is located outside the railway coastal museum in st john s newfoundland labrador st john s newfoundland labrador newfoundland infrastructure and route details for some provinces newfoundland labrador the trail eastern terminustarts in st john s newfoundland st john s where it is known as the grand concourse trail it passes by st john s harbour travelling south crossing newfoundland labradoroute route into kilbride newfoundland labrador kilbride then through bowring park st john s bowring park continuing north westhrough mount pearl newfoundland labrador mount pearl then donovans newfoundland labrador donovans crossing newfoundland labradoroute route into paradise newfoundland labrador paradise passing neils pond newfoundland neils pond then several others as it makes its way through woodstock newfoundland labrador woodstock the route then turnsouth west passing through chamberlains newfoundland labrador chamberlains manuels newfoundland labrador manuels talcville newfoundland labrador talcville and foxtrap newfoundland labrador foxtrap where it crosses newfoundland labradoroute route the trail continues through conception bay south where the trail is known as newfoundland trailway park continuing south westhe route passes through riverdale newfoundland labradoriverdale and hopewell newfoundland labrador hopewell indian pond newfoundland labrador indian ponduffs newfoundland labrador duffs thenters theast side of holyrood bay the trail passes through briens newfoundland labrador briens as it enters holyrood newfoundland labrador hollyrood the route again crosses route then the north arm river newfoundland labrador north arm river then travels northrough burnt stump newfoundland labrador burnt stump the route travelsouth west passing woodsford newfoundland labrador woodsford then passes through brien s gullies newfoundland labrador brien s gullies before then crossing route again the route then passes through brigus junctionewfoundland labrador brigus junction mahers then ocean pond newfoundland labrador ocean pond then a mostly treed area beforentering whitbournewfoundland labrador whitbourne and crossing newfoundland labradoroute route continuing the route crosses newfoundland labradoroute route thenters placentia junctionewfoundland labrador placentia junction before turning north passing over coles pond newfoundland labrador coles pond crossing newfoundland labradoroute route the next major location is tickle harbour stationewfoundland labrador tickle harbour station where it again touches route and follows it crossing a few more times beforentering cobb s pond newfoundland labrador cobb s pond then come by chance newfoundland labrador come by chance the route continues as it entersubdivision a newfoundland labrador goobies thenorthern blight newfoundland labrador northern blighthen crosses route as it enters clarenville newfoundland labrador clarenville the route followshool harbouriver newfoundland labrador shool harbouriver as it enters thorburn lake newfoundland labrador thorburn lake then crosses newfoundland labradoroute route as it port blandford newfoundland labrador port blandford then crosses route again as it enters terra nova newfoundland labrador terra nova the trail changes to gambo to terra nova trail as it continues to alexander bay then route thenewfoundland labradoroute route as it enters gambo newfoundland labrador gambo continuing northe next leg of the trail is called cobb corridor trail as it enters butts newfoundland labrador butts then bentonewfoundland labrador benton then turning north west as it enters gander newfoundland labrador gander as it continues the route passes glenwood newfoundland labrador glenwood then continues to notre dame junctionewfoundland labrador notre dame junction passing newfoundland labradoroute route and finally norris arm newfoundland labrador norris arm the next section is newfoundland trailway park continuing to rattling brook newfoundland labradorattling brook as it follows thexploits river newfoundland labrador exploits river through junipers brook newfoundland labrador junipers brook bishop s falls newfoundland labrador bishops falls crossing newfoundland labradoroute route and continuing through grand falls newfoundland labrador grand falls now known as exploits valley and beothuk trail the trail moves along into windsor newfoundland labrador windsor then badger newfoundland labrador badger from here it is known as newfoundland trailway park and travels through west lake newfoundland labrador west lake millertown junctionewfoundland labrador millertown junction the route passes through quarry newfoundland labrador quarry gaff topsails newfoundland labrador gaff topsails kittys brook newfoundland labrador kittys brook howley newfoundland labrador howley where it crosses the main brook newfoundland labrador main brook and ending in deer lake newfoundland labrador deer lake the next stretch is called the deer lake to corner brook trail and pretty much follows route through pasadena newfoundland labrador pasadena steady brook newfoundland labrador steady brook and corner brook newfoundland labrador corner brook on the south side of the upper humberiver newfoundland labrador upper humberiver ending as it crosses newfoundland labradoroute route continuing southe route is now known as newfoundland trailway park passing through mount moriah newfoundland labrador mount moriah then continuing on harrys river newfoundland labrador harrys river into gallants newfoundland labrador gallants then crossing newfoundland labradoroute route as it crosses newfoundland labradoroute route at stephenville crossing newfoundland labrador stephenville crossing in st george s bay newfoundland labrador st george s bay passing through st george s newfoundland labrador st george s the route crosses fischells brook newfoundland labrador fischells brook then crosses newfoundland labradoroute route in cartyville newfoundland labrador cartyville passing through st fintan s newfoundland labrador st fintans the route continues to codroy pond newfoundland labrador codroy pond then south branch newfoundland labrador south branch benoitsiding newfoundland labrador benoitsiding doyles newfoundland labrador doyles tompkins newfoundland labrador tompkinst andrews newfoundland labrador st andrews and ending in cape ray newfoundland labrador cape ray the lastretch of the trail inewfoundland is known as the wreckhouse trail this trail passes through osmond newfoundland labrador osmond grand bay newfoundland labrador grand bay and ends in port aux basques newfoundland labrador port aux basques where you would take the port aux basques to north sydney ferry to north sydney nova scotia nova scotias the trail begins where it is known as pottle lake to north sydney on the cape breton island in the town of north sydney nova scotia north sydney separating itselfrom nova scotia highway after the ferry ride from newfoundland as of june this portion of the route has not been completed however is planned to travel through the town and crossing nova scotia highway following old branch road on the north side of pottle lake from here the trail changes told branch road george river division continues through georges river nova scotia georges river and continuesouth eastouching the north east corner of the scotch lake nova scotia scotch lake thenters the community of scotch lake nova scotia scotch lake and follows the scotch lake rd the route continues as upper leitches creek to scotch lake briefly merging with nova scotia route on the bras d or lakescenic drive then follows the upper leitches creek rd as it enter upper leitches creek the route changes to the scotch lake grand narrows trail as it continues now on towerd as it passes the macaulays lakes the route here will cross mcleod brook nova scotia mcleod brook as it passes through the bodale hills nova scotia bodale hills the route changes to little narrows as it enters the community of rear christmas island nova scotia rear christmas island the route again merges onto highway in christmas island nova scotia christmas island follows the highway through grand narrows nova scotia grand narrows iona nova scotia iona jamesville nova scotia jamesville west nova scotia jamesville west and ottawa brook nova scotia ottawa brook as the route passes bras d or lake bras d or lake it crosses at little narrows nova scotia little narrows using the little narrows ferry and crosses the trans canadat nova scotia highway in aberdeenova scotiaberdeen then continues northrough lewis mountainova scotia lewis mountain where it becomes the celtic shores coastrail celtic shores coastrail the trans canada trail continues passing nova scotia route and passing through scotsville nova scotia scotsville to a fork north of strathlorne nova scotia strathlorne north trail the north path travels north and ends inverness nova scotia invernessouth trail after passing through strathlorne the route passes loch banova scotia loch ban then black river inverness nova scotia black river where the route changes names to mabou rivers trail from here it passes through glendyer nova scotia glendyer then crosses nova scotia route as it passes through rankinville nova scotia rankinville then crosses nova scotia route in mabou nova scotia mabou new brunswick shogomoc river pedestrian bridge is a foot suspension bridge in canterbury new brunswick part of the trans canada trail and the sentier nb trail network it was opened in october by a ribbon cutting ceremony with valerie pringle present as a trans canada trail representative sentier nb trail provided over towards the project it is known as the final non motorized trailink between the town of grand bay westfield and the border of the province of quebec as a legacy project of pan american games and parapan american games the pan am pathelps complete gaps in ontario s portion of the trans canada trail pan am and parapan am trails in a one kilometre long honorary segment of the trans canada trail was opened on the grounds of rideau hall in ottawa british columbia the main leg of the trail enters british columbia from alberta following thelk river british columbia elk river passing through sparwood british columbia sparwood and the kootenays and columbia mountains from there it delvesouthward and westward near the kettle river columbia river kettle river the trail passes through the okanagan valley over the kettle valley rail trail including the very popular myra bellevue provincial park myra canyon portion from here it heads through princeton british columbia princeton and continues westo vancouver from vancouver to nanaimo british columbia nanaimo involves a trip on bc ferries the trail extendsouthward on vancouver island to victoria british columbia victoria where another ferry returns to vancouver file trans canada trail bcpng thumb trans canada trail bc section data sourced from the government of british columbia data catalogue gaps and criticism although promoted as complete in actuality more than half of the trail is along the shoulders of highways the trail is routed along km of roads and highways km of trails of various kinds and km of waterways including lake superior image b ejpg trans canada trail along coal harbour in downtown vancouver british columbia image transcanadatrailgrandforksbcjpg trans canada trail in grand forks british columbia image transcdatrailmanitobajpg trans canada trail in manitobat silver springs park viewed from birds hill rural municipality of east paul rm of east paul image trans canada trail peterborough ontariojpg trans canada trail in winter in peterborough ontario file trans canada trail cyubjpg trans canada trail marker in tuktoyaktuk northwesterritories image kinsol trestle from riverside roadjpg the newly restored kinsol trestle which spans the koksilah river on vancouver island see also canol heritage trail canol road chrysler canada greenway iron horse trail alberta iron horse trail ontario lake charles nova scotia lake charles trialake charles trail newfoundland t railway rail trail riverfrontrail greater moncton riverfrontrail new brunswick rideau trail externalinks trans canada trail moose jaw saskatchewan section km trans canada trail diary and photos victoria to st johns unofficial trans canada trail gps map trans canada trails in manitoba map of thentire trail category adventure travel category trans canada trail category rail trails in canada category cycleways in canada category hiking trails in canada category long distance cycling 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promoted since claimed world longest network recreational trails construction_began retrieved_february fully connected trail stretch atlantic pacific arctic oceans trail claimed completed november would make thentire project approximately complete retrieved_february however also claimed half completed trail follows shoulders roads highways addition gaps without shoulders must order achieve fully connected trail trans_canada trail foundation given th_anniversary canada th_anniversary reach connected trans_canada trail year end review however april many gaps remained completion fully trail away roads highways appeared years even decades away origin trail idea creation trail born canada th_anniversary celebrations trans_canada trail dream second edition counterparts greenway landscape greenway routes routes uk national cycle network united_states numbered bicycle routes network funded largely canadian federal provincial governments significant contributions corporate individual donors first province completed designated section trail island see confederation trail development network trans_canada trail made community trails trail section developed owned managed locally trail groups conservation authorities municipal provincial federal_governments instance parksuch park along existing trail hiking trail trans_canada trail supports made greenway landscape greenway moreover considerable parts trail donated provincial governments canadian pacific canadianational railway rebuilt walking trails asuch much trans_canada trail development emulated successful trails initiative united_states whereby transportation corridors rail recreational trails allowing conversion back rail future need arise thousands canadians community partner organizations corporations local_businesses allevels government involved developing maintaining trails trans_canada trail operate trail trans_canada trail might one largest volunteer projects ever undertaken canada routes amenities main section runs along southern areas canada connecting canada major_cities areas also long northern arm runs alberta edmonton_alberta edmonton northern british_columbia yukon file trans_canada trail british thumb map province british_columbia shows trans_canada trail starting inorth trail multi use section may allow hiking hikers bicycle bicyclists horseback riders cross_country skiing cross_country theory trail equipped regularly pavilions provide shelter well fresh water travellers buthis varies widely section section particularly province province mile trail located outside railway coastal museum st_john newfoundland_labrador st_john newfoundland_labrador newfoundland infrastructure route details provinces newfoundland_labrador trail eastern st_john newfoundland st_john known grand concourse trail passes st_john harbour travelling south crossing newfoundland_labradoroute route kilbride newfoundland_labrador kilbride park st_john park continuing north mount pearl newfoundland_labrador mount pearl newfoundland_labrador crossing newfoundland_labradoroute route paradise newfoundland_labrador paradise passing pond newfoundland pond several others makes way woodstock newfoundland_labrador woodstock route west passing newfoundland_labrador newfoundland_labrador newfoundland_labrador newfoundland_labrador crosses newfoundland_labradoroute route trail continues conception bay south trail known newfoundland trailway park continuing south_westhe route_passes riverdale newfoundland newfoundland_labrador indian pond newfoundland_labrador indian newfoundland_labrador theast side bay trail passes newfoundland_labrador enters newfoundland_labrador route crosses route north arm river newfoundland_labrador north arm river travels burnt newfoundland_labrador burnt route west passing newfoundland_labrador passes brien newfoundland_labrador brien crossing route route_passes junctionewfoundland labrador junction ocean pond newfoundland_labrador ocean pond mostly area beforentering labrador crossing newfoundland_labradoroute route continuing route crosses newfoundland_labradoroute route junctionewfoundland labrador junction turning north passing pond newfoundland_labrador pond crossing newfoundland_labradoroute route next major location harbour labrador harbour station route follows crossing times beforentering cobb pond newfoundland_labrador cobb pond come chance newfoundland_labrador come chance route continues newfoundland_labrador newfoundland_labrador northern crosses route_enters newfoundland_labrador route newfoundland_labrador enters lake newfoundland_labrador lake crosses newfoundland_labradoroute route port newfoundland_labrador port crosses route_enters terra nova newfoundland_labrador terra nova trail changes terra nova trail continues alexander bay route labradoroute_route_enters newfoundland_labrador continuing northe next leg trail called cobb corridor trail enters newfoundland_labrador labrador benton turning north_west enters newfoundland_labrador continues route_passes glenwood newfoundland_labrador glenwood continues dame junctionewfoundland labrador dame junction passing newfoundland_labradoroute route finally norris arm newfoundland_labrador norris arm next section newfoundland trailway park continuing brook newfoundland brook follows river newfoundland_labrador exploits river brook newfoundland_labrador brook bishop falls newfoundland_labrador falls crossing newfoundland_labradoroute route continuing grand falls newfoundland_labrador grand falls known exploits valley trail trail moves along windsor newfoundland_labrador windsor badger newfoundland_labrador badger known newfoundland trailway park travels west lake newfoundland_labrador west lake junctionewfoundland labrador junction route_passes quarry newfoundland_labrador quarry newfoundland_labrador brook newfoundland_labrador brook newfoundland_labrador crosses main brook newfoundland_labrador main brook ending deer lake newfoundland_labrador deer lake next stretch called deer lake corner brook trail pretty much follows route pasadena newfoundland_labrador pasadena steady brook newfoundland_labrador steady brook corner brook newfoundland_labrador corner brook south side upper newfoundland_labrador upper ending crosses newfoundland_labradoroute route continuing route known newfoundland trailway park passing mount newfoundland_labrador mount continuing river newfoundland_labrador river newfoundland_labrador crossing newfoundland_labradoroute route crosses newfoundland_labradoroute route crossing newfoundland_labrador crossing st_george_bay newfoundland_labrador st_george_bay passing st_george newfoundland_labrador st_george route crosses brook newfoundland_labrador brook crosses newfoundland_labradoroute route newfoundland_labrador passing st newfoundland_labrador st route continues pond newfoundland_labrador pond south branch newfoundland_labrador south branch newfoundland_labrador newfoundland_labrador tompkins newfoundland_labrador andrews newfoundland_labrador st andrews ending cape ray newfoundland_labrador cape ray trail known trail trail passes newfoundland_labrador grand bay newfoundland_labrador grand bay ends port aux newfoundland_labrador port aux would_take port aux north sydney ferry north sydney nova_scotia nova trail begins known lake north sydney cape_breton island town north sydney nova_scotia north sydney separating itselfrom nova_scotia highway ferry ride newfoundland june portion route completed however planned travel town crossing nova_scotia highway following old branch road north side lake trail changes told branch road george river division continues georges river nova_scotia georges river north_east corner scotch lake nova_scotia scotch lake community scotch lake nova_scotia scotch lake follows scotch lake route continues upper creek scotch lake briefly merging nova_scotia route bras drive follows upper creek enter upper creek route changes scotch lake grand narrows trail continues passes lakes route cross brook nova_scotia brook passes hills nova_scotia hills route changes little narrows enters community rear christmas island nova_scotia rear christmas island route onto highway christmas island nova_scotia christmas island follows highway grand narrows nova_scotia grand narrows nova_scotia nova_scotia west nova_scotia west ottawa brook nova_scotia ottawa brook route_passes bras lake bras lake crosses little narrows nova_scotia little narrows using little narrows ferry crosses trans_canadat nova_scotia highway continues lewis scotia lewis mountain becomes celtic shores celtic shores trans_canada trail continues passing nova_scotia route passing nova_scotia fork north nova_scotia north trail north path travels north ends inverness nova_scotia trail passing route_passes loch scotia loch ban black river inverness nova_scotia black river route changes names rivers trail passes nova_scotia crosses nova_scotia route_passes nova_scotia crosses nova_scotia route nova_scotia new_brunswick river pedestrian bridge foot suspension bridge canterbury new_brunswick part trans_canada trail trail network opened october cutting ceremony present trans_canada trail representative trail provided towards project known final non motorized town grand bay border province quebec legacy project pan american games american games pan complete gaps ontario portion trans_canada trail pan trails one long honorary segment trans_canada trail opened grounds rideau hall ottawa british_columbia main leg trail enters british_columbia alberta following river british_columbia river passing british_columbia columbia mountains westward near kettle river columbia_river kettle river trail passes valley kettle valley rail trail including popular bellevue provincial_park canyon portion heads princeton british_columbia princeton continues westo vancouver vancouver_british columbia involves trip ferries trail vancouver island victoria british_columbia victoria another ferry returns vancouver file trans_canada trail thumb trans_canada trail section data sourced government british_columbia data catalogue gaps criticism although promoted complete half trail along shoulders highways trail along roads highways trails various kinds waterways including lake superior image b trans_canada trail along coal harbour downtown vancouver_british columbia image trans_canada trail grand forks british_columbia image trans_canada trail silver springs park viewed birds hill rural municipality east paul east paul image trans_canada trail peterborough trans_canada trail winter peterborough ontario file trans_canada trail trans_canada trail marker northwesterritories image trestle riverside newly restored trestle river vancouver island see_also heritage trail road canada greenway iron horse trail alberta iron horse trail ontario lake charles nova_scotia lake charles charles trail newfoundland railway rail trail greater new_brunswick rideau trail externalinks trans_canada trail section trans_canada trail diary photos victoria st_johns unofficial trans_canada trail gps map trans_canada trails manitoba map thentire trail category_adventure_travel_category trans_canada trail category rail trails canada_category canada_category hiking trails canada_category long_distance cycling routes"},{"title":"Trattoria","description":"image al borgat jpg thumb px a very typical trattoria in tolmezzo friuli a trattoria is an italian cuisine italian style restaurant eating establishment less formal than a ristorante but more formal than osteria there are generally no printed menus the service is casual wine isold by the decanterather than the bottle prices are low and themphasis on a steady clientele rather than on haute cuisine the food is modest but plentiful mostly following regional and local recipes and in some instances is even served family style ie at common tables image italian trattoria signjpg px thumb leftrattoria sign in tuscany trattorias that are faithful to thistereotype who have become fewer in the last years and many have adopted some or several of the trappings of restaurants with just one or two concessions to the old rustic and familiar style optionally trattoria food may be bought in containers for taking home the word is cognate withe french language french word traiteur culinary profession traiteur meaning a caterer that only makes take outake out food see alsosteria category italian cuisine category italian restaurants category restaurants in italy category types of 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types"],"new_description":"image jpg thumb px typical trattoria trattoria italian cuisine italian style restaurant eating establishment less formal formal osteria generally printed menus service casual wine isold bottle prices low themphasis steady clientele rather haute_cuisine food modest plentiful mostly following regional local recipes instances even served family_style common tables image italian trattoria signjpg px_thumb sign tuscany faithful become fewer last_years many adopted several restaurants one two concessions old rustic familiar style trattoria food may bought containers taking home word withe french_language french word traiteur culinary profession traiteur meaning makes take food see category italian cuisine_category italian restaurants_category_restaurants italy_category_types restaurants"},{"title":"Travel","description":"filel viaxeru d urculojpg thumb px a statue dedicated to the lifestyle travelling traveler in oviedo spain travel is the movement of people between relatively distant geographicalocation geography location s and can involve travel by pedestrian foot bicycle automobile train boat bus airplane or other means with or without luggage and can be one way oround trip travel definition thefreedictionarycom accessed july travel definition merriam webstercom accessed july travel can also include relatively short stays between successive movements the origin of the word travel is most likely losto history the term travel may originate from the old french word travail which means work entymoligical dictionary definition retrieved on december according to the merriam webster dictionary the first known use of the word travel was in the th century it also states thathe word comes fromiddlenglish travailen travelen which means torment labor strive journey and earlier from old french travailler which means to work strenuously toil in english we still occasionally use the words travail which meanstruggle according to simon winchester in his book the bestravelers tales the words travel and travail both share an even more ancient root a roman instrument of torture called the tripalium in latin it means three stakes as in to impale this link may reflecthextreme difficulty of travel in ancientimes today travel may or may not be much easier depending upon the destination you chooseg mt everesthe amazon rainforest how you plan to gethere bus tour bus cruise ship or bullock cart oxcart and whether you decide to rough it seextreme tourism and adventure travel there s a big difference between simply being a tourist and being a true world traveler notes travel writer michael kasum this however a contestedistinction as academic work on the cultures and sociology of travel has notedbuzard j the beaten track european tourism literature and the ways to culture oxford university press purpose and motivation file nilgiri mountain trainjpg thumb train travel passengers on a train on a bridge of the nilgiri mountain railway between mettupalayam coimbatore mettupalayam and ootacamund in tamil nadu india reasons for traveling include recreation the road to travel purpose of travel university oflorida college of liberal arts and sciences compilation for history rel course accessed july tourism or vacation ing research travel the gathering of information visiting people volunteer travel for charity practice charity human migration to begin life somewherelse religious pilgrimage s and mission trip s business travel trade commuting and othereasonsuch as tobtain health care or waging orefugee fleeing war or for thenjoyment of traveling travellers may use human powered transport such as walking or cycling bicycling or vehicle such as public transport automobile s train s and airplane s motives for travel include pleasure so your community wants travel tourisminnesota extension service university of minnesota michigan state university extension accessed july relaxation technique relaxation discovery observation discovery and exploration getting to know other culture s taking personal time for building interpersonal relationship s geographic types travel may be local regional national domestic or international in some countries non local internal travel may require an internal passport while international travel typically requires a passport and visa document visa trip may also be part of a round trip which is a particular type of travel whereby a person moves from one location to another and returns history of travel whilearly travel tended to be slower more dangerous and more dominated by trade and migration cultural and technological advances over manyears have tended to mean thatravel has becomeasier and more accessible a brief visual history of travel accessed may thevolution of technology in such diverse fields as horse tack and high speed rail bulletrain s has contributed to this trend while travel in the middle ages offered hardships and challenges it was importanto theconomy and to society the wholesaling wholesale sector depended for example on merchants dealing withrough caravan travellers caravan or sea voyagers end useretailing often demanded the services of many itinerant peddler s wandering from village to hamlet gyrovague s and wandering friar s broughtheology and pastoral care pastoral supporto neglected areas travelling minstrel s practised the never ending tour never ending tour and armies ranged far and wideeg viking expansion from scandinavias far afield as north americand the caspian sea th to th centuries ce and the mongol invasions and conquests across eurasia th century in various crusadespecially the long running northern crusades in the baltic region and in sundry other warsnotably the so called hundred years war the importance of mercenary forces rather thanationally based local standing armies made for widespread soldierly mobility pilgrimages involved streams of travellers both locally canterbury talestyle and internationally for example travel by water often provided more comfort and speed than land travel at least until the advent of a network of railway s in the th century airship s and airplane s took over much of the role of long distance surface travel in the th century travel safety file british airways world traveller cabinjpg thumb travelers in a british airways airplane air travel is a common means of transport file mf skania jpg thumb mskania ferry in the port of szczecin authorities emphasize the importance of taking precautions to ensure travel safety tips for traveling abroad bureau of consular affairs us department of state accessed july when traveling abroad the odds favor a safe and incident free trip however travelers can be subjecto difficulties crime and violence a safe trip abroad bureau of consular affairs us department of state accessed july some safety considerations include being aware of one surroundings avoiding being the target of a crime leaving copies of one s passport and travel itinerary information with trusted people obtaining health insurance medical insurance valid in the country being visited and registering with one s national diplomatic mission embassy when arriving in a foreign country many countries do not recognize drivers licenses from other countries however most countries accept international driving permit s road safety overseas bureau of consular affairs us department of state accessed july vehicle insurance automobile insurance policies issued in one s own country are often invalid in foreign countries and it is often a requirementobtain temporary auto insurance valid in the country being visited it is also advisable to become oriented withe driving rules and regulations of destination countries wearing a seat belt is highly advisable for safety reasons many countries have penalties for violating seat belt legislation seatbelt laws there are three main statistics which may be used to compare the safety of various forms of travel based on a detr survey in october 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travel movement people relatively distant geography location involve travel pedestrian foot bicycle automobile train boat bus airplane means without luggage one way trip travel definition accessed_july travel definition merriam accessed_july travel also_include relatively short stays movements origin word travel likely history term travel may old french word travail means work dictionary definition retrieved december according merriam_webster dictionary first known use word travel th_century also states thathe word comes means labor strive journey earlier old french means work english still occasionally use words travail according simon winchester book tales words travel travail share even ancient root roman instrument called latin means three link may difficulty travel ancientimes today travel may may much easier depending upon destination amazon rainforest plan bus tour bus cruise_ship cart whether decide rough tourism adventure_travel big difference simply tourist true world_traveler notes travel_writer michael however academic work cultures sociology travel j beaten track european tourism literature ways culture oxford_university_press_purpose motivation file mountain thumb train travel passengers train bridge mountain railway tamil india reasons traveling include recreation road_travel purpose travel university oflorida college liberal arts sciences compilation history course accessed_july tourism vacation ing research travel gathering information visiting people volunteer travel charity practice charity human migration begin life religious pilgrimage mission trip business_travel_trade commuting tobtain health_care war traveling travellers may use human powered transport walking cycling bicycling vehicle public_transport automobile train airplane motives travel include pleasure community wants travel extension service university minnesota michigan state_university extension accessed_july relaxation technique relaxation discovery observation discovery exploration getting know culture taking personal time building relationship geographic types travel may local regional national domestic international countries non local internal travel may require internal passport international_travel typically requires passport visa document visa trip may_also part round trip particular type travel whereby person moves one location another returns history travel travel tended slower dangerous dominated trade migration cultural technological advances manyears tended mean thatravel accessible brief visual history travel accessed_may thevolution technology diverse fields horse high_speed rail contributed trend travel middle_ages offered challenges importanto theconomy society wholesale sector depended example merchants dealing caravan travellers caravan sea end often services many itinerant wandering village hamlet wandering pastoral care pastoral supporto neglected areas travelling never ending tour never ending tour armies ranged far viking expansion far north_americand sea th th_centuries across th_century various long running northern baltic region called hundred years war importance forces rather based local standing armies made widespread mobility involved streams travellers locally canterbury internationally example travel water often provided comfort speed land travel least advent network railway th_century airplane took much role long_distance surface travel th_century travel safety file british airways world_traveller thumb travelers british airways airplane air_travel common means transport file_jpg thumb ferry port szczecin authorities emphasize importance taking ensure travel safety tips traveling abroad bureau consular affairs us_department state accessed_july traveling abroad odds favor safe incident free trip however travelers subjecto difficulties crime violence safe trip abroad bureau consular affairs us_department state accessed_july safety considerations include aware one surroundings avoiding target crime leaving copies one passport travel itinerary information trusted people obtaining health_insurance medical insurance valid country visited registering one national diplomatic mission embassy arriving foreign_country many_countries recognize drivers licenses countries however countries accept international driving permit road safety overseas bureau consular affairs us_department state accessed_july vehicle insurance automobile insurance policies issued one country often foreign_countries often temporary auto insurance valid country visited also become oriented withe driving rules regulations destination countries wearing seat belt highly safety reasons many_countries penalties violating seat belt legislation laws three main statistics may used compare safety various forms travel based survey october risks travel class wikitable sortable rowspan mode colspan deaths per billion journeys hours kilometers bus rail travel rail air_travel air ship transport ship van automobile car walking bicycle motorcycle see_also environmental_impact aviation including effects climate_change list travelers mode transport recreational travel transport externalinks main page wikivoyage travel_category_travel category_tourism category_tourist activities category_transport culture"},{"title":"Travel + Leisure","description":"editor titleditor in chief previous editor staff writer frequency monthly total circulation","main_words":["editor","chief","previous","editor","staff_writer","frequency","monthly","total","circulation"],"clean_bigrams":[["chief","previous"],["previous","editor"],["editor","staff"],["staff","writer"],["writer","frequency"],["frequency","monthly"],["monthly","total"],["total","circulation"]],"all_collocations":["chief previous","previous editor","editor staff","staff writer","writer frequency","frequency monthly","monthly total","total circulation"],"new_description":"editor chief previous editor staff_writer frequency monthly total 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members home stabilized travellers experience medical emergency call assistance company receive help assistance called first individual taken local emergency services hospital assistance representative talks withe member medical providers may involved makes recommendations based details medical personnel athe assistance company make health_care decisions conjunction withe local treating physicians variety resources may called play solve travel medical challenge types assistance programs include retail many assistance partnership consumers credit credit_cards offer travel assistance travel_industry programs ticket agents tour_operators sometimes travel assistance products corporate large work directly assistance companies customized also travel medical services air ambulance category_medical tourism"},{"title":"Travel Extra","description":"travel extra is a monthly newspaper dedicated to the travel industry in ireland it features consumer and industry travel aviation cruise and ferry news and worldwidestination reviews the newspaper was founded in by gerry o hare former travel correspondent of the irish press whichad closed suddenly in may and tony barry travel writer tony barry former travel editor of thevening herald withe assistance of anne cadwallader and john butterly travel extra tenth anniversary issue november since it has been owned by the business exhibitions group and edited by eoghan corry who had formerly been travel editor of the irish press andublin evening news evening news each of the ten issues annually is themed february holiday world travel show in dublin march awardspecial plus middleast shoulder season destinations golf spand wellness april summer cruise plus france and spain special may canada plus attractions tickets and theme and leisure parks june the usa issue plus citybreaks rivercruise car hire july august africand canaries plus wintersun holidays escorted tourseptember australiaccommodation dynamic packaging plus long haul holidays october ski plus wtm preview plus long haul asia november winter cruise all inclusive plus itaa preview mauritius caribbeand mexico december january weddings honeymoonsummer holidays plusyndicates and conferences travel extravel writer awards travel extralsorganise annual awards cememony for the irish travel writer of the year withe aim of raising the standard of travel writing across the print and broadcast media in ireland the ceremony isponsored by the tourism in spain spanish tourist board and the individual prizesponsored by cassidy travel clickandgocom f ille ireland tui ag falcon holidays lowcostbedsunway holidaysunway tourism in malta maltese tourist board topflightourism northern ireland the travel corporation and turkish airlines winners of the overall irish travel writer of the year include cleo murphy p l conghaile and kathryn thomas muriel bolger philip nolan p l conghaile mark evans travel writer mark evans philip nolan isabel conway susan morrell p l conghaile and isabel conwayvonne gordon three writers have been inducted into the travel extravel writing hall ofame paddy dignam tony barry and john healy contributors to travel extra have included carmel higgins eanna brophy anne cadwallader marie carberry lisa chalfa charlie collins geraldine grennan sharon hall stephen houston paul kilduff marisa mackle cauvery madhavan sean mannion conor mcmahon s ofra milne corry ida milne catherine murphy cleo murphy ailbhe corr in roxanne parker and s ofra tobin larkin guest writers guest writers have included agnes angrand tanyairey gillian bowler tony brazil charlotte brenner helen caron gonzalo ceballos tony collins dawn conway enda corneille beatrice cosgrove ann davis pat dawson john devereux michael doorley clare dunne tim fenn john galligan paul hackett james hogan sharon jordan alan joyce rebecca kelly volker lorenz mary mckenna dermot mannion orla markey cormac meehan damien mooney michael o leary isabel oilveira lorraine quinn sinead reilly siobhan 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travel genre was a fairly common genre in medieval arabic literature traveliterature became popular during the song dynasty of medieval china hargett p the genre was called travel record literature youji wenxue and was often written inarrative prosessay andiary stylehargett pp traveliterature authorsuch as fan chengdand xu xiake incorporated a wealth of geographical and topographical information into their writing while the daytrip essay su shi travel record literaturecord of stone bell mountain by the noted poet and statesman su shi presented a philosophical and moral argument as its central purposehargett pp one of thearliest known records of taking pleasure in travel of travelling for the sake of travel and writing about it is francesco petrarch s ascent of mount ventoux in he states that he wento the mountaintop for the pleasure of seeing the top of the famous height his companions who stayed athe bottom he called frigida incuriositas a cold lack of curiosity he then wrote about his climb making medievallegory allegorical comparisons between climbing the mountain and his own moral progress in life michaultaillevent a poet for the duke of burgundy travelled through the jura mountains in and recorded his personal reflections his horrified reaction to the sheerock faces and the terrifying thunderous cascades of mountain streams antoine de la sale c author of petit jehan de saintre climbed to the crater of a volcano in the liparislands in leaving us withis impressions councils of mad youth were histated reasons for going in the mid th century gilles le bouvier in his livre de la description des pays gave us his reason to travel and write because many people of diverse nations and countries delight and take pleasure as i have done in times past in seeing the world and things therein and also because many wish to knowithout going there and others wish to see go and travel i have begun this little book in richard hakluyt c published voyages a foundational text of the traveliterature genre in the th century traveliterature was commonly known as the book of travels which mainly consisted of maritime diary diariestolley p in th century britain almost every famous writer worked in the traveliterature formfussell p captain james cook s diaries were thequivalent of today s best sellersglyndwr williams captain cook s voyages london the folio society p xxxii alexander von humboldt s personal narrative of travels to thequinoctial regions of america during the years originally published in french was translated to multiple languages and influenced later naturalists including charles darwin other later examples of traveliterature include accounts of the grand tour aristocrats clergy and others with money and leisure time travelled europe to learn abouthe art and architecture of its past one tourism literature pioneer was robert louistevenson with an inland voyage and travels with a donkey in the c vennes about his travels in the c vennes france is among the first popular books to present hiking and camping as recreational activities and tells of commissioning one of the first sleeping bag s travel with a donkey in the cevennes re the first sleeping bag in a very popular subgenre of traveliterature started to emerge in the form of narratives of exploration a still unexplored source for colonial and postcolonial studiesf regard british narratives of exploration case studies of the self and other london pickering and chatto travel books travel books come in style from the documentary to the literary as well as the journalistic and from the humorous to the serious they are often associated with tourism and include guide book s travel writing may be found on web sites in periodicals and in books it has been produced by a variety of writers including travelers military officers missionaries explorerscientists pilgrimsocial and physical scientists educators and migrants englishman eric newby margalit fox eric newby acclaimed british travel writer dies the new york times october the americans bill bryson and paul theroux and wales welsh author jan morris are or were widely acclaimed as travel writers bill bryson in he won the golden eagle award from the outdoor writers and photographers guild onovember durham university officially renamed the durham university library main library the bill bryson library for his contributions as the university s th chancellor paul theroux was awarded the james tait black memorial prize for his novel the mosquito coast which was adapted for the movie of the same name he was also awarded in the thomas cook travel book award foriding the iron rooster in jan morris was awarded the golden pen award by english pen for a lifetime s distinguished service to literature traveliterature often intersects with essay writing as in v s naipaul s india wounded civilization whose trip became the occasion for extended observations on a nation and people this similarly the case in rebecca west s work on yugoslavia black lamb and grey falcon west rebecca intr geoff dyer black lamb and grey falcon a journey through yugoslavia edinburgh sometimes a writer will settle into a locality for an extended period absorbing a sense of place while continuing tobserve with a travel writer sensibility examples of such writings include lawrence durrell s bitter lemons deborah tall s the island of the white cow memories of an irish island bonnie gross white cow absorbing account of irish island the island of the white cow memories of an irish island by deborah tall march newsun sentinel and peter mayle s best selling a year in provence and itsequels travel and nature writing merge in many of the works by sally carrighar geraldurrell and ivan t sanderson sally carrighar s works include one day ateton marshome to the wilderness and wild heritageraldurrell s my family and other animals is an autobiographical work by the british naturalist itells of the years that he lived as a child withisiblings and widowed mother on the greek island of corfu between and it describes the life of the durrell family in a humorous manner and explores the fauna of the island it is the first and most well known of durrell s corfu trilogy together with birds beasts and relatives and the garden of the gods ivan t sanderson published animal treasure a report of an expedition to the jungles of then british west africaribbean treasure an account of an expedition to trinidad haiti and surinam begun in late and ending in late and living treasure an account of an expedition to jamaica britishonduras now belize and the yucatan these authors are natural history naturalists who write in support of their fields of study another naturalist charles darwin wrote his famous account of the journey of hms beagle hms beagle athe intersection of science natural history and travel review of narrative of the surveying voyages of hms adventure and beagle between the years and journal of researches into the geology and natural history of the various countries visited by hms beagle the quarterly review december a number of writers famous in another field have written aboutheir travel experiences examples are samuel johnson s a journey to the western islands of scotland charles dickens americanotes for general circulation mary wollstonecraft s letters written during a short residence in swedenorway andenmark hilaire belloc s the path to rome d h lawrence s twilight in italy and other essays mornings in mexico and other essays rebecca west s black lamb and grey falcon and john steinbeck s travels with charley in search of america sorry charley bill steigerwald reason april a reality check for steinbeck and charley charles mcgrath new york times april adventure literature in the world of sailing joshua slocum sailing alone around the world is a classic of outdoor adventure literaturejoshua slocum society in april joshua slocum set sail from boston massachusetts and in sailing alone around the world slocum sailing alone around the world he described his departure in the following manner i had resolved on a voyage around the world and as the wind on the morning of april was fair at noon i weighed anchor set sail and filled away from boston where the spray had been moored snugly all winter a thrilling pulse beat high in me my step was light on deck in the crisp air i felthere could be no turning back and that i was engaging in an adventure the meaning of which i thoroughly understood more than three years later on june slocum returned to newport rhode island having circumnavigation circumnavigated the world guide booksee also fodor s rough guides let s go book series let s go lonely planet image claife stationjpg righthumb claife station built at one of thomas west priesthomas west s viewing stations to allow visiting tourists and artists to better appreciate the picturesquenglish lake district a guide book or travel guide is a book of information about a place designed for the use of visitors or tourists new oxford american dictionary an early example is thomas west priesthomas west s guide to the lake district published in thomas west a guide to the lakes in cumberland westmorland lancashire kendal w pennington thomas west priesthomas west an english priest popularized the idea of walking for pleasure in his guide to the lake district of in the introduction he wrote that he aimed to encourage the taste of visiting the lakes by furnishing the traveller with a guide and for that purpose the writer has here collected and laid before him all the select stations and points of view noticed by those authors who have last made the tour of the lakes verified by his own repeated observations to this end he included varioustations or viewpoints around the lakes from which tourists would bencouraged to appreciate the views in terms of their aesthetic qualities published in the book was a major success it will usually include full details relating to accommodation restaurants transportation and activities maps of varying detail and historical and cultural information are alsoften includedifferent kinds of guide books exist focusing on different aspects of travel from adventure travel to relaxation or aimed atravelers with different incomes or focusing on sexual orientation or types of dietravel guides can also take the form of travel website s travel journals file goethe s italian journeypng thumb upright goethe s italian journey between september and may a travel journalso called road journal is a record made by a traveller sometimes in diary form of the traveler s experiences written during the course of the journey and later edited for publication this a long established literary format an early example is the writing of pausanias geographer pausanias nd century ad who produced his description of greece based on his own observations james boswell published his the journal of a tour to thebrides in and goethe published his italian journey based on diaries in frances erskine inglist marquise of calder n de la barca fannie calder n de la barca the scottish born wife of the spanish ambassador to mexico wrote life in mexico an importantravel narrative of her time there with many observations of localife a british traveller mrs alec tweedie published a number of travelogues ranging from denmark and finland to the useveral on mexico and one on russia siberiand china morecent example is che guevara s the motorcycle diaries book the motorcycle diaries a travelogue is a travelogue films film book written up from a travel diary or illustrated talk describing thexperiences of and places visited by traveller new oxford american dictionary american writer paul theroux has published many works of traveliterature the first success being the great railway bazaar anglo american bill bryson is known for a walk in the woods film a walk in the woods made into a hollywood film some fictional travel stories arelated to traveliterature although it may be desirable in some contexts to distinguish fiction al from non fiction al worksuch distinctions have proved notoriously difficulto make in practice as in the famous instance of the travel writings of marco polor john mandevillexamples ofictional works of traveliterature based on actual journeys are joseph conrad s heart of darkness whichas its origin an actual voyage conrad made up the river congo jackerouac s on the road and the dharma bums are fictionalized accounts of his travels across the united states during the late s and early s travel writer kira salak s novel the white mary a contemporary example of a realife journey transformed into a work ofiction which takes place in papua new guineand the democratic republic of the congo the systematic study of traveliteraturemerged as a legitimate field of scholarly inquiry in the mid s with its own conferences organizations journals monographs anthologies and encyclopedias important pre monographs are abroad by paul fussell an exploration of british interwar travel writing as escapism gone primitive modern intellectsavage minds by marianna torgovnick an inquiry into the primitivism primitivist presentations oforeign cultures haunted journeys desire and transgression in european travel writing by dennis porter a close look athe psychological correlatives of travel discourses of difference analysis of women s travel writing by sara mills an inquiry into the intersection of gender and colonialism during the th century imperial eyes travel writing and transculturation mary louise pratt s influential study of victorian era victorian travel writing s dissemination of a colonial mind set and belated travelers analysis of colonial anxiety by ali behdad busby korstanje mansfield for example argue thatraveliterature serves to recreate the portrait of the unknown for largely european audiences as a mirror this process of othering conceptualizes and legitimizes the largely european selfhood this means that societies weave their ownarratives in order to understand thevents of political history or landscape as well as the place and historical experience of the other traveliterature oftencourages a new methodology of research withe aim of expanding the comprehension of what urban studies meanarrative not only foregrounds the fictions which are at stake in imagining the city as destination but also provides a vehicle for presenting the much broader social forces that converge in the author athe time of imagining and writing using narrative and the story provides an opportunity to address one of the limitations of positivism over the lastwo hundred yearsbusby g me korstanje and c mansfield madrid literary fiction and the imaginary urban destination journal of tourism consumption and practice volume travel awards prizes awarded annually for travel books have included the thomas cook travel book award which ran from to the boardman tasker prize for mountain literature and the dolman bestravel book award which began in the north american travel journalists association holds annual awards competition honoring travel journalism in a multitude of categories ranging across print and online media see also adventure travel british guild of travel writers imaginary voyages travel documentary a documentary film or television program that describes travel rihla barclay jennifer and logan amy awol tales for travel inspired minds random house of canada isbn vol diekmann anyand hannam kevin beyond backpacker tourismobilities and experiences channel view publications isbn furthereading bangs jeremy d the travels of elkanah watson mcfarland company beautiful england series of travel books from to s lawless jill wild eastravels in the new mongolia ecw press isbn picador travel classics roy pinaki reflections on the art of producing travelogues images of life creative and other forms of writing ed mullick s kolkata the book world isbn pp salzani carlo t sy de zepetnek steven bibliography 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category","category travel","travel writing"],"new_description":"genre outdoor literature guide_book nature writing travel memoir travel western literature pausanias geographer pausanias greek geographer century thearly modern period james boswell journal tour helped shape travel memoir genre file thumb christopher columbus latin edition marco polo examples traveliterature include pausanias geographer pausanias description greece century journey wales description wales gerald wales travel journals ibn ibn recorded travels across known world detail travel genre fairly common genre medieval arabic literature traveliterature became_popular song dynasty medieval china p genre called travel record literature often written pp traveliterature authorsuch fan incorporated wealth geographical topographical information writing essay shi travel record stone bell mountain noted poet statesman shi presented philosophical moral argument central pp one thearliest known records taking pleasure travel travelling sake travel_writing francesco ascent mount states wento pleasure seeing top famous height companions stayed athe_bottom called cold lack curiosity wrote climb making comparisons climbing mountain moral progress life poet duke burgundy travelled mountains recorded personal reflections reaction faces mountain streams antoine de_la sale c author petit de climbed crater volcano leaving us withis impressions councils mad youth reasons going mid_th century de_la description des pays gave us reason travel write many_people diverse nations countries delight take pleasure done times past seeing world things also many wish going others wish see go_travel begun little book richard c published voyages text traveliterature genre th_century traveliterature commonly_known book travels mainly consisted maritime diary p th_century britain almost every famous writer worked traveliterature p captain james cook diaries thequivalent today best williams captain cook voyages london folio society p alexander von humboldt personal narrative travels regions america years originally_published french translated multiple languages influenced later including charles darwin later examples traveliterature include accounts grand_tour aristocrats clergy others money leisure time travelled europe learn abouthe art architecture past one tourism literature pioneer robert inland voyage travels donkey c travels c france among first popular books_present hiking camping recreational activities tells commissioning one first sleeping_bag travel donkey first sleeping_bag popular traveliterature started emerge form narratives exploration still source colonial regard british narratives exploration case_studies self london travel_books travel_books come style documentary literary well journalistic humorous serious often associated tourism include guide_book travel_writing may found web_sites periodicals books_produced variety writers including travelers military officers physical scientists educators migrants englishman eric newby fox eric newby acclaimed british_travel writer dies new_york times october americans bill bryson paul theroux wales welsh author jan morris widely acclaimed travel_writers bill bryson golden eagle award outdoor writers photographers guild onovember durham university officially renamed durham university library main library bill bryson library contributions university th chancellor paul theroux awarded james black memorial prize novel coast adapted movie name also awarded thomas_cook travel_book award iron jan morris awarded golden pen award english pen lifetime distinguished service literature traveliterature often essay writing v india wounded civilization whose trip became occasion extended observations nation people similarly case rebecca west work yugoslavia black lamb grey falcon west rebecca geoff black lamb grey falcon journey yugoslavia edinburgh sometimes writer settle locality extended period absorbing sense place continuing tobserve travel_writer examples writings include lawrence durrell bitter deborah tall island white cow memories irish island bonnie gross white cow absorbing account irish island island white cow memories irish island deborah tall march sentinel peter best selling year provence travel nature writing merge many works sally ivan sally works include one_day wilderness wild family animals autobiographical work british naturalist years lived child mother greek island corfu describes life durrell family humorous manner explores fauna island first well_known durrell corfu trilogy together birds beasts relatives garden gods ivan published animal treasure report expedition jungles british west treasure account expedition trinidad haiti begun late ending late living treasure account expedition jamaica belize authors natural_history write support fields study another naturalist charles darwin wrote famous account journey hms beagle hms beagle athe intersection science natural_history travel review narrative voyages hms adventure beagle years journal researches geology natural_history various_countries visited hms beagle quarterly review december number writers famous another field written aboutheir travel experiences examples samuel johnson journey western islands scotland charles_dickens general circulation mary letters written short residence andenmark path rome h lawrence twilight italy essays mornings mexico essays rebecca west black lamb grey falcon john travels charley search america charley bill reason april reality check charley charles new_york times_april adventure literature world sailing joshua slocum sailing alone around world classic outdoor adventure slocum society april joshua slocum set sail boston_massachusetts sailing alone around world slocum sailing alone around world described departure following manner voyage around world wind morning april fair noon weighed anchor set sail filled away boston spray moored winter pulse beat high step light deck crisp air could turning back engaging adventure meaning understood three_years_later june slocum returned newport rhode_island world guide also fodor rough_guides let go book_series let go lonely_planet image claife stationjpg righthumb claife station built one thomas west priesthomas west viewing stations allow visiting tourists artists better appreciate lake_district guide_book travel_guide_book information place designed use visitors tourists new oxford american dictionary early example thomas west priesthomas west guide lake_district published thomas west guide lakes cumberland westmorland lancashire kendal w thomas west priesthomas west english priest popularized idea walking pleasure guide lake_district introduction wrote aimed encourage taste visiting lakes traveller guide purpose writer collected laid select stations points view noticed authors last made tour lakes verified repeated observations end included viewpoints around lakes tourists would appreciate views terms aesthetic qualities published book major success usually include full details relating accommodation restaurants transportation activities maps varying detail historical cultural information alsoften kinds guide_books exist focusing different aspects travel_adventure_travel relaxation aimed different incomes focusing sexual orientation types guides also take form travel_website travel journals file goethe italian thumb upright goethe italian journey september may travel called road journal record made traveller sometimes diary form traveler experiences written course journey later edited publication long established literary format early example writing pausanias geographer pausanias century produced description greece based observations james boswell published journal tour goethe published italian journey based diaries frances erskine calder_n de_la barca calder_n de_la barca scottish born wife spanish ambassador mexico wrote life mexico narrative time many observations british_traveller mrs published number travelogues ranging denmark finland mexico one russia china morecent example che motorcycle diaries book motorcycle diaries travelogue travelogue films film book written travel diary illustrated talk describing places visited traveller new oxford american dictionary american writer paul theroux published many works traveliterature first success great railway bazaar anglo american bill bryson known walk woods film walk woods made hollywood film fictional travel stories arelated traveliterature although may desirable contexts distinguish fiction non_fiction distinctions proved notoriously difficulto make practice famous instance travel_writings marco john ofictional works traveliterature based actual journeys joseph conrad heart darkness whichas origin actual voyage conrad made river congo jackerouac road accounts travels across united_states late early travel_writer novel white mary contemporary example realife journey transformed work takes_place papua_new democratic republic congo systematic study legitimate field scholarly inquiry mid conferences organizations journals anthologies important pre abroad paul fussell exploration british interwar travel_writing gone primitive modern minds inquiry presentations oforeign cultures haunted journeys desire european_travel_writing dennis porter close look athe psychological travel difference analysis women travel_writing mills inquiry intersection gender colonialism th_century imperial eyes travel_writing mary louise pratt influential study victorian_era victorian travel_writing colonial mind set travelers analysis colonial anxiety ali busby korstanje mansfield example argue serves recreate portrait unknown largely european audiences mirror process largely european means societies order understand thevents political history landscape well place historical experience traveliterature new methodology research withe_aim expanding urban studies stake imagining city destination also_provides vehicle presenting much broader social forces author athe_time imagining writing using narrative story provides opportunity address one limitations hundred g korstanje c mansfield madrid literary fiction imaginary urban destination journal tourism consumption practice volume travel_awards prizes awarded annually travel_books included thomas_cook travel_book award ran prize mountain literature dolman bestravel book_award began north_american travel journalists association holds annual awards competition travel journalism multitude categories ranging across print online media see_also adventure_travel british guild travel_writers imaginary voyages travel_documentary documentary_film television program describes travel jennifer logan amy awol tales travel inspired minds random_house canada isbn vol kevin beyond backpacker experiences channel view publications isbn furthereading jeremy travels watson company beautiful england series travel_books jill wild new mongolia press_isbn travel classics roy reflections art producing travelogues images life creative forms writing ed kolkata book world isbn pp carlo de steven bibliography work travel studies comparative literature culture library externalinks american journeys collection primary exploration accounts americas historical british_travel writers extensive open access library vision britain site international society travel_writing national outdoor book_awards_category medieval islamic travel_writers category_articles citation formats category_non fiction genres category literature_category_non fiction outdoors writers_category outdoor literature_category_travel_books category_travel websites_category_travel writing"},{"title":"Travel medicine","description":"file vaccination contre la grippe a h n de jpg thumb travel medicine or emporiatrics is the branch of medicine that deals withe prevention and management of health problems of international travel ers globalization and travel globalization facilitates the spread of disease and increases the number of travelers who will bexposed to a different health environment major content areas of travel medicine include the global epidemiology of health risks to the traveler vaccine vaccinology malaria prevention and pre travel counseling designed to maintain thealth of the approximately million international travelers it has been estimated that about million travelers go annually from developed to developing countriesupercourse on travel medicine mortality and morbidity mortality rate mortality studies indicate that cardiovascular disease accounts for most deaths during travel while injury and accident follow infectious disease accounts for about of deaths during from travel morbidity studiesuggesthat about half of people from a developed country who stay one month in a developing country will get sick traveler s diarrhea is the most common problem encountered the field of travel medicinencompasses a wide variety of disciplines including epidemiology infectious disease public health tropical medicine high altitude physiology travel related obstetrics psychiatry occupational medicine military and migration medicine and environmental health special itineraries and activities include cruise ship travel diving mass gatherings eg the hajj and wilderness remote regions travel medicine can primarily be divided into four main topics preventive medicine prevention vaccination and travel advice assistance dealing with repatriation and medical treatment of travelers wilderness medicineg high altitude medicine cruise ship medicinexpedition medicinetc and access to health care provided by travel insurance travel medicine includes pre travel consultation and evaluation contingency planning during travel and postravel follow up and care information is provided by the who that addresses health issues for travelers for each country as well as the specific health risks of air travel itself who travel information also the centers for disease control and prevention cdc publishes valuable and up to date information key areas to consider are vaccination and the six i s insects insect repellent s mosquito net s antimalarial drug antimalarial medication ingestionsafety of drinking water food indiscretion hiv sexually transmittedisease injuries accident avoidance human security personal safety immersion schistosomiasis travel insurance coverage and services during travel access to health care specific disease problems yellow fever is endemic to certain areas in africand south america the cdc site delineates the risk areas and provides information about vaccination and preventive steps cdc re yellow fever meningococcal meningitis endemic in the tropical meningococcal belt of africa vaccination is required for pilgrims going to mecca detailed information is available on the cdc site cdc re meningococcal meningitis malaria prevention consists of preventing oreducing exposure to mosquitos by using screened rooms air conditioning and nets and use of repellents usually deet in addition chemoprophylaxis started before travel during the time of potential exposure and for weeks chloroquine doxycycline or mefloquine or days atovaquone proguanil or primaquine after leaving the risk area see detailed cdc site cdc re malaria medication kithe traveler should have a medication kito provide for necessary and useful medication based on circumstances it should also include malaria prophylaxis condom s and medication to combatraveler s diarrhea in addition a basic first aid kit can be of use studies have shown there are four main medical problems thatravellers develop diarrhoea or gut problems respiratory problems wounds and pain the medical kit should at least address these common things researchas also shown thathe bestreatment for travellers diarrhoea is to take antibiotic eg ciprofloxacin plus a stopper eg loperamide due to bacterial resistance different parts of the world require different antibiotics it is besto consult a travel doctor to sort outhe best medical kit for thexact destination and medical history of the person travelling see also american society of tropical medicine and hygiene carte jaune international certificate of vaccination global infectious diseasepidemiology network gideon healthazards of air travel institute of tropical medicine antwerp international health royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene travel health nursing tropical disease waltereed tropical medicine course silver spring maryland usa wilderness acquirediarrhea externalinks cdc travelers health includes information destinations outbreaks and recommended orequired vaccinations international association for medical assistance to travellers iamat international society of travel medicine who list of country members includes information outbreaks and health profiles thai travel clinic travelsafe clinicategory medical specialties category medical 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international_travelers estimated million travelers go annually developed developing travel medicine mortality mortality rate mortality studies indicate disease accounts deaths travel injury accident follow infectious disease accounts deaths travel half people developed country stay one month developing country get sick traveler diarrhea common problem encountered field travel wide_variety disciplines including infectious disease public_health tropical medicine high_altitude physiology travel_related occupational medicine military migration medicine environmental health special itineraries activities include cruise_ship travel diving mass gatherings hajj wilderness remote regions travel medicine primarily divided four main topics preventive medicine prevention vaccination travel advice assistance dealing repatriation medical_treatment travelers wilderness high_altitude medicine cruise_ship access health_care provided travel_insurance travel medicine includes pre travel consultation evaluation contingency planning travel follow care information provided addresses health issues travelers country well specific health risks air_travel travel_information also centers disease control prevention cdc publishes valuable date information key areas consider vaccination six insects insect net drug medication drinking water food hiv sexually injuries accident avoidance human security personal safety immersion travel_insurance coverage services travel access health_care specific disease problems yellow fever certain areas africand south_america cdc site risk areas provides_information vaccination preventive steps cdc yellow fever tropical belt africa vaccination required pilgrims going mecca detailed information available cdc site cdc malaria prevention consists preventing exposure using screened rooms air_conditioning use usually addition started travel time potential exposure weeks days leaving risk area see detailed cdc site cdc malaria medication traveler medication provide necessary useful medication based circumstances also_include malaria condom medication diarrhea addition basic first_aid kit use studies shown four main medical problems develop problems respiratory problems pain medical kit least address common things researchas also shown thathe travellers take plus due bacterial resistance different_parts world require different besto travel doctor sort outhe best medical kit thexact destination medical history person travelling see_also american society tropical medicine hygiene carte international certificate vaccination global infectious network gideon air_travel institute tropical medicine antwerp international health royal society tropical medicine hygiene travel health nursing tropical disease tropical medicine course silver spring maryland usa wilderness externalinks cdc travelers health includes information destinations recommended international_association medical assistance travellers international society travel medicine list 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the corporation s activities the act provides for a fee ofor use of thelectronic system for travel authorization estadditionally the act authorizes a further charge to recover the costs of providing and administrating thesta the united states house of representatives house passed the bill by a vote of in october and the united statesenate senate followed on february with a vote of president barack obama signed the bill into law on march the president signs the travel promotion bill white house video us customs and border protection has announced they willevel an additional fee bringing the total to for visitors to the united states for the cost of administering thesta the reactions of theuropean union have been critical and suggestions of a similar fee have been raised on grounds of reciprocity international relations reciprocity brand usa brand usa formerly corporation for travel promotion gets matching funds from the federal government equivalento what it raises from the private 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united_states house representatives house passed bill vote october united_statesenate senate followed february vote president barack obama signed bill law march president signs travel promotion bill white_house video us customs border protection announced additional fee bringing total visitors united_states cost reactions theuropean_union critical suggestions similar fee raised grounds reciprocity international relations reciprocity brand usa brand usa formerly corporation travel promotion gets matching funds federal_government equivalento raises private_sector noto exceed maximum million_us launches corporation travel promotion related legislation july house voted pass travel promotion enhancement modernization act act th congress bill would extend provisions travel promotion act established corporation travel promotion september impose new performance procurement requirements corporation ambassador john statement travel promotion act internet_archive june_category_united_states department homeland security category_american law category_american politics category public_private united_states category_tourism law"},{"title":"Travel technology","description":"travel technology also called tourism technology and hospitality automation is the application of information technology it or information and communications technology ict in the travel tourism and hospitality industry one form of travel technology is tracking commercial airline flight tracking since travel implies locomotion travel technology was originally associated withe computereservationsystem crs of the airlines industry but now is used more inclusively incorporating the broader tourism sector as well as itsubsethe hospitality industry while travel technology includes the computereservationsystem it also represents a much broaderange of applications in fact increasingly so travel technology includes virtual tourism in the form of virtual tour technologies travel technology may also be referred to as e travel etravel or e tourism etourism in reference to electronic travel or electronic tourism etourism can be defined as the analysis design implementation and application of it and e commerce solutions in the travel tourism industry as well as the analysis of the respectiveconomic processes and market structures and customerelationship management from a communication science perspectivetourism can be also defined as every application of information and communication technologies icts within bothe hospitality and tourism industry as well as within the tourism experience travel technology is increasingly being used to describe systems for managing and monitoring travel including travel tracking and tracking commercial airline flight tracking systems in other contexts the term travel technology can refer to technology intended for use by travelersuch as light weight laptop computers with universal power supplies or satellite internet connections that is nothe sense in which it is used here applications travel technology includes many processesuch as dynamic packaging which provide useful new options for consumers today the tour guide can be a gps tour guide and the guidebook could be an audioguide podguide or i toursuch as city audio guides the biometric passport may also be included as travel technology in the broad sense xml based technologies have become increasingly important for the travel industry xml can be used to support aireservation booking or to implement optional services and merchandising functions in the booking process another important application of xml is thestablishing of direct connections between airlines and travel agenciesstrauss michael value creation in travel distribution isbn in order to create a generally accepted xml standard the open axis group was founded internethe internet has a powerful impact on hospitality and tourism for many businesses and locations thexperience starts long before a traveler arrives it begins withe first visito the website when a person sees photos of the location and gets a sense of whato expect in the hospitality and tourism business effective use of internetechnologies can improve revenue websites blogs online advertising social media online ordering and information repositories all help convince customers to choose a location or business reservationsystems booking engines to allow easy access by consumers and travel professionals the systems enable individuals to make reservations and compare prices many likexpediand orbitz are available through online interfaces booking engines cut costs for travel businesses by reducing call volume and give the traveler more control over their purchasing process computer systems because many tourism businesses are large andispersed they use computer systems to stay connected computer systems allow communication between branches and locations which makes it easier to streamline reservations and cross company policies they are also used internally to keep all of the staff on the same page and make it easier to access information that can improve the guest experience guest preferences housekeeping information and reservation details can all be kept on a single systemobile communication many travelers take some form of mobile communication device withem on the road whether it is a tablet computer or a mobile phone to keep customers advised of changes many tourism and hospitality businesses use mobile communication they sendelay notices offer deals and sponsor location based advertising depending on the type of business the communication might happen through emails text messaging or gps tagging for example technology in travel agency the continuing evolution of information technology has had a considerable impact on the travel agency service industry the widespread public use of the internet has created a number of conditions that have been game changers in both beneficial andetrimental ways to the modern travel agency as a result many travel agencies in the st century have had to make considerable adaptations to remain solvent and relevant best softwares for travel agency traacs is a complete travel agency management software offering complete accounting interactive modules detailed reports and streamlined processes with traacs complex data can be analyzed and represented graphically in umpteenumber of ways it is being used by customers in countries traacs is nucore s flagshiproduct which is a specialized erp for travel agents the system is a complete web and having multi gds integration with key features like unlimited chart of accounts automatic bsp reconciliation automatic invoicing multi currency support etc to facilitate faster selling reporting and remitting moreover traacs also provides an integrated finance management required for a travel agent an end to end travel management and accounting software from nucoretraacs also integrates withe major global distribution systems gdssuch as amadeus g and sabre it offers wide range ofeatures which cater to the requirements of small to large sized business units the doublentry accounting system keeps track of all transactions that affects your financial statements and year end financial processing theasy to use interface and reports helps you extract and analyze data in various ways major customers attar travel flyinirvana kurban travel travcom cs travcom cs is a travel agency back office accounting and management system for both agencies large and small gem tabs travel back office and online bookingem tabs is a travel agency back office management and accounting system that caters to thentire travel industry spectrum corporate wholesale retaileisure gsa etc travisca mid and back office travel agency management software which equips travel businesses with tools to manage day to day agency functionstarting from operations to revenue acquisition management quadlabs midoffice is a central booking handling interface where bookings areceived from 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hospitality_industry one form travel_technology tracking commercial airline flight tracking since travel implies travel_technology originally associated_withe crs airlines industry used incorporating broader tourism_sector well hospitality_industry travel_technology includes also represents much applications fact increasingly travel_technology includes virtual_tourism form virtual_tour technologies travel_technology may_also referred e travel e tourism etourism reference electronic travel electronic tourism etourism defined analysis design implementation application e_commerce solutions travel_tourism_industry well analysis processes market structures management communication science also defined every application information communication technologies within bothe hospitality_tourism_industry well within tourism experience travel_technology increasingly used describe systems managing monitoring travel including travel tracking tracking commercial airline flight tracking systems contexts term travel_technology refer technology intended use light weight laptop computers universal power supplies satellite internet connections nothe sense used applications travel_technology includes many dynamic_packaging provide useful new options consumers today tour_guide gps tour_guide guidebook could city audio guides passport may_also included travel_technology broad sense xml based technologies become increasingly important travel_industry xml used support booking implement optional services merchandising functions booking process another important application xml direct connections airlines travel michael value creation travel distribution isbn order create generally accepted xml standard open axis group founded internethe internet powerful impact hospitality_tourism many businesses locations thexperience starts long traveler arrives begins withe_first visito website person sees photos location gets sense whato expect hospitality_tourism_business effective use improve revenue websites blogs online advertising social_media online_ordering information help customers choose location business booking engines allow easy access consumers travel professionals systems enable individuals make reservations compare prices many available_online booking engines cut costs travel businesses reducing call volume give traveler control purchasing process computer systems many tourism_businesses large use computer systems stay connected computer systems allow communication branches locations makes easier reservations cross company policies also_used internally keep staff page make easier access information improve guest experience guest preferences housekeeping information reservation details kept single communication many travelers take form mobile communication device withem road whether tablet computer mobile phone keep customers advised changes many tourism_hospitality businesses use mobile communication notices offer deals sponsor location based advertising depending type business communication might happen emails text messaging gps example technology travel_agency continuing evolution information_technology considerable impact travel_agency service_industry widespread public use internet created number conditions game beneficial ways modern travel_agency result many travel_agencies st_century make considerable adaptations remain relevant best travel_agency traacs complete travel_agency management software offering complete accounting interactive modules detailed reports streamlined processes traacs complex data represented ways used customers countries traacs specialized travel_agents system complete web multi integration key features like unlimited chart accounts automatic automatic multi currency support etc facilitate faster selling reporting moreover traacs also_provides integrated finance management required travel_agent end end travel management accounting software also integrates withe major global distribution systems g offers wide_range cater requirements small large sized business units accounting system keeps track transactions affects financial statements year end financial processing use interface reports helps analyze data various ways major customers travel travel travel_agency back office accounting management system agencies large small gem travel back office online_travel_agency back office management accounting system caters thentire travel_industry spectrum corporate wholesale etc mid back office travel_agency management software travel businesses tools manage day day agency operations revenue acquisition management central booking handling interface bookings point sale channels processed till final document delivery customer system integrated booking engine third_party tools administrative interface provided manage various attributes also_list global distribution systems online hotel reservations choose mid back office system travel_agency externalinks international_federation travel_tourism kto tourism technology strategy research informationetwork research lab athe della italiana university switzerland_category alliance category_tourism category_travel technology"},{"title":"Travel Trade Gazette","description":"free dirinteractive travel trade gazette uk ireland edition is a weekly newspaper for the travel industry ttg as it is widely known was launched in by leslie stone and ted kirkhambray raitz flighto the sun page continuum and is the world s oldestravel trade newspaper it features news destination reports and careers advice for the travel and tourism industriesectors covered include travel agents tour operators airlines cruise companies hotels tourist boards rail travel ferry lines business travel and webased operators the paper has an audited circulation of and is distributed via subscription and controlled circulation to high streetravel agents homeworker agents call centres tour operators and other travel organisations it is published on thursday ttg also publishes ttgluxury a quarterly publication for the luxury travel sector and bespoke supplements as well as running several events including the ttg travel awards ttg on touroadshows and ttgluxury seminars for the pastwo years ttg has also produced the wtm show dailies for london s world travel market magazines that are distributed on each day of wtm tover attendees the paper s website ttgdigitalcom features news photo galleries and job vacancies ttg alsoperates the ttgluxurycom website and provides online training courses via ttg knowledge a ttg campaign in to cut queues at uk airports was backed by the sunewspaper ttg employs about staff and is published by ttg media limited it is based attg s head office near waterloo at boundary row london se hp ttg is also published under licence in the middleast and north africa russia the czech republic italy poland hungary and by ttg asia media pte ltd in singapore and china ttg middleast north ttg asia competitors the main competitors of ttg are travel 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first detonation of a nuclear weapon it was conducted by the united states army at am on july as part of the manhattan projecthe test was conducted in the jornada del muerto desert about southeast of socorro new mexicon what was then the usaaf alamogordo bombing and gunnery range now part of white sands missile range the only structures originally in the vicinity were the mcdonald ranchouse and its ancillary buildings which scientists used as a laboratory for testing bomb components a base camp was constructed and there were people present on the weekend of the testhe code name code name trinity wassigned by j robert oppenheimer the director of the los alamos laboratory inspired by the poetry of john donne the test was of anuclear weapon design implosion design plutonium device informally nicknamed the gadget of the same design as the fat man bomb later atomic bombings of hiroshimand nagasaki detonated over nagasaki japan on augusthe complexity of the design required a major effort from the los alamos laboratory and concerns about whether it would work led to a decision to conducthe first nuclear testhe test was planned andirected by kenneth nichols fears of a fizzle nuclear test fizzled to the construction of a steel containment vessel called jumbo that could contain the plutonium allowing ito be recovered but jumbo was not used a rehearsal was held on may in which of high explosive spiked with radioactive isotopes were detonated the gadget s detonation released thexplosivenergy of about observers included vannevar bush james chadwick james bryant conant james conanthomas farrell general thomas farrell enrico fermi richard feynman leslie groves robert oppenheimer g i taylor geoffrey taylor and richard tolman the test site was declared a national historic landmark district in and listed on the national register of historic places the following year background the creation of nuclear weapon s arose from scientific and political developments of the s the decade saw many new discoveries abouthe nature of atoms including thexistence of nuclear fission the concurrent rise ofascist governments in europe led to a fear of a germanuclear weapon project especially among scientists who werefugees from nazi germany and other fascist countries when their calculationshowed that nuclear weapons were theoretically feasible the british and united states governmentsupported an all out efforto build them thesefforts were transferred to the authority of the us army in june and became the manhattan project brigadier general united states brigadier generaleslie r groves jr was appointed its director in september the weapons development portion of this project was located athe los alamos laboratory inorthernew mexico under the directorship of physicist j robert oppenheimer the university of chicago columbia university and the lawrence berkeley nationalaboratory radiation laboratory athe university of california berkeley conducted other development work production of the fissile isotopes uranium and plutonium werenormous undertakings given the technology of the s and accounted for of the total costs of the project uranium enrichment was carried out athe clinton engineer works near oak ridge tennessee theoretically enriching uranium was feasible through prexisting techniques but it provedifficulto scale to industrialevels and was extremely costly only percent of natural uranium was uranium and it was estimated that it would take years to produce a gram of uranium with masspectrometer s but kilogramounts werequired plutonium is a synthetic element with complicated physical chemical and metallurgical properties it is not found inature in appreciable quantities until mid the only plutonium that had been isolated had been produced in cyclotron s in microgramounts whereas weapons required kilograms in april physicist emilio segr thead of the los alamos laboratory s p radioactivity group received the first sample of reactor bred plutonium from the x graphite reactor at oak ridge he discovered that in addition to the plutonium isotope it also contained significant amounts of plutonium the manhattan project produced plutonium inucleareactor s athe hanford engineer works near hanford washington the longer the plutonium remained irradiated inside a reactor necessary for high yields of the metal the greater the content of the plutonium isotope which undergoespontaneous fission athousands of times the rate of plutonium thextra neutron s it released meanthathere was an unacceptably high probability that plutonium in a gun type fission weapon wouldetonate too soon after a critical mass was formed producing a fizzle nuclear test fizzle a nuclear explosion many timesmaller than a full explosion this meanthathe thin manuclear bomb thin man bomb design thathe laboratory hadeveloped would not work properly the laboratory turned to an alternative albeit more technically difficult design an implosion type nuclear weapon in september mathematician john voneumann had proposed a design in which a fissile pit nuclear weapon core would be surrounded by two different high explosives that produced shock wave s of different speeds alternating the faster and slower burning explosives in a carefully calculated configuration would produce a compressive wave upon their simultaneous detonation thiso called explosive lens focused the shock waves inward with enough force to rapidly compress the plutonium core to several times its original density this reduced the size of a critical mass making it supercritical it also activated a small neutron source athe center of the core which assured thathe chain reaction began in earnest athe right moment such a complicated process required research and experimentation in engineering and hydrodynamics before a practical design could be developed thentire los alamos laboratory was reorganized in augusto focus on design of a workable implosion bomb preparation decision file trinity test sitejpg thumb right map of the trinity site the idea of testing the implosion device was brought up in discussions at los alamos in january and attracted enough support for oppenheimer to approach groves gave approval but he had concerns the manhattan project had spent a great deal of money and efforto produce the plutonium and he wanted to know if there would be a way to recover ithe laboratory s governing board then directed norman ramsey to investigate how this could be done in february ramsey proposed a small scale test in which thexplosion was limited in size by reducing the number of generations of chain reactions and that itake place inside a sealed containment vessel from which the plutonium could be recovered the means of generating such a controlled reaction were uncertain and the data obtained would not be as useful as that from a full scalexplosion oppenheimer argued thathe implosion gadget must be tested in a range where thenergy release is comparable withat contemplated for final use in marche obtained groves tentative approval for testing a full scalexplosion inside a containment vessel although groves wastill worried about how he would explain the loss of a billion dollars worth of plutonium to a senate committee in thevent of a failure code name thexact origin of the code name trinity for the test is unknown but it is often attributed toppenheimer as a reference to the poetry of john donne which in turn references the christianotion of the trinity three fold nature of god in groves wrote toppenheimer abouthe origin of the name asking if he had chosen it because it was a name common to rivers and peaks in the west and would not attract attention and elicited this reply that still does not make a trinity but in another better known devotional poem donne opens batter my hearthree person d god organization in march planning for the test wassigned to kenneth bainbridge a professor of physics at harvard university working under explosives expert george kistiakowsky bainbridge s group was known as the explosives development group stanley kershaw formerly from the national safety council was made responsible for safety captain united states o captain samuel p davalos the assistant post engineer at los alamos was placed in charge of construction first lieutenant harold c bush became commander of the base camp atrinity scientists william penney victor weisskopf and philip burton moon philip moon were consultants eventually seven subgroups were formed tr services under john harry williams john h williams tr shock and blast under john henry manley john h manley tr measurements underobert r wilson tr meteorology under j m hubbard tr spectrographic and photographic under julian e mack tr airborne measurements under bernard waldman tr medical under louis hempelmann the group was renamed the x development engineering and tests group in the august reorganization test site file trinitysiteiss e jpg thumb rightrinity site red arrow near carrizozo malpaisafety and security required a remote isolated and unpopulated area the scientists also wanted a flat area to minimize secondary effects of the blast and with little wind to spread radioactive fallout eight candidate sites were considered the tularosa basin tularosa valley the jornada del muerto valley the area southwest of cuba new mexico and north of thoreau new mexico thoreau and the lava flats of thel malpais national monument all inew mexico the san luis valley near the great sandunes national monument in colorado the desertraining center desertraining areand sanicolas island in southern californiand the sand bars of padre island texas the sites were surveyed by car and by air by bainbridge r w henderson major w a stevens and major peer de silva the site finally chosen after consulting with major general united states major general uzal enthe commander of the second air force on september lay athe northern end of the alamogordo bombing range in socorro county new mexico socorro county near the towns of carrizozo new mexico carrizozo and santonio new mexico santonio the only structures in the vicinity were the mcdonald ranchouse and its ancillary buildings abouto the southeast like the rest of the alamogordo bombing range it had been acquired by the government in the patented land had been eminent domain condemned and grazing rightsuspended scientists used this as a laboratory for testing bomb components bainbridge andavalos drew uplans for a base camp with accommodation and facilities for personnel along withe technical infrastructure to supporthe test a construction firm from lubbock texas builthe barracks officers quarters mess hall and other basic facilities the requirements expanded and by july people worked athe trinity test site on the weekend of the testhere were present file trinity basecampjpg thumb lefthe trinity test base camp lieutenant bush s twelve man military police unit arrived athe site from los alamos on december this unit established initial security checkpoints and horse patrols the distances around the site proved too great for the horseso they resorted to using jeeps and trucks for transportation the horses were used for playing polo maintenance of morale among men working long hours under harsh conditions along with dangerous reptiles and insects was a challenge bush strove to improve the food and accommodation and to provide organized games and nightly movies throughout other personnel arrived athe trinity site to helprepare for the bomb testhey tried to use water out of the ranch wells but found the water so alkaline they could not drink ithey were forced to use us navy saltwater soap and hauledrinking water in from the firehouse in socorro gasoline andiesel were purchased from the standard oil planthere military and civilian construction personnel built warehouses workshops a magazine and commissary the siding railroad siding at pope new mexico was upgraded by adding an unloading platform roads were built and of telephone wire wastrung electricity wasupplied by portable generators due to its proximity to the bombing range the base camp was accidentally bombed twice in may when the lead plane on a practice night raid accidentally knocked outhe generator otherwise doused the lights illuminating their targethey went in search of the lights and since they had not been informed of the presence of the trinity base camp and it was lit bombed it instead the accidental bombing damaged the stables and the carpentry shop and a small firesulted jumbo file trinity jumbo broughto sitejpg thumb right jumbo arrives athe site responsibility for the design of a containment vessel for an unsuccessful explosion known as jumbo wassigned to robert w henderson and roy w carlson of the los alamos laboratory s x a section the bomb would be placed into theart of jumbo and if the bomb s detonation was unsuccessful the outer walls of jumbo would not be breached making it possible to recover the bomb s plutonium hans bethe victor weisskopf and joseph o hirschfelder made the initial calculations followed by a more detailed analysis by henderson and carlson they drew up specifications for a steel sphere in diameter weighing and capable of handling a pressure of after consulting withe steel companies and the railroads carlson produced a scaled back cylindrical design that would be much easier to manufacture but still difficulto transport carlson identified a company that normally made boilers for the navy babcock wilcox had made something similar and were willing to attempt its manufacture as delivered in may jumbo was in diameter and long with walls thick and weighed a special train brought it from barberton ohio to the siding at pope where it was loaded on a large trailer and towed across the desert by crawler tractor s athe time it was theaviest item ever shipped by rail for many of the los alamoscientists jumbo was the physical manifestation of the lowest point in the laboratory s hopes for the success of an implosion bomby the time it arrived the reactors at hanford produced plutonium in quantity and oppenheimer was confidenthathere would benough for a second testhe use of jumbo would interfere withe gathering of data on thexplosion the primary objective of the test an explosion of more than would vaporize the steel and make it hard to measure thermal effects even would send fragments flying presenting a hazard to personnel and measuring equipment it was therefore decided noto use it instead it was hoisted up a steel tower from thexplosion where it could be used for a subsequentest in thend jumbo survived thexplosion although its tower did nothe developmenteam also considered other methods of recovering active material in thevent of a dud explosione idea was to cover it with a cone of sand another was to suspend the bomb in a tank of water as with jumbo it was decided noto proceed withese means of containment either the cm chemistry and metallurgy group at los alamos also studied how the active material could be chemically recovered after a contained or failed explosion ton test because there would be only one chance to carry outhe test correctly bainbridge decided that a rehearsal should be carried outo allow the plans and procedures to be verified and the instrumentation to be tested and calibrated oppenheimer was initially skeptical but gave permission and later agreed that it contributed to the success of the trinity test file trinity teston test high explosive stack jpg thumb left men stack crates of high explosives for the ton test a high wooden platform was constructed to the south east of trinity ground zero and of tnt were stacked on top of it kistiakowsky assured bainbridge thathexplosives used were not susceptible to shock this was proven correct when some boxes fell off thelevator lifting them up to the platform flexible tubing was threaded through the pile of boxes of explosives a radioactive slug from hanford with of beta ray activity and of gamma ray activity was dissolved and hempelmann poured it into the tubing the test wascheduled for may but was postponed for two days to allow for morequipmento be installed requests for further postponements had to be refused because they would have impacted the schedule for the main testhe detonation time waset for history of time in the united states war time and mountain war time mwt on may buthere was a minute delay to allow the observation plane a boeing b superfortress from the th army air forces base unit flown by major clyde stan shields to get into position the fireball of the conventional explosion was visible from alamogordo army air field away buthere was little shock athe base camp away shields thoughthathexplosion looked beautiful but it was hardly felt at herbert l anderson practiced using a converted m sherman tank lined with lead to approach the deep and wide blast crater and take a sample of dirt although the radioactivity was low enough to allow several hours of unprotected exposure an electrical signal of unknown origin caused thexplosion to goff seconds early ruining experiments that required split second timing the piezoelectric gauges developed by anderson s team correctly indicated an explosion of but luis walter alvarez luis alvarez and waldman s airborne condenser gauges were far less accurate in addition to uncovering scientific and technological issues the rehearsal test revealed practical concerns as well over vehicles were used for the rehearsal test but it was realized more would be required for the main test and they would need betteroads and repair facilities more radios werequired and more telephone lines as the telephone system had become overloaded lines needed to be buried to prevent damage by vehicles a teletype was installed to allow better communication with los alamos a town hall was builto allow for large conferences and briefings and the mess hall had to be upgraded because dusthrown up by vehicles interfered with some of the instrumentation of road wasealed at a cost of the gadget file hd g jpg thumb right norris bradbury group leader for bomb assembly stands nexto the assembled gadget atop the testower later he became the director of los alamos after the departure of oppenheimer the term gadget was a laboratory euphemism for a bomb from which the laboratory s weapon physics division g division took its name in august athatime it did not refer specifically to the trinity test device as it had yeto be developed but once it was it became the laboratory code name the trinity gadget was officially a y device as was the fat man used a feweeks later in the atomic bombings of hiroshimand nagasaki bombing of nagasaki the two were very similar with only minor differences the most obvious being the absence ofuzing and thexternal ballisticasing the bombs were still under development and small changes continued to be made to the fat man design to keep the design asimple as possible a near solid spherical core was chosen rather than a hollow one although calculationshowed that a hollow core would be morefficient in its use of plutonium the core was compressed to prompt critical prompt super criticality by the implosion generated by the high explosive lens this design became known as a christy core or christy pit after physicist robert f christy who made the solid pit design a reality after it was initially proposed by edward teller along withe pithe whole physics package was also informally nicknamed christy s gadget of the severallotropes of plutonium the metallurgists preferred the malleable phase this wastabilized at room temperature by alloying it with gallium two equal hemispheres of plutonium gallium alloy were plated with silver andesignated by serial numbers hs and hs the radioactive core generated w of heat which warmed it up to about and the silver plating developed blisters that had to be filedown and covered with gold foilater cores were plated with nickel instead the trinity core consisted of justhese two hemispheres later cores also included a ring with a triangular crossection to prevent jets forming in the gap between them file fat man design modelpng thumb px left basic nuclear components of the gadgethe uranium slug containing the plutonium sphere was inserted late in the assembly process a trial assembly of the gadget withouthe active components or explosive lenses was carried out by the bomb assembly team headed by norris bradbury at los alamos on july it was driven to trinity and back a set of explosive lenses arrived on july followed by a second set on july each was examined by bradbury and kistiakowsky and the best ones were selected for use the remainder were handed over to edward creutz who conducted a test detonation at pajarito canyonear los alamos without nuclear material this test brought bad news magnetic measurements of the simultaneity of the implosion seemed to indicate thathe trinity test would fail bethe worked through the nighto assess the results and reported thathey were consistent with a perfect explosion assembly of the nuclear capsule began on july athe mcdonald ranchouse where the master bedroom had been turned into a clean room the polonium beryllium urchin detonator urchinitiator wassembled and louislotin placed it inside the two hemispheres of the plutonium core cyril stanley smith cyril smithen placed the core in the uranium tamper plug or slug air gaps were filled with gold foil and the two halves of the plug were held together with uranium washers and screws which fit smoothly into the domed ends of the plug the completed capsule was then driven to the base of the tower file slotin lehr gadgetamper plugjpg thumb right louislotin and herbert lehr withe gadget prior to insertion of the tamper plug visible in front of lehr s left knee athe tower a temporary eyebolt wascrewed into the capsule and a chain hoist was used to lower the capsule into the gadget as the capsulentered the hole in the uranium tamper it stuck robert bacherealized thatheat from the plutonium core had caused the capsule to expand while thexplosives assembly withe tamper had cooleduring the night in the desert by leaving the capsule in contact withe tamper the temperatures equalized and in a few minutes the capsule had slipped completely into the tamper theyebolt was then removed from the capsule and replaced with a threaded uranium plug a boron disk was placed on top of the capsule an aluminum plug wascrewed into the hole in the pusher and the two remaining high explosive lenses were installed finally the upper duralumin dural polar cap was bolted into place assembly was completed at about on july the gadget was hoisted to the top of a steel tower theight would give a better indication of how the weapon would behave when dropped from a bomber as detonation in the air would maximize the amount of energy appliedirectly to the target as thexplosion expanded in a spherical shape and would generate less nuclear fallouthe tower stood on four legs that went into the ground with concrete footings atop it was an oak platform and a shack made of corrugated iron that was open on the western side the gadget was hauled up with an electric winch a truckload of mattresses was placed underneath in case the cable broke and the gadget fell the seven man arming party consisting of bainbridge kistiakowsky joseph mckibben and four soldiers including lieutenant bush drove outo the tower to perform the final arming shortly after on july personnel file trinity towerjpg thumb right uprighthe shotower constructed for the test in the final two weeks before the test some personnel from los alamos were at work athe trinity site and lieutenant bush s command had ballooned to men guarding and maintaining the base camp another men under major to palmer were stationed outside the area with vehicles to evacuate the civilian population in the surrounding region should that prove necessary they had enough vehicles to move people to safety and had food and supplies to lasthem for two days arrangements were made for alamogordo army air field to provide accommodation groves had warned the governor of new mexico john j dempsey that martialaw might have to be declared in the southwestern part of the state shelters werestablishedue north west and south of the tower known as n w and s eachad its own shelter chief robert wilson at n john manley at w and frank oppenheimer at s many other observers were around away and some others were scattered at different distancesome in more informal situations richard feynman claimed to be the only person to see thexplosion withouthe goggles provided relying on a truck windshield to screen out harmfultraviolet wavelengths bainbridge asked groves to keep his vip list down to justen he chose himself oppenheimerichard tolman vannevar bush james bryant conant james conant brigadier general thomas farrell charles lauritsen isidor isaac rabi sir g i taylor geoffrey taylor and sir james chadwick the vips viewed the test from compania hill about northwest of the tower the observerset up a betting pool on the results of the test edward teller was the most optimistic predicting he wore gloves to protect his hands and sunglasses underneathe weldingoggles thathe government had supplied everyone with teller was alsone of the few scientists to actually watch the test with eye protection instead ofollowing orders to lie on the ground withis back turned he also brought suntan lotion whiche shared withe others file trinity device readiedjpg thumb lefthe gadget is unloaded athe base of the tower for the final assembly others were less optimistic ramsey chose zero a complete dud robert oppenheimer chose kistiakowsky and bethe chose rabi the lasto arrive took by default which would win him the pool in a video interview bethe stated that his choice of kt was exactly the value calculated by segr and he waswayed by segr s authority over that of a more junior but unnamed member of segr s group who had calculated kt enrico fermi offered to take wagers among the tophysicists and military present on whether the atmosphere would ignite and if so whether it wouldestroy justhe state or incinerate thentire planethis last result had been previously calculated by bethe to be almost impossible although for a while it had caused some of the scientistsome anxiety bainbridge was furious with fermi for scaring the guards who unlike the physicists did not have the advantage of their knowledge abouthe scientific possibilities his own biggest fear was that nothing would happen in which case he would have to head back to the tower to investigate julian mack and berlyn brixner weresponsible for photography the photography group employed some fifty different cameras taking motion and still photographspecial fastax cameras taking frames per second would record the minute details of thexplosion spectrograph cameras would record the wavelengths of light emitted by thexplosion and pinhole camera s would record gamma rays a rotating drum spectrograph athe station would obtain the spectrum over the first hundredth of a second another slow recording one would track the fireball cameras were placed in bunkers only from the tower protected by steel and lead glass and mounted on sledso they could be towed out by the lead lined tank some observers broughtheir own cameras despite the security segr brought in jack aeby s mm perfex it would take the only known well exposed color photograph of the detonation explosion detonation the scientists wanted good visibility low humidity light winds at low altitude and westerly winds at high altitude for the testhe best weather was predicted between july and buthe potsdam conference was due to start on july and president of the united states president harry s truman wanted the testo be conducted before the conference began it was therefore scheduled for july thearliest date at which the bomb components would be available file trinitycolorlargerestoredjpg thumb upright left jack aeby still photo is the only known well exposed color photograph of the detonation the detonation was initially planned for mwt but was postponed because of rain and lightning from early that morning it was feared thathe danger from radiation and fallout would be increased by rain and lightning had the scientists concerned about a premature detonation a crucial favorable weathereport came in at and the final twenty minute countdown began at read by samuel king allison samuel allison by the rain had gone there were some communication problems the shortwave radio frequency for communicating withe b s washared withe voice of americand the fm radioshared a frequency with a railroad freight yard in santonio texas two circling b s observed the test with shields again flying the lead plane they carried members of project alberta who would carry out airborne measurements during the atomic missions these included captain united states o captain deak parsons the associate director of the los alamos laboratory and thead of project alberta luis walter alvarez luis alvarez harold agnew bernard waldman wolfgang panofsky and william penney the overcast obscured their view of the test site at mwt seconds the devicexploded with an energy equivalento around the desert sand largely made of silica melted and became a mildly radioactive light green glass which was named trinitite it left a crater in the desert deep and wide athe time of detonation the surrounding mountains were illuminated brighter than daytime for one to two seconds and theat was reported as being as hot as an oven athe base camp the observed colors of the illumination changed from purple to green and eventually to white the roar of the shock wave took seconds to reach the observers it was felt over away and the mushroom cloud reached in height file trinitite detail jpg trinitite thumb rightrinitite ralph carlisle smith watching from compania hill wrote in his official report on the test farrell wrote william laurence of the new york times had been transferred temporarily to the manhattan project at groves request in early groves had arranged for laurence to view significant events including trinity and the atomic bombing of japan laurence wrote press releases withe help of the manhattan project s public relationstaff he laterecalled that after the initial euphoria of witnessing thexplosion had passed bainbridge told oppenheimer nowe are all sons of bitches rabi noticed oppenheimer s reaction i ll never forget his walk rabi recalled i ll never forgethe way he stepped out of the car his walk was like high noon this kind of strut he hadone it file trinity testogg thumb right film of the trinity test oppenheimer laterecalled that while witnessing thexplosion he thought of a verse from the hindu holy book the bhagavad gita xi years later he would explain that another verse had also entered his head athatime oppenheimeread the original text in sanskrit xi whiche translated as i am become deathe destroyer of worlds in the literature the quote usually appears in the form shatterer of worlds because this was the form in which it first appeared in print in time magazine time magazine onovember it later appeared in robert jungk s brighter than a thousand suns a personal history of the atomic scientists which was based on an interviewith oppenheimer see hijiya the gita of robert oppenheimer john r lugo was flying a us navy transport at east of albuquerquen route to the west coast my first impression was like the sun was coming up in the south what a ball ofire it waso bright it lit up the cockpit of the plane lugo radioed albuquerque he got no explanation for the blast but was toldon t fly south file trinity ground zero men in craterjpground zero after the test file trinity crater annotated jpg an aerial photograph of the trinity crater shortly after the test file trinity jumbo after testjpg the jumbo container after the test energy measurements file trinity test lead lined sherman tankjpg thumb lead lined sherman tank used in trinity testhe theoretical division at los alamos had predicted a yield of between immediately after the blasthe two lead lined sherman tanks made their way to the crater nuclear weapon yield radiochemical analysis of soil samples thathey collected indicated thathe total yield or energy release had been around fifty beryllium copper diaphragmicrophones were also used to record the pressure of the blast wave these were supplemented by mechanical pressure gauges these indicated a blast energy of with only one of the mechanical pressure gauges working correctly that indicated fermi prepared his own experimento measure thenergy that was released as blast he laterecalled thathere were also several gamma ray and neutron detector s few survived the blast with all the gauges within of ground zero being destroyed but sufficient data werecovered to measure the gamma ray component of the ionizing radiation released class wikitable style float rightext align center margin em em data from the trinity test and others resulted in the following total energy distribution being observed for kiloton range detonations near sea level standard bomb s energy distribution in the moderate kiloton range near sea level blasthermal energy initial ionizing radiation residual fallout radiation the official estimate for the total yield of the trinity gadget which includes thenergy of the blast componentogether withe contributions from the bhangmeter explosion s light output and both forms of ionizing radiation is of which about was contributed by fission of the plutonium core and about was from fission of the natural uranium tamper a re analysis of data published in puthe yield at with a margin of error estimated at as a result of the data gathered on the size of the blasthe detonation height for the bombing of hiroshima waset ato take advantage of the blast wave mach stem formation mach stem blast reinforcing effecthe final nagasaki burst height waso the mach stem started sooner see page the knowledge that implosion worked led oppenheimer to recommend to groves thathe uranium used in a little boy gun type weapon could be used moreconomically in a pit nuclear weapon composite core with plutonium it was too late to do this withe first little boy buthe composite cores would soon enter production civilian detection civilians noticed the bright lights and hugexplosion groves therefore had the second air force issue a press release with a cover story that he had prepared weeks before the press release was written by laurence he had prepared foureleases covering outcomes ranging from an account of a successful testhe one which was used to catastrophic scenarios involving serious damage to surrounding communities evacuation of nearby residents and a placeholder for the names of those killed as laurence was a witness to the test he knew thathe last release if used might be his own obituary a newspaper article published the same day stated thathe blast waseen and felthroughout an area extending from el paso texas el paso to silver city new mexico silver city gallup new mexico gallup socorro and albuquerque new mexico albuquerque an associated press article quoted a blind woman away who asked what s that brilliant lighthese articles appeared inew mexico but east coast newspapers ignored them information abouthe trinity test was made public shortly after the bombing of hiroshima the smyth report released on august gave some information the blast and thedition released by princeton university press a feweeks later incorporated the war department s press release on the test as appendix and contained the famous pictures of a bulbous trinity fireball groves oppenheimer and other dignitaries visited the test site in september wearing white canvas overshoes to prevent fallout from sticking to the soles of their shoes official notifications the results of the test were conveyed to the secretary of war henry l stimson athe potsdam conference in germany in a coded message from his assistant george l harrison the message arrived athe little white house in the potsdam suburb of babelsberg and was at once taken to trumand secretary of state james f byrnes harrison sent a follow up message which arrived on the morning of july because stimson summer home at highold was on long island harrison s farm near upperville virginia this indicated thathexplosion could be seen away and heard away fallout film badges used to measurexposure to radioactivity indicated that nobservers at n had been exposed to more than roentgen unit roentgens buthe shelter was evacuated before the radioactive cloud could reach ithexplosion was morefficienthan expected and thermal updraft drew most of the cloud high enough that little fallout fell on the test site the crater was far more radioactive than expectedue to the formation of trinitite and the crews of the two lead lined sherman tanks were subjected to considerablexposure anderson s dosimeter and film badge recorded to roentgens and one of the tank drivers who made three trips recorded to roentgens file trinity ground zerojpg thumb left major generaleslie groves and robert oppenheimer athe trinity shotoweremains a feweeks later the white overshoes were to preventhe trinitite fallout from sticking to the soles of their shoes theaviest fallout contamination outside the restricted test area was from the detonation point on chupadera mesa the fallouthere was reported to have settled in a white mist onto some of the livestock in the area resulting in local beta burns and a temporary loss of dorsum anatomy dorsal or back hair patches of hair grew back discolored white the army bought cattle in all from rancher s the most significantly marked were kept at los alamos while the rest were shipped toak ridge nationalaboratory oak ridge for long term observation unlike the or so atmospheric nuclear explosions later conducted athe nevada test site fallout doses to the local inhabitants have not been reconstructed for the trinity event due primarily to scarcity of data in a national cancer institute study commenced that will attempto close this gap in the literature and complete a trinity radiation dose reconstruction for the population of the state of new mexico in august shortly after the bombing of hiroshima the kodak company observed autoradiograph spotting and fogging photography fogging on their film which was athatime usually packaged in cardboard containers dr j h webb a kodak employee studied the matter and concluded thathe contamination must have come from a nuclear explosion somewhere in the united states he discounted the possibility thathe hiroshima bomb was responsible due to the timing of thevents a hot spot ofallout contaminated the river water thathe paper mill indiana used to manufacture the paper pulp cardboard pulp from corn husks aware of the gravity of his discovery dr webb kepthisecret until discussing this incident along withe next continental us tests in set a precedent in subsequent atmospheric nuclear tests athe nevada test site united states atomic energy commission officials gave the photographic industry maps and forecasts of potential contamination as well as expected fallout distributions which enabled them to purchase uncontaminated materials and take other protective measuresite today in september about people attended the first mcdonald ranchouse trinity site open house visitors to a trinity site open house are allowed to see the ground zero and mcdonald ranchouse areas more than seventyears after the test residual radiation athe site is abouten times higher thanormal background radiation in the area the amount of radioactivexposureceiveduring a one hour visito the site is about half of the total radiation exposure which a us adult receives on an average day from natural and medical sources on december the trinity site was declared a national historic landmark districtitle national register of historic places inventory nomination trinity site date january authorichard greenwood publisher national park service accessdate june and title accompanying photos from publisher national park service accessdate august and on october was listed on the national register of historic places the landmark includes the base camp where the scientists and support group lived ground zero where the bomb was placed for thexplosion and the mcdonald ranchouse where the plutonium core to the bomb wassembled one of the old instrumentation bunkers is visible beside the road just west of ground zero an inner oblong fence was added in and the corridor barbed wire fence that connects the outer fence to the inner one was completed in jumbo was moved to the parking lot in it is missing its ends from an attempto destroy it in using eight bombs the trinity monument a rough sided lava rock obelisk about high marks thexplosion s hypocenter it was erected in by army personnel from the white sands missile range using local rocks taken from the western boundary of the range a simple metal plaque reads trinity site where the world s first nuclear device was exploded on july a second memorial plaque on the obelisk was prepared by the army and the national park service and was unveiled on the th anniversary of the test in a special tour of the site was conducted on july to mark the th anniversary of the trinity test about visitors arrived to commemorate the occasion the largest crowd for any open house since then the open houses have usually averaged two to three thousand visitors the site istill a popular destination for those interested in atomic tourism though it is only open to the public twice a year during the trinity site open house on the first saturdays of april and october in the white sands missile range announced that due to budgetary constraints the site would only be open once a year on the first saturday in april in this decision was reversed and two events were scheduled in april and october the base commander brigadier general timothy r coffin explained that file trinitysitehistoricalmarkerhighwaysignjpg trinity site historical marker file trinity site remnants of jumbo jpg remnants of jumbo file trinity site tourists at ground zerojpg tourists at ground zero file trinity site plaquejpg plaque on the obelisk footnotes references externalinks very high resolution photograph of the trinity obelisk trinity remembered th anniversary bbc article on the th anniversary the trinity test on the los alamos nationalaboratory website carey sublette s nuclear weapon archive trinity page the trinity test on the sandia nationalaboratories website trinity test fallout pattern trinity test photographs trinity firstest of the atomic bomb my radioactive vacation report of a visito the trinity site with pictures comparing its past with its present state visiting trinity short article by ker than at quarks daily war department release onew mexico test july from the smyth report with eyewitness reports from groves and farrell videof the trinity weapon test word in film issue number the atom bomb trinity s cloud photographs of mushroom cloud category manhattan project category inew mexico category in science category in the united states category explosions in category americanuclear weapons testing category code names category explosions in the united states category historic districts on the national register of historic places inew mexico category history of new mexico category history of socorro county new mexico category military facilities on the national register of historic places inew mexico category national historic landmarks inew mexico category new mexico state register of cultural properties category nuclear history of the united states category tularosa basin category tourist attractions in alamogordo new mexico category tourist attractions in socorro county new mexico category world war ii on the national register of historic places category articles containing video clips category atomic tourism category national register of historic places in socorro county new 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new_mexico mexico built designated nrhp type december added trinity code name first detonation nuclear_weapon conducted united_states army july part manhattan_projecthe test conducted del muerto desert southeast socorro new usaaf alamogordo bombing range part white sands missile range structures originally vicinity mcdonald ranchouse ancillary buildings scientists used laboratory testing bomb components base_camp constructed people present weekend testhe code name code name trinity wassigned j robert oppenheimer director los_alamos laboratory inspired poetry john test weapon design implosion design plutonium device informally nicknamed gadget design fat man bomb later atomic_bombings hiroshimand_nagasaki detonated nagasaki japan augusthe complexity design required major effort los_alamos laboratory concerns whether would work led decision conducthe first nuclear_testhe test planned andirected kenneth nichols fears nuclear_test construction steel containment vessel called jumbo could contain plutonium allowing ito recovered jumbo used rehearsal held may high explosive radioactive isotopes detonated gadget detonation released observers included bush james james bryant james farrell general thomas farrell enrico fermi richard leslie groves robert oppenheimer g taylor geoffrey taylor richard test_site declared national_historic landmark district listed national_register historic_places following_year background creation nuclear_weapon arose scientific political developments decade saw many new discoveries abouthe nature including thexistence nuclear fission rise governments europe led fear weapon project especially among scientists nazi germany fascist countries nuclear_weapons theoretically feasible british united_states efforto build transferred authority us_army june became manhattan_project brigadier general united_states brigadier r groves appointed director september weapons development portion project located_athe los_alamos laboratory mexico physicist j robert oppenheimer university chicago columbia university lawrence berkeley nationalaboratory radiation laboratory athe_university california berkeley conducted development work production isotopes uranium plutonium given technology accounted total costs project uranium enrichment carried athe clinton engineer works near oak_ridge tennessee theoretically uranium feasible prexisting techniques scale extremely costly percent natural uranium uranium estimated would_take years produce gram uranium werequired plutonium synthetic element complicated physical chemical properties found inature quantities mid plutonium isolated produced whereas weapons required kilograms april physicist segr thead los_alamos laboratory p radioactivity group received first sample reactor bred plutonium x_graphite_reactor oak_ridge discovered addition plutonium isotope also contained significant amounts plutonium manhattan_project produced plutonium athe hanford engineer works near hanford washington longer plutonium remained irradiated inside reactor necessary high yields metal greater content plutonium isotope fission times rate plutonium neutron released high plutonium gun type fission weapon soon critical mass formed producing nuclear_test nuclear explosion many full explosion thin bomb thin man bomb design thathe laboratory hadeveloped would work properly laboratory turned alternative albeit technically difficult design implosion type nuclear_weapon september john proposed design pit nuclear_weapon core would surrounded two different high explosives produced shock wave different speeds alternating faster slower burning explosives carefully calculated configuration would produce wave upon simultaneous detonation called explosive lens focused shock waves enough force rapidly plutonium core several times original density reduced size critical mass making also activated small neutron source athe center core thathe chain reaction began athe right moment complicated process required research engineering practical design could developed thentire los_alamos laboratory focus design implosion bomb preparation decision file_trinity_test sitejpg thumb right map trinity_site idea testing implosion device brought los_alamos january attracted enough support oppenheimer approach groves gave approval concerns manhattan_project spent great_deal money efforto produce plutonium wanted know would way recover ithe laboratory governing board directed norman ramsey investigate could done february ramsey proposed small_scale test thexplosion limited size reducing number generations chain reactions place inside sealed containment vessel plutonium could recovered means generating controlled reaction uncertain data obtained would useful full oppenheimer argued thathe implosion gadget must tested range thenergy release comparable withat final use obtained groves tentative approval testing full inside containment vessel although groves wastill worried would explain loss billion dollars worth plutonium senate committee thevent failure code name thexact origin code name trinity_test unknown often attributed reference poetry john turn references trinity three fold nature god groves wrote abouthe origin name asking chosen name common rivers peaks west would attract attention reply still make trinity another better_known poem opens batter person god organization march planning test wassigned kenneth bainbridge professor physics harvard university working explosives expert george kistiakowsky bainbridge group known explosives development group stanley formerly national safety council made responsible safety captain united_states captain samuel p assistant post engineer los_alamos placed charge construction first lieutenant harold c bush became commander base_camp scientists william victor philip burton moon philip moon consultants eventually seven formed services john harry williams john h williams shock blast john henry manley john h manley measurements r wilson j photographic julian e mack airborne measurements bernard medical louis group renamed x development engineering tests group august reorganization test_site file e_jpg thumb site red arrow near security required remote isolated area scientists also wanted flat area minimize secondary effects blast little wind spread radioactive fallout eight candidate sites considered basin valley del muerto valley area southwest cuba new_mexico north new_mexico flats national monument inew_mexico san luis valley near great national monument colorado center areand island southern_californiand sand bars padre island texas sites surveyed car air bainbridge r w henderson major w stevens major peer de silva site finally chosen consulting major general united_states major general commander second air_force september lay athe northern end alamogordo bombing range socorro county_new mexico socorro county near towns new_mexico santonio new_mexico santonio structures vicinity mcdonald ranchouse ancillary buildings abouto southeast like rest alamogordo bombing range acquired government patented land eminent domain condemned grazing scientists used laboratory testing bomb components bainbridge drew base_camp accommodation facilities personnel along_withe technical infrastructure supporthe test construction firm texas builthe barracks officers quarters mess hall basic facilities requirements expanded july people worked athe trinity_test site weekend present file_trinity thumb lefthe trinity_test base_camp lieutenant bush twelve man military police unit arrived athe_site los_alamos december unit established initial security horse distances around site proved great using trucks transportation horses used playing polo maintenance morale among men working long hours harsh conditions along dangerous reptiles insects challenge bush improve food accommodation provide organized games nightly movies throughout personnel arrived athe trinity_site bomb tried use water ranch wells found water could drink forced use us_navy soap water firehouse socorro gasoline purchased standard oil military civilian construction personnel built warehouses workshops magazine commissary siding railroad siding pope new_mexico upgraded adding platform roads built telephone wire electricity wasupplied portable generators due proximity bombing range base_camp accidentally bombed twice may lead plane practice night raid accidentally outhe generator otherwise lights went search lights since informed presence trinity base_camp lit bombed instead accidental bombing damaged stables shop small jumbo file_trinity jumbo broughto sitejpg thumb right jumbo arrives athe_site responsibility design containment vessel unsuccessful explosion known jumbo wassigned robert w henderson roy w carlson los_alamos laboratory x section bomb would placed theart jumbo bomb detonation unsuccessful outer walls jumbo would making possible recover bomb plutonium hans bethe victor joseph made initial calculations followed detailed analysis henderson carlson drew specifications steel sphere diameter weighing capable handling pressure consulting withe steel companies railroads carlson produced scaled back cylindrical design would much easier manufacture still difficulto transport carlson identified company normally made navy babcock made something similar willing attempt manufacture delivered may jumbo diameter long walls thick weighed special train brought ohio siding pope loaded large trailer towed across desert tractor athe_time theaviest item ever shipped rail many los jumbo physical manifestation lowest point laboratory hopes success implosion time arrived reactors hanford produced plutonium quantity oppenheimer would second testhe use jumbo would withe gathering data thexplosion primary objective test explosion would steel make hard measure thermal effects even would send fragments flying presenting hazard personnel measuring equipment therefore decided noto use instead steel_tower thexplosion could used thend jumbo survived thexplosion although tower nothe also_considered methods recovering active material thevent idea cover cone sand another bomb tank water jumbo decided noto proceed withese means containment either chemistry group los_alamos also studied active material could recovered contained failed explosion ton test would one chance carry outhe test correctly bainbridge decided rehearsal carried outo allow plans procedures verified instrumentation tested oppenheimer initially gave permission later agreed contributed success trinity_test file_trinity_test high explosive stack jpg thumb left men stack high explosives ton test high wooden platform constructed south_east trinity ground_zero tnt stacked top kistiakowsky bainbridge used susceptible shock proven correct boxes fell lifting platform flexible tubing pile boxes explosives radioactive slug hanford beta ray activity gamma ray activity dissolved poured tubing test wascheduled may postponed two_days allow installed requests refused would schedule main testhe detonation time waset history time united_states war time mountain war time mwt may buthere minute delay allow observation plane boeing b th army_air_forces base unit flown major clyde stan shields get position fireball conventional explosion visible alamogordo army_air field away buthere little shock athe base_camp away shields looked beautiful hardly felt herbert l anderson practiced using converted sherman tank lined lead approach deep wide blast crater take sample dirt although radioactivity low enough allow several hours exposure electrical signal unknown origin caused thexplosion goff seconds early experiments required split second timing gauges developed anderson team correctly indicated explosion luis walter alvarez luis alvarez airborne gauges far less accurate addition uncovering scientific technological issues rehearsal test revealed practical concerns well vehicles used rehearsal test realized would required main test would need repair facilities radios werequired telephone lines telephone system become lines needed buried prevent damage vehicles installed allow better communication los_alamos town hall builto allow large conferences mess hall upgraded vehicles instrumentation road cost gadget file g jpg thumb right norris bradbury group leader bomb assembly stands nexto assembled gadget atop later_became director los_alamos departure oppenheimer term gadget laboratory bomb laboratory weapon physics division g division took name august athatime refer specifically trinity_test device yeto developed became laboratory code name trinity gadget officially device fat man used feweeks later atomic_bombings hiroshimand_nagasaki bombing nagasaki two similar minor differences obvious absence thexternal bombs still development small changes continued made fat man design keep design possible near solid spherical core chosen rather hollow one although hollow core would use plutonium core compressed prompt critical prompt super criticality implosion generated high explosive lens design became_known christy core christy pit physicist robert f christy made solid pit design reality initially proposed edward teller along_withe whole physics package also informally nicknamed christy gadget plutonium preferred phase room temperature two equal hemispheres plutonium alloy plated silver serial numbers radioactive core generated w heat silver developed covered gold cores plated instead trinity core consisted two hemispheres later cores also_included ring triangular crossection prevent jets forming gap file fat man design thumb px left basic nuclear components uranium slug containing plutonium sphere inserted late assembly process trial assembly gadget withouthe active components explosive lenses carried bomb assembly team headed norris bradbury los_alamos july driven trinity back set explosive lenses arrived july followed second set july examined bradbury kistiakowsky best ones selected use remainder handed edward conducted test detonation los_alamos without nuclear material test brought bad news measurements implosion seemed indicate thathe trinity_test would fail bethe worked nighto assess results reported_thathey consistent perfect explosion assembly nuclear capsule began july athe mcdonald ranchouse master bedroom turned clean room placed inside two hemispheres plutonium core stanley smith placed core uranium tamper plug slug air gaps filled gold two plug held together uranium fit smoothly ends plug completed capsule driven base tower file lehr thumb right herbert lehr withe gadget prior tamper plug visible front lehr left knee athe tower temporary capsule chain used lower capsule gadget hole uranium tamper robert plutonium core caused capsule expand assembly withe tamper night desert leaving capsule contact withe tamper temperatures minutes capsule completely tamper removed capsule replaced uranium plug disk placed top capsule aluminum plug hole pusher two remaining high explosive lenses installed finally upper polar cap place assembly completed july gadget top steel_tower theight would give better indication weapon would behave dropped bomber detonation air would maximize amount energy target thexplosion expanded spherical shape would generate less nuclear tower stood four legs went ground concrete atop oak platform shack made iron open western side gadget electric winch mattresses placed underneath case cable broke gadget fell seven man party consisting bainbridge kistiakowsky joseph four soldiers including lieutenant bush drove outo tower perform final shortly july personnel file_trinity thumb right_uprighthe constructed test final two_weeks test personnel los_alamos work athe trinity_site lieutenant bush command men guarding maintaining base_camp another men major palmer outside area vehicles civilian population surrounding region prove necessary enough vehicles move people safety food supplies two_days arrangements made alamogordo army_air field provide accommodation groves warned governor new_mexico john j might declared southwestern part state shelters north_west south tower known n w shelter chief robert wilson n john manley w frank oppenheimer many observers around away others scattered different informal situations richard claimed person see thexplosion withouthe goggles provided relying truck screen bainbridge asked groves keep vip list chose bush james bryant james brigadier general thomas farrell charles isaac rabi sir g taylor geoffrey taylor sir james viewed test hill northwest tower pool results test edward teller wore gloves protect hands underneathe thathe_government supplied everyone teller alsone scientists actually watch test eye protection instead orders lie ground withis back turned also brought whiche shared withe others file_trinity device thumb lefthe gadget athe base tower final assembly others less ramsey chose zero complete robert oppenheimer chose kistiakowsky bethe chose rabi arrive took would win pool video interview bethe stated choice exactly value calculated segr segr authority junior unnamed member segr group calculated enrico fermi offered take among military present whether atmosphere would whether justhe state thentire last result previously calculated bethe almost impossible although caused anxiety bainbridge fermi guards unlike advantage knowledge abouthe scientific possibilities biggest fear nothing would happen case would head back tower investigate julian mack weresponsible photography photography group employed fifty different cameras taking motion still cameras taking frames per second would record minute details thexplosion cameras would record light thexplosion camera would record gamma rotating drum athe station would obtain spectrum first second another slow recording one would track fireball cameras placed bunkers tower protected steel lead glass mounted could towed lead lined tank observers cameras despite security segr brought jack would_take known well exposed color photograph detonation explosion detonation scientists wanted good visibility low humidity light winds low altitude winds high_altitude testhe best weather predicted july buthe potsdam conference due start july president united_states president harry truman wanted conducted conference began therefore scheduled july thearliest date bomb components would available file thumb upright left jack still photo known well exposed color photograph detonation detonation initially planned mwt postponed rain lightning early morning feared thathe danger radiation fallout would increased rain lightning scientists concerned premature detonation crucial favorable came final twenty minute began read samuel king allison samuel allison rain gone communication problems radio frequency communicating withe b withe voice americand frequency railroad freight yard santonio_texas two b observed test shields flying lead plane carried members project alberta would carry airborne measurements atomic missions included captain united_states captain parsons associate director los_alamos laboratory thead project alberta luis walter alvarez luis alvarez harold bernard wolfgang william view test_site mwt seconds energy equivalento around desert sand largely made became radioactive light green glass named trinitite left crater desert deep wide athe_time detonation surrounding mountains illuminated brighter daytime one two seconds theat reported hot oven athe base_camp observed colors changed green eventually white shock wave took seconds reach observers felt away mushroom cloud reached height file trinitite detail jpg trinitite thumb ralph carlisle smith watching hill wrote official report test farrell wrote william laurence new_york times transferred temporarily manhattan_project groves request early groves arranged laurence view significant events including trinity atomic_bombing japan laurence wrote press_releases withe_help manhattan_project public initial witnessing thexplosion passed bainbridge told oppenheimer sons rabi noticed oppenheimer reaction never walk rabi recalled never way stepped car walk like high noon kind file_trinity thumb right film trinity_test oppenheimer witnessing thexplosion thought verse hindu holy book years_later would explain another verse also entered head athatime original text sanskrit whiche translated become deathe worlds literature quote usually appears form worlds form first_appeared print time magazine_time magazine onovember later appeared robert brighter thousand personal history atomic scientists based interviewith oppenheimer see robert oppenheimer john r flying us_navy transport east route west_coast first impression like sun coming south ball ofire waso bright lit cockpit plane albuquerque got explanation blast fly south file_trinity ground_zero men zero test file_trinity crater annotated jpg aerial photograph trinity crater shortly test file_trinity jumbo jumbo container test energy measurements file_trinity_test lead lined sherman thumb lead lined sherman tank used trinity_testhe theoretical division los_alamos predicted yield immediately two lead lined sherman tanks made way crater nuclear_weapon yield analysis soil samples thathey collected indicated thathe total yield energy release around fifty copper also_used record pressure blast wave supplemented mechanical pressure gauges indicated blast energy one mechanical pressure gauges working correctly indicated fermi prepared measure thenergy released blast thathere also several gamma ray neutron survived blast gauges within ground_zero destroyed sufficient data measure gamma ray component radiation released class wikitable_style float align center margin data trinity_test others resulted following total energy distribution observed range detonations near sea_level standard bomb energy distribution moderate range near sea_level energy initial radiation fallout radiation official estimate total yield trinity gadget includes thenergy blast withe contributions explosion light output forms radiation contributed fission plutonium core fission natural uranium tamper analysis data published puthe yield margin error estimated result data gathered size detonation height bombing hiroshima waset take_advantage blast wave mach stem formation mach stem blast final nagasaki height waso mach stem started see page knowledge implosion worked led oppenheimer recommend groves thathe uranium used little boy gun type weapon could used pit nuclear_weapon composite core plutonium late withe_first little boy buthe composite cores would soon enter production civilian civilians noticed bright lights groves therefore second air_force issue press_release cover story prepared weeks press_release written laurence prepared covering outcomes ranging account successful testhe one used involving serious damage surrounding communities nearby residents names killed laurence witness test knew thathe last release used might obituary newspaper article published day stated_thathe blast waseen area extending el_paso texas el_paso silver city_new mexico silver city_new mexico socorro albuquerque new_mexico albuquerque associated press article quoted blind woman away asked brilliant articles appeared inew_mexico east_coast newspapers information_abouthe trinity_test made public shortly bombing hiroshima smyth report released august gave information blast thedition released princeton university_press feweeks later incorporated war department press_release test contained famous pictures trinity fireball groves oppenheimer visited test_site september wearing white canvas prevent fallout shoes official results test secretary war henry l athe potsdam conference germany coded message assistant george l harrison message arrived athe little white_house potsdam suburb taken secretary state james f harrison sent follow message arrived morning july summer home long island harrison farm near virginia indicated could seen away heard away fallout film used radioactivity indicated n exposed unit buthe shelter radioactive cloud could reach expected thermal drew cloud high enough little fallout fell test_site crater far radioactive formation trinitite crews two lead lined sherman tanks subjected anderson film badge recorded one tank drivers made three trips recorded file_trinity ground thumb left major groves robert oppenheimer athe trinity feweeks later white preventhe trinitite fallout shoes theaviest fallout contamination outside restricted test area detonation point mesa reported settled white onto livestock area resulting local beta burns temporary loss anatomy back hair patches hair grew back white army bought cattle significantly marked kept los_alamos rest shipped ridge nationalaboratory oak_ridge long_term observation unlike atmospheric nuclear explosions later conducted athe_nevada_test_site fallout local inhabitants reconstructed trinity event due primarily data national cancer institute study commenced attempto close gap literature complete trinity radiation reconstruction population state_new_mexico august shortly bombing hiroshima company observed photography film athatime usually packaged cardboard containers j h webb employee studied matter concluded thathe contamination must come nuclear explosion somewhere united_states discounted possibility thathe hiroshima bomb responsible due timing thevents hot spot contaminated river water thathe paper mill indiana used manufacture paper cardboard corn aware gravity discovery webb discussing incident along_withe next continental us tests set subsequent atmospheric nuclear_tests athe_nevada_test_site united_states atomic_energy_commission officials gave photographic industry maps potential contamination well expected fallout enabled purchase materials take protective today september people attended first mcdonald ranchouse trinity_site open_house visitors trinity_site open_house allowed see ground_zero mcdonald ranchouse areas test radiation athe_site times higher background radiation area amount one hour visito site half total radiation exposure us adult receives average day natural medical sources december trinity_site declared national_historic landmark national_register historic_places inventory nomination trinity_site date january greenwood publisher national_park service accessdate june title accompanying photos publisher national_park service accessdate august october listed national_register historic_places landmark includes base_camp scientists support group lived ground_zero bomb placed thexplosion mcdonald ranchouse plutonium core bomb one old instrumentation bunkers visible beside road west ground_zero inner fence added corridor wire fence connects outer fence inner one completed jumbo moved parking_lot missing ends attempto destroy using eight bombs trinity monument rough rock obelisk high marks thexplosion hypocenter erected army personnel white sands missile range using local rocks taken western boundary range simple metal plaque_reads trinity_site world first nuclear device exploded july second memorial plaque obelisk prepared army national_park service unveiled th_anniversary test special tour site conducted july mark th_anniversary trinity_test visitors arrived commemorate occasion largest crowd open_house since open_houses usually averaged two three thousand visitors site istill popular_destination interested atomic_tourism though open public twice year trinity_site open_house first saturdays april october white sands missile range announced due constraints site would open year first saturday april decision reversed two events scheduled april october base commander brigadier general timothy r explained file_trinity_site historical marker file_trinity_site remnants jumbo jpg remnants jumbo file_trinity_site tourists ground tourists ground_zero file_trinity_site plaque obelisk footnotes references_externalinks high resolution photograph trinity obelisk trinity remembered th_anniversary bbc article th_anniversary trinity_test los_alamos nationalaboratory website carey nuclear_weapon archive trinity page trinity_test website trinity_test fallout pattern trinity_test photographs trinity firstest atomic_bomb radioactive vacation report visito trinity_site pictures comparing past present state visiting trinity short article daily war department release onew mexico test july smyth report eyewitness reports groves farrell videof trinity weapon test word film issue number bomb trinity cloud photographs mushroom cloud category manhattan_project category inew_mexico_category science category_united_states category explosions category weapons testing category code names category explosions united_states category_historic districts national_register historic_places inew_mexico_category history new_mexico category_history socorro county_new mexico_category military facilities national_register historic_places inew_mexico_category national_historic landmarks inew_mexico_category new_mexico state register cultural properties category_nuclear history united_states category basin category_tourist attractions alamogordo new_mexico category_tourist attractions socorro county_new mexico_category world_war ii national_register historic_places category_articles containing_video_clips category_atomic_tourism_category national_register historic_places socorro county_new mexico"},{"title":"Tropicana Club","description":"file tropicanajpg thumb tropicana stage image club tropicana havana seanmccleanjpg thumb tropicana stage image havanatropjpg thumb tropicana stage tropicanalso known as tropicana club is a world known cabaret and club in havana cuba it was launched in at villa mina six acre m suburban estate with lush tropical gardens in havana s marianao neighborhood the tropicana had an impact in spreading cuban culture internationally new york s tropicana was a latin musiclub launched in by two cuban restaurateurs the brothers manolo and tony alfaro who made ithe most glamorous nightclub in the bronx on the tv series i love lucy the charactericky ricardo played by cuban born desi arnaz was a singer and bandleader at manhattan s fictional tropicana nightclub now recreated in reality in jamestownew york athe lucille ball desi arnaz center s tropicana room in the atlanticity tropicana opened the quarter tropicananethe quarter which attempts to recreate the architecture atmosphere and cuisine of old havana during the s architecture atmosphere and cuisine of old havana in itseptember issue show magazine displayed a four page spread on tropicana mexican musical comedy filmed on location athe cabaret and featuring some of the tropicana s performers the spectacular showplace that became the tropicana evolved out of a depression era bohemianightclub called n concert operated by cuban impresario victor de correa one day two casinoperators approachede correabout opening a combination casino and cabaret on property on the outskirts of havana rented from guillermina p rez chaumont known as mina the operators felthathe tropical gardens of her villa mina would provide a lush natural setting for an outdoor cabarethey cut a deal and in december de correa moved his company of singers dancers and musicians into a converted mansion located on thestate de correa provided the food and entertainment while rafael mascaro and luis bular operated the casino located in the chandelieredining room of thestate s mansion originally known as el beau site de correa decided to rename the club tropicana because of its tropical atmosphere and nafter the last syllable of the original owner mina with a fanfare from the alfredo britorchestra the club tropicana opened on december its popularity with tourists grew steadily until thentry of the usa into world war ii which sharply curtailed tourism to cubatropicana nights the life and times of the legendary cubanightcluby rosa lowinger with ofelia fox harcourt books mart n fox during this time mart n fox a burly gregarious and well connected gambler began renting table space in the casinohavana before castro by peter moruzzi eventually by he would amass enough profits to take over the lease of what would become the tropicana martin fox came to havana from the countryside nicknamed the guajiro fox for being a country bumpkin peasant he became big in the numbers rackets raised in the country and uneducated he was nonetheless bold and had close relations with more solvent groups he was able topple victor de correa within a few years and together with alberto ardurand oscar echemendia form an entrepreneurial trilogy that made the tropicana one of the most famous nightclubs on the continent hanging on through tough times including a period with a temporary ban on casino gambling fox bought out de correa s interest in and tapped alberto ardura oscar echemendia to replace him glory days and architectural splendor this when tropicana s gloryears really began ardura hired maverick choreographeroderico rodneyraway from his chief rival on the cabaret scene the club san souci and fox contracted up and coming architect max borges recio who created tropicana s arcos de cristal a building composed of paraboliconcrete arch es and glass walls over an indoor stage construction continued through giant fruitrees were left in situ during construction to punctuate the interior when the indoor cabaret athe air conditioned arcos de cristal opened on march it had a combined total seating capacity ofor the interior and outside areas with furniture designed by charles eames the arcos de cristal wonumerous international prizes when it was built and was one of only six cuban buildings included in the landmark museum of modern art exhibit entitled latin american architecture since mob involvement but it was the arrival in havana in ofloridian mobster santo trafficante jr santo louie santos trafficante jr that would alter the future of the tropicana trafficante jr had been sent by his father tampa godfather santo trafficante sr a man who always wanted to make it big in cuba toversee la cosa nostrand tampa family casino and business interests there upon trafficante sr s death in santo jr succeeded his father as boss of tampa that same year as trafficante jr s control of tampa s lucrative bolita racket had been threatened by congressional hearings on mob activities in the us he officially settled in havanalong with meyer lansky would become the top syndicate figure in cubappointing trafficante hisecond in command within a few years trafficante owned or held stakes in bothe tropicanand the sansouci havana sansouci the only casinos whichad been operating in havana for several years prior to both clubservedrinks and meals which just about covered the operating costs the profits from gambling amounted to approximately a day after deductions it wasuspected that he also had behind the scenes interests in other syndicate owned cuban gambling casinos namely those athe hotel habana riviera habana riviera the hotel nacional havanacional the sevilla hotel sevilla biltmore the hotel capri havana capri and the havana hilton the newer casinos averaged even higher profits while the profits of the tworiginal casinos remained more or less the sameus treasury department bureau of narcoticseptember ironically lansky and trafficante both avoided gambling bartenders do not drink because they see the consequences trafficante said at one point i know the odds are stacked againsthe players havana nocturne how the mob owned cubaand then lost ito the revolution by tj english according to a treasury department investigation the tropicana casino along withose athe capri and the nacional were rumored to be using bust out dice and rigged equipment according to their information the slot machines were rigged for a very low pay off due to thextremely high take off of the proceeds by officials cuban information archives transcript of document letter from treasury department united states customservice havana cuba to the commissioner of customs division of investigations bureau of customs washington d c dated march mart n fox and his brother pedro continued town the nightclub until the day they left cuba the casinonetheless bore the name of harry lefty clark aliases william gusto william g buschoffrank bischoff an associate of trafficante s there are disputing accounts of thextent of power thathe trafficante gang had over the clubut all recordshow thathe fox family maintained control over all operations of the club even while hiring known mob figures to work athe casino for example wilbur clark no relation to lefty of las vegas desert inn and pierre canavese who had been previously deported from the us to italy but had subsequently entered cuba by means of a fraudulent passport and was closely associated with lucky luciano federal bureau of narcotics internationalist no the showgirls athe tropicana known collectively as las diosas de carne or flesh goddesses werenowned the world over for their voluptuousness and the cabaret showcased a kind of sequin and feather musical theater that would be copied in paris new york and las vegas the lavishows were staged by neyra headliners included celia cruz tito puente la lupe xavier cugat paul robeson yma sumacarmen miranda nat king cole and josephine baker liberace never performed there officially butook to the stage with mambo star ana gloria varona on the one day in that held a large party for the cuban press corps heralded as a paradise under the stars the tropicana became known for itshowgirls conga sounds domino tournaments and flashy spectacular productions in tropicana nights nat king cole s wife maria paints a colorful portrait of the venue in its heyday it was breathtaking my mouth just fell openthere waso much color so much movementand the orchestra the house band had forty musiciansi said to nathat s the house band are there that many showgirls historic descriptions a cabaret guide issued in described the tropicanas the largest and most beautiful night club in the world located on what was once a square meter estate tropicana has ample room for two complete sets of stages table areas andance floors in addition to well tended grounds extending beyond the night club proper tall trees rising over the tables and through the roof in some spots lend the proper tropical atmosphere which blends well withe ultra modern architecture of the night club shows include a chorus line of and the dancers often perform on catwalks among the trees rhythms and costumes are colorfully native with voodooism a frequentheme top talent is imported from abroad minimum atables is person buthis can be avoided by sitting at central bar whichas a good view of both stages cabaret quarterly special resort number volume five poss p an unpublished article sento cuban information archives aroundescribes the club in detail so as noto waste anyone s time the gambling room atropicana is located right off thentrance lobby the chandeliered room has ten tables for the usual fun and games pluslot machines lining the walls beyond the gambling room are the nightclub s two dining dancing and show areas the two areas are distinct one is outdoors with tall royal palms rising among and over the tables the other is indoors and called the crystal arch the arch is indeed a huge modernistic arch like structure and this area is used inclement weather and also when the outdoor area getso crowded thathere is no more room for customers tropicana s total seating capacity but of course you can stand athe bar or athe crap table and the management will not object at all because of tropicana s bucolic surroundings the producer of the shows rodrigo neira better known simply as rodney can really spread himself a tropicana productionumber is not complete unless it includes at least half the chorus line dancing on catwalks among the trees the schoolteacher from paducah isuitable impressed when he seescantily clad lassiescampering in front of him to his righto his left and above him this as hard on the neck muscles as watching a tennis matchavana night life by jay mallin sr in mart n fox arranged a special club tropicana tourist package cubanairlines tropicana special began a round trip flighthat ferried club customers fromiami to the tropicanand returned them to floridat am the following morning the plane featured a wet bar stocked with a bevy of cocktail selections as well as a scaledown version of armando romeu s orchestra for anyone bravenough to dance in the aisles night club in the sky the club soon became a magnet for international celebrities musicians beautiful women and gangsters the long list of stars who flocked to the tropicana includedith piafrank sinatra judy garland humphrey bogart lauren bacall marilyn monroernest hemingway jimmy durante rock hudson anthony quinn betty grable ingrid bergman errol flynn pier angeli maurice chevalier sammy davis jr and marlon brando the history of the cabaret is detailed in tropicana nights the life and times of the legendary cubanightclub harcourt by rosa lowinger and ofelia fox in booklist mike tribby reviewed lowinger and fox tell the story of havana s notorious tropicana nightclub the template from which las vegas was made after the fulgencio batista government collapsed and the tropicana was closed in its day the tropicana was a prime site for gambling elegance seeing and being seen a resort of choice for international gangsters and jet setters readers who enjoyed anthony haden guest s biography of studio the last party will enjoy comparing the differing modes of showmanship decadence and ostentation current in the tropicana s heyday to those of s new york s debauchedisco scene fox married tropicana owner martin fox in and helped him run it until when they decamped to miami she and lowinger take pains to establish thathe tropicana was hardly a sleazy mob hangout but rather a world class entertainment venue that discriminatingangsters happened to enjoy frequenting an excellent resource on cuban popular culture lavish entertainment and everyday life just before and just after castro this also an exciting and rewarding read after the revolution the cuban revolution was to have serious repercussions for the mob s involvement in cubas early as december a bomb exploded athe tropicana set by communist rebels thexplosion was contained to the bareand one woman lost an arm despite this and even as fidel castro s rebels began toverthrow havana two years later trafficante was heard to insisthathe revolution was a temporary storm that would blow over lansky the son of russian exiles disagreed i know a communist revolution when i see one he said he was correcthe new president of cuban president manuel urrutia lle closed the casinos and nationalized all the casino and hotel properties this action essentially wiped out both trafficante and lansky s asset base and revenue streams in havana cutting his losses lansky decided to flee havana trafficante remained hoping he could cut a deal withe cuban revolution s government but castro was not interested he wanted to make an example of the mob and trafficante waseen asomeone involved with batista he was huntedown and arrested on june along with friends of his like giuseppe di giorgi and jacob jake lansky meyer s brother trafficante was interned in the tiscornia camp in havanaus house of representativeselect committee investigation of the assassination of president john f kennedy thursday september mart n and his wife ofelia fox ofelia su rez who had no children fled to miami mart n died of a stroke in the mid s ofelia moved to los angeles wither long time companion rosanchez and their glendale house became a gathering place and social center for cuban american friends and neighbors who continued the tropicana tradition of domino tournaments ofelia died at age on january of cancer and complications from diabetes at burbank s providence st joseph medical center associated press tropicana first lady ofelia fox dies the tropicana continues toperate to this day tropicana is changing attracting tourists to its cabaret shows taking place at pm tuesday to sunday in the open air salon bajo las estrellas weather permitting these days foreign tour groups comprise the majority of patrons the layout of the club means that fromany of the seats the show is difficulto see although no seats have a restricted view travelereviewhat a waste of money tropicana havana tripadvisor tropicana reviews havana cubattractions tripadvisor in ticket prices were cuc and each including liters of rum and various combinations of drinks and snacks taxi fare is about cuc from the city center el capitolio area image havana jpg touristsnapping a shot of a tropicana dancer image havana jpg tropicana chandelier dancer image havana jpg tropicana dancers image havana jpg tropicana dancersee also anacaonall girl band anacaona buena vista social club jubilee peepshow burlesque peepshow sirens of ti absinthe show absinthe moulin rouge le lido folies berg re casino de paris paradis latin cabaret red light references furthereading excerpt from tropicana nights the life and times of the legendary cubanightcluby rosa lowinger and ofelia fox moon handbooks cubavalon travel publishing detailed travel information for visiting the show mi moto fidel motorcycling through castro s cuba national geographic adventure press includescription of the author meeting a tropicana dancer and their subsequent love affair externalinks photos from the tropicana club flickr group andy carvin susanne cornwall a night athe tropicana photos of the show the history of havana s tropicana club in german tropicana nightclub in havana switching rhythms havana journal tropicana club villa mina marianao havana cuba google maps cabaretropicana of cuba cabaretropicana havana google photos of tropicana havanattraction images tripadvisor category nightclubs category havana culture category buildings and structures in havana category tourist attractions in havana sv 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musical comedy filmed location athe cabaret featuring tropicana performers spectacular became tropicana evolved depression era called n concert operated cuban victor de correa one_day two opening combination casino cabaret property outskirts havana rented p known mina operators tropical gardens villa mina would provide lush natural setting outdoor cut deal december de correa moved company singers dancers musicians converted mansion located thestate de correa provided food entertainment rafael luis operated casino located room thestate mansion originally known el site de correa decided club tropicana tropical atmosphere last original owner mina club tropicana opened december popularity tourists grew steadily thentry usa world_war ii sharply tourism nights life times legendary rosa lowinger ofelia fox harcourt books mart n fox time mart n fox well connected began renting table space castro peter eventually would enough profits take lease would_become tropicana martin fox came havana countryside nicknamed fox country became big numbers raised country nonetheless bold close relations groups able victor de correa within years together alberto oscar form trilogy made tropicana one famous nightclubs continent hanging tough times including period temporary ban casino gambling fox bought de correa interest tapped alberto oscar replace days architectural tropicana really began hired maverick chief rival cabaret scene club san fox contracted coming architect max created tropicana de building composed arch glass walls indoor stage construction continued giant left situ construction interior indoor cabaret athe air conditioned de opened march combined total seating_capacity ofor interior outside areas furniture designed charles de wonumerous international prizes built one six cuban buildings included landmark museum modern art exhibit entitled latin_american architecture since mob involvement arrival havana santo trafficante santo santos trafficante would alter future tropicana trafficante sent father tampa santo trafficante man always wanted make big cuba la tampa family casino business interests upon trafficante death santo succeeded father boss tampa year trafficante control tampa lucrative threatened congressional hearings mob activities us officially settled meyer lansky would_become top figure trafficante command within years trafficante owned held bothe havana casinos whichad operating havana several_years prior meals covered operating costs profits gambling approximately day also behind scenes interests owned cuban gambling casinos namely athe hotel habana riviera habana riviera hotel nacional sevilla hotel sevilla hotel capri havana capri havana hilton newer casinos averaged even higher profits profits casinos remained less treasury department bureau lansky trafficante avoided gambling bartenders drink see consequences trafficante said one point know odds stacked againsthe players havana mob owned lost ito revolution english according treasury department investigation tropicana casino along athe capri nacional using bust equipment according information machines low pay due high take proceeds officials cuban information archives document letter treasury department united_states havana cuba commissioner customs division investigations bureau customs washington c dated march mart n fox brother pedro continued town nightclub day left cuba bore name harry clark william william g associate trafficante accounts thextent power thathe trafficante gang thathe fox family maintained control operations club even hiring known mob figures work athe casino example clark relation las_vegas desert inn pierre previously deported us italy subsequently entered cuba means passport closely associated lucky federal bureau athe tropicana known collectively las de carne world cabaret kind musical theater would copied paris new_york las_vegas staged included cruz tito la xavier paul nat king cole baker never performed officially stage mambo star gloria one_day held large party cuban press corps paradise stars tropicana became_known sounds domino spectacular productions tropicana nights nat king cole wife maria colorful portrait venue heyday breathtaking mouth fell waso much color much orchestra house band forty said house band many historic descriptions cabaret guide issued described largest beautiful night_club world located square meter estate tropicana ample room two complete sets stages table areas andance floors addition well tended grounds extending beyond night_club proper tall trees rising tables roof spots proper tropical atmosphere blends well withe ultra modern architecture night_club shows include chorus line dancers often perform among trees rhythms costumes native top talent imported abroad minimum atables person buthis avoided sitting central bar whichas good view stages cabaret quarterly special resort number volume five p article sento cuban information archives club detail noto waste anyone time gambling room located right thentrance lobby room ten tables usual fun games machines lining walls beyond gambling room nightclub two dining dancing show areas two areas distinct one outdoors tall royal palms rising among tables indoors called crystal arch arch indeed huge arch like structure area used weather also outdoor area crowded thathere room customers tropicana total seating_capacity course stand athe bar athe_table management object tropicana surroundings producer shows better_known simply really spread tropicana complete unless includes least half chorus line dancing among trees impressed clad front righto left hard neck watching tennis night life jay mart n fox arranged special club tropicana tourist package tropicana special began round trip club customers returned following morning plane featured wet bar stocked cocktail selections well version orchestra anyone dance night_club sky club soon became magnet international celebrities musicians beautiful women long list stars flocked tropicana judy garland humphrey lauren marilyn hemingway jimmy rock hudson anthony quinn betty grable ingrid pier maurice sammy davis history cabaret detailed tropicana nights life times legendary harcourt rosa lowinger ofelia fox mike reviewed lowinger fox tell story havana notorious tropicana nightclub las_vegas made government collapsed tropicana closed day tropicana prime site gambling seeing seen resort choice international jet readers enjoyed anthony guest biography studio last party enjoy comparing differing modes current tropicana heyday new_york scene fox married tropicana owner martin fox helped run miami lowinger take establish thathe tropicana hardly mob hangout rather world class entertainment venue happened enjoy frequenting excellent resource cuban popular_culture lavish entertainment everyday life castro also exciting rewarding read revolution cuban revolution serious mob involvement early december bomb exploded athe tropicana set communist rebels thexplosion contained one woman lost arm despite even castro rebels began havana two_years_later trafficante heard revolution temporary storm would blow lansky son russian know communist revolution see one said new president cuban president manuel closed casinos casino hotel properties action essentially trafficante lansky asset base revenue streams havana cutting losses lansky decided havana trafficante remained hoping could cut deal withe cuban revolution government castro interested wanted make example mob trafficante waseen involved arrested june along friends like giuseppe jacob lansky meyer brother trafficante camp house committee investigation assassination president john_f kennedy thursday september mart n wife ofelia fox ofelia children miami mart n died stroke mid ofelia moved los_angeles wither long_time companion glendale house became gathering place social center cuban american friends neighbors continued tropicana tradition domino ofelia died age january cancer complications diabetes providence st joseph medical_center associated press tropicana first lady ofelia fox dies tropicana continues toperate day tropicana changing attracting tourists cabaret shows taking_place tuesday sunday open_air salon las weather days foreign tour groups comprise majority patrons layout club means fromany seats show difficulto see although seats restricted view waste money tropicana havana tripadvisor tropicana reviews havana tripadvisor ticket prices including rum various combinations drinks snacks taxi fare city center el area image havana jpg shot tropicana dancer image havana jpg tropicana dancer image havana jpg tropicana dancers image havana jpg tropicana also girl band buena vista social club jubilee show rouge berg casino de paris latin cabaret red light references_furthereading excerpt tropicana nights life times legendary rosa lowinger ofelia fox moon handbooks travel publishing detailed travel_information visiting show castro cuba national_geographic adventure press author meeting tropicana dancer subsequent love affair externalinks photos tropicana club group andy cornwall night athe tropicana photos show history havana tropicana club german tropicana nightclub havana switching rhythms havana journal tropicana club villa mina havana cuba google_maps cuba havana google photos tropicana images tripadvisor category_nightclubs_category havana culture_category buildings structures havana category_tourist attractions havana"},{"title":"Truck stop","description":"file calgary husky travel centerjpg thumb px a husky energy husky truck stop in calgary in alberta canada truck stop also known as a transport cafe in the united kingdom and as a travel center by major chains in the united states is a commercial facility which provides refuelling rest parking and often ready made food and other services to motorists and truck drivers truck stops are usually located on or near a busy road truck stop servicesmaller truck stops might consist of only a parking area fueling station and perhaps a dinerestaurant larger truck stops might have convenience stores of variousizeshower s a small video arcade and a tv movie theater usually just a projector with an attachedvd player the largestruck stops like iowa the largest in the world might have several independent businesses operating under one roof catering to a wide range of travelers needs and might have several major and minor fast food chains operating a small food court larger truck stops also tend to have full service maintenance facilities for heavy trucks as well as car wash vehicle wash services that can handle anything from passenger vehicles to large trucksome truck stops operate motel s or have them adjacent mostruck stops now offer separate fueling areas often with dedicated entrances for standard sized passenger vehicles the truck refueling arealmost always offers dual pumps one on each side so large trucks can fill both tanks at once the second pump is referred to as the slave pump or satellite pump the fuel islands at many truck stops can get very crowded mostrucking companies have accounts with one or two truck stop chains and after negotiating a specific price for diesel require their drivers to fuel exclusively at supported locations truck stops near a large city or on theast or west coastsuffer from the most congestion atheir fuel islands the retail stores in large truck stops offer a large selection of cigarette lightereceptacle volt dc productsuch as coffee makers combo television unit s toaster oven s and frying pans primarily targeted towards truck drivers whoften spend extended periods of time on the road such shops generally offer a wide selection of maps road atlas es truck stop and freeway exit guides truck accessoriesuch as citizens band radio cb radio equipment and hazardous material hazmat placards plus entertainment media such as movies video games music and audiobook s increasingly as interstate truck drivers have become a large market for satellite radio these retail stores also sell variousatellite radio receivers for both xm and sirius as well asubscriptions to thoservices kiosks run by cellular phone providers are also common most long haul tractors have sleeping berths and many truck drivers keep their diesel engine s running for heating or cooling for the sake of comfort because idling diesel engines make considerable noise and are a source of pollution they are often banned from such use nearesidential areas truck stops along with public restop restops are the main places where truck drivers may rest peacefully as required by regulations modern innovationsuch as truck heaters and auxiliary power units are becoming more common and some truck stops now provide power air conditioning and communications through systemsuch as idleair many truck stops have load board monitors for truck drivers to find real time information loads jobs weather and news truck stop load board locations most chain truck stops also have wireless lan wlan internet access in their parking areas idle reduction reducing the amount ofuel consumed by truck fleets during idling is an ongoing economical and environmental effort united states file signage iowa world s largestruck stopjpg thumb signage for iowa the world s largestruck stop it is located in walcott iowa the truck stop originated in the united states in the s as a reliable source of diesel fuel not commonly available at filling stations this coupled withe growth of the interstate highway system led to the creation of the professional haulage and truck stop industries they generally consist of athe very least a diesel fuel diesel grade filling station fueling station with bays wide and tall enough for modern tractor trailerigs plus a largenough parking area to accommodate from five tover a hundred truck s and other heavy vehicles truck stopshould not be confused with rest areas or motorway service areas which cater mostly to cars and are often run by or leased from a government or tollway corporation in the united states in the late s truckstops of america t a changed its name to travelcenters of america to reflecthis marketing strategy there is no exact distinction between truck stop and the newer term travel center but some differences are size proximity to interstate highway system interstate highways and majoroads the number of services accessibility to automotive and rv travelers and a certain extra emphasis on facility appearance many truck stops chainsuch as pilot flying j flying j and travelcenters of america t also serve the recreational vehicle recreational vehicle market all the national chains havestablished loyalty program customer loyalty programs to promote repeated patronage in louisiana truck stops that meet certain criteriare allowed to have on site casinos that can operate up to fifty video draw poker gaming devices these truck stops aregulated by the louisiana gaming enforcement division and must maintain certain amenities to beligible to keep the lucrative gaming devices operating some of the amenities required are having a certainumber of acres of land having a certainumber of wheeler parking spaces having an on site restaurant and having trucker supplieshowers telephones television lounge scales laundry services fuel truck stops were often depicted in films and novels as being somewhat seedy places frequented by aggressive bikers petty criminals and prostitutes eg the lot lizards in the jt leroy novel sarah leroy novel sarah this might be an outdated stereotype as most modern truck stops are generally cleand safe becoming a home away from home for many truck drivers however mostruck stops reflecthe social environment of their local area consequently one occasionally findseedy truck stops in seedy areas according to john mcphee s book uncommon carriers truck stops in rural areas are typically very safe and wholesome however as the distance to major cities decrease the incidence of prostitution drug peddling etc increases dramatically the vince lombardi service area on the new jersey turnpike near new york city has the most rampant prostitution p in australia mostruck stops usually known as roadhouse facility roadhouse s as they provide services to cars as well as trucks are owned by or are franchises of oil companiesuch as castrol and bp but can include other franchises like mcdonald s united kingdom in the uk the term truck stop is not in common use and thequivalent stops are sometimes called transport cafestransport cafe joyce nolan david brogan there arelatively few areas on motorways just for trucks to stop at most designated rest areas are named motorway service area service stations and are used by every sort of motor vehicle on a roads longeroutes with lower speed limits which generally avoid motorways a truck stop may have no refuelling facilities but simply offer a place for tiredrivers to rest and get food andrink they may not be signposted well if at all germany and austria file autohof ank ndigungstafel m nach einem foto von svg thumb historic german autohof sign from file zeichen autohof stvo svg thumb the autohof sign in germany since file autohof gaststte osnabr ckjpg thumb restaurant athe autohof osnabr ck in germany and some parts of austria there were newer official developments to thexisting highway service station the often state owned service stations athe highway were insufficiento deal withe growing number of lorries and the necessary stops for lorry drivers to rest since the traffic regulations of germany stra enverkehrsordnung include a road sign autohof literally car yard or automobile court an autohof is run by a private company buthe government provides the road signs athe highway indicating an autohof if the facility is no moremote from the highway than one kilometre can be approached by lorries provides at least places for lorries or at least at higher frequented roads those places must be apart from the places for other cars is open hours a day all the year through offers gasoline service hours a day offers meals from tother food athe rest of the day includesanitary facilities for handicapped people and for the proper needs of lorry drivers theconomics of truck stops have driven most of the small post war operations out of business and they have been replaced with large corporate chains or chain store franchises truck drivers are a captive market because the trucksize and local regulations place severestrictions on where a truck driver can park the initial investment in land permits equipment and maintenance requirements are large and growing accordingly some large truck stop chains have begun to cater to a widerange of the traveling public by combining truckstops and traditional gastationsee also ace cafe london historic transport cafe dhaba dial a truck greasy spoon iowa the world s largestruck stop love s travel stops country stores pilot flying j rest area road ranger travelcenters of america externalinks transportcafecouk category types of restaurants category road transport category rest areas category truck 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features heavily on the intimate knowledge of turkey including the culture and traditions turkey travel center alsoperate a hour seven days a week telephone line to ensure their customers can access them at all times the lastwo years have seen the turkey travel center launch themselves on social media platformsuch as facebook to accommodateasy communication witheir clientsofficial governmentourism strategy for turkey the company firstarted trading in under the trade name of mysia travel they expanded to form the turkey travel center with a partnership office based in melbourne australia their main aim withe partnership was to promote the gallipoli region for its connection to anzacove this area was the scene of a devastating battle in betweenumerous countries including australia many soldiers died and every april the destination is a popular spot with australians attending the commemoration services athe turn of the st century the advancement of the internet and independentravel allowed the turkey travel center to expand their products to accommodate mainly american chinese and british travellersstatement by the turkish government aboutourism in the country by the turkey travel center had formulated more than tours operating throughouturkey they continue to focus on historical and culture travel with a strong customer base in the istanbul cappadociand ephesus travel markets they also encourage and support local artisans and cultural organisations throughouthe country and have now expanded their product base to include personalised and tailored tours turkish tourism file gaspare fossati louis haghe vue g n rale de la grande nef en regardant l occident hagia sophiayasofya mosque nave jpg thumb upright hagia sophia during its time as a mosque illustration by gaspare fossati and louis haghe from the turkey travel center has benefitted from an ambitious project by the government of turkey to make turkey one of the top visited tourist destinations in the world the 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travel_center hour seven_days week telephone line ensure customers access times years seen turkey travel_center launch social_media facebook communication witheir governmentourism strategy turkey company trading trade name travel expanded form turkey travel_center partnership office based melbourne australia main aim withe partnership promote region connection area scene battle countries_including australia many soldiers died every april destination popular spot australians attending commemoration services athe turn st_century advancement internet independentravel allowed turkey travel_center expand products accommodate mainly american chinese british turkish government aboutourism country turkey travel_center formulated tours operating continue focus historical culture travel strong customer base istanbul travel_markets also encourage support local artisans cultural organisations throughouthe_country expanded product base include tailored tours turkish tourism_file louis g n de_la grande l hagia mosque jpg thumb upright hagia sophia time mosque illustration louis turkey travel_center ambitious project government turkey make turkey one top visited tourist_destinations world project launched due completed focuses areas tourism country including health sports historical food_culture website turkish travel_industry turkey travel_center products proudly promoted ministry culture_tourism turkey official turkish tourisministry web category_tourism companies_category_cultural_heritage category_tourism turkey category_travel agencies_category_travel holiday_companies australia_category_companiestablished category_tourism agencies_category_companies_based istanbul category_companies_based melbourne"},{"title":"Turkish Odyssey","description":"turkish odyssey a cultural guide to turkey is a guidebook written by erif yenen it is the first guidebook of turkey ever written by a turk the book was first published in english in september the version with a cd rom was in the fourth edition was in it is translated into italian turkish and german it is used as textbook and is on suggested reading lists at various universities versions turkish odyssey a cultural guide to turkey english isbn turkish odyssey cd rom isbn turkish odyssey a cultural guide to turkey with cd rom english isbn anadolu destan t rkiye gezi rehberi turkish isbn in turchia un viaggio nella culturanatolica italian isbn die t rkische odysseein kulturreisef hrer f r die t rkei german isbn references category books category travel guide books category travel books category turkish travel 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turkish german used textbook suggested reading lists various universities versions turkish_odyssey cultural guide turkey english isbn turkish_odyssey rom isbn turkish_odyssey cultural guide turkey rom english isbn turkish isbn italian isbn die hrer f r die german isbn references_category_books category_travel_guide_books category_travel_books category turkish travel_books"},{"title":"Types of restaurant","description":"various types of restaurant fall into several industry classifications based upon menu style preparation methods and pricing additionally how the food iserved to the customer helps to determine the classification historically restaurant referred only to places that provided tables where one sat down to eathe meal typically served by a waiter following the rise ofast food and take out restaurants a retronym for the older standard restaurant was created sit down restaurant most commonly sit down restaurant refers to a casual dining restaurant with table service rather than a fast food restaurant or a diner where one orders food at a countertop counter sit down restaurants are often further categorized inorth americas family style or full course dinner formal in british english the term restaurant almost always means an eating establishment with table service so the sit down qualification is not usually necessary fast food and takeaway take outlets with counter service are not normally referred to as restaurants outside of north america the terms fast casual dining restaurants family style and casual dining are not used andistinctions among different kinds of restaurants is oftenothe same in france for example some restaurants are called bistros to indicate a level of casualness or trendiness though some bistros are quite formal in the kind ofood they serve and clientele they attract others are called brasseries a term which indicates hours of service brasseries may serve food round the clock whereas restaurants usually only serve at set intervals during the day in sweden restaurants of many kinds are called restauranger but restaurants attached to bars or cafes are sometimes called k literally kitchens and sometimes a barestaurant combination is called a krog in english a tavern in dishing it out in search of the restaurant experience robert appelbaum argues that all restaurants can be categorized according to a set of social parameters defined as polar opposites high or low cheap or dear familiar or exotic formal or informal and so forth any restaurant will be relatively high or low in style and price familiar or exotic in the cuisine it offers to different kinds of customers and son context is as important as the style and form a taqueria is a more than familiar site in guadalajara mexico but it would bexotic in albania ruth s chris restaurant in united states america may seem somewhat strange to a firstime visitor from india but many americans are familiar with it as a large restaurant chain albeit one that features high prices and a formal atmospherethnic restaurantspecialize in ethnic or national cuisines for example greek restaurant specialize in greek cuisine fast food fast food restaurant s emphasize speed of service operations range from small scale street vendors with food cart s to multi billion dollar corporations like mcdonald s and burger king food is ordered not from the table but from a front counter or in some cases using an electronic terminal diners typically then carry their own food from the counter to a table of their choosing and afterwardispose of any waste from their trays drive through and take out service may also be available fast food restaurants are known in the restaurant industry as qsrs or quick service restaurants fast casual fast casual restaurants are primarily chain restaurantsuch as chipotle mexican grill and panera bread more of the food is prepared athe restauranthan is the case at fast food chains fast casual restaurants usually do not offer full table service but many offer non disposable plates and cutlery the quality ofood and prices tend to be higher than those of a conventional fast food restaurant but may be lower than casual dining casual dining a list of casual dining restaurant chains casual dining restaurant is a restauranthat serves moderately priced food in a casual atmospherexcept for buffet style restaurants casual dining restaurants typically provide table service chain examples include harvesterestaurant harvester in the united kingdom and tgi friday s in the united states casual dining comprises a market segment between fast food establishments and fine dining restaurants casual dining restaurants often have a full bar with separate bar staff a larger beer menu and a limited wine menu they are frequently but not necessarily part of a wider chain particularly in the united states in italy such casual restaurants are often called trattoriand are usually independently owned and operated family style family style restaurants are a type of casual dining restaurants where food is often served on platters and the dinerserve themselves it can also be used to describe family friendly diners or casual restaurants the difference between casual dining and family style is thathere is no alcohol fine dining file the fat duck high street bray geographorguk mjjpg thumb righthe fat duck a fine dining restaurant in bray uk fine dining restaurants are full service restaurants with specific dedicated meal courses d cor of such restaurants features higher quality materials with establishments having certain rules of dining which visitors are generally expected to follow often including a dress code most of thesestablishments can be considered subtypes ofast casual drinking restaurants or casual dining restaurants a barbecue restaurant is a restauranthat specializes in barbecue style cuisine andishes brasserie and bistro soul food a brasserie in the us has evolved from the original french idea of a type of restaurant serving moderately priced hearty meals french inspired comfort foods in an unpretentiousetting bistros in the usually have morefinedecor fewer tables finer foods and higher prices when used in english languagenglish the term bistro usually indicates a continental menu buffet and sm rg sbord buffet s and sm rg sbord offer patrons a selection ofood at a fixed price food iserved on trays around bars from which customers with plateserve themselves the selection can be modest or very extensive withe morelaborate menus divided into categoriesuch asalad soup appetizers hot entr es cold entr es andessert and fruit often the range of cuisine can beclectic while otherestaurants focus on a specific type such as home cooking chinese indian or swedish the role of the waiter or waitress in this case is relegated to removal ofinished plates and sometimes the ordering and refill of drinks in italy a kind of semi buffet is featured in either a tavola calda serving hot foods and a tavola fredda which serves cold food either can be found in bars and cafes at meal times or in dedicated sitesometimes with seating and service at a counter in the united states buffets inc now known as ovation brands is a large buffet chain corporation which owns old country buffet country buffet and hometown buffet hometown buffet popularized the scatter buffet which refers to the layout of separate food pavilions other american restaurant chains well known for their buffets include golden corral which features food products presented in pansouplantation sweetomatoes known in particular for itsoups and salads gatti s pizza cici s pizza fresh choice a smaller competitor of souplantation pancho s mexican buffet ryan s and ponderosa steakhouse sizzler is another prominent restaurant offering a buffet file byways cafe portland oregon jpg thumb right byways cafe in portland oregon coffeehouse caf s are informal restaurants offering a range of hot meals and made torder sandwiches coffee shops while similar to caf s are not restaurants due to the facthathey primarily serve anderive the majority of theirevenue from hot drinks many caf s are open for breakfast and serve full hot breakfasts in some areas caf s offer outdoor seating the word comes from the french caf which designates a coffee shop and or bar in france a cafeteria is a restaurant serving ready cooked food arranged behind a food serving counter there is little or no table service typically a patron takes a tray and pushes it along a track in front of the counter depending on thestablishment servings may be ordered from attendantselected as ready made portions already on plates or self serve their own portions cafeterias are common in hospitals corporations and educational institutions in italy it is very common and known as mensaziendale in the uk a cafeteria may alsoffer a large selection of hot food similar to the american fast casual restaurant and the use of the term cafeteria is deprecated in favour of self service restaurant cafeterias have a wider variety of prepared foods for example it may have a variety of roasts eg beef ham turkey ready for carving by a server as well as other cooked entr es rather than simple offerings of hamburgers or fried chicken file the lastand coffee companyjpg thumb righthe lastand coffeehouseating optional coffeehouse s are casual restaurants withoutable service that emphasize coffee and other beverages typically a limited selection of cold foodsuch as pastries and perhapsandwiches are offered as well their distinguishing feature is thathey allow patrons to relax and socialize on their premises for long periods of time without pressure to leave promptly after eating and are thus frequently chosen asites for meetings destination restaurant a destination restaurant is one that has a strong enough appeal to draw customers from beyond its community the idea of a destination restaurant originated in france withe michelin guide which rated restaurants as to whether they were worth a special trip or a detour while one traveled by car in france tabletop cooking customers are seated as in a casual dining setting food items are prepared by thestablishments for cooking on embedded gastoves induction cookers or charcoal grill s the customer has control over theating power of the appliance mongolian barbecue despite the name the mongolian barbecue form of restaurant is not mongolian actually derived from taiwand inspired by japanese teppanyaki customers create a bowl from an assortment of ingredients displayed in a buffet fashion the bowl is then handed to the cook who stir fries the food on a large griddle and returns it on a plate or in a bowl to the consumer mainly in the uk and other countries influenced by british culture a pub short for public house is a bar that sometimeservesimple food fare traditionally pubs were primarily drinking establishments with food in a secondary position whereas many modern pubs rely on food as well to the point where gastropub s are often essentially fine dining establishments known for their high quality pub food and concomitantly high prices a typical pub has a large selection of beers and ales on tap teppanyaki style many restaurantspecializing in japanese cuisine offer the teppanyaki grill which is more accurately based on a type of charcoal stove that is called shichirin japan diners often in multiple unrelated partiesit around the grill while a chef prepares their food orders in front of them often the chef is trained in entertaining the guests with special techniques including cracking a spinning egg in the air forming a volcanout of differently sized onion slices and flippingrilled shrimpieces into patrons mouths in addition to various props also referred to as hibachi see also automat concession standiner dining car drive thru greasy spoon hot dog stand sandwich bar truck stop furthereading appelbaum robert dishing it out in search of the restaurant experience london reaktion category types of restaurants 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determine classification historically restaurant referred places provided tables one sat eathe meal typically served waiter following rise ofast_food take restaurants older standard restaurant created sit restaurant commonly sit restaurant refers casual_dining restaurant table_service rather fast_food_restaurant diner one orders food counter sit restaurants_often categorized inorth_americas family_style full course dinner formal british_english term restaurant almost always means eating establishment table_service sit qualification usually necessary fast_food takeaway take outlets counter service normally referred restaurants outside north_america terms fast_casual dining_restaurants family_style casual_dining used among different kinds restaurants france example restaurants called bistros indicate level though bistros quite formal kind ofood serve clientele attract others called term indicates hours service may_serve_food round clock whereas restaurants usually serve set day sweden restaurants many kinds called restaurants attached bars cafes sometimes_called k literally kitchens sometimes barestaurant combination called english tavern search restaurant experience robert argues restaurants categorized according set social parameters defined polar high low cheap familiar exotic formal informal forth restaurant relatively high low style price familiar exotic cuisine offers different kinds customers son context important style form taqueria familiar site mexico would albania ruth chris restaurant united_states america may seem somewhat strange firstime visitor india many americans familiar large restaurant_chain albeit one features high prices formal ethnic national cuisines example greek restaurant specialize greek cuisine fast_food fast_food_restaurant emphasize speed service operations range small_scale street_vendors food_cart multi billion dollar corporations like mcdonald burger_king food ordered table front counter cases using electronic terminal diners typically carry food counter table choosing waste trays drive take service may_also available fast_food_restaurants known restaurant industry quick service_restaurants fast_casual fast_casual restaurants primarily chain chipotle mexican grill bread food prepared athe case fast_food chains fast_casual restaurants usually offer full table_service many offer non disposable plates cutlery quality ofood prices tend higher conventional fast_food_restaurant may lower casual_dining casual_dining list casual_dining restaurant_chains casual_dining restaurant restauranthat serves moderately priced food casual buffet style_restaurants casual_dining restaurants typically provide table_service chain examples_include harvesterestaurant harvester united_kingdom friday united_states casual_dining comprises market segment fast_food establishments fine_dining restaurants casual_dining restaurants_often full bar separate bar staff larger beer menu limited wine menu frequently necessarily part wider chain particularly united_states italy casual restaurants_often called usually independently owned operated family_style family_style_restaurants type casual_dining restaurants food often_served dinerserve also_used describe family friendly diners casual restaurants difference casual_dining family_style thathere alcohol fine_dining file fat duck high_street bray geographorguk thumb_righthe fat duck fine_dining restaurant bray uk fine_dining restaurants full_service restaurants specific dedicated meal courses cor restaurants features higher quality materials establishments certain rules dining visitors generally expected follow often including dress_code thesestablishments considered ofast casual drinking restaurants casual_dining restaurants barbecue restaurant restauranthat specializes barbecue style cuisine andishes brasserie bistro soul food brasserie us evolved original french idea type restaurant serving moderately priced meals french inspired comfort foods bistros usually fewer tables finer foods higher prices used english_languagenglish term bistro usually indicates continental menu buffet buffet offer patrons selection ofood fixed price food iserved trays around bars customers selection modest extensive withe morelaborate menus divided soup appetizers hot entr cold entr andessert fruit often range cuisine otherestaurants focus specific type home cooking chinese indian swedish role waiter waitress case removal plates sometimes ordering refill drinks italy kind semi buffet featured either serving hot foods serves cold food either found bars cafes meal times dedicated seating service counter united_states inc known brands large buffet chain corporation owns old country buffet country buffet hometown buffet hometown buffet popularized buffet refers layout separate food pavilions american restaurant_chains well_known include golden features food products presented known particular salads pizza pizza fresh choice smaller competitor mexican buffet ryan ponderosa steakhouse another prominent restaurant offering buffet file byways cafe portland_oregon jpg thumb right byways cafe portland_oregon coffeehouse caf informal restaurants_offering range hot meals made torder sandwiches coffee_shops similar caf restaurants due primarily serve majority hot drinks many caf open breakfast serve full hot breakfasts areas caf offer outdoor seating word comes french caf coffee_shop bar france cafeteria restaurant serving ready cooked_food arranged behind food serving counter little table_service typically patron takes tray along track front counter depending thestablishment servings may ordered ready made portions already plates self serve portions cafeterias common hospitals corporations educational institutions italy common known uk cafeteria may_alsoffer large selection hot food similar american fast_casual restaurant use term cafeteria favour self service_restaurant cafeterias wider variety prepared foods example may variety beef ham turkey ready carving server well cooked entr rather simple offerings hamburgers fried_chicken file coffee thumb_righthe optional coffeehouse casual restaurants service emphasize coffee beverages typically limited selection cold foodsuch pastries offered well feature thathey allow patrons relax socialize premises long_periods time without pressure leave promptly eating thus frequently chosen meetings destination restaurant destination restaurant one strong enough appeal draw customers beyond community idea destination restaurant originated france withe michelin_guide rated restaurants whether worth special trip detour one traveled car france cooking customers seated casual_dining setting food_items prepared cooking embedded gastoves charcoal grill customer control theating power mongolian barbecue despite name mongolian barbecue form restaurant mongolian actually derived taiwand inspired japanese customers create bowl ingredients displayed buffet fashion bowl handed cook stir fries food large returns plate bowl consumer mainly uk countries influenced british culture pub short public_house bar food fare traditionally pubs primarily drinking_establishments food secondary position whereas many modern pubs rely food well point gastropub often essentially fine_dining establishments known high_quality pub food high prices typical pub large selection beers ales tap style many japanese cuisine offer grill accurately based type charcoal stove called japan diners often multiple unrelated around grill chef prepares food orders front often chef trained entertaining guests special techniques including spinning egg air forming differently sized onion slices patrons addition various props also_referred see_also automat concession dining_car drive thru greasy_spoon hot_dog stand sandwich bar truck_stop furthereading robert search restaurant experience london reaktion category_types restaurants_category_restauranterminology"},{"title":"Ukrainian National Chornobyl Museum","description":"establishedissolved location provulokhoryva kyiv ukraine type collection visitors director ivan gladush curator publictransit kontraktova ploshcha kiev metro kontraktova ploshcha metro station tram routes website file ukrainianational museum tchornobyl in kyiv jpg px thumb symbolic display of road signs for the zone of alienation villages abandoned as a result of the disaster to stress the tragedy of devastation the signs are colored in black instead of standard blue white and slashed with pink stripe which designates end of the settlement on the actual signs above the signs is an authentic khorugv from the abandoned village church the ukrainianational chornobyl museum is a history museum in kiev ukraine dedicated to the chernobyl disaster chernobyl disaster and its consequences it houses an extensive collection of visual media social artifactscale models and otherepresentational items designed to educate the public about many aspects of the disaster several exhibits depicthe technical progression of the accident and there are also many areas dedicated to the loss of life and cultural ramifications of the disaster due to the nature of the subject material the museum provides a very visually engaging experience the museum occupies an early th century building which formerly housed a fire brigade and was donated in by the statemergency service of ukraine state fire protection guard liquidatoremembrance book the museum supports the remembrance booknyga pamyati a unique online database of liquidator chernobyliquidator s chernobyl disaster management personnel some of whom sacrificed their lives featuring personal pages with photo and brief structured information their input data fields include radiation damage suffered field of liquidation activity and subsequent fate the project started in containing over entries as ofebruary memory the database is currently available in ukrainian language only remembrance book is neither the only nor the complete nor officialiquidators database but probably the only one open to public on the web funding and patrons the museum is founded and supported by the government of ukraine and the local government of kyiv private and foreign donations are also common in particular the museum has received funding from the japanese government japan extends grant for chornobyl museum ukrinform september foreign languages availability guided tours in english and other western languages may be organized and many exhibit signs have already been translated to english recorded audio is translated in english and other languages location and public transport access the museum is located at khoryva lane provulokhoryva in historic podil neighborhood of the city centre the nearest kiev metro station is kontraktova ploshcha kiev metro kontraktova ploshcha station the kontraktova square where stops of the various kiev tram bus and marshrutka routes are also located car parking space near the museum is very limited see also chernobyl nuclear power plant chernobylwelcomexternalinks official website travel recommendations national chernobyl museum page on the pripyatcommunity ukrainecom listing kiev chernobyl museum article in tripadvisor category chernobyl disaster category national museums of ukraine category history museums in ukraine category museums established in category establishments in ukraine category natural disaster museums category atomic 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ukraine state fire protection guard book museum supports remembrance unique online database chernobyl disaster management personnel lives featuring personal pages photo brief structured information input data fields include radiation damage suffered field liquidation activity subsequent fate project started containing entries ofebruary memory database currently available ukrainian language remembrance book neither complete database probably one open public web funding patrons museum founded supported government ukraine local_government kyiv private foreign donations also_common particular museum received funding japanese government japan extends grant chornobyl museum september foreign languages availability guided_tours english western languages may organized many exhibit signs already translated english recorded audio translated english_languages location public_transport access museum located lane historic neighborhood city centre nearest kiev metro station kontraktova ploshcha kiev metro kontraktova ploshcha station kontraktova square stops various kiev tram bus routes also located car parking space near museum limited see_also chernobyl nuclear_power plant official_website travel recommendations national chernobyl museum page listing kiev chernobyl museum article tripadvisor category chernobyl disaster category_national_museums ukraine category_history museums ukraine category_museums established category_establishments ukraine category natural disaster museums category_atomic_tourism"},{"title":"Ultra lounge","description":"redirect lounge music ultra lounges category nightclubs","main_words":["redirect","lounge","music","ultra","lounges","category_nightclubs"],"clean_bigrams":[["redirect","lounge"],["lounge","music"],["music","ultra"],["ultra","lounges"],["lounges","category"],["category","nightclubs"]],"all_collocations":["redirect lounge","lounge music","music ultra","ultra lounges","lounges category","category nightclubs"],"new_description":"redirect lounge music ultra lounges category_nightclubs"},{"title":"Underground restaurant","description":"an underground restaurant sometimes known as a supper club or closedoorestaurant is a social dining restaurant operated out of someone s home generally bypassing local zoning regulations zoning and environmental health officer health code regulations they are usually advertised by word of mouth or guerilladvertising unwanted advertising websitesuch as bonappetour have been created to helpeople find and book these restaurants depending on the area s law thestablishments may be illegalthough they have been around for decadesperlman dan mi casa su cuenta the guardian april they are becoming increasingly popular in the ussmillie susan going underground the guardian may the secret feasthe guardian february and internationally including cape town south africand the netherlands where they are known as huiskamerestaurants living room restaurants the attraction of the underground restaurant for the customer varies in some cases it is the opportunity to sample new food often at low cost outside the traditional restaurant experience sarah schindler unpermitted urban agriculture transgressive actions changing norms and the local food movement wisconsin law review available at other times customers are paying a premium price for direct access to some of the top chefs and young talent in a region guests of the underground restaurant also cite one of the biggest reasons for enjoying thexperience is the social interaction with strangers over food something this would generally be frowned upon in a traditional restaurant setting every dinner you go to is completely different one avid supporter of pop up restaurants told cape town magazine pop ups dinnersupper clubs dining out western cape website wwwcapetownmagazinecom access date underground restaurants have been described as anti restaurants though an increasing number of restaurant chefs are stepping out of their kitchens to re ignite their passion for cooking inon traditional spaces for the hosthe benefit is to make money and experiment with cooking without being required to invest in restaurant property it s literally like playing restaurant one hostold the san francisco chronicle you can create thevent and then it is over defao janine guerrilla gourmet san francisco chronicle jan in the pemberton family returned from a vacation in cuba where they discovered a dining phenomenon casa particulares were where tourists could go to samplethnicooking at reasonable prices arguably the very first underground restaurant in the uk and based on the cuban model brovey lair isituated athe back of the pemberton s home in ovingtonorfolk in brovey lair won the good food guide s best fish restaurant in britain award and still holds toplace as their top rated restaurant inorfolk in a new kind of undergroundining restaurant emerged in cape town south africalled secreteats unlike social dining restaurants of the pasthe concept brings together top south african chefs international guest chefs or young rising stars with adventurous food and wine lovers in secret undisclosed locations guests request a private invitation to join the members only dining movementhrough the web site invitations are sent based on factorsuch as interests geography and special dietary requirements like vegetarians past dinners have taken place inside of ancient castle underground wine cellars private gardens athe foot of table mountain urban industrial warehouses and stunning immaculate art galleries chefs have included masterchef sa runner up sue ann allen celebrity chefs pete goffe wood bertus bassoneill anthony and matt manning and some of the country s most beloved restaurant chefs like brad ball craig cormack and more founded by former american expressenior manager gregory zeleny the moving restaurant wastarted withe goal of bringing people together around the table over food from there it evolved with a key focus on the chef and his or 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residence of george steevens at hampstead heathpng thumb right px the building in an engraving by charles john smith for his graphic illustrations of the life and times of samuel johnson lld in when it was known as the residence of johnson s collaborator the late george steevens the upper flask was a tavernear the top of hampstead hill in the th century which sold flasks of water from the hampstead spa it was the summer meeting place of the great literary and political figures of the kit kat club such as alexander pope and sirobert walpole the tavern business ceased in the s and the grand house subsequently became the private residence of ladies and gentlemen such as rich family lady charlotte rich george steevens and thomasheppard mp thomasheppard spand tavern itook its name from the flasks of spring water which were sold there like the flask hampstead lower flask and the flask highgate the flask inearby highgate the upper flask was the most select of these being in a grand jacobean architecture jacobean house near the summit of hampstead hill where it commanded good views of london and the surrounding villages it was patronised by whigs british political party whigrandees and intellectualiterati who attended the famous kit kat club and removed itsummer meetings to the upper flask at firsthese included alexander pope john arbuthnot dr arbuthnot and richard steele sirichard steele later the company included john keats leighunt and percy bysshelley they wouldrink their ale under an old mulberry tree in the grounds and one of the members richard blackmore sirichard blackmore wrote or when apollo like thou st pleased to lead thy sons to feast on hampstead s airy head hampstead thatowering in superior sky nowith parnassus does in honour vie the upper flask appears in the popular novel clarissa written by samuel richardson in theponymous heroine stays there while seeking to escape from the villain lovelace who threatens her virtue private residence file upper flaskpng thumb righthe building asketched by frederick adcock around in the s the proprietor samuel stanton died the property wento his relations who used it as a private house known as upper bowlingreen house after the nearby bowlingreen subsequent residents included rich family lady charlotte rich daughter of thearl of warwick the writer and practical joker george steevens and the mp for frome thomasheppard mp thomasheppard steevens boughthe place in and lived there until his death in his magnum opus during this time was his fifteen volumedition of shakespeare s plays which was published in he worked on this in a concentrated effort for about months commuting each day by foot from hampstead to isaac reed s offices at staple inn athis time the house was fenced in and its grounds included a fine lawn and pleasantrees eventually the site was donated by lord leverhulme for queen mary s maternity home which was constructed in place of the old building and opened there in category buildings and 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residence george steevens hampstead thumb right px building engraving charles john smith graphic illustrations life times samuel johnson known residence johnson collaborator late george steevens upper flask top hampstead hill th_century sold water hampstead spa summer meeting_place great literary political figures kit kat club alexander pope tavern business ceased grand house subsequently became private residence ladies gentlemen rich family lady charlotte rich george steevens thomasheppard thomasheppard spand tavern itook name spring water sold like flask hampstead lower flask flask highgate flask highgate upper flask select grand architecture house near summit hampstead hill good views london surrounding villages patronised british political party attended famous kit kat club removed meetings upper flask included alexander pope john richard sirichard later company included john ale old tree grounds one members richard sirichard wrote apollo like st pleased lead sons feast hampstead airy head hampstead superior sky honour vie upper flask appears popular novel written samuel richardson stays seeking escape virtue private residence file upper thumb_righthe building frederick around proprietor samuel died property wento relations used private house known upper bowlingreen house nearby bowlingreen subsequent residents included rich family lady charlotte rich daughter thearl warwick writer practical george steevens thomasheppard thomasheppard steevens boughthe place lived death magnum time fifteen shakespeare plays published worked concentrated effort months commuting day foot hampstead isaac reed offices staple inn athis time house grounds included fine eventually site donated lord queen mary maternity home constructed place old building opened category_buildings structures hampstead category spas category_drinking_establishments category kit kat club category_pubs london_borough camden_category_former pubs"},{"title":"Uralsky Sledopyt","description":"founded lastdate country russia language russian language russian website uralsky sledopyt ural pathfinder is a soviet union soviet and russia n magazine dedicated tourism and local history it also has a science fiction section it is printed in yekaterinburg formerly sverdlovsk russia located on theastern side of the ural mountain range hence the name of the 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trespassing onto private property this not always the case urbex or urban exploration may also be referred to as draining an alternate form of urbexing where drains arexplored urban spelunking urban rock climbing urban caving roof topping or building hacking the nature of this activity presents various risks including both physical danger and if done illegally and or without permission the possibility of arrest and punishment some activities associated with urban exploration violate local oregionalaws and certain broadly interpreted anti terrorism legislation anti terrorism laws or can be considered trespass ing or invasion of privacy exploration sites file urban explorer in thentrance of technical galleryjpg thumb urban explorers athentrance of a technical gallery under construction in paris france file thomas bresson fort du salbert by jpg thumb abandoned salbert fortifications ventures into abandoned structures are perhaps the most common example of urban exploration atimesites arentered first by locals and may suffer from large amounts of graffiti and other acts of vandalism although targets of exploration vary from one country to another high profile abandonments include list of abandoned amusement parks amusement parks grain elevator s factories power plants missile silo s fallout shelters hospital s psychiatric hospital asylumschools poor houses and sanatorium s in japan abandoned infrastructure is known as literally ruins buthe term isynonymous withe practice of urban exploration are particularly common in japan because of its rapid industrialization eg hashima islandamage during world war ii the japanese asset price bubble s real estate bubble and the t hoku earthquake and tsunami many explorers findecay of uninhabited space to be profoundly beautiful and some are also proficient photographer freelance photographers who document whathey see as is the case withose who document some of the infrastructure of the former ussr abandoned sites are also popular among historians historic preservationists architects archaeologists industrial archaeology industrial archaeologists and ghost huntinghost hunters active buildings another aspect of urban exploration is the practice of exploring active or in use buildings which includes gaining access by various means to secured or member only areas mechanical rooms roofs elevatorooms abandoned floors and other normally unseen parts of working buildings the term infiltration is often associated withexploration of active structures peoplentering restricted areas may be committing trespass and civilaw common law civil prosecution may result file catacombes de parisjpg thumb catacombs france catacombsuch as those found in catacombs of paris catacombs of rome odessa catacombs odessand catacombs of san gennaro naples have been investigated by urban explorers the mines of paris comprising much of the underground tunnels that are not open to public tourism like the catacombs have been considered the holy grail by some due to their extensive nature and history explorers of these spaces are known as cataphile sewers and storm drains file st paul storm drainjpg thumb upright storm drain outfall in saint paul minnesota entry into storm drain s or draining is another common form of urban exploration groups devoted to the task have arisen such as the cave clan in australia draining has a specialized set of guidelines the foremost of which is when it rains no drains the dangers of becoming entrapped washed away or killed increase dramatically during a heavy rainfall a small subset of explorers enter sanitary sewer sometimes they are the only connection to caves or other subterranean featuresewers are among the most dangerous locations to explore owing to risk of poisoning by buildups of toxic gas commonly methane and hydrogen sulfide transitunnels exploring active and abandoned subway and underground railway tunnels bores and ghostation stations is often considered to be trespassing and can result in civil prosecution due to security concerns as a resulthis type of exploration is rarely publicized an important exception to this the abandoned rochester industrial and rapid transit railway subway of rochester new york the only american city to have an abandoned formerly used subway system the cincinnati subway is also abandoned but was never completed and placed into service utility tunnels file schiffbau tunneljpg thumb utility tunnel in the center of zurich switzerland university universities and other large institutionsuch as hospitals often distribute hazardousuperheated steam for heating or cooling buildings from a district heating central heating planthese pipes are generally run through utility tunnels which are often intended to be accessible solely for the purposes of maintenance nevertheless many of these steam tunnels especially those on college campuses often also have a tradition of exploration by students this practice was once called vadding athe massachusetts institute of technology though students there now refer to it as roof and tunnel hacking some steam tunnels have dirt floors poor lighting and temperatures upwards of others have concrete floors bright light and more moderatemperatures mosteam tunnels have large intake fans to bring in fresh air and push the hot air outhe back and these fans may start without warning most active steam tunnels do not contain airborne asbestos but proper breathing protection may be required for otherespiratory hazards experienced explorers are very cautious inside active utility tunnelsince pipes can spew boiling hot water or steam from leaky valves or pressurelief blowoffs frequently there are puddles of muddy water on the floor making slips and falls a special concernear hot pipesteam tunnels have generally been secured more heavily in recent years due to their frequent use for carrying communications network backbone cables increased safety and liability concerns and perceived risk of their use in terrorist activities the rise in the popularity of urban exploration can be attributed to its increased mediattention recentelevision showsuch as urban explorers on the discovery channel mtv s fear and the ghost hunting exploits of the atlantic paranormal society have packaged the hobby for a popular audience the fictional film after film after a hallucinatory thriller set in moscow s underground subways features urban explorers caught up in extreme situations talks and exhibits on urban exploration have appeared athe fifth and sixthackers on planet earth conference complementing numerous newspaper articles and interviews another source of popular information is cities of the underworld a documentary series which ran for three seasons on the history us tv channel history channel starting in thiseries roamed around the world showing little known underground structures in remote locales as well as right under the feet of densely packed city dwellers it may or may not go without saying thathriller and horror films have long paid homage to the habit of urban exploration withe rise in the relative popularity of the hobby due to this increased focus there has been increasing discussion whether thextrattention has been beneficial to urban exploration as a whole the unspoken rule of urban exploring is take nothing but photographs leave nothing but footprints but because of the rising popularity many individuals who may have other intentions are creating a concern among many property ownersafety and legality file hillowra battery port kemblajpg thumb illowra battery hill bunker on the right is a corridor leading to the bunker complex and on the left is the mushroom tunnel urban exploration is a hobby that comes with a number of inherent dangers for example storm drains are not designed withuman access as their primary use they can be subjecto flash flood ing and bad air there have been a number of deaths in storm water drains buthese are usually during floods and the victims are normally not urban explorers many old abandoned structures feature hazardsuch as unstable structures unsafe floors broken glass the presence of unknown chemicals and other harmful substances most notably asbestostray voltage and entrapment hazards otherisks include freely roaminguardog s and hostile squatter some abandoned locations may be heavily guarded with motion detector s and active security patrols while others are moreasily accessible and carry less risk of discovery asbestos is a long term health risk for urban explorers along with breathing in contaminants from dried guano bird feces which can cause a condition known as bird fancier s lung pigeon breeder s lung a form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis urban explorers may use dust masks and respirator s to alleviate this danger some sites are occasionally used by substance abusers for eitherecreation or waste disposal and there may be used or infected hypodermic syringe needles en route such as those commonly used witheroin the growing popularity of the activity has resulted not just increased attention from explorers but also from vandals and law enforcementhe illicit aspects of urban exploring which may include trespassing and burglary breaking and entering have brought along withem critical articles in mainstream newspapers in australia the website of the sydney cave clan washut down by lawyers for the roads and traffic authority of new south wales after they raised concerns thathe portal could risk human safety and threaten the security of its infrastructure another website belonging to the bangor explorers guild was criticized by the maine state police for potentially encouraging behavior that could get someone hurt or killed the toronto transit commission has used the interneto crimp subway tunnel explorations going as far as to send investigators to various explorers homes ninjalicious jeff chapman who authored infiltration stated that genuine urban explorers never vandalize steal or damage anything the thrill comes from that of discovery and a few nice picturesomexplorers will also request permission for entry in advance photographic documentation many urban explorers adhere to the philosophy of cavexplorers and outdoors hikers take nothing but pictures leave nothing but footprintsome are photographers who specialize in documenting urban ruins and scenes of industrial decay professional photographers working in this field include julia solis andrew l moore other well known photographersuch as jan saudek use the interiors of abandoned buildings as backdrops for their figurative and portrait works moscow based kirill oreshkin has earned the nickname russian spiderman after publishing pictures of himself in the midst of dangeroustunts on some of russia s tallest buildings oreshkin started scaling buildings as a hobby in and videos of his ascents have also been posted on youtube roof topping the term roof topping refers to the access of rooftops to take photographs of the skyline on april rooftopper marisa lazo required firefighters to rescue her from the hook of a construction crane storeys above a toronto street methods and technology some urban explorers use head camsuch as gopror other helmet camera s for videosome also use quadcopter unmanned aerial vehicle drones for exploration and recording the location based game s ingress game ingress and the following pok mon go based on the former have urban exploration elements while some are concerned with keeping certain sitesecret from the public at large mainly to prevent vandalism several apps dedicated to urban exploration exist in popular culture urban exploration is featured in a number of works in a variety of media such as bradley l garrett s work of nonfiction exploreverything place hacking the city john green author john green s novel paper towns in james rollinsigma force novel the skeleton key cataphile and urban explorerenny macleod who has tattooed the paris catacombs on his body is kidnapped and forced to guide former guild member seichan to find and save the kidnapper son who ischeduled be sacrificed at noon by the order of the solar temple viceland premiered abandoned on september a series hosted by skateboarderick mccrank about abandoned places and the people who love them red bull tv launched urbex enter at your own risk a part series abouthe motivations mindsets and adventures of urban explorers globally on augustravel channel aired off limits tv series off limits a series based on urban exploration hosted by don wildman unforgettable tv series unforgettable s maps and legends list of unforgettablepisodeseason episode features urban exploration discovery channel briefly ran urban explorers a series based on urban exploration and hosted by urban explorer steve duncan other stalkersubculture of urban exploration in russiand ukraine the name comes from the novel roadside picnic diggers ru an alternative subculture of urban exploration in russiand ukraine rural exploration orurex similar to urban exploration but often taking place in rural settings filexploration urbainejpg underground paris france file charbonnage du gouffre jpg abandoned colliery space france file site minierjpg abandoned mine workshop france file usine abandonn ejpg abandoned factory file stormdrainjpg large storm drain under construction file michigan central train station interior jpg abandoned michigan central station file screw coaster at nara dreamlandjpg abandoned nara dreamlandemolished see also caving chudead malls eastern state penitentiary freedom tunnel ghostown hk urbex legend tripping les ux miru kim artist who documents urban explorations modern ruins monu magazine on urbanismorlock ohio penitentiary parkour psychogeography reality hacking roof and tunnel hacking ruins photography six flags new orleans trespass urban decay utility tunnel weird new jersey wreck diving references furthereading timothy hannem urbex lieux secrets et abandonn s en 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broadly interpreted anti terrorism legislation anti terrorism laws considered ing invasion privacy exploration sites file urban explorer thentrance technical thumb urban_explorers athentrance technical gallery construction paris_france file thomas fort jpg thumb abandoned ventures abandoned structures perhaps common example urban_exploration first locals may suffer large amounts graffiti acts vandalism although targets exploration vary one country another high_profile include list abandoned amusement_parks amusement_parks grain elevator factories power_plants missile silo fallout shelters hospital hospital poor houses japan abandoned infrastructure known literally ruins buthe term withe practice urban_exploration particularly common japan rapid industrialization world_war ii japanese asset price bubble real_estate bubble earthquake tsunami many explorers space beautiful also photographer freelance photographers document whathey see case document infrastructure former ussr abandoned sites also_popular_among historians historic architects archaeologists industrial archaeology industrial archaeologists ghost hunters active buildings another aspect urban_exploration practice exploring active use buildings includes gaining access various means secured member areas mechanical rooms abandoned floors normally parts working buildings term infiltration often associated active structures restricted areas may common law civil prosecution may result file de thumb catacombs france found catacombs paris catacombs rome catacombs catacombs san naples investigated urban_explorers mines paris comprising much underground tunnels open public tourism like catacombs considered holy due extensive nature history explorers spaces known storm drains file st paul storm thumb upright storm drain saint paul minnesota entry storm drain draining another common form urban_exploration groups devoted task arisen cave australia draining specialized set guidelines foremost drains dangers becoming away killed increase dramatically heavy rainfall small subset explorers enter sanitary sewer sometimes connection caves among dangerous locations explore owing risk poisoning toxic gas commonly methane hydrogen exploring active abandoned subway underground railway tunnels stations often considered trespassing result civil prosecution due security concerns type exploration rarely publicized important exception abandoned rochester industrial rapid transit railway subway rochester new_york american city abandoned formerly used subway system cincinnati subway also abandoned never completed placed service utility tunnels file thumb utility tunnel center zurich switzerland university universities large hospitals often distribute steam heating cooling buildings district heating central heating pipes generally run utility tunnels often intended accessible solely purposes maintenance nevertheless many steam tunnels especially college campuses often also tradition exploration students practice called athe massachusetts institute technology though students refer roof tunnel hacking steam tunnels dirt floors poor lighting temperatures upwards others concrete floors bright light tunnels large intake fans bring fresh air push hot_air outhe back fans may start without warning active steam tunnels contain airborne proper breathing protection may required hazards experienced explorers inside active utility pipes boiling hot water steam frequently water floor making falls special hot tunnels generally secured heavily recent_years due frequent use carrying communications network cables increased safety liability concerns perceived risk use terrorist activities rise popularity urban_exploration attributed increased mediattention showsuch urban_explorers discovery channel mtv fear ghost hunting exploits atlantic paranormal society packaged hobby popular audience fictional film film set moscow underground features urban_explorers caught extreme situations talks exhibits urban_exploration appeared athe fifth planet earth conference numerous newspaper articles interviews another source popular information cities underworld documentary series ran three seasons history us_tv_channel history channel starting around world showing little_known underground structures remote locales well right feet densely packed city dwellers may may go without saying horror films long paid habit urban_exploration withe rise relative popularity hobby due increased focus increasing discussion whether beneficial urban_exploration whole rule urban exploring take nothing photographs leave nothing rising popularity many individuals may intentions creating concern among many property legality file port thumb hill bunker right corridor leading bunker complex left mushroom tunnel urban_exploration hobby comes number inherent dangers example storm drains designed access primary use subjecto flash flood ing bad air number deaths storm water drains buthese usually victims normally urban_explorers many old abandoned structures feature unstable structures unsafe floors broken glass presence unknown chemicals harmful substances notably hazards include freely hostile abandoned locations may heavily guarded motion active security others moreasily accessible carry less risk discovery long_term health risk urban_explorers along breathing dried bird cause condition known bird lung pigeon lung form urban_explorers may use dust danger sites occasionally used substance abusers waste disposal may used infected route commonly_used growing popularity activity resulted increased attention explorers also law illicit aspects urban exploring may_include trespassing breaking entering brought along_withem critical articles mainstream newspapers australia website sydney cave washut lawyers roads traffic authority new_south_wales raised concerns thathe portal could risk human safety security infrastructure another website belonging explorers guild criticized maine state police potentially encouraging behavior could get someone killed toronto transit commission used subway tunnel going far send investigators various explorers homes jeff chapman authored infiltration stated genuine urban_explorers never damage anything thrill comes discovery nice also request permission entry advance photographic documentation many urban_explorers adhere philosophy outdoors hikers take nothing pictures leave nothing photographers specialize documenting urban ruins scenes industrial decay professional photographers working field include julia andrew l moore well_known jan use interiors abandoned buildings portrait works moscow based earned nickname russian publishing pictures midst russia tallest buildings started buildings hobby videos also posted youtube roof topping term roof topping refers access take photographs skyline april required rescue hook construction crane toronto street methods technology urban_explorers use head helmet camera also_use unmanned aerial vehicle exploration recording location based game game following pok mon go based former urban_exploration elements concerned keeping certain public large mainly prevent vandalism several apps dedicated urban_exploration exist popular_culture urban_exploration featured number works variety media bradley l work place hacking city john green author john green novel paper towns james force novel skeleton key urban paris catacombs body kidnapped forced guide former guild member find save son ischeduled noon order solar temple premiered abandoned september series hosted abandoned places people love red bull tv launched urbex enter risk part series abouthe motivations adventures urban_explorers globally channel aired limits tv_series limits series based urban_exploration hosted tv_series maps legends list episode features urban_exploration discovery channel briefly ran urban_explorers series based urban_exploration hosted urban explorer steve duncan urban_exploration russiand ukraine name comes novel roadside picnic alternative subculture urban_exploration russiand ukraine rural exploration similar urban_exploration often taking_place rural settings underground paris_france file_jpg abandoned space france file site abandoned mine workshop france file abandoned factory file large storm drain construction file michigan central train station interior jpg abandoned michigan central station file coaster nara abandoned nara see_also caving malls eastern state freedom tunnel ghostown urbex legend les kim artist documents urban modern ruins magazine ohio reality hacking roof tunnel hacking ruins photography six_flags new_orleans urban decay utility tunnel weird new_jersey diving references_furthereading timothy urbex secrets france gates moses hidden cities travels secret corners world great memoir urban_exploration new_york isbn forbidden places exploring abandoned heritage hardcover access areas user guide art urban_exploration box station e h e canada isbn troy night vision art urban_exploration chronicle books isbn gilbert urban_explorers film urban_explorers darkness documentary world urban_explorers abandoned adventures urban_exploration photos abandoned places jan j isbn_externalinks_category adventure_travel_category urban_exploration category geography category category_backpacking category urban decay exploration category"},{"title":"Vacation rental","description":"file gaestehaeuser auf vilmjpg thumb px vacation cottages withatching thatched roofs on vilm island near gen in germany a vacation rental is the renting out of a furnishing furnished apartment house or professionally managed resort condominium complex on a temporary basis tourists as an alternative to a hotel the term vacation rental is mainly used in the us in europe the term villa rental or villa holiday is preferred forentals of detached houses in warm climates other terms used are self catering rentals holiday homes holiday lets in the united kingdom cottage holidays forentals of smaller accommodation in ruralocations and gite s in ruralocations in france vacation rentals have long been a popular travel option in europespecially in the united kingdom uk as well as in canadand are becoming increasingly popular across the world types of accommodation vacation rentals usually occur in privately owned vacation properties holiday homeso the variety of accommodation is broad and inconsistenthe property is a fully furnished property such as a holiday villapartment cottage condominium townhome or single family style home farm stay can encompass participation a working farm or a more conventional rental that happens to be co located on a farm the clientraveler arranges to renthe vacation rental property for a designated period of time some rent onightly basisimilar to hotel rooms although the more prevalent vacation rental industry practice is typically weekly rentals vacation rentals can range from budget studio apartments to lavish expensive private villas in the world s most desirable locationsome with pricetags of many thousands per night and all the amenities you would find in any luxury accommodation fully staffed private beaches boats chefs cooking lessons etc to cater to the guestsome vacation rentals particularly condominiums or apartments offer many of the same services hotels offer to their guests eg front desk check in hour maintenance in housekeeping and concierge service many hospitality timeshare and premier independent resortsthat until now access to these resort condominium complexes was availablexclusively through purchase optionsuch as whole fractional or timeshare ownership are now offering daily vacation rentals athe other end of the spectrum are campervan hire agency campervand motorhome hire agency motorhome rentals image rental home bwjpg thumb right a row of vacation homes at big white ski resort in canada villa holidays are very popular in europe and main destinations include united states virgin islands italy spain france germany greece and turkey in france they are known as g te s vacation rentals are available in mostates of the us and is prevalent in major tourist areasuch as florida hawaii and californias well as in other coastal areas with beaches where they may be referred to as beachouses many of which arentals the vacation rental market is much larger in europe than it is in the united states and florida is a popular destination for villa holidays for europeans comparison with other accommodations consumers unfamiliar withe concept of a vacation rental may confuse it withe seemingly similar but distinctly differentimeshare many timesharesorts offer quarter ownership which provides weeks of use orental a timeshare can still be made available as a vacation rental should an owner decide to put his owned week s on a vacation rental program also a large segment of the of unsold and therefore still resort controlled inventory is made available as vacation rentals in this was a billion business a timeshare is a piece of real estate often a fully furnished condominium that is jointly shared by multiple owners while differentypes of timeshare ownerships exist in general each owner bears a portion of the responsibility along withe righto a segment of time in whiche or she is granted sole use of the property timesharesorts allow financially qualified guests to rent and tour their unowned properties and then make those properties available to the guest for purchase timeshare owners can also choose to bank their week with an exchange company such as rci or interval international orenthe unitraditional hotel s generally do not include vacation properties however some contemporary resort developments include shared ownership componentsuch as villas and condominiums that can beitherented through the hotel orented out by their owners either directly or through agencies vacation rental market sizevercorestimates the global addressable vacation rental marketo be billion with two thirds of the market forent by owner online listing services agencies and management companies vacation rentals and villa rentals are arranged either direct withe owner or through an agency usually via the internet many owners have their own websites but most also use listing services which display property information and photos provided by the homeowner becauseach property owner has his or her own deposit and payment requirements cancellation policies key pick uprocedures etc a guest contacts the property owner directly in order to book there are different kinds of listing sites with different specialisms for example destination specific luxury rural etc and featuresuch as instant booking or loyalty programs choat isabel how to find and book a holiday apartment online the guardian june inovember expedia bought homeaway which alsowns vrbo and many other vacation rental brands to compete with airbnb and tripzcom there are alsother online vacation rental sites that specialize in metasearch oresort residences in contrast vacation rental agencies handle reservations and billing on the homeowner s behalf and there is no direct contact between the guest and the owner because the fee or commission charged to an owner by an agency is higher than that charged by a listing service the rentends to be higher there are also many management companies that organize all aspects of the rental on behalf of the owner including property management repairservice keyholding and cleaning services onefinestay in a number of european cities and interhome in many european leisuresorts are twof the best known in the united kingdom villa holidays are alsold by tour operator s as packages including flights and car hire this convenient for guests who prefer noto make their own arrangements but may not be cheaper andoes not usually allow the guesto choose a specific property most property owners contract a vacation rental management company to manage their vacation rentals these companies handle housekeeping and property maintenance some management companies also act as agencies marketing the vacation rental property and handling reservations and billing most vacation rental management companies work on a commission remuneration commission basis meaning they do not make a guarantee to the homeowner in terms of weeks that will be rented orevenuearned investopedia web june rather they collect a commission ranging from tof any revenues generated homeaway web june an alternative arrangement is where vacation rental managers provide homeowners with a guaranteed rental under these arrangements vacation rental managers buy all of the weeks the homeowner wishes to rent in a single transaction this provides the homeowner with guaranteed income and puts the risk and management burden on the rental manager urban planning and real estate development ratcliffe john michael stubbs and miles keeping routledge january p travelers concernsome travelers avoid vacation rentals for fear of what industry insiders call snad significantly not as described this refers to a property that looks like paradise in the photos only to revealeaky roofs and blocked views upon the traveler s arrival to reduce this risk many vacation rental companies offer usereviewsnassauer sarah renting a villa not a dump wall street journal novemberetrieved april another significant concern is that people may create false accounts and advertise vacation homes which they do not in fact own this can lead to unsuspecting customers booking and paying for a vacationly to find on arrival thathe rental does not exist given thathe accommodation has been booked and paid for many months in advance the culprit may disappear withoutrace leaving the customer out of pocket bbc news october in many counties towns and cities local authorities attempto regulate or ban vacation rentals after complaints from local residents or competing lodging businesses in the us new york city chicago and other cities have introduced restrictions on shorterm rentals though regulation is not alwaystrictly enforced usa today augusthe city of portland for example does not allow rentals of less than days in residential zones but according to local vacation property managersuch as vacasa the average guestays nights oregon live july in most us cities and counties zoning ordinances prohibit any type of lodging business in areas zoned foresidential use in some areas zoning allows limited lodging uses provided thathey are secondary to the primary residential use of the property see also bookingcom canadastays destination club holiday cottage housetripeer to peer property rental tripadvisor trippingcom vacatia homeaway externalinks vacation rental managers association vrma category vacation rental category tourist 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may referred many vacation_rental market much_larger europe united_states florida popular_destination villa_holidays europeans comparison accommodations consumers unfamiliar withe concept vacation_rental may withe seemingly similar distinctly many offer quarter ownership provides weeks use timeshare still made_available vacation_rental owner decide put owned week vacation_rental program also large segment unsold therefore still resort controlled inventory made_available vacation_rentals billion business timeshare piece real_estate often fully furnished condominium jointly shared multiple owners differentypes timeshare exist general owner bears portion responsibility along_withe righto segment time whiche granted sole use property allow financially qualified guests rent tour properties make properties available guest purchase timeshare owners also choose bank week exchange company international_hotel generally include vacation properties however contemporary resort developments include shared ownership villas hotel owners either directly agencies vacation_rental market global vacation_rental marketo billion two_thirds market owner online listing services agencies management companies vacation_rentals villa rentals arranged either direct withe owner agency usually via internet many owners websites also_use listing services display property information photos provided homeowner property owner deposit payment requirements cancellation policies key pick etc guest contacts property owner directly order book different kinds listing sites different example destination specific luxury rural etc featuresuch instant booking loyalty programs isabel find book holiday apartment online guardian june inovember expedia bought homeaway alsowns many vacation_rental brands compete airbnb online vacation_rental sites specialize oresort residences contrast vacation_rental agencies handle reservations billing homeowner behalf direct contact guest owner fee commission charged owner agency higher charged listing service higher also many management companies organize aspects rental behalf owner including property management cleaning services number european cities many european twof best_known united_kingdom villa_holidays alsold tour_operator packages including flights car hire convenient guests prefer noto make arrangements may cheaper andoes usually allow choose specific property property owners contract vacation_rental management company manage vacation_rentals companies handle housekeeping property maintenance management companies also act agencies marketing vacation_rental property handling reservations billing vacation_rental management companies work commission commission basis meaning make guarantee homeowner terms weeks rented web june rather collect commission ranging tof revenues generated homeaway web june alternative arrangement vacation_rental managers provide homeowners guaranteed rental arrangements vacation_rental managers buy weeks homeowner wishes rent single transaction provides homeowner guaranteed income puts risk management burden rental manager urban planning real_estate development john michael miles keeping routledge january p travelers travelers avoid vacation_rentals fear industry call significantly described refers property looks like paradise photos blocked views upon traveler arrival reduce risk many vacation_rental companies offer sarah renting villa wall_street_journal novemberetrieved april another significant concern people may create false accounts advertise vacation homes fact lead customers booking paying find arrival thathe rental exist given thathe accommodation booked paid many months advance may disappear leaving customer pocket bbc_news october many counties towns cities local_authorities attempto regulate ban vacation_rentals complaints local_residents competing lodging businesses us new_york city chicago cities introduced restrictions shorterm rentals though regulation enforced usa_today augusthe city 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july still quite warm including night inorthern dominated temperate climate velvet season indian summer origins term term appeared late nineteenth early twentieth centuries russian empire imperial result withe fashion go vacation alexander athe_beginning twentieth_century velvet season called several spring weeks april may court move along_withe royal family st_petersburg crimea fur clothes velvet time wastill summer crimea revolution called calico season september called although origins relate noble public velvet season came mean something much better defined public tastes behaviors thany connection socioeconomic status public velvet season came primarily fashionable time come hoping make acquaintances well_known russian author alexander described velvet season story wine barrel golden days perhaps coast lasts month usually withe holy week last week great easter thomas apostle people come get rid sad necessity visits others making wedding trip third majority time everything noble 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thearly s it continued to play a significant role inurturing and promoting local artheatre film and music until its closure in april venue s last editor was the playwrightom wainwright venue also had a reputation for investigative reporting of local issues including health policing local politics and environmentalism environmental matters venue also featured humour and satire which many found attractive but which was occasionally criticised as puerile stand up comedian mark watson and comedy scriptwriter stephen merchant both worked for venue when they were younger author and reviewer kim newman contributed regularly another author eugene byrne one of the magazine s founders remained involved with it as consulting editor until the magazine ceased publication in the company wasold to bristol united press bup the company which runs the bristol evening post and western daily press newspapers bup in turn was owned by the northcliffe newspaper groupart of the daily mail general trust group the takeover by bup was controversial with many readers advertisers and staff particularly because the conservative political outlook of the daily mail was very differento that of venue weekly edition in venue magazine started to publish weekly and trading as venue publishing the company diversified further in the years after this it produced a successful controlled circulation lifestyle monthly folio whose closure was announced in march withe april edition being its last published issue as well aseveral annual guides including eating out west drinking out west days out west a student guide for bristol and bath and a festival guide venue publishing also undertook contract publishing particularly for large local eventsuch as the bristol international balloon fiestand the bristol harbour festival in venue publishing established an in house design agency bang offering design services to external clients the magazine was briefly associated with some other provincialistings magazines in the 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the venue name still continued alson periodic publicationsuch as venue festival guide and eating out westhe latter title reflecting the title of the magazine s own predecessor the venue website one of the longest running commercial websites in the uk was originally set up in since the demise of the printed venue magazine the website continues to includevent listings music theatre and comedy reviewselected features from the bristol post s weekend supplement several of the annual guides and includes a popular free personal advertisementsection venue magazine final posthe venue website was closed by local world at am on friday november venue writers and photographers etc published an open letter on the site which subsequently went viral and was picked up by buzzfeed category establishments in the united kingdom category disestablishments in the united kingdom category biweekly magazines category british online magazines category city guides category defunct magazines of the united kingdom 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watson comedy stephen merchant worked venue younger author reviewer kim newman contributed regularly another author eugene one magazine founders remained involved consulting editor magazine ceased publication company wasold bristol united press company runs bristol evening post western daily press newspapers turn owned newspaper daily_mail general trust group takeover controversial many readers advertisers staff particularly conservative political outlook daily_mail venue weekly edition venue magazine started publish weekly trading venue publishing_company diversified years produced successful controlled circulation lifestyle monthly folio whose closure announced march withe april edition last published issue well aseveral annual guides including eating west drinking west days west student guide bristol bath festival guide venue publishing also undertook contract publishing particularly large local eventsuch bristol international balloon bristol harbour festival venue publishing established house design agency offering design services external clients magazine briefly associated magazines like manchester city life_magazine city life southampton due south magazine list magazine list covers edinburgh glasgow latter istill publishing weekend powered venue bristol evening post ceased edition april month later may post launched new page lifestyle_magazine given away free friday edition magazine carried many venue listings reviews entertainment articles entitled weekend powered venue issue weekend march powered venue line quietly dropped weekend magazine relaunched issue march larger format publication still carrying many original style venue listings however logo continued seen printed format wednesday section three four pages day bristol edition free metro british newspaper section headed week ahead venue venue name still continued alson periodic venue festival guide eating westhe latter title reflecting title magazine predecessor venue website one longest_running commercial websites uk originally set since printed venue magazine website continues listings music theatre comedy features bristol post weekend supplement several annual guides includes popular free personal venue magazine final posthe venue website closed local world friday november venue writers photographers etc published open letter site subsequently went viral picked category_establishments united_kingdom category_disestablishments united_kingdom category biweekly magazines_category british online_magazines_category_city_guides category_defunct magazines united_kingdom category listings magazines_category_magazinestablished category_magazines disestablished category_media bristol_category_online_magazines defunct print editions"},{"title":"Vietnam National Administration of Tourism","description":"the vietnam national administration of tourism is the government agency of vietnam which manages tourist operations and activities throughouthe country it has full control in terms of 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externalinks_official_website_category government vietnam national administration tourism_category_tourism agencies_category_tourism vietnam national administration tourism"},{"title":"Villa","description":"image villa medici a fiesole jpg thumb right px the villa medicin fiesole with early terraced hillside landscape by leon battistalberti a villa was originally ancient rome ancient roman upper class country house since its origins in the roman villa the ideand function of a villa havevolved considerably after the fall of the roman republic villas became small farming compounds which were increasingly fortified in late antiquity sometimes transferred to the church foreuse as a monastery then they gradually revolved through the middle ages into elegant upper class country homes in modern parlance villa can refer to various types and sizes of residences ranging from the suburb an semi detachedouble villa to residences in the wildland urban interface file gettyvilla jpg thumb right px the getty villan adaptation of the villa of the papyrin pacific palisades los angeles in ancient roman architecture a villa was originally a country house built for the lite pliny thelder writing in the first century ce identified several kinds of villas the villa urbana country seathat could easily be reached from ancient rome or another city for a night or two the villa rustica the farm housestate that was permanently occupied by the servants who had chargenerally of thestate which would centre on the villa itself perhaps only seasonally occupied the roman villae rusticae atheart of latifundium latifundia were thearliest versions of what later and elsewhere became called plantation s not included as villae were the domus a city house for the lite and privileged classes and insula building insulae blocks of apartment building s for the rest of the population in satyricon st century ce petronius described the wide range of roman dwellings another type of villae is the villa marittima seaside villa located on the coast a concentration of imperial villas existed on the gulf of naples on the isle of capri at mount circeo monte circeo and at antium anzio examples include the villa of the papyrin herculaneum and the villa of the mysteries and house of the vettii villa of the vettiin pompeii wealthy romans also escaped the summer heat in the hills round romespecially around tibur tivoand frascati such as at hadrian s villa cicero allegedly possessed no fewer than seven villas the oldest of which was nearpino arpinum whiche inherited pliny the younger had three or four of which thexample near laurentium is the best known from his descriptions roman writers refer with satisfaction to the self sufficiency of their latifundium villas where they drank their own ancient rome and wine and pressed their own olive oil history oil this was an affectation of urban aristocrats playing at being old fashioned virtuous roman farmers it has been said thatheconomic independence of laterural villas was a symptom of the increasing economic fragmentation of the roman empire in roman britanniarchaeologists have meticulously examined numerous roman villa s in england list of roman villas in england like their italian counterparts they were complete working agrarian societies ofields and vineyard s perhaps even tile works or quarry quarries ranged round a high status power centre with its baths and gardens the grand villat woodchester preserved its mosaic floors when the anglo saxon parish church was built not by chance upon itsite grave diggers preparing for burials in the churchyard as late as the th century had to punch through the intact mosaic floors theven more palatial villa rusticat fishbourne roman palace fishbournear winchester was built uncharacteristically as a large open rectangle with portico s enclosingardens entered through a portico towards thend of the rd century roman towns in roman britain ceased to expand like patricians near the centre of thempire roman britons withdrew from the cities to their villas which entered on a palatial building phase a golden age of villa life villae rusticae aressential in thempire s economy file fishbourne modeljpg thumb left px model ofishbourne roman palace a governor s villa on the grandest scale two kinds of villa plan in roman britain may be characteristic of roman villas in general the more usual plan extended wings of rooms all opening onto a linking portico which might bextended at right angles even to enclose a courtyard the other kind featured an aisled central hallike a basilica suggesting the villa owner s magisterial role the villa buildings were often independent structures linked by their enclosed courtyards timber framing timber framed construction carefully fitted with mortise and tenon mortises and tenons andoweled together set on stone footings were the rule replaced by stone buildings for the important ceremonial rooms traces of window roman glass have been found as well as ironwork window grille s monastery villas of late antiquity withe decline of the roman empire decline and collapse of the western roman empire in the fourth and fifth centuries the villas were more and more isolated and came to be protected by walls in england the villas were abandoned looting looted and burned by anglo saxon invaders in the fifth century buthe concept of an isolated self sufficient agrarian working community housed close together survived into anglo saxon culture as the vill with its inhabitants iformally bound to the land as villein s in regions on the continent aristocracy class aristocrats and territorial magnates donated large working villas and overgrown abandoned ones to individual monk s these might become the nuclei of monastery monasteries in this way the italian villa system of late antiquity survived into thearly medieval period in the form of monasteries that withstood the disruptions of the gothic war and the lombards about benedict of nursia established his influential monastery of monte cassino in the ruins of a villat subiaco italy subiaco that had belonged to nero from the sixth to theighth century gallo roman villas in the merovingian royal fisc werepeatedly donated asites for monasteries underoyal patronage in gaul saint maur des foss and fleury abbey providexamples in germany a famous example is echternach as late as willibrord established an abbey at a roman villa of echternach near trier presented to him by adeland irmina daughter of dagobert ii king of the franks kintzheim was villa regis the villa of the king around saint eligius was born in a highly placed gallo roman culture gallo roman family athe villa of chaptelat near limoges in aquitaine now france the abbey at stavelot was founded ca on the domain of a former villa near li ge and the abbey of v zelay had a similar founding post roman era in post roman times a villa referred to a self sufficient usually fortified italian or gallo roman culture gallo roman farmstead it was economically aself sufficient as a village and its inhabitants who might be legally tied to it aserfs were villein s the merovingian dynasty merovingian franks inherited the concept followed by the carolingian french buthe later french term was basti or bastide villa vila or its cognates is part of many spanish and portuguese placenames like vila real disambiguation vila real and villadiego a villa vila is a town with a charter fueror foral of lesser importance than a ciudad cidade city when it is associated with a personal name villa was probably used in the original sense of a country estate rather than a chartered town later evolution has made the hispanic distinction between villas and ciudades a purely honorific one madrid is the villa y court corte the villa considered to be separate from the formerly mobile noble court royal court buthe much smaller ciudad real was declared ciudad by the spanish crown italian renaissance image villa medicea di poggiojpg thumb upright px the villa di medici by giuliano da sangallo poggio a caiano tuscany in th and th century italy a villa once more connoted a country house like the first medici villas the villa del trebbio and that cafaggiolo both strong fortified houses built in the th century in the mugello regionear florence in giovanni di cosimo de medici giovanni de medici commenced on a hillside the villa medicin fiesole tuscany probably the first villa created under the instructions of leon battistalberti who theorized the features of the new idea of villa in his de re aedificatoria image pratolino utensjpg thumb px villa di pratolino with lower half of the gardens by giusto utens museo topografico florence these first examples of renaissance villa predate the age of lorenzo de medici who added the poggio a caiano the medici villa di poggio a caiano by giuliano da sangallo begun in poggio a caiano province of prato tuscany from tuscany the idea of villa waspread again through italian renaissance italy and europe tuscan villa gardens the quattrocento villa gardens were treated as a fundamental and aesthetic link between a residential building and the outdoors with views over a humanized agriculturalandscape athatime the only desirable aspect of nature later villas and gardens include the palazzo pitti and boboli gardens florence the pienza palazzo piccolomini villa di pratolino province of siena file villa doria pamphili giardinijpg px thumbnail villa doria pamphili rome had more than itshare of villas with easy reach of the small sixteenth century city the progenitor the first roman villa suburbana built since antiquity was the belvedere structure belvedere or palazzetto designed by antonio pollaiuolo and built on the slope above the vatican palace the villa madama the design of which attributed to raphael and carried out by giulio romano in was one of the most influential private houses ever built elements derived from villa madamappeared in villas through the th century villalbani was built near the porta salaria other are the villa borghese gardens villa borghese the villa doria pamphili the villa giulia of pope julius iii designed by giacomo barozzi da vignola the roman villas villa ludovisi and villa montalto were destroyeduring the late nineteenth century in the wake of the real estate bubble thatook place in rome after the seat of government of a united italy was established at rome the cool hills ofrascati gained the villaldobrandini the villa falconieri and the villa mondragone the villa d este near tivolitaly tivolis famous for the water play in its terraced history of gardens the villa medici was on thedge of rome on the pincian hill when it was built in besides these designed for seasonal pleasure usually located within easy distance of a city other italian villas weremade from a roccarchitecture rocca or castello as the family seat of power such as villa caprarola for the house ofarnese farnese near siena in tuscany the villa cetinale was built by cardinal flavio chigi flavio chigi hemployed carlo fontana pupil of gian lorenzo bernini to transform the villandramatic gardens in a roman baroque style by the villante garden is one of the most sublime creations of the italian villa in the landscape completed in the th century venice in the later th century in the northeastern italian peninsula the palladian villas of the veneto designed by andrea palladio were built in vicenza in the republic of venice palladio always designed his villas with reference to their setting he often unified all the farm buildings into the architecture of his extended villas examples are the villa emo the villa godi the villa forni cerato the villa capra la rotondand villa foscari the villas are grouped into an association associazione ville venete and offer touristic itineraries and accommodation possibilities villas abroad th century soon after in greenwich england following his grand tour inigo jones designed and builthe queen s house between in an early palladian architecture style adaptation in another country the palladian villa style renewed its influence in different countries and eras and remained influential for over four hundred years withe neo palladian a part of the late th century and on renaissance revival architecture period file baederarchitektur binz jpg thumb villa sea greeting meeresgruss in binz r gen r gen island a typical villa in th century german resort architecture style th and th centuries in thearly th century thenglish took up the term and applied ito compact houses in the country these are noto be confused withenglish country house s which were centres of political and cultural power and show surrounded by thestates that supported them such as holkham hall alnwick castle or woburn abbey in ireland castletown house and russboroughouse are comparablexamplespecially those accessible from london chiswick house is an example of such a party villa thanks to the revival of interest in palladio and inigo jonesoon palladian architecturenglish palladian revival neo palladian villas dotted the valley of the river thames and english countryside marble hill house in england was conceived originally as a villa in the th century sensesir john summerson architecture in britain to ch palladian permeation the villa provides a standard overview of the building type in many ways the late th century monticello by thomas jefferson in virginia united states is a palladian revival villa other examples of the period and style are hammond harwood house in annapolis maryland many pre american civil war or antebellum plantationsuch as westover plantation and many other list of james river plantations james river plantations as well dozens of antebellum architecture antebellum era plantations in the rest of the old south functioned as the roman latifundium villas had a laterevival in the gilded age and early th century produced the breakers inewport rhode island filolin woodside californiandumbarton oaks in georgetown washington dc by architects landscape architectsuch as richard morris hunt willis polk and beatrix farrand in the nineteenth century villa was extended to describe any large suburb an house that was free standing in a landscape d plot of ground by the time semi detached villas were being erected athe turn of the twentieth century the term collapsed under its extension and overuse file luftaufnahme striesenjpg thumb aerial view of giant villa colonies villenkolonien in dresden germany gr nderzeit quarters of blasewitz incl tolkewitz and striesen grunand johannstadthe second half of the nineteenth century saw the creation of large villenkolonien in the german speaking countries wealthy residential areas that were completely made up of large mansion houses and often builto an artfully created masterplan also many large mansions for the wealthy german industrialists were built such as villa h gel in essen the villenkolonie of lichterfelde west in berlin was conceived after an extended trip by the architecthrough the south of england representative historicism art historicist mansions in germany include theiligendamm and otheresort architecture mansions athe baltic sea rose island lake starnberg rose island king s house on schachen in the bavarian alps villa dessauer in bamberg wahnfried villa wahnfried in bayreuth schloss drachenburg near bonn hammerschmidt villa in bonn the liebermann villand schloss britz house in berlin albrechtsberg palace dresden albrechtsberg eckberg villa stockhausen ande villa san remo villa san remo in dresden de k nstlerhaus villa waldberta villa waldberta in feldafing de villa kennedy villa kennedy in frankfurt jenischouse and budge palais in hamburg de villandreae villandreae ande villa rothschild villa rothschild in k nigstein im taunus k nigstein villa stuck ande pacelli palais pacelli palais in munich schloss klink at m ritz lake m ritz villa ludwigshe in rhineland palatinate villa haux in stuttgart and weinberg house waren weinberg house in waren m ritz waren in france the ch teau de ferri res is an example of the italianeo renaissance style villand in britain the mentmore towers by john ruskin a representative building of thistyle in germany is villa haas designed by ludwig hofmann in hesse klaus f m ller park und villa haas historismus kunst und lebensstil verlag edition winterwork isbn th st centuries file villenanlage oid jpg thumb typical villa in graz austria during the th and th century the term villa became widespread for detached mansions in europe special forms are for instance sparchitecture spa villas kurvillen in germand resort architecture seaside villas b dervillen in german that becamespecially popular athend of the th century the tradition established back then continued throughouthe th century and even until today another trend was therection of rather minimalist mansions in the bauhaustyle since the s that also continues until today in denmark norway and sweden villa denotes most forms of single family detached home s regardless or size and standard the villa concept lived and lives on in the hacienda s of latin americand thestancia s of brazil and argentina the oldest are original portuguese and spanish colonial architecture followed after independences in the americas from spain and portugal by the spanish colonial revival architecture spanish colonial revival style with regional variations in the th century international style architecture international style villas were designed by roberto burle marx oscar niemeyer luis barrag n and other architects developing a uniqueuro latin synthesized aesthetic villas are particularly well represented in californiand the west coast of the united states where they were originally commissioned by well travelled upper class patrons moving on from the queen anne style architecture in the united states queen anne style victorian architecture and beaux arts architecture communitiesuch as montecito california montecito pasadena california pasadena bel air los angeles bel air beverly hills california beverly hills and san marino california san marino in southern californiand atherton californiatherton and piedmont california piedmont in the san francisco bay areare a few examples of villa density the popularity of mediterranean revival architecture in its various iterations over the last century has been consistently used in that region and in florida just a few of the notablearly architects were wallace neff addison mizner stanford white and george washington smith architect george washington smith a few examples are the harold lloyd estate in beverly hills california medici scale hearst castle on the central coast of californiand villa montalvo in the santa cruz mountains of saratoga california villa vizcaya in coconut grove miami american craftsman versions are the gamble house pasadena california gamble house and the villas by greene and greene in pasadena california modern villas file villa italyjpg thumb example of modern architecture villa in sicily italy modern architecture has produced some important examples of buildings called villas villa noailles by robert mallet stevens in hy res france villa savoye by le corbusier in poissy france villa mairea by alvar aalto inoormarkku finland villa tugendhat by ludwig mies van derohe in brno czech republic villa lewaro by vertner tandy in irvingtonew york country villa examples hollyhock house by frank lloyd wright in hollywood gropius house by walter gropius in lincoln massachusetts fallingwater by frank lloyd wright in pennsylvania us farnsworthouse by ludwig mies van derohe in plano illinois kaufmann desert house by richard neutra in palm springs californiauldbrass plantation by frank lloyd wright in beaufort county south carolina pal cio dalvorada by oscar niemeyer in bras lia brazil getty villa in pacific palisades los angeles today the term villa is often applied to vacation rental properties in the united kingdom the term is used of high quality detached homes in warm destinations particularly floridand the mediterranean the term is also used in pakistand in some of the caribbean islandsuch as jamaica saint barth lemy saint martin guadeloupe british virgin islands and others it isimilar for the coastal resort areas of baja california sur and mainland mexico and for hospitality industry destination resort luxury bungalow s in various worldwide locations indonesia the term villa is applied to dutch colonial country houses landhuis nowadays the term is more popularly applied to vacation rental usually located in countryside area image heritage houses in freemans bayjpg thumb right px heritage villas late th century auckland new zealand in australia villas or villa units are terms used to describe a type of townhouse complex which contains possibly smaller attached or detached houses of up to bedrooms that were built since thearly s inew zealand the term villa is commonly used to describe a style of wooden weatherboard house constructed before ww characterised by high ceilings often ft sash window s and a long entrance hall in cambodia villa is used as a loanword in the localanguage of khmer and is generally used to describe any type of detached townhouse that features yard space the term does not apply to any particularchitectural style or size the only features that distinguish a khmer villa from another building are the yard space and being fully detached the terms twin villand mini villa have been coined meaning semi dettached and smaller versions respectively generally these would be more luxurious and spacious houses than the more common row houses the yard space would also typically feature some form of garden trees or greenery generally these would be properties in major cities where there is more wealth and hence more luxurious housesee also estate land estate great house manor house mansion category roman villas by country roman villas by country english country house ultimate bungalow category villas in tuscany villas in tuscany category villas in veneto villas in the veneto category architectural history category house styles category house types category italian architecture category villas category vacation rental category tourist 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adaptation villa pacific palisades los_angeles ancient roman architecture villa originally country house built lite pliny writing first_century identified several kinds villas villa urbana country could easily reached ancient_rome another city night two villa farm permanently occupied servants thestate would centre villa perhaps seasonally occupied roman villae atheart thearliest versions later elsewhere became called plantation included villae city house lite classes building blocks apartment building rest population st_century described wide_range roman dwellings another type villae villa seaside villa located coast concentration imperial villas existed gulf naples isle capri mount monte examples_include villa herculaneum villa house villa pompeii wealthy romans also escaped summer heat hills round around frascati villa allegedly fewer seven villas oldest whiche inherited pliny younger three four thexample near best_known descriptions roman writers refer satisfaction self villas drank ancient_rome wine olive oil history oil urban aristocrats playing old_fashioned roman farmers said independence villas increasing economic roman_empire roman examined numerous roman villa england list roman villas england like italian counterparts complete working societies vineyard perhaps even tile works quarry ranged round high status power centre baths gardens grand preserved mosaic floors anglo_saxon parish church built chance upon grave preparing late_th century punch intact mosaic floors villa roman palace winchester built large open entered towards thend century roman towns roman britain ceased expand like near centre roman cities villas entered building phase golden_age villa life villae economy file thumb left_px model roman palace governor villa scale two kinds villa plan roman britain may characteristic roman villas general usual plan extended wings rooms opening onto linking might bextended right angles even courtyard kind featured central basilica suggesting villa owner role villa buildings often independent structures linked enclosed timber framing timber_framed construction carefully fitted together set stone rule replaced stone buildings important ceremonial rooms traces window roman glass found well window monastery villas late antiquity withe decline roman_empire decline collapse western roman_empire fourth fifth centuries villas isolated came protected walls england villas abandoned burned anglo_saxon fifth century buthe concept isolated self sufficient working community housed close together survived anglo_saxon culture inhabitants bound land regions continent aristocracy class aristocrats territorial donated large working villas abandoned ones individual monk might become monastery monasteries way italian villa system late antiquity survived thearly medieval period form monasteries gothic war benedict established influential monastery monte ruins italy belonged sixth century gallo roman villas royal donated monasteries patronage saint des abbey germany famous example late established abbey roman villa near presented daughter ii king villa regis villa king around saint born highly placed gallo roman culture gallo roman family athe villa near france abbey founded domain former villa near abbey v similar founding post roman era post roman times villa referred self sufficient usually fortified italian gallo roman culture gallo roman economically sufficient village inhabitants might legally tied dynasty inherited concept followed french buthe later french term villa vila part many spanish portuguese like vila real disambiguation vila real villa vila town charter lesser importance ciudad city associated personal name villa probably used original sense country estate rather chartered town later evolution made hispanic distinction villas purely honorific one madrid villa court villa considered separate formerly mobile noble court royal court buthe much_smaller ciudad real declared ciudad spanish crown italian renaissance image villa thumb upright px villa medici poggio caiano tuscany th th_century italy villa country house like first medici villas villa del strong fortified houses built th_century florence giovanni de medici giovanni de medici commenced villa tuscany probably first villa created instructions leon features new idea villa de image thumb px villa lower half gardens florence first examples renaissance villa age de medici added poggio caiano medici villa poggio caiano begun poggio caiano province tuscany tuscany idea villa italian renaissance italy europe villa gardens villa gardens treated fundamental aesthetic link residential building outdoors views athatime desirable aspect nature later villas gardens include gardens florence villa province file villa px_thumbnail villa rome villas easy reach small sixteenth century city first roman villa built since antiquity belvedere structure belvedere designed antonio built slope vatican palace villa design attributed carried one influential private houses ever built elements derived villa villas th_century built near porta villa borghese gardens villa borghese villa villa pope julius iii designed roman villas villa villa destroyeduring late nineteenth_century wake real_estate bubble thatook place rome seat government united italy established rome cool hills gained villa villa villa near famous water play terraced history gardens villa medici thedge rome hill built besides designed seasonal pleasure usually_located within easy distance city italian villas castello family seat power villa house near tuscany villa built carlo transform gardens roman baroque style garden one sublime creations italian villa landscape completed th_century venice later th_century northeastern italian peninsula palladian villas veneto designed andrea palladio built republic venice palladio always designed villas reference setting often unified farm buildings architecture extended villas examples villa villa villa villa la villa villas grouped association ville offer touristic itineraries accommodation possibilities villas abroad th_century soon greenwich england following grand_tour inigo jones designed builthe queen house early palladian architecture style adaptation another_country palladian villa style renewed influence different_countries remained influential four hundred years withe neo palladian part late_th century renaissance revival architecture period file binz jpg thumb villa sea binz r gen r gen island typical villa th_century german resort architecture style th th_centuries thearly_th century thenglish took term applied ito compact houses country noto confused country house centres political cultural power show surrounded supported hall castle woburn abbey ireland house accessible london chiswick house example party villa thanks revival interest palladio inigo palladian palladian revival neo palladian villas valley river_thames english countryside marble hill house england conceived originally villa th_century john architecture britain palladian villa provides standard overview building type many ways late_th century monticello thomas jefferson virginia united_states palladian revival villa examples period style hammond house annapolis maryland many pre american_civil_war plantation many list james river plantations james river plantations well dozens architecture era plantations rest old south functioned roman villas gilded age early_th century produced inewport rhode_island oaks washington architects landscape richard morris hunt willis nineteenth_century villa extended describe large suburb house free standing landscape plot ground time semi detached villas erected athe turn twentieth_century term collapsed extension file thumb aerial view giant villa colonies dresden germany quarters incl second_half nineteenth_century saw creation large german speaking countries wealthy residential areas completely made large mansion houses often builto created also many large mansions wealthy german built villa h west berlin conceived extended trip south england representative art mansions germany include architecture mansions athe baltic sea rose island lake rose island king house bavarian alps villa bamberg villa schloss near villa villand schloss house berlin palace dresden villa ande villa san remo villa san remo dresden de k villa villa de villa kennedy villa kennedy frankfurt palais hamburg de ande villa villa k k villa ande palais palais munich schloss ritz lake ritz villa palatinate villa stuttgart house waren house waren ritz waren france teau de res example renaissance style villand britain towers john representative building thistyle germany villa haas designed ludwig klaus f park und villa haas und verlag edition isbn th st centuries file_jpg thumb typical villa graz austria th th_century term villa became widespread detached mansions europe special forms instance spa villas germand resort architecture seaside villas b german popular athend th_century tradition established back continued throughouthe th_century even today another trend rather mansions since also continues today denmark norway sweden villa forms single family detached home regardless size standard villa concept lived lives hacienda latin_americand brazil argentina oldest original portuguese spanish colonial architecture followed americas spain portugal spanish colonial revival architecture spanish colonial revival style regional variations th_century international style architecture international style villas designed marx oscar luis n architects developing latin aesthetic villas particularly well represented californiand west_coast united_states originally commissioned well travelled upper_class patrons moving queen anne style architecture united_states queen anne style victorian architecture arts architecture california pasadena california pasadena bel air los_angeles bel air beverly_hills california beverly_hills san marino california_san marino southern_californiand atherton piedmont california piedmont san_francisco_bay_areare examples villa density popularity mediterranean revival architecture various last century consistently used region florida architects wallace addison stanford white george washington smith architect george washington smith examples harold lloyd estate beverly_hills california medici scale castle central coast californiand villa santa_cruz mountains saratoga california villa coconut grove miami american versions gamble house pasadena california gamble house villas greene greene pasadena california modern villas file villa thumb example modern architecture villa sicily italy modern architecture produced important examples buildings called villas villa robert stevens res france villa france villa alvar aalto finland villa ludwig van czech_republic villa york country villa examples house frank lloyd wright hollywood house walter lincoln massachusetts frank lloyd wright pennsylvania us ludwig van illinois desert house richard palm springs plantation frank lloyd wright beaufort county south_carolina pal oscar bras brazil getty villa pacific palisades los_angeles today term villa often applied vacation_rental properties united_kingdom term_used high_quality detached homes warm destinations particularly floridand mediterranean term also_used pakistand caribbean jamaica saint barth saint martin british virgin islands others isimilar coastal resort areas baja california sur mainland mexico hospitality_industry destination resort luxury bungalow various worldwide locations indonesia term villa applied dutch colonial country houses nowadays term popularly applied vacation_rental usually_located countryside area image heritage houses thumb right px heritage villas late_th century auckland new_zealand australia villas villa units terms used describe type townhouse complex contains possibly smaller attached detached houses bedrooms built since_thearly inew_zealand term villa commonly_used describe style wooden house constructed characterised high often window long entrance hall cambodia villa used loanword khmer generally used describe type detached townhouse features yard space term apply style size features distinguish khmer villa another building yard space fully detached terms twin villand mini villa coined meaning semi smaller versions respectively generally would luxurious houses common row houses yard space would_also typically feature form garden trees generally would properties major_cities wealth hence luxurious also estate land estate great house manor house mansion category roman villas country roman villas country english country house ultimate bungalow category villas tuscany villas tuscany category villas veneto villas veneto category architectural history category house styles category house types category italian architecture category villas category vacation_rental category_tourist accommodations"},{"title":"Villa Agape","description":"file torre del gallo veduta villagape arrighettijpg thumb view from torre del gallo villagape previously named villarrighettis a villa in tuscany italy situated in florence on the hill of arcetri close to piazzale michelangelo the original house was built in but was rebuilt in its present form by giulio de filippo arrighettin arrighetti was friends withe scientist galileo who retired to arcetri effectively under house arrest after the condemnation of his theories a plaque on the wall commemorates their friendship the house is also known as il galateor podere celline and was a meeting point in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries of the arcadia dei pastori antellesi a cultural party grouping local poets aristocrats artists and literary figures the house is also notable for itsplendid gardens laid out in the s by anna d orleans the garden draws on the traditional features of tuscan gardens laid out on a steep slope in a series of terraces and merging withe surrounding countryside the house is now called the villagape and was run as a quiet hotel by nuns till starting from villagape became an elegant hotel run by a private company references ramsay and attlee h italian gardens robertson mccarta london category villas in florence agape category gardens in florence category hotels 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built rebuilt present form de friends withe scientist galileo retired effectively house arrest theories plaque wall friendship house also_known meeting point sixteenth seventeenth centuries arcadia dei cultural party local aristocrats artists literary figures house also notable gardens laid anna orleans garden draws traditional features gardens laid steep slope series merging withe surrounding countryside house called villagape run quiet hotel till starting villagape became elegant hotel run private_company references ramsay h italian gardens robertson london_category villas florence category gardens florence category_hotels index"},{"title":"Vinologue","description":"vinologue is a publisher of an enotourism guide book guidebook series of the same name it was founded by miquel hudin with lia varela i serras editor and the guides are designed to allow those interested in enotourism to visit big wines from small regions as they focus exclusively on the wines as well as the gastronomy and local culture of small regions throughouthe world the first vinologue guide was for dalmatia in croatiand was released in after several trips throughout europe in thearly s the founders discovered thatraditional travel guidebooks made little to no mention of the wines or the culture and gastronomy that surrounds it in they started researching a guide for the coastal dalmatia region in croatia while researching the guide they found the wines of neighboring herzegovina to be of high quality as well andecided to release two guides instead of the original one all of the guides were initially released in the digital epub formathey slowly added other titlesuch astellenbosch in south africa it was in thathey released their first official print guide alongside the digital version for thempord region of catalonia due to demand from the winemakers it was the first english languagenotourism guide of its kind in all of spain this was followed by a guide in print andigital for priorat doq priorathat was released simultaneously in separatenglish and catalan editions it was the first enotourism guide and first complete guide to the internationally renowned wines of the region after the first edition of the priorat book unexpectedly sold out in they released a fully revised and much larger second edition in mid the guides are different from other travel guidebooks in that in addition to providing travel information history and basic language information they also provide reviews of the wines produced by each winery covered creating a hybrid book that is partravel guide and part wine guide thus the name vinologue which is a portmanteau of vino and travelogue the guides work to make wine both approachable and affordable for any audience and they purposefully do not award numeric scores to wines given that beyond tasting notes they believe scores to be highly subjective and personal bothe print andigital editions of the guides are focused on being st century books with gps coordinates from wineries qr codes and other digital media integration each guide requires a great deal of work by the authors involved as they live in the region for several months while working on the research in order to achieve a full first person point of view the guides are written fully independently withe wineries and other businesses mentioned not paying for inclusion and the local governmental bodies not funding publication the comprehensive tasting notes for the wines of the regions and accompanying scores are derived from a panel of professional sommeliers who perform all the tastings fully blind vinologue dalmatia vinologue herzegovina vinologue stellenbosch vinologuempord vinologue priorat st ed vinologue menorca vinologue montsant vinologue priorat nd ed vinologue georgia the vinologuempord guide received the gourmand world cookbook awards gourmand award of best enotourism book from a united states publisher in the vinologue priorat guide received the gourmand world cookbook awards gourmand award of best european wine book from a united states publisher in and was a finalist for best wine book in the world gourmand award winners by country the nd edition of vinologue priorat was praised highly in the annual wine book reviews on the website of jancis robinson stating quite simply every wine region deserves an enotourism guide of this calibre and every wine traveller wants a wine guide this good jancis robinson book reviewspain and madeira popular culture they were the firsto coin the term flying wine to describe wines that were made in rented facilities thathey winemaker did not own these differ from winemaker n gociant n gociants in thathe wines are usually side projects of a winemaker athe winery made in their spare time primarily for experimentation as opposed to the n gociant which primarily for commercial purposes flying wines are oftencountered in priorat neighboring montsant do montsant and otheregions where winemaking is the dominant aspect 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released several trips throughout europe thearly founders discovered travel_guidebooks made little mention wines culture gastronomy surrounds started researching guide coastal dalmatia region croatia researching guide found wines neighboring herzegovina high_quality well release two guides instead original one guides initially released digital slowly added south_africa thathey released first official print guide alongside digital version region catalonia due demand winemakers first english guide kind spain followed guide print andigital priorat released simultaneously catalan editions first enotourism guide first complete guide internationally renowned wines region first_edition priorat book unexpectedly sold released fully revised much_larger second edition mid guides different travel_guidebooks addition providing travel_information history basic language information also_provide reviews wines produced winery covered creating hybrid book guide part wine guide thus name vinologue portmanteau vino travelogue guides work make wine affordable audience award scores wines given beyond tasting notes believe scores highly personal bothe print andigital editions guides focused st_century books gps coordinates wineries codes digital media integration guide requires great_deal work authors involved live region several months working research order achieve full first_person point view guides written fully independently withe wineries businesses mentioned paying inclusion local_governmental bodies funding publication comprehensive tasting notes wines regions accompanying scores derived panel professional perform tastings fully blind vinologue dalmatia vinologue herzegovina vinologue vinologue priorat st ed vinologue menorca vinologue vinologue priorat ed vinologue georgia guide received gourmand world cookbook awards gourmand award best enotourism book united_states publisher vinologue priorat guide received gourmand world cookbook awards gourmand award best european wine book united_states publisher finalist best wine book world gourmand award winners country edition vinologue priorat praised highly annual wine book reviews website robinson stating quite simply every wine_region enotourism guide every wine traveller wants wine guide good robinson book madeira popular_culture firsto coin term flying wine describe wines made rented facilities thathey winemaker differ winemaker n n thathe wines usually side projects winemaker athe winery made spare time primarily opposed n primarily commercial purposes flying wines priorat neighboring otheregions dominant aspect day day official_site vinologue priorat category catalan wine category croatian wine category_publishing companiestablished category_series books_category_books wine category spanish wine category_travel_guide_books"},{"title":"Virgin Galactic","description":"commenced ceased aoc basespaceport america mojave air space port long beach airport hubsecondary hubs focus cities frequent flyer lounge alliance subsidiaries fleet size destinations company slogan parent virgin group headquarters long beach california key people richard branson chairman george t whitesides george whitesides ceo revenue operating income net income profit assets equity num employees website virgin galactic is a spaceflight company within the virgin group it is developing commercial spacecraft and aims to provide suborbital spaceflight s to space tourism space tourists and suborbitalaunches for space science missions virgin galactic plans to provide orbital spaceflight orbital human spaceflight s as well spaceshiptwo virgin galactic suborbital spacecraft is air launch ed from beneath a carrier airplane known as white knightwo virgin galactic s founder sirichard branson had initially suggested that he hoped to see a maiden flight by thend of buthis date has been delayed on a number of occasions most recently by the vss enterprise crash october in flight loss of spaceshiptwo vss enterprise vss enterprise history and operations formation and early activities virgin galactic was founded in by british entrepreneur sirichard branson who had previously founded virgin atlantic airline and the virgin group and who had a long personal history of hot air balloon and surface record breaking activities as part of branson s promotion of the firm he has added a variation of the virgin galactic livery to his personal business jethe dassault falcon ex galactic girl galx the spaceship company the spaceship company tsc was founded by gabe casanova through virgin group which owned and lee hysan lee family from hong kong owned to build commercial spaceships and launch aircraft for space travel from the time of tsc s formation in the launch customer was virgin galactic which contracted to purchase five spaceshiptwos and two whiteknighttwoscaled composites was contracted to develop and build the initial prototypes of wk and ss and then tsc began production of the follow on vehicles beginning in scaled composites projects firebirdbipodspaceshiptwo test summarieswhiteknighttwo flightest summariesrocketmotortwo hot fire test summariesprojects main landing page te by july tsc was only halfway through the completion of a second spaceshiptwo and had commenced construction of a second whiteknighttwo commencement of sub space test flights in july richard branson predicted the maiden space voyage would take place within months in october virgin galactic announced that initial flights would take place from spaceport america within two years later that year scaled composite announced that white knightwo s first spaceshiptwo captive flights would be in early pictures whiteknightwo spoilers get holes both aircraft did fly together in march news vss enterprise s first captive carry flight virgin galactic the credibility of thearlier promises of launch dates by virgin galactic were brought into question in october by its chief executive george whitesides when he told the guardian we ve changedramatically as a company when i joined in were mostly a marketing organisation right nowe can design build test and fly a rocket motor all by ourselves and all in mojave which i don think is done anywherelse on the planet on december spaceshiptwo was unveiled athe mojave spaceport branson told the people attending each of whom had booked rides at each that flights would begin however in april branson announced further delaysaying i hope months from nowe ll be sitting in our spaceship and heading off into space privateye september beam us up beardie privateye no sept pg retrieved october by february spaceshiptwo had completed test flights attached to white knightwo and an additional glide tests the last of which took place in september a rocket powered test flight of spaceshiptwo finally took place on april with an engine burn of seconds duration the brieflight began at an altitude ofeet and reached a maximum altitude ofeet while the ss achieved a speed of mach mph this was less than half the mph speed predicted by richard branson spaceshiptwo second supersonic flight achieved a speed of mph for seconds while this was an improvement it fell far short of the mph for seconds required to carry six passengers into space however branson still announced hispaceship would be capable of launching satellites every day on may richard branson stated on virgin radio dubai s kris fade morning show that he would be aboard the first public flight of spaceshiptwo whichad again been rescheduled this time to december maybe i ll dress up as father christmas branson said the third rocket powered test flight of spaceshiptwo took place on january and successfully tested the spaceship s reaction control system rcs and the newly installed thermal protection coating on the vehicle s tail booms virgin galacticeo george whitesidesaid we are progressively closer tour target of starting commercial service interviewed by the observer athe time of her th birthday in july branson s mother eve told reporter elizabeth day of her intention of going to space herself asked when that might be she replied i think it s thend of the year adding after a pause it s always thend of the year in septemberichard branson described the intendedate for the first commercial flight as february or march of by the time of this announcement a new plastic based fuel had yeto be ignited in flighto date the three test flights of the ss have only reached an altitude of around ft approximately miles in order to receive a federal aviation administration licence to carry passengers the craft needs to completest missions at full speed and k rm n line mile height following the announcement ofurther delays uk newspaper the sunday times reported that branson faced a backlash from those who had booked flights with virgin galactic withe company having received million in fares andepositsungoed thomas jon september the m virginautstranded on earthe sunday timeseptemberetrieved october tom bower author of branson the man behind the mask told the sunday times they spent years trying to perfect onengine and failed they are now trying to use a different engine and get into space in six months it is just not feasible porter tom september doubts about feasibility of virgin space flights as branson announces new delays international business timeseptemberetrieved october bbc scienceditor david shukman commented in october that branson s enthusiasm andetermination are undoubted but his most recent promises of launching the first passenger trip by thend of this year had already started to look unrealistic some months ago following the crash of vss enterprise test flights of the replacement spaceship unity were seto begin after ground tests completed in august virgin galactic to restart flightests of commercial spaceship vss unity completed its first flight successful glide test in december the glide lasted ten minutes by march three glide tests had been completed virgin galactic facebook march october in flight loss of vss enterprise at am pst october the fourth rocket powered test flight of one of the company spaceshiptwo craft vss enterprisended in disaster as it broke apart in midair withe debris falling into the mojave desert in california shortly after being released from the mothership initial reports attributed the loss to an as yet unidentified in flight anomaly the flight was the firstest of spaceshiptwo with new plastic based fuel replacing the original a rubber based solid fuel that had not met expectations year old co pilot michael alsbury was killed and year old pilot peter siebold waseriously injured investigation and media comment initial investigations found thathengine and propellantanks were intact showing thathere had not been a fuel explosion telemetry datand cockpit video showed that instead the air brake aeronautics air braking system appeared to have deployed incorrectly and too early for unknown reasons and thathe craft had violently broken apart in midair seconds later us national transportation safety board chairman christopher hart said onovember that investigators hadetermined spaceshiptwo s tail system wasupposed to have been released for deployment as the craft was traveling aboutimes the speed of sound instead the tail section began pivoting when the vehicle was flying at mach i m not stating thathis the cause of the mishap we have months and months of investigation to determine whathe cause wasked if pilot error was a possible factor hart said we are looking at all of these issues to determine what was the root cause of this mishap he noted that it was also unclear how the tail mechanism began to rotate once it was unlocked since that maneuverequires a separate pilot command that was never given and whether the craft s position in the air and itspeed somehow enabled the tail section to swing free on its own inovember branson and virgin galacticame under criticism for their attempts to distance the company from the disaster by referring to the test pilots ascaled composites employees virgin galactic s official statement on october said virgin galactic s partner scaled composites conducted a powered test flight of spaceshiptwo earlier today local authorities have confirmed that one of the two scaled composites pilots dieduring the accidenthis was in strong contrasto publicommunications previously released concerning the group successful flights whichad routinely presented pilots craft and projects within the same organizational structures as being virgin galactic flights or activities of the galactic team the bbc s david shukman commented that even as details emerge of what went wrong this clearly a massive setback to a company hoping to pioneer a new industry of space tourism confidence is everything and this will not encourage the long list of celebrity and millionaire customers waiting for their first flight at a hearing in washington dc on july and a press release on the same day the ntsb cited inadequate design safeguards poor pilotraining lack of rigorous faa oversight and a potentially anxious co pilot without recent flight experience as important factors in the crash they determined thathe co pilot who died in the accident prematurely unlocked a movable tail section some ten seconds after spaceship two fired its rocket engine and was breaking the sound barrieresulting in the craft breaking apart buthe board also found thathe scaled composites unit of northrop grumman which designed and flew the prototype space tourism vehicle didn t properly prepare for potential human slip ups by providing a fail safe system that could have guarded against such premature deployment a single point human failure has to be anticipated board memberobert sumwalt said instead scaled composites put all their eggs in the basket of the pilots doing it correctly ntsb chairman christopher hart emphasized that consideration of human factors which was not emphasized in the design safety assessment and operation of spaceshiptwo s feather system is critical to safe manned spaceflighto mitigate the potential consequences of human error manned commercial spaceflight is a new frontier with many unknown risks and hazards in such an environment safety margins around known hazards must be rigorously established and where possiblexpanded for commercial spaceflighto successfully mature we must meticulously seek out and mitigate known hazards as a prerequisite to identifying and mitigating new hazards in itsubmission to the ntsb virgin galactic reports thathe second ss currently nearing completion has been modified with an automatic mechanical inhibit device to prevent locking or unlocking of the feather during safety critical phases an explicit warning abouthe dangers of premature unlocking has also been added to the checklist and operating handbook and a formalized crew resource management crm approach already used by virgin for its wk operations is being adopted for ss however despite crm issues being cited as a likely contributing cause virgin confirmed that it would not modify the cockpit display system pivoto smallsat launcher development while virgin has been pursuing the development of a smallsat launch vehicle since the company began in to make the smallsat launch business a larger part of virgin s core business plan as the virgin human spaceflight program has experienced multiple delays this part of the business waspun off into a new company called virgin orbit in after a claimed investment by virgin group of in the sovereign wealth fund of abu dhabi aabar investments group acquired a stake in virgin galactic foreceiving exclusive regional rights to launch tourism and scientific research space flights from the united arab emirates capital in july aabar invested a further to develop a program to launch smallsat small satellites into low earth orbit raising their equity share to virgin announced in june thathey were in talks with google abouthe injection of capital to fund both development and operations the new mexico government has invested approaching m in the spaceport america facility for which virgin galactic is the anchor tenant other commercial space companies also use the site potential collaboration with nasa in february virgin announced thathey had signed a memorandum of understanding with nasa to explore the potential for collaboration memorandum of understanding between virgin galactic llc and national aeronautics and space administration ames research center wwwnasagov nasa provides additional information agreement with virgin galactic with mou text spaceref your space reference buto date this has produced only a relatively small contract in of up to million foresearch flights oneweb satellite internet access provider virgin group in january announced an investment into the oneweb satellite constellation providing world internet accesservice of worldvu satellite constellation worldvu virgin galactic will take a share of the launch contracts to launch the satellites into their km orbits the prospective launches would use the under design virgin galactic launcherone system collaboration with boom technology virgin galactic and the virgin group are collaborating with boom technology in order to create a new supersonic transport supersonic passenger transporter as a successor to the concorde this new supersonic plane would fly at mach similar to concorde for a hour trans atlantic flight half of standard projected to cost per seat half of concorde for a load of passengers the concorde held it is anticipated that withe accumulation of knowledge since the design of concorde the new plane would be safer and cheaper with better fuel economy operating costs and aerodynamics boom would collaborate with virgin s the spaceship company for design engineering and flightest support and manufacturing the initial model would be the boom technology xboom technology xbaby boom supersonic demonstrator size prototype it would be capable of trans pacific flight la to sydney in hours traveling at xb would bequipped with general electric j engines honeywell avionics with composite structures fabricated by blue force using tencate advanced composites carbon fiber products first flight ischeduled for late virgin galactic has optioned units operational aspects key personnel david mackay pilot david mackay formeroyal air force raf test pilot was named chief pilot for virgin galactic in the telegraph london how one boy s dream of space flight looks like coming true philip sherwell july and chief test pilotcoventry telegraph spaceshipiloto visit coventry university june steve isakowitz was appointed as virgin galactic s president in june in year ofirsts virgin galactic names alum as president alummitedu retrieved on in october mike moses replaced steve isakowitz as president isakowitz moved to aerospace corp to become president and ceo moses was promoted from vp operations and was once a nasa flight director and shuttle integration manager chairman richard branson ceo george t whitesides george whitesides president mike moses pilot corps chief pilot david mackay pilot dave mackay chieflight instructor mike masucci mike sooch masucci vp safety todd ericson todd leif ericson test pilot mark stucky mark forger stucky pilot frederick sturckow rick cj sturckow aircraft and spacecraft file whiteknightwo flyingjpg righthumb white knightwo in the air file vg wk cr jpg thumbnail right white knightwon the ground the scaled composites white knightwo white knightwo is a special airplane built as the mother ship and launch platform for the spacecraft spaceshiptwo and the unmanned launch vehicle launcherone the mothership is a large fixed wing aircraft with two hulls linked together by a central wing two aircraft are planned vms eve vms eve and virgin galactic spirit of steve fossett vmspirit of steve fossetthe launcherone system will use a boeing as the mothership the b cosmic girl airplane cosmic girl has been acquired for the dutiespaceship two richard branson unveiled the rocket plane on december announcing that after testing the plane would carry fare paying passengers ticketed for short duration journeys just above the atmosphere of earth atmosphere virgin group would initially launch from a base inew mexico beforextending operations around the globe built from lightweight carbon composite materials and powered by a hybrid rocket motor ss is based on the ansari x prize winning spaceshipone concept a rocket plane that is lifted initially by a carrier aircraft before independent launch ss became the world s first private spaceship with a series of high altitude flights in the programme was delayed after three scaled composites employees todd ivens eric blackwell and charles may were killed in an accident in mojave on july where the detonation of a tank of nitrous oxidestroyed a testand they had been observing the test from behind a chain link fence that offered no protection from the shrapnel andebris when the tank exploded three other employees were injured in the blast and the company was fined for breaches of health and safety rules the cause of the accident has never been made public itsuccessor is twice as large measuring m ft in length whereaspaceshipone could carry a single pilot and two passengerss will have a crew of two and room for six passengers by august customers had signed up for a flight initially at a ticket price of person but raised to in may tickets are available fromore than space agents worldwide passengers who have already submitted their deposit include stephen hawking tom hanks ashton kutcher katy perry brad pitt angelina jolie scientist and entrepreneur alan finkel and australian science journalist wilson da silva spaceshiptwo s projected performance spaceshiptwo is projected to fly to a height of km going beyond the defined boundary of space km and lengthening thexperience of weightlessness for its passengers the spacecraft would reach a top speed of km h mph on may virgin galactic announced thathey had abandoned use of the sierra nevada corporation snc nitrous oxide rubber motor for spaceshiptwon july snconfirmed thathey had also abandoned use of this motor for its dream chaser space shuttle future testing will see spaceshiptwo powered by a polyamide grain powered motor in honor of the science fiction seriestar trek the first ship is named after the fictional starship enterprise to reenter the atmosphere spaceshiptwo folds its wings up and then returns them to their original position for an unpoweredescent flight back onto the runway the craft has a very limited cross range capability and until other planned spaceports are built worldwide it has to land in the area where it started further spaceports are planned in abu dhabi and elsewhere withe intention thathe spaceline will have a worldwide availability and commodity in the future overview of the sspacecraft flightspaceshiptwo s planned trajectory would achieve a suborbital spaceflight suborbital journey with a short period of weightlessness carried to about kilometers or ft underneath a carrier aircraft scaled composites white knightwo white knight ii after separation the vehicle would continue tover km the k rm n line a common definition of where space begins the time from liftoff of the white knight booster carrying spaceshiptwo until the touchdown of the spacecrafter the suborbital flight would be about hours the suborbital flight itself would only be a small fraction of thatime with weightlessness lasting approximately minutes passengers will be able to release themselves from their seats during these minutes and float around the cabin addition to the suborbital passenger business virgin galactic will market spaceshiptwo for suborbital space science missions and market white knightwo for small satellite launch services it had planned to initiate request for proposal rfps for the satellite business in early but flights had not materialized as of in february cracks in whiteknighttwo where the spars connect withe fuselage were discovereduring an inspection conducted after virgin galactic took possession of the aircraft from builder scaled composites launcherone is an orbitalaunch vehicle that was publicly announced by virgin galactic in july it is being designed to launch smallsat payload air and space craft payloads of into low earth orbit earth orbit with launches projected to begin several private spaceflight commercial customers have already contracted for launches includingeoopticskybox imaging spaceflight services and planetary resources both surrey satellitechnology and sierra nevada corporation sierra nevada space systems are developing satellite bus es optimized to the design of launcherone in october virgin announced that launcherone could place in sun synchronous orbit virgin plans to markethe payloadelivery to sun synchronous orbit for under per mission while the maximum payload for leo missions is virgin galactic has been working on the launcherone concept since at least latexclusive virgin galactic unveils launcherone name rob coppinger flightglobal hyperbola december and the technical specifications were first described in some detail in late the launcherone configuration is proposed to be an expendable two stage liquid fueled rocket air launch torbit air launched from a white knightwo this would make it a similar configuration to that used by orbital sciences pegasus rocket pegasus or a smaller version of the stratolaunch in virgin galactic established a sqft research development and manufacturing center for launcherone athe long beach airporthe company reported in march thathey are on schedule to begin test flights of launcherone with its newton engine by thend of on june the company signed a contract with oneweb ltd for satellite launches for its oneweb satellite constellation satellite constellation with an option for an additionalaunches launcherone will be a two stage air launched vehicle using newton engines rp lox liquid rocket engines the second stage will be powered by newtonone a thrust engine it was originally intended thathe firstage will be powered by a scaled up design of the same basic technology as newtonone called newtontwo with of thrust both engines have been designed and first articles have been built newtonone was tested up to a full duration burn ofive minutes newtontwo made several short duration firings by early newtonthree is a thrust engine and has only recently begun hot fire test s morecent reportsuggesthat a newtonthree will power the firstage of launcherone redesignew engines larger payloads new carrier aircraft file g vwow jpg thumb launcherone will be launched from this former virgin atlantic boeing news reports in september indicate thathe higher payload is to be achieved by longer fuel tanks and the newtonthreengine buthis will mean that white knightwo will no longer be able to lift ito launch altitude the rocket will be carried to launch altitude by a virgin galactic reveals boeing for launcherone the revised launcherone will utilize bothe newton and newton rocket engines in december virgin announced a change to the carrier plane for launcherone as well as a substantially larger design point for the rocket itself the carrier aircraft will now be a boeing which will in turn allow a larger launcherone to carry heavier payloads than previously planned the modification work on the particular that virgin has purchased is expected to be completed in to be followed by orbital test launches of the rocket in spaceshiptwo spaceships vss enterprise vss unity unveiled february vss under construction vss under construction whiteknighttwo motherships vms eve present boeing motherships cosmic girl airplane cosmic girl present commercial spaceflight locations in it was announced thatest launches for its fleet of two white knightwo mother ships and five or more spaceshiptwo tourist suborbital spacecraft would take place from the mojave spaceport where scaled composites was constructing the spacecraft an international architectural competition for the design of virgin galactic s operating base spaceport america inew mexico saw the contract awarded to urs and foster partners architects in the same year virgin galactic announced that it would eventually operate in europe out of spaceport sweden or even from raf lossiemouth in scotland while the original plan called for flight operations to transfer from the california deserto the new spaceport upon completion of the spaceport virgin galactic has yeto complete the development and test program of spaceshiptwo in october the m ft runway at spaceport america was opened with spaceshiptwo vss enterprise shipped to the site carried underneathe fuselage of virgin galactic s mother ship eve virgin galactic is nothe only corporation pursuing suborbital spacecraft for tourism blue origin is developing suborbital flights with its new shepard spacecraft although more secretive about its plans jeff bezos hasaid the company is developing a spacecrafthat would take off and land vertically and carry three or more astronauts to thedge of space new shepard has flown above the karman line landed and been reflown to above the karman line again another organization actively exploring reusable crewed suborbital spaceplanes is xcor aerospace xcor s xcor lynx suborbital vehicle would take off under its own power horizontally from a runway upon takeoff it would pitch up and climb tover km withengineshut down it would then glide back and land on the runway the lynx will be capable oflying four full flights per day on september spacex and boeing were awarded contracts as part of nasa s commercial crew development commercial crew transportation capability cctcap program to develop their dragon v crew dragon and cstarliner spacecraft respectively both are capsule designs to bring crew torbit a slightly different commercial markethan that addressed by virgin galactic there have been a series of delays to the ss flightest vehicle becoming operational amidst repeated assurances from virgin galactic marketing that operational flights were only a year or twouthe wall street journal reported inovember thathere has been tension between mr branson s upbeat projections and the persistent hurdles that challenged the company s hundreds of technical experts the company has responded thathe company and its contractors have internal milestonesuch aschedulestimates and goals buthe companies are driven by safety and the completion of the flightest program before moving into commercial service virgin galactic schedules have always been consistent with internal schedules of its contractors and changes have never impacted flight safety see also commercial astronaut new mexico spaceport authority newspace x prize foundation externalinks the spaceship company virgin galactic spaceshiptwo mothership makes maiden flight virgin galactic lethe journey begin video branson and rutan launch new spaceship manufacturing company us okays virgin galactic spaceshiplans new mexico spaceport billsigned lloyds eyes covering virgin spaceflights virgin galactic rolls out mothership evepisode january rd wanto be an astronaut book a ticket online failure to launch spaceport america takes a couple of hits category virgin galacticategory aerospace companies of the united states category private spaceflight companies category commercial spaceflight category human spaceflight programs category space tourism category technology companies based in the greater los angeles area category companies based in long beach california category airlinestablished in category technology companiestablished in category establishments in california category aabar investments category virgin group 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companies","companies based","greater los","los angeles","angeles area","area category","category companies","companies based","long beach","beach california","california category","category technology","technology companiestablished","category establishments","california category","investments category","category virgin","virgin group","group g"],"new_description":"commenced ceased america mojave air_space port long_beach airport focus cities frequent flyer lounge alliance fleet size destinations company slogan parent virgin_group headquarters long_beach_california key_people richard_branson chairman george whitesides george whitesides ceo revenue_operating income_net_income profit assets_equity num_employees website virgin_galactic spaceflight company within virgin_group developing commercial_spacecraft aims provide suborbital_spaceflight space_tourism space_tourists space science missions virgin_galactic plans provide orbital_spaceflight orbital human_spaceflight well spaceshiptwo virgin_galactic suborbital spacecraft air_launch ed beneath carrier airplane known white_knightwo virgin_galactic founder sirichard branson initially suggested hoped see maiden flight thend buthis date delayed number occasions recently vss_enterprise crash october flight loss spaceshiptwo vss_enterprise vss_enterprise history operations formation early activities virgin_galactic founded british entrepreneur sirichard branson previously founded virgin atlantic airline virgin_group long personal history hot_air balloon surface record breaking activities part branson promotion firm added variation virgin_galactic personal business dassault falcon galactic girl spaceship_company spaceship_company tsc founded virgin_group owned lee lee family hong_kong owned build commercial_spaceships launch aircraft space_travel time tsc formation launch customer virgin_galactic contracted purchase five two composites contracted develop build initial prototypes tsc began production follow vehicles beginning scaled_composites projects test_flightest hot fire test main landing page july tsc halfway completion second spaceshiptwo commenced construction second whiteknighttwo sub space test_flights july richard_branson predicted maiden space voyage would_take_place within months october virgin_galactic announced initial flights would_take_place spaceport america within two_years_later year scaled composite announced white_knightwo first spaceshiptwo captive flights would early pictures get holes aircraft fly together march news vss_enterprise first captive_carry flight virgin_galactic credibility thearlier promises launch dates virgin_galactic brought question october chief_executive george whitesides told guardian company joined mostly marketing organisation right design build test fly rocket motor mojave think done planet december spaceshiptwo unveiled athe mojave spaceport branson told people attending booked rides flights would begin however april branson announced hope months sitting spaceship heading space september beam us sept retrieved_october february spaceshiptwo completed test_flights attached white_knightwo additional glide tests last took_place september rocket_powered test_flight spaceshiptwo finally took_place april engine burn seconds duration began altitude ofeet reached maximum altitude ofeet achieved speed mach mph less half mph speed predicted richard_branson spaceshiptwo second supersonic flight achieved speed_mph seconds improvement fell far short mph seconds required carry six passengers space however branson still announced would capable launching satellites every_day may richard_branson stated virgin radio dubai fade morning show would aboard first_public flight spaceshiptwo whichad time december dress father christmas branson said third rocket_powered test_flight spaceshiptwo took_place january successfully tested spaceship reaction control system newly installed thermal protection vehicle tail virgin george progressively closer tour target starting commercial service interviewed observer athe_time th birthday july branson mother eve told reporter elizabeth day intention going space asked might think thend year adding always thend year branson described first_commercial flight february march time announcement new plastic based fuel yeto flighto date three test_flights reached altitude around approximately miles order receive federal_aviation_administration licence carry passengers craft needs missions full speed k n line mile height following announcement delays uk newspaper sunday_times reported branson faced backlash booked flights virgin_galactic withe company received million fares thomas jon september sunday october tom bower author branson man behind mask told sunday_times spent years trying perfect failed trying use different engine get space six months feasible porter tom september feasibility virgin space flights branson announces new delays international business october bbc david commented october branson enthusiasm recent promises launching first passenger trip thend year already started look months ago following crash vss_enterprise test_flights replacement spaceship unity seto begin ground tests completed august virgin_galactic flightests commercial_spaceship vss_unity completed first_flight successful glide test december glide lasted ten minutes march three glide tests completed virgin_galactic facebook march october flight loss vss_enterprise october fourth rocket_powered test_flight one company spaceshiptwo craft vss disaster broke apart withe debris falling mojave desert california shortly released mothership initial reports attributed loss yet flight flight firstest spaceshiptwo new plastic based fuel replacing original rubber based solid fuel met expectations year_old pilot michael alsbury killed year_old pilot peter siebold injured investigation media comment initial investigations found intact showing thathere fuel explosion telemetry datand cockpit video showed instead air brake aeronautics air braking system appeared deployed early unknown reasons thathe craft broken apart seconds later us_national transportation safety board chairman christopher hart said onovember investigators spaceshiptwo tail system released deployment craft traveling speed sound instead tail section began vehicle flying mach stating thathis cause months months investigation determine whathe cause wasked pilot error possible factor hart said looking issues determine root cause noted also unclear tail mechanism began since separate pilot command never given whether craft position air enabled tail section swing free inovember branson virgin criticism attempts distance company disaster referring test pilots composites employees virgin_galactic official statement october said virgin_galactic partner scaled_composites conducted powered_test_flight spaceshiptwo earlier today local_authorities confirmed one two scaled_composites pilots strong contrasto previously released concerning group successful flights whichad routinely presented pilots craft projects within organizational structures virgin_galactic flights activities galactic team bbc david commented even details emerge went wrong clearly massive company hoping pioneer new industry space_tourism confidence everything encourage long list celebrity millionaire customers waiting first_flight hearing washington july press_release day ntsb cited inadequate design poor pilotraining lack rigorous faa oversight potentially pilot without recent flight experience important factors crash determined thathe pilot died accident movable tail section ten seconds spaceship two fired rocket_engine breaking sound craft breaking apart buthe board also_found thathe scaled_composites unit northrop grumman designed flew prototype space_tourism vehicle properly prepare potential human ups providing fail safe system could guarded premature deployment single point human failure anticipated board said instead scaled_composites put eggs basket pilots correctly ntsb chairman christopher hart emphasized consideration human factors emphasized design safety assessment operation spaceshiptwo system critical safe manned mitigate potential consequences human error manned commercial_spaceflight new frontier many unknown risks hazards environment safety margins around known hazards must established commercial successfully mature must seek mitigate known hazards identifying new hazards ntsb virgin_galactic reports thathe second currently completion modified automatic mechanical device prevent safety critical phases warning abouthe dangers premature also added operating handbook crew resource_management crm approach already used virgin operations adopted however despite crm issues cited likely contributing cause virgin confirmed would modify cockpit display system smallsat launcher development virgin pursuing development smallsat launch_vehicle since company began make smallsat launch business larger part virgin core business plan virgin human_spaceflight program experienced multiple delays part business waspun new_company called virgin orbit claimed investment virgin_group sovereign wealth fund abu investments group acquired stake virgin_galactic exclusive regional rights launch tourism scientific_research space flights united_arab_emirates capital july invested develop program launch smallsat small satellites low_earth_orbit raising equity share virgin announced june thathey talks google abouthe injection capital fund development operations new_mexico government invested approaching spaceport america facility virgin_galactic anchor tenant commercial_space companies also_use site potential collaboration nasa february virgin announced_thathey signed memorandum understanding nasa explore potential collaboration memorandum understanding virgin_galactic llc national aeronautics space administration ames research_center nasa provides additional information agreement virgin_galactic text space reference buto date produced relatively small contract million foresearch flights oneweb satellite internet access provider virgin_group january announced investment oneweb satellite constellation providing world internet satellite constellation virgin_galactic take share launch contracts launch satellites orbits prospective launches would use design virgin_galactic launcherone system collaboration boom technology virgin_galactic virgin_group boom technology order create new supersonic transport supersonic passenger transporter successor concorde new supersonic plane would fly mach similar concorde hour trans atlantic flight half standard projected cost per seat half concorde load passengers concorde held anticipated withe knowledge since design concorde new plane would safer cheaper better fuel economy operating costs boom would virgin spaceship_company design engineering flightest support manufacturing initial model would boom technology technology boom supersonic size prototype would capable trans pacific flight la sydney hours traveling would general electric j engines avionics composite structures fabricated blue force using advanced composites carbon fiber products first_flight ischeduled late virgin_galactic units operational aspects key personnel david mackay pilot david mackay air_force raf test pilot named chief pilot virgin_galactic telegraph london one boy dream space flight looks like coming true philip july chief test telegraph visit coventry university june steve appointed virgin_galactic president june year virgin_galactic names alum president retrieved_october mike moses replaced steve president moved aerospace corp become president ceo moses promoted operations nasa flight director shuttle integration manager chairman richard_branson ceo george whitesides george whitesides president mike moses pilot corps chief pilot david mackay pilot dave mackay instructor mike masucci mike masucci safety todd todd test pilot mark stucky mark stucky pilot frederick sturckow rick sturckow aircraft spacecraft file righthumb white_knightwo air file_jpg thumbnail_right white ground scaled_composites white_knightwo white_knightwo special airplane built mother ship launch platform spacecraft spaceshiptwo unmanned launch_vehicle launcherone mothership large fixed wing aircraft two linked together central wing two aircraft planned vms_eve vms_eve virgin_galactic spirit steve fossett steve launcherone system use boeing mothership b cosmic girl airplane cosmic girl acquired two richard_branson unveiled rocket plane december announcing testing plane would carry fare paying passengers short duration journeys atmosphere earth atmosphere virgin_group would initially launch base inew_mexico operations around globe built lightweight carbon composite materials powered hybrid_rocket motor based ansari_x_prize winning spaceshipone concept rocket plane lifted initially carrier_aircraft independent launch became world first_private_spaceship series high_altitude flights programme delayed three scaled_composites employees todd eric blackwell charles may killed accident mojave july detonation tank nitrous testand observing test behind chain link fence offered protection shrapnel tank exploded three employees injured blast company fined health safety rules cause accident never made public twice large measuring length could carry single pilot two crew two room six passengers august customers signed flight initially ticket price person raised may tickets available fromore space agents worldwide passengers already submitted deposit include stephen tom katy perry brad scientist entrepreneur alan australian science journalist wilson silva spaceshiptwo projected performance spaceshiptwo projected fly height going beyond defined boundary space thexperience weightlessness passengers spacecraft would reach top speed h mph may virgin_galactic announced_thathey abandoned use sierra_nevada corporation nitrous_oxide rubber motor july thathey also abandoned use motor dream space_shuttle future testing see spaceshiptwo powered grain powered motor honor science_fiction seriestar trek first ship named fictional starship enterprise atmosphere spaceshiptwo folds wings returns original position flight back onto runway craft limited cross range capability planned spaceports built worldwide land area started spaceports planned abu elsewhere withe intention thathe worldwide availability commodity future overview planned trajectory would achieve suborbital_spaceflight suborbital journey short period weightlessness carried kilometers underneath carrier_aircraft scaled_composites white_knightwo white_knight ii separation vehicle would continue tover k n line common definition space begins time liftoff white_knight booster carrying spaceshiptwo touchdown suborbital flight would hours suborbital flight would small fraction thatime weightlessness lasting approximately minutes passengers able release seats minutes float around cabin addition suborbital passenger business virgin_galactic market spaceshiptwo suborbital space science missions market white_knightwo small satellite launch_services planned initiate request proposal satellite business early flights february whiteknighttwo connect withe fuselage inspection conducted virgin_galactic took possession aircraft builder scaled_composites launcherone orbitalaunch_vehicle publicly_announced virgin_galactic july designed launch smallsat payload air_space craft payloads low_earth_orbit earth_orbit launches projected begin several private_spaceflight commercial customers already contracted launches imaging spaceflight services planetary resources surrey sierra_nevada corporation sierra_nevada space systems developing satellite bus optimized design launcherone october virgin announced launcherone could place sun orbit virgin plans markethe sun orbit per mission maximum payload leo missions virgin_galactic working launcherone concept since least virgin_galactic unveils launcherone name rob december technical specifications first described detail late launcherone configuration proposed expendable two_stage liquid fueled rocket air_launch torbit air_launched white_knightwo would make similar configuration used orbital sciences rocket smaller version stratolaunch virgin_galactic established sqft research development manufacturing center launcherone athe long_beach company reported march thathey schedule begin test_flights launcherone newton engine thend june company signed contract oneweb ltd satellite launches oneweb satellite constellation satellite constellation option launcherone two_stage air_launched vehicle using newton engines lox liquid rocket_engines second_stage powered thrust engine originally_intended thathe_firstage powered scaled design basic technology called thrust engines designed first articles built tested full duration burn ofive minutes made several short duration firings early_thrust engine recently begun hot fire test morecent power firstage launcherone engines larger payloads new carrier_aircraft file g jpg thumb launcherone launched former virgin atlantic boeing news reports september indicate thathe higher payload achieved longer fuel tanks buthis mean white_knightwo longer able lift ito launch altitude rocket carried launch altitude virgin_galactic reveals boeing launcherone revised launcherone utilize bothe newton newton rocket_engines december virgin announced change carrier plane launcherone well substantially larger design point rocket carrier_aircraft boeing turn allow larger launcherone carry heavier payloads previously planned work particular virgin purchased expected completed followed orbital test launches rocket spaceshiptwo spaceships vss_enterprise vss_unity unveiled february vss construction vss construction whiteknighttwo vms_eve present boeing cosmic girl airplane cosmic girl present commercial_spaceflight locations announced launches fleet two white_knightwo mother ships five spaceshiptwo tourist suborbital spacecraft would_take_place mojave spaceport scaled_composites constructing spacecraft international architectural competition design virgin_galactic operating base spaceport america inew_mexico saw contract awarded urs foster partners architects year virgin_galactic announced would eventually operate europe spaceport sweden even raf scotland original plan called flight operations transfer california new spaceport upon completion spaceport virgin_galactic yeto complete development test_program spaceshiptwo october runway spaceport america opened spaceshiptwo vss_enterprise shipped site carried underneathe fuselage virgin_galactic mother ship eve virgin_galactic nothe corporation pursuing suborbital spacecraft tourism blue_origin developing suborbital flights new_shepard spacecraft although secretive plans jeff_bezos hasaid company developing would_take land vertically carry three astronauts thedge space new_shepard flown line landed line another organization actively exploring reusable crewed suborbital spaceplanes xcor_aerospace xcor xcor_lynx suborbital vehicle would_take power horizontally runway upon takeoff would pitch climb tover would glide back land runway lynx capable oflying four full flights per_day september spacex boeing awarded contracts part nasa commercial_crew_development commercial_crew transportation capability program develop dragon v crew dragon_spacecraft respectively capsule designs bring crew torbit slightly different commercial addressed virgin_galactic series delays flightest vehicle becoming operational repeated virgin_galactic marketing operational flights year wall_street_journal reported inovember thathere tension branson projections challenged company hundreds technical experts company responded thathe_company contractors internal goals buthe companies driven safety completion flightest_program moving commercial service virgin_galactic schedules always consistent internal schedules contractors changes never flight safety see_also commercial astronaut new_mexico spaceport authority newspace x_prize foundation externalinks spaceship_company virgin_galactic spaceshiptwo mothership makes maiden flight virgin_galactic lethe journey begin video branson rutan launch new spaceship manufacturing company us virgin_galactic new_mexico spaceport eyes covering virgin spaceflights virgin_galactic rolls mothership january wanto astronaut book ticket online failure launch spaceport america takes couple hits category virgin_galacticategory aerospace_companies united_states category_private_spaceflight companies_category_commercial_spaceflight category_human spaceflight programs category_space_tourism category technology companies_based greater los_angeles area_category companies_based long_beach_california_category category technology companiestablished category_establishments california_category investments category virgin_group g"},{"title":"Virtual tour","description":"a virtual tour is a simulation of an existing location usually composed of a sequence of videos or still images it may also use other multimedia elementsuch asound effects music narration and text it is distinguished from the use of live television to affectele tourism the wrong stuff inc jul the phrase virtual tour is often used to describe a variety of videos and photographic based media panorama indicates an unbroken view since a panorama can beither a series of photographs or panning video footage however the phrases panoramic tour and virtual tour have mostly been associated with virtual tours created using still camera such virtual tours are made up of a number of shots taken from a single camerangle vantage pointhe camerand lens are rotated around what is referred to as a entrance pupil no parallax pointhexact point athe back of the lens where the light converges a video tour is a full motion videof a location unlike the virtual tour static wrap around feel a video tour is a linear walk through of a location using a video camera the location is filmed at a walking pace while moving continuously from one pointo another throughouthe subject location history the origin of the term virtual tour dates to the first example of a virtual tour was a museum visitor interpretive tour consisting of walk through of a d reconstruction of dudley castle in england as it was in csa newsletter feb imaging the pasthis consisted of a computer controlled laserdisc based system designed by british based engineer colin johnsone of the first users of a virtual tour was queen elizabeth ii when she officially opened the visitor centre in june because the queen s officials had requested titles descriptions and instructions of all activities the system was named andescribed as virtual tour being a cross between virtual reality and royal tour details of the original project can be viewed online virtual tours of dudley castle archive the system was featured in a conference held by the british museum inovember and in a subsequentechnical paper imaging the past electronic imaging and computer graphics in museums and archaeology isbn methods of creation stitching photographs there are three popular ways of stitching virtual tours togetherectilinear stitching this involves the rotation of a digital camera typically in the portrait up andown position and centeredirectly over the tripod as the operator manually rotates the camera clockwise the camera stops or clicks into a detent at regular intervalsuch as every of rotation the rotator can be adjusted by changing the position of detent ring or bolt into another sloto alter the interval of rotation etc if a given camera lensupports a wider view one could select a larger detent value for example instead of with a larger detent interval fewer images are needed to capture a complete panoramic scene the photographer may only need to take shots as opposed to shots to capture the same panorama the combination of a precision rotator and a digital camerallows the photographer to take rectangular slices of any scene indoors or outdoors with a typical point and shoot digital camera the photographer will snap or slices of a scene using specialized photo stitching software the operator then assembles the slices into a single rectangular image typically pixels to pixels wide this technique whilextremely time consuming has remained popular even through today as the required equipment rotator heads and software relatively inexpensive and easy to learn a stitched panoramic view is also called cylindrical as the resulting stitched panoramallows panning in a complete but offers a limited vertical field of about degrees above or below the horizon line spherical stitching this method requires the use of a fisheye lens equippedigital slr camera the shot fish eye camera system was made popular by ipix in the mid s and a two shot rotator head that rotated and locked into and positions only the camera was an olympus or nikon coolpix camerand the lenses used were the nikon fc e or fc e fish eye lens the ipix camera system enabled photographers to capture a full x floor to ceiling view of any scene with just shots as opposed to the more time consuming or shot rectilinear produced panoramas described above this type of virtual tourequired morexpensive virtual tour camera equipment including for example a sigma mm f lens which allowed photographers to setheirotator heads to and capture a complete virtual tour of any scene in just shots cubical stitching this technique was one of the first forms of immersive floor to ceiling virtual tours apple computer pioneered this withe release of quicktime vr apple s quicktime vr in thearly s free utility software such as cubiconverter and others allowed photographers to stitch and convertheir panoramas into a cube like box to achieve a complete x view today this technique is considered rather old school and spherical stitching has become more mainstream for producing these types of tours one shot optics using one shot panoramic optics one can create quick and easy panoramic videos and imagesuch as the type used on the iphone while programsuch as adobe photoshop have new features that allow users to stitch images together they only support rectilinear types of stitching photoshop cannot produce them as quickly or accurately astitching software programs can such as autodesk stitcher this because there isophisticated math and camera lens profiles that are needed to create the desired panorama image which is based on your camera s field of view depth ofield fov and the type of lens used camerasuch as the nikon d or d have a full frame digital slr full frame digital slr cameras whereas the nikon d or canon t i rebeline of digital eos cameras have a smaller sensor when full frame digital slr cameras are used with a fish eye lensuch as a sigma mm f a full circular image is captured this allows you to shoot or shots per view to create a x stitched panoramic image when used with a non full frame digital slr camera like the nikon d or canon digital rebel and similar camerashots arequired withe camera in the portrait position the resulting image will have the left and right sides cropped off each of the images and each of the four corners creating a rounded image video based virtual tours withexpansion of videon the internet video based virtual tours are growing in popularity video cameras are used to pand walk through real subject properties the benefit of this method is thathe point of view is constantly changing throughout a pan however capturing high quality video requiresignificantly more technical skill and equipmenthan taking digital still pictures video also eliminates viewer control of the tour therefore the tour is the same for all viewers and subject matter is chosen by the videographer editing digital video requires proficiency with video editing software and has higher computer hardwarequirements also displaying videover the internet requires more bandwidth computing bandwidth due to these difficulties the task of creating video based tours is often lefto professionals recently different groups have been usingoogle maps business view google system to provide access to private areas which were previously unavailable to the general public specialized software variousoftware products can be used to create media rich virtual tours and somexamples include methods developed by moves institute athe naval postgraduate school additionally webased software allows users to upload any jpeg spherical image or cylindrical image and create hd high definition virtual tours applications virtual tours are used extensively for universities and in the real estate and hospitality industries virtual tours can allow a user to view an environment while on line currently a variety of industries use such technology to help marketheir services and product over the last few years the quality and accessibility of virtual tours has improved considerably with some websites allowing the user to navigate the tours by clicking on maps or integrated floor plans webased or online for most business purposes a virtual tour must be accessible from everywhere the major solution is a webased virtual tour in addition a rich and useful virtual tour is not just a series of panoramic pictures a better experience can be obtained by viewing a variety of materialsuch as that obtained from videos texts and still pictures in an interactive web contenthere are many ways to gather data in a mixed web content such as using rich content builders javapplet or adobe flash being two examples or a web content management system flash based tours are becoming very popular today a study done by the pew research group showed that more than million americans watched virtual tours every day in pew s research data which showed that americans watching virtual tours rose fromillion people in to million people by august a two year increase of million thanks in parto the recent explosion of many internet devicesuch as apple s ipad iphone and other tablet computing platforms powered entirely by google s android operating systemsuch as motorola xoomotorola s xoom it can be predicted that consumption of virtual tour contenthrough the use of adobe flash and html css driven virtual tours will only increase over time real estate virtual tours are very popular in the real estate industry several types of such tours exist including simple optionsuch as interactive floor plans and more sophisticated optionsuch as full service virtual tours an interactive floor plan shows photographs of a property withe aid of a floor pland arrows to indicate whereach photograph was taken clicking on arrowshows the user where the camera was and which way the camera was pointing full service virtual tours are usually created by a professional photographer who will visithe property being sold take several photos and run them through stitching software matterport offers d camera services to create virtual tours full service virtual tours are usually morexpensive than interactive floor plans because of thexpense of the photographer higher end equipment used such as a digital slr camerand specialized softwareal estate virtual tours are typically linked to the listing in the multiple listing service floored and archilogic are two startups that offer the possibility of uploading a floor pland turn it into a d model with proprietary algorithms this allows potential homeowners to take a virtual tour of a home has not been built yet with a vr headset hospitality virtual tours are also popular in the hospitality industry hotels are increasingly offering online tours on their websites ranging from stitched photos to professionally produced video tours these tours are typically offered by hotels in an efforto increase booking revenue by providing online viewers with an immersive view of the property and its amenities companies like accommovision specialize in producing video tours exclusively for hotels and resorts covering all aspects of the property and hotel experience virtual walks virtual walk videos are documentary motion pictureshot as the camera continuously moves forward through an urban or natural area theffect is to allow viewers to experience the sights they would see and the sounds they would hear were they actually traveling along a particularoute athe same pace as the camera virtual walks based on real world photography typically do not require the use of virtual reality goggles or headsets of the kind used by gamers virtual walks vs conventional travel videos in realistically simulating thexperience of moving through space virtual walks or virtual runs or bicycle rides differ from conventional travel videos which typically consist of a sequence of mostly staticamera setups along a particularoute or within a given area the advantage of the conventional travel video is that one or more narrators or on screen guides can provide insights into the geographical historical political military cultural geological or architectural aspects of the area in terms of places visited such a video will show the viewer sites a d g and in comparison the virtual walk will transporthe viewer in continuousteps from site a to site b from site d to site and son whathe virtual walk video lacks in depth of coverage provided by a knowledgeable guide itherefore makes up in sensory immediacy as the viewer has the sensation of constantly moving forward many viewers of virtual walk videos report an immersive visual experience thathey declare is the next besthing to being there virtual walks appeal to those who wanto experience the sights and sounds of particular places in the country or the world but who may not have the time or the financial or physical resources to actually travel there they also appeal to treadmill or elliptical trainer users for whom walking orunning while watching these videos enhances the reality of thexperience and at a minimum reduce the boredom of thexercise dvd and online walks a number of companiesell orent virtual walk videos on dvds or as downloads an even greater variety of virtual walks is available online mainly via youtube typing the name of almost any major city plus walking or virtual walk will yield a multitude of results though many of these videoshot withouthe use of a steadicam are difficulto watch due to the constant up andown motion of the imagexceptions include walking in camden london paris france a walking travel tour and walking in beijing old town the dutch photographer and videographer colijn kees has produced hundreds of virtual walks all shot with a steadicam and high definition camera many of these virtual walks focus on cities of the far east and central asia though a fair number are set in russiand european cities particularly amsterdam virtual walk techniques in fiction filmsome feature length narrative motion pictures have made use of the virtual walk technique for dramatic purposes these include the opening sequences of orson welles a touch of evil and robert altman s the player the famous tracking shothrough the copacabana in martin scorcese s goodfellas alexander sokurov s russian ark which consists of a single minute steadicam take and morecently alfonso cuar n s long tracking shots in gravity and almosthentire narrative structure of alejandro gonz les i rrito s birdman see also travel technology applications travel technology applications vrml vr photography campustours d floor plan d floor plan d computer graphicsoftware google cardboard expeditions googlexpeditions references club members get a virtual world of exercise pamela kufahl editor club industry feb goup s virtual d tour simulates nuke plant walk through for new inspectorstaci matlock mcclatchy tribune business news apr top treadmill workout videos wendy bumgardner aboutcom dec treadmill allows you to take a virtual run anywhere on googlearth video charlie white mashablecom jan videos for the treadmill knight ridder tribunewservice jan yim kang jun applies for patent on treadmill having a device for a virtual walking course image and method for driving the treadmill global ip news healthcare patent news new delhi apr externalinks category virtual reality category travel technology category types of 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tour consisting walk reconstruction dudley castle england newsletter feb imaging consisted computer controlled based system designed british based engineer colin first users virtual_tour queen elizabeth ii officially opened visitor centre june queen officials requested titles descriptions instructions activities system named andescribed virtual_tour cross virtual_reality royal tour_details original project viewed online virtual_tours dudley castle archive system featured conference held british museum inovember paper imaging past electronic imaging computer graphics museums archaeology isbn methods creation stitching photographs three popular ways stitching virtual_tours stitching involves rotation digital camera typically portrait andown position operator manually camera clockwise camera stops detent regular every rotation rotator adjusted changing position detent ring another alter rotation etc given camera wider view one could select larger detent value example instead larger detent fewer images needed capture complete panoramic scene photographer may need take shots opposed shots capture panorama combination rotator digital photographer take rectangular slices scene indoors outdoors typical point shoot digital camera photographer slices scene using specialized photo stitching software operator slices single rectangular image typically wide technique time consuming remained popular even today required equipment rotator heads software relatively inexpensive easy learn stitched panoramic view also_called cylindrical resulting stitched complete offers limited vertical field degrees horizon line spherical stitching method requires use lens slr camera shot fish eye camera system made popular mid two shot rotator head locked positions camera olympus nikon camerand lenses used nikon e e fish eye lens camera system enabled photographers capture full x floor ceiling view scene shots opposed time consuming shot produced panoramas described type virtual morexpensive virtual_tour camera equipment including example f lens allowed photographers heads capture complete virtual_tour scene shots stitching technique one first forms immersive floor ceiling virtual_tours apple computer pioneered withe release apple thearly free utility software others allowed photographers panoramas like box achieve complete x view today technique considered rather old_school spherical stitching become mainstream producing types tours one shot using one shot panoramic one create quick easy panoramic videos type used iphone programsuch adobe new features allow users images together support types stitching cannot produce quickly accurately software programs math camera lens profiles needed create desired panorama image based camera field view depth type lens used nikon full frame digital slr full frame digital slr cameras whereas nikon canon digital cameras smaller sensor full frame digital slr cameras used fish eye f full circular image captured allows shoot shots per view create x stitched panoramic image used non full frame digital slr camera like nikon canon digital rebel similar arequired withe camera portrait position resulting image left right sides cropped images four corners creating rounded image video based virtual_tours internet video based virtual_tours growing popularity video cameras used walk real subject properties benefit method thathe point view constantly changing throughout pan however high_quality video technical skill taking digital still pictures video also viewer control tour therefore tour viewers subject matter chosen editing digital video requires proficiency video editing software higher computer also displaying internet requires computing due difficulties task creating video based tours often lefto professionals recently different groups maps business view google system provide access private areas previously unavailable general_public specialized software products used create media rich virtual_tours somexamples include methods developed moves institute athe naval postgraduate school additionally webased software allows_users upload spherical image cylindrical image create high definition virtual_tours applications virtual_tours used extensively universities real_estate hospitality industries virtual_tours allow user view environment line currently variety industries use technology help services product last_years quality accessibility virtual_tours improved considerably websites allowing user navigate tours maps integrated floor plans webased online business purposes virtual_tour must accessible everywhere major solution webased virtual_tour addition rich useful virtual_tour series panoramic pictures better experience obtained viewing variety materialsuch obtained videos texts still pictures interactive web many ways gather data mixed web content using rich content builders adobe flash two examples web content management system flash based tours becoming popular today study done research group showed million americans watched virtual_tours every_day research data showed americans watching virtual_tours rose people million_people august two_year increase million thanks parto recent explosion many internet apple ipad iphone tablet computing platforms powered entirely google android_operating predicted consumption virtual_tour use adobe flash driven virtual_tours increase time real_estate virtual_tours popular real_estate industry several types tours exist including simple interactive floor plans sophisticated full_service virtual_tours interactive floor plan shows photographs property withe aid floor pland indicate photograph taken user camera way camera pointing full_service virtual_tours usually created professional photographer visithe property sold take several photos run stitching software offers camera services create virtual_tours full_service virtual_tours usually morexpensive interactive floor plans thexpense photographer higher end equipment used digital slr camerand specialized estate virtual_tours typically linked listing multiple listing service two startups offer possibility floor pland turn model proprietary allows potential homeowners take virtual_tour home built yet headset hospitality virtual_tours also_popular hospitality_industry hotels increasingly offering online tours websites ranging stitched photos professionally produced video tours tours typically offered hotels efforto increase booking revenue providing online viewers immersive view property amenities companies like specialize producing video tours exclusively hotels_resorts covering aspects property hotel experience virtual walks virtual walk videos documentary motion camera continuously moves forward urban natural area theffect allow viewers experience sights would see sounds would hear actually traveling along athe pace camera virtual walks based real_world photography typically require use virtual_reality goggles kind used virtual walks conventional travel videos simulating thexperience moving space virtual walks virtual runs bicycle_rides differ conventional travel videos typically consist sequence mostly along within given area advantage conventional travel video one screen guides provide insights geographical historical political military cultural geological architectural aspects area terms places visited video show viewer sites g comparison virtual walk viewer site site b site site son whathe virtual walk video lacks depth coverage provided knowledgeable guide makes sensory viewer sensation constantly moving forward many viewers virtual walk videos report immersive visual experience thathey next virtual walks appeal wanto experience sights sounds particular places country world may time financial physical resources actually travel also appeal treadmill trainer users walking watching videos enhances reality thexperience minimum reduce dvd online walks number virtual walk videos even greater variety virtual walks available_online mainly via youtube name almost major city plus walking virtual walk yield multitude results though many withouthe use difficulto watch due constant andown motion include walking camden london paris_france walking travel tour walking beijing old town dutch photographer produced hundreds virtual walks shot high definition camera many virtual walks focus cities far east central asia though fair number set russiand european cities particularly amsterdam virtual walk techniques fiction feature length narrative motion pictures made use virtual walk technique dramatic purposes include opening touch evil robert player famous tracking copacabana martin alexander russian ark consists single minute take morecently n long tracking shots gravity narrative structure gonz les see_also travel_technology applications travel_technology applications photography floor plan floor plan computer google cardboard expeditions references club members get virtual world exercise editor club industry feb virtual_tour nuke plant walk new matlock tribune business news apr top treadmill videos wendy dec treadmill allows take virtual run anywhere googlearth video charlie white jan videos treadmill knight jan jun applies patent treadmill device virtual walking course image method driving treadmill global news healthcare patent news new_delhi apr externalinks_category virtual_reality category_travel technology category_types tourism"},{"title":"Visit Philadelphia","description":"founder founding location extinction merger type tax id registration id status purpose tourism headquarters philadelphia pennsylvania location united states coords region services products methods fields membership year language owner sec gen leader titleader name leader titleader name leader titleader name leader titleader name board of directors key people main organ parent organization subsidiariesecessions affiliations budget yearevenue revenue year disbursements expenses year endowment staff year volunteers year slogan mission website remarks formerly footnotes visit philadelphia formally known as the greater philadelphia tourismarketing corporation gptmc is a private non profit organization that promotes leisure travel to the five county philadelphia metropolitan area philadelphia region bucks county pennsylvania bucks chester county pennsylvania chester delaware county pennsylvania delaware montgomery county pennsylvania montgomery and philadelphia county pennsylvania philadelphia counties it was founded in by the city of philadelphia the commonwealth of pennsylvaniand the pew charitable trusts phialdelphia mayor edward g rendell created the gptmc in to attractourists the corporation operated separately from the philadelphia convention and visitors bureau tourism in encyclopedia of greater philadelphia mid atlantic regional center for the humanities rutgers camden according to thencyclopedia of greater philadelphia the newly created agency took a regional approach to philadelphiand its countryside and formed partnerships with similar organizations in the region the valley forge convention and visitors board visit bucks county and the brandywine conference and visitors bureau among others its first national ad campaign took place in fact sheet visit philadelphia s year timeline twentyears of greater philadelphia s tourismarketing corporation visit philadelphia september this campaign introduced the slogan the city that loves you back as both a reply and a challenge to the i love new york slogand a way to counter the antisocial reputation that philadelphia hadevelopedrichardson dilworthe city that loves you back in encyclopedia of greater philadelphia mid atlantic regional center for the humanities rutgers camden in visit philadelphia began a new campaign withe with love philadelphia xoxo tagline joyce levitt who worked for visit philadelphia from to and served as cfor seven years embezzled from the organization between september and the discovery of the fraud in chris palmer visit philadelphia ex cfo pleads guilty to theft fraud philadelphia inquirer may chris hepp misuse of k handled quietly by city s marketers philadelphia inquirer june visit philadelphia did not reporthe misconducto authorities instead allowing levitto quietly resign and pay full restitution in following media reports the philadelphia district attorney conducted a grand jury investigation leading to the prosecution of levitt in may in a pleagreement with prosecutors levitt pleaded guilty to theft receiving stolen property and fraud and wasentenced to three years probation and community service she also forfeited her accounting license in the philadelphia city controller s office issued a report urging the consolidation of visit philadelphiand the philadelphia convention and visitors bureau the report found thathe agencies had occasionally clashed had competing slogans andid not adequately coordinatefforts and concluded that merging the two agencies could save million in administrative costs annuallychris hepp city controller combine philadelphia s two marketing arms philadelphia inquirer september the report found that from to the annual number of overnight leisure travelers to philadelphia increased by percent and visit philadelphia was credited for aboutwo thirds of that increase the report contrasted this to business travel the responsibility of phlcvb which was essentially flat since the report found however that phlcvb had a bettereturn on investment for each tax dollar spent as opposed to per tax dollar spent by visit philadelphia because business travelers tend to spend more than tourists externalinks category government of philadelphia category delaware river port authority category tourism 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formerly footnotes visit philadelphia formally known greater philadelphia tourismarketing corporation private non_profit organization promotes leisure travel five county philadelphia metropolitan area philadelphia region county_pennsylvania chester county_pennsylvania chester delaware county_pennsylvania delaware montgomery county_pennsylvania montgomery philadelphia county_pennsylvania philadelphia counties founded city philadelphia commonwealth pennsylvaniand charitable mayor edward g created attractourists corporation operated separately philadelphia convention_visitors_bureau tourism encyclopedia greater philadelphia mid atlantic regional center humanities rutgers camden according thencyclopedia greater philadelphia newly created agency took regional approach philadelphiand countryside formed partnerships similar organizations region valley forge convention_visitors board visit county conference visitors_bureau among_others first national campaign took_place fact sheet visit philadelphia year timeline twentyears greater philadelphia tourismarketing corporation visit philadelphia september campaign introduced slogan city back reply challenge love new_york way counter reputation philadelphia city back encyclopedia greater philadelphia mid atlantic regional center humanities rutgers camden visit philadelphia began new campaign withe love philadelphia joyce levitt worked visit philadelphia served seven years organization september discovery fraud chris palmer visit philadelphia cfo guilty theft fraud philadelphia inquirer may chris k handled quietly city philadelphia inquirer june visit philadelphia reporthe authorities instead allowing quietly resign pay full following media reports philadelphia district attorney conducted grand jury investigation leading prosecution levitt may levitt guilty theft receiving stolen property fraud wasentenced three_years community service also accounting license philadelphia city office issued report urging consolidation visit philadelphiand philadelphia convention_visitors_bureau report found thathe agencies occasionally competing slogans andid adequately concluded merging two agencies could save million administrative costs city combine philadelphia two marketing arms philadelphia inquirer september report found annual number overnight leisure travelers philadelphia increased percent visit philadelphia credited thirds increase report business_travel responsibility essentially flat since report found however investment tax dollar spent opposed per tax dollar spent visit philadelphia business_travelers tend spend tourists externalinks_category government philadelphia category delaware river port authority category_tourism agencies"},{"title":"Visit Wales","description":"file bmibaby boeing duty free logojet spijkersjpg thumb right px visit wales being advertised on a bmibaby boeing logojet visit wales is the welsh government s tourism team within the department for heritage to promote welsh tourism and assisthe tourism industry visit wales has taken over the functions of the former wales tourist board an assembly sponsored public body the role of visit wales is to supporthe welsh tourism industry improve tourism in wales and provide a strategic framework within which privatenterprise can achieve sustainable growth and successo improving the social and economic well being of wales the mission of visit wales is to maximise tourism s contribution to theconomic social and cultural prosperity of wales the baseline budget athe wales tourist board for was million background touristspend over million a day on trips in wales amounting to around billion a year in directerms tourism contributes of wholeconomy value added in wales it is importanto note thathis figure does not include indirect value added that occurs approximately people in wales aremployed in tourism representing about of the workforce over one million trips are taken to wales annually by overseas tourists the general united kingdom accounts for of tourism trips to waleseventy percent of tourists to wales come from other parts of the united kingdom for a holiday to visit friends orelatives and for a business trip fifty percent of trips by uk tourists to wales go to the countryside or small town s villages the most popular origins of overseas visitors arepublic of ireland united states and germany the most popular activities undertaken by tourists in wales are walking swimming visiting historic attractionsuch as castles and visiting museums and galleries the most popular attraction in wales is the museum of welsh life which attracts over visitors annually in serviced accommodation in wales there are over bed spaces available thematic years in the welsh government announced a year plan driven by visit wales to promote wales based on a series of annual themes file ukopengovernmentlicencesvg px this content is available under the open government licence v crown copyrighthe year of adventure in the year of legends in the year of the sea in it has been stated thathese thematic years are a long term ambition to grow a stronger and more defined brand for tourism in wales the opportunity to focus investment and innovation in tourism the need to drive an increase in visitor volume and value to wales each year tourist information centres there are tourist information centre s around wales which often act as the first port of call for visitors offering local information and accommodation booking services as well as many other services this network of centres offers an essential service to the million visitors that come to wales everyear they are run by over different managing authorities and visit wales cordinates the network to set and monitor standards of presentation information and customer care history of wales tourist board the wales tourist board was established in as a result of the development of tourism act and its role was enhanced following the tourism overseas promotion wales act an abolition order was passed by the national assembly for wales november and full transfer ofunctions into the welsh assembly government was made april on that day the wales tourist board ceased to exist see also tourism in wales visitbritain visitengland visitscotland externalinks global website wwwvisitwalescom the official guide to places to stay and things to do in wales welsh assembly governmentourism category welsh government sponsored bodies category tourist attractions in wales category welsh executive agencies category tourism in wales category tourism organisations in the united kingdom category tourism 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travel information center laredojpg texas travel information center located near laredo texas along interstate i miles from the mexico united states border thumb file oficina de iper en el aeropuerto de iquitos amazonia peruana jpg iper the national peru vian tourist information and assistancenter this office is located inside the arrivalounge of the crnl fap francisco secada vignetta international airport in iquitos peruvian amazonia thumb united kingdom in the united kingdom there is a nationwide network of tourist information centres run by the visitbritain british tourist authority bta represented online by the visitbritain website and public relations organisation visitbritain website other tics are run by local government in england local authorities or through private organisationsuch as local shops in association with bta in england visitengland promotes domestic tourism former enjoy england website page on tourist information centres in wales the welsh government supports tics through visit wales in scotland the scottish government supports visitscotland the official tourist organisation of scotland which alsoperates tourist information centres acrosscotland visitscotland website in poland there are special offices and tables giving free information aboutourist attractions offices are situated interesting places in popular tourists destinations and tables usually stay near monuments and important culture north america inorth america welcome center is a rest area with a visitor center located after thentrance from one state or province to another ustate state or province or in some cases another country usually along an interstate highway system interstate highway or other freeway these information centers are operated by the state they are located in the first example opened on may nexto us route in michigan us inew buffalo michiganear the indiana state line many us citiesuch as houston texas retrieved november and boca raton florida see boca raton 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lambayeque region lambayeque la libertad region la libertad ancash arequipa tacna puno ayacucho cusco tumbes peru tumbes and iquitos the official tourist organization or national tourist board of peru is promper a national organization that promotes both tourism and international commerce of this country worldwide in australia most visitor centres are local or state government run or in some cases as an association of tourism operators on behalf of the government usually managed by a board or executive those that comply with a national accreditation programme use the italic i as pictured above these visitor information centres often abbreviated as vics provide information the local areand usually perform servicesuch as accommodation and tour bookings flight bus train hire car options and act as the first point of contact a visitor has withe town oregion see also heritage center heritage interpretation centre interpretation center nature center united states capitol visitor center notes 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trading name of etourism ltd a private limited company set up in livingston by a public private partnership in the it services group schlumbergersema was taken over by atos there was a majorestructuring in july that saw visitscotland increase itstake from to austrian booking specialistiscover took a share and atos reduced itstake from to partnerships uk ltd had also been shareholders the ownership of visitscotlandcom became a divisive issue with many in the scottish tourism industry a number of accommodation providers particularly those outwithe main cities lodged a petition withe scottish parliamento return the group to public ownership arguing thathe use of public money to fund the parent company etourism ltd was disrupting competition an assertion which etourism unconditionally rejected in a scottish parliament inquiry led by tavish scott considered some of the problems associated withe website and made the recommendation that scottish government find additional resource to 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scaled based virgin spaceship image jpg thumb right whiteknighttwo rollout ceremony july vms_eve first far scaled_composites white_knightwo white_knightwo built scaled_composites virgin_galactic vms stands virgin mothership news virgin_galactic faces eve july public launch image jpg thumb right vms_eve nose arthe aircraft named branson mother richard_branson chairman virgin_group jet plane nose art blonde woman holding virgin news virgin_galactic announces new space aircraft july lauren sher image based branson looked younger called galactic girl chicago_tribune branson reveals mother ship july aircraft officially launched july mojave california mojave california united_states athe mojave spaceport home scaled_composites december aircraft performed tests completes taxi test december week later maiden space_fellowship virgin_galactic spaceshiptwo mothership makes maiden flight december eve used virgin_galactic program preceding entry commercial usage register branson unveils virgin_galactic mothership tuesday th july utc scott largest composite material composite aircraft ever constructed longest single piece composite aircraft part long wingspan ultimate tourist_destination july dee burt_rutan dismissed fears cycles might induce fatigue material fatigue failure composite july rutan fatigue issue whiteknighttwo richard_branson also announced highly fuel efficient national_geographic virgin_galactic unveils whiteknighttwo space plane july flightest_program initial flightests planned begin early september buthey delayed december speed taxi test carried mojave airport spaceport mojave followed high_speed taxi december september flight envelope extended continued delays total whiteknighttwo hours citations bibliography bbc_news branson tourism jet utc monday july uk los_angeles times richard_branson unveils plane july peter wired virgin_galactic unveils white_knightwo launch_vehicle dave new_york times new steps private_space travel july john reuters branson unveils plane launch spaceship mon jul fred associated press new space race heats unveiling aircraft alicia chang scientific american white_knightwo mothership arrived jul adam new scientist virgin_galactic rolls spaceshiptwo mothership july rachel telegraph sirichard branson unveils virgin spaceship jul james quinn externalinks virgin_galactic composites virgin_galactic rolls mothership eve jul press_release scaled_composites whiteknighttwo flightest summaries category_individual aircraft_category virgin_galacticategory scaled_composites white_knightwo eve category scaled_composites category_space_tourism category_united_states category twin fuselage aircraft"},{"title":"Volxkuche","description":"file sudan fl chtlinge protest gegen abschiebung wei ekreuzplatz hannover getr nke an der volxk chejpg thumb a volxk chevent in germany volxk che volxk che voku vok peoples kitchen free supper club or kitchen for all are names used by the alternative scene left for a weekly oregularly occurringroup cooking event at which the meal iserved free of charge or at costhe name derives from the german expression people s kitchen soup kitchen as a secular counterpart of the christian soup kitchen volxk chen are found usually in collective and or self managed arrangements pubs information stores youth centers or autonomous centers with politically left self identity in general at least one vegetarian meal is offered frequently also vegan food often soon to be shelf lifexpired ingredients are obtained at cost or donated by food banks food manufacturers or community gardens the volxk che in the current sense arose in theuropean squatter scene of thearly s english spelling and pronunciation the spelling of volxk che occurred as an expression of anti nationalism historically nationalism had used the term volk german word volks with negative consequences this use was a rejection of the negative connotation whichad the intention of excluding many groups of german society it is athe same time a funny self willed expression of the anarchistic and or autonomouscene in the us the word ispelled without an umlaut and pronounced like folks coo heh the alternate german spelling volkskueche volksk che was intentionally not used us locations a free supper club in san francisco held twice a month as of is calling itself volxkuche besides a free dinner performances film and community are providedvokusf website see also food not bombs freegan homeless ministry list of supper clubs category giving category poverty activism category types of restaurants category free meals category hungerelief organizations category soup kitchens category supper 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people kitchen soup_kitchen secular counterpart christian soup_kitchen volxk chen found usually collective self managed arrangements pubs information stores youth centers autonomous centers politically left self identity general least_one vegetarian meal offered frequently also vegan food often soon shelf ingredients obtained cost donated food banks food manufacturers community gardens volxk che current sense arose theuropean scene thearly english spelling pronunciation spelling volxk che occurred expression anti nationalism historically nationalism used term german word negative consequences use negative whichad intention excluding many groups german society athe_time funny self expression us word without pronounced like alternate german spelling che intentionally used us locations free supper_club san_francisco held twice month calling besides free dinner performances film community website see_also food bombs homeless ministry list supper_clubs category giving category poverty 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Studies on Travel & Tourism","description":"voyage studies on travel and tourism is the leading interdisciplinary periodical for tourism research in germany the focus is on cultural studiesociology and history of travel and tourism voyage was founded in theditor in chief is hasso spode berlin and the publisher is metropol verlag berlin the scientific advisory board gathers noted scholarsuch as roger willemsen stephen greenblatt and john urry sociologist john urry the series or journal respectively appears approximately once a year each issue having a special topic eg why do we travel booked emotions tourism histories or the hotel the latest volume deals with post modern mobilities the language is german the summaries of the articles are in english externalinks homepage of voyage page of the humanities net h soz u kult category establishments in germany category german language magazines category german transport magazines category magazinestablished in category tourismagazines category 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chief berlin publisher verlag berlin scientific advisory board noted roger stephen john urry john urry series journal respectively appears approximately year issue special topic travel_booked emotions tourism histories hotel latest volume deals post modern mobilities language german summaries articles english externalinks homepage voyage page humanities net h category_establishments germany_category_german_language_magazines category_german transport magazines_category_magazinestablished category_tourismagazines category_magazines_published berlin"},{"title":"VSS Enterprise","description":"vss enterprise aircraft registration tail number n ss was the first spaceshiptwo sspaceplane built by scaled composites for virgin galactic as of it was planned to be the first ofive commercial suborbital sspacecraft planned by virgin galactic it was also the first ship of the scaled composites model spaceshiptwo class based on upscaling the design of record breaking scaled compositespaceshipone spaceshipone the vss enterprise s name was an acknowledgement of the starship enterprise uss enterprise from the star trek television series the spaceplane also shared its name with space shuttlenterprise nasa s prototype space shuttle as well as the aircraft carrier uss enterprise cvn uss enterprise it was rolled out on december spaceshiptwo made its first powered flight in april richard branson said it couldn t have gone more smoothly vss enterprise crash enterprise was destroyeduring a powered test flight on october killing one pilot and seriously injuring another it is the first incidenthat flight crew hasurvived in a hullosspace shuttle an investigation revealed the accident was caused by premature deployment of the feathering system the ship s descent device the ntsb also faulted the spacecraft s design for lacking fail safe mechanisms that could have deterred or prevented early deployment flightest program initial projections by virgin galactic in called for test flights to begin late and commercial service to start in thischedule was not achieved with captive carry and glide flightest s beginning in and the firstest flight underocket power was not until in october virgin galacticeo will whitehorn outlined the flightest program for spaceshiptwo the test program includeseven phases vehicle ground testing captive carry under white knightwo unpowered glide testing subsonic testing with only a briefiring of the rocket supersonic atmosphere atmospheric testing full flight into suborbital spacexecute a detailed and lengthy appraisal process withe faasto demonstrate the system s robustness and eventually obtain a launch license commercialaunch license to begin commercial operations on march the spaceshiptwo vehicle vss enterprise underwent a captive carry test flight withe parent white knightwo aircraft vms eve vms eve performing a short flight while carrying thenterprise a second test flight was made on may reaching ss launch altitude feet and lasting nearly five hours in order to facilitate cold soak testing of ss avionics and pressurization system thereafter a simulated spaceship descent glide mission was made from launch altitude between these two flights the spaceshiptwo airframe was modified by the addition of two interior fins with one fin being added to the inside rocket side of each of the craft s twin vertical stabilizer s on july vss enterprise made its first crewed flighthe craft remained attached to vms eve as planned and underwent a series of combined vehicle systems tests the flight lasted a total of hours and minutes a second similar crewed flight of vss enterprise and vms eve was carried out on september lasting approximately hours among the objectives of these flights was the improvement of pilot proficiency and the results of the flights were deemed to show thathe systems were capable of supporting future glide missions on october vss enterprise made its first manned gliding test flight it was released from vms eve at m feet and glided to a safe landing athe mojave air and spaceport a second gliding test flightook place on october and a third onovember scaled reported thathe flightest program is exceeding expectations the fourth test flightook place on january while the fifth and sixth glide flights occurred on and april respectively following this the feathered reentry configuration was tested in flight on may with weekly test flights continuing through thend of may on june ss failed to separate from white knightwo during its th planned glide flight due to a technical problem testing resumed with five successful glide flights in june in july after successful glide flights flightesting of ss was halted for two months while planned revisions to the spaceplane were made flightests resumed in late september although the th glide flight on september was marred by a brief loss of control aboard ss forcing the crew to utilise the feathered wing configuration to land safely this test was followed by another hiatus during which some of the spacecraft s engine components were installed in june scaled composites received an faa permito conduct rocket powered supersonic test flightspaceshiptwo flightests resumed in june in september virgin galactic announced thathe unpowered subsonic glide flightest program was essentially complete the company thereafter stated its intention to fithe hybrid rocket motor and control system to the vehicle beforesuming the glide flightest program withe rocket motor installed in order to recharacterize the spacecraft s glide performance with slightly different weight distribution and aerodynamics in october scaled composites installed key components of the rocket motor and spaceshiptwo performed its first glide flight withengine installed in december the spacecraft s first powered test flightook place on april briefly driving spaceshiptwo to a supersonic velocity richard branson said it couldn t have gone more smoothly on september the second powered flight was made by the spaceshiptwo it broke the sound barrier achieving a speed of mach and climbed to feet km over the mojave desert underocket power andescended using its tilt wing feathering maneuver space journalist doug messiereported thathe plume hydrodynamics engine plume featured white smoke nothe black smoke seen on the april flight on january the third powered flight climbed higher than the previous flights testing a new coating on the tail boom and other systems list of test flightsourcespaceshiptwo ss history skyrocketde class wikitable flight designation date duration maximum altitude top speed pilot co pilot feathered fxx pf october peter siebold michael alsbury virgin galacticrash vehicle destroyed following in flight breakup gf october min sec siebold frederick w sturckow f cf august min siebold alsbury gf july min masucci siebold gf january min sec siebold sturckow pf january min sec mach david mackay pilot mackay stucky f gf december min stucky masucci none pf september min mach stucky nichols f gf august min stucky mackay f gf july min sec stucky mackay none pf april min mach stucky alsbury none cf april min sec stucky alsbury none gf april min stucky nichols f gf december min sec stucky alsbury none gf august min sec stucky brian binnie none gf august min sec peter siebold colmer f gf august min stucky nichols f gf july min sec siebold nichols none gf june min stucky mackay none gf june min sec siebold alsbury none gf september min sec stucky nichols f gf june min sec siebold binnie none gf june min sec stucky nichols none gf june min sec siebold nichols none gf june min sec stucky nichols none gf june min sec sieboldoug shane none cc june n a release failure planned glide test flight n a siebold shane none gf may min sec above stucky binnie f gf may min sec siebold binnie none gf may min sec stucky shane none gf may min sec siebold nichols f gf april min sec stucky alsbury none gf april min sec siebold shane none gf january min sec equivalent airspeed eas g stucky nichols none gf november min sec eas g siebold nichols none gf october min sec eas g stucky alsbury none gf october min eas g siebold alsbury none colspan gfxx glide flight colspan ccxx captive carry flight colspan cfxx cold flow flight colspan pfxx powered flight file ntsb go team inspects a tail section of vss enterprisejpg thumb ntsb go team inspects a tail section of vss enterprise on october enterprise virgin galacticrash broke apart in flight during a powered test flight over california s mojave deserthe flight began smoothly with enterprise being dropped from its whiteknighttwo carrier and igniting its engine at an altitude of however abouto seconds into the flight anomaly was reported which resulted in destruction of the ship the pilot in command peter siebold escaped from the craft and parachuted to safety while the copilot michael alsbury did not survive the crash the national transportation safety board conducted an independent investigation into the accident in july the ntsb released a report which cited inadequate design safeguards poor pilotraining lack of rigorous federal oversight and a potentially anxious co pilot without recent flight experience as important factors in the crash the ntsb determined thathe crash resulted from the pilot s premature deployment of the atmospheric entry feathered reentry feathering mechanism which is normally used to aid in a safe descent however the ntsb also faulted the ship s designers for failing to protect against human error noting thathe spacecraft lacked fail safe systems that would have prevented or deterred a premature deployment of the feathering mechanism the ntsb recommended thathe faa establishuman factors guidance specific to commercial spaceflight operators and create a more rigorous application process for experimental spaceflight permits image gallery file white knightwo and spaceshiptwo from directly belowjpg enterprise in flight slung under vms eve vms eve image vg wk cr jpg enterprise 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also shared name space nasa prototype space_shuttle well aircraft carrier uss enterprise uss enterprise rolled december spaceshiptwo made first_powered flight april richard_branson said_gone smoothly vss_enterprise crash enterprise destroyeduring powered_test_flight october killing one pilot seriously injuring another first_flight crew shuttle investigation revealed accident caused premature deployment feathering system ship descent device ntsb also faulted spacecraft design lacking fail safe mechanisms could prevented early deployment flightest_program initial projections virgin_galactic called test_flights begin late commercial service start achieved captive_carry glide_flightest beginning firstest flight power october virgin outlined flightest_program spaceshiptwo test_program phases vehicle ground testing captive_carry white_knightwo unpowered glide testing subsonic testing rocket supersonic atmosphere atmospheric testing full flight suborbital detailed lengthy process withe demonstrate system eventually obtain launch license commercialaunch license begin commercial operations march spaceshiptwo vehicle vss_enterprise underwent captive_carry test_flight withe parent white_knightwo aircraft vms_eve vms_eve performing short flight carrying thenterprise second test_flight made may reaching launch altitude feet lasting nearly five hours order facilitate cold soak testing avionics system thereafter simulated spaceship descent glide mission made launch altitude two flights spaceshiptwo airframe modified addition two interior one fin added inside rocket side craft twin vertical july vss_enterprise made first crewed flighthe craft remained attached vms_eve planned underwent series combined vehicle systems tests flight lasted total hours minutes second similar crewed flight vss_enterprise vms_eve carried september lasting approximately hours among objectives flights improvement pilot proficiency results flights deemed show thathe systems capable supporting future glide missions october vss_enterprise made first manned gliding test_flight released vms_eve feet safe landing athe mojave air_spaceport second gliding test_flightook place october third onovember scaled reported_thathe flightest_program exceeding expectations fourth test_flightook place january fifth sixth glide_flights occurred april respectively following feathered reentry configuration tested flight may weekly test_flights continuing thend may june failed separate white_knightwo th planned glide_flight due technical problem testing resumed five successful glide_flights june july successful glide_flights flightesting halted two months planned spaceplane made flightests resumed late september although th glide_flight september brief loss control aboard forcing crew feathered wing configuration land safely test followed another spacecraft engine components installed june scaled_composites received faa conduct rocket_powered supersonic test_flightests resumed june september virgin_galactic announced_thathe unpowered subsonic glide_flightest_program essentially complete company thereafter stated intention fithe hybrid_rocket motor control system vehicle glide_flightest_program withe rocket motor installed order spacecraft glide performance slightly different weight distribution october scaled_composites installed key components rocket motor spaceshiptwo performed first glide_flight installed december spacecraft first_powered test_flightook place april briefly driving spaceshiptwo supersonic velocity richard_branson said_gone smoothly september second powered_flight made spaceshiptwo broke sound barrier achieving speed mach climbed feet mojave desert power using tilt wing feathering maneuver space journalist thathe plume engine plume featured white smoke nothe black smoke seen april flight january third powered_flight climbed higher previous flights testing new tail boom systems list test history class wikitable flight designation date duration maximum altitude top speed pilot pilot feathered october peter siebold michael alsbury virgin_galacticrash vehicle destroyed following flight october min_sec siebold frederick w sturckow f august min siebold alsbury july min masucci siebold january min_sec siebold sturckow january min_sec mach david mackay pilot mackay stucky f december min stucky masucci none september min mach stucky nichols f august min stucky mackay f july min_sec_stucky mackay none april min mach stucky alsbury none april min_sec_stucky alsbury none april min stucky nichols f december min_sec_stucky alsbury none august min_sec_stucky brian binnie none august min_sec peter siebold f august min stucky nichols f july min_sec siebold nichols none june min stucky mackay none june min_sec siebold alsbury none september min_sec_stucky nichols f june min_sec siebold binnie none june min_sec_stucky nichols none june min_sec siebold nichols none june min_sec_stucky nichols none june min_sec shane none june n release failure planned glide test_flight n siebold shane none may min_sec_stucky binnie f may min_sec siebold binnie none may min_sec_stucky shane none may min_sec siebold nichols f april min_sec_stucky alsbury none april min_sec siebold shane none january min_sec equivalent eas g stucky nichols none november min_sec eas g siebold nichols none october min_sec eas g stucky alsbury none october min eas g siebold alsbury none colspan glide_flight colspan captive_carry flight colspan cold flow flight colspan powered_flight file ntsb go team inspects tail section vss thumb ntsb go team inspects tail section vss_enterprise october enterprise virgin_galacticrash broke apart flight powered_test_flight california mojave flight began smoothly enterprise dropped whiteknighttwo carrier engine altitude however abouto seconds flight reported resulted destruction ship pilot command peter siebold escaped craft safety michael alsbury survive crash national transportation safety board conducted independent investigation accident july ntsb released report cited inadequate design poor pilotraining lack rigorous federal oversight potentially pilot without recent flight experience important factors crash ntsb determined thathe crash resulted pilot premature deployment atmospheric entry feathered reentry feathering mechanism normally used aid safe descent however ntsb also faulted ship designers failing protect human error noting thathe spacecraft lacked fail safe systems would prevented premature deployment feathering mechanism ntsb recommended thathe faa factors guidance specific commercial_spaceflight operators create rigorous application process experimental spaceflight permits image gallery file_white_knightwo spaceshiptwo directly enterprise flight vms_eve vms_eve image jpg enterprise construction file view also burt_rutan space_tourism vss_unity vss_unity vms_eve vms enterprise construction sequence images virgin_galactic third powered_flight jan official virgin_galactic youtube channel virgin_galactic national_geographichannel documentary conception design build early flights vss_enterprise ntsb roll spaceshiptwo crash scene mojave calif nov official youtube channel category scaled_composites category virgin_galacticategory glider aircraft_category manned spacecraft category_space_tourism category_spaceshiptwo enterprise category_united_states category destroyed spacecraft category_space program category_individual aircraft_category individual rocket vehicles_category individual space_vehicles"},{"title":"VSS Unity","description":"captive carry flight december glide flight owners virgin galactic in servicexpected flights total hours total distance fate preservation vss unity aircraft registration tail number n vg previously referred to as vss voyager is a spaceshiptwo classuborbital rocketplane rocket powered manned spaceplane it is the second spaceshiptwo to be built and will be used as part of the virgin galactic fleethe spacecraft was rolled out on february and completed ground based system integration testing in september prior to its first flight on september file virgin galactic spaceshiptwo unity rollout feb faithangar mojave californiajpg thumb virgin galactic spaceshiptwo unity rollout february faithangar mojave california vss unity the second spaceshiptwo suborbital spaceplane for virgin galactic is the first spaceshiptwo built by the spaceship company the ship s name was announced on february prior to the naming announcementhe craft was referred to aspaceshiptwo serial number two there waspeculation in that serial number twould be named vss voyager an unofficial name that was repeatedly used in media coverage the name unity was chosen by british physicistephen hawking s eye is also used as the model for theye logon the side of unity the manufacture of unity began in the spacecraft s registration vg was filed in september as of early november the build of unity was about percent structurally complete and percent complete overall as of april unity was approximately complete and initial ground tests were projected to be able to begin as early as late after being projected as early as mid as of november on may unity reached the milestone of bearing the weight of the airframe on its own wheels the spaceship was unveiled at a rollout event on february as virgin galactic founderichard branson had projected inovember ground and flightesting commenced thereafter vss unity is the second spaceshiptwo to be completed the first vss enterprise vss enterprise was vss enterprise crash destroyed in a crash in late october afterollout and unveiling a phase of testing called system integration testing integrated vehicle ground testing began on vss unity in february test flight program vss unity will undergo a test regimen similar to vss enterprise then will embark on testing beyond what enterprisexperienced the test flights arexpected to be fewer as enterprise has already tested the design s responses under numerous conditions for each flightesthe scaled composites white knightwo white knightwo aircraft carries unity to altitude testing began with captive carry flights in which unity was not released from its carrier aircraftesting then progressed to free flight glide testing and will continue with powered test flights it is possible that only flights under each regime previously tested will be performed instead of the or that enterprise performed on september virgin galacticommenced flightesting of unity with a captive carry flight onovember virgin galacticonducted another captive carry flight of unity but cancelled the glide portion of the flight because of wind speed onovember and november additional captive carry flights took place on december unity completed its first glide flight it completed subsequent glide tests later in december and in february list of test flights class wikitable flight designation date duration maximum altitude top speed pilot co pilot notes cf june mackay sturckow first cold flow flight of vss unity gf may stucky masucci fourth glide flight of vss unity firstest ofeatherentry system f gfebruary frederick w sturckow david mackay pilot mackay third glide flight of vss unity gf december stucky david mackay pilot mackay second glide flight of vss unity gf december minutes mach stucky david mackay pilot mackay first glide flight of vss unity cc november test of minor modifications to vss unity cc november no release of vss unity due to strong winds cc november no release of vss unity due to strong winds cc september stucky david mackay pilot mackay first captive carry flight of vss unity colspan ccxx captive carry flight colspan gfxx glide flight colspan cfxx cold flow flight colspan pfxx powered flight see also rutan voyager space tourism category virgin galacticategory manned spacecraft category spaceplanes category spaceshiptwo unity category individual rocket vehicles category rocket powered aircraft category individual aircraft category individual space vehicles category space tourism category space 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virgin flightesting unity captive_carry flight onovember virgin another captive_carry flight unity cancelled glide portion flight wind speed onovember november additional captive_carry flights took_place december unity completed first glide_flight completed subsequent glide tests later december february list test_flights class wikitable flight designation date duration maximum altitude top speed pilot pilot notes june mackay sturckow first cold flow flight vss_unity may stucky masucci fourth glide_flight vss_unity firstest system f frederick w sturckow david mackay pilot mackay third glide_flight vss_unity december stucky david mackay pilot mackay second glide_flight vss_unity december minutes mach stucky david mackay pilot mackay first glide_flight vss_unity november test minor modifications vss_unity november release vss_unity due strong winds november release vss_unity due strong winds september stucky david mackay pilot mackay first captive_carry flight vss_unity colspan captive_carry flight colspan glide_flight colspan cold flow flight colspan powered_flight see_also rutan voyager space_tourism category virgin_galacticategory manned spacecraft category_spaceplanes category_spaceshiptwo unity category_individual rocket vehicles_category rocket_powered_aircraft_category individual aircraft_category individual space_vehicles category_space_tourism category_space access"},{"title":"Vu\u010dkovec","description":"website footnotes vu kovec is a mineral spring in me imurje county northern croatia which from thearly twentieth century served as the focus of a small resort community thealing power of the warmineral water was known to local inhabitants living near the vu kovec locality from the very beginning the spring water showed measured temperature between c and c remarkable balneology balneological factors high level of mineralization geology mineralization and presence of carbon dioxide in the mid thirties of the twentieth century josip kralji a businessman from the kilometer distantown of akovec developed the resort athe location by building the first swimming pool athe same time hestablished a bottle filling section for bottledrinking mineral water called vu kovec mineral spring of medjimurje that functioned until the second world war after the war the facility was nationalizationationalized and suffered stagnationew development occurred in after the croatian war of independence as the whole area was included into a new formed sveti martina muri municipality vu kovec was bought by the firmodeks inc from the neighbouring town of mursko sredi e and named toplice vu kovec english languagenglish vuchkovetspa new swimming pool was built as well as dressing room restaurant and other supporting facilities in a new company toplice sveti martin ltd took over the location with all existing equipment and pushed strongly for the further development investing in a new open air and an indoor swimming pool sauna sunbed s golf playgrounds and a new four stars hotel so an attractive health spand sport resort well known in the region has been developed lately besides the mineral spring the name vu kovec has been used for the neighbouring oil and gas field exploitation gas exploitation field as well as for the dam wateretention dam on the ramblingradi ak brook built for flood protection externalinks vu kovec thermal and mineral water spring in croatia vu kovec as geothermal potential in south east europe text from aristotle university of thessaloniki greece category hot springs of croatia category spa waters category me imurje county category medical tourism category destination 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businessman kilometer developed resort athe location building first swimming_pool athe_time bottle filling section mineral water called kovec mineral spring functioned second_world_war war facility suffered development occurred croatian war independence whole area included new formed martina municipality kovec bought inc neighbouring town e named kovec english_languagenglish new swimming_pool built well dressing room restaurant supporting facilities new_company martin ltd took location existing equipment pushed strongly development investing new open_air indoor swimming_pool golf new four stars hotel attractive health spand sport resort well_known region developed besides mineral spring name kovec used neighbouring oil gas field exploitation gas exploitation field well dam dam brook built flood protection externalinks kovec thermal mineral water spring croatia kovec geothermal potential south_east europe text university thessaloniki greece category hot_springs croatia category spa waters category county category_medical tourism_category destination spas"},{"title":"Walkabout (magazine)","description":"walkabout was an australian illustrated magazine published from to combining cultural geographic and scientificontent with traveliterature new travel magazine walkabout a new monthly travel magazine which will presenthe story of australia beyond the cities the south sea islands and new zealand is being produced by the australianational travel association an organisation established five years ago withe support of governments and privatenterprise to make australia s attractions known throughouthe world containing pages the various issues of walkabout will contain colourful articles by well known writers pictures will be a feature of the new publication in an explanatory note the publisherstate the title adopted for the magazine has an age old background and signifies a racial characteristic of the australian aboriginal who is always on the move and so month by month walkabout will take its readers on a great walkabouthrough the fascinating world below thequator initially a travel magazine in its fortyearun it featured a popular it was immediately successful with its initial print run of copies increasing to within three months and reaching by ross glen the fantastic face of the continenthe australian geographical walkabout magazine southern review adelaide v no mix of articles by travellers officials residents journalists and visiting novelists illustrated by australian photojournalist s its title derived from the supposed racial characteristic of the australian aboriginal who is always on the move history file walkabout october jpg thumb left during the s the magazine and masthead were given a more contemporary design withe slogan australia s way of life magazine ostensibly and initially a travel and geographic magazine published by the australianational travel association formed in walkabout australiand the south seas was named by anta director charles holmes and first issued onov ross glen the fantastic face of the continenthe australian geographical walkabout magazine southern review adelaide v no the income they derived from itsale provided for the association s other activities in promoting tourism to place australia on the world s travel map and keep ithere it wassertively australian aiming to help australians and the people of other lands learn more of the vast australian continent and its nearby islands and came to resemble the popular magazines that were to appear after world war ii such as the united states national geographic magazine from august walkabout also doubled as the official journal of the newly formed australian geographical society ags founded with a grant from anta its banner subscript reading journal of the australian geographical society this role is now filled by australian geographic magazine later it became australia s way of life magazine when supported by the australianational publicity association and later the australianational travel association modern dynamic layouts and more lively captioning under theditorship of brian mcardle saw a brief increase in circulation due to more liberal human interest and cultural content emulating the american life magazine life magazine and the french r alit s french magazine r alit s in accounting for its demise max quanchi writes it finally struggled against mass circulation weekly and lifestyle magazines in thearly s in fact walkaboutlived life by two years which also succumbed to increasing publication costs decreasing subscriptions and to competition from other mediand newspaper supplements in the s the magazine spawned a number of book length illustrated anthologiesa t bolton editor walkabout s australian anthology of articles and photographs from walkabout magazine sydney ure smith in association withe australianational travel association walkabout pocketbooksfarwell g brian mcardled around australia on highway one melbourne vic thomas nelson australia tennison p mcardle jb walkabout presents the australian scene melbourne walkaboutmcardle b fenton p australian walkabout melbourne lansdowne press contributors writers included some of australia s most significant authors novelists journalists and commentators patsy adam smith robin boyd wilfred burchett frank clune keith dunstan brett hildernestine hill ion idriesstan marks photojournalism walkabout was an early outlet for and promoter of australian photojournalism stories were liberally illustrated each with up to fifteen quarter half and full page photographs in black and white and from the sepiand colour photographs walkabout also sponsored a national artistic and aesthetic photography competition in with a one hundred pound first prize the original photography segment was later called our cameraman s walkabout australiand the south pacific in pictures briefly including new zealand in the title australia in pictures camera supplement and after australian scene it began with as many as photographspread over pages but dropped to photographs in the s the segment was often devoted to a single topic and in the s to single topic double page spreadsignificant australian photographers included in its pages were frank hurley max dupain harold cazneaux wolfgang sievers laurence le guay david moore photographer david moore jeff carter photographer jeff carter and mare carter david beal mark strizic richard woldendorp renniellis robert mcfarlane photographerobert mcfarlane alan chapple beverley clifford leo duykers lee geoffrey heather george helmut gritscher brian mcardlern mcquillan harry mercer lance nelson russell roberts john tanner jozef vissel photographs from walkabout are indexed online athe nationalibrary of australia representation of indigenous australians file cover of walkabout magazine jpg thumb a photograph of gwoya jungarai known as one pound jimmy by walkabout staff photographeroy dunstan cropped from his original fullength portrait left walkabout s early to mid century stance on depiction of indigenous australians was generally conservative romantic and stereotyped a reflection of then prevailing national attitudesfor a full discussion see rolls mitchell picture imperfect reading imagery of aborigines in walkabout journal of australian studies an instance see the language of tourism was roy dunstan s fullength portrait entitled jimmy of standing heroically with a spear and gazing to the distance jimmy was gwoya jungarai a walbiri man but when his image cropped to head and shoulders the cropped print marked as originating from the files of the anta publisher of walkabout is held by the nationalibrary of australia in the online catalogue annotations on the back of the print are transcribed australian aborigines in some of the remote areas of the interior stillive after the fashion of the stone age they huntheir food with spear stone axe and wear no clothes of any description typescript on the reverse cappeared on the australian stamp it was captioned just aborigine though belatedly named in an editorial essay the deprecating moniker one pound jimmy stucksee mcguire me whiteman s walkabout online meanjin vol no spring by the sixties outrage in the australian community athe injustice of apartheid in south africand consciousness of other civil rights movementsocial movements for civil rights changed attitudes many changes in aborigines rights and treatment followed including at long last full voting rights the government gave the commonwealth vote to all aborigines in western australia gave them state votes in the same year queensland followed in withat all aborigines had full and equal rights in the liberal party nominated neville bonner to fill a vacant seat in the senate he was the first aborigine to sit in any australian parliament australian electoral commission indigenous australians and the vote retrieved feb to the indigenous population articles from this period moreven handedly acknowledged the colonial massacres murphy je the massacre at cullin la ringo walkabout june p alongside more sympathetic though still somewhat patronising stories on the remote desertribes rose r man of the desert walkabout july p and more in depth and academic discussion of the complex issues of alcohol and indigenous employment appearedgraham d the aborigine and the future walkabout january p references bolton a t ed walkabout s australian anthology of articles and photographs from walkabout magazine sydney ure smith isbn t mcguire m e whiteman s walkabout meanjin quanchi max contrary images photographing the new pacific in walkabout magazine journal of australian studies rolls mitchell picture imperfect reading imagery of aborigines in walkabout journal of australian studies rolls m reading walkabout in the s australian studies rolls mitchell johnston anna co author travelling home walkabout magazine and mid twentieth century australia london uk new york ny anthem press an imprint of wimbledon publishing company category australianews magazines category defunct magazines of australia category magazinestablished in category establishments in australia category magazines disestablished in category australian monthly magazines category tourismagazines category geographic magazines category disestablishments in 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the points of interests described as well as a mapquest like route summary the new york times wrote a book about brooklyn published by the wilderness press turns out it s a wonderful idea charming practical and informative guide to seeing the familiar and undiscovered features of the borough on foothe daily newsaid the book tells you what s worth seeing or sampling in each neighborhood and how besto navigate it and where to eat while uncovering historical and cultural nuggets many natives never knew see also list of brooklyneighborhoods big onion walking tours category travel guide books category non fiction books category books about new york city category culture of brooklyn category tourism inew york 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places withistorical cultural and artistic significance walking tours of various kinds and length are universally part of the tourism industry and can be found around the world many walking tours involve a paymento the guide although some operate on a gratuity tip system the pay what you want model started around and can be found in many countries the uk based guild of registered tour has criticised the system for not requiring any training or certification of its guideseveral cities now have groups that aremploying dramatic spectacle to add interesto their tours usually guided by actors in costume playing a role these walking tours create the feel of living history as guests walk in the footsteps of those who came before them these tours which blend history andramatic narrative share history in a non academic very accessible fashion these tours are similar inature to promenade theatre although theatrical nature of these tours isimilar to museum theatre in that it makes use of museum 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man education canadian oxfordictionary new oxford american dictionary involved visits cities historic cultural sites pedestrian activity confined cities sites pilgrimage religious journey traditionally taken location significance walker faith minority contemporary foot th_century narrative poem canterbury tales certainly indicates pilgrimage involve pleasure also similarities walking_tours involve long backpacking_wilderness backpacking backpacking_travel non pedestrian backpacking kind modern inexpensive grand_tour makes use public cities cultural sites file free walking_tour thumb walking_tour baden guides walking_tour generally distinguished escorted tour length themployment tour_guides hours last week led guides knowledge sites landscape covered tour interpretations site cover range subjects including places cultural artistic significance walking_tours various kinds length universally part tourism_industry found around world many walking_tours involve guide although operate gratuity tip system pay want model started around found many_countries uk based guild registered tour criticised system requiring training certification cities groups dramatic spectacle add interesto tours usually guided actors costume playing role walking_tours create feel living history guests walk footsteps came tours blend history narrative share history non academic accessible fashion tours similar inature promenade theatre although theatrical nature tours isimilar museum theatre makes use museum theatre first_person interpretation first_person interpretation tours take_place outside traditional museum settings requires audience move urban environments makes thistyle walking_tour genre self_guided guided_tour self_guided_tours range methods aid travel place landscape books maps pamphlets audio material day tours specific locations boston foot boston usa big_onion walking_tours new_york city brooklyn usa walks italy paulo royal mysore walks india see_also audio tour backpacking_wilderness backpacking_travel free walking_tour heritage trail hiking references_furthereading maccannell dean thethics sightseeing university california_press_pond kathleen professional guide dynamics tour guiding new_york vanostrand claudia w learning walking non formal education practice intervention public_space international_journal lifelong wynn jonathan r tour_guide walking talking new_york chicago university chicago press wynn jonathan r city tour_guides urban alchemists work city community june_category_types tourism_category_tourist activities category hiking"},{"title":"Walter Hunziker","description":"walter hunziker was a swiss professor who founded the tourism research institute athe university of st gallen co developed the scientific study of tourism developed the travel savings fund concept co founded the association internationale d expertscientifiques du tourisme aiest and the glion institute of higher education institut international de glion he was a director of the swiss tourism federation member of swiss advisory committee for trade policy and author early life hunziker was born in zurich on mar to jakob hunziker but walter hunziker s b rgergemeinde place of citizenship was moosleerau aargau in he completed a two year primary commercial school handelsschule in zurich beforeceiving a doctorate in economic sciences from the university of zurich in his doctoral thesis was on the swiss cotton industry hunziker was first employed by swiss natural gaschweizerischen gaswerke and the union bank of switzerland eidgen ssische bank before becoming the business editor and subsequently business and publishing director of the berner zeitung berner tagblatt science of tourism in marchunziker was hired to be secretary of the swiss tourist association and on oct appointed its director in hunziker initiated graduate studies in tourism athe university of st gallen hunziker founded a tourism research institute athe university of st gallen in conjunction withat founded by kurt krapf athe university of berne the institute is now known as the institut f r ffentliche dienstleistungen und tourismus institute for public service and tourism in hunziker collaborated with krapf director of the bern research institute of tourism to publish the outline of the general teaching of tourism grundriss der allgemeinen fremdenverkehrslehre which became the standard work for basic research in tourismcf spode hasso tourism research and theory in german speaking countries in dann gms liebman parrinello g eds the sociology of tourism bingeley emerald pp ff as part of this text hunziker and krapf developed one of the first broadly acceptedefinitions of tourism fremdenverkehroughly translated as tourism is the sum of the phenomenand relationships arising from the travel and stay of non residents in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity perhaps thearliest recognizedefinition of tourism was provided by the austrian economist hermann von schullard in who defined it asum total of operators mainly of an economic nature which directly relate to thentry stay and movement oforeigners inside and outside a certain country city or a region a year later hunziker published a book on the system of scientific tourism research system und hauptproblemeiner wissenschaftlichen fremdenverkehrslehre in whiche tried to establish a completely new discipline as a branch of sociology however the attempt failedspode opcit pp ff but hunziker and krapf continued to examine tourism not only from an economic perspective but also from a sociological one hunziker did not wantourism to have a negative impact on the cultural values of either the destination or the tourist in dr hunziker defined thessential elements of tourism science as understanding the nature of tourism defining and explaining the various terms and concepts associated with tourism developing tourism pedagogy that is practical and not justheoretical and addressing problems related to economic policy and business management hunziker was an early advocate of the need to apply interdisciplinary scientific analysis to understand the highly diverse nature of tourism develop a coherentourism pedagogy and use that analytical framework and training to resolve problems associated with business management and economic policy althoughunziker was an economist by training he rejected thearlier view of tourism research as a subset solely of economics instead hunziker viewed tourismore as a cultural phenomenon asuchexpanded tourism research to integrate aspects of sociology psychology history geography marketing and law as well as an understanding of how medicine and technology impacts tourism social tourism in may athe second congress of social tourism austria dr hunziker proposed the following definition social tourism is a type of tourism practiced by low income groups and which is rendered possible and facilitated by entirely separate and thereforeasily recognizable services he viewed tourism as adding value to society by increasing understanding of other cultures and thereby reducing xenophobiand isolationism for these reasons rather than looking solely at economics dr hunziker opined that governmentshould support and encourage social tourism rekas a pragmatic implementation of social tourism walter hunziker co developed the concept of the swiss travel savings fund schweizerische reisekasse oreka whichelps low income families enjoy vacations reka the chairmandirector of the swiss tourism federation dr fritz ehrensperger andr walter hunziker came up withe notion together withe chairman of the swiss trade union federation robert bratschi of creating a travel savings fund hunziker was president of reka tourism institutes and associations file glioncampjpg thumb right alt institut international de glion institute of higher education in drs hunziker and krapfounded the association internationale d expertscientifiques du tourisme aiest in order to re connectourism researchers after world war iin hunziker and fr d ric tissot co founded the glion institute of higher education institut international de glion professor hunziker was the founding president of the international organisation of social tourism and ran the organization from until his death in consistent with dr hunziker s focus on social tourism the aim of the oits is to facilitate the development of social tourism in the international framework to this end it is in charge of coordinating the tourist activities of its members as well as informing them on all matters concerning social tourism as much on the cultural aspects as on theconomic and social consequences further oits continues to promote dr hunziker s interest in access to leisure holidays and tourism for the greatest number of people youth familieseniors andisabled people and fair and sustainable tourism ensuring profit for the host populations and respecting the natural and cultural heritage other professional positions dr walter hunziker was also director of the swiss federation of tourism professor of tourism athe university of st gallen executive vice president of the swiss federation of tourism and a member of the swiss advisory committee for trade policy many articles in the zeitschrift f r fremdenverkehr journal of tourism and jahrbuch f r fremdenverkehr yearbook of tourism see also de geschichte der tourismusforschungeschichte der tourismusforschung history of tourism research externalinks history of glion category births category deaths category swiss academics category swiss business theorists category swisscientists category swissocial scientists category tourism in europe category tourism in switzerland category geotourism category travel category sustainable tourism category people in hospitality occupations category university of zurich alumni category university of st gallen faculty category tourism 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international de glion director swiss tourism federation member swiss advisory committee trade policy author early_life hunziker born zurich mar hunziker walter hunziker b place citizenship completed two_year primary commercial school zurich doctorate economic sciences university zurich doctoral thesis swiss cotton industry hunziker first employed swiss natural union bank switzerland bank becoming business editor subsequently business publishing director zeitung science tourism hired secretary swiss tourist association oct appointed director hunziker initiated graduate studies tourism athe_university st gallen hunziker founded tourism_research institute athe_university st gallen conjunction withat founded kurt krapf athe_university institute known institut f r und tourismus institute public service tourism hunziker collaborated krapf director bern research institute tourism publish outline general teaching tourism der became standard work basic research tourism_research theory german speaking countries g eds sociology tourism emerald pp part text hunziker krapf developed one first broadly tourism translated tourism sum relationships arising travel stay non residents far lead permanent residence connected earning activity perhaps thearliest tourism provided austrian von defined total operators mainly economic nature directly relate thentry stay movement inside outside certain country city region year_later hunziker published book system scientific tourism_research system und whiche tried establish completely new discipline branch sociology however attempt pp hunziker krapf continued tourism economic perspective also sociological one hunziker negative impact cultural values either destination tourist hunziker defined thessential elements tourism science understanding nature tourism defining explaining various terms concepts associated tourism developing tourism practical addressing problems related economic policy business management hunziker early advocate need apply interdisciplinary scientific analysis understand highly diverse nature tourism develop use analytical framework training resolve problems associated business management economic policy training rejected thearlier view tourism_research subset solely economics instead hunziker viewed tourismore cultural phenomenon tourism_research integrate aspects sociology psychology history geography marketing law well understanding medicine technology impacts tourism_social tourism may athe second congress social_tourism austria hunziker proposed following definition social_tourism type tourism practiced low_income groups rendered possible facilitated entirely separate recognizable services viewed tourism adding value society increasing understanding cultures thereby reducing reasons rather looking solely economics hunziker support encourage social_tourism implementation social_tourism walter hunziker developed concept swiss travel savings fund whichelps low_income families enjoy vacations swiss tourism federation fritz andr walter hunziker came withe notion together withe chairman swiss trade union federation robert creating travel savings fund hunziker president tourism institutes associations file thumb right_alt institut international de glion institute higher_education hunziker association_internationale tourisme order researchers world_war iin hunziker ric founded glion institute higher_education institut international de glion professor hunziker founding president international organisation social_tourism ran organization death consistent hunziker focus social_tourism aim facilitate development social_tourism international framework end charge coordinating tourist_activities members well informing matters concerning social_tourism much cultural aspects theconomic social consequences continues promote hunziker interest access leisure holidays tourism greatest number people youth people fair sustainable_tourism ensuring profit host populations respecting natural cultural_heritage professional positions walter hunziker also director swiss federation tourism professor tourism athe_university st gallen executive vice_president swiss federation tourism member swiss advisory committee trade policy many articles f r journal tourism f r tourism see_also de geschichte der der history tourism_research externalinks history glion category_births_category deaths_category swiss academics category swiss business category category scientists category_tourism europe_category_tourism switzerland_category geotourism category_travel category_sustainable_tourism_category people hospitality_occupations_category university zurich alumni_category_university st gallen faculty category_tourism researchers"},{"title":"Wanderlust","description":"wanderlust is a strong desire for impulse to wander or travel and exploration explore the world thenglish loanword wanderlust was already extant in the german language dating as far back as middle high german the first documented use of the term in english languagenglish occurred in etymology of wanderlust from onlinetymology dictionary as a reflection of what was then seen as a characteristically german predilection for wandering that may be traced back to german romanticism and the germany german system of apprenticeship the journeyman as well as the adolescent custom of the wanderbird seeking unity with natureerik h erikson childhood and society p the term originates from the german words wandern to hike and lust desire the term wandern frequently misused as a false friendoes in fact not mean to wander buto hike placing the twords together translated enjoyment of hiking although it is commonly described as an enjoyment of strolling roaming about or wandering in modern german the use of the word wanderlusto mean desire to travel is less common having been replaced by fernweh lit farsickness coined as antonym to heimwehomesickness robert e park in thearly twentieth century sawanderlust as in opposition to the values of status and organisation robert e park ernest w burgess the city chapter ix the mind of the hobo reflections upon the relation between mentality and locomotion heritage of sociology series p m trask cruising modernism piers beirne the chicago school of criminology the gang p while postmodernism would by contrast see it largely as playfully empoweringanseroads of her own p among touristsociologists distinguish sunlust from wanderlust as motivating forces the former primarily seeking relaxation the latter engagement with different cultural experiencesp robinson tourism p wanderlust may reflect an intense urge for self development by experiencing the unknown confronting unforeseen challenges getting to know unfamiliar cultures ways of life and behaviours or may be driven by the desire to escape and leave behindepressive feelings of guilt and has been linked to bipolar disorder in the periodicity of the attacksotto fenichel the psychoanalytic theory of neurosis p in adolescence dissatisfaction withe restrictions of home and locality may also fuel the desire to travels freud on metapsycholgy pfl p see also furthereading rebecca solnit wanderlust a history of walking wolfgang schivelbusch the railway journey s d ezrahi booking passage category adventure travel category itinerant living category 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tourism","description":"war tourism is recreational travel to active or former war zones for purposes of sightseeing or historical study war tourist is also a pejorative term to describe thrill seeking in dangerous and forbidden places in p j o rourke applied the pejorative meaning to war correspondent sholidays in hell o rourkearly warfare file frank leslie the soldier in our civil warjpg thumb touristspectating athe first battle of the bull run the soldier in our civil war by frank leslie military art wartists and war correspondentsuch as willem van de velde are considered to be the first war tourists van de velde took to sea in a small boatobserve a naval battle between the dutch and thenglish making many sketches on the spot crimean war during the crimean war tourists led by mark twain visited the wrecked city of sevastopol heven scolded his travel mates for walking off with souvenir shrapnel prince menshikov invited the ladies of sevastopol to watch the battle of alma from a nearby hill frances isabella duberly traveled wither husband to the crimea in and stayed withim throughout his time there despite the protests of commandersuch as lord lucan as the only woman athe front lineshe was the center of much attention she was told of planned attacks ahead of time giving her the opportunity to be in a good position to witness them american civil war the first battle of bull run also known as first manassas the name used by confederate forces was fought on july in prince william county virginia near the city of manassas it was the first major land battle of the american civil war expecting an easy union victory the wealthy elite of nearby washington including congressmen and their families had come to picnic and watch the battle when the union army was driven back in a running disorder the roads back to washington were blocked by panicked civilians attempting to flee in their carriages frank leslie made an engraving of this in thengraving the soldier in our civil war the battle of gettysburg was also spectated by a number of tourists late th century thomas cook began promoting tours to the battlefields of the second boer war before the conflict had ended a variety of other travel agents advertised theasily accessible and picturesque battlefields of battle of the tugela heights tugeland relief of ladysmith groups of tourists also closely followed the franco prussian war visiting the battlefieldshortly after the fighting was over the above were criticized by alfred milner st viscount milner alfred milner the observer and punch magazine punch lloyd pp one of the firstravel agents henry gaze created a tour which included the battlefield of waterloo in waterloo was also a destination of an polytechnic touring association tour during which schoolboys and teachers visited the site for educational purposes according to the thomas cook son thomas cook travel guide the rising popularity of waterloo as a tourist attraction led to the appearance of numerous charlatans claiming to have participated in the battle the guide also highlighted the booming trade of relics and souvenirs related to thengagementlloyd pp world war i despite the criticism war tourism continued to develop following the pace of the tourism industry in general athe beginning of world war it becamevidenthat following thend of the war the related battlefields would attract considerable attention from potential tourists although instances of war tourism during the great war have been documented they remained limitedue topposition by the french authoritieslloyd pp following thend of the war previous instances of trophy hunting wereplaced by pilgrimage style visits british intelligence officer hugh pollard intelligence officer hugh pollardescribed the ypresalient as a holy groundue to the large number of allies of world war i entente graves in the regionumerous veterans echoed those thoughts anglicand catholic religious tourism became increasingly linked with war tourism during the interwar period in september catholic former servicemen from both sides of the conflict visited lourdes in order to pray for peace a large number of anglican tourists also undertook tours to the battlefields of the sinai and palestine campaign palestinian campaign greece turkey and italy also became popular war tourism destinationslloyd pp lloyd pp a large number of battlefield guides were produced by a variety of travel agencies further fueling the rise of war tours a study broughto lighthe facthathe majority of war tourists during the period were driven by curiosity or were paying homage to their deceased relativeslloyd pp world war ii following thend of world war ii former battlefields created newar tourist destinationsaipan as well as other battlefields of the pacific became a place of pilgrimage for japanese veterans who reburied and erected monuments to their fallen comrades pp modern warfare file last postjpg thumb a group of war tourists at a wwi memorial foley and lennon explored the idea that people are attracted to regions and sites where inhuman acts have occurred they claim that motivation is driven by media coverage and a desire to see for themselves and thathere is a symbiosisymbiotic relationship between the attraction and the visitor whether it be a death camp or site of a celebrity s death st century former security professional rick sweeney formed war zone tours in while another of the companies operating in this market was begun by a former new york times journalist nicholas wood mr sweeney is part of a group of tour guides who take tourists to countries that havexperienced or are mired in conflict a tourist on a trip to baghdad in might have paid up to reported war tourism was on the increase and included tourists in israel to spectate on the syrian civil war the desire for thexperience and the documentation and photographing of ithrough social networking could be helping to increase war tourism according to a tel aviv 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tourism both nationally and internationally it was formerly known as the yorkshire tourist board until but underwent a rebranding a newelcome to yorkshire brand a newebsite the launching of various new marketing campaigns and a move to the present site in leeds west yorkshire the stated aim of the organisation is to grow the county s visitor economy the current chief executive isir gary verity following the rebranding welcome to yorkshire has become involved in a range of new campaigns and initiatives aside from the more traditional forms of tourismarketing usually associated with tourist boards welcome to yorkshire has been involved in cultural partnershipsuch as the yorkshirentries to the chelsea flower show the railway children tour the hockney tour and the yorkshire sculpture triangle the largest initiative of its kind in europe they are also an official partner of yorkshire county cricket club sponsoring the team s twenty tour of south africa in welcome to yorkshire spearheaded the campaign to hosthe tour de france grandepart of the tour de france in the county to showcase the natural beauty of the region as well as its ability to stage world class events on december when yorkshire was confirmed as the starting place for the historicycle race a key component of the wty brand is its website which serves both as a base for the various campaigns and promotions launched by the organisation and as a database for tourism across the county it is one of the uk s most visited tourism websites white rose awards wty also hosthe annual white rose awards to recognisexcellence in the field of tourism the awards have been held everyear since in various locations throughout yorkshire including leeds united leeds united s centenary pavilion doncasteracecourse bridlington spand the harrogate international conferencentre the ceremony is the largest of its kind in the uk with over guests the awards recognise a wide range of achievement in tourism provision such as best large and small hotels pubs restaurants camping and caravan sites and cultural events the honours are awarded by an independent panel of judges welcome to yorkshire has received international recognition for its work it received a prize for world s leading marketing campaign in and in wty received an award for europe s leading marketing campaign in all of these years wty was also nominated for the title of world s leading tourist board wty have also had individual campaigns praised receivingold silver gilt and people s choice awards for their work athe chelsea flower show as well as an award for leading european marketing innovation in welcome to yorkshire made chelsea history in by becoming the first entrants to win four people s choice awards in a rowitheir artisan garden le jardin de yorkshire which celebrated the county s hosting of the tour de france grandepart of the tour de france with a yorkshire dales themed entry externalinks welcome to yorkshire category tourism organisations in the 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national_park file gary paris jpg thumb sir gary chief_executive wty promoting yorkshire leg tour_de_france athe paris welcome yorkshire wty official_tourism agency traditional county yorkshire uk largest counties united_kingdom county promoting yorkshire tourism nationally internationally formerly_known yorkshire tourist_board underwent rebranding yorkshire brand launching various new marketing campaigns move present site leeds west yorkshire stated aim organisation grow county visitor economy current chief_executive gary following rebranding welcome yorkshire become involved range new campaigns initiatives aside traditional forms tourismarketing usually associated tourist_boards welcome yorkshire involved cultural chelsea flower show railway children tour tour yorkshire sculpture triangle largest initiative kind europe also official partner yorkshire county cricket club sponsoring team twenty tour south_africa welcome yorkshire campaign hosthe tour_de_france tour_de_france county showcase natural_beauty region well ability stage world class events december yorkshire confirmed starting place race key component wty brand website serves base various campaigns promotions launched organisation database tourism across county one uk visited tourism_websites white rose awards wty also hosthe annual white rose awards field tourism awards held everyear since various_locations throughout yorkshire including leeds united leeds united centenary pavilion spand international ceremony largest kind uk guests awards wide_range achievement tourism provision best large small hotels pubs restaurants camping caravan sites cultural events honours awarded independent panel judges welcome yorkshire received international recognition work received prize world leading marketing campaign wty received award europe leading marketing campaign years wty also nominated title world leading tourist_board wty also individual campaigns praised silver people choice awards work athe chelsea flower show well award leading european marketing innovation welcome yorkshire made chelsea history becoming first entrants win four people choice awards artisan garden de yorkshire celebrated county hosting tour_de_france tour_de_france yorkshire themed entry externalinks welcome yorkshire category_tourism organisations united_kingdom category_tourism yorkshire category_tourism agencies_category_organisations_based leeds"},{"title":"Wellness tourism","description":"wellness tourism is travel for the purpose of promoting health and wellness alternative medicine well being through physical psychological or spiritual activities while wellness tourism is often correlated with medical tourism because health interests motivate the traveler wellness tourists are proactive in seeking to improve or maintain health and quality of life often focusing on prevention while medical tourists generally travel reactively to receive treatment for a diagnosedisease or condition within the us trillion spand wellness economy wellness tourism is estimated total us billion or percent of all domestic and international tourism expenditures driven by growth in asia the middleast north africa sub saharan africandeveloping countries wellness tourism is expected to grow percent faster than the overall tourism industry over the next five years market is expected to grow through wellness tourists are generally high yield touristspending on average percent more than the average tourist international wellness touristspend approximately percent more per trip than the average international tourist domestic wellness touristspend about percent more than the average domestic tourist domestic wellness tourism isignificantly larger than its international equivalent representing percent of wellness travel and percent of expenditures or billion international wellness tourism represents percent of wellness travel and percent of expenditures billion markethe wellness tourismarket includes primary and secondary wellness tourists primary wellness tourists travel entirely for wellness purposes while secondary wellness tourists engage in wellness related activities as part of a trip secondary wellness tourists constitute the significant majority percent of total wellness tourism trips and expenditures percent wellness travelers pursue diverservices including physical fitness and sports beauty treatments healthy diet and weight management relaxation and stress relief meditation yogand health relateducation wellness travelers may seek procedures or treatments using conventionalternative complementary herbal or homeopathic medicine hotels and hospitality almost million percent of us hotel guestseek to maintain a healthy lifestyle while travelinglobal hotel groups including intercontinental hotels group ihg kimpton hotels mgm grand hotel trump wellness hotels and westin have developed and promoted programs to attracthese health conscious guests programs include healthy menu options relaxation programspa services and fitness facilities and classes as of over percent of us hotels and over percent of upscale us hotels offered fitness facilities internationally percent of hotel guests indicated thathexistence of a hotel spa was an important factor in their booking decision hospitals and medical centers hospitals are a significant provider of destination wellness programs typical programs emphasize lifestyle improvement prevention or health screening hospital and hotel partnerships often supporthese programs there is debate over whether wellness tourism can by definition involve a visito a hospital clinic or physician s office some promoters of wellness tourism define all wellness travel services as delivered outside medical facilities in spas health promotion or wellness centers resorts or hotels resorts and retreats wellness resorts and retreats offer shorterm residential programs to addresspecific health concerns reduce stress or support lifestyle improvement wellness tourism is now an identifiable niche market in at least countries twenty countries accounted for percent of global wellness tourism expenditures in the top five countries alone united states germany japan france austriaccount for more than half the market percent of expenditures north americas of the us is the largest wellness tourismarket with billion in annual combined international andomestic expenditures the us is the top destination for inbound international wellness tourism with million international inbound trips europe and high income asian countries are primary sources of wellness tourists traveling to the us domestic tourism accounts for the majority percent of wellness trips inorth americans and canadians receive and take few vacation days compared to workers in other countries making domestic weekend trips the most popular wellness travel option europe is the second largest wellness tourismarket with billion in annual combined international andomestic expenditures the region ranks 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percent domestic international_tourism expenditures driven growth asia middleast north africa sub countries wellness_tourism expected grow percent faster overall tourism_industry next five_years market expected grow wellness tourists generally high yield average percent average tourist international wellness approximately percent per trip average international_tourist domestic wellness percent average domestic tourist domestic wellness_tourism larger international equivalent representing percent wellness travel percent expenditures billion international wellness_tourism represents percent wellness travel percent expenditures billion markethe wellness_tourismarket includes primary secondary wellness tourists primary wellness tourists travel entirely wellness purposes secondary wellness tourists engage wellness related activities part trip secondary wellness tourists constitute significant majority percent total wellness_tourism trips expenditures percent wellness travelers pursue including physical fitness sports beauty treatments healthy diet weight management relaxation stress relief health wellness travelers may seek procedures treatments using herbal medicine hotels hospitality almost million percent us hotel maintain healthy lifestyle hotel_groups including intercontinental hotels group hotels mgm grand hotel trump wellness hotels westin developed promoted programs health conscious guests programs include healthy menu options relaxation services fitness facilities classes percent us hotels percent upscale us hotels offered fitness facilities internationally percent hotel guests indicated hotel spa important factor booking decision hospitals medical_centers hospitals significant provider destination wellness programs typical programs emphasize lifestyle improvement prevention health screening hospital hotel partnerships often programs debate whether wellness_tourism definition involve visito hospital clinic physician office promoters wellness_tourism define wellness travel services delivered outside medical facilities spas health promotion wellness centers resorts hotels_resorts retreats wellness resorts retreats offer shorterm residential programs health concerns reduce stress support lifestyle improvement wellness_tourism niche market least countries twenty countries accounted percent global wellness_tourism expenditures top five countries alone united_states germany japan france half market percent expenditures north_americas us largest wellness_tourismarket billion annual combined international andomestic expenditures us top destination inbound international wellness_tourism million international inbound trips europe high income asian countries primary sources wellness tourists traveling us domestic tourism accounts majority percent wellness trips inorth_americans canadians receive take vacation days compared workers countries making domestic weekend trips popular wellness travel option europe second_largest wellness_tourismarket billion annual combined international andomestic expenditures region ranks highest inumber wellness trips million compared north_america europeans long believed health benefits derived natural water based treatments thermal resorts hotels turkey hungary cater wellness tourists many subsidized host countriesuch norway andenmark seeking mitigate costs medical procedures patients requiring expensive surgeries asia_pacific asia_pacific region ranks third largest billion annual combined international andomestic expenditures wellness traditions date back thousands years region wellness practices traditional chinese medicine yoga thai massage incorporate preventive aspects lie cross area wellness medical_tourism latin latin fourth largest region wellness_tourism terms number trips expenditures domestic tourism accounts percent wellness_tourism trips percent wellness_tourism expenditures middleast africa middleast currently smallest regions wellness_tourism international_tourists account majority wellness trips wellness expenditures middleast long tradition bathing associated turkish baths older facilities modernized serve spa bound tourists tourism general rise region governments private developers investing heavily facilities oriented wealthy traveler africa wellness_tourism concentrated regions dominated international africa domestic wellness_tourism morocco well developed resort spa sector primarily serving leisure vacationers europe wellness_tourism vacations improve physical well happiness productivity citing health oriented trips give travelers fresh perspective positively affect creativity resilience problem capacity stress benefits wellness vacations expected reported vacationers see_also travel_tourism wellness alternative medicine wellness externalinks_category_medical tourism_category_types tourism"},{"title":"West By Sea","description":"west by sea is an armchair treasure hunt book in the form of a travel journal it was written by michelle m beale designed 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naples italy pompeii day rome_italy vatican_city day florence italy day monte_carlo monaco day barcelona spain day spain day lisbon portugal day dublin glasgow scotland united_kingdom day france day dover amsterdam netherlands day copenhagen denmark day oslo norway day islands day new_york city_united_states day day day panama canal transit day costa_rica day los_angeles united_states day hawaiian islands day honolulu hawaiian islands day beach park hawaiian islands day american samoa day fiji day auckland new bay islands new sydney_australia developmenthe book started project help maintain blog via satellite ship campaign generated us four continents awards recognition finalist best interior design usa best books awards december first place travel_category reader views literary awards march category foreword indies awards march travel memoir categories independent publisher award april select bibliography michelle beale west sea mystic isbn see_also masquerade book masquerade children book kit williams worldwide treasure merlin mystery treasure hunt book treasure search golden horse notes references_externalinks project website blog campaign book project category_books category_travel_books category_travel writing_category_american memoirs category category_books"},{"title":"Western Wall camera","description":"file western wall camerajpg thumb right px a screenshot of aishatorah s western wall camera western wall cameralso known as a wallcam is a live webcam that displays action athe western wallive as it is taking place some cameras operate all the time others refrain from operating during shabbat and jewisholidays jewisholy days there are several operators of western wall cameras the future of art in a digital age from hellenistic to hebraiconsciousness melvin l alexenberg intellect books p some of the operators also provide a service of allowing people to remotely place notes in the wall by entering their prayers on a site which are then printed and placed in the wall by a volunteer in jerusalem the western wall heritage foundation is one of the operators by providing thiservice they enable people to view the wall withouthexpense of traveling therestar tribune minneapolis mn article date february author welschris virtual jerusalem began providing the service december the first night of hanukkah by installing a camera on a yeshiva opposite the kotel plaza the camera started filming all action livexcept on shabbat and jewish festivalswestern wall on the web jerusalem post november judy siegel aishatorah provides thiservice on their sitecyber worship in multifaith perspectives by mohamed taher see also placing notes in the western wall category western wall category webcams category virtual 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action athe western taking_place cameras operate time others operating shabbat days several operators western wall cameras future art digital age l books_p operators also_provide service allowing people remotely place notes wall entering site printed placed wall volunteer jerusalem western wall heritage foundation one operators providing thiservice enable people view wall traveling tribune minneapolis article date february author virtual jerusalem began providing service december first night camera opposite plaza camera started filming action shabbat jewish wall web jerusalem post november judy provides thiservice perspectives mohamed see_also placing notes western wall category western wall category category virtual_tourism"},{"title":"Whale watching","description":"file whale watchingjpg thumb whale watching off the coast of bar harbor maine alt photo from boat showing backs of heads of people and two whalesurfacing in background file humpback whales in monterey bayjpg thumb humpback whales and california sea lion s in monterey bay file humpback whale off avila beach cajpg thumb humpback whale and brown pelican s off avila beach california whale watching is the practice of observing whale s andolphin s cetacean s in their natural habitat whale watching is mostly a recreational activity cf birdwatching but it can also serve scientific and or educational purposeshoyt e whale watching in encyclopedia of marine mammals nd edition perrin wf b w rsig and jgm thewissen eds academic pressan diego ca pp a study prepared for international fund for animal welfare ifaw in estimated that million people went whale watchinglobally in whale watchingenerates billion per annum in tourism revenue worldwidemploying around workerso connor s campbell r cortez h knowles t whale watching worldwide tourism numbers expenditures and expanding economic benefits a special report from the international fund for animal welfare yarmouth ma usa prepared by economists at large the size and rapid growth of the industry has led to complex and continuing debates withe whaling industry abouthe best use of whales as a natural resource history organized whale watching dates back to when the cabrillo national monument in san diego was declared a public venue for observingray whale s and the spectacle attracted visitors in its first year in the first water based whale watching commenced in the same area charging customers per trip to view the whales at closer quarters the industry spread throughouthe western coast of the united states over the following decade in the montreal zoological society commenced the first commercial whale watching activity on theastern side of north america offering trips in the st lawrence river to view fin whale fin and beluga whale s in erichoyt published the first comprehensive book on whale watching the whale watcher s handbook which mark carwardine called his number one natural classic book in bbc wildlife magazinecarwardine m natural classic bbc wildlife july p by more visitors watched whales from new england than california the rapid growth in this area has been attributed to the relatively dense population of humpback whale s whose acrobatic behavior such as breaching jumping out of the water and tail slapping thrilled observers and the close proximity of whale populations to the large cities therehoyt e whale watching worldwide tourism numbers expenditures and expanding socioeconomic benefits international fund for animal welfare yarmouth port ma usa pp whale watching tourism has grown substantially since the mid s the first worldwide survey of whale watching was conducted by erichoyt for the whale andolphin conservation society wdcs in it was updated in and submitted by the uk governmento the international whaling commission iwc meetings as a demonstration of the value of living whales in the international fund for animal welfare ifaw commissioned erichoyto expand the detail and coverage of the survey and this was published in the survey was completed by a team of economists and this report estimated that in million people went whale watching up fromillion ten years earlier commercial whale watching operations were found in countries direct revenue of whale watching trips was estimated at us million and indirect revenue of million waspent by whale watchers in tourism related businesses whale watching is of particular importance to developing countries coastal communities have started to profit directly from the whales presence significantly adding to popular support for the protection of these animals from commercial whaling and other threatsuch as bycatch and ship strikes using the tool of marine protected areas and sanctuaries in the humane society international sponsored a series of workshops to introduce whale watching to coastal peru and commissioned erichoyto write a blueprint for high quality sustainable whale watchinghoyt e whale watching blueprint i setting up a marinecotourism operationatureditions north berwick scotland ebook this manualater translated into spanish french indonesian japanese chinese andutch with co sponsorship from wdcs ifaw and global ocean was updated in english in ebook form conservation file whale watching australiajpg thumb whale watching operator giving a talk about whales and their conservation the rapid growth of the number of whale watching trips and the size of vessel used to watch whales may affect whale behavior migratory patterns and breeding cycles there is now strong evidence that whale watching can significantly affecthe biology and ecology of whales andolphins environmental campaigners concerned by whathey consider the quick buck mentality of some boat owners continue to strongly urge all whale watcher operators to contribute to local regulations governing whale watching no international standard set of regulations exist because of the huge variety of species and populations common rules include minimize speed no wake speed avoid sudden turns minimize noise do not pursuencircle or come in between whales approach animals from angles where they will not be taken by surprise consider cumulative impact minimize number of boats at any one time per day do not coerce dolphins into bow riding do not allow swimming with dolphins this last rule is more contentious and is often disregarded in for example the caribbean inew zealand the rules adopted under the marine mammals protection act specifically allow swimming with dolphins and seals but not with juvenile dolphins or a pod of dolphins that includes juvenile dolphins marine mammals protection regulations b source whale andolphin conservation society wdcs file avistamientojpg thumb typical bad whale watching in el vizca no with people trying to enter in contact withe animal in uruguay where whales can be watched from the beach legislators have designated the country s territorial waters as a sanctuary for whales andolphins it is illegal to be less than metres from a whale locations whale watching tours are available in various locations and climates by area they are south africa file brydes whalejpg thumbrydes whale in false bay south africa in south africa the town of hermanus is one of the world centers for whale watching between may andecember southern right whales come so close to the cape shoreline that visitors can watch whales from their hotels the town employs a whale crier cf town crier to walk through the town announcing where whales have been seen you can watch the whales in hermanus from the cliff tops from a boat or the air boat based whale watching tours are available out of thermanus new harbour which allows the public to view southern right whales from june till midecember port elizabeth runs a boat based whale watching tour out of the port elizabetharbour which allows the public to view southern right whales from july to november humpback whales from june to august and november to january and bryde s whales all yearound up close visitors can also see humpback whales from the lighthouse at cape recife the westerly point of algoa bay and southern right whales from viewing points along the coast boat based whale watching andolphin watching is also a popular tourist attraction in a number of other coastal towns in south africa such as plettenberg bay where the industry is linked to conservation biology conservation and education efforts through plettenberg bay based volunteer marine conservation organisations plettenberg bay is visited by southern right whales in the winter months and humpback whale s in the summer months bryde s whales aresidenthroughouthe year the other famous centre for whale watching is false bay tours leave gordon s bay and follow the coast around the bay species include southern right whales humpback whales and bryde s whales orcas are present during the winter months visitors include pilot whales and pygmy sperm whales many species of dolphin arencountered including haveside dolphins the same tours include great white sharks at seal island the african penguin colony at simon s town southwest atlantic file baleia de brydejpg thumbrydes whale breaching in baia de castelhanos north of sao paulo brasil in brazil humpbacks are observed off salvador bahia salvador in bahia state and athe national marine park of abrolhos marine national park abrolhos during their breeding season in austral winter and spring likewise southern right whales are observed from shore in santa catarina state during the same season mother calf pairs can come as close to shore as meters about feet income from whale watching bolsters coastal communities and has made the township of imbituba the brazilian whale capital in argentina pensula vald s in patagonia hosts in winter the largest breeding population of southern right whales with more than catalogued by the whale conservation institute and ocean alliance ocean alliance website the region containsix natural reserves and is considered to be one of the premier whale watching destinations in the world particularly around the town of puerto pir mides and the city of puerto madryn as the whales come within of the main beach and play a major part in the largecotourism industry in the region in uruguay southern right whales are observable from the beach in two coastal departments maldonado department maldonado and rocha department rocha from june to november the points where most sightings in maldonado are made are punta colorada punta negra uruguay punta negra playa mansand punta salinas in punta del este and in rocha off la paloma rocha la palomand la pedrera rocha la pedrera beaches west pacific file southern right whaleubalaenaustralis jpg thumb southern right whale offshore from cheynes western australia in western australia whales are watched near cape naturaliste in the south east indian oceand at cape leeuwin where the indiand southern ocean southern oceans meet in the southern ocean there are many spots to see whales both from land or aboard ship albany on the south coast of western australia the town where the last land based whaling station in the southern hemisphere was located is now home to a thriving whale watching industry in victoriaustralia victoria popular site is logan s beach at warrnambool victoria warrnambool as well as in the waters off port fairy victoria port fairy and portland victoria portland whale dreamspotting whales in australia in tasmania whales can be seen all along theast coast and even on the derwent river tasmania river derwentourism tasmania whales dolphins in south australia whales are watched in the great australian bight marine park areas and closer to adelaide at victor harbor south australia victor harbor in eastern australia whale watching occurs in many spots along the pacificoast from headlands whales may often be seen making their migration south atimes whales even make it into sydney harbour new south wales national parks and wildlife took an active role in during the peak southern whale watching season between may and november withe launch of its whale watching siteast pacific file ballena jorobada y ballenato en bah a m lagajpg thumb derecha px humpback whale species in urambah a m laga national natural park in colombia considered the favorite place for whales give birth to their young making it a tourist destination in colombia the towns of bah a solano and nuqu are visited by a large number of humpback whales from late july to the beginning of october in southern costa rica marino ballenational park has two seasons when whales visit in panama the pearl islands archipelago receive an estimated humpbacks whale from late june to late november these had become now the main attraction for whale watching tourstarting in panama city in the gulf of chiriqui the world heritage site of coiba island national park and the islands near the town of boca chicare offering opportunities for whale watching isla iguana near pedas township losantos pedasis now a popular destination for whale watcherseveral foundations train local community members to perform as guide and captains for whale watching tours in ecuador from june to september there are many sites from which large groups of humpback whales can be seen including isla de la plataka little galapagos and salinas ecuador salinas athe tip of the santa elena peninsula northeast atlantic tidal straits inlets lagoons and varying water temperatures provide diverse habitats for multiple cetacean speciesubstantial numbers live off the coasts of great britain ireland iceland scandinavia portugal spain and france commercial car ferries crossing the bay of biscay from united kingdom britain and ireland to spain and france often pass by enormous blue whales and much smaller harbor porpoise land based tours can often view these animals off the south coast of ireland humpback whale s and fin whale s aregularly seen on organized whale watching trips between july and february specieseen all year include minke whale s common dolphin s bottlenose dolphin s risso s dolphin s orca s and harbour porpoise s there is also a resident group of bottlenose dolphin s in the shannon estuary which attracts tourists all yearound inorthernorway nordland troms orca s are visible in the vestfjordenorway vestfjorden tysfjorden ofotfjorden andfjorden as therringathers in the fjord s to stay over the winter and off the lofoten islands during the summer at andenes on and ya in vester len and around kr tt ya in tromsperm whale s can be observed yearound summer whale watching trips occur fromay till september winter trips with killer whales and humpback whales are offered from october till april troms alsoffers whale watching for sperm whales and other whales the continental shelf eggakanten andeep water where the sperm whale s congregate is very close to shore beginning only from the andenes harbour in portugal whale watching is available in the algarve lagos and portim o are the most important whale watching places the species observed in this areare bottlenose dolphin common dolphin stripedolphin pilot whale fin whale and orca in the middle of the northeast atlantic around the madeirand the azores archipelagos whale watching is on the increase and popular due to more protection and educatione of the most common whales in these regions is the sperm whalespecially groups of calving females in spain whale watching is available along the strait of gibraltar the canary islands and in the bay of biscay tarifa is the most important whale watching town in the strait of gibraltar this gateway to the mediterranean sea is also a central point in between the colder waters to the north and the tropical waters off of africa good route for migrating cetaceans the species observed in this areare bottlenose dolphin common dolphin stripedolphin pilot whale sperm whale fin whale and orca in the canary islands it is possible to see these and othersuch as the blue whale bryde s whale beaked whale false killer whale risso s dolphin atlantic spottedolphin and rough toothedolphin iceland it is possible to see whales in eyjafjordur skjalfandifloi and faxafloi the towns offering whale watching are dalv k dalvik hauganes h savik and reykjavik most common are minke whale humpback whale atlantic white sidedolphin blue whale and harbour porpoise northwest atlantic file humpback stellwagen editjpg thumb a humpback breaching in the stellwagen bank national marine sanctuary this a behavior commonly seen in the arealt photof whale withead in the air and two thirds of its body out of the water falling onto its back inew england off theast coast of long island in the united states the whale watching season typically takes place from about mid spring through october depending both on weather and precise location it is here thathe humpback whale fin whale minke whale and the very endangered heavily protected north atlantic right whale are often observed for generations areas like the gulf of maine and stellwagen bank national marine sanctuary part of the inner waters formed by cape cod s hooked shape have been important feedingrounds for these species to this day a very large portion of the waters off theastern seaboard are rich in sand lance and other nutritious treats for mothers to teach their calves to feed on in the pasthis area was the us whaling industry s capital particularly nantucket an island just off the coast of massachusetts though strict laws prohibit molestation of these large wild mammals it is not unknown for the whales to approach whale watching boats uninvited particularly curious calves and juveniles it is not unknown in particular for example for juvenile humpbacks to approach the boat and spyhop to get a better look athe humans aboard in recent years it is also not uncommon to see these animals playing and feeding in harbors including new york city or boston where fish species of interesto the whales have lately returned in astonishing numbers as of an expert from cornell university has recorded the vocalizations of six whale species including the humpback the fin whale and the massive blue whale within close proximity of the verrazzano narrows bridge in the lower portion of new york harbor and there is at least one company offering marine life tours out of the rockaway peninsula in queens due to these increasingly frequent visits new laws address the safety of boaters commercial fishermen and the whales themselves off the coast of boston for example cargo vessels must slow down to protecthe much slower north atlantic right whale and there is talk of erecting an apparatus for the much more heavily trafficked watersurrounding new york city that can warn boats of a whale s presence and location so as to avoid accidentally striking the animal because of the relative diversity of whales andolphins within easy access of shore cetacean research takes place at woods hole oceanographic institute and the riverhead foundation among other centers file whale watching tadoussac jpg thumb whale watching near tadoussac eastern canada has many whale watching tours inewfoundland labrador nova scotia or new brunswick twenty two species of whales andolphins frequenthe waters of newfoundland labrador although the most common are the humpback minke fin belugand killer whales another popular whale watching area is atadoussac quebec where belugas favor thextreme depth and admixture of cold fresh water from the saguenay river into the inland end of the gulf of saint lawrence humpbacks minkes fin and blue whales are also frequently seen off tadoussacthe bay ofundy is an equally important feedinground for large baleen whales andozens of other creatures of the sea it shares a population of migrating humpbacks with americand is a known summer nursery for motheright whales with calves on theast coast of the united states virginia beach virginia whale watching is a winter activity from thend of december until the middle of march fin humpback and right whales are seen off the virginia beach coast on whale watching boatrips run by the virginiaquarium and marine sciencenter sightings are mostly of juveniles who stay near the mouth of the chesapeake bay where food is plentiful while the adults continue to the caribbean to mate mom andad pick up their offspring on the way back north where the whole family summers file sarasotadventure kayak guided tour cormorant among the fleet frd jpg thumb ecotour guide stands on a kayak spotting dolphins and manatees around lido key ecotourism based on kayak trips is gaining in popularity in warm water vacation destinationsuch asarasota florida sarasota keys guided kayak trips take kayakers on a tour of the local ecosystem kayakers can watch dolphin s breach and manatee s eat sea grass in shallow bay water the watersurrounding virginiare also a known migration corridor for thendangered north atlantic right whale pregnant females must pass through this arearoundecember to reach their birthingrounds down the coast in georgiand florida for these reasons the waters between the delmarva peninsuland the barrier islands that stretch southwards towards northern florida must be monitored every winter and spring as mothers give birth to their calves nurse them and then ready themselves and their younglings to returnorth for the cooler waters near new england canada caribbean about species are observed in the caribbean watersuch as humpback whalesperm whales beaked whales and many other small cetaceans principle whale watch activities dominican republic east caribbean islands caribwhale the caribbean whale watch association include operators engaged in a sustainable whale watching activity experts conservationists and research groups as the international fund for animal welfare dalhousie university and association evasion tropicale northern indian ocean on the south and east coasts of sri lankand the maldives the industry is growing during winter and summer sperm whales cross the southern tip of the island migrating to the warmer waters of southeast asia so do pygmy blue whale s many pygmy blue whales can be seen at dondra point in sri lanka you can access ithrough the mirissa harbour or weligama harbour whale watching tours can be arranged via many in sri lanka the sea of mirissa is the place where you can see blue whales and few types of dolphins while travelling in sri lanka many sightings have been reported inovember to april in the year northeast pacific file watching orcas monterey jpg thumb watching orca s in monterey bay on the west coast of canadand the united states excellent whale watching can be found in alaska summer british columbiand the san juan islands puget sound in washington state washington where orca pods are sometimes visible from shore three types of orca pods can be observeduring the summer months in the northeast pacific residentransient and offshore killer whales on the oregon coast several whale speciespecially gray whale s may be seen yearound and the state trains volunteers to assistourists in the winter months during whale migration season in california good whale watching can be found yearound on the southern california coast during the winter and spring december may gray whale s can be seen from shore on their annual migration the best spot being point vicente light point vicente while blue whale s are often seen between july and october fin whales minke whales orcas and variouspecies of dolphins can be seen yearound in spring summer and fall athe farallon islands off san franciscone may see humpback whale humpbacks gray whale grays and blue whale blue whales in mexico the various lagoon s of baja california sur become breeding habitat in february and march a number of towns in the mexican state celebrate the whale s arrival with festivalsuch as guerrero negro in the first half ofebruary and the port of san blas baja california sur san blas on and february central pacific each winter to north pacific humpback whales migrate from alaska to hawaiin the vast waters that line alaska s coast an encounter with a whale is likely if not downright predictable in the summer after thousands of whales have made their way to the rich feedingrounds of alaska watersightings arextremely common whale watching is possible within as well as outside the hawaiian islands humpback whale national marine sanctuary the best places to see whales in hawai is in the protected channels between the hawaian islands the best months to see the whales here are january and february when you can expecto see between and whales per minute period although fluctuations between and sightings are normal asia many countries in asia have large whale watching industries in the largest in terms of number of tourists were mainland china taiwand japan india cambodia hong kong indonesia the philippines and the maldives also have dolphin watching and some whale watching china s dolphin watching is almost entirely focussed on sanniang bay in guangxi taiwan haseveral whale watching ports on its east coast japan has a range of whale andolphin watching businesses on all main islands and okinawa zamami ogasawara mikura jimand miyake jimao connor s campbell r cortez h knowles t whale watching worldwide tourism numbers expenditures and expanding economic benefits a special report from the international fund for animal welfare yarmouth ma usa prepared by economists at large page in the philippines over thirty species of whales andolphins can be observed around pamilacan in central visayas davao gulf the northern coast of the province island babuyan islands in batanes pasaleng bay and malampaya sound palawan the visayas is particularly known area for dolphin sightings and is home tone of the larger populations of the fraser s dolphin the worldolphin species in the visayas are attracted to fish lures and to commercial fishing operations in the northernmost province of batanes at least species of whales andolphins has been sighted making ithe single location in the country withe highest cetacean diversity there seems to be no specific whale watching season in the philippines although the calmer waters of the summer season typically provides the best conditionsome populations like those of the irrawaddy dolphin bryde s whale and humpback whale s in batanes appear migratory other populations have yeto be studied some former coastal whaling communities in the philippines have also started to generate whale watching income indonesia whale shark s can be observed inabire of westernew guinea papua region southwest pacific file whale watchingjpg thumb whale watching in kaikoura december file whale watchingold coastjpg thumb a couple of humpback whalespotted off the gold coast queensland alt photof whales at surface with buildings in the background kaikoura inew zealand is a world famous whale watching site in particular sperm whale s the searound kaikoura supports an abundance of sea life withe town s income stemming largely from the tourism generated from whale watching and swimming with or aroundolphins recently the sperm whale watching at kaikoura has developed rapidly and now it is an industry leader arguably the most developed in the world the town like many around the world went into recession after the collapse of the whaling industry its recent development has been used to advocate the benefits of whale watching over whale hunting the sunshine coast queensland sunshine coast and hervey bay where the whalestay and rest before migrating in queensland australia offereliable whale watching conditions for humpback whale southern humpback whales from thend of june through to thend of november each year whale numbers and activity have increased markedly in recent yearsydney edenew south wales eden port stephens new south wales port stephens naroomand byron bay new south wales byron bay inew south wales are other popular hot spots for tours fromay to november southern right whales are seen june august along the south coast of australia they are often readily viewed from the coast around encounter bay near victor harbor south australia victor harbor and up to a hundred at a time may be seen from the cliff tops athead of the great australian bight near yalata south australia yalata northern mediterranean sea in the pelagosanctuary for mediterranean marine mammals located in the waters of italy france and monaco there areight species of marine mammals residents most of them all yearhoyt e marine protected areas for whales dolphins and porpoises a world handbook for cetacean habitat conservation and planning earthscan routledge and taylor francis london and new york pp prelims pplates frequent summer excursions depart from the ports of genoand imperia in liguria northern italy whaling and whale watching the three major whaling nations norway japand iceland have large and growing whale watching industries indeed iceland had the fastest growing whale watching industry in the world between and japan file illustration of whaledo period th century color on paper tokyo national museum dsc jpg thumb humpback whale illustration from thedo period th century erichoyt and other conservationists argue that a whale is worth more alive and watched than dead the goal is to persuade their governments to curtail whaling activities this debate continues athe international whaling commission particularly since whaling countries complain thathe scarcity of whale meat and other products has increased their value however the whale meat market has collapsed and in japan the government subsidizes the markethrough distribution in schools and other promotion in tonnes of whale meat were sold for m a tonne minke whale would thus have been worthere is no agreement as to how to value a single animalthough its true value is probably muchigher however it is clear fromost coastal communities that are involved in whale watching that profits can be made and are more horizontally distributed throughouthe community than if the animals were killed by the whaling industry there have been disputes and skirmishes between whale watching operators and whalers in the nation for example whaling was operated right in front of watching vessels causing malaise among domestic and international passengers on board andomestic disputespread on the internet inemuro strait in mainichi shimbun local tour operators confirmed thatargeted species for hunting such as baird s beaked whales andall s porpoise s are known to disappear or have become harder to approach in the seasons of whaling operations in the areashiretoko nature cruise recent notable declines andisappearances or abandoning of historical habitats of minke whale minke and baird s beaked whale s in coastal waters caused by commercial and scientific whaling that have been operated in wide ranges off theastern half of honshu and hokkaido especially off abashiri gulf of sendai and along the coast of chiba prefecture chiba causedramatic decreases in sightings of both species in many areas enough for whalers to be forced to change their operating ranges and a watching operator in muroran claimed that whaling affected the profits of the operator due to serious declines and low rates of successful minke sightings in the area hunting of baird s beaked whales in sea of japan has ceased in recent decades and the whales have been said to have become more friendly during this period however commercial whaling was resumed in sea of japand caused concerns among cetacean conservationists the first whale watching in japan was conducted in bonin islands in by a group called geisharen which was formed by groups of domestic and international people including both domestic and international celebrities and notable cetacean researchers and conservationistsuch as roger paynerichoyt richard oliver jim darling john ford kyusoku iwamoto cartoonist hutoushiki ueki science writer nobuyuki miyazaki head chief of the atmosphere and ocean research institute of the university of tokyo nobuaki mochizuki one of the world s first whale photographers to record a living north pacific right whale underwater in bonin islands and junko sakuma freelancer during this time until before the group reach the destination the ministry of agriculture forestry and fisheries japand other groups and anonymous individuals watched the group s movements and tried to pressure them noto conducthe tourhideobara book iwanami shoten publishers prior to this movementhose who claimed conserving marine mammals including pinniped s or individuals who tried to correct illegal and over extensive hunts including c w nicol who was a sympathizer with japan s whaling industries or domestic media that have done reporting assignments aera magazine in japan had been discriminated these include a former fisherman who was ostracized from the community later to become a whale watching operator several other tours have been operated by former whalers or dolphin hunters in placesuch as abashiri and muroto iceland file bluewhalewithcalfjpg thumblue whale with calf lafsv k iceland upon the resumption of whaling in iceland in august pro whalingroupsuch as fishermen who argue that increased stocks of whales deplete fish populationsuggested that sustainable whaling and whale watching could live side by side whale watching lobbyistsuch as h sav k whale museum curator asbjorn bjorgvinsson counter thathe most inquisitive whales which approach boats very closely and provide much of thentertainment on whale watching trips will be the firsto be taken pro whaling organisationsuch as the high north alliance on the other hand claim that some whale watching companies in iceland are surviving only because they receive funding from anti whaling organizations norway file tysfjord orca jpg thumb orca near tysfjord norway enjoyment of observing live cetaceans is rather separated from the domestic whaling industry inorway however whale watching has become a popular national tourist attraction in recent years especially in andfjorden vester len and troms and around troms uniquely public opinions against whaling showed sudden rises in when a possibly pregnant minke whale heiko named after keikorca keiko the orcand a local cetacean researcher heike vester who monitors the whale safety successfully shook off whaling vessels by taking refuge in the very shallow fjord of lofoten where large whales had not been seen for years this has provided chances for locals to witness cetaceans at close range heiko s appearance soon resulted in an increase interest among locals as time passed heiko attracted more domestic and international interest whichas resulted in greater questioning and opposition to the whaling industry inorway portugal file uma baleianos a oresjpg thumbalaenopteracutorostrata common minke whale spy hopping azores upright in comparison the government of the azores has promoted an economic policy centred on tourism that includes whale watching withe decline of whaling in thearly s in the islands many of the communities of the archipelago involved in whaling including villages and townspecifically on the islands ofaial island faial terceira s o miguel island s o miguel and pico island pico were transformed into hubs for whale watching services that followed the migratory tracts during the summer while older buildings and factories were purposed into museumsee also whale surfacing behaviour whale watching in sydney references furthereading encyclopedia of marine mammals editors perrin wursig and thewissen in particular the article whale watching by erichoyt whale watching worldwide tourism numbers expenditures and expanding socioeconomic benefits erichoyt whale watching discovery travel adventures insight guide the whale watcher s guide whale watching trips inorth america patricia corrigan whales and whale watching in iceland mark carwardine on the trail of the whale mark carwardinexternalinks bbc newsmagazine is whale watching harmful to whales whale andolphin conservation society whale protection activists international fund for animal welfare including various whale watching regulations around the world international whaling commission to provide proper conservation of whale stocks making possible the orderly development of the whaling industry the oceania project caring for whales dolphins and oceans accobams agreement on the conservation of cetaceans in the black sea mediterranean seand contiguous atlantic area planet whaleducating humans about ourelative whales andolphins category types of tourism category 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california sea_lion monterey bay file humpback_whale beach thumb humpback_whale brown beach_california whale_watching practice observing whale andolphin cetacean natural habitat whale_watching mostly recreational activity also_serve scientific educational e whale_watching encyclopedia marine_mammals edition perrin b w eds academic diego pp study prepared international fund animal_welfare estimated million_people went whale whale billion per tourism revenue around connor campbell r h whale_watching worldwide tourism numbers expenditures expanding economic_benefits special report international fund animal_welfare yarmouth usa prepared economists large size rapid growth industry led complex continuing debates withe whaling industry abouthe best use whales natural resource history organized whale_watching dates_back national monument san_diego declared public venue whale spectacle attracted visitors first_year first water based whale_watching commenced area charging customers per trip view whales closer quarters industry spread throughouthe western coast united_states following decade montreal zoological_society commenced first_commercial whale_watching activity theastern side north_america offering trips st lawrence river view fin whale fin whale erichoyt published first comprehensive book whale_watching whale handbook mark called number one natural classic book bbc wildlife natural classic bbc wildlife july p visitors watched whales new_england california rapid growth area attributed relatively dense population humpback_whale whose behavior jumping water tail observers close_proximity whale populations large_cities e whale_watching worldwide tourism numbers expenditures expanding socioeconomic benefits international fund animal_welfare yarmouth port usa pp whale_watching tourism grown substantially since mid first_worldwide survey whale_watching conducted erichoyt whale andolphin conservation society updated submitted uk governmento international whaling commission meetings demonstration value living whales international fund animal_welfare commissioned expand detail coverage survey published survey completed team economists report estimated million_people went whale_watching ten_years earlier commercial whale_watching operations found countries direct revenue whale_watching trips estimated us_million indirect revenue million whale tourism_related businesses whale_watching particular importance developing_countries coastal communities started profit directly whales presence significantly adding popular support protection animals commercial whaling ship using tool marine protected_areas humane society international sponsored series workshops introduce whale_watching coastal peru commissioned write high_quality sustainable whale e whale_watching setting north berwick scotland translated spanish french indonesian japanese chinese sponsorship global ocean updated english form conservation file whale_watching thumb whale_watching operator giving talk whales conservation rapid growth number whale_watching trips size vessel used watch whales may affect whale behavior migratory patterns breeding cycles strong evidence whale_watching significantly affecthe biology ecology whales_andolphins environmental concerned whathey consider quick buck boat owners continue strongly whale operators contribute local regulations governing whale_watching international standard set regulations exist huge variety species populations common rules include minimize speed wake speed avoid sudden turns minimize noise come whales approach animals angles taken surprise consider impact minimize number boats one_time per_day dolphins bow riding allow swimming dolphins last rule often example caribbean inew_zealand rules adopted marine_mammals protection act specifically allow swimming dolphins juvenile dolphins pod dolphins includes juvenile dolphins marine_mammals protection regulations b source whale andolphin conservation society file thumb typical bad whale_watching el people trying enter contact withe animal uruguay whales watched beach designated country territorial waters sanctuary whales_andolphins illegal less metres whale locations whale_watching tours available various_locations climates area south_africa file whale false bay south_africa south_africa town one world centers whale_watching may southern_right_whales come close cape shoreline visitors watch whales hotels town employs whale town walk town announcing whales seen watch whales cliff tops boat air boat based whale_watching tours available new harbour allows public view southern_right_whales june till port elizabeth runs boat based whale_watching tour port allows public view southern_right_whales july november humpback_whales june august november january bryde whales yearound close visitors also see humpback_whales lighthouse cape point bay southern_right_whales viewing points along coast boat based whale_watching andolphin watching also_popular tourist_attraction number coastal towns south_africa bay industry linked conservation_biology conservation education efforts bay based volunteer marine conservation organisations bay visited southern_right_whales winter months humpback_whale summer months bryde whales year famous centre whale_watching false bay tours leave gordon bay follow coast around bay species include southern_right_whales humpback_whales bryde whales orcas present winter months visitors include pilot whales pygmy sperm whales many species dolphin including dolphins tours include great white seal island african penguin colony simon town_southwest atlantic file de whale de north paulo brasil brazil humpbacks observed salvador bahia salvador bahia state athe_national marine_park marine national_park breeding season winter spring likewise southern_right_whales observed shore santa state season mother calf pairs come close shore meters feet income whale_watching coastal communities made township brazilian whale capital argentina patagonia hosts winter largest breeding population southern_right_whales whale conservation institute ocean alliance ocean alliance website region natural reserves considered one premier whale_watching destinations world particularly around town puerto city puerto whales come within main beach play major part industry region uruguay southern_right_whales beach two coastal departments maldonado department maldonado rocha department rocha june november points sightings maldonado made punta punta uruguay punta playa punta salinas punta del rocha la rocha la la rocha la beaches west pacific file southern_right jpg thumb southern_right whale offshore western_australia western_australia whales watched near cape south_east indian cape indiand southern ocean southern oceans meet southern ocean many spots see whales land aboard ship albany south coast western_australia town last land based whaling station southern hemisphere located home thriving whale_watching industry victoriaustralia_victoria popular site logan beach warrnambool victoria warrnambool well waters port_fairy victoria_port fairy portland victoria_portland whale whales australia tasmania whales seen along theast_coast even river tasmania river tasmania whales dolphins south_australia whales watched great australian marine_park areas closer adelaide victor harbor south_australia victor harbor eastern australia whale_watching occurs many spots along pacificoast whales may often_seen making migration south atimes whales even make sydney_harbour new_south_wales national_parks wildlife took active role peak southern whale_watching season may november withe launch whale_watching pacific file bah thumb px humpback_whale species national natural park colombia considered favorite place whales give birth young making tourist_destination colombia towns bah visited large_number humpback_whales late july beginning october southern costa_rica marino park two seasons whales visit panama pearl islands archipelago receive estimated humpbacks whale late june late november become main attraction whale_watching panama city gulf world_heritage_site island national_park islands near town boca offering opportunities whale_watching isla near township popular_destination whale foundations train local_community members perform guide whale_watching tours ecuador june september many sites large groups humpback_whales seen including isla de_la little galapagos salinas ecuador salinas athe tip santa peninsula northeast atlantic tidal straits varying water temperatures provide diverse habitats multiple cetacean numbers live coasts great_britain ireland iceland scandinavia portugal spain france commercial car ferries crossing bay united_kingdom britain ireland spain france often pass enormous blue whales much_smaller harbor porpoise land based tours often view animals south coast ireland humpback_whale fin whale aregularly seen organized whale_watching trips july february year include minke whale common dolphin bottlenose dolphin dolphin orca harbour porpoise also resident group bottlenose dolphin shannon attracts tourists yearound nordland troms orca visible fjord stay winter lofoten islands summer andenes vester len around whale observed yearound summer whale_watching trips occur fromay till september winter trips killer whales humpback_whales offered october till april troms alsoffers whale_watching sperm whales whales continental shelf water sperm whale congregate close shore beginning andenes harbour portugal whale_watching available lagos important whale_watching places species observed areare bottlenose dolphin common dolphin pilot whale fin whale orca middle northeast atlantic around azores whale_watching increase popular due protection common whales regions sperm groups females spain whale_watching available along strait gibraltar canary islands bay important whale_watching town strait gibraltar gateway mediterranean sea also central point waters north tropical waters africa good route migrating cetaceans species observed areare bottlenose dolphin common dolphin pilot whale sperm whale fin whale orca canary islands possible see othersuch blue whale bryde whale beaked whale false killer whale dolphin atlantic rough iceland possible see whales towns offering whale_watching k h common minke whale humpback_whale atlantic white blue whale harbour porpoise northwest atlantic file humpback thumb humpback bank national marine sanctuary behavior commonly seen photof whale air two_thirds body water falling onto back inew england theast_coast long island united_states whale_watching season typically takes_place mid spring october depending weather precise location thathe humpback_whale fin whale minke whale endangered heavily protected north atlantic right whale often observed generations areas like gulf maine bank national marine sanctuary part inner waters formed cape cod shape important species day large portion waters theastern rich sand lance treats mothers teach calves feed area us whaling industry capital particularly island coast massachusetts though strict laws prohibit large wild mammals unknown whales approach whale_watching boats particularly curious calves juveniles unknown particular example juvenile humpbacks approach boat get better look athe humans aboard recent_years also uncommon see animals playing feeding including new_york city boston fish species interesto whales returned numbers expert cornell university recorded six whale species including humpback fin whale massive blue whale within close_proximity narrows bridge lower portion new_york harbor least_one company offering marine_life tours peninsula queens due increasingly frequent visits new laws address safety boaters commercial whales coast boston example cargo vessels must slow protecthe much slower north atlantic right whale talk much heavily trafficked new_york city boats whale presence location avoid accidentally animal relative diversity whales_andolphins within easy access shore cetacean research takes_place woods hole institute foundation among centers file whale_watching jpg thumb whale_watching near eastern canada many whale_watching tours labrador nova_scotia new_brunswick twenty two species whales_andolphins frequenthe waters newfoundland_labrador although common humpback minke fin killer whales another popular whale_watching area quebec favor depth cold fresh water river inland end gulf saint lawrence humpbacks fin blue whales also frequently seen bay equally important large whales creatures sea shares population migrating humpbacks americand known summer nursery whales calves theast_coast united_states virginia beach virginia whale_watching winter activity thend december middle march fin humpback right_whales seen virginia beach coast whale_watching run marine sciencenter sightings mostly juveniles stay near mouth chesapeake bay food plentiful adults continue caribbean mate mom pick offspring way back north whole family summers file kayak guided_tour among fleet jpg thumb ecotour guide stands kayak dolphins around key ecotourism based kayak trips gaining popularity warm water vacation destinationsuch florida keys guided kayak trips take tour local ecosystem watch dolphin breach eat sea grass shallow bay water also_known migration corridor thendangered north atlantic right whale pregnant females must pass reach coast georgiand florida reasons waters peninsuland barrier islands stretch towards northern florida must monitored every winter spring mothers give birth calves nurse ready cooler waters near new_england canada caribbean species observed caribbean humpback_whales beaked whales many small cetaceans principle whale watch activities dominican republic east caribbean islands caribbean whale watch association include operators engaged sustainable whale_watching activity experts conservationists research groups international fund animal_welfare university association evasion northern indian ocean south_east coasts sri maldives industry growing winter summer sperm whales cross southern tip island migrating warmer waters southeast_asia pygmy blue whale many pygmy blue whales seen point sri_lanka access harbour harbour whale_watching tours arranged via many sri_lanka sea place see blue whales types dolphins travelling sri_lanka many sightings reported inovember april year northeast pacific file watching orcas monterey jpg thumb watching orca monterey bay west_coast canadand united_states excellent whale_watching found alaska summer british san_juan islands sound washington_state washington orca pods sometimes visible shore three types orca pods summer months northeast pacific offshore killer whales oregon coast several whale gray whale may seen yearound state trains volunteers winter months whale migration season california good whale_watching found yearound southern_california coast winter spring december may gray whale seen shore annual migration best spot point light point blue whale often_seen july october fin whales minke whales orcas dolphins seen yearound spring summer fall athe islands san may see humpback_whale humpbacks gray whale grays blue whale blue whales mexico various lagoon baja california sur become breeding habitat february march number towns mexican state celebrate whale arrival negro first_half ofebruary port san blas baja california sur san blas february central pacific winter north pacific humpback_whales alaska hawaiin vast waters line alaska coast encounter whale likely summer thousands whales made way rich alaska common whale_watching possible within well outside hawaiian islands humpback_whale national marine sanctuary best places see whales protected channels islands best months see whales january february expecto see whales per_minute period although sightings normal asia many_countries asia large whale_watching industries largest terms number tourists mainland china taiwand japan india cambodia hong_kong indonesia philippines maldives also dolphin watching whale_watching china dolphin watching almost entirely bay taiwan haseveral whale_watching ports east_coast japan range whale andolphin watching businesses main islands connor campbell r h whale_watching worldwide tourism numbers expenditures expanding economic_benefits special report international fund animal_welfare yarmouth usa prepared economists large page philippines thirty species whales_andolphins observed around central visayas gulf northern coast province island islands bay sound visayas particularly known area dolphin sightings home tone larger populations fraser dolphin species visayas attracted fish commercial fishing operations northernmost province least species whales_andolphins making_ithe single location_country withe highest cetacean diversity seems specific whale_watching season philippines although calmer waters summer season typically provides best populations like irrawaddy dolphin bryde whale humpback_whale appear migratory populations yeto studied former coastal whaling communities philippines also started generate whale_watching income indonesia whale shark observed guinea papua region southwest pacific file whale thumb whale_watching kaikoura december file whale thumb couple humpback gold_coast queensland alt photof whales surface buildings background kaikoura inew_zealand world famous whale_watching site particular sperm whale kaikoura supports abundance sea life withe town income largely tourism generated whale_watching swimming recently sperm whale_watching kaikoura developed rapidly industry leader arguably developed world town like many around world went recession collapse whaling industry recent development used advocate benefits whale_watching whale hunting sunshine coast_queensland sunshine coast hervey bay rest migrating queensland australia whale_watching conditions humpback_whale southern humpback_whales thend june thend november year whale numbers activity increased recent south_wales eden port stephens new_south_wales port stephens byron bay new_south_wales byron bay inew south_wales popular hot spots tours fromay november southern_right_whales seen june august along south coast australia often readily viewed coast around encounter bay near victor harbor south_australia victor harbor hundred time may seen cliff tops great australian near south_australia northern mediterranean sea mediterranean marine_mammals located waters italy france monaco species marine_mammals residents e marine protected_areas whales dolphins world handbook cetacean habitat conservation planning routledge taylor francis london new_york pp frequent summer excursions ports northern_italy whaling whale_watching three_major whaling nations norway japand iceland large growing whale_watching industries indeed iceland fastest_growing whale_watching industry world japan file illustration period th_century color paper tokyo national_museum jpg thumb humpback_whale illustration period th_century erichoyt conservationists argue whale worth alive watched dead goal governments whaling activities debate continues athe international whaling commission particularly since whaling countries thathe whale meat products increased value however whale meat market collapsed japan government distribution schools promotion tonnes whale meat sold tonne minke whale would thus agreement value single true value probably however clear coastal communities involved whale_watching profits made horizontally distributed throughouthe community animals killed whaling industry disputes whale_watching operators nation example whaling operated right front watching vessels causing among domestic international passengers board andomestic internet strait local tour_operators confirmed species hunting baird beaked whales porpoise known disappear become harder approach seasons whaling operations nature cruise recent notable historical habitats minke whale minke baird beaked whale coastal waters caused commercial scientific whaling operated wide_ranges theastern half especially gulf along coast prefecture sightings species many_areas enough forced change operating ranges watching operator claimed whaling affected profits operator due serious low rates successful minke sightings area hunting baird beaked whales sea japan ceased recent decades whales said become friendly period however commercial whaling resumed sea japand caused concerns among cetacean conservationists first whale_watching japan conducted islands group called formed groups domestic international people including domestic international celebrities notable cetacean researchers roger richard oliver jim darling john_ford science writer miyazaki head chief atmosphere ocean research institute university tokyo one world first whale photographers record living north pacific right whale underwater islands time group reach destination ministry agriculture forestry fisheries japand groups anonymous individuals watched group movements tried pressure noto conducthe book publishers prior claimed conserving marine_mammals including individuals tried correct illegal extensive including c w japan whaling industries domestic media done reporting magazine japan include former community later become whale_watching operator several tours operated former dolphin hunters placesuch iceland file whale calf k iceland upon whaling iceland august pro argue increased stocks whales fish sustainable whaling whale_watching could live side side whale_watching h k whale museum curator counter thathe whales approach boats closely provide much thentertainment whale_watching trips firsto taken pro whaling organisationsuch high north alliance hand claim whale_watching companies iceland surviving receive funding anti whaling organizations norway file orca jpg thumb orca near norway enjoyment observing live cetaceans rather separated domestic whaling industry inorway however whale_watching become_popular national_tourist attraction recent_years especially vester len troms around troms public opinions whaling showed sudden possibly pregnant minke whale named keiko local cetacean researcher vester monitors whale safety successfully whaling vessels taking refuge shallow fjord lofoten large whales seen years provided chances locals witness cetaceans close range appearance soon resulted increase interest among locals time passed attracted domestic international interest whichas resulted greater opposition whaling industry inorway portugal file common minke whale spy hopping azores upright comparison government azores promoted economic policy tourism includes whale_watching withe decline whaling thearly islands many communities archipelago involved whaling including villages islands island miguel island miguel pico island pico transformed whale_watching services followed migratory summer older buildings factories also whale behaviour whale_watching sydney references_furthereading encyclopedia marine_mammals editors perrin particular article whale_watching erichoyt whale_watching worldwide tourism numbers expenditures expanding socioeconomic benefits erichoyt whale_watching discovery travel_adventures insight guide whale guide whale_watching trips inorth_america patricia whales whale_watching iceland mark trail whale mark bbc whale_watching harmful whales whale andolphin conservation society whale protection activists international fund animal_welfare including various whale_watching regulations around world international whaling commission provide proper conservation whale stocks making possible development whaling industry oceania project caring whales dolphins oceans agreement conservation cetaceans black sea mediterranean seand contiguous atlantic area planet humans whales_andolphins category_types tourism_category whales"},{"title":"Where (magazine)","description":"company asia city media group asia morris visitor publications global st joseph media canada country multiple see prose based torontontario canadaugusta ga 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cum gresty shavington he built his first ice cream van in bryan whitby born may in cheshire and a refrigeration engineer founded the company in bbc stoke whitby specialist vehicles ltd was incorporated on january bryan whitby started out as a coachbuilder bodywork apprentice in sandbach and later did national service in the royal army ordnance corps in it became known as whitby morrison after taking over morrison industries of sholing southampton it isituated on fourth avenue on the crewe gates industrial estate in crewe off the a it is a few hundred metresouth east of crewe railway station the company employs around staff and has a successful apprenticeshiprogramme it sponsors a stand at gresty road the home of crewe alexandra fc stuart whitby born june and son of bryan is the managing director edward whitby born february son of stuart is the operations manager file polzeath beach cornwall mercedesprinter kellys ice cream van jpg thumb right px mercedes benz sprinter van on polzeath beach in june it converts production vans into ice cream vans for the mobile soft ice cream industry their products have been exported tover countries it mainly converts mercedes benz sprinters or ford transit s both popular vehicles in the uk see also category milk transport whitby stuart earnshaw alan fiftyears of ice cream vehicles appleby trans pennine isbn externalinks whitby morrison category automotive companies of the united kingdom category food trucks category ice cream category coachbuilders of the united kingdom category companies based in cheshire category vehicle manufacturing companiestablished in category establishments in the united kingdom category crewe category british 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sponsors stand road home crewe alexandra stuart whitby born june son bryan managing_director edward whitby born february son stuart operations manager file beach cornwall ice_cream van jpg thumb right px benz van beach june converts production vans ice_cream vans mobile soft ice_cream industry products tover countries mainly converts benz ford transit popular vehicles uk see_also category milk transport whitby stuart alan ice_cream vehicles trans isbn_externalinks whitby morrison category automotive companies united_kingdom category_food trucks_category ice_cream category_united_kingdom category_companies_based cheshire_category vehicle manufacturing companiestablished category_establishments united_kingdom category crewe category_british brands"},{"title":"Wild Scotland","description":"wild scotland is the scottish wildlife and nature tourism operators association a not for profit organisation composed of wildlife and nature tourism professionals formed in the association has plus 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in many parts of the world such as finland swedenorway and northern russiaustralia new zealand canadand the united states huts range from being basic and unmanned without running water to furnished and permanently attended remote hutsometimes contain emergency food supplies file birkkarhuetterl jpg thumb similar shelters can also be found in remote areas of the alps known in german languagerman as biwakschachtel in order to complete some tours it is necessary to spend the night in such shelters even though biwakschachteln are also tended to by the alpine club s they differ markedly from the more accessible mountain hut s which are actual housesuitable for permanent use unlike mountain huts they do not have a permanent resident who tends to the building and sells food to mountaineers hut use file shed with green roof at lyngen fjord junejpg thumb wilderness hut at lyngen fjord norway in general these huts do not have regular maintenance schedules nor paid maintenance staff unofficial rules for use have arisen visitors arexpected to leave the hut as they would like to find it fireshould never be left unattended and if the firewood supply is used up the visitorshould replace it some areas are designated portable stove fuel stove only because cooking on a fuel stove can reduce the use ofirewood some huts contain emergency food stores like canned food and bottled water meanto consumed in urgent situations ofteno toilet facilities are present and the general rule requires thatoilet waste should be buried away from the nearest watercourse or the hut generally no running water is available in the huts it is often recommended when using water from a stream thathe water should be boiled for at least five minutes because of the potential danger of gastroenteritis and giardia detergents toothpaste and soap even biodegradable types can harm aquatic life and waterways areasily damaged when leaving the hut visitors are generally expected to leave it cleand secure withe fire out and the doors and windowsecurely closed escaping fires can severely damage thenvironment rubbishould not be buried rubbish like cans plastic bottles or broken glass are often dug out by native animals and may harm them all waste should be disposed of by taking it away for proper disposal rules can differ between europe australiand us wilderness huts by country file moscow villa oct jpg thumb right moscow villa in victoriaustralia victoriaustralia file oahujoen autiotupajpg thumb the oahujoki wilderness hut in lemmenjoki national park can accommodate seven people overnight official wilderness huts are mostly maintained by mets hallitus finnish language finnish for administration oforests the finnish state owned forest management company most of the wilderness huts in finland are situated in the northern and eastern parts of the country their size can vary greatly the lahtinen cottage in the muotkatunturi wilderness area can barely hold two people whereas the luiroj rvi cottage in the urho kekkonenational park can hold as many as a wilderness hut need not be reserved beforehand they are open for everyone tracking by foot ski or similar means commercial stays overnight are prohibited in the wilderness huts owned by mets hallitus unofficial and unmaintained huts also exist for centuries the vast wildernesses ofinland its resources were divided amongsthe finnish agricultural societiesuch as families villages parishes and provinces for the purpose of collecting resources areas divided in this way were called er maa literally portion land now literally the word for wilderness in modern finnish people from agricultural societies made trips to their er maas in the summer mainly to trap animals for fur but also to hunt game fish and collectaxes from the local hunter fisher population huts were built in the wilderness for use as base camps for hunters and fishermen also non agricultural sami people built huts to help themanage reindeer thearliest huts were only allowed to be used by people from the communities that owned them outsiders were not allowed to use the resources of other communities er maas huts that were free for everyone were first seen in late th century finland when dwelling places were built along walking routes for passers by in the th century the authoritiestarted building these huts later in the th century they started to be built for travellers new zealand new zealand has a network of approximately backcountry huts the huts are officially maintained by the department of conservationew zealandepartment of conservation doc although some of the huts have been adopted and maintained by local hiking and hunting clubs by arrangementhere are also unofficial and privately owned huts in some places they vary from small bivouac shelter s made of wood to large modern huts that can sleep up to people with separate cooking areas utilities and gasome huts were initially commissioned or built by clubs along commonly walked routes both for safety reasons as appropriate and sometimes for convenience the network of back country huts inew zealand was largely extended in the mid th century when many more were builto serve the deer cullers of the new zealand forest service most larger and more modern huts like some found on the new zealand great walks great walks have been purpose designed and builto serve tramping trampers many of new zealand s back country huts aremote and rarely visited and it is common forecreational trampers to design trips withe idea of reaching and visiting specific hutsome people actively keep count of whichuts they have visited a practice which is informally referred to as hut bagging file waiopehut passjpg thumb right new zealand backcountry hut pass back country huts inew zealand were free to use until thearly s when the new zealandepartment of conservation began charging for their use for most back country huts nightly hutickets are purchased vian honesty system by people who use the huts with an additional option of purchasing annual pass for people who use huts frequently huts on frequently used and heavily marketed tracksuch as the new zealand great walks usually operate on a booking system and often have resident wardens checking the bookings of users who arrive to stay the night since the inception of hut fees inew zealand there has been controversy amongst some hut users many users belong to clubs whichelped to build and maintain the huts before the government department was created and consequently inherited them it is common to find people who refuse to pay for the use of huts in protest arguing thathe government is trying to charge them to use facilities thathey themselves arentirely responsible for providing doc argues that all hut fees are used for the continued maintenance of huts and for building new huts as appropriate it has atimes madefforts to demonstrate this by specifically allocating money from hut fees towards budgets for these purposes the majority of the huts were built in an era of lower levels of government regulation and the long term use of the huts was not considered as a result of the cave creek disaster in doc tightened up on the standards for structures on public land some of the huts were upgraded to meet build regulations whilst others weremoved or had certain facilitiesuch as beds removed to cause them to fall into lesstrict building categories in because of the recognition of the unique situation and the remote locations the government relaxed the building standards for the huts they now no longer need to havemergency lighting smoke alarms wheelchair access potable water supplies or artificialighting united states file pocosin cabinjpg thumb right px the pocosin cabin along the appalachian trail in shenandoah national park in the united states of america united states backcountry huts may be provided by the united states forest service forest service state or national parksuch as the great smoky mountains national park great smoky mountains national park backcountry camping backpacking us national park service wilderness huts are frequently located along hiking routes the tenth mountain huts is a system of backcountry huts in the colorado rocky mountains honoring the men of th mountain division of the us army who traineduring world war ii at camp hale in central colorado they provide a unique opportunity for backcountry skiing mountain biking or hiking while staying in safe comfortable shelter wilderness huts file laliderer spitze mit biwakschachtel mqjpgermany in karwendel file bijgebouw refuge de l alpe de villar d ar ne m jpg villar d ar ne file capanna vallotjpg vallot mont blanc file parang jpg wilderness hut romania file seamans hutjpg seamans hut australia file gappenalmjpgappenalm austria rumakurun tupajpg wilderness hut in urho kekkonenational park file riimmaj rvi wilderness hut urtashotelli jpg wilderness hut finland see also bothy simple shelter lean to a temporary small open building 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usually_located wilderness area national_park along backpacking_wilderness backpacking hiking routes found many_parts world finland northern new_zealand canadand united_states huts range basic unmanned without running water furnished permanently attended remote contain emergency food supplies file_jpg thumb similar shelters also_found remote areas alps known german_languagerman order complete tours necessary spend night shelters even_though also tended alpine club differ accessible mountain hut actual permanent use unlike mountain huts permanent resident tends building sells food mountaineers hut use file shed green roof fjord thumb wilderness_hut fjord norway general huts regular maintenance schedules paid maintenance staff unofficial rules use arisen visitors arexpected leave hut would like find never left firewood supply used replace areas designated portable stove fuel stove cooking fuel stove reduce use huts contain emergency food stores like canned food water meanto consumed urgent situations toilet facilities present general rule requires waste buried away nearest hut generally running water available huts often recommended using water stream thathe water boiled least five minutes potential danger toothpaste soap even types harm aquatic life waterways damaged leaving hut visitors generally expected leave cleand secure withe fire doors closed escaping fires severely damage thenvironment buried like cans plastic bottles broken glass often dug native animals may harm waste disposed taking away proper disposal rules differ europe australiand us wilderness_huts country file moscow villa oct jpg thumb right moscow villa victoriaustralia_victoriaustralia file thumb wilderness_hut national_park accommodate seven people overnight official wilderness_huts mostly maintained finnish language finnish administration finnish state_owned forest management company wilderness_huts finland situated northern eastern parts country size vary greatly cottage wilderness area barely hold two people whereas rvi cottage park hold many wilderness_hut need reserved open everyone tracking foot ski similar means commercial stays overnight prohibited wilderness_huts owned unofficial huts also exist centuries vast ofinland resources divided amongsthe finnish agricultural families villages provinces purpose collecting resources areas divided way called literally portion land literally word wilderness modern finnish people agricultural societies made trips summer mainly trap animals fur also hunt game fish local hunter fisher population huts built wilderness use base_camps hunters also non agricultural sami people built huts help thearliest huts allowed used people communities owned allowed use resources communities huts free everyone first seen late_th century finland dwelling places built along walking routes th_century building huts later th_century started built travellers new_zealand new_zealand network approximately backcountry huts huts officially maintained department conservation doc although huts adopted maintained local hiking hunting clubs also unofficial privately_owned huts places vary small bivouac shelter made wood large modern huts sleep people separate cooking areas utilities huts initially commissioned built clubs along commonly walked routes safety reasons appropriate sometimes convenience network back country huts inew_zealand largely extended mid_th century many builto serve deer new_zealand forest_service larger modern huts like found new_zealand great walks great walks purpose designed builto serve many new_zealand back country huts rarely visited common forecreational design trips withe_idea reaching visiting specific people actively keep count visited practice informally referred hut bagging file thumb right new_zealand backcountry hut pass back country huts inew_zealand free use thearly new conservation began charging use back country huts nightly purchased vian system people use huts additional option purchasing annual pass people use huts frequently huts frequently used heavily marketed new_zealand great walks usually operate booking system often resident checking bookings users arrive stay night since inception hut fees inew_zealand controversy amongst hut users many users belong clubs build maintain huts government_department created consequently inherited common find people refuse pay use huts protest arguing thathe_government trying charge use facilities thathey responsible providing doc argues hut fees used continued maintenance huts building new huts appropriate atimes demonstrate specifically money hut fees towards budgets purposes majority huts built era lower levels government regulation long_term use huts considered result cave creek disaster doc standards structures public land huts upgraded meet build regulations whilst others weremoved certain facilitiesuch beds removed cause fall building categories recognition unique situation remote locations government relaxed building standards huts longer need lighting smoke wheelchair access water supplies united_states file thumb right px cabin along appalachian trail shenandoah national_park united_states america united_states backcountry huts may provided united_states forest_service forest_service state national_parksuch great smoky mountains national_park great smoky mountains national_park backcountry camping backpacking us_national_park service wilderness_huts frequently located along hiking routes tenth mountain huts system backcountry huts colorado rocky_mountains men th mountain division us_army world_war ii camp central colorado provide unique opportunity backcountry skiing mountain_biking hiking staying safe comfortable shelter wilderness_huts file mit file refuge de l de jpg file mont blanc file_jpg wilderness_hut romania file hut australia file austria wilderness_hut park file rvi wilderness_hut jpg wilderness_hut finland see_also simple shelter lean temporary small open building intended shelter hiking fishing trips wilderness log cabin small house built logs part article based translation article finnish wikipedia furthereading_externalinks backcountry huts athe new conservation category_backpacking category huts category_tourist accommodations"},{"title":"Wine list","description":"file winelistcoverjpg thumb righthexterior of a restaurant s wine list a wine list is a menu of wine selections for purchase typically in a restaurant setting a restaurant may include a list of available wines on its main menu but usually provides a separate menu just for wines wine lists in the form of tasting menu s and wines for purchase are alsoffered by winery wineries and wine store s a restaurant sommelier is usually in charge of assembling the wine list educating the staff about wine and assisting customers witheir wine selections wine lists have been found from ancient egypt ian times ancient wine lists were not created for the same purposerved by a menu but rather as a means of recording inventory and administrating wine rations in a monarch s household file winelistphotojpg thumb right uprighthe wine list for a wine tasting athe robert mondavi winery a wine list is typically organized into sections a restaurant offering few selections may organize its list in two groups red wine and white wine whereas a larger wine list may have several sections including any of the following white wine s red wine s ros wine s dessert wine sections or subcategories by varietal sections organized by list of wine producing regions wine producing region or country locally produced or specialty wines nexto the description of each wine selection a wine list displays the price of wine purchased by the bottle or by the glass typically a restaurant will price a single glass of wine to recover their purchase cost on thentire bottle the industry average price markup for bottles of wine ranges from times thestablishment s wholesale cost a wine list may also disclose a corkage fee for patrons who bring their own wine in establishments and countries where this customary the corkage fee is intended to cover the profithe restaurant would havearned had it sold the customer a wine lists have traditionally been implemented in paper usually protected by some kind of cover like the oneseen on the normal restaurant menus this kind of implementation usually leads to somentries being unavailable due to stock issuesince business owners are unlikely to change the wine list daily recently a growing trend in the restaurant industry has been to adopt digital wine lists presenting ito patrons on tablets and similar deviceswsj ipad wine list better than paper besides thefficiency gains on running the restaurant s wine listhese digital devices are able to monitor the patron s behavior and preferences allowing restaurant managers and sommelier s to access deep insight aboutheir customer pricing impact and other factors category restaurant menus category 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producing region country locally produced specialty wines nexto description wine selection wine_list displays price wine purchased bottle glass typically restaurant price single glass wine recover purchase cost thentire bottle industry average price bottles wine ranges times thestablishment wholesale cost wine_list may_also corkage fee patrons bring wine establishments countries customary corkage fee intended cover restaurant would sold customer wine_lists traditionally implemented paper usually protected kind cover like normal restaurant_menus kind implementation usually leads unavailable due stock business owners unlikely change wine_list daily recently growing trend restaurant industry adopt digital wine_lists presenting ito patrons tablets similar ipad wine_list better paper besides gains running restaurant wine digital devices able monitor patron behavior preferences allowing restaurant managers sommelier access deep insight aboutheir customer pricing impact factors 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tourismagazines"},{"title":"Women on Waves","description":"women on waves wow is a netherlands dutch pro choice non profit organization created in by dutch physician rebecca gomperts in order to bring reproductive health services particularly non surgical abortion services to women in countries with restrictive abortion laws other services offered by wow include contraception and reproductive counseling services are provided on a commissioned ship that contains a specially constructed mobile clinic when wow visits a country women make appointments and are taken on board the ship the ship then sails outo international waters where dutch laws are in effect on board the ship to perform the medical abortion medical abortions rebecca gomperts rebecca gomperts is a physician artist and women s rights activist born in gomperts grew up in the harbor town of vlissingenetherlandshe moved to amsterdam in the s where she studied art and medicine simultaneously drawing on her experiences as a resident physician on the greenpeace vessel rainbowarriorainbowarrior ii which was captained by bart j terwiel gomperts created wow in order to address thealth issues created by abortion illegal abortion while visiting latin america on board the rainbowarrior ii the organization was inspired by a desire to further facilitate social change and women s health in some developing countries as many as illegal unsafe abortions are performedaily in contrasto some developed nationsuch as the netherlands wheresidents have access to safe legal medical abortions and contraception in collaboration with atelier van lieshout she designed a portable gynaecology unit called a portable that can be installed on rented ships the stated goals of the organization are to raise awareness and stimulate discussion about laws regarding abortion which they allege to be restrictive as well as to provide safe non surgical abortions for women who live in countries where abortion is illegal in the dutchealth minister els borst gave permission to the women on waves group toffer pregnant women the abortion pill on board their boat auroraccording to borsthe decision was in line withe dutch government s policy on the issue of sexual independence of women the permission was given on the condition thathe abortion pill would only be used to terminate pregnancies of up to six weeks and would be provided in the presence of a gynaecologist women on waves made its maiden voyage aboard the aurora to ireland in the ship carried two dutch doctors and one dutch nurse wow sailed the langenorto poland in the polish coast guard arrested the langenort crew in their attempto enter portugal portuguese waters was blocked when the government refused to allow them entry and physically blocked their ship with a portuguese navy warship in women on waveship landed in valencia spain where it had a mixed reception some demonstratorsupported the group others opposed it according to catholic news agency on october a group ofeminists gathered to counter the pro life protests which brought out four times as many people they passed out boxes of matches withe picture of a burning church and the caption the only church that brings light is the one that burns join us on october the feminists met again to distribute matches but decided to disband after they were overwhelmed by the large number of pro life protesters who gathered athe port where the abortion ship was docked as the ship attempted to dock amid both pro life and pro choice protesters harbor patrol agents manning a small boat lassoed a rope around thelm of the ship and attempted to pull it away from the dock on october the moroccan health ministry implemented a ban preventing thentry of the women on waveship langenort into the port of smir on february the wow ship docked in puerto quetzal on the pacificoast for a planned five day visit on february a scheduled press conference washut down shortly after it started and a blockade was imposed by guatemalan army troops preventing the activists from disembarking and visitors from boarding in vessel film vessel a documentary by diana whitten focusing on women on waves premiered athe sxsw film festival in austin texas united statesee also women on web externalinks women on wavesorg women on waves website vessel documentary film about women on waves feminist daily news on the portugal issue janeracom woman on a wave talking to rebecca gomperts interview by janera soerel category pro choice organisations in the netherlands category feminist organisations in europe category abortion providers category medical tourism category feminism in the netherlands category establishments in the netherlands category organizations established in category non profit organisations based in the netherlands category bbc 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abortion laws services offered wow include contraception reproductive services provided commissioned ship contains specially constructed mobile clinic wow visits country women make taken board ship ship outo international waters dutch laws effect board ship perform medical abortion medical abortions rebecca gomperts rebecca gomperts physician artist women rights activist born gomperts grew harbor town moved amsterdam studied art medicine simultaneously drawing experiences resident physician vessel ii bart j gomperts created wow order address thealth issues created abortion illegal abortion visiting latin_america board ii organization inspired desire facilitate social change women health developing_countries many illegal unsafe abortions contrasto developed netherlands access safe legal medical abortions contraception collaboration atelier van designed portable unit called portable installed rented ships stated goals organization raise awareness stimulate discussion laws regarding abortion restrictive well provide safe non surgical abortions women live countries abortion illegal minister gave permission women waves group toffer pregnant women abortion board boat decision line withe dutch government policy issue sexual independence women permission given condition thathe abortion would used six weeks would provided presence women waves made maiden voyage aboard aurora ireland ship carried two dutch doctors one dutch nurse wow sailed poland polish coast guard arrested crew attempto enter portugal portuguese waters blocked government refused allow entry physically blocked ship portuguese navy women landed valencia spain mixed reception group others opposed according catholic news agency october group gathered counter pro life protests brought four_times many_people passed boxes matches withe picture burning church caption church brings light one burns join us october feminists met distribute matches decided large_number pro life protesters gathered athe port abortion ship docked ship attempted dock pro life pro choice protesters harbor patrol agents small boat rope around ship attempted pull away dock october health ministry implemented ban preventing thentry women port february wow ship docked puerto pacificoast planned five day visit february scheduled press conference washut shortly started blockade imposed army troops preventing activists visitors boarding vessel film vessel documentary diana focusing women waves premiered athe sxsw film_festival austin_texas united_statesee also women web externalinks women women waves website vessel documentary_film women waves feminist daily_news portugal issue woman wave talking rebecca gomperts interview category pro choice organisations netherlands_category feminist organisations europe_category abortion providers category_medical tourism_category feminism netherlands_category_establishments netherlands_category_organizations established category_non_profit organisations_based netherlands_category bbc women"},{"title":"Wonsan","description":"official name native name native name lang ko settlementype list of cities inorth korea municipal city translit lang korean translit lang type chos n g l translit lang info translit lang type hancha translit lang info translit lang type translit lang info w nsan si translit lang type translit lang info wonsan simage skyline wonsan montagepng image caption view of wonsanickname map caption pushpin map north korea coordinatesubdivision type country subdivisioname subdivision type province subdivisioname kangwon do north korea kangw n subdivision type regions of korea region subdivisioname gwandong kwandong kwannam beforestablished title settled establishedate c parts type divisions parts administrative divisions dong ri area total km area total sq mi population total population as of est blank name flower blank info blank name tree blank info blank name bird blank info w nsan is a port city and naval base located in kangwon province north korea kangw n province north korealong theastern side of the korean peninsula on the sea of japan east seand the provincial capital the port was opened by occupying japanese forces in before the korean war it fell within the jurisdiction of then southamgyong province southamgy ng province anduring the war it was the location of the blockade of wonsan blockade of w nsan the population of the city was estimated at inotable people from w nsan include kim ki nam diplomat and secretary of the workers party of korean workers party the city haseveral major factories in it was announced that w nsan would be converted into a summer destination with resorts and entertainment wonsan has also been known as yonghunghang yuan shan in china genzan or gensan in japand port lazareva or port lazareff in russia file korea north mappng thumb wonsan on theast coast of north korea opposite pyongyang w nsan s area is it is located in kangw n province on the westernmost part of the sea of japan east sea of koreand theast end of the korean peninsula s neck mt changdok sand mt nap al nap al san are located to the west of the city more than small islands flank w nsan s immediate coastal area including hwangt o island ry island w nsan is considered an excellent natural port location kumgang san k mgang san mountain is located near w nsan administrative divisions w nsan serves as the administrative centre of kangw n province the city of w nsan w nsan sis divided into administrative divisions of north korea tong neighbourhoods and administrative divisions of north korea ri villages changch on dong changd k tong changsan dong ch kch n dong ch njin dong chungch ng dong haean dong haebang dong haebang dong kaes n dong kalma dong kwangs k tong kwanp ung dong my ngsasimri dong my ngs k tong naew nsan dong namsan dong panghasan dong pogmak tong poha dong pongch un dong pongsu dong p y nghwa dong ry dong ryongha dong ryul dong sambong dong sang dong segil dong sinh ng dong sinp ung dong sins ng dong s g u dong s khy n dong songch n dong songh ng dong s ngri dong t ks ng dong tongmy ngsan dong t ap tong wau dong w nnam dong w nnam dong w ns k tong yangji dong changrim ri chuksali chungp y ng ri ch ilbong ri ch unsali hy ndong ri namch li raksu ri ryongch li samt ae ri sangja ri sins ng ri susang ri y ngsam ri the city has a borderline humid continental climate k ppen climate classification k ppen dwa dfa that is very close to a humid subtropical climate cwa cfa source wetter spiegel online sunshine only date october history file port lazarefjpg thumb px left map of port lazaref w nsan opened as a trade port in its original name was w nsanjin but it was also known by the russianame of port lazarev lazaref under japanese rule it was called gensan in the pyongwon line p y ngw n and gyeongwon line ky ngw n railway lines were opened connecting the city to pyongyang p y ngyang then known as heijo and seoul then keijor ky ngs ng thus the city gradually developed into an eastern product distribution centre under the japanese occupation the city was heavily industrialized and served as an import point in the distribution of trade between koreand mainland japan provincial borders w nsan used to be in southamgyong province southamgy ng but when provincial borders weredrawn in it joined the northern half of kangwon province north korea kangw n whichad been split athe th parallel north into a zone under soviet control in the north and one of american control in the south in and became its capital as kangw n s traditional capitals wonju w nju and chuncheon ch unch n since both were south of the th parallel and south of the military demarcation line korea military demarcation line that replaced the th parallel as a border in it was heavily bombed by the united nations in the blockade of w nsan during the korean war according to the official us navy history w nsan was under continuousiege and bombardment by the americanavy fromarch until july making ithe longest siege in modern americanaval history by the war s end the city was a vast shelljon halliday and bruce cumings korea the unknown war ny pantheon books p it was also captured by united states americand south korea n troops on october when they left it fell under china chinese control on december file wonsan doppelmonument kim il sung kim jong iljpg thumb wonsandouble statue kim il sung kim jong il economy w nsan has an aquatic product processing factory shipyard chemistry enterprise and a cement factory transportation road and rail the district of w nsan siserved by several stations on the kangwon line kangw n line of the korean state railway including a branch to the w nsanhang station port it is also connected to the national road network and is the terminus of the p y ngyang w nsan tourist motorway and the w nsan k mgangsan highway air the city has the dual purpose military and civilian wonsan airport w nsan airport international air transport association airport code iata won equipped with andual runways images from googlearth from july and august indicated that major expansion was taking place including the construction of two new runwaysea w nsan is also the terminal station terminus of the mangyongbong ferry that operates between w nsand niigata niigata the only direct connection between japand north korea media the korean central broadcasting station maintains a kilowatt mediumwave transmitter broadcasting on khz am education w nsan is home to songdow n university k mgang university tonghae university jong jun thaek university of economics w nsan university of medicine jo gun sil university of engineering w nsan first university of education and ri su dok university sports the city is home to unpasan sports club unp asan sports club a football soccer club that plays in the dpr korea league dpr korea first classports group north korea s premier league w nsan has been described by the budget north korea tour operator as a popular tourist destination foreigners and locals alike nearby songdow n is a famousea bathing destination inorth koreas the water there is exceptionally clear pine trees are abundant in the surrounding areand it has been designated a national sightseeing pointhe nearby kalma peninsula will alsopen touristsoon and will feature a new hotel and a bathing areat present most foreignerstay athe tongmy ng hotel on the seaside near the chok islet pier in government authorities announced an ambitious plan to develop the infrastructure of the town including the construction of an underwater hotel in a newspaper article in the guardian a north korean defector described w nsan in the s as a drab place with just a few flags and painted propaganda posters providing splashes of colour songdowon international children s union camp was built beside songdow n at and it still receives teenagers and youth for cultural exchange betweenorth koreand various foreign countries famouscenic sites near w nsan my ngsasimri lake sijung chongsokchon and kumgangsan mt k mgang temples in the area include the sogwangsand anbyon pohyonsa buddhistemples german church is the former church of territorial abbey of tokwon t kw n abbey now used by the w nsan university of agriculture people from w nsan kim ki nam present politician sister citiesakaiminatottori japan puebla puebla mexico acuerdo de hermanamiento entre la ciudade puebla de los estados unidos mexicanos y la ciudade wonsan provincia de kangwon de la rep blica popular democr tica de corea vladivostok russia kim jong il holds third summitalks with putin during tour ofar eastern region of russia malacca malaysia see also list of east asian ports list of korea related topics geography of north korea naval bases of the korean people s navy furthereading dormels rainer north korea s cities industrial facilities internal structures and typification jimoondang isbn externalinks north korea uncovered north korea googlearth a googlearth map of wonsan s cultural economic 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china chinese control december file wonsan kim sung kim jong thumb statue kim sung kim jong economy w_nsan aquatic product processing factory chemistry enterprise factory transportation road rail district w_nsan several stations kangwon line kangw n line korean state railway including branch w station port also connected national road network terminus p w_nsan tourist motorway w_nsan k highway air city dual purpose military civilian wonsan airport w_nsan airport international air transport association airport code iata equipped images googlearth july august indicated major expansion taking_place including construction two new w_nsan also terminal station terminus ferry operates w direct connection japand north_korea media korean central broadcasting station maintains broadcasting education w_nsan home n university k university university jong jun university economics w_nsan university medicine gun university engineering w_nsan first university education university sports city home sports club asan sports club football soccer club plays korea league korea first group north_korea premier league w_nsan described budget north_korea tour_operator popular_tourist_destination foreigners locals alike nearby n bathing destination inorth water exceptionally clear pine trees abundant surrounding areand designated national sightseeing pointhe nearby peninsula feature new hotel bathing present athe hotel seaside near pier government authorities announced ambitious plan develop infrastructure town including construction underwater hotel newspaper article guardian north_korean described w_nsan place flags painted propaganda posters providing colour international children union camp built beside n still receives teenagers youth cultural_exchange koreand various foreign_countries sites near w_nsan lake k temples area include german church former church territorial abbey n abbey used w_nsan university agriculture people w_nsan kim nam present politician sister japan puebla puebla mexico de entre la puebla de los la wonsan de kangwon de_la popular tica de russia kim jong holds third putin tour eastern region russia malacca malaysia see_also list east_asian ports list korea related topics geography north_korea naval bases korean people navy furthereading north_korea cities industrial facilities internal structures isbn_externalinks north_korea uncovered north_korea googlearth googlearth map wonsan cultural economic political military infrastructure tourist locations facilities w_nsan operation october korean war assault ordered general douglas macarthur googlearth images w_nsan including one kim jong military airfield ferry city profile wonsan category cities kangwon province north_korea category wonsan category port cities towns inorth korea category resortowns"},{"title":"Woodswomen, Inc.","description":"file woodswomen inc logopng thumb right woodswomen inc logo circa woodswomen inc was a nonprofit organization focusing on education and adventure travel run by women for women out of minneapolis minnesota from to woodswomen referred to as the grandmother of women s outdoor adventure groups winegar karin on top of the world the star tribune september was one of the first adventure travel companieserving exclusively women and served more than women children in its tenurewinegar kareno yelling women only travel finds firm niche sunday standard times march the name woodswomen was first used in when judith niemi elizabeth barnard shirley heyer and trudy fulton organized a boundary waters canoe area wilderness boundary waters canoe area trip for women though three women judith niemi denise mitten and elizabeth barnard are generally credited withe initial organization they maintain that it was founded organically this means that each woman has her own woodswomen history and none person started outo make a business out of adventure travel for womenniemi judith talking with woodswomenewomen s times april for example judith niemi s personal woodswomen began when she decided that womeneeded an organization that would run outdoor tripsolely for them after a trip in the boundary waters canoe area where she saw nother women for two weeks women growing stronger outdoorst paul dispatch october in woodswomen launched a women and leadership course which turned into a well respected leadershiprogram thatrained many women who led woodswomen trips and trips for other companies woodswomen was incorporated as a nonprofit organization in also in the organization organized and sponsored an expedition commemorating mina benson hubbard s george river quebec george river trip in labrador canada seven member expedition team traveled for four weeks on a mile journey following hubbard s route in kathy phibbs opened the northwest office of woodswomen and served as its director two years earlier she had organized the first meeting of women climbers northwest wcn in bentley judy burton joan thornberg lace and firey carla the first ladies washington trails march and april page in denise mitten secured a grant from themma b howe foundation and started the women and children bonding in the outdoors program expanding theireach in mitten answered a request for proposals from the minnesota department of corrections and secured funding for the wilderness experiences for women offenders programwinegar karin mothers and kids get acquainted withe outdoors the star tribune september in woodswomen sponsored the th year commemoration climb ofay fuller s assent of mount rainier washington kathy phibbs and several other women lead the climb which included over women many wearing dresses and one woman who completed the climb with an artificialeg in woodswomen started minnesota youth outdoors programs for lesbian gay and bisexual youth participated in a series of one to two day trips woodswomen guides and adult supporter teamembers hope that sense of self and success will help gay and lesbian youth negotiate a time fraught with difficulties dochterman robin calling all gay and lesbian youth equal time october in woodswomen hadomestic trips and international trips ranging from cross country skiing in minnesota to climbing mount kilimanjaro in tanzania giammatteo hollis into the woodswomen brings feminism to the great outdoors ms magazine march april woodswomen closed its doors in passing on the mailing listo marian marbury who went on to found adventures in good company file denise mitten at joshua treejpg thumb left woodswomen guide and executive director denise mitten using a body belay while guiding in joshua tree national park in the s photo by kathy phibbs philosophy and trip outcomes woodswomen s mission was toffer supportive and challenging learning opportunities for women and for women and children to help foster individual growth responsibility and relationship skills mitten denisempowering women and girls in the outdoors journal of physical education recreation andance reston va february woodswomen waset up with feminist and environmentalist ideals in mind and asuch empowering women and protecting thenvironment played a large role in the choices of directors and guides woodswomen was a unique organization that pioneered several important programatical aspects of adventure therapy and adventureducation this was done because of the overarching values guiding the organization and staff including valuing emotional safety as well as physical safety thus attending to emotional safety valuing personal choice and individual goals thus understanding the necessity of personal choice in participation and providing a wide platform of choice valuing healthy relationships with people and thenvironmenthus hiring and training staff who could exemplify healthy bonding both within the group and with nature and not using the wilderness as a place to prove competency over thenvironment valuing women and women s ways of knowing thus hiring and training staff who could model that women strengths are an assetoutdoor living and traveling ie women do not need to be changed to fit into adventure programs or taught in order to be good enough mitten denise a philosophical basis for a women s outdoor adventure program journal of experiential education summer boulder co association of experiential education judith niemi explained part of woodswomen s philosophy as not worrying about competition achievement ego especially nothinking we are conquering nature korn beno title the minneapolis tribune minneapolis mn december many people go into the wilderness withe mindset of conquering the great outdoors woodswomen trips worked to counter that mindset and instead learn through nature getting to feel comfortable and ending up feeling blissful in the outdoorsfrommer arthur women only tours gaining popularity chicago sun times june in addition woodswomen staff worked to be process oriented the idea was that it was not important how far you went how fast you climbed etc but rather what you sawhat you experienced what you didcook sam it is not how far you have come but where you are that is important news tribune herald january for guides a great deal of emphasis was placed on leadership styles and guides completed extensive guide trainings woodswomen directors would look for alternatives to hierarchicaleadership and centralized authority working to haveveryone participate in decision making woodswomen directors maintained that learning outdoor skills from other women is better for women than learning them fromen especially in thearlyears of woodswomen s and s many women did not have strong outdoorskills because they had not been given the opportunity to learn them this would lead to women on outdoor trips being marginalized for their lack of skill and not getting the opportunity to learn when men on trips would teach women some skills it would be condescending and hierarchal and women would get frustrated when they did not get it right away when women learn from women there is not as much of the condescension and women are able to take more control of their learning when women learn from women they take more credit for learning said elizabeth barnard in an interview traveling with other women also gets women out of passive roles they may take at home and on trips with men where they are marginalized in favor of having the supposedly stronger and faster men do the job when men are not around it is impossible for women to fall into genderoles in terms of the tasks they perform and the skills they must learnwinegar karin woodswomen tackle nature s wilds but with a very casual air the minneapolis tribune minneapolis mn september in addition to learning new skills and becoming comfortable in the outdoors one of the main byproducts of woodswomen trips was increased self esteem in participants women coming back from woodswomen trips reported an increase in confidence saying things like now i know i can go for that job promotion woodswomen affiliates did research over the years aboutcomes of trips and learned about how empowered women felt after trips file woodswomen denali expeditionjpg thumb right woodswomen denali climb on the west buttress of mount mckinley ak climb guided by denise mitten and kathy phibbs photo by denise mitten woodswomen inc s primary function was toffer adventure travel trips for women in woodswomen ran trips in different countries and when it closed in woodswomen had served over women and children through its outdoor adventure programs woodswomen ran trips focusing on activities including biking rock climbing backpacking cross country skiing kayaking canoeing whitewater canoeing and rafting winter camping sea kayaking snorkeling scuba diving mountaineering horse packing llama packing wild ricing andogsleddingkloppenburg dick woodswomen minneapolis company shows outdoors is women s business daily herald wausau merrill wi augustrips were geared to serve women with noutdoor experience to women with extensive outdoor experience and a range of women participated in the trips from professionals to housewives to low income women on scholarships woodswomen had a scholarship fund sponsored by former triparticipants and others to defray the cost of tripso that low income women could also attend woodswomen guides completed an extensive guide training program focusing on leadership styles group dynamics hollis giammatteo writing for ms magazine ms magazine took a leadership course that included climbing mount adams washington mount adams in washington state according to giammatteo denise mitten refined woodswomen s acclaimed leadershiprogram creating a style stressing ethical and inclusive leadership for woodswomen guides leadership was viewed as a role that encourages appropriate participationot as a characteristic of a personalitype the idea rigid of goal setting and the language of right and wrong weremoved woodswomen guides for example would avoid words that connote domination such as attack the trail summit assault conquer the mountain rather they would say things like run the rapids climb the mountain or let start hikingiammatteo wrote that mitten taughthe hostess concept meaning that one guides in areas in alignment with one s ability just like one would throw a party in a place where one is comfortable and knowhere things are ones leads trips in an areas where one is comfortable woodswomen ran a number of special programs along withe adventure travel trips one called minnesota youth outdoors was a program which served gay lesbiand bisexual youth and allies minnesota youth outdoors ran one and two day trips to various locations in southern minnesota giving participants opportunities to go rock climbing canoeing skiing and hiking trips were designed to expose lgbt youth to the outdoors and to provide them with positive interactions with adults potentially leading to higher self esteem a greater affinity for nature and hope for the future wilderness experiences for women offenders was another of woodswomen special programs through this program women felons would gon three day outdoors trips gaining confidence and trust in themselves and other participants another program was called women and children bonding in the outdoors and provided opportunities for low income women and their children to experience outdoor activities this program was designed to expose inner city women and their children toutdoor activities in the process women and children would gain self respecthe courage to accept challenges cooperation skills and respect for nature woodswomen affiliates taught various classes and workshops abouthe outdoors at colleges and schools around the twin cities metro area in subjects ranging from log cabin building minnesota ecology feminism and ecology botany the history and literature of women and living in the wilderness first aid knots and ropes bike touring kayaking bird watching orienteering working consciously and conscientiously with women in the outdoors and camping with children category organizations established in category organizations disestablished in category outdoor education organizations category adventure travel category travel related organizations category non profit organizations based in minnesota category organizations based in 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river quebec george river trip labrador canada seven member expedition team traveled four weeks mile journey following route kathy phibbs opened northwest office woodswomen served director two_years earlier organized first meeting women climbers northwest bentley judy burton joan lace first ladies washington trails march april page denise mitten secured grant b foundation started women children bonding outdoors program expanding mitten answered request proposals minnesota department secured funding wilderness experiences women offenders mothers kids get withe outdoors star tribune september woodswomen sponsored th year commemoration climb fuller mount rainier washington kathy phibbs several women lead climb included women many wearing one woman completed climb woodswomen started minnesota youth outdoors programs lesbian gay bisexual youth participated series one two_day_trips woodswomen guides adult supporter teamembers hope sense self success help gay_lesbian youth negotiate time difficulties robin calling gay_lesbian youth equal time october woodswomen trips international trips ranging cross_country skiing minnesota climbing mount kilimanjaro tanzania woodswomen brings feminism great outdoors magazine march april woodswomen closed doors passing went found adventures good company file denise mitten joshua thumb left woodswomen guide executive_director denise mitten using body guiding joshua tree national_park photo kathy phibbs philosophy trip outcomes woodswomen mission toffer challenging learning opportunities women women children help foster individual growth responsibility relationship skills mitten women girls outdoors journal physical education recreation andance reston february woodswomen waset feminist ideals mind asuch women protecting thenvironment played large role choices directors guides woodswomen unique organization pioneered several important aspects adventure therapy done values guiding organization staff including valuing emotional safety well physical safety thus attending emotional safety valuing personal choice individual goals thus understanding necessity personal choice participation providing wide platform choice valuing healthy relationships people hiring training staff could healthy bonding within group nature using wilderness place prove thenvironment valuing women women ways knowing thus hiring training staff could model women living traveling women need changed fit adventure programs taught order good enough mitten denise philosophical basis women outdoor adventure program journal experiential education summer boulder association experiential education judith niemi explained part woodswomen philosophy competition achievement especially nature title minneapolis tribune minneapolis december many_people go wilderness withe great outdoors woodswomen trips worked counter instead learn nature getting feel comfortable ending feeling arthur women tours gaining popularity chicago sun times june addition woodswomen staff worked process oriented idea important far went fast climbed etc rather experienced sam far come important news tribune herald january guides great_deal emphasis placed leadership styles guides completed extensive guide woodswomen directors would look alternatives centralized authority working participate decision_making woodswomen directors maintained learning outdoor skills women better women learning especially thearlyears woodswomen many women strong given opportunity learn would lead women outdoor trips marginalized lack skill getting opportunity learn men trips would teach women skills would women would get frustrated get right away women learn women much women able take control learning women learn women take credit learning said elizabeth barnard interview traveling women also gets women passive roles may take home trips men marginalized favor supposedly stronger faster men job men around impossible women fall terms tasks perform skills must woodswomen nature casual air minneapolis tribune minneapolis september addition learning new skills becoming comfortable outdoors one main woodswomen trips increased self participants women coming back woodswomen trips reported increase confidence saying things like know go job promotion woodswomen research years trips learned women felt trips file woodswomen thumb right woodswomen climb west mount mckinley climb guided denise mitten kathy phibbs photo denise mitten woodswomen inc primary function toffer adventure_travel trips women woodswomen ran trips different_countries closed woodswomen served women children outdoor adventure programs woodswomen ran trips focusing activities including biking rock_climbing backpacking cross_country skiing kayaking canoeing canoeing rafting winter camping sea kayaking snorkeling scuba diving mountaineering horse packing packing wild dick woodswomen minneapolis company shows outdoors women business daily herald geared serve women experience women extensive outdoor experience range women participated trips professionals low_income women scholarships woodswomen scholarship fund sponsored former others cost low_income women could also attend woodswomen guides completed extensive guide training program focusing leadership styles group dynamics writing magazine magazine took leadership course included climbing mount adams washington mount adams washington_state according denise mitten refined woodswomen acclaimed creating style ethical inclusive leadership woodswomen guides leadership viewed role encourages appropriate characteristic idea rigid goal setting language right wrong weremoved woodswomen guides example would avoid words domination attack trail summit assault conquer mountain rather would say things like run rapids climb mountain let start wrote mitten hostess concept meaning one guides areas one ability like one would throw party place one comfortable things ones leads trips areas one comfortable woodswomen ran number special programs along_withe adventure_travel trips one called minnesota youth outdoors program served gay bisexual youth allies minnesota youth outdoors ran one two_day_trips various_locations southern minnesota giving participants opportunities go rock_climbing canoeing skiing hiking trips designed lgbt youth outdoors provide positive interactions adults potentially leading higher self greater affinity nature hope future wilderness experiences women offenders another woodswomen special programs program women would gon three_day outdoors trips gaining confidence trust participants another program called women children bonding outdoors provided opportunities low_income women children experience outdoor activities program designed inner city women children activities process women children would gain self respecthe courage accept challenges cooperation skills respect nature woodswomen taught various classes workshops abouthe outdoors colleges schools around twin cities metro area subjects ranging log cabin building 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advancing knowledge and tourism policies worldwide it encourages the implementation of the global code of ethics for tourism to maximize the contribution of tourism to socio economic development while minimizing its possible negative impacts of tourism impacts and is committed to promoting tourism as an instrument in achieving the united nations millennium development goals mdgs geared towards reducing poverty and fostering sustainable development unwto generates market knowledge promotes competitive and sustainable tourism policies and instruments fosters tourism education and training and works to make tourism an effective tool for developmenthrough technical assistance projects in over countries around the world unwto s membership includes countries territories and over affiliate members representing the private sector educational institutions tourism associations and local tourism authorities its headquarters are located in madrid organizational aims file unwto headquarters madrid spain jpg thumb unwto headquarters madrid the objectives of the unwto are to promote andevelop sustainable tourism to contribute to economic development international understanding peace prosperity and universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race sex language oreligion in pursuing these aims unwto pays particular attention to the interests of developing countries in the field of tourism statutes of unwto the origin of unwto stems back to when the international congress official touristraffic associations icott was formed athe hague some articles from early volumes of the annals of tourism research jafari creation of the intergovernmental world tourism oration claim thathe unwtoriginated from the international union official tourist publicity organizations iuotpo although the unwto states thathe icott became the international union official tourist publicity organizations first in following thend of the world war ii second world war and with international travel numbers increasing the iuotpo restructured itself into the international union official travel organizations iuoto a technical non governmental organization the iuoto was made up of a combination of national tourist organizations industry and consumer groups the goals and objectives of the iuoto were to not only promote tourism in general but also to extracthe best out of tourism as an international trade component and as an economic development strategy for developing nations towards thend of the s the iuoto realized the need for further transformation to enhance its role on an internationalevel the th iuoto general assembly in tokyo declared the need for the creation of an intergovernmental body withe necessary abilities to function an internationalevel in cooperation with other international agencies in particular the united nations throughouthexistence of the iuoto close ties had been established between the organization and the united nations un and initial suggestions had the iuoto becoming part of the un however following the circulation of a draft convention consensus held that any resultant intergovernmental organization should be closely linked to the un but preserve its complete administrative and financial autonomy jafari creation of the intergovernmental world tourism organization it was on the recommendations of the un thathe formation of the new intergovernmental tourism organization was based resolution of the xxivth un general assembly stated in the iuoto general assembly voted in favor oforming the world tourism organization wto based on statutes of the iuoto and afteratification by the prescribed states the wto came intoperation november most recently athe fifteenth general assembly in the wto general council and the un agreed to establish the wto as a specialized agency of the un the significance of this collaboration wto secretary general mr francesco frangialli claimed would lie in the increased visibility it gives the wto and the recognition that will be accorded to itourism will be considered on an equal footing with other major activities of human society world tourism organization wto news members file unwtopng thumb right px file unwtourism regionssvg thumb px unwtourism regions file unwtosvg thumb right px unwto member statesorted by theiregions the membership of the unwto included statesix associate members flemish community puerto rico aruba hong kong macau madeira territories or groups of territories not responsible for their external relations but whose membership is approved by the state assuming responsibility for their external relations and twobservers holy see palestine liberation organization palestine seventeen state members have withdrawn from the organization for different periods in the past australia bahamas bahrain belgium canada costa rica el salvador grenada honduras kuwait latvia malaysia myanmar panama philippines qatar thailand puerto rico as an associate member the netherland antilles was an associate member before dissolution of the netherlands antilles its dissolution former members are belgium until canada until grenada until and latvia non members are antiguand barbuda barbados belgium belize comoros denmark dominica estonia finland grenada guyana iceland republic of ireland kiribati latvia liechtenstein luxembourg marshall islands micronesia nauru new zealand palau saint kitts and nevisaint lucia saint vincent and the grenadinesamoa singapore solomon islandsomalia south sudan suriname sweden tonga tuvalunited kingdom united states the united arab emirates uae rejoined the organization in mayears after having left unwto additionally there are some affiliate members representing the private sector educational institutions tourism associations and local tourism authorities non governmental entities with specialised interests in tourism and commercial and non commercial bodies and associations with activities related to the aims of unwtor falling within its competence secretaries general class wikitable name years of tenure robert lonati willibald pahr antonio enriquez savignac francesco frangialli taleb rifai present zurab pololikashvili unwto executive council recommends zurab pololikashvili for secretary general for the period general assembly the general assembly is the principal gathering of the world tourism organization it meets every two years to approve the budget and programme of work and to debate topics of vital importance to the tourism sector every four years it elects a secretary general the general assembly is composed ofull members and associate members affiliate members and representatives of other international organizations participate as observers the world committee on tourism ethics is a subsidiary organ of the general assembly executive council thexecutive council is unwto s governing board responsible for ensuring thathe organization carries out its work and adheres to its budget it meets at leastwice a year and is composed of members elected by the general assembly in a ratiof one for every five full members as host country of unwto s headquarterspain has a permanent seat on thexecutive council representatives of the associate members and affiliate members participate in executive council meetings as observerspecialized committees of unwto members advise on management and programme contenthese include the programme committee the committee on budget and finance the committee on statistics and the tourism satellite accounthe committee on market and competitiveness the sustainable development of tourism committee the world committee on tourism ethics the committee on poverty reduction and the committee for the review of applications for affiliate membership the secretariat is responsible for implementing unwto s programme of work and serving the needs of members the group is led by secretary general taleb rifai of jordan who supervises about full time staff at unwto s madrid headquarters the affiliate members are supported by a full timexecutive director athe madrid headquarters the secretariat also includes a regional support office for asia pacific in osaka japan financed by the japanese government officialanguages the officialanguages of unwto are arabic english french russiand spanish file tourism facts figuresjpg thumb px key tourism statistics knowledge network issues paper series unwto annual report unwto declarations unwto fact sheets unwto world tourism barometer world travel tourisme mondial visa openness reporthe world tourism organization in its visa openness report concluded thathe countries whose citizens were least affected by visa restrictions in were based on the data compiled by the unwto based on information from national official institutions class wikitable sortable border least restricted citizens rank country mobility index out of with no visa weighted by visa on arrival weighted by evisa by and traditional visa weighted by the world average score in was among advanced economies the average score was and among emerging economies russia scored indiand china jafari j creation of the intergovernmental world tourism organization annals of tourism research united nations general assembly general assembly twenty fourth session united nations world tourism organization about unwto world tourism organization wto news madrid world tourism organization externalinks unwto website unwto elibrary category tourism agencies category united nations development group category united nationspecialized agencies category world tourism organization category organisations based in 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union official travel organizations iuoto technical non_governmental organization iuoto made combination national_tourist organizations industry consumer groups goals objectives iuoto promote_tourism general also best tourism international_trade component economic_development strategy developing nations towards thend iuoto realized need transformation enhance role th iuoto general_assembly tokyo declared need creation intergovernmental body withe necessary abilities function cooperation international agencies particular united_nations iuoto close ties established organization united_nations initial suggestions iuoto becoming part however following circulation draft convention consensus held resultant intergovernmental organization closely linked preserve complete administrative financial autonomy jafari creation intergovernmental world_tourism organization recommendations thathe formation new intergovernmental tourism_organization based resolution general_assembly stated iuoto general_assembly voted favor world_tourism organization wto based statutes iuoto states wto came november recently athe fifteenth general_assembly wto general council agreed establish wto specialized agency significance collaboration wto secretary_general francesco claimed would lie increased visibility gives wto recognition considered equal major activities human society world_tourism organization wto news members file thumb right px file thumb px regions file thumb right px unwto member membership unwto included associate members community puerto_rico hong_kong macau madeira territories groups territories responsible external relations whose membership approved state responsibility external relations holy see palestine liberation organization palestine seventeen state members organization different periods past australia bahamas bahrain belgium canada costa_rica el_salvador grenada honduras kuwait latvia malaysia myanmar panama philippines qatar thailand puerto_rico associate member associate member dissolution netherlands dissolution former members belgium canada grenada latvia non members barbados belgium belize denmark estonia finland grenada iceland republic ireland latvia luxembourg marshall islands new_zealand saint saint vincent singapore solomon south_sudan sweden tonga kingdom united_states united_arab_emirates uae organization left unwto additionally affiliate members representing private_sector educational institutions tourism_associations local tourism authorities non_governmental entities specialised interests tourism commercial non commercial bodies associations activities related aims falling within competence secretaries general class wikitable name years tenure robert antonio francesco rifai present unwto executive council secretary_general period general_assembly general_assembly principal gathering world_tourism organization meets every two_years budget programme work debate topics vital importance tourism_sector every four_years secretary_general general_assembly composed ofull members associate members affiliate members representatives international organizations participate observers world committee tourism ethics subsidiary organ general_assembly executive council thexecutive council unwto governing board responsible ensuring thathe organization carries work adheres budget meets year composed members elected general_assembly ratiof one every five full members host country unwto permanent seat thexecutive council representatives associate members affiliate members participate executive council meetings committees unwto members advise management programme include programme committee committee budget finance committee statistics tourism satellite accounthe committee market competitiveness sustainable_development tourism committee world committee tourism ethics committee poverty reduction committee review applications affiliate membership secretariat responsible implementing unwto programme work serving needs members group led secretary_general rifai jordan supervises full_time staff unwto madrid headquarters affiliate members supported full director athe madrid headquarters secretariat also_includes regional support office asia_pacific osaka japan financed japanese government unwto arabic english french russiand spanish file tourism facts thumb px key tourism statistics knowledge network issues paper series unwto annual report unwto unwto fact sheets unwto world_tourism world_travel_tourisme visa reporthe world_tourism organization visa report concluded thathe countries whose citizens least affected visa restrictions based data compiled unwto based information national official institutions class wikitable sortable border least restricted citizens rank country mobility index_visa weighted visa arrival weighted traditional visa weighted world average score among advanced economies average score among emerging economies russia indiand china jafari j creation intergovernmental world_tourism organization annals tourism_research united_nations general_assembly general_assembly twenty fourth session united_nations world_tourism organization unwto world_tourism organization wto news madrid world_tourism organization externalinks unwto website unwto category_tourism agencies_category_united_nations development group category_united agencies_category world_tourism organization category_organisations_based madrid"},{"title":"World Travel Monitor","description":"the world travel monitor wtm european travel monitor etm is a worldwide tourism information system detailing the foreign outbound travel behaviour practiced by a country s respective resident population world european travel monitor tourismarket research tourismarketing masterplanning ipk international retrieved on origins objective theuropean travel monitor has been continuously surveying the most important data on outbound travel behaviour from all european countriesince in theuropean travel monitor was expanded to the world travel monitor to cover all the important overseas markets united states canadaustraliargentina brazil united arab emiratesaudi arabia japan china india etc data is collected by the architects of the monitor by means of working cooperations in the various countries today the world travel monitor chronicles about of all international travel flows conceived and realised by ipk international the surveys have the objective of tracking all outbound travel of at least one overnight stay regardless of travel motive apart from holiday trips business trips and all other private trips eg visiting friends orelatives are also recorded the driving impetus behind establishing this information system initially for germany german travel monitor and europe was the facthat it was not possible for decision makers in the tourism field based on the information available to them up to that point in time to gain an overview of theuropean market or any overseas markets in the form of a databasenabling a direct comparison of aspectsuch as the volume and structure of outbound trips taken by the germans americans united kingdom british russians chinese people chinesetc while variousurvey methodology surveys and official statistic s were available prior to the introduction of the world travel monitor european travel monitor the individual dataset s were virtually impossible to compare because there were major dissimilarities among the samplings as well as among the survey methods used in the individual countries the world travel monitor european travel monitor are cooperative partnership studies main contracting entities include national and regional tourist board s tourism and economics ministry government department ministries tour operator s international hotel chains advertising agencies consulting firm s etc methodology the world travel monitor european travel monitor are population representative surveys ie the composition of the sample corresponds to the composition of the population in the respective countries over the age of study respondents are surveyed by computer supported telephone face to face interviews the so called cati and computer assisted personal interviewing capi methods or via online interview s the number of interview s conducted varies depending upon the size and significance of a source market from interviews per year in smaller markets up to interviews per year in large markets altogether approximately interviews are conducted annually on behalf of the world travel monitor this large sample size translates into better quality and yields a stronger more profound statistical analysis of the datacquired it also allows a considerably more precise analytical market segmenting so that reliable information can be furnished even on smaller segments all the important parameters of travel are surveyed using a standardized questionnaire the basic questions of whichave remained unchanged since the questionnaire used for the world travel monitor european travel monitor factors in both a determination of travel volume number of trips taken abroad as well as numerous individual trip characteristics apart from the number of trips overnights the following parameters are identified world european travel monitor travel data europe americasia holiday trips business trips ipk international retrieved onumber of outbound trips market volume destination countries worldwidestination regions cities purpose of trip business trip holiday trip other trips vfr pilgrimage language holiday typesegmentsunseekers tourspecificities mountain trips cruises winter sports wellness health motivated etc holiday motives activities relaxing sightseeingeto know the country and its people good food andrinks etc repeat visits of a destination types of business trips mice meeting incentive convention exhibition as well as traditional business trips length of trip means of transportation inclow fare accommodation types categories hotel other accommodation holiday home camping etc booking behaviour sites products period internet usage travel information sources trips with children travel season travel spending target group traveler profile gender ageducation income children in household size regional focus markets travel frequency travel intensity literature conrady roland buck martin trends and issues in global tourism springer verlag thraenhart jens essential china travel trends edition fuchs wolfgang mundt j rnw zollondz hans dieter lexikon tourismus oldenbourg verlag auflage freyer walter tourismus marketing oldenbourg verlag auflage seitz erwin mayer wolfgang tourismusmarktforschung vahlen verlag auflage references externalinks official website ipk international visiting south america european travel commission european tourism insights deutsche zentrale f r tourismus incoming tourismus deutschland itberlin itb world travel trends report itberlin a boost for south america usa stagnates itberlin european tourism defies theuro crisis 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after enrico fermi s chicago pile and the first designed and built for continuous operation it was built during world war ii as part of the manhattan project while chicago pile demonstrated the feasibility of nucleareactors the manhattan project s goal of producing enough plutonium for atomic bomb s required reactors a thousand times as powerful along with facilities to chemically separate the plutonium bred in the reactors from uranium and fission products an intermediate step was considered prudenthe next step for the plutonium project codenamed x was the construction of a semiworks where techniques and procedures could be developed and training conducted the centerpiece of this was the x graphite reactor it was air cooled used nuclear graphite as a neutron moderator and pure natural uranium in metal form for fuel dupont commenced construction of the plutonium semiworks athe clinton engineer works in oak ridge on february the reactor went criticality status critical onovember and produced its first plutonium in early it supplied the los alamos laboratory with its first significant amounts of plutonium and its first reactor bred product studies of these samples heavily influenced bomb design the reactor and chemical separation plant provided invaluablexperience for engineers technicians reactor operators and safety officials who then moved on to the hanford site it operated as a plutonium production plant until january when it was turned over to research activities and the production of radioactive isotopes for scientific medical industrial and agricultural uses it washut down in and was designated a national historic landmark in the discovery of nuclear fission by german chemists otto hahn and fritz strassmann in followed by its theoretical explanation and naming by lise meitner and otto frisch opened up the possibility of a controlled nuclear chain reaction with uranium at columbia university enrico fermi and leo szilard began exploring how this might be done szilardrafted a einstein szilard letter confidentialetter to the president of the united states franklin d roosevelt explaining the possibility of atomic bomb s and warning of the danger of a germanuclear weapon project he convinced his old friend and collaborator albert einstein to co sign it lending his fame to the proposal this resulted in support by the us government foresearch into nuclear fission which became the manhattan project in april the national defense research committee ndrc asked arthur compton a nobel prize in physics nobel prize winning physics professor athe university of chicago to report on the uranium program his report submitted in may foresaw the prospects of developing radiological weapon s nuclear propulsion for ships and nuclear weapons using uranium or the recently discovered plutonium in october he wrote anothereport on the practicality of an atomic bomb niels bohr and john archibald wheeler john wheeler had theorized that heavy isotopes with odd atomic number s were fissile if so then plutonium was likely to bemilio segr and glenn seaborg athe university of california berkeley university of california produced g of plutonium in the inch cyclotron there in may and found that it had times thermal neutron capture neutron crossection crossection of uranium athe time plutonium had been produced in minute quantities using cyclotrons but it was not possible to produce large quantities that way compton discussed with eugene wigner from princeton university how plutoniumight be produced in a nucleareactor and with robert serber how the plutonium produced in a reactor might be separated from uranium the final draft of compton s novembereport made no mention of using plutonium but after discussing the latest research with ernest lawrence compton became convinced that a plutonium bomb was also feasible in december compton was placed in charge of the plutonium project which was codenamed x its objectives were to produce reactors to convert uranium to plutonium to find ways to chemically separate the plutonium from the uranium and to design and build an atomic bomb it fell to compton to decide which of the differentypes of reactor designs the scientistshould pursueven though a successful reactor had not yet been built he felthat having teams at columbia princeton the university of chicago and the university of california was creating too much duplication and not enough collaboration and he concentrated the work athe metallurgicalaboratory athe university of chicago site selection by june the manhattan project had reached the stage where the construction of production facilities could be contemplated on june the office of scientific research andevelopment osrd s executive committee deliberated on where they should be located moving directly to a megawatt production plant looked like a big step given that many industrial processes do not easily scale from the laboratory to production size an intermediate step of building a pilot plant was considered prudent for the pilot plutonium separation plant a site was wanted close to the metallurgicalaboratory where the research was being carried out but foreasons of safety and security it was not desirable to locate the facilities in a densely populated area like chicago compton selected a site in the red gate woods argonne forest part of the forest preserve district of cook county about southwest of chicago the full scale production facilities would be co located with other manhattan project facilities at a still moremote location in tennessee some of land was leased from cook county for the pilot facilities while an site for the production facilities waselected at oak ridge tennessee by the s executive committee meeting on september and it had become apparenthathe pilot facilities would be too extensive for the argonne site so instead a research reactor would be built at argonne while the plutonium pilot facilities a semiworks would be built athe clinton engineer works in tennessee thisite waselected on the basis of several criteria the plutonium pilot facilities needed to be from the site boundary and any other installation in case radioactive fission products escaped while security and safety concernsuggested a remote site it still needed to be near sources of labor and accessible by road and rail transportation a mild climate that allowed construction to proceed throughouthe year was desirable terrain separated by ridges would reduce the impact of accidental explosions buthey could not be so steep as to complicate construction the stratum substratum needed to be firm enough to provide good foundations but not so rocky that it would hinder excavation work it needed large amounts of electrical power available from the tennessee valley authority and cooling water finally a united states department of war department policy held that as a rule munitions facilitieshould not be located west of the sierra nevada usierra or cascade range s east of the appalachian mountains or within of the canadian or mexican borders in december it was decided thathe plutonium production facilities would not be built at oak ridge after all but atheven moremote hanford site in washington state compton and the staff athe metallurgicalaboratory then reopened the question of building the plutonium semiworks at argonne buthengineers and management of dupont particularly roger williams chemist roger williams thead of its tnx division which was responsible for the company s role in the manhattan project did not supporthis proposal they felthathere would be insufficient space at argonne and thathere were disadvantages in having a site that waso accessible as they were afraid that it would permithe research staffrom the metallurgicalaboratory to interfere unduly withe design and construction which they considered their prerogative a better location they felt would be withe remote production facilities at hanford in thend a compromise was reached on january compton williams and brigadier general united states brigadier generaleslie r groves jr the director of the manhattan project agreed thathe semiworks would be built athe clinton engineer works both compton and groves proposed that dupont operate the semiworks williams counter proposed thathe semiworks be operated by the metallurgicalaboratory he reasoned that it would primarily be a research and educational facility and that expertise was to be found athe metallurgicalaboratory compton washocked the metallurgicalaboratory was part of the university of chicago and therefore the university would be operating an industrial facility from its main campus james b conantold him that harvard university wouldn touch it with a ten foot pole buthe university of chicago s vice president emery t filbey took a different view and instructed compton to accept when university president robert maynard hutchins robert hutchins returned he greeted compton with i see arthur that while i was gone you doubled the size of my university file hd jpg thumb right under construction alt building site with materials lying abouthe fundamental design decisions in building a reactor are the choice ofuel coolant and neutron moderator the choice ofuel wastraightforward only natural uranium was available the decision thathe reactor would use graphite as a neutron moderator caused little debate although in heavy water the number of neutrons produced for every one absorbed known as k was percent morefficienthan in the purest graphite heavy water would be unavailable in sufficient quantities for at least a year this lefthe choice of coolant over which there was much discussion a limiting factor was thathe fuel slugs would be clad in aluminum so the operating temperature of the reactor could not exceed abouthe theoretical physicists in wigner s group athe metallurgicalaboratory developed several designs inovember the dupont engineers chose helium gas the coolant for the production plant mainly on the basis that it did not absorb neutrons but also because it was inert which removed the issue of corrosionot everyone agreed withe decision to use helium szilard in particular was an early proponent of using liquid bismuth buthe major opponent was wigner who argued forcefully in favor of a water cooled reactor design he realized that since water absorbed neutrons k would be reduced by about percent but had sufficient confidence in his calculations thathe water cooled reactor would still be able to achieve criticality from an engineering perspective a water cooledesign wastraightforward to design and build while helium posed technological problems wigner s team produced a preliminary report on water cooling designated ce in april followed by a more detailed one ce titled on a plant with water cooling in july fermi s chicago pile reactor constructed under the west viewing stands of the original stagg field athe university of chicago went criticality status critical on december this graphite moderated reactor only generated up to w but it demonstrated that k was higher thanticipated this not only removed most of the objections to air cooled and water cooled reactor designs it greatly simplified other aspects of the design wigner s team submitted blueprints of a water cooled reactor to dupont in january by this time the concerns of dupont s engineers abouthe corrosiveness of water had been overcome by the mounting difficulties of using helium and all work on helium was terminated in february athe same time air cooling was chosen for the reactor athe pilot plant since it would be of a quite different design from the production reactors the x graphite reactor lost its value as a prototype but its value as a working pilot facility remained providing plutonium needed foresearch it was hoped that problems would be found in time to deal withem in the production plants the semiworks would also be used for training and for developing procedures although the design of the reactor was not yet complete dupont began construction of the plutonium semiworks on february on an isolated site in the bethel valley about southwest of oak ridge officially known as the x area the site included research laboratories a chemical separation plant a waste storage area training facility for hanford staff and administrative and support facilities that included a laundry cafeteria first aid center and fire station because of the subsequent decision to construct water cooled reactors at hanford only the chemical separation plant operated as a true pilothe semiworks eventually became known as the clinton laboratories and was operated by the university of chicago as part of the metallurgical project file hd jpg thumb left under construction alt building site a chimney has been erected and scaffolding has gone up construction work on the reactor had to wait until dupont had completed the design excavation commenced on april a large pocket of soft clay wasoon discovered necessitating additional foundations further delays occurredue to wartime difficulties in procuring building materials there was an acute shortage of both common and skilled labor the contractor had only three quarters of the required workforce and there was high turnover and absenteeismainly the result of poor accommodations andifficulties in commuting the township of oak ridge wastill under construction and barracks were builto house workerspecial arrangements with individual workers increased their morale and reduced turnover finally there was unusually heavy rainfall with falling in july more than twice the average of some of graphite blocks were purchased from national carbon company national carbon the construction crews began stacking them in september cast uranium semi finished casting products billets came frometal hydrides mallinckrodt and other suppliers these werextruded into cylindrical slugs and then canned the fuel slugs were canned to protecthe uraniumetal from corrosion that would occur if it came into contact with water and to preventhe venting of gaseous radioactive fission products that might be formed when they were irradiated aluminum was chosen as itransmitted heat but did not absorb too many neutrons alcoa started canning on june general electric and the metallurgicalaboratory developed a newelding technique to seal the cans airtight and thequipment for this was installed in the production line at alcoa in october construction commenced on the pilot separation plant before a chemical process for separating plutonium from uranium had been selected not until may wouldupont managers decide to use the bismuth phosphate process in preference tone using lanthanum fluoride the bismuth phosphate process was devised by stanley g thompson athe university of california berkeley university of california plutonium had twoxidation states a tetravalent state and hexavalent state with different chemical properties bismuth phosphate wasimilar in its crystalline structure to plutonium phosphate and plutonium would be carried with bismuth phosphate in a solution while other elements including uranium would be precipitated the plutonium could be switched from being in solution to being precipitated by toggling its oxidation state the plant consisted of six cellseparated from each other and the control room by thick concrete walls thequipment was operated from the control room by remote control due to the radioactivity produced by fission products work was completed onovember buthe plant could not operate until the reactor started producing irradiated uranium slugs file graphitereactorjpg thumb right upright loading fuel slugs altworkmen in overalls put a rod into a hole on the reactor face the x graphite reactor was the world second artificial nucleareactor after chicago pile and was the first reactor designed and built for continuous operation it consisted of a huge block long on each side of nuclear graphite cubes weighing around that acted as a moderator they were surrounded by of high density concrete as a radiation shield in all the reactor was wideep and high there were horizontal rows of holes behind each was a metal channel into which uranium fuel slugs could be inserted an elevator provided access to those higher up only of the channels werever used the reactor used cadmium clad steel control rods made from neutron absorbing cadmium these could restrict or halthe reaction three rods penetrated the reactor vertically held in place by a clutch to form the scram system they were suspended from steel cables that were wound around a drum and held in place by an electromagneticlutch if power was losthey wouldrop into the reactor halting ithe other fourods were made of boron steel and horizontally penetrated the reactor from the north side twof them known ashim rods were hydraulically controlled sand filled hydraulic accumulator s could be used in thevent of a power failure the other two rods were driven by electric motors the cooling system consisted of threelectric fans running at because they used outside air the reactor could be run at a higher power level on coldays after going through the reactor the air was filtered to remove radioactive particles larger than in diameter this took care of over percent of the radioactive particles it was then vented through a chimney the reactor was operated from a control room in the southeast corner on the second floor in september compton asked a physicist martin d whitaker to form a skeleton operating staffor x whitaker became the inaugural director of the clinton laboratories as the semiworks became officially known in april the first permanent operating staff arrived from the metallurgicalaboratory in chicago in april by which time dupont began transferring its technicians to the site they were augmented by one hundred technicians in uniform from the army special engineer detachment by march there were some people working at x filexterior of the graphite reactor athe x site in oak ridge in jpg thumb left exterior of the graphite reactor athe x site in oak ridge in alt a large four storey building the chimney is in the background there are power poles and power lines in front supervised by compton whitaker and fermi the reactor went critical onovember with about of uranium a week later the load was increased to raising its power generation to kw and by thend of the monthe first mg of plutonium was created the reactor normally operated around the clock withour weekly shutdowns forefueling during startup the safety rods and one shim rod were completely removed the other shim rod was inserted at a predetermined position when the desired power level was reached the reactor was controlled by adjusting the partly inserted shim rod the first batch of canned slugs to be irradiated was received on december allowing the first plutonium to be produced in early the slugs used pure metallic natural uranium in air tight aluminum cans long and in diameter eachannel was loaded with between and fuel slugs the reactor went critical with of slugs but in its later life was operated with as much as to load a channel the radiation absorbing shield plug was removed and the slugs inserted manually in the front east end with long rods to unload them they were pushed all the way through to the far west end where they fell onto a neoprene slab and fell down a chute into a pool of water that acted as a radiation shield following weeks of underwater storage to allow foradioactive decay in radioactivity the slugs were delivered to the chemical separation building file hd a jpg thumb right reactor controls alt a control panel with lots of switches and meters by february the reactor was irradiating a ton of uranium every three days over the next five months thefficiency of the separation process was improved withe percentage of plutonium recovered increasing from to percent modifications over time raised the reactor s power to kw in july unfortunately theffect of the neutron poison xenone of many fission product s produced from the uranium fuel was not detecteduring thearly operation of the x graphite reactor xenon subsequently caused problems withe startup of the hanford b reactor that nearly halted the plutonium projecthe x semiworks operated as a plutonium production plant until january when it was turned over to research activities by this time batches of irradiated slugs had been processed a radioisotope building a steam plant and other structures were added in april to supporthe laboratory s peacetimeducational and research missions all work was completed by december adding another to the cost of construction at x and bringing the total costoperational costs added another x supplied the los alamos laboratory withe first significant samples of plutonium studies of these by emilio g segr and his p group at los alamos revealed that it contained impurities in the form of the isotope plutonium whichas a far higher spontaneous fission rate than plutonium this meanthat it would be highly likely that a plutonium gun type nuclear weapon would predetonation predetonate and blow itself apart during the initial formation of a critical mass the los alamos laboratory was thus forced to turn its development efforts to creating an implosion type nuclear weapon a far more difficult feathe x chemical separation plant also verified the bismuth phosphate process that was used in the full scale separation facilities at hanford finally the reactor and chemical separation plant provided invaluablexperience for engineers technicians reactor operators and safety officials who then moved on to the hanford site peacetime use file x graphite reactor july jpg thumb right loading face seen on tour in altworkmen on a movable platform similar to that used by windowashers in front of a wall with arrays of holes and many wires running across it a sign says graphite reactor loading face after the war ended the graphite reactor became the first facility in the world to produce radioactive isotopes for peacetime use on august oak ridge nationalaboratory director eugene wigner presented a small container of carbon to the director of the barnard free skin and cancer hospital for medical use athe hospital in st louis missouri subsequent shipments of radioisotopes primarily iodine phosphorus carbon and molybdenum technetium were for scientific medical industrial and agricultural uses the x graphite reactor washut down onovember after twentyears of use it was designated a national historic landmark on december format pdf date december first polly m last rettig publisher national park service and added to the national register of historic places on october in the american society for metals listed it as a landmark for its contributions to the advancement of materialscience and technology and in it was designated as a national historichemicalandmark by the american chemical society the control room and reactor face are accessible to the public during scheduled tours offered through the american museum of science and energy similareactors the brookhavenationalaboratory bnl graphite research reactor was the first nucleareactor to be constructed in the united states following world war ii led by lyle benjamin borsthe reactor construction began in and reached criticality for the firstime on augusthe reactor consisted of a cube of graphite fueled by natural uranium its primary mission was applied nuclearesearch in medicine biology chemistry physics and nuclear engineering one of the most significant discoveries athis facility was the development of production of molybdenum technetium used today in tens of millions of medical diagnostic procedures annually making ithe most commonly used medical radioisotope the bnl graphite research reactor washut down in and fully decommissioned in when britain began planning to build nucleareactors to produce plutonium for weapons in it was decided to build a pair of air cooled graphite reactorsimilar to the x graphite reactor at windscale natural uranium was used as enriched was not available and similarly graphite was chosen as a neutron moderator because beryllia was toxic and hard to manufacture while heavy water was unavailable use of water as a coolant was considered buthere were concerns abouthe possibility of a catastrophic nuclear meltdown in the densely populated british isles if the cooling system failed helium was again the preferred choice as a coolant gas buthe main source of it was the united states and under the mcmahon acthe united states would not supply it for nuclear weapons production so in thend air cooling was chosen construction began in september and the two reactors became operational in october and june both were decommissioned after the disastrous windscale fire in october they would be the last major air cooled plutonium producing reactors the uk s follow on magnox and advanced gas cooled reactor agr designs used carbon dioxide instead anothereactor of similar design to the x graphite reactor istill in operation the belgian breactor of the sck cen located in mol belgium financed through the belgian uranium exportax and built withe help of british experts the mw research reactor went critical for the firstime on may it is used for scientific purposesuch as neutron activation analysis neutron physics experiments calibration of nuclear measurement devices and the production of doping semiconductor neutron transmutation doping neutron transmutation doped silicon externalinks category establishments in tennessee category disestablishments in tennessee category atomic tourism category defunct nucleareactors category energy infrastructure on the national register of historic places category graphite moderated reactors category infrastructure completed in category manhattan project category military facilities on the national register of historic places in tennessee category military nucleareactors category national historic landmarks in tennessee category national register of historic places in roane county tennessee category nuclear history of the united states category nuclear weapons infrastructure of the united states category oak ridge tennessee category oak ridge nationalaboratory category world war ii on the national register of historic 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techniques procedures could developed training conducted centerpiece x_graphite_reactor air cooled used nuclear graphite neutron moderator pure natural uranium metal form fuel dupont commenced construction plutonium semiworks athe clinton engineer works oak_ridge february reactor went criticality status critical onovember produced first plutonium early supplied los_alamos laboratory first significant amounts plutonium first reactor bred product studies samples heavily influenced bomb design reactor chemical separation plant provided engineers technicians reactor operators safety officials moved hanford_site operated plutonium_production plant january turned research activities production radioactive isotopes scientific medical industrial agricultural uses washut designated national_historic landmark discovery nuclear fission german chemists otto fritz followed theoretical explanation naming otto opened possibility controlled nuclear chain reaction uranium columbia university enrico fermi leo began exploring might done letter president united_states franklin roosevelt explaining possibility atomic_bomb warning danger weapon project convinced old friend collaborator albert sign lending fame proposal resulted support us_government foresearch nuclear fission became manhattan_project april national defense research committee asked arthur compton nobel prize physics nobel prize winning physics professor athe_university chicago report uranium program report submitted may prospects developing radiological weapon nuclear propulsion ships nuclear_weapons using uranium recently discovered plutonium october wrote atomic_bomb john wheeler john wheeler heavy isotopes odd atomic number plutonium likely segr glenn athe_university california berkeley university california produced g plutonium inch may found times thermal neutron capture neutron crossection crossection uranium athe_time plutonium produced minute quantities using possible produce large quantities way compton discussed eugene wigner princeton university produced nucleareactor robert plutonium produced reactor might separated uranium final draft compton made mention using plutonium discussing latest research ernest lawrence compton became convinced plutonium bomb also feasible december compton placed charge plutonium project x objectives produce reactors convert uranium plutonium find ways separate plutonium uranium design build atomic_bomb fell compton decide differentypes reactor designs though successful reactor yet built teams columbia princeton university chicago university california creating much enough collaboration concentrated work athe metallurgicalaboratory athe_university chicago site selection june manhattan_project reached stage construction production facilities could june office scientific_research_andevelopment executive committee located moving directly production plant looked like big step given many industrial processes easily scale laboratory production size intermediate step building pilot plant considered pilot plutonium separation plant site wanted close metallurgicalaboratory research carried safety security desirable facilities densely populated area like chicago compton selected site red gate woods argonne forest part forest preserve district cook county southwest chicago full_scale production facilities would located manhattan_project facilities still moremote location tennessee land leased cook county pilot facilities site production facilities waselected oak_ridge tennessee executive committee meeting september become pilot facilities would extensive argonne site instead research reactor would built argonne plutonium pilot facilities semiworks would built athe clinton engineer works tennessee thisite waselected basis several criteria plutonium pilot facilities needed site boundary installation case radioactive fission products escaped security safety remote site still needed near sources labor accessible road rail_transportation mild climate allowed construction proceed throughouthe year desirable terrain separated ridges would reduce impact accidental explosions buthey could steep construction needed firm enough provide good foundations rocky would excavation work needed large amounts electrical power available tennessee valley authority cooling water finally united_states department war department policy held rule located west sierra_nevada usierra cascade range east appalachian mountains within canadian mexican borders december decided thathe plutonium_production facilities would built oak_ridge moremote hanford_site washington_state compton staff athe metallurgicalaboratory reopened question building plutonium semiworks argonne management dupont particularly roger williams chemist roger williams thead division responsible company role manhattan_project proposal would insufficient space argonne thathere disadvantages site waso accessible would research metallurgicalaboratory withe design construction considered better location felt would withe remote production facilities hanford thend compromise reached january compton williams brigadier general united_states brigadier r groves director manhattan_project agreed thathe semiworks would built athe clinton engineer works compton groves proposed dupont operate semiworks williams counter proposed thathe semiworks operated metallurgicalaboratory would primarily research educational facility expertise found athe metallurgicalaboratory compton metallurgicalaboratory part university chicago therefore university would operating industrial facility main campus james b harvard university touch ten foot pole buthe university chicago vice_president emery took different view instructed compton accept university president robert hutchins robert hutchins returned greeted compton see arthur gone doubled size university file_jpg thumb right construction alt building site materials lying abouthe fundamental design decisions building reactor choice ofuel coolant neutron moderator choice ofuel natural uranium available decision thathe reactor would use graphite neutron moderator caused little debate although heavy water number neutrons produced every one absorbed known k percent graphite heavy water would unavailable sufficient quantities least year lefthe choice coolant much discussion limiting factor thathe fuel slugs would clad aluminum operating temperature reactor could exceed abouthe theoretical wigner group athe metallurgicalaboratory developed several designs inovember dupont engineers chose helium gas coolant production plant mainly basis absorb neutrons also inert removed issue everyone agreed withe decision use helium particular early using liquid bismuth buthe major wigner argued favor water cooled reactor design realized since water absorbed neutrons k would reduced percent sufficient confidence calculations thathe water cooled reactor would still able achieve criticality engineering perspective water design build helium posed technological problems wigner team produced preliminary report water cooling designated april followed detailed one titled plant water cooling july fermi chicago pile reactor constructed west viewing stands original field athe_university chicago went criticality status critical december graphite_reactor generated w demonstrated k higher removed objections air cooled water cooled reactor designs greatly simplified aspects design wigner team submitted water cooled reactor dupont january time concerns dupont engineers abouthe water overcome difficulties using helium work helium terminated february athe_time air cooling chosen reactor athe pilot plant since would quite different design production reactors x_graphite_reactor lost value prototype value working pilot facility remained providing plutonium needed foresearch hoped problems would found time deal withem production plants semiworks would_also_used training developing procedures although design reactor yet complete dupont began construction plutonium semiworks february isolated site valley southwest oak_ridge officially known x area site included research laboratories chemical separation plant waste storage area training facility hanford staff administrative support facilities included laundry cafeteria first_aid center fire station subsequent decision construct water cooled reactors hanford chemical separation plant operated true pilothe semiworks eventually became_known clinton laboratories operated university chicago part project file_jpg thumb left construction alt building site chimney erected gone construction work reactor wait dupont completed design excavation commenced april large pocket soft clay wasoon discovered additional foundations delays wartime difficulties procuring building materials acute shortage common skilled labor contractor three quarters required workforce high turnover result poor accommodations commuting township oak_ridge wastill construction barracks builto house arrangements individual workers increased morale reduced turnover finally unusually heavy rainfall falling july twice average graphite blocks purchased national carbon company national carbon construction crews began stacking september cast uranium semi finished products came suppliers cylindrical slugs canned fuel slugs canned protecthe would occur came contact water preventhe radioactive fission products might formed irradiated aluminum chosen heat absorb many neutrons started canning june general electric metallurgicalaboratory developed technique seal cans thequipment installed production line october construction commenced pilot separation plant chemical process separating plutonium uranium selected may managers decide use bismuth phosphate process preference tone using bismuth phosphate process devised stanley g thompson athe_university california berkeley university california plutonium states state state different chemical properties bismuth phosphate structure plutonium phosphate plutonium would carried bismuth phosphate solution elements including uranium would plutonium could switched solution state plant consisted six control room thick concrete walls thequipment operated control room remote control due radioactivity produced fission products work completed onovember buthe plant could operate reactor started producing irradiated uranium slugs file thumb right_upright loading fuel slugs put rod hole reactor face x_graphite_reactor world second artificial nucleareactor chicago pile first reactor designed built continuous operation consisted huge block long side nuclear graphite weighing around acted moderator surrounded high density concrete radiation shield reactor high horizontal rows holes behind metal channel uranium fuel slugs could inserted elevator provided access higher channels used reactor used clad steel control rods made neutron absorbing could restrict reaction three rods reactor vertically held place form system suspended steel cables wound around drum held place power reactor ithe made steel horizontally reactor north side twof known rods controlled sand filled hydraulic could used thevent power failure two rods driven electric cooling system consisted fans running used outside air reactor could run higher power level going reactor air remove radioactive particles larger diameter took care percent radioactive particles chimney reactor operated control room southeast corner second floor september compton asked physicist martin whitaker form skeleton operating x whitaker became inaugural director clinton laboratories semiworks became officially known april first permanent operating staff arrived metallurgicalaboratory chicago april time dupont began technicians site augmented one hundred technicians uniform army special engineer detachment march people_working x_graphite_reactor athe x site oak_ridge jpg thumb left exterior graphite_reactor athe x site oak_ridge alt large four storey building chimney background power poles power lines front compton whitaker fermi reactor went critical onovember uranium week later load increased raising power generation thend monthe first plutonium created reactor normally operated around clock weekly startup safety rods one rod completely removed rod inserted predetermined position desired power level reached reactor controlled partly inserted rod first batch canned slugs irradiated received december allowing first plutonium produced early slugs used pure metallic natural uranium air tight aluminum cans long diameter loaded fuel slugs reactor went critical slugs later life operated much load channel radiation absorbing shield plug removed slugs inserted manually front east end long rods pushed way far west end fell onto fell chute pool water acted radiation shield following weeks underwater storage allow decay radioactivity slugs delivered chemical separation building file_jpg thumb right reactor controls alt control panel lots meters february reactor ton uranium every three_days next five months separation process improved withe percentage plutonium recovered increasing percent modifications time raised reactor power july unfortunately theffect neutron poison many fission product produced uranium fuel thearly operation x_graphite_reactor subsequently caused problems withe startup hanford b_reactor nearly halted plutonium projecthe x semiworks operated plutonium_production plant january turned research activities time irradiated slugs processed building steam plant structures added april supporthe laboratory research missions work completed december adding another cost construction x bringing total costs added another x supplied los_alamos laboratory withe_first significant samples plutonium studies g segr p group los_alamos revealed contained form isotope plutonium whichas far higher spontaneous fission rate plutonium meanthat would highly likely plutonium gun type nuclear_weapon would blow apart initial formation critical mass los_alamos laboratory thus forced turn development efforts creating implosion type nuclear_weapon far difficult x chemical separation plant also verified bismuth phosphate process used full_scale separation facilities hanford finally reactor chemical separation plant provided engineers technicians reactor operators safety officials moved hanford_site use file x_graphite_reactor july jpg thumb right loading face seen tour movable platform similar used front wall holes many running across sign says graphite_reactor loading face war ended graphite_reactor became first facility world produce radioactive isotopes use august oak_ridge nationalaboratory director eugene wigner presented small container carbon director barnard free skin cancer hospital medical use athe hospital st_louis missouri subsequent shipments primarily iodine carbon technetium scientific medical industrial agricultural uses x_graphite_reactor washut onovember twentyears use designated national_historic landmark december format pdf date december first polly last publisher national_park service added national_register historic_places october american society listed landmark contributions advancement technology designated national american chemical society control room reactor face accessible public scheduled tours offered american museum science energy graphite research reactor first nucleareactor constructed united_states following world_war ii led benjamin reactor construction_began reached criticality firstime augusthe reactor consisted graphite fueled natural uranium primary mission applied medicine biology chemistry physics nuclear engineering one significant discoveries athis facility development production technetium used today tens millions medical procedures annually making_ithe commonly_used medical graphite research reactor washut fully decommissioned britain began planning build nucleareactors produce plutonium weapons decided build pair air cooled graphite x_graphite_reactor windscale natural uranium used enriched available similarly graphite chosen neutron moderator toxic hard manufacture heavy water unavailable use water coolant considered buthere concerns abouthe possibility nuclear densely populated british_isles cooling system failed helium preferred choice coolant gas buthe main source united_states mcmahon acthe united_states would supply nuclear_weapons production thend air cooling chosen construction_began september two reactors became operational october june decommissioned windscale fire october would last major air cooled plutonium producing reactors uk follow advanced gas cooled reactor designs used carbon dioxide instead similar design x_graphite_reactor istill operation belgian cen located belgium financed belgian uranium built withe_help british experts research reactor went critical firstime may used scientific purposesuch neutron analysis neutron physics experiments nuclear measurement devices production neutron neutron silicon externalinks_category_establishments tennessee category_disestablishments tennessee category_atomic_tourism_category_defunct nucleareactors category energy infrastructure national_register historic_places category graphite_reactors category infrastructure completed category manhattan_project category_military facilities national_register historic_places tennessee category_military nucleareactors category_national_historic landmarks tennessee category_national_register historic_places county tennessee category_nuclear history united_states category_nuclear_weapons infrastructure united_states category oak_ridge tennessee category oak_ridge nationalaboratory category world_war ii national_register historic_places"},{"title":"XCOR Lynx","description":"the xcor lynx was a proposed suborbital hthl horizontal takeoff horizontalanding hthl rocket powered aircraft rocket powered spaceplane that was under development by the california based company xcor aerospace to compete in themerging suborbital spaceflight markethe lynx was intended to carry one pilot a ticketed passenger and or a payload above km altitude the concept was under development since when a two person suborbital spaceplane was announced under the name xerus in january xcor changed plans for the first flight of the lynx spaceplane it was initially planned for the second quarter ofrom the midland international air and space port midland spaceport in texas but in early it was pushed to an undisclosed and tentative date athe mojave spaceport in may xcor announcedevelopment of the lynx had been halted with layoffs of approximately one third of the staff the company intends to concentrate on development of their liquid hydrogen rocket under contract with united launch alliance instead in xcor proposed the xerus pronunciation zer usuborbital spaceplane concept it was to be capable of transporting one pilot and one passenger as well asome suborbital spaceflight scientific experimentsciencexperiments and it would even be capable of carrying an upper stage which would launch near apogee and therefore would potentially be able to carry satellite s into low earth orbit low earth orbit spacecom xcor zeroes in on xeruspacecom accessed as late as xcor continued to refer to their future two person spaceplane concept as xerus the lynx was initially announced on march with plans for an operational vehicle within two years in december a ticket price of per seat was announced with flights intended to commence in the build of the lynx mark i flightest flight article did not commence until mid and xcor claimed thathe first flight would take place inorris guy october xcor lynx moves into final assembly aviation week retrieved january in july ticket prices increased by to inovember three co founders leftheir existing positions withe company to start agile aero dan delong chief engineer and aleta jackson lefthe company entirely while jeff greason the former ceo remained on the board of directors until he resigned in march greason cited problems withe lynx vehicle body although thengine had been a success as of midevelopment wasuspended in favor of a ula contracted hydrolox engine the xcor h passengers who had hoped to make flights in the lynx included the winners from the axe brand axe apollo space academy aasaxe apollo space academy worldwide perfume contest and justin dowd of worcester massachusetts who won metro international metro international s race for space newspaper contesthe passenger ticket was projected to cost as of december kayakcom was reportedly selling tickets for flights on the xcor lynx starting in may the company haltedevelopment of the lynx spaceplane and pivoted company focus towardevelopment its lox lh engine technology particularly on a funded project for united launch alliance the company laid off more than people of the persons onboard prior to may the lynx was intended to have four liquid rocket engines athe rear of the fuselage burning a mixture of lox rp keroseneach engine producing of thrust mark i prototype maximum altitude primary internal payload secondary payload spaces include a small area inside the cockpit behind the pilot or outside the vehicle in two areas in the aft fuselage fairing aluminum lox tank speed of ascent g force g atmospheric entry rentry loading mark ii production model maximum altitude primary internal payload secondary payload spaces include the same as the mark i nitrous oxide fuel blend non toxic non hydrazine reaction control system rcs thrusters type n xcor aerospace thermoplastic polymer development nonburnite lox composite overwrapped pressure vessel composite tank mark iii the lynx mark iii was intended to be the same vehicle as the mark ii with an external dorsal mounted pod of and was to be largenough to hold a two stage carrier to launch a microsatellite spaceflight microsatellite or multiple nanosatellite s into low earth orbit lynxr k engine the xr k is a piston pump fed lox rp engine using an expander cycle rocket expander cycle thengine chamber and regenerative cooling rocket regenerative nozzle are cooled by rp the development program of the xcor lynx k lox rp kerosenengine reached a major milestone in march integrated test firings of thengine nozzle combination demonstrated the ability of the aluminum nozzle to withstand the high temperatures of rocket enginexhaust in march united launch alliance ulannounced they had entered into a joint development contract with xcor for a flight ready cryogenic lh lox upper stage upper stage rocket engine see xcor aerospace xcor fula liquid hydrogen c upper stagengine development project xcor ula liquid hydrogen upper stagengine development projecthe lynx k efforto develop a new aluminum alloy engine nozzle using new manufacturing techniques would remove several hundred pounds of weight from the largengine leading to significantly lower cost and more capable commercial and federal government of the united states us government space flights it was reported in thathe mark i airframe could use a carbon fibereinforced polymer carbon epoxy ester composite material composite and the mark ii a cyanatester carbon cyanate with a superalloy nickel alloy for the nose and leading edge atmospheric entry thermal protection systems thermal protection mark i build the flightest flight article lynx mark i was claimed as being fabricated and assembled in mojave california mojave beginning in mid the cockpit of the lynx made of carbon fibre andesigned by adamworks colorado was reported as being one of the items that held up the assemblybelfore michael november the lynx s leap can a suborbital spaceship help xcoreach orbit air space magazine smithsonian retrieved october athe start of october the cockpit was attached to the fuselage the rear carry through spar was attached to the fuselage shortly after thanksgiving athe beginning of may the strakes were attached to the airframe the last major componenthe wings werexpected to be delivered in late in january xcor s ceo jay gibson said we anticipate the wings to be there in the very near future and the cto michael valant said they were finding that calibrating the flaps was a challenge in february the first prototype was described as a winglesshell in xcor s november news reporthey stated that even though the programade great forward progress integrating the vehicle structural elements during and early the progress on the control surfacelements lagged in design in an efforto prevent potential rework resulting from implementing designs not yet mature the lynx fabrication was paused sour engineering team has gone back to the design board xcor november aerospace report retrievedecember test program tests of the xr k main engine began in february it was reported that engine tests were largely complete and the vehicle aerodynamic design had completed two rounds of wind tunnel testing a third and final round of tests was completed in late using a scale supersonic wind tunnel model of lynx in october xcor claimed that flightests of the mark i prototype would start in however by january technical hurdles led the company to state thathey had not assigned a new projectedate for test flights concept of operations nasa srlv program in march xcor submitted the lynx as a reusable launch vehicle for carrying research payloads in response to nasa suborbital reusable launch vehicle srlv solicitation which is a part of nasa s flight opportunities program no contract for providing this was ever announced commercial operations according to xcor the lynx was intended to fly four or more times a day and would have also had the capacity to deliver payloads into space the lynx mark i prototype was expected to perform its firstest flight in woollaston victoria march budget xcor space trip seto launch in willet you pilothe ship for daily mail retrieved october belfiore michael january lynx rocket plane readying for summer flight moon and back retrieved april followed by a flight of the mark ii production model twelve to eighteen months afterwards xcor had planned to have the lynx s initial flights athe mojave spaceport mojave air and spaceport in mojave california or any licensed spaceport with a meter ft runway media reports in anticipated that by thend of nilsson eric and zhangyu deng october the final frontier daily telegraph supplement china watch page or in the lynx was expected to begin flying suborbital space tourism flights and scientific research missions from a new spaceport on the caribbean island of curao sxc buying your tickets into space sxc web page retrieved april however the company stated in january thathey had not assigned a new projectedate for test flights and a date for the launch of commercial operations could not be anticipated because it lacked any propulsion system other than its rocket engines the lynx would have to be towed to thend of the runway once positioned on the runway the pilot would have ignited the fourocket engines take off and begin a steep climb thengines will be shut off at approximately feet km and mach number mach the spaceplane would then continue to climb unpowered until it reached an apogee of approximately feet km the spacecraft would havexperienced a little over four minutes of weightlessness before entering thearth s atmosphere the occupants of the lynx were intended to havexperienced up to four times normal gravity during rentry afterentry the lynx would have glidedown and performed an unpowered landing the total flightime was projected to last about minutes the lynx was expected to be able to perform flights before maintenance was required orbital outfitters was reportedly designing pressure suit s for xcor use in orbital outfitters reported thathey had completed a technical mockup of the lynx craft itself as of the successor to the mark ii might have been a two stage fully reusable orbital vehicle thatook off and landed horizontally development cost projections in mark i production was projected to cost and the mark ii around see also private spaceflight eads astrium space tourism project rocketplane xp spaceshiptwo new shepard xcor ez rocket mark i x racer xcor mark i x racer externalinks lynx suborbital spacecraft page lynx reusable launch vehicle approaches completion americaspace november category mojave air and space port category spaceplanes category space tourism category proposed spacecraft category space access category manned spacecraft category rocket powered aircraft category former proposed space launch system concepts category lowing aircraft category tailless aircraft category xcor aircraft category abandoned civil aircraft 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staff company intends development liquid hydrogen rocket contract united_launch_alliance instead xcor proposed pronunciation spaceplane concept capable transporting one pilot one passenger well asome suborbital_spaceflight scientific would even capable carrying upper_stage would launch near apogee therefore would potentially able carry satellite low_earth_orbit low_earth_orbit spacecom xcor accessed late xcor continued refer future two person spaceplane concept lynx initially announced march plans operational vehicle within two_years december ticket price per seat announced flights intended commence build lynx mark flightest flight article commence mid xcor claimed thathe_first_flight would_take_place guy october xcor_lynx moves final assembly aviation week retrieved_january july ticket prices increased inovember three founders existing positions withe company start aero dan chief engineer jackson lefthe company entirely jeff former ceo remained board directors resigned march cited problems withe lynx vehicle body although thengine success wasuspended favor ula contracted engine xcor h passengers hoped make flights lynx included winners brand apollo space academy apollo space academy worldwide contest justin worcester massachusetts metro international metro international race space newspaper passenger ticket projected cost december reportedly selling tickets flights xcor_lynx starting may company lynx spaceplane company focus lox engine technology particularly funded project united_launch_alliance company laid people persons onboard prior may lynx intended four liquid rocket_engines athe rear fuselage burning mixture lox engine producing thrust mark prototype maximum altitude primary internal payload secondary payload spaces include small area inside cockpit behind pilot outside vehicle two areas aft fuselage fairing aluminum lox tank speed ascent g force g atmospheric entry rentry loading mark ii production model maximum altitude primary internal payload secondary payload spaces include mark nitrous_oxide fuel blend non toxic non reaction control system thrusters type n xcor_aerospace development lox composite pressure vessel composite tank mark iii lynx mark iii intended vehicle mark ii external mounted pod largenough hold two_stage carrier launch microsatellite spaceflight microsatellite multiple low_earth_orbit k engine k pump fed lox engine using cycle rocket cycle thengine chamber cooling rocket nozzle cooled development_program xcor_lynx k lox reached major milestone march integrated test firings thengine nozzle combination demonstrated ability aluminum nozzle withstand high temperatures rocket march united_launch_alliance entered joint development contract xcor flight ready cryogenic lox upper_stage upper_stage rocket_engine see xcor_aerospace xcor liquid hydrogen c upper development project xcor ula liquid hydrogen upper development projecthe lynx k efforto develop new aluminum alloy engine nozzle using new manufacturing techniques would remove several hundred pounds weight leading significantly lower_cost capable commercial federal_government united_states us_government space flights reported_thathe mark airframe could use carbon carbon composite material composite mark ii carbon alloy nose leading_edge atmospheric entry thermal protection systems thermal protection mark build flightest flight article lynx mark claimed fabricated assembled mojave california mojave beginning mid cockpit lynx made carbon fibre andesigned colorado reported one items held michael november lynx leap suborbital spaceship help orbit air_space magazine smithsonian retrieved_october athe_start october cockpit attached fuselage rear carry attached fuselage shortly thanksgiving athe_beginning may attached airframe last major wings werexpected delivered late january xcor ceo jay gibson said wings near future cto michael said finding challenge february first prototype described xcor november news stated even_though great forward progress integrating vehicle structural elements early progress control design efforto prevent potential resulting implementing designs yet mature lynx fabrication sour engineering team gone back design board xcor november aerospace report retrievedecember test_program tests k main engine began february reported engine tests largely complete vehicle aerodynamic design completed two wind tunnel testing third final round tests completed late using scale supersonic wind tunnel model lynx october xcor claimed flightests mark prototype would start however january technical led company state thathey assigned new test_flights concept operations nasa srlv program march xcor submitted lynx reusable_launch_vehicle carrying research payloads response nasa suborbital reusable_launch_vehicle srlv solicitation part nasa flight opportunities program contract providing ever announced commercial operations according xcor_lynx intended fly four_times day would_also capacity deliver payloads space lynx mark prototype expected perform firstest flight victoria march budget xcor space trip seto launch pilothe ship daily_mail retrieved_october michael january lynx rocket plane summer flight moon back retrieved_april followed flight mark ii production model twelve eighteen months afterwards xcor planned lynx initial flights athe mojave spaceport mojave air_spaceport mojave california licensed spaceport meter runway media reports anticipated thend eric october final frontier daily_telegraph supplement china watch page lynx expected begin flying suborbital space_tourism flights scientific_research missions new spaceport caribbean island curao sxc buying tickets space sxc web_page retrieved_april however company stated january thathey assigned new test_flights date launch commercial operations could anticipated lacked propulsion system rocket_engines lynx would towed thend runway positioned runway pilot would engines take begin steep climb shut approximately feet mach number mach spaceplane would continue climb unpowered reached apogee approximately feet spacecraft would havexperienced little four minutes weightlessness entering thearth atmosphere occupants lynx intended havexperienced four_times normal gravity rentry lynx would performed unpowered landing total projected last minutes lynx expected able perform flights maintenance required orbital outfitters reportedly designing pressure suit xcor use orbital outfitters reported_thathey completed technical mockup lynx craft successor mark ii might two_stage fully reusable orbital vehicle thatook landed horizontally development cost projections mark production projected cost mark ii around see_also private_spaceflight eads_astrium space_tourism project rocketplane spaceshiptwo new_shepard xcor rocket mark x racer xcor mark x racer externalinks lynx suborbital spacecraft page lynx reusable_launch_vehicle approaches completion november category mojave air_space port category_spaceplanes category_space_tourism category_proposed spacecraft category_space access category manned spacecraft category rocket_powered_aircraft_category former proposed space_launch_system concepts category_aircraft_category aircraft_category xcor aircraft_category abandoned civil aircraft projects"},{"title":"Yamnuska Mountain Adventures","description":"yamnuska mountain adventures is a mountaineering school and mountain adventure company located in canmore alberta canada the company was founded in file mount yamnuska szmurlojpg thumb mount john laurie mount yamnuska the company was named after mount yamnuska native name nakoda people stoney thatranslates to flat faced mountain mount yamnuska is also a popularock climbing destination fileisklettern kl engstligenfalljpg thumb ice climbing yamnuska inc mountaineering school was created in as part of the ymca s outdoor education centre at seebe about km west of calgary adams jeff the rugged side of tourism calgary herald june programs included backpacking rock climbing and mountaineering early instructors included james blench barry blanchardwayne congdon chris miller marni virtue and sharon wood barry blanchard and james blench are still involved with yamnuska the wilderness program lefthe ymcand yamnuska mountain school a non profit society directed by brucelkin was formed and based in the back of bruce s and barry blanchard s house in canmore alberta canada the next yearsaw a steady evolution as instruction in mountaineering rock and ice climbing became the core activity withe fall mountain skillsemester annual eventhe mountain skillsemester was created in and it istill offered by the company twice a year spring and fall by thearly s yamnuska was athe apex of the instructional market yamnuska became a for profit company in late in david begg a new zealand guide became the owner of the company in the company was re branded yamnuska mountain adventures to reflecthe growth in the soft adventure programs individuals groups corporations and military organizations from all over the world choose yamnuskas their provider in yamnuska transferred ownership to len youden currently the general manager david begg and barry blanchard are still working at yamnuskas associate directors file mount andromedathabasca glacierjpg thumb mount andromedalberta mount andromeda file mount robson jpg thumb mount robson all climbing skiing and hiking mountain guides are trained and certified by the association of canadian mountain guides acmg the acmg is a member country of the international federation of mountain guide associations which is often known by its french acronym uiagm yamnuska guides operate within the stricterrain guidelines of the acmg in yamnuska was the second largest employer of certified mountain guides inorth americanowell harryamnuska course teaches more than mountain skills page b canmore leader march the very exacting standards to which yamnuska s guides are held should not obscure the facthathe guides are theart and soul of the companyamnuska s guides have been responsible for many new routes in the canadian rockies and abroad like the following ones by barry blanchard andromeda strain mount andromedalberta mount andromeda canadian rockies first ascent of route twins tower north pillar north twin peak north twin canadian rockies first ascent of route north face howse peak canadian rockies first ascent of route north face of mount kanguru kusum kanguru nepal first ascent of route blanchard twight on les droites mont blanc massifrench alps hard new route with marc francis twight m east face of howse peak canada first ascent in winter with steve house and scott backes infinite spur on mount foraker alaska third ascent infinite patience on themperor face of mount robson first ascent first ascent of supper machine wi east end of rundle canadian rockies ascent of the se ridge of mt asperity ed wi and n face of bravo peak ed wi waddington range coast mountains british columbia sponsorship and community involvement john lauchlan award yamnuska mountain adventures is annual supporter of the jlan awardesigned to assist expeditions of canadian mountaineers and explorers the criteria for the award includes innovation canadian exploratory environmentally sensitive bold lightweight self contained and non commercial canmore knuckle basher ice climbing festival yamnuska mountain adventuresponsored the knuckle basher ice climbing festival yamnuska guides ran the skills clinics banff youth climbing competition yamnuska mountain adventuresponsoredifferent categories from the competition hosts young climbers from western canada banded peak challenge the banded peak challenge was created in and raises money for theaster seals camp horizon in bragg creek ab canada banff mountain book festival yamnuska mountain adventuresponsors the award for best book mountain exposition the banff mountain book festival is annual book festival that celebrates mountain literature the mountain exposition category includes guidebooks and how to books dealing with physical activity in a mountain arealpine club of canada s annual mountain guide s ball fundraiser environmental initiatives yamnuska is committed to sustainable travel and tourism and helps to promote the preservation of the fragile alpine areas of the world s mountains their programs are typically human powered transport human powered endeavors that use human powered transport self propelled means of travel and they strive to cutheir impact on thenvironment by supporting local and national environmental organizations like leave no trace file moraine lake jpg thumb moraine lake moraine lake banff national park yamnuska mountain adventures is a member of tourism canmore kananaskis banff lake louise tourism bureau canadian avalanche association alpine club of canada leave no trace canada year out group guiding permits file mount assiniboine sunburst lakejpg thumb mount assiniboine yamnuska mountain adventures holds guiding permits for banff national park bow valley glacier national park canada jasper national parkananaskis country in alberta canada kootenay national park mount assiniboine provincial park mount robson provincial park in british columbia peter lougheed provincial park the bugaboos yoho national park other services corporate training mountain skills and leadership courses film production yamnuska supplies guides to ensure safety when shooting in dangerous locationsourcestunt and photo doubles for mountain shoots and assists with location scouting hollywood films like k verticalimit and cliffhanger had yamnuska s presenceither as a company or with barry blanchard as a double military training yamnuska hasupplied mountaineering and rock instructors for the british army for years in and provides instruction and logistical support for the royal canadian army cadets rocky mountainational army cadet summer training centre rmnacstc in the canadian rockies references externalinks yamnuska mountain adventures barry blanchard s personal website category canadian rockies category calgary region category climbing organisations category outdoorecreation organizations category backpacking category adventure travel category tourism in 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which already covered the australian capital territory and the northern territory merged in before the merger of yha nsw and yha queensland completed on january formed a new entity called yha ltd yha victoria merged into yha ltd in followed byha south australia in and yha tasmania in the boards of yha western australiand yha ltd unanimously agreed to sign a memorandum of understanding to work towards a merger with a target date of no later than january merging yha wa into yha ltd would complete yha s year journey towards becoming one national entity in australia the former national body hostelling international australialso merged into yha ltd in mission statement and logo the yha ltd mission statement is to provide opportunity for all but especiallyoung people for education by personal development fostering friendship and bringing about a better understanding of others and the world around them the yha house and tree symbol originates from the first hostelling international signs in europe in the three messages used in the green australian logo are the tree representing thenvironmenthe house representing shelter and the open doorepresenting justhat a welcoming open door awards and sustainability file sydney harbour yha rooftop terracejpg alt sydney harbour yha which opened in enjoys panoramic views of sydney harbour lefthumb sydney harbour yha which opened in enjoys panoramic views of sydney harbour x px sydney central yhand sydney harbour yhave won the acclaimed national best backpacker accommodation award athe australian tourism awards adelaide central yhas won best backpacker accommodation in south australialice springs yhas won best backpacker accommodation in the northern territory brisbane cityhand cairns central yhave won best backpacker accommodation in queensland melbourne metro yhas won best backpacker accommodation in victoria perth cityhas won best backpacker accommodation in western australiand thredbo yhas won best backpacker accommodation in the 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already covered australian capital territory northern_territory merged merger yha nsw yha queensland completed january formed new entity called yha ltd yha victoria merged yha ltd followed byha south_australia yha tasmania boards yha western_australiand yha ltd unanimously agreed sign memorandum understanding work towards merger target date later january merging yha yha ltd would complete yha year journey towards becoming one national entity australia former national body hostelling_international merged yha ltd mission statement logo yha ltd mission statement provide opportunity people education personal development fostering friendship bringing better understanding others world around yha house tree symbol originates first hostelling_international signs europe three messages used green australian logo tree representing thenvironmenthe house representing shelter open welcoming open door awards sustainability file sydney_harbour yha rooftop alt sydney_harbour yha opened enjoys panoramic views sydney_harbour lefthumb sydney_harbour yha opened enjoys panoramic views sydney_harbour x px sydney central sydney_harbour acclaimed national best backpacker accommodation award athe australian tourism awards adelaide central yhas best backpacker accommodation south springs yhas best backpacker accommodation northern_territory brisbane cairns central best backpacker accommodation queensland melbourne metro yhas best backpacker accommodation victoria perth best backpacker accommodation western_australiand yhas best backpacker accommodation canberra capital region awards file grampians eco thumb x px custom built grampians eco yha located halls gap grampians national_park western victoria committed reducing impact thenvironment raising awareness benefits low yha sustainable hostels fund encourages guests donate book stay online yha matches dollar dollar helped install solar hot water systems adelaide central perth city byron bay cairns central point grampians eco lodge melbourne metro well power alice springs generates much half hostel energy needs solar cells installed perth city rooftop tonnes carbon emissions year website access_date yha owned hostels also stopped selling disposable water bottles instead purchase reception cost price hostels also feature tanks site vegetable gardens bike rental swap shelves low energy water saving bathroom devices promote sustainable travel externalinks_official site_categoryouthostelling category hostelling_international_member_associations category_non_profit organisations_based australia_category_tourist accommodations australia"},{"title":"Yo Vizag","description":"yo vizag is a monthly english languagenglish language lifestyle magazine lifestyle magazine owned by shilpanjani dantu and published from the indian city of visakhapatnam although almost all of the articles published in the magazine focus on the people and the city of visakhapatnam it is widely read outside the city as well started in yo vizag has officially tied up withe ipl franchise deccan chargers for ipl historyo vizag is the firstrendy lifestyle magazine of visakhapatnam which started in the magazine is owned by shilpanjani dantu vishnu dantu a well received and much appreciated magazine abouthe city with a readership of and above it has gained widespread appreciation for highlighting the unknown aspects and people of the city as well as covering the monthly happenings the magazine is available athe airport railway station spas waiting areas of business centers leading bookstoreshopping malls theasternaval command major clubs like the waltair club the century club and the hpclub additionally many star hotels like the gateway hotel varunovotel the park the dolphin four points by sheraton palm beach and other tourist resorts have taken to placing these magazines in their lobbies and rooms we have additionally made sure thathe lounge or waiting areas of ites companies have copies of the magazine yo vizag is now also available as a digital magazine on wwwmagztercom to ensure thathe global vizagite is connected to local information furthermore we keep the readers followers fans of yo vizag updated withe latest happenings and events especially those related to vizag city via our website wwwyovizagcom and facebook page yo vizag s web page views are growing month on month tourism edition yo vizag brought out a special tourism edition in february which remained available throughouthe year thexpansivedition covered tourist destinations in the districts of visakhapatnam east godavari district east godavari vizianagaram district vizianagaram and srikakulam district srikakulam thedition was intended to throw some light on fascinating places of religious historical and medicinal importance whichave not been able to garner attention a larger scale and project visakhapatnam as a gateway to these and more destinations located in coastal andhra pradesh yo vizag magazine february by vishnu dantu issuu retrieved on references 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sheraton palm beach tourist resorts taken placing magazines rooms additionally made sure thathe lounge waiting areas companies copies magazine vizag also_available digital magazine ensure_thathe global connected local information furthermore keep readers followers fans vizag updated withe latest happenings events especially related vizag city via website facebook page vizag web_page views growing month month tourism edition vizag brought special tourism edition february remained available throughouthe year covered tourist_destinations districts visakhapatnam east district east district district thedition intended throw light fascinating places religious historical importance whichave able garner attention larger scale project visakhapatnam gateway destinations located coastal pradesh vizag magazine february dantu retrieved references_externalinks vizag official_website_category_magazinestablished category_english_language_magazines india_category indian monthly_magazines_category lifestyle_magazines_category articles_created_via article_wizard_category_establishments india_category_tourismagazines"},{"title":"Youth Hostel Association of New Zealand","description":"the youthostel association of new zealand often shortened to yha new zealand is a youthostelling association inew zealand it is a member association of hostelling international yha new zealand was established in canterbury new zealand canterbury by cora wilding the national office is based in christchurch and the patron of the association is the governor general of new zealand it operates backpacker hostels of them in the north island in the south island yha new zealand currently has hostels with star backpackers accommodation qualmark rating tourism inew zealand tourism is a major industry inew zealand tourism new zealand said that of visitorstay in backpacker s hostels yha new zealand is one of the major providers of hostel accommodation within this market a national council was created in there were hostels and members celebrating the th anniversary of the organisation in anand satyanand then governor general described it as a standout new zealand organisation and such an iconic feature of holidaying inew zealand the yha hostel in wellington won the hostelworld hoscar prize for best hostel in oceania in and in the yha hostel in rotorua won the award yha new zealand has placed a focus on sustainability the organisation has taken initiatives aimed at reducing organic waste recycling reducing emissions energy reduction and reduction of water consumption initiatives include composting waste on site separate disposal facilities forecyclable waste and intelligent flush systems in toilets energy reduction includes heat recovery from shower waste water and air to air heat recovery ventilation systems for condensation control yha wellington was the first backpackers hostel inew zealand to achieve qualmark s enviro gold rating yhave gained enviro ratings for of their hostelso far qualmark ratings qualmark website corand co the first half century of new zealand youthostelling by dion crooks youthostel association of new zealand externalinks official site youthostels in the netherlands in dutch category tourism inew zealand category hostelling international member associations categoryouthostelling category organisations based in 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organisation governor general described new_zealand organisation iconic feature inew_zealand yha hostel wellington prize best hostel oceania yha hostel award yha new_zealand placed focus sustainability organisation taken initiatives aimed reducing organic waste recycling reducing emissions energy reduction reduction water consumption initiatives include waste site separate disposal facilities waste intelligent systems toilets energy reduction includes heat recovery shower waste water air air heat recovery ventilation systems control yha wellington first backpackers hostel inew_zealand achieve qualmark gold rating gained ratings far qualmark ratings qualmark website first_half century new_zealand youthostelling youthostel_association new_zealand externalinks_official site youthostels netherlands dutch category_tourism inew_zealand category hostelling_international_member_associations categoryouthostelling_category organisations_based"},{"title":"Youth Hostels Association (England & Wales)","description":"extinction type voluntary sector status company limited by guarantee purpose youth accommodation and education headquarters matlock derbyshire location england coords region served england wales membership individuals and community groups language leader title chairman leader name chris darmon main organ parent organization affiliations num staff num volunteers budget website wwwyhaorguk remarks this article is abouthe youthostels association england wales for other topics related withe abbreviation yha see yha disambiguation yha the youthostels association england wales is a charitable organisation registered withe charity commission for england wales charity commission providing hostel youthostel accommodation in england wales it is a member of the hostelling international federation file yha salisburyjpg thumb youthostel in salisbury wiltshire file number of yha hostelspng thumb number of hostels operated by the yha the concept of hostel youthostels originated in germany in with richard schirrmann and itook years for the ideas to reach fruition in the united kingdom in several groups almost simultaneously formed to investigatestablishing youthostels in the uk foremost among these was the merseyside centre of the british youthostels association april representatives of these bodies met and agreed to form the british youthostels association coburn p shortly afterwards it became the youthostels association england wales with separate associations for scotland scottish youthostels association and northern ireland hostelling international northern ireland ever since its inception it has been known as yha using the abbreviation yha e whenecessary to distinguish it from other associations yha s charitable objective istated as to help all especiallyoung people of limited means to a greater knowledge love and care of the countryside particularly by providing hostels or other simple accommodation for them in their travels and thus to promote their health rest and education earlyears the first hostel topen was at pennant hall near llanrwst inorth wales opened in december it closed in due to problems withe water supply the water came from a nearby brook buthis was contaminated by sewage from the farm next door as was commented athe time the farmer saw no sin mixing manure with drinking water coburn p saw the first widespread opening of hostels and by thend of hostels had opened although athend of the year closed their doors noto reopeneal neal the price of an overnight stay washilling in every case annual membership was for seniors and for juniors life membership was available for guineas of the hostels opened in two remain open idwal cottage and street somerset street all hostels provided accommodation in single sex dormitories usually with bunk beds most hostels had accommodation for both sexes but in a few towns eg southampton separate hostels were provided for men and women self catering facilities were provided at all hostels and many hostels provided a mealserviceachostel was run by a manager known as a warden and all the hostels in an area were administered by a number of regional councils initially there weregional councils buthe number grew to by thend of mauricejones maurice jones porter p a national office to cordinate policy and standards was established in welwyn garden city membership was required to stay at a hostel and everyone staying was required to assist in the running of the hostel by undertaking what were known as duties these ranged from washing up to cleaning the hostel and in hostels with no water supply on site replenishing the water supply blankets and pillows were supplied a sheet sleeping bag was used from the outset and could be hired for a small charge but most members chose to provide their own carrying it withem from hostel to hostel themphasis was very much on a communal atmosphere within eachostel the use of dormitory accommodation and common rooms in every hostel reinforced this also the shared interests mostly walking and cycling of those using the hostels contributed to thispirit from this rough and ready beginning the organisation grew and grew so that by the outbreak of world war ii there were hostels and members with overnight stays being recorded coburn p it did notake long for the fledgling organisation tobtain royal approval and in then prince of wales later edward viii openederwent hall hostel in derbyshire mauricejones maurice jones porter p with its panelled walls it became a flagship hostel for the association wartime reductionot surprisingly the war had a significant effect on yha membership levels in and slumped as men and women joined the armed services and leisure travel was discouraged the number of hostels open decreased with up to a third being closed for the duration due to their location in militarily sensitive areas the low point was when only hostels remained open coburn p and overnight stays wereduced accordingly it wasn t only the war that led to the closure of hostels among the hostels that closed for good was derwent hall flooded as a result of the derwent water board project and the creation of ladybowereservoir from the low of things began to recover so that by war s end over hostels were open and membership was back to pre war levels this increase in the latter part of the war was partly due to government encouragement for factory workers to take short breaks away from the cities post warecovery with peace the resurgence of yha continued until in the peak number of hostels open was reached with open in that year membership continued to grow and passed the mark in overnight stays grew fromillion in to million in the national office moved from welwyn garden city to st albans where it remained until when a further move was made to matlock derbyshire matlock the buildings in st albans and matlock were both called trevelyan house in honour of the first president of yha dr g m trevelyan in the number of regions was reduced to ten and financial changes made to make it easier for each region to manage its own affairsignificant modernisation of hostels had occurreduring the s but by thearly s it became clear to yha that it needed to change as the stresses and strains of running what was a large organisation began to show on what was almost entirely a volunteerun body direct management of the hostels was removed from the regional committees and a professional management structure was put in place the regional committees were themselves reformed into fouregional councils north central south and wales with a new management yha continued to thrive and by overnight stays had reached a new peak of overeflecting changes in the needs of young travellers much effort was put into meeting a desire for lesspartan facilities in hostels eg smallerooms more showers abolishing washrooms as well as upgrading facilities in existing hostels other experimental approaches to attracting young travellers were made in a series of summer only hostels utilising university student accommodation were opened in locations near airports eg luton leeds thexperiment wasn t repeated in following years a much more successful innovation was the introduction of the rentahostel scheme under thischeme groups could hire whole hostels for their own use and without normal hostel rules applying rentahostel was available during the winter months to improve usage of hostels that were otherwise closed or doing very little business the scheme continues to run to the present day but is now known as escape to foot and mouth disease crises the united kingdom foot and mouth crisis united kingdom foot and mouth disease crisis hit yhard an estimated of income was lost as a consequence of hostels being closed and a drop in overnight stays from just under to some hostelsuch as baldersdale were totally inaccessible as they were within quarantine zones this left yha in a serious financial crisis and severe measures needed to be taken the board of trustees agreed to sell hostels athend of the sites being aysgarth lintonorth yorkshire dufton elton buxton copt oak thurlby norwich windsor and holmbury st mary internal and local pressure savedufton and holmbury st mary from closure and thurlby wasold to lincolnshire county council who rented it back to yha to continue as a hostel twenty first century the yha charitable object has changed over the years most recently in when the objective was changed to help all especiallyoung people of limited means to a greater knowledge love and care of the countryside and appreciation of the cultural values of towns and cities particularly by providing youthostels or other accommodation for them in their travels and thus to promote their health recreation and education yhas been investing in its youthostels investment is funded largely from turnover and from the sale of property donations legacies and funds from other organisations and agencies also contribute since yhas invested million and opened six new youthostels whitby north yorkshire national forest derbyshire berwick on tweed northumberland castleton derbyshire on the south downs near southease in east sussex and in londonannual reports in yhannounced the largest plan of network renewal yha regularly monitors all its hostels to establish if they are still viable and if necessary closes those that are no longer viable or have no prospects of becoming viable again the futurea fullist of all hostel openings and closing since is at list of past and present youthostels in england wales however the network renewal project was on top of this regulareview and was a proposal to close andispose of hostels when it was announced the aim of thexercise was to reduce borrowing and to provide funds fore investment into the network the closures were to take place over a three year period over and above the others disposed of in the same period the hostels involved were not necessarily poor performers but ones where the amount of investment required to bring them up to a desired standard was excessiveg steps bridge or in some cases because the site value was very high eg stainforth when the news broke there was a storm of protest not only among the membership but also in local communities and local and regional government despite the protests yha proceeded withe plan some hostels eg liverpool have obtained reprieves either temporary or permanent and are still open but most of the other disposals have taken place a number of the hostels disposed of have reopened either as independent hostels or as enterprise hostels are hostels that are privately owned but operated as part of the yha under a licence agreement with yha hostels within yha in as part of the move towards raising standards yha replaced the traditional sheet sleeping bag with a fitted bottom sheet duvet cover and pillow cases from guests at most youthostels found their beds already made for them in a new youthostel opened in brighton in a new youthostel opened in cardiff which quickly became the only hostel in the yha network to be awarded stars by visit wales visit england in december yha cardiff central won best accommodation athe british youth travel awards yhas a network of around youthostels in the lasten years yhasold or not renewed the leases on properties of these have continued to run as part of the yha network under a licensing scheme yha enterpriseinfo supplied byha property department in response to direct query class wikitable border network renewal programme hostelscheduled to close in hostel outcome acomb closed and now a private house alston sold to a private individual and now operating as an enterprise hostel within yha bellingham leased building closed and returned to landlord the duke of northumberlanduchy of northumberland blackboysold to a private individual and now operating as an enterprise bunkhouse within yha byrnessold to a private individual and now operating as an enterprise hostel within yha dartington leased building closed and returned to landlord earby continues toperate building sold to pendle borough council who rented it back to yha elmscott sold to a private individual and now operating as an enterprise hostel within yha greenhead sold to a private individual operated as an enterprise hostel within yha until december and now operating as an independent hostel hastingsold current use unknown keld sold now operating as a small hotel kirkby stephen sold to a private individual operated as an enterprise hostel within yha until thend of now an independent hostel meerbrook sold current use unknown steps bridge sold now operating as an independent hostel trefin leased building returned to landlord now operating as an independent hostel ty n cornel sold to private individual who leased ito elenydd wilderness hostels trust now operating as an enterprise bunkhouse within yha wooler sold to glendale gateway trust and now operating as an enterprise hostel within yha class wikitable border network renewal programme hostelscheduled to close in hostel outcome bakewell sold current use unknown brighton leased building returned to landlord capel y ffin sold current use unknown castle hedingham sold current use unknown dolgoch sold to elenydd wilderness hostels trust now operating as an enterprise bunkhouse within yha dover closed current status and use unknown ivinghoe closed current status and use unknown langsett closed current status and use unknown lynton sold current use unknown matlock sold the property was converted into private flats quantock hills closed current status and use unknown sandown closed current status building demolished new housing development stainforth sold current use unknown class wikitable border network renewal programme hostelscheduled to close in hostel outcome chester closed september sold to the university of chester to use astudent accommodation liverpool still operating will only close when another location in the city is ready llangollen sold now operates as an independent hostel specialising for groups london thameside still operating unlikely to close before possibly will remain open longer than however london thameside istill open in and there is no real chance of it closing as work is going on from january to march the sales of all the above properties has netted yha over million however yha continues to make a small operating loss the value of the property portfolio prices was million in as part of the move towards raising standards the sheet sleeping bag was replaced by a bedding pack comprising a bottom sheet duvet cover and two pillow cases duties have also disappeared althoughostel users arencouraged to maintain the communal spirit and assistaff by cleaning up after themselves in mayhannounced that in a furtherealignment of the network and to support long term financial stability called the capital strategy two new hostels would open in and eight would close the two new hostels were southease in sussex and berwick on tweed those closed were capel curigwynedd exeter devon grasmere thorney howe cumbria hunstantonorfolkendal cumbria river dart devon saffron walden essex and scarborough north yorkshire by the beginning of capel curig and grasmere had both been sold and negotiations were in progress to sell the remainder withexception of exeter now expected to close athend of summer on february a further update to the capital strategy was announced that will see million invested in the hostels at black sailake district woody s top lincolnshire wilderhope shropshire rowen snowdonia grinton lodge north yorkshire salcombe devon poppit sands pembrokeshire tintagel cornwall and wells nexthe sea norfolk athe same time the closure of a further nine hostels was announced withe intention to begin the sales athend of summer the hostels to close are barrow house cumbria derwentwater helvellyn hawkshead allake district osmotherley north yorkshire salisbury wiltshire arundel sussex totland bay isle of wight and yha newcastle northumberland by the beginning of yha totland bay was bought by the standing manager and remains a youthostel in the first years of yha due to the rapid change in the number of hostels available the handbook was issued more than onceach year from the pattern settled into annual publication issued to all members in this became a biennial publicatione was due for the period but has been delayed instead a slimmer update booklet containing less information than in previous years has been issued since yhas no longer produced annual guidebook and relies on its website to show hostel information yha magazines the rucksack was yha s first magazine first issued in it ran until when it was retitled the youthosteller although issue numbers continued the same series publication varied between quarterly in thearlyears to monthly in later years the contents consisted of hostel reviews travel articles regional and local group news a letters column and updates to the handbook publication ceased after the february issue volume no priced at five new pence and reduced to bi monthly appearance following december when an editorial explained thathe magazine was to be transmogrified the successor to the youthosteller hostelling news ran from spring until summer issue no a quarterly newspaper style publication free to members it followed in much the same vein as its predecessors hostelling news was replaced in autumn byha magazine a colour magazine in a format which was rebranded as yha triangle in summer issue no and which thereafter continued as a quarterly publication until autumn issue no from spring summer issue no it became a biannual publication continuing until the autumn winter issue of being the fifty fifth issue although no longer officially numbered asuch following a furtherebranding exercise triangle was replaced by the smaller format discover buthis only lasted for three issuespring summer and autumn winter and spring summer before publication was put into abeyance in spring a shorter eight page a colour publication yha life appeared an undated four page pilot version with a focus on fundraising was issued in yha news appeared between and unlike all the other publications after spring whichad been made available to all members yha news was only available by subscription its contents were much more aimed athose involved more actively with yha the opinions expressed were not necessarily those of yha has produced a monthly e newsletter the wanderer since over the years there have been many regional handbooks produced showcasing hostels in a particularegion yha songbook the yha songbook was first published in common room sing songs were popular and the songbook was published byhas many a common room sing song has been marred because few of the hostelers know more than the first verses of the songs and all too frequently the item that begins as a rousing chorus ends as a faltering solo a few keen singers find a place in theirucksack or saddle bag for a song book but if as a result some half dozen song books are available it is usually found thathey are all different and even the songs that are in common to several appear in differing versions preface the songbook only contained the lyrics nothe music the assumption being that someone would know the tune yha shops yhad from the beginning sold items directly necessary for using hostels eg sheet sleeping bags but in started sellingoods for walkers eg rucksacks by mail order from national office by not only was annual sales catalogue issued but yhad opened a shop at bedford street london three years later the shop moved across the strand london strand to john adam street over the years thishop expanded into a travel and information office and other shops opened in major cities in the store management boughthe stores from yhand formed yhadventure shops plc the company was wound up in motor vehicles from thearliest days yha made it clear that motorists were not welcome regulation as printed in the handbook read hostels are intended for members when walking or cycling and are not open to motorists or motor cyclists unless they are using the hostel for the purpose of walking or climbing in any case motor cars and motor cycles must not be garaged at a hostel p instead great emphasis in the handbook was placed on the availability of public transport with distances to nearest railway stations beingiven and the availability of buservicesomething that continues to this day in this point was promoted to regulation youthostels are for the use of members who travel on foot by bicycle or canoe they are not for members touring by motor car motor cycle or any power assisted vehicle p by the mid s withe decline in rail services yhallowed members to use cars to reach a hostel but noto motor tour it remained policy that cars could not be parked at hostels from it was decided to allow parking for a fee at certain hostels however hostel wardens had a discretion to require people arriving by car to move on if the hostel was busy in car parking charges were abolished and parking allowed at all hostelsubjecto space until it was a requiremento beither a member of yha or a member of an hostelling international affiliated association before staying at a hostel yha relaxed this rule partly due to a desire to make hostels more accessible to all and partly due to advice received from the charity commission for england wales charity commission thathe charitable status of the association was at risk if it remained a membership only organisation membership can be purchased on arrival at a hostel non members have been able to stay since it was originally stated thathis was by paying a supplemento the normal overnight pricequivalento a day rate for membership this was later amended to the form of a standard price for everyone with a per night discount for members on booking directlyha web site membership until the s consumption of alcohol was not allowedrinking athe hostel could lead toffenders being banned from the hostel the ban was initially lifted only for alcohol purchased at hostels with a table licence such as edale but later it was permitted to bring andrink beer cider and wine not spirits but only accompanying a meal withe reform of uk licensing act licensing laws the responsibility for the behaviour of customers falls onto the personalicence holder ie the hostel manager citing the risk of prosecution of itstaff yha introduced a policy whereby only alcohol purchased athe hostel was permitted to be consumed on the premises for hostels not licensed for the sale of alcohol the previous policy on bring your own continues the majority of youthostels have been licensed to sell alcohol since and some have a baryha website pre war groups of children aged were welcome at hostels as long as they were under the supervision of a responsibleader all bookings had to be made in advance apart from price nother concession was made to these groups they were still expected to move on from hostel to hostel and for this reason this type of business became known aschool journey partiesjp after the war yha realised the potential of providing not just accommodation to school parties and youth groups but educational facilities as well thischeme youthostels for health and education started in and was the forerunner of the services offered today in of overnight stays with yha were as part of organised school trips p yha provides financial support via its bursary scheme breaks for kids for groups of young people to take part in educational orecreational visits in yhawarded grants totalling providing funded trips for young peoplenews release yha todayha is a member of hostelling international an international federation of hostel associations it works in various fields eg youth activity thenvironment education in partnership with other organisations within the voluntary sector national government and local government yha is primarily an accommodation provider with additional educational packages to support school groups using hostels and since yha summer camps a series of summer camps for children the shared accommodation dormitories in hostels is in single sex rooms typically with four to eight bunk beds at lower prices than smalleroomsome associations eg canada have mixedormitories manyha hostels now offer private rooms for couples and families an increasing number of rooms are being provided with en suite facilities yha operates hostels and bunkhouses in addition tover camping barns all buten hostels provide self catering facilities and provide a mealservice nearly all provide drying rooms and cycle storage all have communal areas and many larger hostels have classrooms and meeting rooms available to residents and non residents the yha states that an aim is to support sustainable use of the countryside youthostels and their local communities and that it strives to benvironmentally friendly and to providenvironmental education local group network yha says that it has long been supported by a network of local groups dedicated to supporting the network by patronising the hostels and being a source of voluntary labour some of these groups are thriving social and outdoor activity clubs which are continuing to attract new members in thearly twenty first century there has been friction between the remaining local groups and yha much of it due to concerns about compulsory insurance policies and the use of the yha name local groups are now called affiliate groups there were more than in yha website februaryha supports volunteering opportunities including running small hostels grounds maintenance and team leaderships at yha summer camps yhalsofferstudent placements and opportunities for young people completing the duke of edinburgh s award volunteers of them under years of age volunteered for hours for the yha in yhannual report yha s board of trustees has overall responsibility for the work of yha in particular setting strategy andirection the board has members who are unpaid volunteers recruited from the wider yha membership and elected at annual general meeting agm the agm is made up of representatives from the regional and wales councils affiliated groups partner organisationsuch as the ramblers and guides president vice presidents and trustees yha members are able to attend the annual general meeting of the regional council appropriate to where they live in yha opened the agm to an additional people from the wider membership selected by ballot as a step towards an agm fully open to membersyhannual review yha historical archive yha s historical archive is publicly available athe cadbury research library athe university of birmingham the archive includes national and regional records reports minute books handbooks publications photographs personal memories local groups materials and ephemera representing yha s years the materials 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categoryouthostelling","categoryouthostelling category","category walking","united kingdom","kingdom categoryouth","categoryouth organisations","organisations based","united kingdom","kingdom category","category establishments","united kingdom"],"new_description":"extinction type voluntary sector status company limited guarantee purpose youth accommodation education headquarters matlock derbyshire location england coords region served england_wales membership individuals community groups language leader_title chairman leader_name chris main_organ parent_organization affiliations num staff num volunteers budget website remarks article abouthe youthostels_association england_wales topics related withe abbreviation yha see yha disambiguation yha youthostels_association england_wales charitable organisation registered withe charity commission england_wales charity commission providing hostel youthostel accommodation england_wales member hostelling_international federation file yha thumb youthostel salisbury wiltshire file number yha thumb number hostels operated yha concept hostel youthostels originated germany richard_schirrmann itook years ideas reach fruition united_kingdom several groups almost simultaneously formed youthostels uk foremost among merseyside centre british youthostels_association april representatives bodies met agreed form british youthostels_association coburn p shortly afterwards became youthostels_association england_wales separate associations scotland scottish youthostels_association northern_ireland hostelling_international northern_ireland ever since inception known yha using abbreviation yha e distinguish associations yha charitable objective help people limited means greater knowledge love care countryside particularly providing hostels simple accommodation travels thus promote health rest education earlyears first hostel topen hall near inorth wales opened december closed due problems withe water supply water came nearby brook buthis contaminated sewage farm next door commented athe_time farmer saw sin mixing drinking water coburn p saw first widespread opening hostels thend hostels opened although athend year closed doors noto neal price overnight stay every case annual membership seniors life membership available hostels opened two remain open cottage street somerset street hostels provided accommodation single sex dormitories usually beds hostels accommodation sexes towns southampton separate hostels provided men women self_catering facilities provided hostels many_hostels provided run manager known hostels area administered number regional councils initially councils buthe number grew thend maurice jones porter p national_office cordinate policy standards established welwyn garden city membership required stay hostel everyone staying required assist running hostel undertaking known duties ranged washing cleaning hostel hostels water supply site water supply blankets supplied sheet sleeping_bag used outset could hired small charge members chose provide carrying withem hostel hostel themphasis much communal atmosphere within use dormitory accommodation common rooms every hostel reinforced also shared interests mostly walking cycling using hostels contributed rough ready beginning organisation grew grew outbreak world_war ii hostels members overnight_stays recorded coburn p notake long organisation tobtain royal approval prince wales later edward viii hall hostel derbyshire maurice jones porter p panelled walls became flagship hostel association wartime war significant effect yha membership levels men women joined armed services leisure travel discouraged number hostels open decreased third closed duration due location sensitive areas low point hostels remained open coburn p overnight_stays accordingly war led closure hostels among hostels closed good hall result water board project creation low things began recover war end hostels open membership back pre_war levels increase latter part war partly due government factory workers take short breaks away cities post peace resurgence yha continued peak number hostels open reached open year membership continued grow passed mark overnight_stays grew million national_office moved welwyn garden city st_albans remained move made matlock derbyshire matlock buildings st_albans matlock called house honour first president yha g number regions reduced ten financial changes made make easier region manage hostels occurreduring thearly became clear yha needed change stresses strains running large organisation began show almost entirely body direct management hostels removed regional committees professional management structure put place regional committees councils north central south_wales new management yha continued overnight_stays reached new peak changes needs young travellers much effort put meeting desire facilities hostels well upgrading facilities existing hostels experimental approaches attracting young travellers made series summer hostels university student accommodation opened locations near airports luton leeds thexperiment repeated following_years much successful innovation introduction scheme groups could hire whole hostels use without normal hostel rules applying available winter months improve usage hostels otherwise closed little business scheme continues run present_day known escape foot mouth disease united_kingdom foot mouth crisis united_kingdom foot mouth disease crisis hit estimated income lost consequence hostels closed drop overnight_stays totally within zones left yha serious financial crisis severe measures needed taken board trustees agreed sell hostels athend sites yorkshire oak norwich windsor st mary internal local pressure st mary closure wasold lincolnshire county council rented back yha continue hostel twenty first_century yha charitable object changed years recently objective changed help people limited means greater knowledge love care countryside appreciation cultural values towns cities particularly providing youthostels accommodation travels thus promote health recreation education yhas investing youthostels investment funded largely turnover sale property donations funds organisations agencies also contribute since yhas invested million opened six new youthostels whitby north_yorkshire national_forest derbyshire berwick tweed northumberland derbyshire south downs near east sussex reports largest plan network renewal yha regularly monitors hostels establish still viable necessary closes longer viable prospects becoming viable hostel openings closing since list past present youthostels england_wales however network renewal project top proposal close hostels announced aim reduce provide funds fore investment network take_place three year period others disposed period hostels involved necessarily poor performers ones amount investment required bring desired standard steps bridge cases site value high news broke storm protest among membership also local_communities local regional government despite protests yha proceeded withe plan hostels liverpool obtained either temporary permanent still open taken_place number hostels disposed reopened either independent hostels enterprise hostels hostels privately_owned operated part yha licence agreement yha hostels within_yha part move towards raising standards yha replaced traditional sheet sleeping_bag fitted bottom sheet cover pillow cases guests youthostels found beds already made new youthostel opened brighton new youthostel opened cardiff quickly became hostel yha network awarded stars visit_wales visit england december yha cardiff central best accommodation athe british youth travel_awards yhas network around youthostels years renewed properties continued run part yha network licensing scheme yha supplied byha property department response direct class wikitable border network renewal programme close hostel outcome closed private house sold private individual operating enterprise hostel within_yha bellingham leased building closed returned landlord duke northumberland private individual operating enterprise bunkhouse within_yha private individual operating enterprise hostel within_yha leased building closed returned landlord continues toperate building sold borough council rented back yha sold private individual operating enterprise hostel within_yha sold private individual operated enterprise hostel within_yha december operating independent hostel current use_unknown sold operating small hotel stephen sold private individual operated enterprise hostel within_yha thend independent hostel sold current use_unknown steps bridge sold operating independent hostel leased building returned landlord operating independent hostel n sold private individual leased ito wilderness hostels trust operating enterprise bunkhouse within_yha sold glendale gateway trust operating enterprise hostel within_yha class wikitable border network renewal programme close hostel outcome sold current use_unknown brighton leased building returned landlord sold current use_unknown castle sold current use_unknown sold wilderness hostels trust operating enterprise bunkhouse within_yha dover closed_current_status use_unknown closed_current_status use_unknown closed_current_status use_unknown sold current use_unknown matlock sold property converted private flats hills closed_current_status use_unknown closed_current_status building demolished new housing development sold current use_unknown class wikitable border network renewal programme close hostel outcome chester closed september sold university chester use accommodation liverpool still operating close another location_city ready sold operates independent hostel specialising groups london still operating unlikely close possibly remain open longer however london istill open real chance closing work going january march sales properties yha million however yha continues make small operating loss value property portfolio prices million part move towards raising standards sheet sleeping_bag replaced bedding pack comprising bottom sheet cover two pillow cases duties also disappeared users arencouraged maintain communal spirit cleaning network support long_term financial stability called capital strategy two new hostels would open eight would close two new hostels sussex berwick tweed closed exeter devon grasmere cumbria cumbria river dart devon walden essex scarborough north_yorkshire beginning grasmere sold negotiations progress sell remainder withexception exeter expected close athend summer february update capital strategy announced see million invested hostels black district top lincolnshire shropshire snowdonia lodge north_yorkshire devon sands cornwall wells sea norfolk athe_time closure nine hostels announced withe intention begin sales athend summer hostels close barrow house cumbria district north_yorkshire salisbury wiltshire arundel sussex bay isle wight yha newcastle northumberland beginning yha bay bought standing manager remains youthostel first_years yha due rapid change number hostels available handbook issued year pattern settled annual publication issued members became due period delayed instead update booklet containing less information previous years issued since yhas longer produced annual guidebook relies website show hostel information yha magazines yha first magazine first_issued ran although issue numbers continued series publication varied quarterly thearlyears monthly later years contents consisted hostel reviews travel articles regional local group news letters column updates handbook publication ceased february issue volume priced five new pence reduced monthly appearance following december editorial explained thathe magazine successor hostelling news ran spring summer issue quarterly newspaper style publication free members followed much vein predecessors hostelling news replaced autumn byha magazine colour magazine format rebranded yha triangle summer issue thereafter continued quarterly publication autumn issue spring summer issue became biannual publication continuing autumn winter issue fifty fifth issue although longer officially numbered asuch following exercise triangle replaced smaller format discover buthis lasted three summer autumn winter spring summer publication put spring shorter eight page colour publication yha life appeared four page pilot version focus fundraising issued yha news appeared unlike publications spring whichad made_available members yha news available subscription contents much aimed involved actively yha opinions expressed necessarily yha produced monthly e newsletter since years many regional handbooks produced showcasing hostels particularegion yha songbook yha songbook first_published common room sing songs popular songbook published many common room sing song know first songs frequently item begins chorus ends solo keen singers find place saddle bag song book result half dozen song books available usually found thathey different even songs common several appear differing versions preface songbook contained lyrics nothe music someone would know tune yha shops beginning sold items directly necessary using hostels sheet sleeping_bags started walkers mail order national_office annual sales catalogue issued opened shop bedford street_london three_years_later shop moved across strand london strand john adam street years expanded travel_information office shops opened major_cities store management boughthe stores formed shops plc company wound motor_vehicles thearliest days yha made clear motorists welcome regulation printed handbook read hostels intended members walking cycling open motorists motor cyclists unless using hostel purpose walking climbing case motor cars motor cycles must hostel p instead great emphasis handbook placed availability public_transport distances nearest railway_stations availability continues day point promoted regulation youthostels use members travel foot bicycle canoe members touring motor car motor cycle power assisted vehicle p mid withe decline rail services members use cars reach hostel noto motor tour remained policy cars could parked hostels decided allow parking fee certain hostels however hostel discretion require people arriving car move hostel busy car parking charges abolished parking allowed space requiremento beither member yha member hostelling_international affiliated association staying hostel yha relaxed rule partly due desire make hostels accessible partly due advice received charity commission england_wales charity commission thathe charitable status association risk remained membership organisation membership purchased arrival hostel non members able stay since originally stated thathis paying supplemento normal overnight day rate membership later amended form standard price everyone per night discount members booking web_site membership consumption alcohol athe hostel could lead banned hostel ban initially lifted alcohol purchased hostels table licence later permitted bring andrink beer cider wine spirits accompanying meal withe reform uk licensing act licensing_laws responsibility behaviour customers falls onto holder hostel manager citing risk prosecution itstaff yha introduced policy whereby alcohol purchased athe hostel permitted consumed premises hostels licensed sale alcohol previous policy bring continues majority youthostels licensed sell alcohol since website pre_war groups children aged welcome hostels long supervision bookings made advance apart price nother concession made groups still expected move hostel hostel reason type business became_known journey war yha realised potential providing accommodation school parties youth groups educational facilities well youthostels health education started forerunner services offered today overnight_stays yha part organised school trips p yha provides financial support via scheme breaks kids groups young_people take_part educational visits grants providing funded trips young release yha member hostelling_international international_federation hostel associations works various fields youth activity thenvironment education partnership organisations within voluntary sector national government local_government yha primarily accommodation provider additional educational packages support school groups using hostels since yha summer camps series summer camps children shared accommodation dormitories hostels single sex rooms typically four eight beds lower prices associations canada hostels offer private rooms couples families increasing_number rooms provided suite facilities yha operates hostels addition tover camping barns hostels provide self_catering facilities provide nearly provide drying rooms cycle storage communal areas many larger hostels classrooms meeting rooms available residents non residents yha states aim support sustainable use countryside youthostels local_communities strives friendly education local group network yha says long supported network local groups dedicated supporting network hostels source voluntary labour groups thriving social outdoor activity clubs continuing attract new members thearly twenty first_century friction remaining local groups yha much due concerns compulsory insurance policies use yha name local groups called affiliate groups yha website supports volunteering opportunities including running small hostels grounds maintenance team yha summer camps placements opportunities young_people completing duke edinburgh award volunteers years age hours yha report yha board trustees overall responsibility work yha particular setting strategy andirection board members unpaid volunteers recruited wider yha membership elected annual general meeting agm agm made representatives regional wales councils affiliated groups partner organisationsuch guides president vice_presidents trustees yha members able attend annual general meeting regional council appropriate live yha opened agm additional people wider membership selected ballot step towards agm fully open review yha historical archive yha historical archive publicly available athe research library athe_university birmingham archive includes national regional records reports minute books handbooks publications photographs personal memories local groups materials representing yha years materials come internal sources former employees others popular_culture theatre company tour commissioned play best foot forward abouthe yha see_also list past present youthostels england_wales externalinks yha england_wales official_site hostelling_international official_site_category hostelling_international_member_associations category_organisations_based derbyshire categoryouth organizations_established category_tourism england_category_tourism wales categoryouthostelling_category walking united_kingdom categoryouth organisations_based united_kingdom category_establishments united_kingdom"},{"title":"Youth Hostels Association of India","description":"extinction type voluntary sector status non profit purpose youth accommodation adventure sports headquarters new delhi location india region served india membership individuals and community groups language leader title chairman leader name svenkat narayanan main organ hostelling international parent organization iyhf affiliations num staff num volunteers budget website wwwyhaindiaorg remarks this article is abouthe youthostels association india for other topics related withe abbreviation yha see yha disambiguation yha the youthostels association of india yhais a charitable organisation providing hostel youthostel accommodation india it is a member of the hostelling international federation the whole concept of hostel youthostels wastarted in germany in by richard schirrmann and itook years for the ideas to reach fruition in the india the youthostel movement had found its way into india before the partition of the country in the idea was introduced in early forties by the boy scouts and girls guides of india punjab circle and the first youthostel was formally opened atara devi near shimla on june by h e sir bertrand glancy chief scout and governor of the punjab in somenthusiasts in mysore set up a committee for promotion of the movementhree years later the indian association received associate membership of iyhf the first national conference of the youthostels association of india yhai was held in delhi which marked thestablishment of the movement on a nationalevel on october national youthostel trust was created through a resolution passed by the national council of yhai a day earlier as a result a bed youthostel complex in chanakyapuri new delhi with administrative offices came into existence later a training centrequipped with audiovisual aids and recreation centre with indoor games and library facilities were added the training centre hasince been approved by iyhfor training of international participants the plan for constructing youthostels byhai was taken up and the first youthostel built with its own resources on a donated piece of land was a small bed youthostel at jagjit nagar near kasauli an international camp of volunteers helped to construct its foundation gopalpur on sea ganjam orissa was the next one built byhain some state branches and units are in the process of procuring land for construction of youthostels ever since its inception it has been known as yha using the abbreviation yhai whenecessary to distinguish it from other associations as its charitable objective yhai stated it as our mission is to enable and promote travel tourism adventure spirit national integration and education health by providing hostels of good standards to millions of youth of limited means during their travel at affordable rates on a sustainable basis and by organizing adventure and educational events and to develop understanding among youth about social developmental issues earlyears the first hostel topen was at chanakya purinew delhin december all hostels provided accommodation in single sex dormitorieself catering facilities were provided at all hostels and many hostels provided a mealservice the hostel was run by a manager known as a warden and all the hostels in an area were administered by a number of national councils a national office to cordinate policy and standards membership was required to stay at a hostel and all people staying at a hostel werequired to assist in the running of the hostel by undertaking what were known as duties these ranged from washing up to cleaning the hostel bedding wasupplied the sheet sleeping bag was used from the outset and supplemented by pillows and blankets themphasis was very much on a communal atmosphere within eachostel the use of dormitory accommodation and common rooms in every hostel reinforced thisignificant modernization of hostels had occurreduring the s but by the late s it became clear to yhai that it needed to change as the stresses and strains of running what was a large organisation began to show on what was almost entirely a volunteerun body direct management of the hostels was removed from the regional committees and a professional management structure was put in place as well as upgrading facilities in existing hostels other experimental approaches to attracting young travelers were made in a hostels renovation was done to bring the standards on par with international standards for the commonwealth games recent developmentsaw a change in the charitable objective of the association yhai announced the largest plan of network renewal as of now there are franchisee hostels and yhai regularly monitors all its hostels to establish if they are still viable and if necessary closes those that are no longer viable or have no prospects of becoming viable again the future however the network renewal project was on top of this regulareview and was a proposal to increase the network to more than by the aim of thexercise was to reduce borrowing and to provide funds fore investment into the network the hostels involved were not necessarily poor performers but ones where the amount of investment required to bring them up to a desired standard was excessive or in some cases because the site value was very high in as part of the move towards raising standards the sheet sleeping bag was replaced by a bedding pack comprising a bottom sheet duvet cover and two pillow cases duties have also disappeared althoughostel users arencouraged to maintain the communal spirit and assistaff by cleaning up after themselves it is a requiremento beither a member of yhai or a member of an hosteling international affiliated association before staying at a hostel membership can be purchased on arrival at a hostel but a non member wishing to stay must pay a supplement equivalento a day membership apply for membership types individual membership fee on counter at national office new delhi junior age between years for years inclusive of service tax one year age above years inclusive of service tax two year age above years inclusive of service tax life membership above years for lifetime rs inclusive of service tax membership fee through post junior age between years for years inclusive of service tax one year age above years inclusive of service tax two year age above years inclusive of service tax life membership above years for lifetime rs inclusive of service tax download individual membership formembership fee through online application form junior age between years for years inclusive of service tax one year age above years inclusive of service tax two year age above years inclusive of service tax life membership above years for lifetime rs inclusive of service tax apply now note calendar year is applicable for yhai memberships ie january to december yhaiytco branded membership this membership is valid for year in which a person gets dual membership of yhaiytc international youth travel card that includes more than discounts on accommodation food entertainment and many other categories all over the world moreover the membership is endorsed by the unesco there is an upper age limit of yr to apply for this membership bothe benefits of yhai and iytc are applied to this membership type internationallyhaiytc membership years for years apply now inclusive of service tax institutional membership up to th standard for years inclusive of service tax for years inclusive of service tax above th standard for years inclusive of service tax for years inclusive of service tax download institutional membership form or apply now the consumption of alcohol on hostel premises has never been allowed since the inception groups of children aged are welcome at hostels as long as they were under the supervision of a responsibleader all bookings had to be made in advance apart from price nother concession was made to these groups asuch a large proportion of yhai business involves children it has a very stringent child protection policy and all staff and volunteers have to have checks conducted before they can work for yhai todayhais a member of hostelling international an international federation of hostel associations due to its work in various fields eg youth activity thenvironment education it work in partnership with a wide variety of other organisations both within the voluntary sector national government and local government products adventure sports yhai remains primarily an accommodation provider and supports this withe provision ofood andrink educational packages to support school groups using hostels and since s as a part of increasing tourism and youth travelling yhai organizeseveral units via the national office at delhi and through itstate offices the trekking events are sar pass trek saurkundi pass trek mountain biking family camping nature study dobhi kedarkanta mountain biking valley oflowers trek the dormitorieshared accommodation as yhai calls it in hostels typically consist of a number of beds often bunk beds and many offer storage facilitiesuch as lockersuch rooms are a means of being able toffer cheaper accommodation for large numbers of people and typically contain beds unlike some associations eg canada dormitories indiare always unisex withe yha s modernising efforts and its attempto widen its target market many hostels now offer private rooms in sizesuited to couples and families an increasing number of rooms are being provided with en suite facilities yhai operates hostels and bunkhouses in addition tover camping barns all buten hostels provide self catering facilities and provide a mealservice nearly all provide drying rooms and cycle storage the communal areas remain a major focus of the hostels many of the medium and larger hostels have classrooms and meeting rooms which can be used in conjunction with a residential stay or on a non residential basis one aim of the yhais to support sustainable use of the countryside youthostels and their local communities yhai strives toperate as both an environmentally friendly user and to providenvironmental education there are a wide variety of volunteering opportunitiesupport byha these range from running camps trekking expeditions and serving as medical officer etc yhais governed by national council with a president chairmand four national vice presidents elected via state units and branches each state unit elects a group of members to representhe needs and views of yhai members and users these state units also electhe majority of the national executive council meeting nec delegates they also electrustees a program of meetings is held around the country throughouthe year state units are able to put motions to the national agm as required the board of trustees which is elected athe agm has up to members of these four the national chairman president national vice presidents treasurer and chief executive officer form the national officers who act as an executive 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volunteers budget website remarks article abouthe youthostels_association india topics related withe abbreviation yha see yha disambiguation yha youthostels_association india charitable organisation providing hostel youthostel accommodation india member hostelling_international federation whole concept hostel youthostels wastarted germany richard_schirrmann itook years ideas reach fruition india youthostel movement found way india partition country idea introduced early boy girls guides india punjab circle first youthostel formally opened near june h e sir chief scout governor punjab mysore set committee promotion years_later indian association received associate membership iyhf first national conference youthostels_association india yhai held delhi marked thestablishment movement october national youthostel trust created resolution passed national council yhai day earlier result bed youthostel complex new_delhi administrative offices came existence later training aids recreation centre indoor games library facilities added training centre hasince approved training international participants plan constructing youthostels taken first youthostel built resources donated piece land small bed youthostel near international camp volunteers helped construct foundation sea orissa next one built state branches units process procuring land construction youthostels ever since inception known yha using abbreviation yhai distinguish associations charitable objective yhai stated mission enable promote travel_tourism adventure spirit national integration education health providing hostels good standards millions youth limited means travel affordable rates sustainable basis organizing adventure educational events develop understanding among youth social developmental issues earlyears first hostel topen december hostels provided accommodation single sex catering facilities provided hostels many_hostels provided hostel run manager known hostels area administered number national councils national_office cordinate policy standards membership required stay hostel people staying hostel werequired assist running hostel undertaking known duties ranged washing cleaning hostel bedding wasupplied sheet sleeping_bag used outset supplemented blankets themphasis much communal atmosphere within use dormitory accommodation common rooms every hostel reinforced modernization hostels occurreduring late became clear yhai needed change stresses strains running large organisation began show almost entirely body direct management hostels removed regional committees professional management structure put place well upgrading facilities existing hostels experimental approaches attracting young travelers made hostels renovation done bring standards par international standards commonwealth games recent change charitable objective association yhai announced largest plan network renewal franchisee hostels yhai regularly monitors hostels establish still viable necessary closes longer viable prospects becoming viable future however network renewal project top proposal increase network aim reduce provide funds fore investment network hostels involved necessarily poor performers ones amount investment required bring desired standard excessive cases site value high part move towards raising standards sheet sleeping_bag replaced bedding pack comprising bottom sheet cover two pillow cases duties also disappeared users arencouraged maintain communal spirit cleaning requiremento beither member yhai member hosteling international affiliated association staying hostel membership purchased arrival hostel non member wishing stay must pay supplement equivalento day membership apply membership types individual membership fee counter national_office new_delhi junior age years years_inclusive service_tax one_year age years_inclusive service_tax two_year age years_inclusive service_tax life membership years lifetime inclusive service_tax membership fee post junior age years years_inclusive service_tax one_year age years_inclusive service_tax two_year age years_inclusive service_tax life membership years lifetime inclusive service_tax download individual membership fee online application form junior age years years_inclusive service_tax one_year age years_inclusive service_tax two_year age years_inclusive service_tax life membership years lifetime inclusive service_tax apply note calendar year applicable yhai january december branded membership membership valid year person gets dual membership international youth travel card includes discounts accommodation food entertainment many categories world moreover membership endorsed unesco upper age limit apply membership bothe benefits yhai applied membership type membership years years apply inclusive service_tax institutional membership th standard years_inclusive service_tax years_inclusive service_tax th standard years_inclusive service_tax years_inclusive service_tax download institutional membership form apply consumption alcohol hostel premises never allowed since inception groups children aged welcome hostels long supervision bookings made advance apart price nother concession made groups asuch large proportion yhai business involves children stringent child protection policy staff volunteers checks conducted work yhai member hostelling_international international_federation hostel associations due work various fields youth activity thenvironment education work partnership wide_variety organisations within voluntary sector national government local_government products adventure_sports yhai remains primarily accommodation provider supports withe provision ofood andrink educational packages support school groups using hostels since part increasing tourism youth travelling yhai units via national_office delhi offices trekking events pass trek pass trek mountain_biking family camping nature study mountain_biking valley trek accommodation yhai calls hostels typically consist number beds often beds many offer storage facilitiesuch rooms means able toffer cheaper accommodation large_numbers people typically contain beds unlike associations canada dormitories indiare always withe yha efforts attempto target market many_hostels offer private rooms couples families increasing_number rooms provided suite facilities yhai operates hostels addition tover camping barns hostels provide self_catering facilities provide nearly provide drying rooms cycle storage communal areas remain major focus hostels many medium larger hostels classrooms meeting rooms used conjunction residential stay non residential basis one aim support sustainable use countryside youthostels local_communities yhai strives toperate environmentally friendly user education wide_variety volunteering byha range running camps trekking expeditions serving medical officer etc governed national council president chairmand four national vice_presidents elected via state units branches state unit group members representhe needs views yhai members users state units also majority national executive council meeting delegates also program meetings held around country throughouthe year state units able put national agm required board trustees elected athe agm members four national chairman president national vice_presidents chief_executive_officer form national_officers act executive yhai india official_site hostelling_international official_site h yhai mumbai unit site yhai unit site_categoryouth organizations_established category_tourism india_categoryouthostelling_category organisations_based delhi category_adventure_tourism india_category_tourist accommodations india"},{"title":"Zagat","description":"the zagat survey or was established by tim and nina zagat in as a way to collect and correlate the ratings of restaurant s by diners for their first guide covering new york new york new york city the zagatsurveyed their friends at its height ca the zagat survey included cities with reviews based on the input of individuals withe guides reporting on and rating restaurants hotel s nightlife activity nightlife shopping zoos music filmovie s theatre theater s golf courses and airlines the guides are sold in book form and were formerly only available as a paid subscription the zagat website as part of its million acquisition by google in september zagat s offering of reviews and ratings became a part of google s geo and commerce group eventually to be tightly integrated into google services google relaunched zagat s website on july with an improved interface but cut down the site from cities to nine they released a searchable database of reviews from the other cities in the following days while they worked on expanding to include more cities in the new site in december google announced that it would lay off most former full time zagat employees that had been extended as contractors athe time of the acquisition leading to prophetic business reports describing the future of zagat book production as bleak and subsequent business news reports recording the contraction of their print businesses regardless google s acquisition and integration of zagat provided it with a strong brand in local restaurant recommendations and ample content for location based searchesclampet jason july zagat shrinks print operations launches free strippedown website skift history and rating system the zagat survey or was established by tim and nina zagat in as a way to collect and correlate the ratings of restaurant s by diners their first guide covered new york new york new york city dining and was accomplished on the basis of a survey of their friends by the zagat survey included cities with reviews based on the input of individuals the guides over the years have reported on and rated restaurants hotel s nightlife activity nightlife shopping zoos music filmovie s theatre theater s golf courses and airlines zagat guide ratings are on a thirty point scale being the highest and is the lowest with component ratings for defined areas eg forestaurants including foodecor and service with cost also being estimated in addition to numeric scores the survey also includes a short descriptive paragraph that incorporateselected quotations typically a fewords from several reviewers comments about each restaurant or service as well as the pricing and rating information withe acquisition by google there has been an emerging remphasis away from the distinctive traditional thirty point rankings replacing it with a five point scale for products not athe zagat website privatequity firm general atlantic bought one third of parent company zagat llc for million in february and installed non zagat family member amy b mcintosh as ceo in the company was on the block for million after there were no takers the company announced in june that it was no longer for sale and that it would seek an organic growth strategy on september the company was acquired by google for a reported million the th largest acquisition by google as of that date athe championing of marissa mayer its vice president of local maps and location servicescarlsonicholas june how a great google workplace turned into a nightmare businessinsider changes under google initial integration google is reported to have planned to use the zagat acquisition to provide more content and reviews for its locally oriented servicesgoogle had initially planned to acquire competing site yelp inc yelp instead see techcrunch reference op cit on may zagat was officially integrated into google services with its reviews now appearing on google maps and google local pages forelevant restaurants additionally the zagat online service became free to use and once required a google accounto register though that is no longer the caseowen laura hazard and heussner ki mae may zagat goes free with launch of google local gigaom by july the zagat online presence had alongside its printed guidesee below narrowed from thirty cities to nineight in the us as well as london though earlier content on other cities remains discoverable by outside search athe same time google pushed ahead with plans to zagatize the world through broader simplified business rankings and by providing broad content unlike the traditional zagat both city specific egreat hot dog joints inyc and cross destination eg best sushi restaurants in us cities as well as completely location independent content eg ros for every mood whato bring to any summer occasion expansion under mayer initially however theventually proscribedigital and print aims were the subject of an aggressive plan to expand the impact of zagathrough new hard copy city guides which required that google vp marissa mayer and a senior product manager bernardo herndez gonz lez bernardo hernandez add further editors to the group it acquired withe zagat acquisition unfortunately because of leadership changes above mayer earlier in google cofounder and first ceo larry page had replaced eric schmidt returning to thelm to again manage the company the requesto increase the number of googlers full time googlemployees was denied and google s zagat editorial division was instead grown via staffing with temporary contractors january march during this period at least some of the hired contractors were led to believe by google hr that it was their hope that after the year contractors would join googlers as permanent employees with benefits moreover thexperience of contractors during this period is reported to have been that of a normal googlemployee invitations to all hands googlemployee meetings and social events and receipt of at work benefits reorganization departures frommer s acquisition however as the reorganization by larry page continued and further decisions were made by google managementhe commitmento the mayer vision for zagat waned page s assignment of susan wojcicki to head google s advertising area led to the move of another google veteran jeff huber to lead the very largeo and commerce area new combined group that would eventually include the zagateam alongside google maps earth travel google shopping google wallet and other endeavors this reorganization left marissa mayer without a comparableadershiposition instead placing her as a reporto her peer huber mayer departed google thereafter to become the ceof yahoo in july other management changes were harbingers of a challenging year for this group eg executive firings andepartures including thentire team that launched google wallet and huber eventually moved fromanagingeo and commerce to join the google x research teamayer s departure as champion of zagat s acquisition and expansion huber s challenges in leading the large disparate geo and commerce group and google management s decision a further acquisition frommer s the venerable travel guide publisher in august in august google paid million for years ofrommer s guides content across thousands of destinations and including tens of thousands of photos as well as acquiring the frommer creative and editorial managementeam though agreeing to return the frommer s name to its founder arthur frommer see clampet op cit appear in concert as evidence of changing plans of management for the original zagateam after the standard google all hands meeting where the frommer s acquisition was announced andiscussed contractors ceased to be invited to these google meetingsnicholas carlson writes technically they were invited tone more meeting the next all hands all of the zagat contractors got an email about it buthen they got another email it was a dis invitation to the meeting see carlson op cit in this period bernardo herndez gonz lez hernandez continued to lead the zagat group where it is reported that google reorientation of zagat from their original business model to zagatize the world through ratings for small businesses resulted in misseditorial production goals and zagat contractoresentmentoward the new frommer s googlers they perceived as having been given their positions dissolution of zagateam the situation and morale in the zagat unit is reported to have decayed further when in december google informed the contractors most former full time zagat employees thatheir contracts would not be renewed in only to alter course within days and report renewal of the contracts through thend of june in this new period communications between googlers and zagat contractors are said to have decayed with a further end to the social perks they had earlier enjoyed as well bernardo herndez gonz lez bernardo hernandez departed from his leadership role of the unit while google has declined comment one source reported in june thathe future of zagat book production looks extremely bleak the whole division as currently structured seems to be on death watch lots of chatter aboutsourcing furthereporting coincident withe rollout of the new zagat website in july indicated bothathe zagat guides are now smaller than ever covering the same reduced list of nine cities as the website and that zagat had quietly w oundown its licensing business managing custom print guides for corporations and third party content licensing regardless google s acquisition and integration of zagat whileading to thelimination of the zagat enterprise as it had historically functioned provided it a strong brand in local restaurant recommendations and lots of content for location based searches andid so f or a relatively small price million even so questions are being raised abouthe apparent change of courseg regardingoogle steering zagat and its mobile app toward general content and away from its traditional reviewer stable into an already very competitive well populated everyman restaurant review approach and business nichegrobart sam july how google has completely botched zagat bloomberg in commenting on the contraction inumber of cities covered and in depth of print coverage and on google demphasis of the distinctive traditional point rankings replacing it with a point scale for products not athe zagat website jason clampet at skift writes whether or not zagat s brand voice will continue to rise to the top remains to be seen and while the zagat brand may not seem astrong post google the content s influence on diners andrinkers is arguably stronger than ever thanks to its deep integration into the world s most popular mapping service see also consumereports gault millau harden s a similar london and uk guide michelin guide restaurant rating yelp inc externalinks category publications established in category google acquisitions category restaurant guides category travel guide 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september zagat offering reviews ratings became part google geo commerce group eventually tightly integrated google services google relaunched zagat website july improved interface cut site cities nine released searchable database reviews cities following days worked expanding include cities new site december google announced would lay former full_time zagat employees extended contractors athe_time acquisition leading business reports describing future zagat book production subsequent business news reports recording contraction print businesses regardless google acquisition integration zagat provided strong brand local restaurant recommendations ample content location based jason july zagat print operations launches free website history rating system zagat survey established tim nina zagat way collect ratings restaurant diners first guide covered new_york new_york new_york city dining accomplished basis survey friends zagat survey included cities reviews based input individuals guides years reported rated restaurants hotel nightlife activity nightlife shopping zoos music theatre theater golf courses airlines zagat guide ratings thirty point scale highest lowest component ratings defined areas forestaurants including service cost also estimated addition scores survey also_includes short descriptive typically several comments restaurant service well pricing rating information withe acquisition google emerging away distinctive traditional thirty point rankings replacing five point scale products athe zagat website privatequity firm general atlantic bought one third parent_company zagat llc million february installed non zagat family member amy b mcintosh ceo company block million company_announced june longer sale would seek organic growth strategy september company acquired google reported million th largest acquisition google date athe marissa mayer vice_president local maps location june great google workplace turned changes google initial integration google reported planned use zagat acquisition provide content reviews locally oriented initially planned acquire competing site yelp inc yelp instead see reference cit may zagat officially integrated google services reviews appearing google_maps google local pages restaurants additionally zagat online service became free use required google register though longer laura hazard mae may zagat goes free launch google local july zagat online presence alongside printed thirty cities us well london though earlier content cities remains outside search athe_time google pushed ahead plans world broader simplified business rankings providing broad content unlike traditional zagat city specific hot_dog joints cross destination best sushi restaurants us cities well completely location independent content ros every mood whato bring summer occasion expansion mayer initially however print aims subject aggressive plan expand impact new hard copy city_guides required google marissa mayer senior product manager bernardo gonz lez bernardo hernandez add editors group acquired withe zagat acquisition unfortunately leadership changes mayer earlier google first ceo larry page replaced eric returning manage company increase number googlers full_time denied google zagat editorial division instead grown via temporary contractors january march period least hired contractors led believe google hope year contractors would join googlers permanent employees benefits moreover thexperience contractors period reported normal hands meetings social events receipt work benefits reorganization departures frommer acquisition however reorganization larry page continued decisions made google managementhe commitmento mayer vision zagat page assignment susan head google advertising area led move another google veteran jeff huber lead commerce area new combined group would eventually include alongside google_maps earth travel google shopping google wallet endeavors reorganization left marissa mayer without instead placing reporto peer huber mayer google thereafter become ceof yahoo july management changes challenging year group executive firings including thentire team launched google wallet huber eventually moved commerce join google x research departure champion zagat acquisition expansion huber challenges leading large geo commerce group google management decision acquisition frommer travel_guide publisher august august google paid million years guides content across thousands destinations including tens thousands photos well acquiring frommer creative editorial managementeam though return frommer name founder arthur_frommer see cit appear concert evidence changing plans management original standard google hands meeting frommer acquisition announced contractors ceased invited google carlson writes technically invited tone meeting next hands zagat contractors got email buthen got another email invitation meeting see carlson cit period bernardo gonz lez hernandez continued lead zagat group reported google zagat original business_model world ratings small businesses resulted production goals zagat new frommer googlers perceived given positions dissolution situation morale zagat unit reported december google informed contractors former full_time zagat employees thatheir contracts would renewed alter course within days report renewal contracts thend june new period communications googlers zagat contractors said end social perks earlier enjoyed well bernardo gonz lez bernardo hernandez leadership role unit google declined comment one source reported june thathe future zagat book production looks extremely whole division currently structured seems death watch lots withe rollout new zagat website july indicated zagat guides smaller ever covering reduced list nine cities website zagat quietly w licensing business managing custom print guides corporations third_party content licensing regardless google acquisition integration zagat zagat enterprise historically functioned provided strong brand local restaurant recommendations lots content location based searches andid f relatively small price million even questions raised abouthe apparent change steering zagat mobile_app toward general content away traditional reviewer stable already competitive well populated restaurant review approach business sam july google completely zagat bloomberg commenting contraction inumber cities covered depth print coverage google distinctive traditional point rankings replacing point scale products athe zagat website jason writes whether zagat brand voice continue rise top remains seen zagat brand may seem post google content influence diners arguably stronger ever thanks deep integration world popular mapping service see_also gault millau harden similar london_uk guide_michelin_guide restaurant rating yelp inc externalinks_category_publications_established category google acquisitions category_restaurant guides_category_travel_guide_books"},{"title":"ZAR 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canopy january costa ricajpg righthumb zip lining in costa rica zip line or zip line zipline sypline zip wire aerial runway aerial ropeslideath slide flying fox or foefie slide in south africa who really benefits from tourism publ equations karnataka india working paperseries canopy tourism page jacques marais lisa de speville adventure racing publisher human kinetics isbn pages page alsonline athe publishers here consists of a pulley suspended on a wire rope cable usually made of stainlessteel mounted on a slope it is designed to enable a user propelled by gravity to travel from the top to the bottom of the inclined cable by holding on tor attaching to the freely moving pulley zip lines come in many forms most often used as a means of entertainmenthey may be short and low intended for child s play and found on some playground s longer and higherides are often used as a means of accessing remote areasuch as a rainforest canopy forest canopy zip line tours are becoming popular vacation activities found at outdoor adventure camps or upscale resorts where they may be an element on a larger challenge oropes course the jungles of costa rica florida puerto vallartand nicaraguare popular destinations for zip linenthusiasts the zip wire has been used as a transportation method in some mountainous countries for manyears in some remote areas in china such asalween river nujiang salween valley in yunnan zip lineserved the purposes of bridges across rivers but due to poor safety record they have mostly been replaced by real bridges by referred to as an inclined strong see the second paragraphere where the phrase is underlined one appears in the invisible man by h g wells published in as part of a whit monday fair in robert cadman a steeplejack and tightrope walking ropeslider died when descending from shrewsbury st mary s church shrewsbury st mary s church when his rope snapped plaque on cadman s grave st mary s church shrewsbury uk alberto santos dumont used a direct ancestor of the zip line in spring for a method of testing various characteristics of hisantos dumont bis pioneera canard biplane before it ever flew under its own power later that year in the australian outback zip lines were occasionally used for delivering food cigarettes or tools to people working on the other side of an obstacle such as a gully oriver australian troops have used them to deliver food mail and even ammunition to forward positions in several conflicts flying fox file hocking peaks adventure park logan ohiojpg thumb hocking peaks adventure park logan ohio file zip line in costa ricajpg righthumb upright zip line set up in costa rica the term flying fox is most commonly used in reference to a small scale zip line typically used as an item of child ren s play activity play equipment except in australiand new zealand where it also refers to professional forms of zip linequipment withe flying fox the pulley s attached to the care fixed to the cable the car itself can consist of anything from a simple hand grip withe user hanging underneath to a bucket for transporting small items to a quitelaborate construction perhaps including a seat or a safety strap children s versions are usually not set up with a steep incline so the speeds are kept relatively low negating the need for a means of stopping to be propelled by gravity the cable needs to be on a fairly steep slopeven then the car will generally notravel completely to thend although this will depend on the structuraload load and someans of safely stopping the car athe bottom end isometimes needed it can be returned by several means either by simply pushing the car back to the top of the hill on foot as is common in children s play equipment as they do not hang far from the ground or a line leading from the car to the uphill end the flying fox is usually made with rope instead of steel cable to make it easier and cheaper to install uninstall and transporthe riders on the flying fox needsafety harness to get support on the zip line professional courses professional versions of a zip line are mostypically used as an outdoor adventure activity in contrasto flying foxes professional courses are usually operated at higher speeds covering much longer distances and sometimes at considerable heights the users are physically attached to the cable by a safety harness thattaches to a removable zip line trolley a helmet is required on almost all courses of any size cables can be very high starting at a height of over and traveling well over all zip line cables have some degree of sag the proper tensioning of a cable is important and allows the ability to tune the ride of a zip line file zip line spring braking systemjpg thumb zip line spring braking system users of zip lines must have means of stopping themselves typical mechanisms include friction created between the pulley againsthe cable thick purpose built leather gloves a mat or netting athe lower end of the incline a passive arrester system composed of spring device springs pulleys counterweight s bungee cord tire or other devices which slows and then stops the trolley s motion a capture block which is a block on the cable that is tethered to a rope controlled by a staff who can manually apply friction the rope to slow the user down gravity stop exploiting the sag in the cable the belly of the cable is always lower than the termination pointhe amount of uphill on a zip line controls the speed at which the user arrives athe termination point also a user can be stopped with a hand brake athend of the zip line such as athe canyons zip line in florida zip lines are a common way to return participants to the ground athend of a ropes adventure course with proper knowledge and training on the part of the operators and good maintenance zip lines are safe and easy to use in there were an estimated commercial zip lines in the us and a further private ones resulting in visits to themergency room according to zip rider the longest zip line as of december was parque de aventura barrancas del cobre at m ft in copper canyon mexico in zipflyer nepal highground adventures was the world steepest with max incline of currently second in the world and istill tallest zip line it had a vertical drop of on september the world steepest zipline was opened at letalnica bratov gori ek on the ski flying hill in planica slovenia it is long with a vertical drop it has an average and a maximum incline the longest zipline in europe at just over meters long is the zip world bethesda line in penrhyn quarry penryn quarry bethesda gwynedd bethesda wales zip line trolley the zip line trolley is the frame or assembly together withe pulley s also known asheave s inside that run along the cable the term trolley is more often used when this assembly consists of more than a single pulley with simple hanger and bearing often more than one pulley is used to spread the load over more than one spot on the cable to reduce cable bending stresses that may lead to metal fatigue and cable breakage this also reduces any tendency of a pulley to twist sideways and run off the cable with disastrous results in addition the trolley is usually shaped with guards to hold the cable in the groove s of the pulley s file departure zip superfly in whistler bcanadajpg thumb departure zip superfly in whistler bcanada pivoting link such as a carabiner is used to secure the load to the trolley so thathe trolley does not have a tendency to rock and thus fall off the cable if the load should sway load carriers ranging from enclosed cabins to gondolas to harnesses are attached to the link occasionally the load carrier is just a handhold or handlebar although there is the danger of the rider s losing his grip and falling such a simple carrier should be used only on zip lines that are near the ground or over water the rider losing his grip due to the use of the simple carrier has led to ten deaths in two years alone yungas human use yungas bolivia features a system of zip lines used for transporting harvested cropsee also adventure park boatswain s chair breeches buoy canopy tour tyrolean traverse references externalinks category zip line category adventure travel category 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rope course file zip_line canopy january costa righthumb zip lining costa_rica zip_line zip_line zip wire aerial runway aerial slide flying fox slide south_africa really benefits tourism publ india working canopy tourism page jacques lisa de adventure_racing publisher human isbn pages page athe publishers consists pulley suspended wire rope cable usually_made stainlessteel mounted slope designed enable user propelled gravity travel top bottom inclined cable holding tor attaching freely moving pulley zip_lines come many forms often_used means may short low intended child play found playground longer often_used means accessing remote areasuch rainforest canopy forest canopy zip_line tours becoming popular vacation activities found outdoor adventure camps upscale resorts may element larger challenge course jungles costa_rica florida puerto popular_destinations zip zip wire used transportation method mountainous countries manyears remote areas china river valley yunnan zip purposes bridges across rivers due poor safety record mostly replaced real bridges referred inclined strong see second phrase one appears invisible man h g wells published part whit monday fair robert walking died descending shrewsbury st mary church shrewsbury st mary church rope plaque grave st mary church shrewsbury uk alberto santos used direct zip_line spring method testing various characteristics biplane ever flew power later year australian outback zip_lines occasionally used delivering food cigarettes tools people_working side obstacle australian troops used deliver food mail even forward positions several conflicts flying fox file hocking peaks adventure_park logan thumb hocking peaks adventure_park logan ohio file zip_line costa righthumb upright zip_line set costa_rica term flying fox commonly_used reference small_scale zip_line typically used item child ren play activity play equipment except australiand_new_zealand also refers professional forms zip withe flying fox pulley attached care fixed cable car consist anything simple hand grip withe user hanging underneath transporting small items construction perhaps including seat safety children versions usually set steep incline speeds kept relatively low need means stopping propelled gravity cable needs fairly steep car generally completely thend although depend load safely stopping car athe_bottom end isometimes needed returned several means either simply pushing car back top hill foot common children play equipment hang far ground line leading car uphill end flying fox usually_made rope instead steel cable make easier cheaper install riders flying fox harness get support zip_line professional courses professional versions zip_line used outdoor adventure activity contrasto flying professional courses usually operated higher speeds covering much longer distances sometimes considerable heights users physically attached cable safety harness removable zip_line trolley helmet required almost courses size cables high starting height traveling well zip_line cables degree sag proper cable important allows ability tune ride zip_line file zip_line spring braking thumb zip_line spring braking system users zip_lines must means stopping typical mechanisms include friction created pulley againsthe cable thick purpose_built leather gloves athe lower end incline passive system composed spring device springs bungee tire devices stops trolley motion capture block block cable rope controlled staff manually apply friction rope slow user gravity stop exploiting sag cable cable always lower termination pointhe amount uphill zip_line controls speed user arrives athe termination point also_user stopped hand brake athend zip_line athe canyons zip_line florida zip_lines common way return participants ground athend ropes adventure course proper knowledge training part operators good maintenance zip_lines safe easy use estimated commercial zip_lines us private ones resulting visits room according zip rider longest zip_line december parque de del copper canyon mexico nepal adventures world max incline currently second_world istill tallest zip_line vertical drop september world opened ski flying hill slovenia long vertical drop average maximum incline longest europe meters long zip world line quarry quarry wales zip_line trolley zip_line trolley frame assembly together withe pulley also_known inside run along cable term trolley often_used assembly consists single pulley simple bearing often one pulley used spread load one spot cable reduce cable stresses may lead metal fatigue cable also reduces tendency pulley twist run cable results addition trolley usually shaped guards hold cable groove pulley file departure zip whistler thumb departure zip whistler link used secure load trolley thathe trolley tendency rock thus fall cable load sway load carriers ranging enclosed cabins harnesses attached link occasionally load carrier although danger rider losing grip falling simple carrier used zip_lines near ground water rider losing grip due use simple carrier led ten deaths two_years alone human use bolivia features system zip_lines used transporting harvested also adventure_park chair canopy tour references_externalinks category zip_line category_adventure_travel_category outdoorecreation"},{"title":"Zouk (club)","description":"zouk is the club is named after the french based creole languages french creole word for party it has won the singapore tourism board s best nightspot experience award times between and zouk is also ranked number on dj magazine s list of top clubs in the world in and in september its founder lincoln cheng sold the iconiclub to genting hong kong an affiliate of the genting singapore the brand its business was valued at s million by financial audit firm ernst young in zoukout is annual music dance festival held in singapore since yoursingaporecom zoukout about one of asia s biggest music dance festivals it is organised by zouk singapore djs that have performed at zoukout include paul van dyk manydjs masters at work gilles peterson richie hawtin sven vath peter kruder james lavelle armin van buuren and stereo mcs in zoukout saw its largesturnout of in attendance an increase of attendees in zoukout has also won the singapore tourism board s best leisurevent experience award thrice between and zoukout celebrated years of the festival in december it was held on saturday december at siloso beach sentosa island from pm am the three headline acts performed at zoukout were multi platinum selling artiste david guetta world renowned trance dj ti sto and grammy award winning djazzy jeff during the grand prix season in singapore zouk held a special event zouk celebrates the grand prix season singapore which featured two acclaimedjs frenchman martin solveig and canadian tiga image zouk club kuala lumpurjpg thumb px the sister club of zouk in kuala lumpur malaysia opened in the three old warehouses that make up the original zouk were built in by the singapore river on present day jiakim road thoroughly renovated the houses now feature three interconnected clubs zouk with a large dancefloor and state of the art sound and lighting catering to a variety of artists velvet underground a quieter morelaxed lounge that plays house music house and soul music soul phuture a more avant garde bar specialising in breakbeat broken beats and hip hop music hip hop rhythm and blues r b the clubs have proven popular with singapore s party going crowd and regularly attract performers from all over the world its famous mambo jambo theme nights are considered a must go for a young clubber and almost serve as a rite of passage into the local clubbing scene in zouk opened a sister club at ampang road jalan ampang in kuala lumpur malaysia zoukl features fourooms zouk and velvet underground styled on the original plus the loft and terrace bars a beach dance party called zoukout has been organised at siloso beach sentosa everyear on december people attended the party zoukoutdone itself once again drawing a record party goers to sentosa on december party goers attended zoukout zouk singapore has moved to its new premises at clarke quay in december this year it clinched the number spot in dj mag s top clubs poll for it hasince opened two new concepts capital and red tail bar by zouk mambo jambo mambo jambo commonly known as mambo nights is a theme clubbing night held every wednesday at zouk in singapore and kuala lumpur it is highly popular among the younger segment of the clubbing crowd in singapore and a mambo experience is often regarded as an initiation ritual for many beginners into the local clubbing scene origins andevelopment as a clubbing institution while zouk club s vision was to introduce house music into singapore the concept of house music was not well entrenched in the asian clubbing landscape thus to make house music more appealing to the singapore crowd it introduced a blend of music which incorporated pop hits from the s and s withouse music which were to be played every wednesday night never seen as a long term plan this retro theme night however became increasingly popular withe clubbing crowd and became one of the main highlights of the singapore s clubbing week event list it eventually became the most well patronised weekday event in the singapore clubbing scene music type mambo jambo is a spin of the termumbo jumbo which fittingly described the type of music peculiar to theme night it began with a somewhat unorthodox mix of s and s pop hits and house and over the years it evolved and incorporated rock dance and hip hop a huge hit withe local clubbers many imitators tried to follow the retro theme formula with relatively lesser success zouk remained the standard bearer for this unique clubbing experience in singapore special dance moves there are numerousongs that are well received by the clubbing club however the most populare those that will rouse the crowd to making their peculiar dance moves these moves usually restricted to hand upper body movements are usually expressed in sync withe songs progression and lyricsome of these songs includes bananarama s love in the first degree jason donovan s too many broken hearts and rick astley s together forever example belinda carlisle summerain taken from dylan boey s mambo rocks article published augustep no chorus oh my love it is your move bring bothands together to form a heart over your left bosom then use youright hand to point at you step chorus that i dream of your move bring youright hand up and pointo yourightemple step chorus oh my love since that dayour move bring bothands together to form a heart over your left bosom then raise youright hand upwards palm facing up step chorusomewhere in my heart i m always your move bring your hands together and make a heart shape over your left bosom then clap twice in rhythm with alwaystep chorus dancing with you in the summerain your move with bothands half raised and your index finger and thumb pinched together make little circles as you twirl your hands around for dancing when the chorus goesummerain stretch out your hands and make little ripples with your fingers as if simulating a shower of rain mambo jambo the album in zouk club together with avex trax asia limited produced a compilation of mambo jambo mix track listing lethe music play shannon walking away information society band information society bauhaus cappella ride on time black box theme from s express express tubthumping chumbawamba call me spagna together foreverick astley love in the first degree bananarama square rooms al corley batucuda dj dero samba de janeiro bellini bg tips you should be dancing e sensual ymca village people gimme hope jo anna eddy grantogether in electric dreams georgio moroder phillip oakley summerain belinda carlisle here comes the rain again eurythmics magicarpet ride mighty dub katz lost in emotion lisa and cult jam give it up kc and the sunshine band a little respect erasure mambo jambo the phenomenon image mambojambojpg thumb cd cover in zouk club together with warner music grouproduced a compilation of mambo jambo mix this album is a tribute to the years of the night its cult following that has kepthenergy alive and the unparalleled spirithat is mambo jambo notably the album release was entirely mixed from gramophone record vinyl by zouk resident djs to reflecthe true spirit of the nightrack listing dying inside to hold you timmy thomas you sexy thing hot chocolate band hot chocolate play that funky music wild cherry band wild cherry call me spagna never gonna give youp rick astley blame it on the boogie big fun boyband big fun bizarre love triangle new order band new order love in the first degree bananarama let us go wang chung band wang chung sexbomb tom jonesinger tom jones with mousse t i heard a rumour bananarama together in electric dreams philip oakey giorgio moroder you spin me round like a recordead or alive bandead or alive mony billy idol push it salt n pepa horny mousse t vs hot n juicy rock this party everybody dance now bob sinclar feat dollarman big ali do not call me baby madison avenue band madison avenue cannotake my eyes off you boystown gang la bamba los lobos mambo no lou bega thursday play was in mainroom until december when it was moved to velvet underground reviews by top djs this club has given me the richest cultural sensations ever it is a magical place part of my extra sensory experiences ir bob cornelius rifo the bloody beetrootsource of the best night clubs around the world connectheworldcom zouk is one of the best clubs in the world and if you have been there you ll know how intense and energetic the crowd is paul van dyk source djmag see also list of electronic dance music venues zouk style of music supercluboey dylan mambo rocks in sunday times august singapore sph dj adam low mambo jambo wednesday night live singapore avex trax zouk club kl on clubbing inecom venue listing externalinks zouk singapore zoukuala lumpur whosgoing singapore clubs bars yoursingapore zoukout past events at zouk eventfinda of the best night clubs around the world connectheworld zouk singapore djmag category nightclubs category tourist attractions in singapore category electronic dance music 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tompkins planned his own journey the subtitle of the film comes from lionel terray s mountaineering autobiography les conqu rants de l inutile the film emulates the trip made byvon chouinard andoug tompkins to patagonia but rather than by land jeff johnson travels by sea fromexico and south along the west coast of chile the film opens with original home movies home movie footage as taken by chouinard and tompkins and then continues with johnson s own footage in whiche includesurfing sailing and climbing as the film follows johnson signing on with a small boat heading for chile his being delayed for several weeks on easter island his meeting travel partner alicia ika makohe and in his reaching patagonia johnson meeting with chouinard and tompkins the film concludes withis attempto climb corcovado volcano cerro corcovado the corcovado volcano an attempthat was halted feet from the summit out of concerns for safetyvon chouinardoug tompkins jeff johnson keith malloy alicia ika makohe timmy o neill the film debuted february athe santa barbara international film festival followed in april by limited theatrical release as well as festival screenings athe newport beach film festival newport beach international film festival the film was released on dvd and blu ray in june followed by additional festival screenings in september athe asbury park independent film festival inovember athe banff mountain film festival banffilm festival and save the waves film festival the film had theatrical release in japan in january seattle post globe wrote south is a thinking person s adventure film one that stimulates the mind rather thathe adrenal gland in that it is not one of thosextreme sports movieseto heavy metal music in which daredevils boast of pitting themselves against nature the reviewer notes that while the film instead has a message of conservationism the director does not pitch this conservation message in a fit of hysterical propagandas have the directors of so many ecological horror documentaries on topics ranging from global warming to the corn syrup in our peanut butter he writes the regard for the planet shown in south comes from the quiet philosophical nature of the people profiled in the film who realize there is more adventure in the preservation of nature than in its conquering minneapolistar tribune praised the film by writing if you are this close to chucking it all in packing your bags and going vagabond by all means do not see south director chris malloy s eco tourist documentary could stoke your wanderlusto the point of no return they noted thathe cinematography tended to meander atimes andid not allow the viewer to learn much about johnson himself buthathe film began to brighten after johnson meets with chouinard and tompkins athe wildlife preserve thatompkins founded in patagonia in spectrumagazine spectrum wrote thathe beginning of the film was deceptive in that its initial conversations of high adventure spliced between footage of rock climbing surfing and mountaineering may easily trick the viewer into thinking this a film about extreme sports buthathe main clue that hints at a different purpose is the chill sound track they expanded that it was not until after johnson s unscheduledelay on easter island that viewers first learn what south is most obviously about when theme of ecological conservation is played out in conversations about national parks hydro electric dams indigenous wildlife sustainable farming consumerism commercial fishing reforestation and even development models they note thathe final two thirds of the film shares the intrinsic tension between conservation the one hand the mass produced technological innovations that make the trip and film possible on the other washington post writes chris malloy s film strikeso deeply into theart of patagonia s wilderness we come to feel at home therexternalinks category films category s documentary films category s independent films category american films 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concerns tompkins jeff johnson keith malloy alicia ika neill film debuted february athe santa_barbara international film_festival followed april limited theatrical release well festival athe newport beach film_festival newport beach international film_festival film released dvd ray june followed additional festival september athe park independent film_festival inovember athe banff mountain film_festival festival save waves film_festival film theatrical release japan january seattle post globe wrote south thinking person adventure film one mind rather thathe one sports heavy metal music nature reviewer notes film instead message director pitch conservation message fit directors many ecological horror documentaries topics ranging global warming corn syrup peanut butter writes regard planet shown south comes quiet philosophical nature people film realize adventure preservation nature tribune praised film writing close packing bags going vagabond means see south director chris malloy eco tourist documentary could stoke point return noted_thathe cinematography tended atimes andid allow viewer learn much johnson film began johnson meets chouinard tompkins athe wildlife preserve founded patagonia spectrum wrote thathe beginning film initial conversations high adventure footage rock_climbing surfing mountaineering may easily viewer thinking film extreme sports main different purpose sound track expanded johnson easter island viewers first learn south obviously theme ecological conservation played conversations national_parks electric indigenous wildlife sustainable farming consumerism commercial fishing even development models note thathe final two_thirds film shares intrinsic tension conservation one hand mass produced technological innovations make trip film possible washington_post writes chris malloy film deeply theart patagonia wilderness come feel home category_films_category_documentary_films category independent films_category_american films_category_american 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steve brown ceo john alder cfo industry leisure cultural entertainmentheme park services ticketing virtual queuinguest management ecommerce access control reserved seating box office ticketing online ticketinglobal ticketing distribution revenue million operating income net income million aum assets equity million owner num employees worldwide parent divisions accesso loqueueaccesso passportaccesso siriuswareingresso subsid located in europe and north america footnotes intl yes caption foundation lo q location city berkshire location country england locations offices worldwide homepage accesso formerly lo q is a publicly listed technology company based in berkshirengland accesso is the premier technology solutions provider to leisurentertainment and cultural markets their patented and award winning ticketing pos and queuing technology solutions drive increased revenue for attraction operators while improving the guest experience accessolutions add value toperators at every point of the guest experience with our technology facilitating the key points of contact witheir many millions of guestsolutions include virtual queuing point of salecommerce reserved seating ticketing box office ticketing online ticketing access control and global ticketing distribution over clients world wide currently utilize our comprehensive solutions and accesso s products and servicesupport a wide variety operations including theme and water parks zooski resorts museums concert venues aquariums observation decks and sporting events the concept of virtual queuing for amusement ride s dates back to several world s fair s in the th century where time tickets were printed for attractions in the s leonard sim realised the need for a similar system for amusement parks in the first system was developed and prototyped athorpe park in august lo q was formed the company hasince developed productsuch as the qbot qtxt qband qsmart which operate at various locations across the world on december lo q announced its acquisition of leading us ticketing and ecommerce company accesso for million inovember lo q repositioned their overall brand as accesso to reflecthe company s operations on december accesso acquired leading north american ticketing and point of sale provider siriusware onovember accesso acquired showare a leading provider of casino sporting events fairs and performing arts ticketing on march accesso acquired ingresso a global distribution system for entertainmenticketing the company now operates with five products accesso loqueue accesso passport and accesso siriusware accesso showare and ingresso accesso loqueue the accesso loqueue solution s primary industry is in virtual queuing devices for amusement parks water parks and attractions products include the qbot qband qsmart and prism several patents have been registered for their concepts the qbot is a handheldevice which park guests can rent for the day on the device users can select an amusement ride they wish to queue for and the device will add them to a virtual queue the qbot device will notify users once their virtual queue time has elapsed through vibration and beeping in the qband was introduced for use at water parks the device which isimilar in size and shape to a watch functionsimilarly to the qbot currently the qband is used at waterparks around the world including six flags hurricane harbor splish splash wet nwild sydney raging watersan dimasthe qsmart requires users to have a smartphone which they can use to join virtual queues in a similar method to the qbot it replaced the q txt product which allowed any mobile phone to register a spot in virtual queues the company has also entered into a memorandum of understanding with mastercard to develop a contactless payment system similar to paypass where users can pay for items witheir qbot file accesso prism jpg thumb x px new accesso prism wristband the newest innovation for accesso s queuing products is accesso prism the wearable device is the mostechnologically advanced smart park wearable available using accesso s award winning and proprietary queuing technology guests wearing this new device can enjoy a more carefree park visit with less time spent waiting at each attraction with just a swipe of a finger on the wristband s touch screen menu guests take their place in the virtual queue for an attraction or show no kiosk or smartphone required if a ride s operation is temporarily interrupted or a show is rescheduled the prism device will notify the guest of the update prism willaunch at a waterpark in mid accesso passporticketing suite the accesso passporticketing suite offers a fully hosted ecommerce ticketing solution as well astreamlined onsite ticket saleseason pass processing and access control thecommerce solution is used by some of the leading attraction venues around the world including cedar fair six flags and palacentertainment in merlin entertainments group signed a long term agreement with accesso to provide its fully hosted onsite ticketing and ecommerce solutions across the operator s global portfolio accesso siriuswaresm solutions previously an independent company siriusware was acquired by accesso in decemberebranded as accesso siriusware in april the suite offers guest managementicketing ecommerce and point of sale solutions for a wide variety of venues and attractions the accesso siriusware platform offers a variety of software modules that deliver essential features needed for every point of sale throughout a venue attraction operators can select from a menu of modules including rentals ticketing and admissions food and beverage resource scheduling kiosks and more to best suitheir needs modules are then integrated into a single system eliminating the need for separate platforms andatabases accesso showare inovember accesso acquired visionone worldwide ltd a leading provider of ticketing solutions for casinos fairsporting events arenas theaters performing arts centers and tours rebranded as accesso showare in may the customizable cloud based software as a service ticket sales andistribution solution is used by more than venues and leisure organizations throughout north and south americand processes more than million tickets annually inovember accesso won bestechnology company athe uk tech awards in april the queen s award for innovation was presented to the company for its accesso loqueuesm virtual queuing solution which allows visitors to reserve their place in line virtually using a handheldevice smartphone orfid wristband inovember the accesso passport ecommerce suite was awarded the best new product under the category of revenue and admission control wristband rfid technology by the international association of amusement parks and attractions this version of the accesso passport ecommerce solution allowed attractions the ability to leverage revenue driving features across any device and guests to easily purchase tickets parking season passes and other items from desktop tablet or mobile in accesso passporticketing solution won the international association of amusement parks and attractions iaapaward for best new product in the revenue and admission control category in the company operating as lo q won the queen s award for enterprise international tradexport queen s award for international trade as a result of the company doubling their exports and increasing their international sales by over the course of years inovember the iaapa brass ring award was presented to the company for its qband see also disney s fastpass list oflash pass attractions externalinks category companies based in berkshire category technology companiestablished in category technology companies based in london category amusement parks category accesso category establishments in 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homepage accesso formerly publicly listed technology company_based accesso premier technology solutions provider cultural markets patented award_winning ticketing queuing technology solutions drive increased revenue attraction operators improving guest experience add value every point guest experience technology facilitating key points contact witheir many millions include virtual queuing point reserved seating ticketing box office ticketing online ticketing access control global ticketing distribution clients world wide currently utilize comprehensive solutions accesso products wide_variety operations including theme water_parks resorts museums concert venues aquariums observation_decks sporting_events concept virtual queuing amusement ride dates_back several world fair th_century time tickets printed attractions leonard realised need similar system amusement_parks first system developed park august formed company hasince developed productsuch qbot qband operate various_locations across world december announced acquisition leading us ticketing ecommerce company accesso million inovember overall brand accesso reflecthe company operations december accesso acquired leading north_american ticketing point sale provider siriusware onovember accesso acquired showare leading provider casino sporting_events fairs performing arts ticketing march accesso acquired global distribution system company operates five products accesso accesso passport accesso siriusware accesso showare accesso accesso solution primary industry virtual queuing devices amusement_parks water_parks attractions products include qbot qband prism several registered concepts qbot park guests rent day device users select amusement ride wish queue device add virtual queue qbot device users virtual queue time qband introduced use water_parks device isimilar size shape watch qbot currently qband used around world including six_flags hurricane harbor splash wet sydney raging requires users smartphone use join virtual queues similar method qbot replaced product allowed mobile phone register spot virtual queues company_also entered memorandum understanding mastercard develop payment system similar users pay items witheir qbot file accesso prism jpg thumb x px_new accesso prism wristband newest innovation accesso queuing products accesso prism device advanced smart park available using accesso award_winning proprietary queuing technology guests wearing new device enjoy park visit less time spent waiting attraction finger wristband touch screen menu guests take_place virtual queue attraction show kiosk smartphone required ride operation temporarily interrupted show prism device guest update prism willaunch waterpark mid accesso suite accesso suite offers fully hosted ecommerce ticketing solution well onsite ticket pass processing access control solution used leading attraction venues around world including cedar_fair six_flags merlin entertainments group signed long_term agreement accesso provide fully hosted onsite ticketing ecommerce solutions across operator global portfolio accesso solutions previously independent company siriusware acquired accesso accesso siriusware april suite offers guest ecommerce point sale solutions wide_variety venues attractions accesso siriusware platform offers variety software modules deliver essential features needed every point sale throughout venue attraction operators select menu modules including rentals ticketing admissions food beverage resource scheduling kiosks best needs modules integrated single system eliminating need separate platforms accesso showare inovember accesso acquired worldwide ltd leading provider ticketing solutions casinos events theaters performing arts centers tours rebranded accesso showare may cloud based software service ticket sales andistribution solution used venues leisure organizations throughout north south_americand processes million tickets annually inovember accesso company athe uk tech awards april queen award innovation presented company accesso virtual queuing solution allows visitors reserve place line virtually using smartphone wristband inovember accesso passport ecommerce suite awarded best_new product category revenue admission control wristband technology international_association amusement_parks attractions version accesso passport ecommerce solution allowed attractions ability revenue driving features across device guests easily purchase tickets parking season passes items tablet mobile accesso solution international_association amusement_parks attractions best_new product revenue admission control category company operating queen award enterprise international queen award international_trade result company doubling exports increasing international sales course years inovember iaapa brass ring award presented company qband see_also disney fastpass list pass attractions externalinks_category companies_based berkshire category technology companiestablished category technology companies_based london_category amusement_parks category accesso category_establishments england"},{"title":"All Bar One","description":"file all bar one suttonjpg thumb px the first bar in sutton london sutton greater london all bar one is a pub chain of just under bars in the united kingdom owned and operated by mitchells and butlers plc which was part of the six continents groupreviously bass until the concept was designed by bass as a female friendly bar at a time when many pubs and bars were considered intimidating places for single women to go andrink or eat hence the huge glass frontage the open plan space and the bright airy interiors there were huge wooden tables the design was formulated by amanda wilmott in february telegraph february this followed the lead of existing female friendly bar chainsuch as pitcher piano and slug and lettuce pub chain slug and lettuce wilmott a former director of slug lettuce designed a similar chain for yates yates brothers wine lodges called ha bar canteen which first opened in february in bristol mitchells butlers boughthe brand s pubs for m from bay restaurant group in september converting some of them to all bar one pubs bass leisuretail opened another chain edward s in the late s that wasimilar in october wilmott found mary jane brook and nelly benstead to run the first outlethe first bar was opened in december in sutton london sutton london town centre by bass brewery bass taverns run by sir ian prosser who alsowned fork and pitcher and harvesterestaurant harvester bass bought harvester in itstyle many pub chains have followed where all bar one led five outlets opened including islington wimbledon and richmond in london by bass had all bar one pubs o neill s pub chain o neill s pubs and harvesters by there were in the chain jeremy spencer a friend of gastropub inventor mike belben was responsible for creating the brand of pub times april in jeremy spencer was replaced by karen forrester who previously ran o neills and who now runs tgi friday s tgi fridays uk who stayed until may in august it opened its first overseas establishment in cologne bass leisuretail blr became six continents in june as of there were close toutlets in the uk mostly based in centralondon however they arexpanding throughouthe uk as far as aberdeen where they are due topen a bar in the new marischal square development file the castle st andrewstreet geographorguk jpg thumb right edinburgh george street edinburgh and exchange plaza edinburgh airport st vincent street glasgow east of england file all bar one cambridgengland img jpg thumb right cambridge st andrew street cambridge norwich tombland birmingham airport airside and landside birmingham new street station birmingham brindleyplace and newhall street montpellier cheltenham nottingham lace marketram stop north west england liverpool derby square king street manchester trafford centre yorkshire and the humber file the carriageworks and all bar one millennium 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of the cave using candlelight his exploration and mapping waso extensive and thorough for the time that it was not until years after alvin mcdonald s deathat major new passageways were discovered in wind cave arrival at wind cave mcdonald was born in franklin county iowand moved to wind cave in his father jesse d had been hired in by the south dakota mining company toversee the company s mining claim it is not known if the mining company expected to find minerals of value in the cave or just planned on developing it for tours the mcdonald family decided to attempto make a living from the cave by developing it with enlarged passageways and wooden ladders and steps withe hope of attracting travelers from nearby hot springsouth dakota hot springs wind cavexploration alvin mcdonald fell in love withe cave and in the few years he lived there he systematically explored about of passageways he kept a diary journal in whiche described his exploration of the cave and the naming of the rooms and passageways alvin mcdonald s journal wind cave national park national park service usa hexplored the cave with candlelight and rolled out string to mark his way out of the cave he shared his passion for the cave with visitors by becoming in his own words the chief guide at wind cave mcdonald spent many hours almost every day for more than three years exploring and guiding within the cave once after being out of the cave for two days due to an illness he wrote in his journal am homesick for the cave he quickly realized the complex nature of the cave and wrote in his journal have given up the idea ofinding thend of wind cave he appreciated the beauty and natural features of the cave but like others of his era removed samples of cave formations to be sold to visitors he would only remove samples from the cave in areas where he did notake visitors death mcdonaldied of typhoid fever athe age of on december it is believed he contracted the typhoid in chicago where he had been exhibiting samples of the cave athe columbian exposition the previousummer some people speculate that continued exposure to the cool damp air of the cave caused him to yield to complications from the typhoid mcdonald was buried near thentrance to the cave he loved so dearly a bronze plaque on a stone marks his grave the grave is located on a hill above the natural entrance to wind cave north of the park s visitor center pictures of alvin mcdonald mementos and his original journal are on display in the lower exhibit room of the visitor center legacy alvin mcdonald s exploration of wind cave and eagerness to share it with others led to the creation andevelopment of wind cave national park the seventh national park in the united states it is assumed thathere areas of wind cave hexplored that nonelse hasince visited occasionally pieces of alvin mcdonald string are discovered by survey teams in wind cave and hisignature is discovered written or carved into a wall or ceiling as recently as august alvin 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age discovered mapped first cave using candlelight exploration mapping waso extensive time years alvin mcdonald major new passageways discovered wind_cave arrival wind_cave mcdonald born franklin county moved wind_cave father jesse hired south_dakota mining company company mining claim known mining company expected find value cave planned developing tours mcdonald family decided attempto make living cave developing enlarged passageways wooden steps withe hope attracting travelers nearby hot dakota hot_springs wind alvin mcdonald fell love withe cave years lived explored passageways kept diary journal whiche described exploration cave naming rooms passageways alvin mcdonald journal wind_cave national_park national_park service usa cave candlelight rolled string mark way cave shared passion cave visitors becoming words chief guide wind_cave mcdonald spent many hours almost every_day three_years exploring guiding within cave cave two_days due illness wrote journal cave quickly realized complex nature cave wrote journal given idea thend wind_cave appreciated beauty natural features cave like others era removed samples cave formations sold visitors would remove samples cave areas notake visitors death typhoid fever athe_age december believed contracted typhoid chicago samples cave athe columbian_exposition people continued exposure cool air cave caused yield complications typhoid mcdonald buried near thentrance cave loved bronze plaque stone marks grave grave located hill natural entrance wind_cave north park visitor_center pictures alvin mcdonald original journal display lower exhibit room visitor_center legacy alvin mcdonald exploration wind_cave share others led creation andevelopment wind_cave national_park seventh national_park united_states assumed thathere areas wind_cave hasince visited occasionally pieces alvin mcdonald string discovered survey teams wind_cave discovered written carved wall ceiling recently august alvin mcdonald signature discovered carved ceiling room cave assumed person ever visited signature dated july making_ithe latest known dated signature left alvin mcdonald wind_cave references_category births_category deaths_category_people franklin county iowa category_american category black hills category_tour guides_category wind_cave national_park"},{"title":"Amazing Vacation Homes","description":"last aired amazing vacation homes is a documentary styled homestead and travel documentary travel series on the travel channel that debuted in october the firstwo seasons of the showere hosted by tom jourden in hosting duties were taken over by didiayer snyder and the number ofeatured homes was reduced from three to two amazing vacation homes focuses on regional homes from around the world which are typically perceived by the american masses as being bizarre unique or of course amazing in each episode the host focuses on the homes of a particular country region or style jourden allowed the owner of the house to show a camera crew 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tom hosting duties taken number homes reduced three two amazing vacation homes focuses regional homes around world typically perceived american masses bizarre unique course amazing episode host focuses homes particular country region style allowed owner house show camera crew around houses allowing inhabitants explain wonders goes tour program typically shows home located touring originally half hour documentary titled amazing vacation homes repeated travel_channel drew consistent considerable audiences among many amazing homes displayed show amazing homes found among many places episode guide asia visits japan thailand malaysia season_class wikitable_style background airdate location february philippines italy march morocco march ecuador iran march united_kingdom amazing vacation homes official_site_category american_television_series debuts_category_american television_series_category_american television_series_category_american travel_television_series_category_english_language 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homes created annual congress sat boulogne sur mer boulogne non_profit organization general control sat publishes annual handbook continues grow andevelop latest edition contains addresses countries handbook also_used find pen pen friends projects find partners exchanges externalinks_category category_hospitality services"},{"title":"Amusement park","description":"file cinderella castle wadejpg thumb px walt disney world s magic kingdom in florida is the most visited theme park in the world and cinderella castle the park s icon is one of the most photographed structures in the united states file mountain at canada s wonderlandjpg thumb px wonder mountain at canada s wonderland file wild west falls adventure ridejpg thumb wild west falls at warner bros movie world queensland australia file stuntfalljpg thumb giant inverted boomerang stunt fall at parque warner madrid spain file dragon khand shambhala in jpg thumb px roller coasters dragon khand shambhala expedici n al himalaya shambhalat portaventura in spain an amusement park is a park that features various attractionsuch as rides and games as well as other events for entertainment purposes a theme park is a type of amusement park that bases itstructures and attractions around a central theme often featuring multiple areas with differenthemes unlike temporary and mobile travelling funfairs and traveling carnivals amusement parks are stationary and built for long lasting operation they are morelaborate than city parks and playground s usually providing attractions that cater to a variety of age groups while amusement parks often contain themed areas theme parks place a heavier focus with more intricately designed themes that revolve around a particular subject or group of subjects amusement parks evolved from european fair s pleasure garden s and large picnic areas which were created for people s recreation world s fair s and other types of international expositions also influenced themergence of the amusement park industry lake compounce opened in and is considered the oldest continuously operating amusement park inorth america the firstheme parks emerged in the mid twentieth century withe opening of holiday world splashin safari santa claus land in and the popular disneyland theme park in the amusement park evolved from threearlier traditions the oldest being the periodic fair of the middle ages one of thearliest was the bartholomew fair in england which began in by the th and th centuries they had evolved into places of entertainment for the masses where the publicould view freak show s acrobatics conjuring and juggling take part in competitions and walk through menagerie s the world s oldest amusement park dyrehavsbakken the hill opened in continental europe mainland europe in it is located north of copenhagen in klampenborg denmark a wave of innovation in the s and s created mechanical ridesuch as the steam powered carousel built by thomas bradshaw athe aylsham fair and its derivatives this inaugurated thera of the modern funfairide as the working classes were increasingly able to spend their surplus wages on entertainment file vauxhall gardens by samuel wale c jpg thumb vauxhall gardens founded in as one of the first pleasure garden s the second influence was the pleasure garden one of thearliest gardens was the vauxhall gardens founded in london by the late th century the site had an admission fee for its many attractions it regularly drew enormous crowds with its paths oftenoted foromantic assignations tightrope walkers hot air balloon ascents concerts and fireworks providing amusement although the gardens were originally designed for thelites they soon became places of great social diversity public firework displays were put on at marylebone gardens and cremorne gardens london cremorne gardens offered music dancing and animal acrobatics displays prater in viennaustria was opened in the concept of a fixed park for amusement was further developed withe beginning of the world s fair s the great exhibition the first world fair began in withe construction of the landmark the crystal palace crystal palace in london england the purpose of thexposition was to celebrate the industrial achievement of the nations of the world and it was designed to educate and entertain the visitors image ferris wheeljpg lefthumb the original ferris wheel world s columbian exposition american cities and business also saw the world s fair as a way of demonstrating economic and industrial success the world s columbian exposition of in chicago illinois was an early precursor to the modern amusement park the fair was an enclosed site that merged entertainment engineering and education to entertain the masses it set outo bedazzle the visitors and successfully did so with a blaze of lights from the white city to make sure thathe fair was a financial success the planners included a dedicated amusement concessions area called the midway plaisance rides from this fair captured the imagination of the visitors and of amusement parks around the world such as the firsteel ferris wheel which was found in many other amusement areasuch as the prater by also thexperience of thenclosed ideal city with wonderides culture and progress electricity was based on the creation of an illusory place the midway fair midway introduced athe columbian exposition would become a standard part of most amusement parks fairs carnivals and circuses the midway contained not only the rides but other concessions and entertainmentsuch ashooting range shootingallery shootingalleries penny arcade venue penny arcades games of chance and shows blackpool and coney island the modern amusement park evolved from earlier seaside pleasuresorts that had become popular withe public for day trips or weekend holidays in blackpool united kingdom and coney island united states file on the sands at blackpool jpg thumb right blackpool beach in blackpool began to develop as a seaside resort withe completion of a blackpool branch line branch line to blackpool from poulton the main preston and wyre joint railway line from preston lancashire preston to fleetwood declined as a resort as its founder and principal financial backer peter hesketh fleetwood went bankrupt in contrast blackpool boomed a sudden influx of visitors arriving by rail provided the motivation for entrepreneurs to build accommodation and create new attractions leading to more visitors and a rapid cycle of growthroughouthe s and s the growth was intensified by the practice among the lancashire cotton mill owners of closing the factories for a week everyear to service and repair machinery these became known as wakes week s each town s mills would close for a different week allowing blackpool to manage a steady and reliable stream of visitors over a prolonged period in the summer in the north pier blackpool north pier was completed rapidly becoming a centre of attraction for elite visitors central pier blackpool central pier was completed in with a theatre and a large open air dance floor the town expanded southward beyond what is today known as the golden mile blackpool golden mile towardsouth shore and south pier blackpool south pier was completed in making blackpool the only town in the united kingdom withree piers in the winter gardens blackpool winter gardens complex opened incorporating ten years later the opera house said to be the largest in britain outside london file the promenade blackpoolancashirengland ca jpg thumb left photochrom of the promenade c in large parts of the promenade were wired the lighting and its accompanying pageants reinforced blackpool status as the north of england s most prominent holiday resort and itspecifically working class character it was the forerunner of the present day blackpool illuminations by the s the town had a population of and could accommodate holidaymakers the number of annual visitors many staying for a week was estimated athree million in twof the town s most prominent buildings opened the grand theatre blackpool grand theatre on church street and blackpool tower on the promenade the grand theatre was one of britain s first all electric theatres when the tower opened customers took the first rides to the top tourists paid british sixpence coin sixpence for admission sixpence more for a ride in thelevator lifts to the top and a further sixpence for the circus in the united states picnic groves werestablished along rivers and lakes that provided bathing and water sportsuch as lake compounce in connecticut first established as a picturesque picnic park in and six flags new england riverside park in massachusetts founded in the s along the connecticut river a similar location was coney island in brooklynew york on the atlantic ocean where a horse drawn streetcar line brought pleasure seekers to the beach beginning in a million passengers rode the coney island railroad and in two million visited coney island hotels and amusements were builto accommodate bothe upper classes and the working class athe beach the first carousel was installed in the s the first roller coaster the switchback railway in the final decade of the th century electric trolley line s were developed in many large american cities companies that established the trolley lines also developed trolley park s as destinations of these lines trolley parksuch as atlanta s ponce de leon park oreading pennsylvania reading s carsonia park were initially popular naturaleisure spots before local streetcar companies purchased the sites expanding them from picnic groves to include regular entertainments mechanical amusements dance hallsports fields boat rides restaurants and otheresort facilities file steel pier s editjpg px thumb right steel pier circa the s file steel pier atlanticity from entrancejpg thumb right steel pier circa the some of these parks were developed in resort locationsuch as bathing resorts athe seaside inew jersey and new york state new york a premierexample inew jersey was atlanticity a famous vacation resort entrepreneurs erected amusement parks on piers that extended from the boardwalk out over the ocean the first of several was the ocean pier in followed later by the steel pier in both of which boasted rides and attractions typical of thatime such as midway style games and electric trolley rides the boardwalk also had the first roundabout installed in by william somers a wooden predecessor to the ferris wheel somers installed twothers in asbury park new jersey and coney island new york an early park was theldorado amusement park that opened in on the banks of the hudson river overlooking new york city it consisted of acres modern amusement parks image dreamland tower jpg thumb right dreamland amusement park dreamland tower and lagoon in the first permanent enclosed entertainment area regulated by a single company was founded in coney island in sea lion park at coney island in brooklyn this park was one of the firsto charge admission to get into the park in addition to sell tickets forides within the park in sea lion park was joined by steeplechase park the first of three major amusement parks that would open in the coney island area george tilyou designed the park to provide thrills and entertainmenthe combination of the nearby population center of new york city and thease of access to the area made coney island thembodiment of the american amusement park coney island also featured luna park coney island luna park andreamland amusement park dreamland coney island was a huge success and byear attendance on days could reach a million people fueled by thefforts ofrederick ingersoll other luna park s were quickly erected worldwide and opened to rave reviews the first amusement park in england was opened in the blackpool pleasure beach by w g bean in sir hiramaxim s captive flying machine was introduced he hadesigned an early aircraft powered by steam engines that had been unsuccessful and instead opened up a pleasure ride oflying carriages that revolved around a central pylon otherides included the grotto a fantasy ride river caves a scenic railway water chute s and a toboganing tower fire was a constanthreat in those days as much of the construction within the amusement parks of thera was wooden in dreamland was the first coney island amusement park to completely burn down in luna park also burned to the ground most of ingersoll s luna parks were similarly destroyed usually by arson before his death in the golden age file dreamland chutesjpg thumb shoothe chute ride at dreamland amusement park dreamland coney islanduring the gilded age many americans began working fewer hours and had more disposable income with new found money and time to spend on leisure activities americansought new venues for entertainment amusement parkset up outside major cities and in rural areas emerged to meethis new economic opportunity these parkserved asource ofantasy and escape from realife by thearly s hundreds of amusement parks were operating in the united states and canada trolley parkstood outside many cities parks like atlanta s ponce de leon and idora park near youngstown oh took passengers to traditionally popular picnic grounds which by the late s alsoften included rides like the giant swing carousel and shoothe chutes these amusement parks were often based onationally known parks or list of world s fairs world s fairs they had names like coney island white city shrewsbury massachusetts white city luna park coney island luna park or dreamland amusement park dreamland the american gilded age was in fact amusement parks golden age that reigned until the late s the golden age of amusement parks also included the advent of the kiddie park founded in the original kiddie park is located in santonio texas and istill in operation today the kiddie parks became popular all over americafter world war ii this era saw the development of the new innovations in roller coasters that included extreme drops and speeds to thrill the riders by thend of the first world war people seemed to want an even morexciting entertainment a need met by roller coasters although the development of the automobile provided people with more options for satisfying their entertainment needs the amusement parks after the war continued to be successful while urban amusement parksaw declining attendance the s is more properly known as the golden age of roller coasters being the decade ofrenetic building for these rides in englandreamland margate opened in with a scenic railway dreamland scenic railway rollercoaster that opened to the public in with great success carrying half a million passengers in its first year the park also installed otherides common to the time including a smalleroller coaster the joy wheel miniature railway the whip and the river caves a ballroom was constructed on the site of the skating rink in and in a variety cinema was built on the site between and over was invested in the site constantly adding new rides and facilities and culminating in the construction of the dreamland cinema complex in which stands to this daythe prince s regeneration trust dreamland margate conservation statement meanwhile the blackpool pleasure beach was also being developed frequent large scale investments weresponsible for the construction of many new rides including the virginia reel whip noah s ark big dipper blackpool big dipper andodgems in the s the casino building was built which remains to this day in land was reclaimed from the sea front it was athis period thathe park moved to its acre m current location above what became watson road which was built under the pleasure beach in during this time joseph emberton an architect famous for his work in the amusementrade was brought in to redesign the architectural style of the pleasure beach rides working on the grand national roller coaster noah s ark and the casino building to name a few depression and post world war ii decline file dorney park night jpg thumb px main entrance to dorney park wildwater kingdom allentown pennsylvania the great depression of the s and world war ii during the saw the decline of the amusement park industry war caused the affluent urban population to move to the suburbs television became a source of entertainment and families wento amusement parks less often by the s factorsuch as urban decay crime and even desegregation in the ghettos led to changing patterns in how people chose to spend their free time many of the older traditional amusement parks closed or burned to the ground many would be taken out by the wrecking ball to make way for suburban housing and urban development in steeplechase park once the king of all amusement parks closedown for good the traditional amusement parks which survived for example kennywood in west mifflin pennsylvaniand cedar point in sandusky ohio did so in spite of the odds amusement and theme parks today file chessington world of adventures mystic east buddhajpg thumbnail right px buddha statue in the mystic east of chessington world of adventuresort chessington theme park chessington world of adventures fileuropapark rustjljpg thumb px right europark germany the amusement park industry s offerings range from large worldwide type theme parksuch as walt disney world seaworld orlando and universal studios hollywood to smaller and medium sized theme parksuch as the six flags parks and cedar fair parks countlessmaller ventures exist across the united states and around the world simpler theme parks directly aimed at smaller children have also emerged such as legoland california legoland file hong kong disneyland entrance jpg thumb px right hong kong disneyland file universal globe singaporejpg thumb px right universal studiosingaporexamples of amusement parks in shopping malls exist in west edmonton mall alberta canada pier san francisco california san francisco mall of america bloomington minnesota bloomington minnesota family fun parkstarting as miniature golf courses have begun to grow to include batting cages go karts bumper cars bumper boats and water slidesome of these parks have grown to includeven roller coasters and traditional amusement parks now also have these competition areas in addition to their thrill rides as of the walt disney company accounted for around half of the total industry s revenue in the us as a result of more than million visitors of its us based attractions each year july disney co six flags and other us theme and amusement park operators look to drive up revenue with foreign visitors ibisworld in theme parks in the united states had a revenue of and theme parks in china had a revenue of with china expected tovertake the united states by other types of amusement park educational theme parks filedrakkarjpg thumb the historical theme park puy du fou in france won the applause award from the international association of amusement parks and attractions iaapa some parks use rides and attractions for educational purposes disney was the firsto successfully open a large scale theme park built around educationamed epcot it opened in as the second park in the walt disney world resorthere are also holy land usand the holy land experience which are theme parks builto inspire christian piety dinosaur world theme parks dinosaur world entertains families with dinosaur s inatural settings while the seaworld and busch gardens parks alsoffer educational experiences with each of the parks housing several thousand animals fish and other sea life in dozens of attractions and exhibits focusing on animal education created in the puy du fou is a much celebrated theme park in vend e france it is centered around european french and local history it received several international prizes family owned theme parks file calico trainjpg thumb narrow gauge mining train going through calico ghostown some theme parks did evolve fromore traditional amusement park enterprisesuch as knott s berry farm in the s walter knott and his family sold berries from a roadside stand which grew to include a restaurant serving fried chicken dinners within a few years lines outside the restaurant were often several hours long to entertain the waiting crowds walter knott built a ghostown in using buildings relocated from real old westownsuch as the calico san bernardino county california calico california ghostown and prescott arizona in the knott family fenced the farm charged admission for the firstime and knott s berry farm officially became an amusement park because of its long history knott s berry farm currently claims to be america s firstheme parknott s berry farm is nowned by cedar fair entertainment company lake compounce in bristol connecticut may be the true oldest continuously operating amusement park in the united states open since santa claus town which opened in santa claus indiana in and included santa s candy castle and other santa claus themed attractions is considered the firsthemed attraction in the united states a precursor to the modern day theme park santa claus land renamed holiday world splashin safari holiday world in opened in santa claus indianand many people will argue that it was the firstrue theme park despite knott s history in the s therschend family took over operation of the tourist attraction marvel cave near branson missouri over the next decade they modernized the cave which led to large numbers of people waiting to take the tour therschend family opened a recreation of the old mining town that oncexisted atop marvel cave the small villageventually became theme park silver dollar city the park istill owned and operated by therschends and the family haseveral other parks including dollywood celebration city and wild adventures regional parks the first regional amusement park as well as the first six flags park six flags over texas was officially opened in arlington texas the first six flags amusement park was the vision of angus wynne jr and helped create the modern competitive amusement park industry in the late s wynne visitedisneyland was inspired to create an affordable closer and larger amusement park that would be filled with fantasy he followed in the steps of disney and had subdivisions within the park that reflectedifferent lands the subdivisions included the old south and other sections that referenced wynne s background by the second six flags park six flags over georgia opened and in six flags over mid america now six flagst louis opened near st louis missouri also in was the opening of the walt disney world resort complex in florida withe magic kingdom epcot disney s hollywood studios andisney s animal kingdom admission prices and admission policies file dorney park steel force thunderhawkjpg thumb right dorney park wildwater kingdom dorney park and wildwater kingdom s in allentown pennsylvania file oaks amusement park entrance portland oregonjpg thumbnail oaks amusement park in portland oregon amusement parks collect much of theirevenue from admission fees paid by guests attending the park otherevenue sources include parking fees food and beverage sales and souvenirs practically all amusement parks operate using one of two admission principles pay as you go in amusement parks using the pay as you go scheme a guest enters the park at little or no charge the guest musthen purchase rides individually either athe attraction s entrance or by purchasing ride tickets or a similar exchange method like a token coin token the cost of the attraction is often based on its complexity or popularity for example a guest might pay one ticketo ride a carousel but four tickets to ride a roller coaster the park may allow guests to purchase a pass providing unlimited admissions to all attractions within the park for a specifieduration of time a wristband or pass is then shown athe attraction entrance to gain admission file melbourne luna park at duskjpg thumb luna park melbourne luna park disneyland park anaheim disneyland opened in using the pay as you go format initially guests paid the ride admission fees athe attractions within a shortime the problems of handling such large amounts of coins led to the development of a ticket system that while now out of use istill part of the amusement park lexicon in this new format guests purchased ticket books that contained a number of tickets labeled a b and c rides and attractions using an a ticket were generally simple with b tickets and c tickets used for the larger more popularides later the d ticket was added then finally the now famous e ticket e ticket which was used on the biggest and most elaborate rides like space mountain disneyland space mountain smaller tickets could be traded up for use on largerides ie twor three a tickets would equal a single b ticket disneyland as well as the magic kingdom at walt disney world abandoned this practice in the advantages of pay as you go include the followinguests pay for only whathey choose to experience allowing them to visithe park for a short periods of time whereas guests who get day passes in pay one price are generally compelled to spend hours to make the most of the cost attraction costs can be changed easily to encourage use or capitalize on popularity best suited to parks located in areas withigh pedestrian traffic and surrounded by competing points of interest ie shopping arcade or theatre not operated by the park and or natural attractions that make it hard to charge an admission fee for instancentreville amusement park was one of the numerous attractions on the toronto islands alongside beaches and boating clubs and its pay as you go fare scheme wasuited its guests who usually spent only hours athe park for amusement parks inside shopping centersuch as the west edmonton mall s galaxyland where amusement attractions exist alongside stores pedestrian trafficonsists of both shoppers and park guestso it may not be practical to segregate the park premises and charge an admission fee the disadvantages of pay as you go include the followinguests may getired of spending money almost continuously guests may not spend as much on food or souvenirs results in high volumes of low spendinguests and the resultant low profit margins are only sufficient for mature amusement parks that are not expanding pay one price an amusement park using the pay one price scheme will charge guests a single admission fee the guest is thentitled to use most of the attractions usually including flagship roller coasters in the park as often as they wish during their visit a daily admission pass daypass is the most basic fare on sale alsold are season tickets which offer holders admission for thentire operating year pluspecial privileges for the newest attractions and fast lane cedar fair express passes which gives holders priority in bypassing lineup queues for popular attractions pay one price format parks also have attractions that are not included in the admission charge these are called up charge attractions and can include skycoaster s or go kart go kartracks or games of skill where prizes are won when angus wynne founder of six flags over texas first visitedisneyland park anaheim disneyland in he noted that park s pay as you go format as a reason to make his park pay one price he thoughthat a family would be more likely to visit his park if they knew up front how much it would costo attend the advantages of pay one price include lower costs for the park operatorsince ticketakers are not needed at each attraction guests need not worry about spending money continuously on attractionso they may spend more money on food and souvenirs more predictable price toffer guestsince upfront cost is known better suited to amusement parks located in the suburbs orural areas withe park often as the only attraction there which allows for a more captive audience to charge higher admission fees the higher profit margins in turn allow the park to add new attractions the disadvantages of pay one price include price may be unattractive for guests who just visithe park to be witheir families or use only few attractions guests are generally compelled to spend hours in order to make the most of the cost of a day pass pricing is geared towards guests making a full day excursion rather than a short visit rides and attractions file jpg thumb minimum height requirement sign mechanized thrill machines are a defining feature of amusement parks early rides include the carousel which originally developed from cavalry training methods first used in the middle ages by the th century carousels were common in parks around the world another such ride which shaped the future of the amusement park was the roller coaster the origins of roller coasters can be traced back to th century russia where gravity driven attractions which at first only consisted of individual sleds or carts riding freely down chutes on top of specially constructed snow slopes with piles of sand athe bottom for braking were used as winter leisure activities these crude and temporarily built curiosities known as russian mountains were the beginning of the search for even more thrilling amusement park rides the columbian exposition of was a particularly fertile testinground for amusement ride s and included some thathe public had never seen before such as the world s first ferris wheel one of the most recognized products of the fair in the present day many rides of various types are set around a specific theme a park contains a mixture of attractions which can be divided into several categories file rameses revenge water elementjpg thumbnaileft rameses revenge at chessington world of adventuresort chessington theme park chessington world of adventures is a huss top spin ride top spin ride and was the first of its kind to feature a water element flat rides there is a core set oflat ride s which most amusement parks have including thenterprise ridenterprise tilt a whirl gravitron chairswinging inverter ship twister and top spin however there is constant innovation with new variations on ways to spin and throw passengers around appearing in an efforto keep attracting customers manufacturesuch as huss rides huss and zamperla specialise in creating flat rides among other amusement attractions roller coasters file behemoth canada s wonderland jpg thumb right px roller coastersuch as behemoth roller coaster behemoth at canada s wonderland have fast and steep drops from high altitudes amusement parks often feature multiple roller coasters of primarily wooden roller coaster timber or steel roller coaster steel construction fundamentally a roller coasteride is one in which a specialized railroad system with steep drops and sharp curves passengersit and arestrained in cars usually with twor more cars joined to form a train some roller coasters feature one or more inversionsuch as verticaloop s which turn the riders upside down over the years there have been many roller coaster manufactures with a variety of types of roller coasters popular manufactures today include bolliger mabillard gerstlauer great coasters international intamin mack rides premierides rocky mountain construction vekoma zamperla train rides file sixflagstrain jpg thumb right px gauge six flags texas railroad in operation in amusement park railroads have had a long and varied history in american amusement parks as well as overseasome of thearliest park trains were not really trains they were tram trolleys which brought park patrons to the parks on regularailines from the cities to thend of the railines where the parks were located asuch some older parksuch as kennywood in pennsylvania wereferred to as trolley park s thearliest park trains that only operated on lines within the park s boundariesuch as the one on the zephyrailroad in dorney park wildwater kingdom dorney park were mostly custom built also amusement park railroads tend to be narrow gauge railway narrow gauge meaning the space between theirails ismaller than that of railroadsome specific narrow gauges that are common amusement park railroads are gauge and gauge past and present manufacturers include allan herschell company brookvillequipment corporation cagney brothers chance rides crown metal products custom fabricators custom locomotives doppelmayr garaventa group wendell bud hurlbut amusement co katiland trains miniature train co mtc national amusement devices co nad ottaway sandley severn lamb tampa metal products train rides unlimited waterides amusement parks with wateresources generally feature a fewateridesuch as the log flume attraction log flume bumper boats rapids and rowing boatsuch rides are usually gentler and shorter than roller coasters and many are suitable for all ages waterides arespecially popular on hot days dark rides overlapping with both train rides and waterides dark rides arenclosed attractions in which patrons travel in guided vehicles along a predetermined pathrough an array of illuminated scenes which may include lighting effects animation music and recordedialogue and other special effects ferris wheels ferris wheels are the most common type of amusement ride at state fair s in the us transport rides transport rides are used to take large numbers of guests from one area to another as an alternative to walking especially for parks that are large or separated into distant areas transport rides include chairlift s monorail s aerial tram s and escalators ocean park hong kong is well known for its cable car connecting the lowland headland areas of the park and for having the world second longest outdoor escalator in theadland both transportation links provide scenic views of the park s hilly surroundings and while originally intended for practicality rather than thrills or enjoyment have become significant park attractions in their own right category amusement 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west falls warner bros movie world queensland australia file thumb giant inverted stunt fall parque warner madrid spain file dragon khand jpg thumb px roller_coasters dragon khand n spain amusement_park park features various attractionsuch rides games well events entertainment purposes theme_park type amusement_park bases attractions around central theme often featuring multiple areas unlike temporary mobile travelling traveling carnivals amusement_parks stationary built long lasting operation morelaborate city parks playground usually providing attractions cater variety age groups amusement_parks often contain themed areas theme_parks place heavier focus designed themes around particular subject group subjects amusement_parks evolved european fair pleasure garden large picnic areas created people recreation world fair types international_expositions also influenced themergence amusement_park industry lake compounce opened considered oldest continuously operating amusement_park inorth_america parks emerged mid twentieth_century withe opening holiday_world splashin_safari_santa_claus land popular disneyland theme_park amusement_park evolved traditions oldest periodic fair middle_ages one thearliest bartholomew fair england began th th_centuries evolved places entertainment masses view freak show take_part competitions walk menagerie world oldest amusement_park hill opened continental_europe mainland europe located north copenhagen denmark wave innovation created mechanical steam powered carousel built thomas bradshaw athe fair inaugurated thera modern working_classes increasingly able spend surplus wages entertainment file vauxhall gardens samuel c jpg thumb vauxhall gardens founded one first pleasure garden second influence pleasure garden one thearliest gardens vauxhall gardens founded london late_th century site admission fee many attractions regularly drew enormous crowds paths walkers hot_air balloon concerts providing amusement although gardens originally designed soon became places great social diversity public displays put marylebone gardens gardens london gardens offered music dancing animal displays viennaustria opened concept fixed park amusement developed withe beginning world fair great exhibition first_world fair began withe construction landmark crystal_palace crystal_palace london_england purpose thexposition celebrate industrial achievement nations world designed educate entertain visitors image ferris lefthumb original ferris_wheel world columbian_exposition american cities business also saw world fair way demonstrating economic industrial success world columbian_exposition chicago_illinois early precursor modern amusement_park fair enclosed site merged entertainment engineering education entertain masses set outo visitors successfully lights white_city make_sure thathe fair financial success planners included dedicated amusement concessions area called midway plaisance rides fair captured imagination visitors amusement_parks around world ferris_wheel found many amusement areasuch also thexperience ideal city culture progress electricity based creation place midway fair midway introduced athe columbian_exposition would_become standard part amusement_parks fairs carnivals midway contained rides concessions range penny arcade venue penny games chance shows blackpool coney_island modern amusement_park evolved earlier seaside become_popular withe public day_trips weekend holidays blackpool united_kingdom coney_island united_states file sands blackpool jpg thumb right blackpool beach_blackpool began develop seaside_resort withe completion blackpool branch line branch line blackpool main preston joint railway line preston lancashire preston declined resort founder principal financial peter went bankrupt contrast blackpool sudden influx visitors arriving rail provided motivation entrepreneurs build accommodation create new attractions leading visitors rapid cycle growth intensified practice among lancashire cotton mill owners closing factories week everyear service repair machinery became_known week town mills would close different week allowing blackpool manage steady reliable stream visitors period summer north pier blackpool north pier completed rapidly becoming centre attraction elite visitors central pier blackpool central pier completed theatre large open_air dance_floor town expanded beyond today known golden mile blackpool golden mile shore south pier blackpool south pier completed making blackpool town united_kingdom withree piers winter gardens blackpool winter gardens complex opened incorporating ten_years later opera_house said largest britain outside london_file promenade jpg thumb left promenade c large parts promenade wired lighting accompanying pageants reinforced blackpool status north england prominent holiday resort working_class character forerunner present_day blackpool illuminations town population could accommodate holidaymakers number annual visitors many staying week estimated million twof town prominent buildings opened grand theatre blackpool grand theatre church street blackpool tower promenade grand theatre one britain first electric theatres tower opened customers took first rides top tourists paid british sixpence coin sixpence admission sixpence ride top sixpence circus united_states picnic groves werestablished along rivers lakes provided bathing water lake compounce connecticut first established picturesque picnic park six_flags new_england riverside park massachusetts founded along connecticut river similar location coney_island brooklynew york atlantic_ocean horse drawn streetcar line brought pleasure seekers beach beginning million passengers rode coney_island railroad two million visited coney_island hotels amusements builto accommodate bothe upper_classes working_class athe beach first carousel installed first roller_coaster railway final decade th_century electric trolley line developed many large american cities companies established trolley lines also developed trolley park destinations lines trolley parksuch atlanta ponce de leon park pennsylvania reading park initially popular spots local streetcar companies purchased sites expanding picnic groves include regular entertainments mechanical amusements dance fields boat rides restaurants facilities file steel pier px_thumb right steel pier circa file steel pier atlanticity entrancejpg thumb right steel pier circa parks developed resort locationsuch bathing resorts athe seaside inew jersey new_york state_new_york inew jersey atlanticity famous vacation resort entrepreneurs erected amusement_parks piers extended boardwalk ocean first several ocean pier followed later steel pier boasted rides attractions typical thatime midway style games electric trolley rides boardwalk also first installed william wooden predecessor ferris_wheel installed park new_jersey coney_island new_york early park amusement_park opened banks hudson river overlooking new_york city consisted acres modern amusement_parks image dreamland tower jpg thumb right dreamland amusement_park dreamland tower lagoon first permanent enclosed entertainment area regulated single company founded coney_island sea_lion park_coney_island brooklyn park one firsto charge admission get park addition sell tickets within park sea_lion park joined steeplechase park first three_major amusement_parks would open coney_island area george designed park provide thrills entertainmenthe combination nearby population center new_york city thease access area made coney_island american amusement_park coney_island also featured luna_park coney_island luna_park amusement_park dreamland coney_island huge success byear attendance days could reach million_people fueled thefforts ingersoll luna_park quickly erected worldwide opened rave reviews first amusement_park england opened blackpool pleasure_beach w g bean sir captive flying machine introduced early aircraft powered steam engines unsuccessful instead opened pleasure ride oflying carriages around central included fantasy ride river caves scenic railway water chute tower fire days much construction within amusement_parks thera wooden dreamland first coney_island amusement_park completely burn luna_park also burned ground ingersoll luna_parks similarly destroyed usually death golden_age file dreamland thumb shoothe chute ride dreamland amusement_park dreamland coney gilded age many americans began working fewer hours disposable income new found money time spend leisure activities new venues entertainment amusement outside major_cities rural_areas emerged new economic opportunity escape realife thearly hundreds amusement_parks operating united_states canada trolley outside many cities parks like atlanta ponce de leon park near took passengers traditionally popular picnic grounds late alsoften included rides like giant swing carousel shoothe chutes amusement_parks often based known parks list world fairs world fairs names like coney_island white_city shrewsbury massachusetts white_city luna_park coney_island luna_park dreamland amusement_park dreamland american gilded age fact amusement_parks golden_age late golden_age amusement_parks also_included advent kiddie park founded original kiddie park located santonio_texas istill operation today kiddie parks became_popular world_war ii era saw development new innovations roller_coasters included extreme drops speeds thrill riders thend first_world_war people seemed want even entertainment need met roller_coasters although development automobile provided people options satisfying entertainment needs amusement_parks war continued successful urban amusement declining attendance properly known golden_age roller_coasters decade building rides opened scenic railway dreamland scenic railway opened public great success carrying half million passengers first_year park also installed common time including coaster joy wheel miniature railway whip river caves ballroom constructed site skating variety cinema built site invested site constantly adding new_rides facilities culminating construction dreamland cinema complex stands prince regeneration trust dreamland conservation statement meanwhile blackpool pleasure_beach also developed frequent large_scale investments weresponsible construction many new_rides including virginia reel whip noah ark big dipper blackpool big dipper casino building_built remains day land sea front athis period thathe park moved acre current location became watson road built pleasure_beach time joseph architect famous work brought redesign architectural style pleasure_beach rides working grand_national roller_coaster noah ark casino building name depression post world_war ii decline file dorney_park night jpg thumb px main_entrance dorney_park wildwater_kingdom allentown pennsylvania great_depression world_war ii saw decline amusement_park industry war caused affluent urban population move suburbs television became source entertainment families wento amusement_parks less often factorsuch urban decay crime even led changing patterns people chose spend free time many older traditional amusement_parks closed burned ground many would_taken ball make way suburban housing urban development steeplechase park king amusement_parks closedown good traditional amusement_parks survived example kennywood_west mifflin pennsylvaniand cedar_point_sandusky ohio spite odds amusement theme_parks today file chessington world adventures mystic east thumbnail_right px buddha statue mystic east chessington world chessington theme_park chessington world adventures thumb px right europark germany amusement_park industry offerings range large worldwide type theme_parksuch walt_disney world seaworld_orlando universal_studios hollywood smaller medium_sized theme_parksuch six_flags parks cedar_fair parks ventures exist across united_states around world simpler theme_parks directly aimed smaller children also emerged legoland california legoland file hong_kong disneyland entrance jpg thumb px right hong_kong disneyland file universal globe thumb px right universal amusement_parks shopping_malls exist west edmonton mall alberta_canada pier san_francisco_california san_francisco mall america bloomington minnesota bloomington minnesota family fun miniature golf courses begun grow include cages go bumper cars bumper boats water_parks grown roller_coasters traditional amusement_parks also competition areas addition thrill rides walt_disney company accounted around half total industry revenue us result million_visitors us based attractions year july disney six_flags us theme amusement_park operators look drive revenue foreign visitors theme_parks united_states revenue theme_parks china revenue china expected united_states types amusement_park educational theme_parks thumb historical theme_park puy fou france award international_association amusement_parks attractions iaapa parks use rides attractions educational purposes disney firsto successfully open large_scale theme_park built around epcot opened second park walt_disney world also holy_land usand holy_land experience theme_parks builto inspire christian dinosaur world theme_parks dinosaur world families dinosaur settings seaworld busch_gardens parks alsoffer educational experiences parks housing several thousand animals fish sea life dozens attractions exhibits focusing animal education created puy fou much celebrated theme_park e france centered around european french local history received several international prizes family owned theme_parks file calico thumb narrow_gauge mining train going calico ghostown theme_parks evolve fromore traditional amusement_park knott berry_farm walter knott family sold roadside stand grew include restaurant serving fried_chicken dinners within years lines outside restaurant often several hours long entertain waiting crowds walter knott built ghostown using buildings relocated real old calico san county_california calico california ghostown prescott arizona knott family farm charged admission firstime knott berry_farm officially became amusement_park long history knott berry_farm currently claims america berry_farm cedar_fair entertainment company lake compounce bristol connecticut may true oldest continuously operating amusement_park united_states open since santa_claus town opened santa_claus indiana included santa candy castle santa_claus themed attractions considered attraction united_states precursor modern_day theme_park santa_claus land renamed holiday_world splashin_safari holiday_world opened santa_claus indianand many_people argue theme_park despite knott history family took operation tourist_attraction cave near branson_missouri next decade modernized cave led large_numbers people waiting take tour family opened recreation old mining town atop cave small became theme_park silver_dollar_city park istill owned operated family haseveral parks including dollywood celebration city wild adventures regional parks first regional amusement_park well first six_flags park six_flags texas officially opened arlington texas first six_flags amusement_park vision angus wynne helped create modern competitive amusement_park industry late wynne inspired create affordable closer larger amusement_park would filled fantasy followed steps disney within park lands included old south sections wynne background second six_flags park six_flags georgia opened six_flags mid america six_flagst louis opened near st_louis missouri also opening walt_disney world resort complex florida withe magic_kingdom epcot disney hollywood_studios animal_kingdom admission prices admission policies file dorney_park steel force thumb right dorney_park wildwater_kingdom dorney_park wildwater_kingdom allentown pennsylvania file oaks amusement_park entrance portland thumbnail oaks amusement_park portland_oregon amusement_parks collect much admission fees paid guests attending park sources include parking fees food beverage sales souvenirs practically amusement_parks operate using one two admission principles pay go amusement_parks using pay go scheme guest enters park little charge guest purchase rides individually either athe attraction entrance purchasing ride tickets similar exchange method like token coin token cost attraction often based complexity popularity example guest might pay one ride carousel four tickets ride roller_coaster park may allow guests purchase pass providing unlimited admissions attractions within park time wristband pass shown athe attraction entrance gain admission file melbourne luna_park thumb luna_park melbourne luna_park disneyland park anaheim disneyland opened using pay go format initially guests paid ride admission fees athe attractions within shortime problems handling large amounts coins led development ticket system use istill part amusement_park new format guests purchased ticket books contained number tickets labeled b c rides attractions using ticket generally simple b tickets c tickets used larger later ticket added finally famous e ticket e ticket used biggest elaborate rides like space_mountain_disneyland space_mountain smaller tickets could traded use twor three tickets would equal single b ticket disneyland well magic_kingdom walt_disney world abandoned practice advantages pay go include pay whathey choose experience allowing visithe park short periods time whereas guests get day passes pay one price generally spend hours make cost attraction costs changed easily encourage use capitalize popularity best suited parks located areas withigh pedestrian traffic surrounded competing points interest shopping arcade theatre operated park natural attractions make hard charge admission fee amusement_park one numerous attractions toronto islands alongside beaches boating clubs pay go fare scheme guests usually spent hours athe park amusement_parks inside shopping west edmonton mall galaxyland amusement attractions exist alongside stores pedestrian park may practical park premises charge admission fee disadvantages pay go include may spending money almost continuously guests may spend much food souvenirs results high volumes low resultant low profit margins sufficient mature amusement_parks expanding pay one price amusement_park using pay one price scheme charge guests single admission fee guest use attractions usually including flagship roller_coasters park often wish visit daily admission pass basic fare sale alsold season tickets offer holders admission thentire operating year privileges newest attractions fast lane cedar_fair express passes gives holders priority bypassing queues popular attractions pay one price format parks also attractions included admission charge called charge attractions include go go games skill prizes angus wynne founder six_flags texas first park anaheim disneyland noted park pay go format reason make park pay one price family would likely visit park knew front much would costo attend advantages pay one price include lower_costs park needed attraction guests need worry spending money continuously may spend money food souvenirs price toffer cost known better suited amusement_parks located suburbs areas withe park often attraction allows captive audience charge higher admission fees higher profit margins turn allow park add new attractions disadvantages pay one price include price may guests visithe park witheir families use attractions guests generally spend hours order make cost day pass pricing geared_towards guests making full day excursion rather short visit rides attractions file_jpg thumb minimum height requirement sign mechanized thrill machines defining feature amusement_parks early rides include carousel originally developed training methods first_used middle_ages th_century common parks around world another ride shaped future amusement_park roller_coaster origins roller_coasters traced back th_century russia gravity driven attractions first consisted individual carts riding freely chutes top specially constructed snow slopes piles sand athe_bottom braking used winter leisure activities temporarily built known russian mountains beginning search even amusement_park rides columbian_exposition particularly fertile amusement ride included thathe public never seen world first ferris_wheel one recognized products fair present_day many rides various types set around specific theme_park contains mixture attractions divided several categories file revenge water revenge chessington world chessington theme_park chessington world adventures huss top spin ride top spin ride first kind feature water element flat rides core set ride amusement_parks including thenterprise tilt whirl ship twister top spin however constant innovation new variations ways spin throw passengers around appearing efforto keep attracting customers huss rides huss specialise creating flat rides among amusement attractions roller_coasters file behemoth canada wonderland jpg thumb right px roller behemoth roller_coaster behemoth canada wonderland fast steep drops high_altitudes amusement_parks often feature multiple roller_coasters primarily wooden roller_coaster timber steel_roller_coaster steel construction fundamentally roller_coasteride one specialized railroad system steep drops sharp cars usually twor cars joined form train roller_coasters feature one turn riders upside years many roller_coaster manufactures variety types roller_coasters popular manufactures today include bolliger_mabillard great_coasters_international intamin mack_rides premierides rocky_mountain construction vekoma train rides file_jpg thumb right px gauge six_flags texas railroad operation amusement_park railroads long varied history american amusement_parks well thearliest park trains really trains tram trolleys brought park patrons parks cities thend parks located asuch older parksuch kennywood pennsylvania trolley park thearliest park trains operated lines within park one dorney_park wildwater_kingdom dorney_park mostly custom built also amusement_park railroads tend narrow_gauge railway narrow_gauge meaning space specific narrow_gauges common amusement_park railroads gauge gauge past present manufacturers include allan company corporation brothers chance rides crown metal products custom custom locomotives group amusement trains miniature train national amusement devices nad lamb tampa metal products train rides unlimited amusement_parks generally feature log flume attraction log flume bumper boats rapids rowing rides usually shorter roller_coasters many suitable ages arespecially popular hot days dark_rides train rides dark_rides attractions patrons travel_guided vehicles along predetermined array illuminated scenes may_include lighting effects animation music special effects ferris_wheels ferris_wheels common type amusement ride state fair us transport rides transport rides used take large_numbers guests one area another alternative walking especially parks large separated distant areas transport rides include monorail aerial tram ocean park hong_kong well_known cable car connecting areas park world second longest outdoor transportation links provide scenic views park hilly surroundings originally_intended rather thrills enjoyment become significant park attractions right category_amusement_parks"},{"title":"Amusement Today","description":"company country united states based arlington texas languagenglish website wwwamusementtodaycom issn oclc amusementoday is a monthly periodical that features articles news pictures and reviews about all things relating to the amusement park industry including parks list of amusement rides and ride manufacturers the trade newspaper which is based in arlington texas united states was founded in january by gary slade virgil e moore iii and rick tidrow in amusementoday won the impact award in the services category for best new product from the international association of amusement parks and attractions iaapa year later in the magazine founded the golden ticket awards for which it has become best known for throughouthe amusement park industry on january slade bought out his two partners giving him sole ownership of the paper the paper has two full time and two partime staff members at its arlington office along with two full time writers and several freelance writers in various parts of the world golden ticket awards everyear amusementoday gives out awards to the best of the best in the amusement park industry in a ceremony known as the golden ticket awards the awards are handed out based on surveys given to experienced and well traveled amusement park enthusiasts from around the world the awards which were first handed out in have been featured on the discovery channel and the travel channel despite the magazine s attempts to prevent bias by separating surveys into balanced geographical regionsome claim the awards are biased towards american parks and roller coaster s due to the use of a total point system to calculate the award winners using the total point system the awards usually favor a park oride that more voters have visited regardless of quality winners titlestyle text align center border ffff px solid host park cedar pointhe amusementoday golden ticket awards were announced on september at a ceremony held athe cedar point convention center class wikitable sortable category class unsortable recipient class unsortable location park golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride amusement park lightning rod roller coaster lightning rodollywood golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride water park massiv schlitterbahn galveston island best park europark rust germany best waterpark schlitterbahn new braunfels new braunfels texas best children s park idlewild and soak zone ligonier pennsylvania best marine life park seaworld orlando florida best seaside life park santa cruz beach boardwalk santa cruz california best kids area kings island mason ohio cleanest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana friendliest park rowspan dollywood rowspan pigeon forge tennessee best shows best landscaping busch gardens williamsburg virginia best food knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania best carousel grand carousel knoebel s amusement resort best wateride park valhalla pleasure beach blackpool valhalla blackpool pleasure beach best water park ride wildebeest ride wildebeest holiday world best dark ride twilight zone tower of terror disney s hollywood studios best indooroller coasterevenge of the mummy the ride universal studios orlando best funhouse walk through noah s arkennywood best halloween event halloween horror nights universal studios florida best christmas event smoky mountain christmas dollywood class wikitable colspan top steel roller coasters rank recipient park supplier points fury carowinds bolliger mabillard millennium forcedar point rowspan intamin superman the ride six flags new england expedition geforce holiday park germany holiday park nitro six flags great adventure nitro six flags great adventure rowspan bolliger mabillard apollo s chariot busch gardens williamsburg leviathan roller coaster leviathan canada s wonderland intimidatoroller coaster intimidator carowinds diamondback roller coaster diamondbackings island phantom s revenge kennywood h morgan manufacturing morganemesis roller coaster nemesis alton towers bolliger mabillard maverick roller coaster maverick cedar pointamin banshee roller coaster banshee kings island bolliger mabillard blue fireuropark mack rides magnum xl cedar point arrow dynamics new texas giant six flags over texas rocky mountain construction intimidator kings dominion intamin wicked cyclone six flags new england rocky mountain construction top thrill dragster cedar pointamin goliath six flags over georgia goliath six flags over georgia bolliger mabillard iron rattler six flags fiesta texas rocky mountain construction montu roller coaster montu busch gardens tampa bolliger mabillard x roller coaster x six flags magic mountain arrow dynamics behemoth roller coaster behemoth canada s wonderland rowspan bolliger mabillard black mamba roller coaster black mamba phantasialand twisted colossusix flags magic mountain rocky mountain construction mind bender six flags over georgia mind bender six flags over georgianton schwarzkopf storm chaseroller coaster storm chaser kentucky kingdom rocky mountain construction helix roller coaster helix liseberg mack rides alpengeist busch gardens williamsburg rowspan bolliger mabillard goliath la ronde goliath la ronde amusement park la ronde tie raging bull roller coasteraging bull six flags great america tie taron roller coaster taron phantasialand intamin thunderbird holiday world thunderbird holiday world rowspan bolliger mabillard mako roller coaster mako seaworld orlando wild eagle dollywood steel force dorney park d h morgan manufacturing morgan lisebergbanan liseberg anton schwarzkopf cheetahunt busch gardens tampa intamin tieuro mir europark mack rides tie medusa steel coaster six flags mexico rocky mountain construction tie cannibal roller coaster cannibalagoon amusement park lagoon amusement park lagoon tie kumba roller coaster kumba busch gardens tampa bolliger mabillard lightning run kentucky kingdom chance rides whizzeroller coaster whizzer six flags great america rowspanton schwarzkopf olympia looping prateraptor cedar point raptor cedar point rowspan bolliger mabillard bizarroller coaster bizarro six flags great adventure tiexpedition everest disney s animal kingdom vekoma tie gatekeeperoller coaster gatekeeper cedar point bolliger mabillard class wikitable colspan top wood roller coasters rank recipient park supplier points boulder dash roller coaster boulder dash lake compounce custom coasters international phoenix roller coaster phoenix knoebels amusement resort philadelphia toboggan coasters el toro six flags great adventurel toro six flags great adventure intamin the voyage roller coaster the voyage holiday world splashin safari rowspan the gravity group ravine flyer ii waldameer the beast roller coaster the beast kings island kings entertainment company thunderhead roller coaster thunderheadollywood great coasters international outlaw run silver dollar city rocky mountain construction gold striker california s great america rowspan great coasters internationalightning racer hersheypark lightning rod roller coaster lightning rodollywood rocky mountain construction balderoller coaster balder liseberg intamin goliath six flags great america goliath six flags great america rocky mountain construction prowleroller coaster prowler worlds ofun great coasters international the raven roller coaster the raven holiday world rowspan custom coasters international the legend roller coaster the legend holiday world giant dipperoller coaster giant dipper santa cruz beach boardwalk frederick church engineer prior church looff colossos heide park colossos heide park intamin shivering timbers michigan s adventure custom coasters international jack rabbit kennywood jack rabbit kennywood philadelphia toboggan coasters ptc john miller entrepreneur miller thunderbolt kennywood thunderbolt kennywood vettel john miller entrepreneur miller chulainn coaster chulainn tayto park the gravity group wodan timbur coaster europark rowspan great coasters international troy toverland tie the comet great escape comet great escape amusement park the great escape philadelphia toboggan coasters ptc herbert schmeck tiel toro freizeitpark plohn el toro freitzeitpark plohn great coasters international coney island cyclone luna park vernon keenan coaster designer keenan harry c baker wildfire kolm rden wildlife park wildfire kolm rden wildlife park rocky mountain construction ghostrideroller coaster ghostrider knott s berry farm custom coasters international playland wooden coaster playland vancouver playland phare the boss roller coaster the bossix flagst louis custom coasters international wild mouse pleasure beach blackpool wild mouse blackpool pleasure beach wright blackpool american thunderoller coaster american thunder six flagst louis rowspan great coasters international white lightning roller coaster white lightning fun spot america megafobia oakwood leisure park custom coasters international hades mt olympus theme park the gravity group rampage roller coasterampage alabama splash adventure custom coasters international blue streak conneaut lake blue streak conneaut lake park vettel screamin eagle six flagst louis philadelphia toboggan coasters ptc john c allen tremors roller coaster tremorsilverwood custom coasters international flying turns roller coaster flying turns knoebels amusement resort knoebels blue streak cedar point blue streak cedar point philadelphia toboggan coasters ptc hooveracer kennywood racer kennywood philadelphia toboggan coasters ptc john miller entrepreneur miller t express everland intamin twister gr na lund rowspan the gravity group wooden warrior quassy amusement park twisteroller coaster twister knoebels amusement resort fetterman knoebels amusement resort kentucky rumbler beech bend park rowspan great coasters international wood coaster mountain flyer wood coaster oct east knight valley boardwalk bullet kemah boardwalk martin vleminckx the gravity group winners titlestyle text align center border ffff px solid host park coney island the amusementoday golden ticket awards were announced on september at a ceremony held at gargiulo s italian restaurant class wikitable sortable category class unsortable recipient class unsortable location park golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride amusement park fury carowinds golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride water park dive bomber six flags white water best park europark rust germany best waterpark schlitterbahn new braunfels new braunfels texas best children s park idlewild and soak zone ligonier pennsylvania best marine life park seaworld orlando florida best seaside park morey s piers wildwood new jersey best kids area kings island mason ohio cleanest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana friendliest park dollywood pigeon forge tennessee best shows dollywood pigeon forge tennessee best outdoor show production illuminations reflections of earth epcot best landscaping busch gardens williamsburg virginia best food knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania best carousel knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania best wateride park valhalla pleasure beach blackpool valhalla blackpool pleasure beach best water park ride wildebeest ride wildebeest holiday world splashin safari best dark ride harry potter and the forbidden journey islands of adventure universal s islands of adventure best indoor water park schlitterbahn galveston island galveston texas best indooroller coasterevenge of the mummy universal studios florida best funhouse walk through noah s arkennywood best halloween event universal studios orlando florida best christmas event dollywood pigeon forge tennessee class wikitable colspan top steel roller coasters rank recipient park supplier points millennium forcedar point rowspan intamin bizarro six flags new england bizarro six flags new england expedition geforce holiday park germany holiday park fury carowinds rowspan bolliger mabillard nitro six flags great adventure nitro six flags great adventure apollo s chariot busch gardens williamsburg intimidator carowinds leviathan roller coaster leviathan canada s wonderland nemesis roller coaster nemesis alton towers new texas giant six flags over texas rocky mountain construction class wikitable colspan top wood roller coasters rank recipient park supplier points boulder dash roller coaster boulder dash lake compounce custom coasters international el toro six flags great adventurel toro six flags great adventure intamin phoenix roller coaster phoenix knoebels amusement resort philadelphia toboggan coasters the voyage roller coaster the voyage holiday world splashin safari the gravity group thunderhead roller coaster thunderheadollywood great coasters international the beast roller coaster the beast kings island kings island ravine flyer ii waldameer park the gravity group outlaw run silver dollar city rocky mountain construction gold striker california s great america rowspan great coasters internationalightning racer hersheypark winners titlestyle text align center border ffff px solid host park seaworld san diego the amusementoday golden ticket awards were announced at a ceremony on september a the mission bay theater class wikitable sortable category class unsortable recipient class unsortable location park golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride amusement park flying turns knoebels flying turns knoebels amusement resort golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride water park verr ckt schlitterbahn kansas city best park europark rust germany best waterpark schlitterbahn new braunfels new braunfels texas best children s park idlewild and soak zone ligonier pennsylvania best marine life park seaworld orlando florida best seaside park santa cruz beach boardwalk santa cruz california best kids area kings island mason ohio cleanest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana friendliest park dollywood pigeon forge tennessee best shows dollywood pigeon forge tennessee best outdoor show production illuminations reflections of earth epcot best landscaping busch gardens williamsburg virginia best foodollywood pigeon forge tennessee best carousel knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania best wateride park dudley do right s ripsaw falls islands of adventure universal s islands of adventure best water park ride wildebeest ride wildebeest holiday world splashin safari best dark ride harry potter and the forbidden journey universal s islands of adventure best indoor water park schlitterbahn galveston island galveston texas best indooroller coasterevenge of the mummy universal studios florida best funhouse walk through noah s arkennywood best halloween event universal studios orlando florida best christmas event dollywood pigeon forge tennessee class wikitable colspan top steel roller coasters rank recipient park supplier points millennium forcedar point rowspan intamin bizarro six flags new england bizarro six flags new england expedition geforce holiday park germany holiday park diamondback roller coaster diamondbackings island rowspan bolliger mabillard nitro six flags great adventure nitro six flags great adventure leviathan canada s wonderland leviathan canada s wonderland apollo s chariot busch gardens williamsburg new texas giant six flags over texas rocky mountain construction goliath six flags over georgia goliath six flags over georgia rowspan bolliger mabillard intimidatoroller coaster intimidator carowinds class wikitable colspan top wooden roller coasters rank name park supplier points boulder dash roller coaster boulder dash lake compounce custom coasters international el toro six flags great adventurel toro six flags great adventure intamin the voyage roller coaster the voyage holiday world splashin safari the gravity grouphoenix roller coaster phoenix knoebels amusement resort philadelphia toboggan coasters thunderhead roller coaster thunderheadollywood great coasters international ravine flyer ii waldameer park the gravity group gold striker california s great america great coasters international the beast roller coaster the beast kings island kings island outlaw run silver dollar city rocky mountain construction balderoller coaster balder liseberg intamin winners titlestyle text align center border ffff px solid host park santa cruz beach boardwalk the amusementoday golden ticket awards were announced at a ceremony held september athe cocoanut grove ballroom class wikitable sortable category class unsortable rank class unsortable recipient class unsortable location park class unsortable vote rowspan golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride amusement park outlaw run silver dollar city iron rattler six flags fiesta texas gatekeeperoller coaster gatekeeper cedar point gold striker california s great america transformers the ride universal studios florida universal studios orlando rowspan golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride waterpark riverrush dollywood splash country rowspan best amusement park cedar point sandusky ohio rowspan best waterpark schlitterbahnew braunfels texas rowspan best children s park idlewild and soak zone ligonier pennsylvania rowspan best marine park marine life park seaworld orlando florida rowspan best seaside park santa cruz beach boardwalk santa cruz california rowspan best indoor waterpark schlitterbahn galveston island schlitterbahn galveston island galveston texas rowspan friendliest park dollywood pigeon forge tennessee rowspan cleanest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana rowspan best shows dollywood pigeon forge tennessee rowspan best food rowspan dollywood pigeon forge tennessee rowspan knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania rowspan best wateride park dudley do right s ripsaw falls islands of adventure rowspan best waterpark ride wildebeest holiday world splashin safari rowspan best kids area kings island mason ohio rowspan best dark ride dark ride harry potter and the forbidden journey islands of adventure rowspan best outdoor show production illuminations reflections of earth epcot rowspan best landscaping busch gardens williamsburg virginia rowspan best halloween event universal orlando universal orlando resort orlando florida rowspan best christmas event dollywood pigeon forge tennessee rowspan best carousel knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania rowspan best indooroller coaster revenge of the mummy universal orlando resort universal studios orlando space mountain disneyland space mountain disneyland winjas phantasialand rowspan mindbender galaxyland mindbender galaxyland rowspan rock n roller coaster starring aerosmith disney s hollywood studios rowspan best funhouse walk through attractionoah s arkennywood class wikitable colspan top steel roller coasters rank recipient park supplier points millennium forcedar pointamin bizarro six flags new england bizarro six flags new england intamin expedition geforce holiday park germany holiday park intaminitro six flags great adventure nitro six flags great adventure bolliger mabillard b m apollo s chariot busch gardens williamsburg b m new texas giant six flags over texas rocky mountain construction goliath six flags over georgia goliath six flags over georgia b m intimidatoroller coaster intimidator carowinds b magnum xl cedar point arrow dynamics intimidator kings dominion intamin iron rattler six flags fiesta texas rocky mountain construction top thrill dragster cedar pointamin phantom s revenge kennywood h morgan manufacturing morgan arrow diamondback roller coaster diamondbackings island rowspan bolliger mabillard b m leviathan roller coaster leviathan canada s wonderland x roller coaster x six flags magic mountain arrow dynamics arrow behemoth roller coaster behemoth canada s wonderland rowspan bolliger mabillard b montu roller coaster montu busch gardens tampa mind bender six flags over georgia mind bender six flags over georgianton schwarzkopf nemesis roller coaster nemesis alton towers bolliger mabillard b m blue fireuropark mack rides mack maverick roller coaster maverick cedar pointamin goliath la ronde goliath la ronde amusement park la ronde rowspan bolliger mabillard b m wild eagle dollywood alpengeist busch gardens williamsburg skyrushersheypark intamin kumba roller coaster kumba busch gardens tampa bolliger mabillard b m gatekeeperoller coaster gatekeeper cedar point bolliger mabillard b m shock wave six flags over texashock wave six flags over texas anton schwarzkopf raptor cedar point raptor cedar point b m raging bull roller coasteraging bull six flags great america b m sheikra busch gardens tampa b m griffon roller coaster griffon busch gardens williamsburg b m black mamba roller coaster black mamba phantasialand b m rowspan afterburn roller coaster afterburn carowinds bolliger mabillard rowspan kingda ka six flags great adventure intamin steel force dorney park wildwater kingdom d h morgan manufacturing morgan superman ride of steel six flags america intamin volcano the blast coaster kings dominion intamin whizzeroller coaster whizzer six flags great americanton schwarzkopf goliath six flags magic mountain goliath six flags magic mountain giovanola rowspan expedition everest disney s animal kingdom vekoma walt disney imagineering rowspan powder keg a blast into the wilderness powder keg silver dollar city s worldwide titan roller coaster titan six flags over texas giovanola rowspan olympia looping owners r barth and sohn kg anton schwarzkopf rowspan x flight six flags great america x flight six flags great america bolliger mabillardominatoroller coaster dominator kings dominion bolliger mabillard rowspan kraken roller coaster kraken seaworld orlando b m rowspan lisebergbanan liseberg werner stengel anton schwarzkopf tatsu six flags magic mountain b m class wikitable colspan top wooden roller coasters rank recipient park supplier points boulder dash roller coaster boulder dash lake compounce custom coasters international cci el toro six flags great adventurel toro six flags great adventure intamin phoenix roller coaster phoenix knoebels amusement resort philadelphia toboggan coasters ptc herbert schmeck the voyage roller coaster the voyage holiday world splashin safari the gravity group thunderhead roller coaster thunderheadollywood great coasters international gcii ravine flyer ii waldameer park the gravity group outlaw run silver dollar city rocky mountain construction the beast roller coaster the beast kings island kings island lightning racer hersheypark great coasters international gcii shivering timbers michigan s adventure custom coasters international cci the raven roller coaster the raven holiday world splashin safari custom coasters international cci prowleroller coaster prowler worlds ofun great coasters international gcii balderoller coaster balder liseberg intamin hades mt olympus water theme park the gravity group thunderbolt kennywood thunderbolt kennywood vettel john miller entrepreneur miller the comet great escape the comet great escape amusement park great escape philadelphia toboggan coasters ptc herbert schmeck colossos heide park colossos heide park intamin jack rabbit kennywood jack rabbit kennywood philadelphia toboggan coasters ptc john miller entrepreneur millerowspan coney island cyclone coney island luna park coney island luna parkeenan bakerowspan the legend roller coaster the legend holiday world splashin safari custom coasters international cci kentucky rumbler beech bend park great coasters international gcii giant dipper santa cruz beach boardwalk prior church looff el toro freizeitpark plohn el toro freizeitpark plohn great coasters international gcii tremors roller coaster tremorsilverwood theme park custom coasters international cci american thunderoller coaster american thunder six flagst louis great coasters international gcii gold striker california s great america great coasters international gcii blue streak cedar point blue streak cedar point philadelphia toboggan coasters ptc hoover troy toverland great coasters international gcii ghostrideroller coaster ghostrider knott s berry farm custom coasters international cci playland wooden coaster playland vancouver playland athe pne phare wodan timbur coaster europark great coasters international gcii cornball express indiana beach custom coasters international cci blue streak conneaut lake blue streak conneaut lake park vettel boardwalk bullet kemah boardwalk m v the gravity group racer kennywood racer kennywood john miller entrepreneur miller wooden warrior quassy amusement park the gravity group zippin pippin bay beach amusement park m v the gravity group thunderbird powerpark thunderbird powerpark great coasters international gcii twisteroller coaster twister knoebels amusement resort fetterman knoebels amusement resort knoebels megafobia roller coaster megafobia oakwood theme park custom coasters international cci rowspan grand national roller coaster grand national pleasure beach blackpool paige rowspan t express everland intamin great american screamachine six flags over georgia great american screamachine six flags over georgia philadelphia toboggan coasters ptc john c allen john allen rowspan tonnerre de zeus parc ast rix custom coasters international cci rowspan viper six flags great america viper six flags great america six flags rowspan hellcatimber falls adventure park s worldwide s rowspan twister gr na lund the gravity group cyclone lakeside amusement park vettel apocalypse six flags magic mountain apocalypse six flags magic mountain great coasters international gcii yankee cannonball canobie lake park philadelphia toboggan coasters ptc herbert schmeck winners titlestyle text align center border ffff px solid host park dollywood the amusementoday golden ticket awards were announced at a ceremony held september athe celebrity theater class wikitable sortable category class unsortable rank class unsortable recipient class unsortable location class unsortable vote rowspan golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride amusement park wild eagle dollywood radiator springs racers disney californiadventure leviathan roller coaster leviathan canada s wonderland verbolten busch gardens williamsburg rowspan oziris parc ast rix rowspan skyrushersheypark rowspan golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride waterpark mammoth ride mammotholiday world splashin safari rowspan the lost city rowspan walhalla wave aquatica water parks aquatica santonio aquatica santonio rowspan best amusement park cedar point sandusky ohio rowspan best waterpark schlitterbahnew braunfels texas rowspan best children s park idlewild and soak zone ligonier pennsylvania rowspan best marine park marine life park seaworld orlando florida rowspan best seaside park santa cruz beach boardwalk santa cruz california rowspan best indoor waterpark schlitterbahn galveston island schlitterbahn galveston island galveston texas rowspan friendliest park dollywood pigeon forge tennessee rowspan cleanest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana rowspan best shows dollywood pigeon forge tennessee rowspan best foodollywood pigeon forge tennessee rowspan best wateride park dudley do right s ripsaw falls islands of adventure rowspan best waterpark ride wildebeest holiday world splashin safari rowspan best kids area kings island mason ohio rowspan best dark ride dark ride harry potter and the forbidden journey islands of adventure rowspan best outdoor show production illuminations reflections of earth epcot rowspan best landscaping busch gardens williamsburg virginia rowspan best halloween event universal orlando universal orlando resort orlando florida rowspan best christmas event dollywood pigeon forge tennessee rowspan best carousel knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania rowspan best indooroller coaster revenge of the mummy universal orlando universal orlando resort space mountain disneyland space mountain disneyland black diamond roller coaster black diamond knoebels amusement resort rock n roller coaster starring aerosmith disney s hollywood studiospace mountain magic kingdom space mountain magic kingdom rowspan best funhouse walk through attractionoah s arkennywood class wikitable colspan top steel roller coasters rank recipient park supplier points millennium forcedar pointamin bizarro six flags new england bizarro six flags new england intaminitro six flags great adventure nitro six flags great adventure bolliger mabillard b m apollo s chariot busch gardens williamsburg bolliger mabillard b m new texas giant six flags over texas rocky mountain construction expedition geforce holiday park germany holiday park intamintimidatoroller coaster intimidator carowinds bolliger mabillard b magnum xl cedar point arrow dynamics arrow goliath six flags over georgia goliath six flags over georgia bolliger mabillard b m diamondback roller coaster diamondbackings island bolliger mabillard b m phantom s revenge kennywoodh morgan manufacturing morgan arrow dynamics arrow intimidator kings dominion intamin top thrill dragster cedar pointamin montu roller coaster montu busch gardens tampa bay bolliger mabillard b m wild eagle dollywood bolliger mabillard b m nemesis roller coaster nemesis alton towers bolliger mabillard b m behemoth roller coaster behemoth canada s wonderland bolliger mabillard b m x roller coaster x six flags magic mountain arrow dynamics arrow raging bull roller coasteraging bull six flags great america bolliger mabillard b mind bender six flags over georgia mind bender six flags over georgianton schwarzkopf maverick roller coaster maverick cedar pointamin leviathan roller coaster leviathan canada s wonderland bolliger mabillard b m kumba roller coaster kumba busch gardens tampa bay bolliger mabillard b m alpengeist busch gardens williamsburg bolliger mabillard b m goliath la ronde goliath la ronde amusement park la ronde bolliger mabillard b m rowspan griffon roller coaster griffon busch gardens williamsburg bolliger mabillard b m rowspan shock wave six flags over texashock wave six flags over texas anton schwarzkopf tatsu six flags magic mountain bolliger mabillard b m superman ride of steel six flags america intamin sheikra busch gardens tampa bay bolliger mabillard b m raptor cedar point raptor cedar point bolliger mabillard b m blue fireuropark mack rides mack lisebergbanan liseberg anton schwarzkopf manta seaworld orlando manta seaworld orlando bolliger mabillard b m dragon challenge islands of adventure bolliger mabillard b m titan roller coaster titan six flags over texas giovanola piraten djursommerland intamin kingda ka six flags great adventure intamin steel force dorney park dh morgan manufacturing morgan volcano the blast coaster kings dominion intamin goliath six flags magic mountain goliath six flags magic mountain giovanola skyrushersheypark intamin superman ride of steel ride of steel darien lake intamin storm runner hersheypark intamin afterburn roller coaster afterburn carowinds bolliger mabillard b m powder keg a blast into the wilderness powder keg silver dollar city s worldwide s the incredible hulk coaster islands of adventure bolliger mabillard b m goliath walibi holland goliath walibi holland intamin black mamba roller coaster black mamba phantasialand bolliger mabillard b m euro mir europark mack rides mack class wikitable colspan top wooden roller coasters rank recipient park supplier points el toro six flags great adventurel toro six flags great adventure intamin the voyage roller coaster the voyage holiday world splashin safari the gravity grouphoenix roller coaster phoenix knoebels amusement resort philadelphia toboggan coasters ptc herbert schmeck thunderhead roller coaster thunderheadollywood great coasters international gci boulder dash roller coaster boulder dash lake compounce custom coasters international cci ravine flyer ii waldameer park the gravity group the beast roller coaster the beast kings island kings island the raven roller coaster the raven holiday world splashin safari custom coasters international cci shivering timbers roller coaster shivering timbers michigan s adventure custom coasters international cci balderoller coaster balder liseberg intamin lightning racer hersheypark great coasters international gci hades mt olympus theme park the gravity group gravity grouprowleroller coaster prowler worlds ofun gci coney island cyclone luna park coney island luna parkeenan baker thunderbolt kennywood thunderbolt kennywood renegade roller coasterenegade valleyfair gci winners titlestyle text align center border ffff px solid host park holiday world splashin safari class wikitable sortable category class unsortable rank class unsortable recipient class unsortable location class unsortable vote rowspan golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride amusement park new texas giant six flags over texas cheetahunt busch gardens tampa bay wooden warrior quassy amusement park rowspan twister gr na lund rowspan zippin pippin bay beach amusement park rowspan golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride waterpark the fallschlitterbahn vanish point water country usa rowspan bombs away raging waters rowspan viper nrh o rowspan best amusement park cedar point sandusky ohio knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania europark rust baden w rttemberg rust germany dollywood pigeon forge tennessee disneyland anaheim california universal s islands of adventure islands of adventure orlando florida busch gardens williamsburg virginia rowspan tokyo disneysea tokyo japan rowspan kennywood west mifflin pennsylvania rowspan holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana rowspan pleasure beach blackpool blackpool england rowspan best waterpark schlitterbahnew braunfels texas holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana disney s blizzard beach orlando florida disney s typhoon lagoon orlando florida noah s ark waterpark noah s ark wisconsin dells wisconsin rowspan best children s park idlewild and soak zone ligonier pennsylvania legoland california carlsbad california f rup sommerland f rup sommerland saltum denmark legoland windsor berkshire windsor englandutch wonderland lancaster pennsylvania rowspan best marine park marine life park seaworld orlando florida seaworld santonio santonio santonio texas discovery cove orlando florida seaworld san diego san diego six flags discovery kingdom vallejo california rowspan best seaside park santa cruz beach boardwalk santa cruz california pleasure beach blackpool blackpool england morey s piers wildwood new jersey gr na lund stockholm sweden kemah boardwalkemah texas rowspan best indoor waterpark schlitterbahn galveston island schlitterbahn galvestron island galveston texas kalahari resorts kalahari resort sandusky ohio kalahari resorts kalahari resort wisconsin dells wisconsin world waterpark edmonton alberta canada splash landingstaffordshire staffordshirengland rowspan friendliest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana dollywood pigeon forge tennessee knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania silver dollar city branson missouri beech bend park bowlingreen kentucky rowspan cleanest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana busch gardens williamsburg virginia dollywood pigeon forge tennessee magic kingdom orlando florida disneyland anaheim california rowspan best shows dollywood pigeon forge tennessee six flags fiesta texasantonio texasilver dollar city branson missouri seaworld orlando florida disney s hollywood studios orlando florida rowspan best food knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania epcot orlando florida dollywood pigeon forge tennessee silver dollar city branson missouri busch gardens williamsburg virginia rowspan best wateride park dudley do right s ripsaw falls islands of adventure valhalla pleasure beach blackpool valhalla pleasure beach blackpool pilgrim s plunge holiday world splashin safari splash mountain magic kingdom journey to atlantiseaworld orlando rowspan best waterpark ride wildebeest holiday world splashin safari master blaster schlitterbahn master blaster schlitterbahn dragon s revenge schlitterbahn congo river expedition schlitterbahn zoombabwe holiday world splashin safari rowspan best kids area kings island mason ohio islands of adventure orlando florida nickelodeon universe bloomington minnesota drayton manor theme park staffordshire england efteling kaatsheuvel netherlands rowspan best dark ride dark ride harry potter and the forbidden journey islands of adventure the amazing adventures of spider man islands of adventure twilight zone tower of terror disney s hollywood studios haunted mansion knoebels haunted mansion knoebels amusement resort indiana jones adventure temple of the forbidden eye disneyland rowspan best outdoor show production illuminations reflections of earth epcot six flags fiesta texasantonio santonio texas disney californiadventure park disney californiadventure anaheim california rowspan disneyland anaheim california rowspan magic kingdom orlando florida rowspan best landscaping busch gardens williamsburg virginia efteling kaatsheuvel netherlands gilroy gardens gilroy california dollywood pigeon forge tennesseepcot orlando florida rowspan best halloween event universal orlando resort orlando florida knott s berry farm buena park california knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania kennywood west mifflin pennsylvania europark rust baden w rttemberg rust germany rowspan best christmas event dollywood pigeon forge tennessee silver dollar city branson missouri magic kingdom orlando florida disneyland anaheim california disney s hollywood studios orlando florida rowspan best carousel knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania santa cruz beach boardwalk santa cruz california six flags over georgiaustell georgia kennywood west mifflin pennsylvania six flags great america gurnee illinois rowspan best indooroller coaster revenge of the mummy universal orlando resort universal studios orlando space mountain disneyland space mountain disneyland rock n roller coaster starring aerosmith rock n roller coaster disney s hollywood studios mindbender galaxyland mindbender galaxyland space mountain magic kingdom space mountain magic kingdom rowspan best funhouse walk through attractionoah s arkennywood frankenstein s castle indiana beach noah s ark pleasure beach blackpool ghost ship morey s piers lustiga huset gr na lund class wikitable colspan top steel roller coasters rank recipient park supplier points millennium forcedar pointamin bizarro six flags new england bizarro six flags new england intaminitro six flags great adventure nitro six flags great adventure bolliger mabillard b m goliath six flags over georgia goliath six flags over georgia bolliger mabillard b m phantom s revenge kennywood h morgan manufacturing morgan arrow dynamics arrow new texas giant six flags over texas rocky mountain rowspan apollo s chariot busch gardens williamsburg bolliger mabillard b m rowspan expedition geforce holiday park germany holiday park intamin top thrill dragster cedar pointamin magnum xl cedar point arrow dynamics arrow diamondback roller coaster diamondbackings island bolliger mabillard b m nemesis roller coaster nemesis alton towers bolliger mabillard b m intimidator kings dominion intamin montu roller coaster montu busch gardens tampa bay bolliger mabillard b m behemoth roller coaster behemoth canada s wonderland bolliger mabillard b m x roller coaster x six flags magic mountain arrow dynamics arrow mind bender six flags over georgia mind bender six flags over georgianton schwarzkopf raptor cedar point raptor cedar point bolliger mabillard b m intimidatoroller coaster intimidator carowinds bolliger mabillard b m griffon roller coaster griffon busch gardens williamsburg bolliger mabillard b maverick roller coaster maverick cedar pointamin sheikra busch gardens tampa bay bolliger mabillard b m goliath la ronde goliath la ronde amusement park la ronde bolliger mabillard b m raging bull roller coasteraging bull six flags great america bolliger mabillard b m titan roller coaster titan six flags over texas giovanola steel force dorney park wildwater kingdom dorney park d h morgan manufacturing alpengeist busch gardens williamsburg bolliger mabillard b m dragon challenge islands of adventure bolliger mabillard b m rowspan superman ride of steel ride of steel darien lake intamin rowspan volcano the blast coaster kings dominion intamin kumba roller coaster kumba busch gardens tampa bay bolliger mabillard b m piraten djursommerland intamin kingda ka six flags great adventure intamin blue fireuropark mack rides mack the incredible hulk coaster islands of adventure bolliger mabillard b m goliath walibi holland goliath walibi holland intamin powder keg a blast into the wilderness powder keg silver dollar city s worldwide s superman krypton coaster six flags fiesta texas bolliger mabillard b m tatsu six flags magic mountain bolliger mabillard b m rowspan goliath six flags magic mountain goliath six flags magic mountain giovanola rowspan superman ride of steel six flags america intamin shock wave six flags over texashock wave six flags over texas anton schwarzkopf space mountain disneyland space mountain disneyland walt disney imagineering sky rocket kennywood sky rocket kennywood premierides rowspan manta seaworld orlando manta seaworld orlando bolliger mabillard b m rowspan olympia looping r barth and sohn anton schwarzkopf expedition everest disney s animal kingdom vekoma walt disney imagineering big one roller coaster big one pleasure beach blackpool arrow dynamics arrow lisebergbanan liseberg anton schwarzkopf mamba roller coaster mamba worlds ofun d h morgan manufacturing class wikitable colspan top wooden roller coasters rank recipient park supplier points the voyage roller coaster the voyage holiday world splashin safari the gravity grouphoenix roller coaster phoenix knoebels amusement resort philadelphia toboggan coasters ptc herbert schmeck el toro six flags great adventurel toro six flags great adventure intamin boulder dash roller coaster boulder dash lake compounce custom coasters international cci thunderhead roller coaster thunderheadollywood great coasters international gci ravine flyer ii waldameer park the gravity group the beast roller coaster the beast kings island kings island hades roller coaster hades mount olympus water theme park the gravity group shivering timbers roller coaster shivering timbers michigan s adventure custom coasters international cci prowler worlds ofun prowler worlds ofun great coasters international gci lightning racer hersheypark great coasters international gci the raven roller coaster the raven holiday world splashin safari custom coasters international cci balderoller coaster balder liseberg intamin thunderbolt kennywood thunderbolt kennywood vettel john miller entrepreneur miller coney island cyclone coney island luna park coney island luna park coney island keenan baker kentucky rumbler beech bend park great coasters international gci boardwalk bullet kemah boardwalk m v the gravity group the legend roller coaster the legend holiday world splashin safari custom coasters international cci the comet great escape the comet great escape amusement park great escape philadelphia toboggan coasters ptc herbert schmeck rowspan megafobia roller coaster megafobia oakwood theme park custom coasters international cci rowspan twisteroller coaster twister knoebels amusement resort fetterman knoebels amusement resort knoebels american thunderoller coaster american thunder six flagst louis great coasters international gci jack rabbit kennywood jack rabbit kennywood philadelphia toboggan coasters ptc john miller entrepreneur miller cornball express indiana beach custom coasters international cci grand national roller coaster grand national pleasure beach blackpool paige renegade roller coasterenegade valleyfair great coasters international gci ghostrideroller coaster ghostrider knott s berry farm custom coasters international cci giant dipper santa cruz beach boardwalk prior church looff colossos heide park colossos heide park intamin hellcatimber falls adventure park s worldwide s tremors roller coaster tremorsilverwood theme park custom coasters international cci rampage roller coasterampage alabamadventure custom coasters international cci troy toverland great coasters international gci playland wooden coaster playland vancouver playland athe pne pharel toro freizeitpark plohn el toro freizeitpark plohn great coasters international gci rowspan apocalypse six flags magic mountain apocalypse six flags magic mountain great coasters international gci rowspan twister gr na lund the gravity group thunderbird powerpark thunderbird powerpark great coasters international gci t express everland intamin wooden warrior quassy amusement park the gravity group viper six flags great america viper six flags great america six flags the boss roller coaster the bossix flagst louis custom coasters international cci racer kennywood racer kennywood john miller entrepreneur millerowspan wild mouse blackpool wild mouse pleasure beach blackpool wright rowspan zippin pippin bay beach amusement park m v the gravity group blue streak conneaut lake blue streak conneaut lake park vettel the rattleroller coaster the rattler six flags fiesta texas pierce rutschebanen tivoli gardens lamarcus adna thompson blue streak cedar point blue streak cedar point philadelphia toboggan coasters ptc hoover tonnerre de zeus parc ast rix custom coasters international cci winners titlestyle text align center border ffff px solid host park busch gardens williamsburg il teatro di san marcoutdoor theater class wikitable sortable category class unsortable rank class unsortable recipient class unsortable location class unsortable vote rowspan golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride amusement park harry potter and the forbidden journey islands of adventure intimidator kings dominion sky rocket kennywood sky rocket kennywood intimidatoroller coaster intimidator carowinds rowspan ghost ship morey s piers rowspan george and the dragon efteling joris en de draak efteling rowspan golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride waterpark wildebeest ride wildebeest holiday world splashin safari scorpion s tail noah s ark waterpark noah s ark triple twist great wolf resorts great wolf lodge kings mills omaka rockaquatica floridaquatica rowspan best amusement park cedar point sandusky ohio knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania universal s islands of adventure islands of adventure orlando florida disneyland anaheim california rowspan busch gardens williamsburg virginia rowspan europark rust baden w rttemberg rust germany rowspan kennywood west mifflin pennsylvania rowspan pleasure beach blackpool blackpool england rowspan dollywood pigeon forge tennessee rowspan holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana tokyo disneysea tokyo japan rowspan best waterpark schlitterbahnew braunfels texas holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana disney s blizzard beach orlando florida noah s ark waterpark noah s ark wisconsin dells wisconsin disney s typhoon lagoon orlando florida rowspan best children s park idlewild and soak zone ligonier pennsylvania legoland california carlsbad california f rup sommerland f rup sommerland saltum denmark dutch wonderland lancaster pennsylvania little amerricka marshall dane county wisconsin marshall wisconsin rowspan best marine park marine life park seaworld orlando florida seaworld santonio santonio santonio texaseaworld san diego san diego discovery cove orlando florida six flags discovery kingdom vallejo california rowspan best seaside park santa cruz beach boardwalk santa cruz california pleasure beach blackpool blackpool england morey s piers wildwood new jersey gr na lund stockholm sweden kemah boardwalkemah texas rowspan best indoor waterpark schlitterbahn galveston island schlitterbahn galvestron island galveston texas kalahari resorts kalahari resort wisconsin dells wisconsin kalahari resorts kalahari resort sandusky ohio world waterpark edmonton alberta canada splash landingstaffordshire staffordshirengland rowspan friendliest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana dollywood pigeon forge tennessee silver dollar city branson missouri knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania beech bend park bowlingreen kentucky rowspan cleanest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana busch gardens williamsburg virginia dollywood pigeon forge tennessee magic kingdom orlando florida disneyland anaheim california rowspan best shows dollywood pigeon forge tennessee six flags fiesta texasantonio texasilver dollar city branson missouri disney s hollywood studios orlando florida seaworld orlando florida rowspan best food knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania rowspan epcot orlando florida rowspan silver dollar city branson missouri dollywood pigeon forge tennessee busch gardens williamsburg virginia rowspan best wateride park dudley do right s ripsaw falls islands of adventure valhalla pleasure beach blackpool valhalla pleasure beach blackpool splash mountain magic kingdom pilgrim s plunge holiday world splashin safari journey to atlantiseaworld orlando rowspan best waterpark ride wildebeest holiday world splashin safari master blaster schlitterbahn master blaster schlitterbahn zoombabwe holiday world splashin safari dragon s revenge schlitterbahn congo river expedition schlitterbahn rowspan best kids area kings island mason ohio islands of adventure orlando florida nickelodeon universe bloomington minnesota knott s berry farm buena park california rowspan busch gardens williamsburg virginia rowspan efteling kaatsheuvel netherlands rowspan best dark ride dark ride the amazing adventures of spider man islands of adventure twilight zone tower of terror disney s hollywood studios haunted mansion knoebels amusement resort harry potter and the forbidden journey islands of adventure rowspan the curse of darkastle busch gardens williamsburg rowspan indiana jones adventure temple of the forbidden eye disneyland rowspan best outdoor show production illuminations reflections of earth epcot disney californiadventure park disney californiadventure anaheim california six flags fiesta texasantonio santonio texas disneyland anaheim california disney s hollywood studios orlando florida rowspan best landscaping busch gardens williamsburg virginia efteling kaatsheuvel netherlands gilroy gardens gilroy california disney s animal kingdom orlando florida epcot orlando florida rowspan best halloween event universal orlando resort orlando florida knott s berry farm buena park california knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania kennywood west mifflin pennsylvania kings island kings mills ohio rowspan best christmas event dollywood pigeon forge tennessee magic kingdom orlando florida silver dollar city branson missouri disneyland anaheim california hersheypark hershey pennsylvania rowspan best carousel knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania santa cruz beach boardwalk santa cruz california six flags over georgiaustell georgia six flags great america gurnee illinois hersheypark hershey pennsylvania rowspan best indooroller coaster revenge of the mummy universal orlando resort universal studios orlando space mountain disneyland space mountain disneyland rowspan space mountain magic kingdom space mountain magic kingdom rowspan mindbender galaxyland mindbender galaxyland rock n roller coaster starring aerosmith rock n roller coaster disney s hollywood studios rowspan best funhouse walk through attractionoah s arkennywood frankenstein s castle indiana beach ghost ship morey s piers hotel gasten liseberg lustiga huset gr na lund class wikitable colspan top steel roller coasters rank recipient park supplier points millennium forcedar pointamin bizarro six flags new england bizarro six flags new england intaminitro six flags great adventure nitro six flags great adventure bolliger mabillard b m apollo s chariot busch gardens williamsburg bolliger mabillard b m goliath six flags over georgia goliath six flags over georgia bolliger mabillard b m expedition geforce holiday park germany holiday park intamin diamondback roller coaster diamondbackings island bolliger mabillard b magnum xl cedar point arrow dynamics arrow phantom s revenge kennywood morgan arrow top thrill dragster cedar pointamintimidator kings dominion intamin montu roller coaster montu busch gardens tampa bay bolliger mabillard b m behemoth roller coaster behemoth canada s wonderland bolliger mabillard b mind bender six flags over georgia mind bender six flags over georgianton schwarzkopf x roller coaster x six flags magic mountain arrow dynamics arrow raging bull roller coasteraging bull six flags great america bolliger mabillard b m sky rocket kennywood sky rocket kennywood premierides nemesis roller coaster nemesis alton towers bolliger mabillard b m rowspan griffon roller coaster griffon busch gardens williamsburg bolliger mabillard b m rowspan sheikra busch gardens tampa bay bolliger mabillard b m rowspan intimidatoroller coaster intimidator carowinds bolliger mabillard b m rowspan maverick roller coaster maverick cedar pointamin alpengeist busch gardens williamsburg bolliger mabillard b m rowspan kumba busch gardens tampa bay bolliger mabillard b m rowspan raptor cedar point raptor cedar point bolliger mabillard b m superman ride of steel ride of steel darien lake intamin rowspan kingda ka six flags great adventure intamin rowspan steel force dorney park wildwater kingdom dorney park d h morgan manufacturing morgan goliath six flags magic mountain goliath six flags magic mountain giovanola goliath la ronde goliath la ronde amusement park la ronde bolliger mabillard b m dragon challenge islands of adventure bolliger mabillard b m superman ride of steel six flags america intamin manta seaworld orlando manta seaworld orlando bolliger mabillard b m powder keg a blast into the wilderness powder keg silver dollar city s worldwide s volcano the blast coaster kings dominion intamin expedition everest disney s animal kingdom vekoma walt disney imagineering shock wave six flags over texashock wave six flags over texas anton schwarzkopf mamba roller coaster mamba worlds ofun d h morgan manufacturing morgan storm runner hersheypark intamin tatsu six flags magic mountain bolliger mabillard b m goliath walibi holland goliath walibi holland intamin titan roller coaster titan six flags over texas giovanola the incredible hulk coaster islands of adventure bolliger mabillard b m big one roller coaster big one pleasure beach blackpool arrow dynamics arrow euro mir europark mack rides mack space mountain disneyland space mountain disneyland walt disney imagineering steel seaworld santonio d h morgan manufacturing morgan rowspan mindbender galaxyland mindbender galaxyland anton schwarzkopf rowspan revenge of the mummy universal studios florida premierides katun roller coaster katun mirabilandia italy mirabilandia bolliger mabillard b m class wikitable colspan top wooden roller coasters rank recipient park supplier points the voyage roller coaster the voyage holiday world splashin safari the gravity group el toro six flags great adventurel toro six flags great adventure intamin phoenix roller coaster phoenix knoebels amusement resort philadelphia toboggan company ptc herbert schmeck boulder dash roller coaster boulder dash lake compounce custom coasters international cci thunderhead roller coaster thunderheadollywood great coasters international gci ravine flyer ii waldameer park the gravity group the beast roller coaster the beast kings island kings island hades roller coaster hades mount olympus water theme park the gravity group the raven roller coaster the raven holiday world splashin safari custom coasters international cci lightning racer hersheypark great coasters international gci shivering timbers roller coaster shivering timbers michigan s adventure custom coasters international cci prowler worlds ofun prowler worlds ofun great coasters international gci coney island cyclone coney island luna park coney island luna park coney island keenan baker thunderbolt kennywood thunderbolt kennywood vettel john miller entrepreneur miller the legend roller coaster the legend holiday world splashin safari custom coasters international cci kentucky rumbler beech bend park great coasters international gci the comet great escape the comet great escape amusement park great escape philadelphia toboggan company ptc herbert schmeck colossos heide park colossos heide park intamin hellcatimber falls adventure park s worldwide s jack rabbit kennywood jack rabbit kennywood philadelphia toboggan company ptc john miller entrepreneur miller balderoller coaster balder liseberg intamin giant dipper santa cruz beach boardwalk prior church looff american thunderoller coaster american thunder six flagst louis great coasters international gci ghostrideroller coaster ghostrider knott s berry farm custom coasters international cci tremors roller coaster tremorsilverwood theme park custom coasters international cci playland wooden coaster playland vancouver playland athe pne phare apocalypse six flags magic mountain apocalypse six flags magic mountain great coasters international gci grand national roller coaster grand national pleasure beach blackpool paige cornball express indiana beach custom coasters international cci megafobia roller coaster megafobia oakwood theme park custom coasters international cci the boss roller coaster the bossix flagst louis custom coasters international cci twisteroller coaster twister knoebels amusement resort fetterman knoebels amusement resort knoebels rampage roller coasterampage alabamadventure custom coasters international cci viper six flags great america viper six flags great america six flags racer kennywood racer kennywood john miller entrepreneur miller t express everland intamin thunderbird powerpark thunderbird powerpark great coasters international gci boardwalk bullet kemah boardwalk m v the gravity group hurricane boomers parks boomers coaster works tonnerre de zeus parc ast rix custom coasters international cci troy toverland great coasters international gci rowspan aska nara dreamland intamin rowspan renegade roller coasterenegade valleyfair great coasters international gci timber terror silverwood theme park custom coasters international cci grizzly kings dominion grizzly kings dominion keco entertainment keco summers gwazi busch gardens tampa bay great coasters international gci blue streak cedar point blue streak cedar point philadelphia toboggan company ptc hoover georgia cyclone six flags over georgia dinn corporation dinn summers giant dipper san diego giant dipper belmont park san diego belmont park prior church cyclone lakeside amusement park vettel winners titlestyle text align center border ffff px solid host park legoland california class wikitable sortable category class unsortable rank class unsortable recipient class unsortable location class unsortable vote rowspan golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride amusement park prowler worlds ofun prowler worlds ofun diamondback roller coaster diamondbackings island manta seaworld orlando manta seaworld orlando apocalypse the ride terminator salvation the ride six flags magic mountain rowspan monster mansion six flags over georgia rowspan pilgrims plunge holiday world splashin safari rowspan golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride waterpark congo river expedition schlitterbahn wahoo racer six flagst louis upsurge alabamadventure maximum velocity wet n wild phoenix dr von dark s tunnel of terror splish splash rowspan best amusement park cedar point sandusky ohio knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania disneyland anaheim california rowspan europark rust baden w rttemberg rust germany rowspan universal s islands of adventure islands of adventure orlando florida pleasure beach blackpool blackpool england tokyo disneysea tokyo japan magic kingdom orlando florida rowspan busch gardens williamsburg virginia rowspan holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana rowspan best waterpark schlitterbahnew braunfels texas holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana disney s blizzard beach orlando florida noah s ark waterpark noah s ark wisconsin dells wisconsin aquatica floridaquatica orlando florida rowspan best children s park legoland california carlsbad california idlewild and soak zone ligonier pennsylvania dutch wonderland lancaster pennsylvania f rup sommerland f rup sommerland saltum denmarkiddieland amusement park melrose park illinois rowspan best marine park marine life park seaworld orlando florida seaworld santonio santonio santonio texas rowspan discovery cove orlando florida rowspan seaworld san diego san diego six flags discovery kingdom vallejo california rowspan best seaside park santa cruz beach boardwalk santa cruz california pleasure beach blackpool blackpool england morey s piers wildwood new jersey kemah boardwalkemah texas rowspan best indoor waterpark schlitterbahn galveston island schlitterbahn galvestron island galveston texas kalahari resorts kalahari resort sandusky ohio kalahari resorts kalahari resort wisconsin dells wisconsin world waterpark edmonton alberta canada splash landingstaffordshire staffordshirengland rowspan friendliest park silver dollar city branson missouri holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana dollywood pigeon forge tennessee knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania beech bend park bowlingreen kentucky rowspan cleanest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana busch gardens williamsburg virginia dollywood pigeon forge tennessee disneyland anaheim california magic kingdom orlando florida rowspan best shows dollywood pigeon forge tennessee six flags fiesta texasantonio texasilver dollar city branson missouri rowspan disney s hollywood studios orlando florida rowspan seaworld orlando florida rowspan best food knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania silver dollar city branson missouri epcot orlando florida dollywood pigeon forge tennessee busch gardens williamsburg virginia rowspan best wateride park dudley do right s ripsaw falls islands of adventure valhalla pleasure beach blackpool valhalla pleasure beach blackpool splash mountain magic kingdomountain sidewinder dollywood popeye and bluto s bilge rat barges islands of adventure rowspan best waterpark ride master blaster schlitterbahn master blaster schlitterbahn zoombabwe holiday world splashin safari rowspan deluge kentucky kingdom rowspan dragon s revenge schlitterbahn summit plummet disney s blizzard beach rowspan best kids area kings island mason ohio islands of adventure orlando florida nickelodeon universe bloomington minnesota rowspan efteling kaatsheuvel netherlands rowspan knott s berry farm buena park california rowspan best dark ride dark ride the amazing adventures of spider man islands of adventure twilight zone tower of terror disney s hollywood studios haunted mansion knoebels amusement resort indiana jones adventure temple of the forbidden eye disneyland journey to the center of thearth attraction journey to the center of thearth tokyo disneysea rowspan best outdoor show production illuminations reflections of earth epcot disneyland anaheim california six flags fiesta texasantonio santonio texas rowspan disney s hollywood studios orlando florida rowspan magic kingdom orlando florida rowspan best landscaping busch gardens williamsburg virginia efteling kaatsheuvel netherlands gilroy gardens gilroy california epcot orlando florida rowspan disney s animal kingdom orlando florida rowspan silver dollar city branson missouri rowspan best halloween event universal orlando resort orlando florida knott s berry farm buena park california knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania kennywood west mifflin pennsylvania rowspan best christmas event dollywood pigeon forge tennessee silver dollar city branson missouri magic kingdom orlando florida disneyland anaheim california hersheypark hershey pennsylvania rowspan best carousel knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania santa cruz beach boardwalk santa cruz california six flags over georgiaustell georgia islands of adventure orlando florida six flags great america gurnee illinois rowspan best indooroller coaster revenge of the mummy universal orlando resort universal studios orlando rock n roller coaster starring aerosmith rock n roller coaster disney s hollywood studiospace mountain disneyland space mountain disneyland mindbender galaxyland mindbender galaxyland space mountain magic kingdom space mountain magic kingdom rowspan best funhouse walk through attraction frankenstein s castle indiana beach noah s arkennywood hotel gasten liseberg lustiga huset gr na lund spok huset gr na lund class wikitable colspan top steel roller coasters rank recipient park supplier points bizarro six flags new england bizarro six flags new england intamin millennium forcedar pointaminitro six flags great adventure nitro six flags great adventure bolliger mabillard b m goliath six flags over georgia goliath six flags over georgia bolliger mabillard b m apollo s chariot busch gardens williamsburg bolliger mabillard b m expedition geforce holiday park germany holiday park intamin diamondback roller coaster diamondbackings island bolliger mabillard b m phantom s revenge kennywood morgan arrow magnum xl cedar point arrow dynamics arrow top thrill dragster cedar pointamin montu roller coaster montu busch gardens tampa bay bolliger mabillard b m behemoth roller coaster behemoth canada s wonderland bolliger mabillard b m x roller coaster x six flags magic mountain arrow dynamics arrow raging bull roller coasteraging bull six flags great america bolliger mabillard b maverick roller coaster maverick cedar pointamind bender six flags over georgia mind bender six flags over georgianton schwarzkopf dragon challenge islands of adventure bolliger mabillard b m sheikra busch gardens tampa bay bolliger mabillard b m alpengeist busch gardens williamsburg bolliger mabillard b m nemesis roller coaster nemesis alton towers bolliger mabillard b m powder keg a blast into the wilderness powder keg silver dollar city s worldwide s raptor cedar point raptor cedar point bolliger mabillard b m steel force dorney park wildwater kingdom dorney park d h morgan manufacturing morgan big bad wolf roller coaster big bad wolf busch gardens williamsburg arrow dynamics arrow goliath la ronde goliath la ronde amusement park la ronde bolliger mabillard b m griffon roller coaster griffon busch gardens williamsburg bolliger mabillard b m kumba busch gardens tampa bay bolliger mabillard b m superman ride of steel ride of steel darien lake intamin the incredible hulk coaster islands of adventure bolliger mabillard b mamba roller coaster mamba worlds ofun d h morgan manufacturing morgan kingda ka six flags great adventure intamin tatsu six flags magic mountain bolliger mabillard b m goliath six flags magic mountain goliath six flags magic mountain giovanola shock wave six flags over texashock wave six flags over texas anton schwarzkopf superman ride of steel six flags america intamin expedition everest disney s animal kingdom vekoma walt disney imagineering titan roller coaster titan six flags over texas giovanola rowspan manta seaworld orlando manta seaworld orlando bolliger mabillard b m rowspan storm runner hersheypark intamin goliath walibi holland goliath walibi holland intamin volcano the blast coaster kings dominion intamin xcelerator knott s berry farm intamin euro mir europark mack rides mack superman krypton coaster six flags fiesta texas bolliger mabillard b m big one roller coaster big one pleasure beach blackpool arrow dynamics arrow steel seaworld santonio d h morgan manufacturing morgan whizzeroller coaster whizzer six flags great americanton schwarzkopf mindbender galaxyland mindbender galaxyland anton schwarzkopf space mountain disneyland space mountain disneyland walt disney imagineering katun roller coaster katun mirabilandia italy mirabilandia bolliger mabillard b m class wikitable colspan top wooden roller coasters rank recipient park supplier points the voyage roller coaster the voyage holiday world splashin safari the gravity group boulder dash roller coaster boulder dash lake compounce custom coasters international cci el toro six flags great adventurel toro six flags great adventure intamin phoenix roller coaster phoenix knoebels amusement resort philadelphia toboggan company ptc herbert schmeck thunderhead roller coaster thunderheadollywood great coasters international gci ravine flyer ii waldameer park the gravity group the beast roller coaster the beast kings island kings island prowler worlds ofun prowler worlds ofun great coasters international gci hades roller coaster hades mount olympus water theme park the gravity group shivering timbers roller coaster shivering timbers michigan s adventure custom coasters international cci the raven roller coaster the raven holiday world splashin safari custom coasters international cci lightning racer hersheypark great coasters international gci american thunderoller coaster american thunder six flagst louis great coasters international gci coney island cyclone coney island luna park coney island luna park coney island keenan baker the legend roller coaster the legend holiday world splashin safari custom coasters international cci hellcatimber falls adventure park s worldwide s kentucky rumbler beech bend park great coasters international gci colossos heide park colossos heide park intamin ghostrideroller coaster ghostrider knott s berry farm custom coasters international cci tremors roller coaster tremorsilverwood theme park custom coasters international cci balderoller coaster balder liseberg intamin giant dipper santa cruz beach boardwalk prior church looff thunderbolt kennywood thunderbolt kennywood vettel john miller entrepreneur miller cornball express indiana beach custom coasters international cci megafobia roller coaster megafobia oakwood theme park custom coasters international cci playland wooden coaster playland vancouver playland athe pne phare grand national roller coaster grand national pleasure beach blackpool paige rampage roller coasterampage alabamadventure custom coasters international cci the comet great escape the comet great escape amusement park great escape philadelphia toboggan company ptc herbert schmeck viper six flags great america viper six flags great america six flags twisteroller coaster twister knoebels amusement resort fetterman knoebels amusement resort knoebels new texas giantexas giant six flags over texas dinn corporation dinn summers the boss roller coaster the bossix flagst louis custom coasters international cci thunderbird powerpark thunderbird powerpark great coasters international gci troy toverland great coasters international gci ozark wildcat celebration city great coasters international gci boardwalk bullet kemah boardwalk m v the gravity group tonnerre de zeus parc ast rix custom coasters international cci jack rabbit kennywood jack rabbit kennywood philadelphia toboggan company ptc john miller entrepreneur miller screamin eagle six flagst louis philadelphia toboggan company ptc john c allen hurricane boomers parks boomers coaster works timber terror silverwood theme park custom coasters international cci apocalypse the ride terminator salvation the ride six flags magic mountain great coasters international gci georgia cyclone six flags over georgia dinn corporation dinn summers renegade roller coasterenegade valleyfair great coasters international gci t express everland intamin rowspan aska nara dreamland intamin rowspan blue streak cedar point blue streak cedar point philadelphia toboggan company ptc hoover giant dipper san diego giant dipper belmont park san diego belmont park prior church excalibur funtown splashtown usa excalibur funtown splashtown usa custom coasters international cci winners titlestyle text align center border ffff px solid host park give kids the world village class wikitable sortable category class unsortable rank class unsortable recipient class unsortable location class unsortable vote rowspan golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride amusement park ravine flyer ii waldameer park boardwalk bullet kemah boardwalk behemoth roller coaster behemoth canada s wonderland led zeppelin the ride freestyle music park american thunderoller coaster evel knievel six flagst louis rowspan golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride waterpark dragon s revenge schlitterbahn dolphin plunge aquatica floridaquatica black hole the next generation wet n wild orlando rock roll island water country usa taumata racer aquatica floridaquatica rowspan best amusement park cedar point sandusky ohio busch gardens williamsburg virginia knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania disneyland anaheim california rowspan universal s islands of adventure islands of adventure orlando florida rowspan pleasure beach blackpool blackpool england rowspan europark rust baden w rttemberg rust germany rowspan kennywood west mifflin pennsylvania holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana dollywood pigeon forge tennessee rowspan best waterpark schlitterbahnew braunfels texas holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana disney s blizzard beach orlando florida noah s ark waterpark noah s ark wisconsin dells wisconsin disney s typhoon lagoon typhoon lagoon orlando florida rowspan best children s park legoland california carlsbad california idlewild and soak zone ligonier pennsylvania f rup sommerland f rup sommerland saltum denmark dutch wonderland lancaster pennsylvania rowspan memphis kiddie park brooklyn ohio rowspan sesame place langhorne pennsylvania rowspan best marine park marine life park seaworld orlando florida seaworld santonio santonio seaworld san diego san diego rowspan discovery cove orlando florida rowspan six flags discovery kingdom vallejo california rowspan best seaside park santa cruz beach boardwalk santa cruz california pleasure beach blackpool blackpool england morey s piers wildwood new jersey kemah boardwalkemah texas rowspan best indoor waterpark schlitterbahn galveston island schlitterbahn galvestron island galveston texas world waterpark edmonton alberta canada kalahari resorts kalahari resort sandusky ohio kalahari resorts kalahari resort wisconsin dells wisconsin castaway bay sandusky ohio castaway bay sandusky ohio rowspan friendliest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana dollywood pigeon forge tennessee knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania silver dollar city branson missouri beech bend park bowlingreen kentucky rowspan cleanest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana busch gardens williamsburg virginia rowspan dollywood pigeon forge tennessee rowspan magic kingdom orlando florida disneyland anaheim california rowspan best showsix flags fiesta texasantonio texas dollywood pigeon forge tennessee disney s hollywood studios orlando florida silver dollar city branson missouri busch gardens williamsburg virginia rowspan best food knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania dollywood pigeon forge tennesseepcot orlando florida silver dollar city branson missouri busch gardens williamsburg virginia rowspan best wateride park dudley do right s ripsaw falls islands of adventure valhalla pleasure beach blackpool valhalla pleasure beach blackpool splash mountain magic kingdom popeye and bluto s bilge rat barges islands of adventure journey to atlantiseaworld orlando rowspan best waterpark ride water slide water coaster master blaster schlitterbahn zoombabwe holiday world splashin safari deluge kentucky kingdom dragon s revenge schlitterbahn black anaconda noah s ark waterpark noah s ark rowspan best kids area kings island mason ohio islands of adventure orlando florida knott s berry farm buena park california rowspan kings dominion doswell virginia rowspanickelodeon universe bloomington minnesota rowspan best landscaping busch gardens williamsburg virginia efteling kaatsheuvel netherlands gilroy gardens gilroy california dollywood pigeon forge tennesseepcot orlando florida rowspan best outdoor show production illuminations reflections of earth epcot six flags fiesta texasantonio santonio texas disneyland anaheim california freestyle music park myrtle beach south carolina disney s hollywood studios orlando florida rowspan best dark ride dark ride the amazing adventures of spider man islands of adventure twilight zone tower of terror disney s hollywood studios haunted mansion knoebels amusement resort nights in white satin the trip freestyle music park pirates of the caribbean attraction pirates of the caribbean disneyland rowspan best halloween event universal orlando resort orlando florida knott s berry farm buena park california knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania kennywood west mifflin pennsylvania cedar point sandusky ohio rowspan best christmas event dollywood pigeon forge tennessee magic kingdom orlando florida disneyland anaheim california silver dollar city branson missouri hersheypark hershey pennsylvania rowspan best carousel knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania santa cruz beach boardwalk santa cruz california six flags over georgiaustell georgia islands of adventure orlando florida six flags great america gurnee illinois rowspan best indooroller coaster revenge of the mummy universal orlando resort universal studios orlando rock n roller coaster starring aerosmith rock n roller coaster disney s hollywood studiospace mountain disneyland space mountain disneyland mindbender galaxyland mindbender galaxyland exterminatoroller coaster exterminator kennywood rowspan best funhouse walk through attraction frankenstein s castle indiana beach noah s arkennywood rowspan hotel gasten liseberg rowspan lustiga huset gr na lund class wikitable colspan top steel roller coasters rank recipient park supplier points bizarro six flags new england superman ride of steel six flags new england intamin millennium forcedar pointaminitro six flags great adventure nitro six flags great adventure bolliger mabillard b m apollo s chariot busch gardens williamsburg bolliger mabillard b m expedition geforce holiday park germany holiday park intamin goliath six flags over georgia goliath six flags over georgia bolliger mabillard b magnum xl cedar point arrow dynamics arrow phantom s revenge kennywood morgan arrow top thrill dragster cedar pointamin montu roller coaster montu busch gardens tampa bay bolliger mabillard b m raging bull roller coasteraging bull six flags great america bolliger mabillard b maverick roller coaster maverick cedar pointaminemesis roller coaster nemesis alton towers bolliger mabillard b m dragon challenge islands of adventure bolliger mabillard b mind bender six flags over georgia mind bender six flags over georgianton schwarzkopf x roller coaster x six flags magic mountain arrow dynamics arrow superman ride of steel ride of steel darien lake intamin steel force dorney park wildwater kingdom dorney park d h morgan manufacturing morgan sheikra busch gardens tampa bay bolliger mabillard b m griffon roller coaster griffon busch gardens williamsburg bolliger mabillard b m superman ride of steel six flags america intamin rowspan alpengeist busch gardens williamsburg bolliger mabillard b m rowspan raptor cedar point raptor cedar point bolliger mabillard b m titan roller coaster titan six flags over texas giovanola kingda ka six flags great adventure intamin the incredible hulk coaster islands of adventure bolliger mabillard b m kumba busch gardens tampa bay bolliger mabillard b m goliath la ronde goliath la ronde amusement park la ronde bolliger mabillard b m behemoth roller coaster behemoth canada s wonderland bolliger mabillard b m goliath six flags magic mountain goliath six flags magic mountain giovanola shock wave six flags over texashock wave six flags over texas anton schwarzkopf goliath walibi holland goliath walibi holland intamin volcano the blast coaster kings dominion intamin big bad wolf roller coaster big bad wolf busch gardens williamsburg arrow dynamics arrow expedition everest disney s animal kingdom vekoma walt disney imagineering tatsu six flags magic mountain bolliger mabillard b m xcelerator knott s berry farm intamin storm runner hersheypark intamin afterburn carowinds afterburn carowinds bolliger mabillard b m rowspan euro mir europark mack rides mack rowspan mamba roller coaster mamba worlds ofun d h morgan manufacturing morgan kraken roller coaster kraken seaworld orlando bolliger mabillard b m rowspan dominatoroller coaster dominator kings dominion bolliger mabillard b m rowspan mindbender galaxyland mindbender galaxyland anton schwarzkopf whizzeroller coaster whizzer six flags great americanton schwarzkopf fahrenheit roller coaster fahrenheit hersheypark intamin rowspan big one roller coaster big one pleasure beach blackpool arrow dynamics arrowspan mystery mine dollywood gerstlauer powder keg a blast into the wilderness powder keg silver dollar city s worldwide s superman krypton coaster six flags fiesta texas bolliger mabillard b m class wikitable colspan top wooden roller coasters rank recipient park supplier points the voyage roller coaster the voyage holiday world splashin safari the gravity group thunderhead roller coaster thunderheadollywood great coasters international gci phoenix roller coaster phoenix knoebels amusement resort philadelphia toboggan company ptc herbert schmeck el toro six flags great adventurel toro six flags great adventure intamin boulder dash roller coaster boulder dash lake compounce custom coasters international cci hades roller coaster hades mount olympus water theme park the gravity group shivering timbers roller coaster shivering timbers michigan s adventure custom coasters international cci the beast roller coaster the beast kings island kings island lightning racer hersheypark great coasters international gci the raven roller coaster the raven holiday world splashin safari custom coasters international cci ravine flyer ii waldameer park the gravity group avalanche timber falls adventure park s worldwide s kentucky rumbler beech bend park great coasters international gci the legend roller coaster the legend holiday world splashin safari custom coasters international cci balderoller coaster balder liseberg intamin coney island cyclone astroland keenan baker tremors roller coaster tremorsilverwood theme park custom coasters international cci colossos heide park colossos heide park intamin thunderbolt kennywood thunderbolt kennywood vettel john miller entrepreneur millerowspan ozark wildcat celebration city great coasters international gci rowspan rampage roller coasterampage alabamadventure custom coasters international cci megafobia roller coaster megafobia oakwood theme park custom coasters international cci giant dipper santa cruz beach boardwalk prior church looff ghostrideroller coaster ghostrider knott s berry farm custom coasters international cci cornball express indiana beach custom coasters international cci troy toverland great coasters international gci grand national roller coaster grand national pleasure beach blackpool paige new texas giantexas giant six flags over texas dinn corporation dinn summers the comet great escape the comet great escape amusement park great escape philadelphia toboggan company ptc herbert schmeck viper six flags great america viper six flags great america six flags playland wooden coaster playland vancouver playland athe pne phare twisteroller coaster twister knoebels amusement resort fetterman knoebels amusement resort knoebels tonnerre de zeus parc ast rix custom coasters international cci jack rabbit kennywood jack rabbit kennywood philadelphia toboggan company ptc john miller entrepreneur millerowspan renegade roller coasterenegade valleyfair great coasters international gci rowspan thunderbird powerpark thunderbird powerpark great coasters international gci hurricane boomers parks boomers coaster works aska nara dreamland intamin boardwalk bullet kemah boardwalk m v the gravity group georgia cyclone six flags over georgia dinn corporation dinn summers blue streak cedar point blue streak cedar point philadelphia toboggan company ptc hoover grizzly kings dominion grizzly kings dominion keco entertainment keco timber terror silverwood theme park custom coasters international cci american thunderoller coaster american thunder six flagst louis great coasters international gci wildcat hersheypark wildcat hersheypark great coasters international gci the boss roller coaster the bossix flagst louis custom coasters international cci racer kennywood racer kennywood philadelphia toboggan company ptc john miller entrepreneur miller screamin eagle six flagst louis philadelphia toboggan company ptc john c allen rowspan great american screamachine six flags over georgia great american screamachine six flags over georgia philadelphia toboggan company ptc john c allen rowspanew mexico rattler cliff s amusement park custom coasters international cci cliff s amusement park cliff s winners titlestyle text align center border ffff px solid host park dollywood class wikitable sortable category class unsortable rank class unsortable recipient class unsortable location class unsortable vote rowspan golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride amusement park maverick roller coaster maverick cedar point mystery mine dollywood griffon roller coaster griffon busch gardens williamsburg renegade roller coasterenegade valleyfair troy toverland rowspan golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride waterpark bakuli splashin safari deluge kentucky kingdom six flags kentucky kingdom brainwash wet n wild orlando east coaster waterworks hersheypark poseidon s rage mt olympus rowspan best amusement park cedar point sandusky ohio knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania islands of adventure orlando florida holiday world santa claus indiana rowspan disneyland anaheim california rowspan pleasure beach blackpool england kennywood west mifflin pennsylvania busch gardens williamsburg virginia europark rust baden w rttemberg rust germany rowspan magic kingdom orlando florida rowspan tokyo disneysea tokyo japan rowspan best waterpark schlitterbahnew braunfels texas holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana disney s blizzard beach orlando florida rowspanoah s ark waterpark noah s ark wisconsin dells wisconsin rowspan disney s typhoon lagoon typhoon lagoon orlando florida rowspan best children s park legoland california carlsbad california idlewild and soak zone ligonier pennsylvania rowspan f rup sommerland f rup sommerland saltum denmark rowspan sesame place langhorne pennsylvania memphis kiddie park brooklyn ohio rowspan best marine park marine life park seaworld orlando florida seaworld santonio santonio seaworld san diego san diego six flags discovery kingdom vallejo california marineland ontario canada rowspan best seaside park santa cruz beach boardwalk santa cruz california pleasure beach blackpool blackpool england morey s piers wildwood new jersey belmont park san diego california kemah boardwalkemah texas rowspan best indoor waterpark world waterpark edmonton alberta canada schlitterbahn galveston island schlitterbahn galveston island galveston texas rowspan castaway bay sandusky ohio castaway bay sandusky ohio rowspan kalahari resorts kalahari resort sandusky ohio rowspan great wolf resorts great wolf lodge sandusky ohio rowspan kalahari resorts kalahari resort wisconsin dells wisconsin splash landings alton towerstaffordshirengland rowspan friendliest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana dollywood pigeon forge tennessee knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania silver dollar city branson missouri rowspan disneyland anaheim california rowspan beech bend park bowlingreen kentucky rowspan cleanest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana busch gardens williamsburg virginia rowspan disneyland anaheim california rowspan magic kingdom orlando florida dollywood pigeon forge tennessee rowspan best showsix flags fiesta texasantonio texas dollywood pigeon forge tennessee rowspan busch gardens williamsburg virginia rowspan silver dollar city branson missouri disney s hollywood studios orlando florida rowspan best food knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania epcot orlando florida dollywood pigeon forge tennessee busch gardens williamsburg virginia silver dollar city branson missouri rowspan best wateride park dudley do right s ripsaw falls islands of adventure valhalla pleasure beach blackpool valhalla pleasure beach blackpool splash mountain magic kingdom popeye and bluto s bilge rat barges islands of adventure journey to atlantiseaworld orlando rowspan best waterpark ride water slide water coaster master blaster schlitterbahn deluge kentucky kingdom zoombabwe holiday world splashin safari rowspan bakuli holiday world splashin safari rowspan summit plummet disney s blizzard beach blizzard beach rowspan best kids area kings island mason ohio islands of adventure orlando florida carowinds charlotte north carolina rowspan idlewild and soak zone idlewild ligonier pennsylvania rowspan knott s berry farm buena park california rowspan best landscaping park busch gardens williamsburg virginia gilroy gardens gilroy california efteling kaatsheuvel netherlands rowspan epcot orlando florida rowspan busch gardens tampa buena park california rowspan best outdoor show production illuminations reflections of earth epcot six flags fiesta texasantonio santonio texas disneyland anaheim california disney s hollywood studios orlando florida cedar point sandusky ohio rowspan best dark ride dark ride the amazing adventures of spider man islands of adventure haunted mansion knoebels amusement resortwilight zone tower of terror disney s hollywood studios indiana jones adventure temple of the forbidden eye disneyland pirates of the caribbean attraction pirates of the caribbean disneyland rowspan best halloween event knott s berry farm buena park california universal orlando resort orlando florida kennywood west mifflin pennsylvania knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania cedar point sandusky ohio rowspan best carousel grand carousel knoebels amusement resort looff carousel santa cruz beach boardwalk the riverview carousel six flags over georgia caro seuss el islands of adventure columbia carousel six flags great america rowspan best indooroller coaster rock n roller coaster starring aerosmith rock n roller coaster disney s hollywood studios rowspan revenge of the mummy universal orlando resort universal studios orlando rowspan space mountain disneyland space mountain disneyland space mountain magic kingdom space mountain magic kingdom exterminatoroller coaster exterminator kennywood class wikitable colspan top steel roller coasters rank recipient park supplier points bizarro six flags new england superman ride of steel six flags new england intamin millennium forcedar pointaminitro six flags great adventure nitro six flags great adventure bolliger mabillard b m apollo s chariot busch gardens williamsburg busch gardens europe bolliger mabillard b magnum xl cedar point arrow dynamics arrow expedition geforce holiday park germany holiday park intamin phantom s revenge kennywood morgan arrow goliath six flags over georgia goliath six flags over georgia bolliger mabillard b m top thrill dragster cedar pointamin montu roller coaster montu busch gardens tampa bay busch gardens africa bolliger mabillard b m superman ride of steel ride of steel darien lake intamin raging bull roller coasteraging bull six flags great america bolliger mabillard b maverick roller coaster maverick cedar pointamin rowspanemesis roller coaster nemesis alton towers bolliger mabillard b m rowspan superman ride of steel six flags america intamin sheikra busch gardens tampa bay busch gardens africa bolliger mabillard b m x roller coaster x six flags magic mountain arrow dynamics arrow alpengeist busch gardens williamsburg bolliger mabillard b m raptor cedar point raptor cedar point bolliger mabillard b m steel force dorney park wildwater kingdom dorney park d h morgan manufacturing morgan kumba busch gardens tampa bay busch gardens africa bolliger mabillard b mind bender six flags over georgia mind bender six flags over georgianton schwarzkopf dragon challenge dueling dragons islands of adventure bolliger mabillard b m rowspan goliath six flags magic mountain goliath six flags magic mountain giovanola rowspan xcelerator knott s berry farm intamin titan roller coaster titan six flags over texas giovanola griffon roller coaster griffon busch gardens williamsburg busch gardens europe bolliger mabillard b m volcano the blast coaster kings dominion intamin goliath walibi holland goliath walibi holland walibi world intamin the incredible hulk roller coaster the incredible islands of adventure bolliger mabillard b m kingda ka six flags great adventure intamin rowspan big bad wolf roller coaster big bad wolf busch gardens williamsburg busch gardens europe arrow dynamics arrowspan expedition everest disney s animal kingdom vekoma walt disney imagineering powder keg a blast into the wilderness powder keg silver dollar city s worldwide s shock wave six flags over texashock wave six flags over texas anton schwarzkopf superman krypton coaster six flags fiesta texas bolliger mabillard b m goliath la ronde goliath la ronde amusement park la ronde bolliger mabillard b m storm runner hersheypark intamin mamba roller coaster mamba worlds ofun d h morgan manufacturing morgan kraken roller coaster kraken seaworld orlando bolliger mabillard b m rowspan tatsu six flags magic mountain bolliger mabillard b m rowspan afterburn roller coaster top gun the jet coaster carowinds bolliger mabillard b m bizarro six flags great adventure medusa six flags great adventure bolliger mabillard b m big one roller coaster big one pleasure beach blackpool arrow dynamics arrow revenge of the mummy universal studios florida premieridesteel seaworld santonio d h morgan manufacturing morgan mystery mine dollywood gerstlauer mindbender galaxyland mindbender galaxyland anton schwarzkopf california screamin disney californiadventure disney s californiadventure intamin katun mirabilandia bolliger mabillard b m class wikitable colspan top wooden roller coasters rank recipient park supplier points the voyage roller coaster the voyage holiday world splashin safari the gravity group thunderhead roller coaster thunderheadollywood great coasters international gci phoenix roller coaster phoenix knoebels amusement resort philadelphia toboggan company ptc herbert schmeck boulder dash roller coaster boulder dash lake compounce custom coasters international cci hades roller coaster hades mount olympus water theme park the gravity group shivering timbers roller coaster shivering timbers michigan s adventure custom coasters international cci the raven roller coaster the raven holiday world splashin safari custom coasters international cci the beast roller coaster the beast kings island kings island el toro six flags great adventurel toro six flags great adventure intamin lightning racer hersheypark great coasters international gci the legend roller coaster the legend holiday world splashin safari custom coasters international cci avalanche timber falls adventure park s worldwide s kentucky rumbler beech bend park great coasters international gci coney island cyclone astroland keenan baker balderoller coaster balder liseberg intamin tremors roller coaster tremorsilverwood theme park custom coasters international cci ghostrideroller coaster ghostrider knott s berry farm custom coasters international cci ozark wildcat celebration city great coasters international gci the comet great escape the comet great escape amusement park great escape philadelphia toboggan company ptc herbert schmeck new texas giantexas giant six flags over texas dinn corporation dinn summers thunderbolt kennywood thunderbolt kennywood vettel miller giant dipper santa cruz beach boardwalk prior church looff colossos heide park colossos heide park intamin cornball express indiana beach custom coasters international cci megafobia roller coaster megafobia oakwood theme park custom coasters international cci tonnerre de zeus parc ast rix custom coasters international cci rampage roller coasterampage alabamadventure custom coasters international cci grand national roller coaster grand national pleasure beach blackpool paige playland wooden coaster playland vancouver playland athe pne phare twisteroller coaster twister knoebels amusement resort fetterman knoebels amusement resort knoebels thunderbird powerpark thunderbird powerpark great coasters international gci the boss roller coaster the bossix flagst louis custom coasters international cci jack rabbit kennywood jack rabbit kennywood philadelphia toboggan company ptc john miller entrepreneur miller aska nara dreamland intaminew mexico rattler cliff s amusement park custom coasters international cci cliff s amusement park cliff s timber terror silverwood theme park custom coasters international cci viper six flags great america viper six flags great america six flags wildcat hersheypark wildcat hersheypark great coasters international gci mean streak cedar point dinn corporation rowspan gwazi busch gardens tampa great coasters international gci rowspan dania beachurricane hurricane boomers parks boomers coaster works roaroller coasteroar six flags america great coasters international gci georgia cyclone six flags over georgia dinn corporation dinn summers great american screamachine six flags over georgia great american screamachine six flags over georgia philadelphia toboggan company ptc john c allen the racer kings island the racer kings island philadelphia toboggan company ptc big dipper geauga lake big dipper geauga lake amusement park geauga lake milleroaroller coasteroar six flags discovery kingdom great coasters international gci blue streak cedar point blue streak cedar point philadelphia toboggan company ptc hooverowspan racer kennywood racer kennywood philadelphia toboggan company ptc john miller entrepreneur millerowspan thunder coaster tusenfryd vekoma winners titlestyle text align center border ffff px solid host park holiday world splashin safari class wikitable sortable category recipient location best amusement park cedar point sandusky ohio best waterpark schlitterbahnew baunfels texas best children s park legoland california carlsbad california best marine life park seaworld orlando florida best wooden coaster thunderhead roller coaster thunderheadollywood pigeon forge tenn besteel coaster bizarro six flags new england superman ride of steel six flags new england agawamassachusetts best kids area paramount s kings island kings mills ohio friendliest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus ind cleanest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus ind best halloween event halloween horror nights at universal orlando resort orlando florida best landscaping amusement park busch gardens williamsburg virginia best landscaping waterpark schlitterbahnew braunfels texas best food knoebels amusement resort elysburg pa best showsix flags fiesta texasantonio best outdoor night show production illuminations reflections of earth epcot orlando florida best wateride dudley do right s ripsaw falls universal s islands of adventure orlando florida best waterpark ride master blaster schlitterbahnew braunfels texas best dark ride the amazing adventures of spider man universal s islands of adventure orlando florida golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride of amusement park the voyage roller coaster the voyage holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride of waterpark bahariver holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana best capacity cedar point sandusky ohio bestheming of an attraction dragon challenge dueling dragons universal s islands of adventure orlando florida best concert venue timberwolf amphitheater paramount s kings island kings mills ohio class wikitable colspan top steel roller coasters rank recipient park supplier bizarro six flags new england superman ride of steel six flags new england intamin millennium forcedar pointamin magnum xl cedar point arrow dynamics arrow nitro six flags great adventure nitro six flags great adventure bolliger mabillard b m apollo s chariot busch gardens williamsburg busch gardens europe bolliger mabillard b m expedition geforce holiday park germany holiday park intamin phantom s revenge kennywood morgan arrow montu roller coaster montu busch gardens tampa bay busch gardens africa bolliger mabillard b m goliath six flags over georgia goliath six flags over georgia bolliger mabillard b m top thrill dragster cedar pointamin raging bull roller coasteraging bull six flags great america bolliger mabillard b m superman ride of steel darien lake intamin sheikra busch gardens tampa bay busch gardens africa bolliger mabillard b m raptor cedar point raptor cedar point bolliger mabillard b m steel force dorney park wildwater kingdom d h morgan manufacturing morganemesis roller coaster nemesis alton towers bolliger mabillard b m alpengeist busch gardens williamsburg busch gardens europe bolliger mabillard b m dragon challenge islands of adventure bolliger mabillard b mind bender six flags over georgia mind bender six flags over georgianton schwarzkopf x roller coaster x six flags magic mountain arrow dynamics arrowspan the incredible hulk roller coaster the incredible hulk islands of adventure bolliger mabillard b m kumba busch gardens tampa bay busch gardens africa bolliger mabillard b m superman ride of steel six flags america intamin goliath six flags magic mountain goliath six flags magic mountain giovanola volcano the blast coaster kings dominion intamin winners titlestyle text align center border ffff px solid host park six flags fiesta texas class wikitable sortable category recipient location best amusement park cedar point sandusky ohio best waterpark schlitterbahnew braunfels texas best children s park legoland california carlsbad california best wooden coaster thunderhead roller coaster thunderheadollywood pigeon forge tennessee besteel coaster millennium forcedar point sandusky ohio best kids area paramount s kings island mason ohio friendliest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana cleanest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana best halloween event halloween haunt at knott s berry farm buena park california best landscaping amusement park busch gardens williamsburg virginia best landscaping waterpark schlitterbahnew braunfels texas best food knoebels amusement resort elysburg pa best showsix flags fiesta texasantonio best outdoor night show production illuminations reflections of earth epcot orlando florida best wateride valhalla pleasure beach blackpool valhalla pleasure beach blackpool england best waterpark ride master blaster schlitterbahnew braunfels texas best dark ride the amazing adventures of spider man universal s islands of adventure orlando florida golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride of amusement park hades roller coaster hades mt olympus water theme park wisconsin dells wis golden ticket award for best new ride best new ride of waterpark black anaconda noah s ark water park wisconsin dells wis best place to ride go karts mt olympus water theme park wisconsin dells wis best souvenirs cedar point sandusky ohio best games area cedar point sandusky ohio winners titlestyle text align center border ffff px solid host park cedar point class wikitable sortable category recipient location best amusement park cedar point sandusky ohio best waterpark schlitterbahnew baunfels texas best children s park legoland california carlsbad california best wooden coaster boulder dash roller coaster boulder dash lake compounce bristol conn besteel coaster millennium forcedar point sandusky ohio best kids area paramount s kings island mason ohio friendliest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus ind cleanest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana best landscaping busch gardens williamsburg virginia most beautiful park busch gardens williamsburg virginia most beautiful waterpark schlitterbahnew braunfels texas best food knoebels amusement resort elysburg pa best showsix flags fiesta texasantonio best outdoor night show the lone star spectacular six flags fiesta texasantonio best wateride dudley do right s ripsaw falls universal s islands of adventure orlando florida best waterpark ride master blaster schlitterbahnew braunfels texas best dark ride the amazing adventures of spider man universal s islands of adventure orlando florida winners titlestyle text align center border ffff px solid host park schlitterbahn class wikitable sortable category rank recipient location park vote rowspan best amusement park cedar point sandusky ohio islands of adventure orlando florida blackpool pleasure beach blackpool england rowspan best waterpark schlitterbahnew baunfels texas holiday world splashin safari santa claus indorney park wildwater kingdom allentown pa rowspan best kids area kings island paramount s kings island mason ohio islands of adventure orlando florida kings dominion paramount s kings dominion doswell virginia rowspan friendliest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus ind knoebels amusement resort elysburg pennsylvania kings dominion paramount s kings dominion doswell virginia rowspan cleanest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana disneyland anaheim california busch gardens williamsburg virginia rowspan best landscaping busch gardens williamsburg virginia efteling kaatsheuvel netherlands rowspan gilroy gardens bonfante gardens gilroy california rowspan alton towerstaffordshirengland rowspan most beautiful park busch gardens williamsburg virginia efteling kaatsheuvel the netherlands most beautiful waterpark schlitterbahnew braunfels texas best food knoebels amusement resort elysburg pa best showsix flags fiesta texasantonio texas best wateride valhalla pleasure beach blackpool valhalla pleasure beach blackpool best waterpark ride zinga holiday world splashin safari rowspan best dark ride the amazing adventures of spider man islands of adventure haunted mansion knoebels amusement resort dreamflight droomvlucht efteling rowspan best park capacity cedar point sandusky ohio disneyland anaheim california magic kingdom orlando florida rowspan best non coasteride list of intamin rides drop towers giant drops multiple locations the amazing adventures of spider man islands of adventure the twilight zone tower of terror disney s hollywood studios disney mgm studios rowspan bestheming of an attraction dragon challenge dueling dragons islands of adventure indiana jones adventure temple of the forbidden eye disneyland the twilight zone tower of terror disney s hollywood studios disney mgm studios class wikitable colspan top steel roller coasters rank recipient park supplier points bizarro six flags new england superman ride of steel six flags new england intamin millennium forcedar pointamin expedition geforce holiday park germany holiday park intamin magnum xl cedar point arrow dynamics arrow apollo s chariot busch gardens williamsburg bolliger mabillard b m nitro six flags great adventure nitro six flags great adventure b m nemesis roller coaster nemesis alton towers b m phantom s revenge kennywood h morgan manufacturing morgan arrow superman ride of steel darien lake six flags darien lake intamin raptor cedar point raptorowspan cedar point bolliger mabillard b m top thrill dragster intamin montu busch gardens tampa bolliger mabillard b m superman ride of steel six flags america intamin dragon challenge dueling dragons islands of adventure bolliger mabillard b m x roller coaster x six flags magic mountain arrow dynamics arrow steel force dorney park wildwater kingdom d h morgan manufacturing morgan raging bull roller coasteraging bull six flags great america bolliger mabillard b m goliath six flags magic mountain goliath six flags magic mountain giovanola rowspan goliath walibi holland goliath walibi holland six flags holland intamin rowspan alpengeist busch gardens williamsburg rowspan bolliger mabillard b m the incredible hulk roller coaster the incredible hulk islands of adventure kumba busch gardens tampa euro mir europark mack rides mack airoller coaster air alton towers rowspan bolliger mabillard b m superman krypton coaster six flags fiesta texas mind bender six flags over georgia mind bender six flags over georgianton schwarzkopf titan roller coaster titan six flags over texas giovanola volcano the blast coaster king s dominion paramount s king s dominion intamin big one roller coaster big one blackpool pleasure beach arrow dynamics arrow mr freeze roller coaster mr freeze six flags over texas premierides mamba roller coaster mamba worlds ofun d h morgan manufacturing morgan colossus thorpe park colossus thorpe park intamin hypersonic xlc king s dominion paramount s king s dominion s worldwide s shock wave six flags over texashock wave six flags over texas anton schwarzkopf xcelerator knott s berry farm intamin bizarro six flags great adventure medusa six flags great adventure bolliger mabillard b mindbender galaxyland mindbender galaxyland anton schwarzkopf superman ultimate flight six flags over georgia rowspan bolliger mabillard b m afterburn roller coaster top gun the jet coaster carowinds paramount s carowinds wildfire roller coaster wildfire silver dollar city the riddler s revenge six flags magic mountain big bad wolf roller coaster big bad wolf busch gardens williamsburg arrow dynamics arrow california screamin disney californiadventure disney s californiadventure intamin monta infinitumagnum force flamingo land resort anton schwarzkopf rowspan superman escape from krypton superman thescape six flags magic mountaintamin rowspan flight deck california s great america top gun california s great america paramount s great america bolliger mabillard b m possessed roller coaster superman ultimatescape geauga lake six flags worlds of adventure intamin kraken roller coaster kraken seaworld orlando bolliger mabillard b m desperado roller coaster desperado buffalo bill s arrow dynamics arrowicked twister cedar pointamin class wikitable colspan top wooden roller coasters rank recipient park supplier points the raven roller coaster the raven holiday world splashin safari rowspan custom coasters international cci shivering timbers michigan s adventure boulder dash roller coaster boulder dash lake compounce phoenix roller coaster phoenix knoebels amusement resort dinn corporation dinn philadelphia toboggan coasters ptc the legend roller coaster the legend holiday world splashin safari rowspan custom coasters international cci ghostrideroller coaster ghostrider knott s berry farm lightning racer hersheypark great coasters international gcii the beast roller coaster the beast colspan kings island megafobia oakwood leisure park custom coasters international cci new texas giantexas giant six flags over texas dinn corporation dinn colossos heide park colossos heide park intamin grand national roller coaster grand national blackpool pleasure beacharles paige cornball express indiana beach custom coasters international cci the comet great escape the comet great escape amusement park great escape philadelphia toboggan coasters ptc herbert schmeck rampage roller coasterampage splash adventure visionland custom coasters international cci coney island cyclone astroland harry c baker the boss roller coaster the bossix flagst louis custom coasters international cci georgia cyclone six flags over georgia dinn corporation dinn thunderbolt kennywood thunderbolt kennywood andy vettel john miller entrepreneur john miller tonnerre de zeus parc ast rix custom coasters international cci twisteroller coaster twister knoebels amusement resort knoebels fetterman tremors roller coaster tremorsilverwood theme park custom coasters international cci viper six flags great america viper six flags great america six flags playland wooden coaster playland vancouver playland phare texas cyclone six flags astroworld frontier ozark wildcat celebration city gcii winners titlestyle text align center border ffff px solid host park paramount s kings island class wikitable sortable category recipient location best amusement park cedar point sandusky ohio best waterpark schlitterbahnew baunfels texas best wooden coaster the raven holiday world splashin safari santa claus ind besteel coaster millennium forcedar point sandusky ohio best kids area paramount s kings island mason ohio friendliest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus ind cleanest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus ind best landscaping busch gardens williamsburg virginia best food knoebels amusement resort elysburg pa best showsix flags fiesta texasantonio best wateride dudley do right s ripsaw falls universal s islands of adventure orlando florida best waterpark ride zinga holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana best dark ride the amazing adventures of spider man universal s islands of adventure orlando florida best park capacity cedar point sandusky ohio best souvenirs knoebels amusement resort elysburg pa best games area cedar point sandusky ohio besthemed or background music universal s islands of adventure orlando florida most classic or distinctive coaster station cyclone lakeside amusement park denver colorado winners titlestyle text align center border ffff px solid host park holiday world splashin safari class wikitable sortable category recipient location best amusement park cedar point sandusky ohio best waterpark schlitterbahnew baunfels texas best wooden coaster the raven holiday world splashin safari santa claus ind besteel coaster millennium forcedar point sandusky ohio best kids area paramount s kings island mason ohio friendliest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus ind cleanest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana best landscaping busch gardens williamsburg virginia best food knoebels amusement resort elysburg pa best showsix flags fiesta texasantonio best wateride dudley do right s ripsaw falls universal s islands of adventure orlando florida best waterpark ride master blaster schlitterbahn master blaster schlitterbahnew braunfels texas best park capacity cedar point sandusky ohio best dark ride the amazing adventures of spider man universal s islands of adventure orlando florida best carousel knoebels amusement resort elysburg pa winners titlestyle text align center border ffff px solid no host park the awards were announced from amusementoday s arlington texas office class wikitable sortable category recipient location best amusement park cedar point sandusky ohio best waterpark schlitterbahnew baunfels texas best wooden coaster the raven holiday world splashin safari santa claus ind besteel coaster magnum xl cedar point sandusky ohio friendliest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus ind cleanest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana best landscaping busch gardens williamsburg virginia best food knoebels amusement resort elysburg pa best showsix flags fiesta texasantonio best ride theming dragon challenge dueling dragons universal s islands of adventure orlando florida best waterpark ride master blaster schlitterbahn master blaster schlitterbahnew braunfels texas best park capacity cedar point sandusky ohio best indoor attraction the amazing adventures of spider man universal s islands of adventure orlando florida best non coasteride the amazing adventures of spider man universal s islands of adventure orlando florida winners titlestyle text align center border ffff px solid no host park the awards were announced from amusementoday s arlington texas office class wikitable sortable category recipient location best amusementheme park cedar point sandusky ohio best waterpark schlitterbahnew baunfels texas best wooden coaster new texas giantexas giant six flags over texas arlington texas besteel coaster magnum xl cedar point sandusky ohio friendliest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus ind cleanest park busch gardens williamsburg virginia best landscaping busch gardens williamsburg virginia best food busch gardens williamsburg virginia best showsix flags fiesta texasantonio texas best ride theming ride attraction or queue dragon challenge dueling dragons universal s islands of adventure orlando florida best waterpark ride master blaster schlitterbahn master blaster schlitterbahnew branfels texas best park capacity cedar point sandusky ohio best indoor attractiononcoaster the amazing adventures of spider man universal s islands of adventure orlando florida best non coasteride list of intamin rides drop towers giant drops multiple locations winners titlestyle text align center border ffff px solid no host park the awards were announced from amusementoday s arlington texas office class wikitable sortable category rank recipient location park vote rowspan best amusementheme park cedar point sandusky ohio busch gardens williamsburg virginia kennywood west mifflin pa best waterpark schlitterbahnew braunfels texas friendliest park holiday world splashin safari santa claus indiana cleanest park busch gardens williamsburg virginia rowspan best landscaping busch gardens williamsburg virginia rowspan disneyland anaheim california rowspan walt disney world lake buena vista florida busch gardens tampa florida rowspan best food busch gardens williamsburg virginia kennywood west mifflin pa best shows busch gardens williamsburg virginia rowspan besthemed ride rowspanemesis roller coaster nemesis alton towers rowspan batman the ride six flags great americalpengeist busch gardens williamsburg the twilight zone tower of terror disney s hollywood studios disney mgm studios best waterpark ride master blaster schlitterbahn master blaster schlitterbahn best capacity fastest moving lines cedar point sandusky ohio rowspan best simulator indoor attraction back to the future the ride universal studios florida star tours disneyland t d battle across time universal studios florida dino island multiple locations rowspan best non coasteride list of intamin rides drop towers giant drops rowspan multiple locationspace shot ride space shot skycoaster class wikitable colspan top steel roller coasters rank recipient park supplier points magnum xl cedar point arrow dynamics alpengeist busch gardens williamsburg bolliger mabillard montu roller coaster montu rowspan busch gardens tampa bolliger mabillard kumba roller coaster kumba bolliger mabillard steel force dorney park wildwater kingdom d h morgan manufacturing raptor cedar point raptor cedar point bolliger mabillard mamba roller coaster mamba worlds ofun d h morgan manufacturing desperado roller coaster desperado buffalo bill s arrow dynamics big bad wolf roller coaster big bad wolf busch gardens williamsburg arrow dynamics nemesis roller coaster nemesis alton towers bolliger mabillard phantom s revenge steel phantom kennywood arrow dynamics mind bender six flags over georgia mind bender six flags over georgianton schwarzkopf mindbender galaxyland mindbender galaxyland anton schwarzkopf mantis roller coaster mantis cedar point bolliger mabillard b m rowspan tsunami roller coaster taz s texas tornado six flags astroworld anton schwarzkopf rowspan loch ness monsteroller coaster loch ness monster busch gardens williamsburg arrow dynamicshockwave six flags over texashockwave six flags over texas anton schwarzkopf big one roller coaster big one blackpool pleasure beach arrow dynamics batman the ride six flags great adventure bolliger mabillard superman escape from krypton superman thescape six flags magic mountaintamin batman the ride six flagst louis bolliger mabillard the great white seaworld santonio the great white seaworld santonio bolliger mabillard rowspan mr freeze six flags over texas premierides rowspan batman the ride six flags great america bolliger mabillard crazy mouse dinosaur beach reverchon class wikitable colspan top wooden roller coasters rank recipient park supplier points new texas giantexas giant six flags over texas dinn corporation dinn the raven roller coaster the raven holiday world splashin safari custom coasters international cci the beast roller coaster the beast colspan kings island the comet great escape the comet great escape amusement park great escape philadelphia toboggan coasters ptc megafobia oakwood theme park rowspan custom coasters international cci shivering timbers michigan s adventure coney island cyclone astroland vernon keenan coaster designer keenan harry c baker timber wolf roller coaster timber wolf worlds ofun dinn corporation dinn thunderbolt kennywood thunderbolt kennywood vettel john miller entrepreneur miller phoenix roller coaster phoenix knoebels philadelphia toboggan coasters ptc publisher s picks class wikitable year category recipient person of the yearaffi kaprelyan renaissance award ed hart supplier of the year bolliger mabillard park of the year cedar point park of the year lagoon amusement park lagoon persons of the year alberto zamperland valerio ferrari renaissance award huck finn s playland turnstile award quassy amusement park persons of the year seaworld rescue team park of the year disney californiadventure supplier of the yearws and associates luminosity ignite the night person of the year tilan k fertitta galveston island historic pleasure pier turnstile award seaworld san diego park of the year gr na lund supplier of the year chance morgan chance rides manufacturing legendseries richard kinzel cedar fair entertainment company park of the year beech bend park person of the year jeff novotny national roller coaster museum and archives legendseries will kocholiday world splashin safari park of the year wonderland park texas wonderland park persons of the year dick barbara knoebels amusement resort supplier of the year gary goddard gary goddard entertainment legendseries jackrantz adventureland iowadventureland park of the year xocomil waterpark person of the year paul nelson waldameer park supplier of the year zamperla park of the year dollywood person of the year milton s hersheypark supplier of the year national ticket company park of the year state fair of texas person of the year pathomson western playland supplier of the year william h robinson park of the year disneyland person of the year nick laskaris mount olympus water theme park supplier of the year werner stengel park of the year holiday world splashin safari person of the year dan feicht cedar point supplier of the year philadelphia toboggan company park of the year cliff s amusement park host park class wikitable sortable times hosting park years align center holiday world splashin safari align center cedar point align center dollywood align center busch gardens williamsburg align center kings island align center lake compounce align center legoland californialign center luna park coney island luna park coney island align center quassy amusement park align center santa cruz beach boardwalk align center schlitterbahn align center seaworld san diego align center six flags fiesta texas from there was no host park the awards were announced from amusementoday s arlington texas office instead the awards were announced at give kids the world village in orlando florida will be hosted by two parks for the firstime repeat winners best amusement park cedar point for of years best water park schlitterbahn for all years best landscaping busch gardens williamsburg 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amusementoday impact award services_category best_new product international_association amusement_parks attractions iaapa year_later magazine founded golden_ticket_awards become best_known throughouthe amusement_park industry january bought two partners giving sole ownership paper paper two full_time two partime staff members arlington office along two full_time writers several freelance writers various parts world golden_ticket_awards everyear amusementoday gives awards best best_amusement_park industry ceremony known golden_ticket_awards awards handed based surveys given experienced well traveled amusement_park enthusiasts around world awards first handed featured discovery channel travel_channel despite magazine attempts prevent bias separating surveys balanced geographical claim awards towards american parks roller_coaster due use total point system calculate award winners using total point system awards usually favor park oride voters visited regardless quality 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ride_best_new ride water_park dive bomber six_flags white water best park europark rust germany best_waterpark_schlitterbahn new braunfels new braunfels_texas_best children park idlewild soak_zone ligonier pennsylvania best marine_life park seaworld_orlando_florida best seaside park morey piers wildwood new_jersey best_kids_area kings_island mason ohio cleanest_park_holiday_world splashin_safari_santa_claus indiana friendliest_park dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee best_shows dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee best outdoor show_production illuminations reflections earth epcot best_landscaping_busch gardens_williamsburg_virginia best_food knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg_pennsylvania best carousel knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg_pennsylvania best wateride park valhalla pleasure_beach_blackpool valhalla blackpool pleasure_beach best water_park ride wildebeest ride wildebeest holiday_world splashin_safari best dark_ride harry_potter forbidden_journey islands adventure universal islands adventure best_indoor water_park schlitterbahn galveston island galveston texas_best_indooroller mummy universal_studios florida_best funhouse walk noah arkennywood best halloween event universal_studios orlando_florida best christmas event dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee class wikitable_colspan_top steel_roller_coasters rank_recipient_park_supplier_points millennium_forcedar point rowspan intamin bizarro_six_flags new_england bizarro_six_flags new_england expedition geforce holiday_park germany holiday_park fury carowinds rowspan bolliger_mabillard nitro_six_flags great_adventure nitro_six_flags great_adventure apollo chariot busch_gardens_williamsburg intimidator carowinds leviathan roller_coaster leviathan canada wonderland nemesis roller_coaster nemesis alton_towers new texas giant six_flags texas rocky_mountain construction class wikitable_colspan_top wood roller_coasters rank_recipient_park_supplier_points boulder_dash roller_coaster boulder_dash lake compounce custom_coasters international el_toro_six_flags great_adventurel toro_six_flags great_adventure intamin phoenix_roller_coaster phoenix_knoebels_amusement_resort philadelphia_toboggan_coasters voyage roller_coaster voyage holiday_world splashin_safari gravity_group thunderhead roller_coaster thunderheadollywood great_coasters_international beast roller_coaster beast kings_island kings_island ravine flyer ii waldameer_park gravity_group outlaw run silver_dollar_city rocky_mountain construction gold striker california great_america rowspan great_coasters racer hersheypark winners_titlestyle_text align center_border_ffff_px_solid host_park seaworld_san_diego amusementoday golden_ticket_awards announced ceremony september mission bay theater class wikitable sortable_category class unsortable recipient class unsortable location park golden_ticket_award best_new ride_best_new ride amusement_park flying turns knoebels flying turns knoebels_amusement_resort golden_ticket_award best_new ride_best_new ride water_park schlitterbahn kansas_city best park europark rust germany best_waterpark_schlitterbahn new braunfels new braunfels_texas_best children park idlewild soak_zone ligonier pennsylvania best marine_life park seaworld_orlando_florida best seaside park santa_cruz_beach_boardwalk santa_cruz california best_kids_area kings_island mason ohio cleanest_park_holiday_world splashin_safari_santa_claus indiana friendliest_park dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee best_shows dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee best outdoor show_production illuminations reflections earth epcot best_landscaping_busch gardens_williamsburg_virginia best pigeon_forge_tennessee best carousel knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg_pennsylvania best wateride park dudley right ripsaw falls islands adventure universal islands adventure best water_park ride wildebeest ride wildebeest holiday_world splashin_safari best dark_ride harry_potter forbidden_journey universal islands adventure best_indoor water_park schlitterbahn galveston island galveston texas_best_indooroller mummy universal_studios florida_best funhouse walk noah arkennywood best halloween event universal_studios orlando_florida best christmas event dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee class wikitable_colspan_top steel_roller_coasters rank_recipient_park_supplier_points millennium_forcedar point rowspan intamin bizarro_six_flags new_england bizarro_six_flags new_england expedition geforce holiday_park germany holiday_park diamondback roller_coaster diamondbackings island rowspan bolliger_mabillard nitro_six_flags great_adventure nitro_six_flags great_adventure leviathan canada wonderland leviathan canada wonderland apollo chariot busch_gardens_williamsburg new texas giant six_flags texas rocky_mountain construction goliath_six_flags georgia goliath_six_flags georgia rowspan bolliger_mabillard intimidatoroller coaster intimidator carowinds class wikitable_colspan_top wooden roller_coasters rank name park_supplier_points boulder_dash roller_coaster boulder_dash lake compounce custom_coasters international el_toro_six_flags great_adventurel toro_six_flags great_adventure intamin voyage roller_coaster voyage holiday_world splashin_safari gravity roller_coaster phoenix_knoebels_amusement_resort philadelphia_toboggan_coasters thunderhead roller_coaster thunderheadollywood great_coasters_international ravine flyer ii waldameer_park gravity_group gold striker california great_america great_coasters_international beast roller_coaster beast kings_island kings_island outlaw run silver_dollar_city rocky_mountain construction balderoller coaster balder liseberg intamin winners_titlestyle_text align center_border_ffff_px_solid host_park santa_cruz_beach_boardwalk amusementoday golden_ticket_awards announced ceremony held september athe grove ballroom class wikitable sortable_category class unsortable rank class unsortable recipient class unsortable location park class unsortable vote rowspan golden_ticket_award best_new ride_best_new ride amusement_park outlaw run silver_dollar_city iron rattler six_flags fiesta_texas coaster cedar_point gold striker california great_america transformers ride universal_studios florida universal_studios orlando rowspan golden_ticket_award best_new ride_best_new ride waterpark dollywood splash country rowspan_best amusement_park cedar_point_sandusky ohio rowspan_best waterpark_schlitterbahnew_braunfels texas rowspan_best children park idlewild soak_zone ligonier pennsylvania_rowspan best marine_park marine_life park seaworld_orlando_florida rowspan_best seaside park santa_cruz_beach_boardwalk santa_cruz california_rowspan best_indoor waterpark_schlitterbahn galveston island schlitterbahn galveston island galveston texas rowspan friendliest_park dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee rowspan cleanest_park_holiday_world splashin_safari_santa_claus indiana rowspan_best shows dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee rowspan_best_food rowspan dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee rowspan knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg_pennsylvania_rowspan best wateride park dudley right ripsaw falls islands adventure rowspan_best waterpark ride wildebeest holiday_world splashin_safari rowspan_best kids_area kings_island mason ohio rowspan_best dark_ride dark_ride harry_potter forbidden_journey islands adventure rowspan_best outdoor show_production illuminations reflections earth epcot rowspan_best landscaping_busch gardens_williamsburg_virginia rowspan_best halloween event universal_orlando universal_orlando_resort_orlando_florida rowspan_best christmas event dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee rowspan_best carousel knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg_pennsylvania_rowspan best_indooroller coaster revenge mummy universal_orlando_resort universal_studios orlando space_mountain_disneyland space_mountain_disneyland phantasialand rowspan mindbender_galaxyland mindbender_galaxyland rowspan rock_n_roller_coaster starring aerosmith disney hollywood_studios rowspan_best funhouse walk attractionoah arkennywood class wikitable_colspan_top steel_roller_coasters rank_recipient_park_supplier_points millennium_forcedar pointamin bizarro_six_flags new_england bizarro_six_flags new_england intamin expedition geforce holiday_park germany holiday_park intaminitro six_flags great_adventure nitro_six_flags great_adventure bolliger_mabillard_b apollo chariot busch_gardens_williamsburg b new texas giant six_flags texas rocky_mountain construction goliath_six_flags georgia goliath_six_flags georgia b intimidatoroller coaster intimidator carowinds b magnum cedar_point arrow_dynamics intimidator kings_dominion intamin iron rattler six_flags fiesta_texas rocky_mountain construction top thrill dragster cedar_pointamin phantom revenge kennywood h_morgan_manufacturing_morgan arrow diamondback roller_coaster diamondbackings island rowspan bolliger_mabillard_b leviathan roller_coaster leviathan canada wonderland x_roller_coaster x six_flags magic_mountain arrow_dynamics_arrow behemoth roller_coaster behemoth canada wonderland rowspan bolliger_mabillard_b montu roller_coaster montu busch_gardens_tampa mind_bender_six_flags georgia mind_bender_six_flags georgianton schwarzkopf nemesis roller_coaster nemesis alton_towers bolliger_mabillard_b blue fireuropark mack_rides mack maverick roller_coaster maverick cedar_pointamin goliath la_ronde goliath la_ronde amusement_park la_ronde rowspan bolliger_mabillard_b wild eagle dollywood alpengeist busch_gardens_williamsburg intamin kumba roller_coaster kumba busch_gardens_tampa bolliger_mabillard_b coaster cedar_point bolliger_mabillard_b shock wave_six_flags texashock wave_six_flags texas anton_schwarzkopf raptor_cedar point raptor_cedar point b raging_bull roller_coasteraging bull six_flags great_america b sheikra busch_gardens_tampa b griffon roller_coaster griffon busch_gardens_williamsburg b black mamba roller_coaster black mamba phantasialand b rowspan afterburn roller_coaster afterburn carowinds bolliger_mabillard rowspan kingda six_flags great_adventure intamin steel force dorney_park wildwater_kingdom h_morgan_manufacturing_morgan superman_ride steel six_flags america intamin volcano blast coaster kings_dominion intamin whizzeroller coaster whizzer six_flags great schwarzkopf goliath_six_flags magic_mountain goliath_six_flags magic_mountain giovanola rowspan expedition everest disney animal_kingdom vekoma walt_disney imagineering rowspan powder keg blast wilderness powder keg silver_dollar_city worldwide titan roller_coaster titan six_flags texas giovanola rowspan olympia looping owners r barth anton_schwarzkopf rowspan x flight six_flags great_america x flight six_flags great_america bolliger coaster kings_dominion bolliger_mabillard rowspan kraken roller_coaster kraken seaworld_orlando b rowspan lisebergbanan liseberg werner stengel anton_schwarzkopf tatsu six_flags magic_mountain b class wikitable_colspan_top wooden roller_coasters rank_recipient_park_supplier_points boulder_dash roller_coaster boulder_dash lake compounce custom_coasters international_cci el_toro_six_flags great_adventurel toro_six_flags great_adventure intamin phoenix_roller_coaster phoenix_knoebels_amusement_resort philadelphia_toboggan_coasters_ptc herbert schmeck voyage roller_coaster voyage holiday_world splashin_safari gravity_group thunderhead roller_coaster thunderheadollywood great_coasters_international_gcii ravine flyer ii waldameer_park gravity_group outlaw run silver_dollar_city rocky_mountain construction beast roller_coaster beast kings_island kings_island lightning racer hersheypark great_coasters_international_gcii shivering timbers michigan adventure custom_coasters international_cci raven roller_coaster raven holiday_world splashin_safari custom_coasters international_cci coaster prowler worlds_ofun great_coasters_international_gcii balderoller coaster balder liseberg intamin hades olympus water theme_park gravity_group thunderbolt_kennywood thunderbolt_kennywood vettel john_miller_entrepreneur_miller comet_great_escape comet_great_escape amusement_park great_escape philadelphia_toboggan_coasters_ptc herbert schmeck colossos heide_park colossos heide_park_intamin jack rabbit kennywood jack rabbit kennywood philadelphia_toboggan_coasters_ptc john_miller_entrepreneur_millerowspan coney_island cyclone coney_island luna_park coney_island luna legend roller_coaster legend holiday_world splashin_safari custom_coasters international_cci kentucky rumbler beech bend park_great_coasters_international_gcii giant dipper santa_cruz_beach_boardwalk prior church looff el_toro freizeitpark plohn el_toro freizeitpark plohn great_coasters_international_gcii tremors roller_coaster tremorsilverwood theme_park custom_coasters international_cci american thunderoller coaster american thunder six_flagst louis great_coasters_international_gcii gold striker california great_america great_coasters_international_gcii blue_streak cedar_point blue_streak cedar_point philadelphia_toboggan_coasters_ptc hoover troy toverland great_coasters_international_gcii ghostrideroller coaster ghostrider knott berry_farm custom_coasters international_cci playland wooden_coaster playland vancouver playland athe pne phare coaster europark great_coasters_international_gcii cornball express indiana_beach custom_coasters international_cci blue_streak conneaut lake blue_streak conneaut lake park vettel boardwalk bullet kemah boardwalk v gravity_group racer kennywood racer kennywood john_miller_entrepreneur_miller wooden warrior quassy amusement_park gravity_group zippin pippin bay beach amusement_park v gravity_group thunderbird powerpark thunderbird powerpark great_coasters_international_gcii twisteroller coaster twister knoebels_amusement_resort fetterman knoebels_amusement_resort knoebels megafobia roller_coaster megafobia oakwood theme_park custom_coasters international_cci rowspan grand_national roller_coaster grand_national pleasure_beach_blackpool paige rowspan express everland intamin great_american screamachine six_flags georgia great_american screamachine six_flags georgia philadelphia_toboggan_coasters_ptc john_c allen john allen rowspan tonnerre de zeus parc ast rix custom_coasters international_cci rowspan viper six_flags great_america viper six_flags great_america six_flags rowspan hellcatimber falls adventure_park worldwide rowspan twister lund gravity_group cyclone lakeside amusement_park vettel apocalypse six_flags magic_mountain apocalypse six_flags magic_mountain great_coasters_international_gcii yankee lake park philadelphia_toboggan_coasters_ptc herbert schmeck winners_titlestyle_text align center_border_ffff_px_solid host_park dollywood amusementoday golden_ticket_awards announced ceremony held september athe celebrity theater class wikitable sortable_category class unsortable rank class unsortable recipient class unsortable location class unsortable vote rowspan golden_ticket_award best_new ride_best_new ride amusement_park wild eagle dollywood radiator springs racers disney_californiadventure leviathan roller_coaster leviathan canada wonderland busch_gardens_williamsburg rowspan parc ast rix rowspan rowspan golden_ticket_award best_new ride_best_new ride waterpark ride world_splashin_safari rowspan lost city rowspan wave aquatica water_parks aquatica santonio aquatica santonio rowspan_best amusement_park cedar_point_sandusky ohio rowspan_best waterpark_schlitterbahnew_braunfels texas rowspan_best children park idlewild soak_zone ligonier pennsylvania_rowspan best marine_park marine_life park seaworld_orlando_florida rowspan_best seaside park santa_cruz_beach_boardwalk santa_cruz california_rowspan best_indoor waterpark_schlitterbahn galveston island schlitterbahn galveston island galveston texas rowspan friendliest_park dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee rowspan cleanest_park_holiday_world splashin_safari_santa_claus indiana rowspan_best shows dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee rowspan_best pigeon_forge_tennessee rowspan_best wateride park dudley right ripsaw falls islands adventure rowspan_best waterpark ride wildebeest holiday_world splashin_safari rowspan_best kids_area kings_island mason ohio rowspan_best dark_ride dark_ride harry_potter forbidden_journey islands adventure rowspan_best outdoor show_production illuminations reflections earth epcot rowspan_best landscaping_busch gardens_williamsburg_virginia rowspan_best halloween event universal_orlando universal_orlando_resort_orlando_florida rowspan_best christmas event dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee rowspan_best carousel knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg_pennsylvania_rowspan best_indooroller coaster revenge mummy universal_orlando universal_orlando_resort space_mountain_disneyland space_mountain_disneyland black diamond roller_coaster black diamond knoebels_amusement_resort rock_n_roller_coaster starring aerosmith disney hollywood mountain magic_kingdom space_mountain magic_kingdom rowspan_best funhouse walk attractionoah arkennywood class wikitable_colspan_top steel_roller_coasters rank_recipient_park_supplier_points millennium_forcedar pointamin bizarro_six_flags new_england bizarro_six_flags new_england intaminitro six_flags great_adventure nitro_six_flags great_adventure bolliger_mabillard_b apollo chariot busch_gardens_williamsburg_bolliger mabillard_b new texas giant six_flags texas rocky_mountain construction expedition geforce holiday_park germany holiday_park coaster intimidator carowinds bolliger_mabillard_b magnum cedar_point arrow_dynamics_arrow goliath_six_flags georgia goliath_six_flags georgia bolliger_mabillard_b diamondback roller_coaster diamondbackings island bolliger_mabillard_b phantom revenge morgan_manufacturing_morgan arrow_dynamics_arrow intimidator kings_dominion intamin top thrill dragster cedar_pointamin montu roller_coaster montu busch_gardens_tampa_bay bolliger_mabillard_b wild eagle dollywood bolliger_mabillard_b nemesis roller_coaster nemesis alton_towers bolliger_mabillard_b behemoth roller_coaster behemoth canada wonderland bolliger_mabillard_b x_roller_coaster x six_flags magic_mountain arrow_dynamics_arrow raging_bull roller_coasteraging bull six_flags great_america bolliger_mabillard_b mind_bender_six_flags georgia mind_bender_six_flags georgianton schwarzkopf maverick roller_coaster maverick cedar_pointamin leviathan roller_coaster leviathan canada wonderland bolliger_mabillard_b kumba roller_coaster kumba busch_gardens_tampa_bay bolliger_mabillard_b alpengeist busch_gardens_williamsburg_bolliger mabillard_b goliath la_ronde goliath la_ronde amusement_park la_ronde bolliger_mabillard_b rowspan griffon roller_coaster griffon busch_gardens_williamsburg_bolliger mabillard_b rowspan shock wave_six_flags texashock wave_six_flags texas anton_schwarzkopf tatsu six_flags magic_mountain bolliger_mabillard_b superman_ride steel six_flags america intamin sheikra busch_gardens_tampa_bay bolliger_mabillard_b raptor_cedar point raptor_cedar point bolliger_mabillard_b blue fireuropark mack_rides mack lisebergbanan liseberg anton_schwarzkopf manta seaworld_orlando manta seaworld_orlando bolliger_mabillard_b dragon challenge islands adventure_bolliger mabillard_b titan roller_coaster titan six_flags texas giovanola djursommerland intamin kingda six_flags great_adventure intamin steel force dorney_park morgan_manufacturing_morgan volcano blast coaster kings_dominion intamin goliath_six_flags magic_mountain goliath_six_flags magic_mountain giovanola intamin superman_ride steel ride steel darien lake intamin storm runner hersheypark intamin afterburn roller_coaster afterburn carowinds bolliger_mabillard_b powder keg blast wilderness powder keg silver_dollar_city worldwide incredible_hulk coaster islands adventure_bolliger mabillard_b goliath walibi holland goliath walibi holland intamin black mamba roller_coaster black mamba phantasialand bolliger_mabillard_b euro mir europark mack_rides mack class wikitable_colspan_top wooden roller_coasters rank_recipient_park_supplier_points el_toro_six_flags great_adventurel toro_six_flags great_adventure intamin voyage roller_coaster voyage holiday_world splashin_safari gravity roller_coaster phoenix_knoebels_amusement_resort philadelphia_toboggan_coasters_ptc herbert schmeck thunderhead roller_coaster thunderheadollywood great_coasters_international_gci boulder_dash roller_coaster boulder_dash lake compounce custom_coasters international_cci ravine flyer ii waldameer_park gravity_group beast roller_coaster beast kings_island kings_island raven roller_coaster raven holiday_world splashin_safari custom_coasters international_cci shivering timbers roller_coaster shivering timbers michigan adventure custom_coasters international_cci balderoller coaster balder liseberg intamin lightning racer hersheypark great_coasters_international_gci hades olympus theme_park gravity_group gravity coaster prowler worlds_ofun gci coney_island cyclone luna_park coney_island luna baker thunderbolt_kennywood thunderbolt_kennywood renegade roller_coasterenegade valleyfair gci winners_titlestyle_text align center_border_ffff_px_solid host_park_holiday_world splashin_safari class wikitable sortable_category class unsortable rank class unsortable recipient class unsortable location class unsortable vote rowspan golden_ticket_award best_new ride_best_new ride amusement_park new texas giant six_flags texas busch_gardens_tampa_bay wooden warrior quassy amusement_park rowspan twister lund rowspan zippin pippin bay beach amusement_park rowspan golden_ticket_award best_new ride_best_new ride waterpark point water country usa rowspan bombs away raging waters rowspan viper rowspan_best amusement_park cedar_point_sandusky ohio knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg_pennsylvania europark rust baden w rttemberg rust germany dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee disneyland_anaheim_california universal islands adventure islands adventure_orlando_florida busch_gardens_williamsburg_virginia rowspan tokyo disneysea tokyo_japan rowspan kennywood_west mifflin pennsylvania_rowspan holiday_world splashin_safari_santa_claus indiana rowspan pleasure_beach_blackpool blackpool england rowspan_best waterpark_schlitterbahnew_braunfels texas holiday_world splashin_safari_santa_claus indiana disney blizzard beach orlando_florida disney typhoon lagoon orlando_florida noah ark waterpark noah ark wisconsin dells wisconsin rowspan_best children park idlewild soak_zone ligonier pennsylvania legoland california carlsbad california f_rup sommerland f_rup sommerland saltum denmark legoland windsor berkshire windsor wonderland lancaster pennsylvania_rowspan best marine_park marine_life park seaworld_orlando_florida seaworld_santonio santonio santonio_texas discovery cove orlando_florida seaworld_san_diego san_diego six_flags discovery_kingdom vallejo california_rowspan best seaside park santa_cruz_beach_boardwalk santa_cruz california pleasure_beach_blackpool blackpool england morey piers wildwood new_jersey lund stockholm sweden kemah boardwalkemah texas rowspan_best indoor waterpark_schlitterbahn galveston island schlitterbahn galvestron island galveston texas kalahari_resorts kalahari_resort sandusky_ohio kalahari_resorts kalahari_resort wisconsin dells wisconsin world waterpark edmonton_alberta_canada splash staffordshirengland rowspan friendliest_park holiday_world splashin_safari_santa_claus indiana dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg_pennsylvania silver_dollar_city_branson_missouri beech bend park bowlingreen kentucky rowspan cleanest_park_holiday_world splashin_safari_santa_claus indiana busch_gardens_williamsburg_virginia dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee magic_kingdom orlando_florida disneyland_anaheim_california rowspan_best shows dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee six_flags fiesta_texasantonio dollar_city_branson_missouri seaworld_orlando_florida disney hollywood_studios_orlando_florida rowspan_best_food 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terror disney hollywood_studios haunted mansion knoebels haunted mansion knoebels_amusement_resort indiana_jones adventure temple forbidden eye disneyland rowspan_best outdoor show_production illuminations reflections earth epcot six_flags fiesta_texasantonio santonio_texas disney_californiadventure park disney_californiadventure anaheim_california rowspan disneyland_anaheim_california rowspan magic_kingdom orlando_florida rowspan_best landscaping_busch gardens_williamsburg_virginia efteling kaatsheuvel netherlands gilroy gardens gilroy california dollywood_pigeon_forge orlando_florida rowspan_best halloween event universal_orlando_resort_orlando_florida knott berry_farm buena park california knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg_pennsylvania kennywood_west mifflin pennsylvania europark rust baden w rttemberg rust germany rowspan_best christmas event dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee silver_dollar_city_branson_missouri magic_kingdom orlando_florida disneyland_anaheim_california disney 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kalahari_resort wisconsin dells wisconsin kalahari_resorts kalahari_resort sandusky_ohio world waterpark edmonton_alberta_canada splash staffordshirengland rowspan friendliest_park holiday_world splashin_safari_santa_claus indiana dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee silver_dollar_city_branson_missouri knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg_pennsylvania beech bend park bowlingreen kentucky rowspan cleanest_park_holiday_world splashin_safari_santa_claus indiana busch_gardens_williamsburg_virginia dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee magic_kingdom orlando_florida disneyland_anaheim_california rowspan_best shows dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee six_flags fiesta_texasantonio dollar_city_branson_missouri disney hollywood_studios_orlando_florida seaworld_orlando_florida rowspan_best_food knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg_pennsylvania_rowspan epcot orlando_florida rowspan silver_dollar_city_branson_missouri dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee busch_gardens_williamsburg_virginia rowspan_best wateride park 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disneyland rowspan_best outdoor show_production illuminations reflections earth epcot disney_californiadventure park disney_californiadventure anaheim_california six_flags fiesta_texasantonio santonio_texas disneyland_anaheim_california disney hollywood_studios_orlando_florida rowspan_best landscaping_busch gardens_williamsburg_virginia efteling kaatsheuvel netherlands gilroy gardens gilroy california disney animal_kingdom orlando_florida epcot orlando_florida rowspan_best halloween event universal_orlando_resort_orlando_florida knott berry_farm buena park california knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg_pennsylvania kennywood_west mifflin pennsylvania kings_island kings mills ohio rowspan_best christmas event dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee magic_kingdom orlando_florida silver_dollar_city_branson_missouri disneyland_anaheim_california hersheypark hershey_pennsylvania_rowspan best carousel knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg_pennsylvania santa_cruz_beach_boardwalk santa_cruz california 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toro_six_flags great_adventure intamin phoenix_roller_coaster phoenix_knoebels_amusement_resort philadelphia_toboggan_company_ptc herbert schmeck boulder_dash roller_coaster boulder_dash lake compounce custom_coasters international_cci thunderhead roller_coaster thunderheadollywood great_coasters_international_gci ravine flyer ii waldameer_park gravity_group beast roller_coaster beast kings_island kings_island hades roller_coaster hades mount olympus water theme_park gravity_group raven roller_coaster raven holiday_world splashin_safari custom_coasters international_cci lightning racer hersheypark great_coasters_international_gci shivering timbers roller_coaster shivering timbers michigan adventure custom_coasters international_cci prowler worlds_ofun prowler worlds_ofun great_coasters_international_gci coney_island cyclone coney_island luna_park coney_island luna_park coney_island keenan baker thunderbolt_kennywood thunderbolt_kennywood vettel john_miller_entrepreneur_miller legend 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rowspan renegade roller_coasterenegade valleyfair great_coasters_international_gci timber terror silverwood theme_park custom_coasters international_cci grizzly kings_dominion grizzly kings_dominion keco entertainment keco summers gwazi busch_gardens_tampa_bay great_coasters_international_gci blue_streak cedar_point blue_streak cedar_point philadelphia_toboggan_company_ptc hoover georgia cyclone six_flags georgia dinn corporation dinn summers giant dipper san_diego giant dipper belmont park san_diego belmont park prior church cyclone lakeside amusement_park vettel winners_titlestyle_text align center_border_ffff_px_solid host_park legoland california class wikitable sortable_category class unsortable rank class unsortable recipient class unsortable location class unsortable vote rowspan golden_ticket_award best_new ride_best_new ride amusement_park prowler worlds_ofun prowler worlds_ofun diamondback roller_coaster diamondbackings island manta seaworld_orlando manta seaworld_orlando apocalypse ride salvation ride six_flags magic_mountain rowspan monster mansion six_flags georgia rowspan pilgrims plunge holiday_world splashin_safari rowspan golden_ticket_award best_new ride_best_new ride waterpark congo river expedition schlitterbahn racer six_flagst louis alabamadventure maximum velocity wet n wild phoenix von dark tunnel terror splash rowspan_best amusement_park cedar_point_sandusky ohio knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg_pennsylvania disneyland_anaheim_california rowspan europark rust baden w rttemberg rust germany rowspan universal islands adventure islands adventure_orlando_florida pleasure_beach_blackpool blackpool england tokyo disneysea tokyo_japan magic_kingdom orlando_florida rowspan busch_gardens_williamsburg_virginia rowspan holiday_world splashin_safari_santa_claus indiana rowspan_best waterpark_schlitterbahnew_braunfels texas holiday_world splashin_safari_santa_claus indiana disney blizzard beach orlando_florida noah ark waterpark noah ark wisconsin dells wisconsin aquatica floridaquatica orlando_florida rowspan_best children park legoland california carlsbad california idlewild soak_zone ligonier pennsylvania dutch wonderland lancaster pennsylvania f_rup sommerland f_rup sommerland saltum amusement_park melrose park illinois rowspan_best marine_park marine_life park seaworld_orlando_florida seaworld_santonio santonio santonio_texas rowspan discovery cove orlando_florida rowspan seaworld_san_diego san_diego six_flags discovery_kingdom vallejo california_rowspan best seaside park santa_cruz_beach_boardwalk santa_cruz california pleasure_beach_blackpool blackpool england morey piers wildwood new_jersey kemah boardwalkemah texas rowspan_best indoor waterpark_schlitterbahn galveston island schlitterbahn galvestron island galveston texas kalahari_resorts kalahari_resort sandusky_ohio kalahari_resorts kalahari_resort wisconsin dells wisconsin world waterpark edmonton_alberta_canada splash staffordshirengland rowspan friendliest_park 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rowspan_best waterpark ride master_blaster_schlitterbahn master_blaster_schlitterbahn zoombabwe holiday_world splashin_safari rowspan deluge kentucky_kingdom rowspan dragon revenge schlitterbahn summit disney blizzard beach rowspan_best kids_area kings_island mason ohio islands adventure_orlando_florida universe bloomington minnesota rowspan efteling kaatsheuvel netherlands rowspan knott berry_farm buena park california_rowspan best dark_ride dark_ride amazing_adventures spider_man islands adventure twilight_zone tower terror disney hollywood_studios haunted mansion knoebels_amusement_resort indiana_jones adventure temple forbidden eye disneyland journey center thearth attraction journey center thearth tokyo disneysea rowspan_best outdoor show_production illuminations reflections earth epcot disneyland_anaheim_california six_flags fiesta_texasantonio santonio_texas rowspan disney hollywood_studios_orlando_florida rowspan magic_kingdom orlando_florida rowspan_best landscaping_busch gardens_williamsburg_virginia efteling kaatsheuvel netherlands gilroy gardens gilroy california epcot orlando_florida rowspan disney animal_kingdom orlando_florida rowspan silver_dollar_city_branson_missouri rowspan_best halloween event universal_orlando_resort_orlando_florida knott berry_farm buena park california knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg_pennsylvania kennywood_west mifflin pennsylvania_rowspan best christmas event dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee silver_dollar_city_branson_missouri magic_kingdom orlando_florida disneyland_anaheim_california hersheypark hershey_pennsylvania_rowspan best carousel knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg_pennsylvania santa_cruz_beach_boardwalk santa_cruz california six_flags georgiaustell georgia islands adventure_orlando_florida six_flags great_america gurnee illinois rowspan_best indooroller coaster revenge mummy universal_orlando_resort universal_studios orlando rock_n_roller_coaster starring aerosmith rock_n_roller_coaster disney hollywood mountain_disneyland space_mountain_disneyland mindbender_galaxyland mindbender_galaxyland space_mountain magic_kingdom space_mountain magic_kingdom rowspan_best funhouse walk attraction frankenstein castle indiana_beach noah arkennywood hotel liseberg lustiga huset lund huset lund class wikitable_colspan_top steel_roller_coasters rank_recipient_park_supplier_points bizarro_six_flags new_england bizarro_six_flags new_england intamin millennium_forcedar six_flags great_adventure nitro_six_flags great_adventure bolliger_mabillard_b goliath_six_flags georgia goliath_six_flags georgia bolliger_mabillard_b apollo chariot busch_gardens_williamsburg_bolliger mabillard_b expedition geforce holiday_park germany holiday_park intamin diamondback roller_coaster diamondbackings island bolliger_mabillard_b phantom revenge kennywood morgan arrow magnum cedar_point arrow_dynamics_arrow top thrill dragster cedar_pointamin montu roller_coaster montu busch_gardens_tampa_bay bolliger_mabillard_b behemoth roller_coaster behemoth canada wonderland bolliger_mabillard_b x_roller_coaster x six_flags magic_mountain arrow_dynamics_arrow raging_bull roller_coasteraging bull six_flags great_america bolliger_mabillard_b maverick roller_coaster maverick cedar bender_six_flags georgia mind_bender_six_flags georgianton schwarzkopf dragon challenge islands adventure_bolliger mabillard_b sheikra busch_gardens_tampa_bay bolliger_mabillard_b alpengeist busch_gardens_williamsburg_bolliger mabillard_b nemesis roller_coaster nemesis alton_towers bolliger_mabillard_b powder keg blast wilderness powder keg silver_dollar_city worldwide raptor_cedar point raptor_cedar point bolliger_mabillard_b steel force dorney_park wildwater_kingdom dorney_park h_morgan_manufacturing_morgan big bad wolf roller_coaster big bad wolf busch_gardens_williamsburg arrow_dynamics_arrow goliath la_ronde goliath la_ronde amusement_park la_ronde bolliger_mabillard_b griffon roller_coaster griffon busch_gardens_williamsburg_bolliger mabillard_b kumba busch_gardens_tampa_bay bolliger_mabillard_b superman_ride steel ride steel darien lake intamin incredible_hulk coaster islands adventure_bolliger mabillard_b mamba roller_coaster mamba worlds_ofun h_morgan_manufacturing_morgan kingda six_flags great_adventure intamin tatsu six_flags magic_mountain bolliger_mabillard_b goliath_six_flags magic_mountain goliath_six_flags magic_mountain giovanola shock wave_six_flags texashock wave_six_flags texas anton_schwarzkopf superman_ride steel six_flags america intamin expedition everest disney animal_kingdom vekoma walt_disney imagineering titan roller_coaster titan six_flags texas giovanola rowspan manta seaworld_orlando manta seaworld_orlando bolliger_mabillard_b rowspan storm runner hersheypark intamin goliath walibi holland goliath walibi holland intamin volcano blast coaster kings_dominion intamin xcelerator knott berry_farm intamin euro mir europark mack_rides mack superman krypton coaster six_flags fiesta_texas bolliger_mabillard_b big one roller_coaster big one pleasure_beach_blackpool arrow_dynamics_arrow steel seaworld_santonio h_morgan_manufacturing_morgan whizzeroller coaster whizzer six_flags great schwarzkopf mindbender_galaxyland mindbender_galaxyland anton_schwarzkopf space_mountain_disneyland space_mountain_disneyland walt_disney imagineering katun roller_coaster katun mirabilandia italy mirabilandia bolliger_mabillard_b class wikitable_colspan_top wooden roller_coasters rank_recipient_park_supplier_points voyage roller_coaster voyage holiday_world splashin_safari gravity_group boulder_dash roller_coaster boulder_dash lake compounce custom_coasters international_cci el_toro_six_flags great_adventurel toro_six_flags great_adventure intamin phoenix_roller_coaster phoenix_knoebels_amusement_resort philadelphia_toboggan_company_ptc herbert schmeck thunderhead roller_coaster thunderheadollywood great_coasters_international_gci ravine flyer ii waldameer_park gravity_group beast 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bossix flagst louis custom_coasters international_cci thunderbird powerpark thunderbird powerpark great_coasters_international_gci troy toverland great_coasters_international_gci ozark wildcat celebration city great_coasters_international_gci boardwalk bullet kemah boardwalk v gravity_group tonnerre de zeus parc ast rix custom_coasters international_cci jack rabbit kennywood jack rabbit kennywood philadelphia_toboggan_company_ptc john_miller_entrepreneur_miller screamin eagle six_flagst louis philadelphia_toboggan_company_ptc john_c allen hurricane boomers parks boomers coaster works timber terror silverwood theme_park custom_coasters international_cci apocalypse ride salvation ride six_flags magic_mountain great_coasters_international_gci georgia cyclone six_flags georgia dinn corporation dinn summers renegade roller_coasterenegade valleyfair great_coasters_international_gci express everland intamin rowspan aska nara dreamland intamin rowspan blue_streak cedar_point blue_streak cedar_point philadelphia_toboggan_company_ptc hoover giant dipper san_diego giant dipper belmont park san_diego belmont park prior church excalibur usa excalibur usa custom_coasters international_cci winners_titlestyle_text align center_border_ffff_px_solid host_park give kids world village class wikitable sortable_category class unsortable rank class unsortable recipient class unsortable location class unsortable vote rowspan golden_ticket_award best_new ride_best_new ride amusement_park ravine flyer ii waldameer_park boardwalk bullet kemah boardwalk behemoth roller_coaster behemoth canada wonderland led ride freestyle music park american thunderoller coaster six_flagst louis rowspan golden_ticket_award best_new ride_best_new ride waterpark dragon revenge schlitterbahn dolphin plunge aquatica floridaquatica black hole next_generation wet n wild orlando rock roll island water country usa racer aquatica floridaquatica rowspan_best amusement_park cedar_point_sandusky ohio busch_gardens_williamsburg_virginia knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg_pennsylvania disneyland_anaheim_california rowspan universal islands adventure islands adventure_orlando_florida rowspan pleasure_beach_blackpool blackpool england rowspan europark rust baden w rttemberg rust germany rowspan kennywood_west mifflin pennsylvania holiday_world splashin_safari_santa_claus indiana dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee rowspan_best waterpark_schlitterbahnew_braunfels texas holiday_world splashin_safari_santa_claus indiana disney blizzard beach orlando_florida noah ark waterpark noah ark wisconsin dells wisconsin disney typhoon lagoon typhoon lagoon orlando_florida rowspan_best children park legoland california carlsbad california idlewild soak_zone ligonier pennsylvania f_rup sommerland f_rup sommerland saltum denmark dutch wonderland lancaster pennsylvania_rowspan memphis kiddie park brooklyn ohio rowspan sesame place pennsylvania_rowspan best marine_park marine_life park seaworld_orlando_florida seaworld_santonio santonio seaworld_san_diego san_diego rowspan discovery cove orlando_florida rowspan six_flags discovery_kingdom vallejo california_rowspan best seaside park santa_cruz_beach_boardwalk santa_cruz california pleasure_beach_blackpool blackpool england morey piers wildwood new_jersey kemah boardwalkemah texas rowspan_best indoor waterpark_schlitterbahn galveston island schlitterbahn galvestron island galveston texas world waterpark edmonton_alberta_canada kalahari_resorts kalahari_resort sandusky_ohio kalahari_resorts kalahari_resort wisconsin dells wisconsin castaway bay sandusky_ohio castaway bay sandusky_ohio rowspan friendliest_park holiday_world splashin_safari_santa_claus indiana dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg_pennsylvania silver_dollar_city_branson_missouri beech bend park bowlingreen kentucky rowspan cleanest_park_holiday_world splashin_safari_santa_claus indiana busch_gardens_williamsburg_virginia rowspan dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee rowspan magic_kingdom orlando_florida disneyland_anaheim_california rowspan_best showsix flags_fiesta_texasantonio texas dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee disney hollywood_studios_orlando_florida silver_dollar_city_branson_missouri busch_gardens_williamsburg_virginia rowspan_best_food knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg_pennsylvania dollywood_pigeon_forge orlando_florida silver_dollar_city_branson_missouri busch_gardens_williamsburg_virginia rowspan_best wateride park dudley right ripsaw falls islands adventure valhalla pleasure_beach_blackpool valhalla pleasure_beach_blackpool splash mountain magic_kingdom popeye rat barges islands adventure journey atlantiseaworld orlando rowspan_best waterpark ride water slide water coaster master_blaster_schlitterbahn zoombabwe holiday_world splashin_safari deluge kentucky_kingdom dragon revenge schlitterbahn black anaconda noah ark waterpark noah ark rowspan_best kids_area kings_island mason ohio islands adventure_orlando_florida knott berry_farm buena park california_rowspan kings_dominion virginia universe bloomington minnesota rowspan_best landscaping_busch gardens_williamsburg_virginia efteling kaatsheuvel netherlands gilroy gardens gilroy california dollywood_pigeon_forge orlando_florida rowspan_best outdoor show_production illuminations reflections earth epcot six_flags fiesta_texasantonio santonio_texas disneyland_anaheim_california freestyle music park myrtle_beach south_carolina disney hollywood_studios_orlando_florida rowspan_best dark_ride dark_ride amazing_adventures spider_man islands adventure twilight_zone tower terror disney hollywood_studios haunted mansion knoebels_amusement_resort nights white satin trip freestyle music park pirates caribbean attraction pirates caribbean disneyland rowspan_best halloween event universal_orlando_resort_orlando_florida knott berry_farm buena park california knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg_pennsylvania kennywood_west mifflin pennsylvania cedar_point_sandusky ohio rowspan_best christmas event dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee magic_kingdom orlando_florida disneyland_anaheim_california silver_dollar_city_branson_missouri hersheypark hershey_pennsylvania_rowspan best carousel knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg_pennsylvania santa_cruz_beach_boardwalk santa_cruz california six_flags georgiaustell georgia islands adventure_orlando_florida six_flags great_america gurnee illinois rowspan_best indooroller coaster revenge mummy universal_orlando_resort universal_studios orlando rock_n_roller_coaster starring aerosmith rock_n_roller_coaster disney hollywood mountain_disneyland space_mountain_disneyland mindbender_galaxyland mindbender_galaxyland coaster kennywood rowspan_best funhouse walk attraction frankenstein castle indiana_beach noah arkennywood rowspan hotel liseberg rowspan lustiga huset lund class wikitable_colspan_top steel_roller_coasters rank_recipient_park_supplier_points bizarro_six_flags new_england superman_ride steel six_flags new_england intamin millennium_forcedar six_flags great_adventure nitro_six_flags great_adventure bolliger_mabillard_b apollo chariot busch_gardens_williamsburg_bolliger mabillard_b expedition geforce holiday_park germany holiday_park intamin goliath_six_flags georgia goliath_six_flags georgia bolliger_mabillard_b magnum cedar_point arrow_dynamics_arrow phantom revenge kennywood morgan arrow top thrill dragster cedar_pointamin montu roller_coaster montu busch_gardens_tampa_bay bolliger_mabillard_b raging_bull roller_coasteraging bull six_flags great_america bolliger_mabillard_b maverick roller_coaster maverick cedar roller_coaster nemesis alton_towers bolliger_mabillard_b dragon challenge islands adventure_bolliger mabillard_b mind_bender_six_flags georgia mind_bender_six_flags georgianton schwarzkopf x_roller_coaster x six_flags magic_mountain arrow_dynamics_arrow superman_ride steel ride steel darien lake intamin steel force dorney_park wildwater_kingdom dorney_park h_morgan_manufacturing_morgan sheikra busch_gardens_tampa_bay bolliger_mabillard_b griffon roller_coaster griffon busch_gardens_williamsburg_bolliger mabillard_b superman_ride steel six_flags america intamin rowspan alpengeist busch_gardens_williamsburg_bolliger mabillard_b rowspan raptor_cedar point raptor_cedar point bolliger_mabillard_b titan roller_coaster titan six_flags texas giovanola kingda six_flags great_adventure intamin incredible_hulk coaster islands adventure_bolliger mabillard_b kumba busch_gardens_tampa_bay bolliger_mabillard_b goliath la_ronde goliath la_ronde amusement_park la_ronde bolliger_mabillard_b behemoth roller_coaster behemoth canada wonderland bolliger_mabillard_b goliath_six_flags magic_mountain goliath_six_flags magic_mountain giovanola shock wave_six_flags texashock wave_six_flags texas anton_schwarzkopf goliath walibi holland goliath walibi holland intamin volcano blast coaster kings_dominion intamin big bad wolf roller_coaster big bad wolf busch_gardens_williamsburg arrow_dynamics_arrow expedition everest disney animal_kingdom vekoma walt_disney imagineering tatsu six_flags magic_mountain bolliger_mabillard_b xcelerator knott berry_farm intamin storm runner hersheypark intamin afterburn carowinds afterburn carowinds bolliger_mabillard_b rowspan euro mir europark mack_rides mack rowspan mamba roller_coaster mamba worlds_ofun h_morgan_manufacturing_morgan kraken roller_coaster kraken seaworld_orlando bolliger_mabillard_b rowspan coaster kings_dominion bolliger_mabillard_b rowspan mindbender_galaxyland mindbender_galaxyland anton_schwarzkopf whizzeroller coaster whizzer six_flags great schwarzkopf fahrenheit roller_coaster fahrenheit hersheypark intamin rowspan big one roller_coaster big one pleasure_beach_blackpool arrow_dynamics mystery mine dollywood powder keg blast wilderness powder keg silver_dollar_city worldwide superman krypton coaster six_flags fiesta_texas bolliger_mabillard_b class wikitable_colspan_top wooden roller_coasters rank_recipient_park_supplier_points voyage roller_coaster voyage holiday_world splashin_safari gravity_group thunderhead roller_coaster thunderheadollywood great_coasters_international_gci phoenix_roller_coaster phoenix_knoebels_amusement_resort philadelphia_toboggan_company_ptc herbert schmeck el_toro_six_flags great_adventurel toro_six_flags great_adventure intamin boulder_dash roller_coaster boulder_dash lake compounce custom_coasters international_cci hades roller_coaster hades mount olympus water theme_park gravity_group shivering timbers roller_coaster shivering timbers michigan adventure custom_coasters international_cci beast roller_coaster beast kings_island kings_island lightning racer hersheypark great_coasters_international_gci raven roller_coaster raven holiday_world splashin_safari custom_coasters international_cci ravine flyer ii waldameer_park gravity_group timber falls adventure_park worldwide kentucky rumbler beech bend park_great_coasters_international_gci legend roller_coaster legend holiday_world splashin_safari custom_coasters international_cci balderoller coaster balder liseberg intamin coney_island cyclone astroland keenan baker tremors roller_coaster tremorsilverwood theme_park custom_coasters international_cci colossos heide_park colossos heide_park_intamin thunderbolt_kennywood thunderbolt_kennywood vettel john_miller_entrepreneur_millerowspan ozark wildcat celebration city great_coasters_international_gci rowspan rampage roller_coasterampage alabamadventure custom_coasters international_cci megafobia roller_coaster megafobia oakwood theme_park custom_coasters international_cci giant dipper santa_cruz_beach_boardwalk prior church looff ghostrideroller coaster ghostrider knott berry_farm custom_coasters international_cci cornball express indiana_beach custom_coasters international_cci troy toverland great_coasters_international_gci grand_national roller_coaster grand_national pleasure_beach_blackpool paige new texas giantexas giant six_flags texas dinn corporation dinn summers comet_great_escape comet_great_escape amusement_park great_escape philadelphia_toboggan_company_ptc herbert schmeck viper six_flags great_america viper six_flags great_america six_flags playland wooden_coaster playland vancouver playland athe pne phare twisteroller coaster twister knoebels_amusement_resort fetterman knoebels_amusement_resort knoebels tonnerre de zeus parc ast rix custom_coasters international_cci jack rabbit kennywood jack rabbit kennywood philadelphia_toboggan_company_ptc john_miller_entrepreneur_millerowspan renegade roller_coasterenegade valleyfair great_coasters_international_gci rowspan thunderbird powerpark thunderbird powerpark great_coasters_international_gci hurricane boomers parks boomers coaster works aska nara dreamland intamin boardwalk bullet kemah boardwalk v gravity_group georgia cyclone six_flags georgia dinn corporation dinn summers blue_streak cedar_point blue_streak cedar_point philadelphia_toboggan_company_ptc hoover grizzly kings_dominion grizzly kings_dominion keco entertainment keco timber terror silverwood theme_park custom_coasters international_cci american thunderoller coaster american thunder six_flagst louis great_coasters_international_gci wildcat hersheypark wildcat hersheypark great_coasters_international_gci boss roller_coaster bossix flagst louis custom_coasters international_cci racer kennywood racer kennywood philadelphia_toboggan_company_ptc john_miller_entrepreneur_miller screamin eagle six_flagst louis philadelphia_toboggan_company_ptc john_c allen rowspan great_american screamachine six_flags georgia great_american screamachine six_flags georgia philadelphia_toboggan_company_ptc john_c allen mexico rattler cliff amusement_park custom_coasters international_cci cliff amusement_park cliff winners_titlestyle_text align center_border_ffff_px_solid host_park dollywood class wikitable sortable_category class unsortable rank class unsortable recipient class unsortable location class unsortable vote rowspan golden_ticket_award best_new ride_best_new ride amusement_park maverick roller_coaster maverick cedar_point mystery mine dollywood griffon roller_coaster griffon busch_gardens_williamsburg renegade roller_coasterenegade valleyfair troy toverland rowspan golden_ticket_award best_new ride_best_new ride waterpark splashin_safari deluge kentucky_kingdom six_flags kentucky_kingdom wet n wild orlando east_coaster hersheypark olympus rowspan_best amusement_park cedar_point_sandusky ohio knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg_pennsylvania islands adventure_orlando_florida holiday_world santa_claus indiana rowspan disneyland_anaheim_california rowspan pleasure_beach_blackpool england kennywood_west mifflin pennsylvania busch_gardens_williamsburg_virginia europark rust baden w rttemberg rust germany rowspan magic_kingdom orlando_florida rowspan tokyo disneysea tokyo_japan rowspan_best waterpark_schlitterbahnew_braunfels texas holiday_world splashin_safari_santa_claus indiana disney blizzard beach orlando_florida ark waterpark noah ark wisconsin dells wisconsin rowspan disney typhoon lagoon typhoon lagoon orlando_florida rowspan_best children park legoland california carlsbad california idlewild soak_zone ligonier pennsylvania_rowspan f_rup sommerland f_rup sommerland saltum denmark rowspan sesame place pennsylvania memphis kiddie park brooklyn ohio rowspan_best marine_park marine_life park seaworld_orlando_florida seaworld_santonio santonio seaworld_san_diego san_diego six_flags discovery_kingdom vallejo california marineland ontario_canada rowspan_best seaside park santa_cruz_beach_boardwalk santa_cruz california pleasure_beach_blackpool blackpool england morey piers wildwood new_jersey belmont park san_diego california kemah boardwalkemah texas rowspan_best indoor waterpark world waterpark edmonton_alberta_canada schlitterbahn galveston island schlitterbahn galveston island galveston texas rowspan castaway bay sandusky_ohio castaway bay sandusky_ohio rowspan kalahari_resorts kalahari_resort sandusky_ohio rowspan great wolf resorts great wolf lodge sandusky_ohio rowspan kalahari_resorts kalahari_resort wisconsin dells wisconsin splash landings alton rowspan friendliest_park holiday_world splashin_safari_santa_claus indiana dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg_pennsylvania silver_dollar_city_branson_missouri rowspan disneyland_anaheim_california rowspan beech bend park bowlingreen kentucky rowspan cleanest_park_holiday_world splashin_safari_santa_claus indiana busch_gardens_williamsburg_virginia rowspan disneyland_anaheim_california rowspan magic_kingdom orlando_florida dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee rowspan_best showsix flags_fiesta_texasantonio texas dollywood_pigeon_forge_tennessee rowspan busch_gardens_williamsburg_virginia rowspan silver_dollar_city_branson_missouri disney 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pleasure_beach_blackpool england best_waterpark ride master_blaster_schlitterbahnew braunfels_texas_best dark_ride amazing_adventures spider_man universal islands adventure_orlando_florida golden_ticket_award best_new ride_best_new ride amusement_park hades roller_coaster hades olympus water theme_park wisconsin dells wis golden_ticket_award best_new ride_best_new ride waterpark black anaconda noah ark water_park wisconsin dells wis best place ride go olympus water theme_park wisconsin dells wis best souvenirs cedar_point_sandusky ohio_best games area cedar_point_sandusky ohio winners_titlestyle_text align center_border_ffff_px_solid host_park_cedar point class wikitable sortable_category recipient location best_amusement_park cedar_point_sandusky ohio_best waterpark_schlitterbahnew baunfels texas_best children park legoland california carlsbad california best wooden_coaster boulder_dash roller_coaster boulder_dash lake compounce bristol besteel coaster millennium_forcedar 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flags_fiesta_texasantonio texas_best wateride valhalla pleasure_beach_blackpool valhalla pleasure_beach_blackpool best_waterpark ride holiday_world splashin_safari rowspan_best dark_ride amazing_adventures spider_man islands adventure haunted mansion knoebels_amusement_resort efteling rowspan_best park capacity cedar_point_sandusky ohio disneyland_anaheim_california magic_kingdom orlando_florida rowspan_best non coasteride list intamin rides drop towers giant drops multiple locations amazing_adventures spider_man islands adventure twilight_zone tower terror disney hollywood_studios disney mgm studios rowspan attraction dragon challenge dueling dragons islands adventure indiana_jones adventure temple forbidden eye disneyland twilight_zone tower terror disney hollywood_studios disney mgm studios class wikitable_colspan_top steel_roller_coasters rank_recipient_park_supplier_points bizarro_six_flags new_england superman_ride steel six_flags new_england intamin millennium_forcedar pointamin 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six_flags holland intamin rowspan alpengeist busch_gardens_williamsburg rowspan bolliger_mabillard_b incredible_hulk roller_coaster incredible_hulk islands adventure kumba busch_gardens_tampa euro mir europark mack_rides mack coaster air alton_towers rowspan bolliger_mabillard_b superman krypton coaster six_flags fiesta_texas mind_bender_six_flags georgia mind_bender_six_flags georgianton schwarzkopf titan roller_coaster titan six_flags texas giovanola volcano blast coaster king dominion paramount king dominion intamin big one roller_coaster big one blackpool pleasure_beach arrow_dynamics_arrow freeze roller_coaster freeze six_flags texas premierides mamba roller_coaster mamba worlds_ofun h_morgan_manufacturing_morgan park park_intamin king dominion paramount king dominion worldwide shock wave_six_flags texashock wave_six_flags texas anton_schwarzkopf xcelerator knott berry_farm intamin bizarro_six_flags great_adventure six_flags great_adventure bolliger_mabillard_b mindbender_galaxyland mindbender_galaxyland anton_schwarzkopf superman ultimate flight six_flags georgia rowspan bolliger_mabillard_b afterburn roller_coaster top gun jet coaster carowinds paramount carowinds wildfire roller_coaster wildfire silver_dollar_city revenge six_flags magic_mountain big bad wolf roller_coaster big bad wolf busch_gardens_williamsburg arrow_dynamics_arrow california screamin disney_californiadventure disney_californiadventure intamin monta force land resort anton_schwarzkopf rowspan superman escape krypton superman thescape six_flags magic rowspan flight deck california great_america top gun california great_america paramount great_america bolliger_mabillard_b roller_coaster superman geauga_lake six_flags worlds adventure_intamin kraken roller_coaster kraken seaworld_orlando bolliger_mabillard_b desperado roller_coaster desperado buffalo bill arrow_dynamics twister cedar_pointamin class wikitable_colspan_top wooden roller_coasters rank_recipient_park_supplier_points raven roller_coaster raven holiday_world splashin_safari rowspan custom_coasters international_cci shivering timbers michigan adventure boulder_dash roller_coaster boulder_dash lake compounce phoenix_roller_coaster phoenix_knoebels_amusement_resort dinn corporation dinn philadelphia_toboggan_coasters_ptc legend roller_coaster legend holiday_world splashin_safari rowspan custom_coasters international_cci ghostrideroller coaster ghostrider knott berry_farm lightning racer hersheypark great_coasters_international_gcii beast roller_coaster beast colspan kings_island megafobia oakwood leisure park_custom coasters_international_cci new texas giantexas giant six_flags texas dinn corporation dinn colossos heide_park colossos heide_park_intamin grand_national roller_coaster grand_national blackpool pleasure paige cornball express indiana_beach custom_coasters international_cci comet_great_escape comet_great_escape amusement_park great_escape 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height floor_count main_contractor architect james lister lea structural_engineer_services_engineer civil_engineer designers_quantity_surveyor awards grade_ii_listed anchor inn one oldest public_houses birmingham back current_building constructed design james lister lea holt brewery company fade believed come station brick company december building designated grade_ii_listed_building status along nearby white swan pub campaign_foreale regional pub year detailed history public_house anchor inn web_site_category pubs birmingham west_midlands category_establishments england_category grade_ii_listed_buildings birmingham category_grade_ii_listed pubs england"},{"title":"Andean Baroque Route","description":"file andean baroque routejpg thumb upright andean baroque route the andean baroque route is a scenic route of peru mainly dedicated to churches belonging to the andean baroque artistic movement including the society of jesus church of cusco and the saint peter the apostle church of andahuaylillas there are two possible versions of this route one short and one long the short route passes through cusco andahuaylillas huaro and urcos towards lake titicacand bolivia the long route includes these same stages but continues towards puerto maldonado aftereaching urcos it passes through ccatcca ocongate and marcapata short route society of jesus church cusco file peru cusco iglesia de la compa ia de jes jpg thumb upright society of jesus church the construction of the church began in athe initiative of the society of jesus jesuits on the top of the amarucancha the palace of the inca huayna capac the church is considered to be one of the most beautiful representations of the colonial baroque art in america itspectacular fade the highest of the cusquenian churches is entirely made of stones inside one can see an altar covered with gold leaves built over an underground chapel the churchas a significant collection of sculptures and paintingsuch as the wedding of ignatius of loyola s nephew saint peter the apostle church andahuaylillas file andahuaylilas churchjpg thumb upright saint peter the apostle church saint peter the apostle church of andahuaylillas is nicknamed the sistine chapel of the andes because of the magnificent frescos adorning its walls andahuaylillas is a small town located km away from cusco the church probably built on ancient inca empire inca site athend of the th century is covered with murals one of them isigned by the limenian painter luis de ria o in saint john the baptist churchuaro file fresque glise huarojpg thumb upright fresco saint john the baptist of huaro file chapelle canincunca d urcosjpg thumb upright chapel canincunca of urcos the small town of huaro is located km south of andahuaylillas its white church dedicated to john the baptist was built athend of the th century itstructure made up of a single nave is of classic style its fade is enlivened by indigenous decorations and flanked by a bell gable inside the renaissance altar is among the oldest of peru however the magnificent pair ofrescos made by tadeo escalante situated on both sides of thentrance gate is undoubtedly the most fascinating artwork in the church canincunca chapel urcos the canincunca chapel dedicated to the virgin of candelaria was probably built athe beginning of the th century for the purpose of evangelizing the indigenous populations it stands above urcos lake on a significant pre hispanic site the cemetery that sits on the hill behind the chapel holds remains that date back to the incan empire the inside of the chapel contains andean baroque iconography such as representations of viscacha s and a representation of the virgin of candelaria long route saint john the baptist church ccatcca the small town of ccatcca boasts of a splendid baroque church dedicated to saint john the baptist saint paul church ocongate the church shows aspects of churrigueresque baroque as well as neoclassicism it containseveral paintings of the famous cusquenian painter diego quispe tito saint francis of assisi church marcapata the little town of marcapata situated in a beautiful place between the andes and the amazonian forest is renowned for its thermal springs the hottest in peru its church dedicated to saint francis of assisis madentirely of adobe adorned with a thatch roof a small garden hidden behind a wall of bricks decorates the outside of the church remarkable paintings representing persons animals and plants cover the walls and the ceiling of the church other sites of interest on the route there are several sites of interest unrelated to the baroque churches on the andean baroque route such as the pre hispanic archaeological sites of tip n and piquillakta located between cusco andahuaylillas or mount ausangate renowned for its hiking trails and its qoyllurit i festival references furthereading ruta del barroco andino arte y devoci n en la ruta del barroco andino en cusco category scenic routes category tourism in 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enclosures for display many times live animals are utilized and featured as part of amusement rides and attractions found at animal theme parks two examples of animal theme parks are disney s animal kingdom in orlando florida or busch gardens tampa bay in tampa florida these commercial parks are similar topen range zoos and safari park s according to size but different intention and appearance containing morentertainment and amusement elementstage shows amusement rides etc the term animal theme park can also be used to describe certain marine mammal park s oceanarium s and morelaborate dolphinarium such aseaworld which offers amusement rides and additional entertainment attractions and are also where marine animalsuch as whales are kept contained put on display and are sometimes trained to perform in shows in the practice of keeping animals as trained show performers in theme parks was heavily criticized when a trainer was killed by an orca whale at seaworld orlando in florida list of 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australian animal_theme_park also_known zoological theme_park combination theme_park zoological_park mainly entertainment amusement commercial purposes many animal_theme_parks combine classic theme_park elementsuch themed entertainment amusement_rides classic zoo elementsuch live animals confined within enclosures display many_times live animals utilized featured part amusement_rides attractions found animal_theme_parks two examples animal_theme_parks disney animal_kingdom orlando_florida busch_gardens_tampa_bay tampa_florida commercial parks similar topen range zoos safari_park according size different intention appearance containing amusement shows amusement_rides etc term animal_theme_park also_used describe certain marine_mammal park oceanarium morelaborate dolphinarium offers amusement_rides additional entertainment attractions also marine animalsuch whales kept contained put display sometimes trained perform shows practice keeping animals trained show performers theme_parks heavily criticized trainer killed orca whale seaworld_orlando_florida list animal_theme_parks zoological theme_parks busch_gardens_tampa_bay tampa_bay florida busch_gardens_williamsburg williamsburg_virginia chessington world adventures surrey animal_kingdom lake buena vista florida land inorth yorkshirengland orlando_florida happy hollow park_zoo san_jose_california hersheypark hershey_pennsylvania kalahari_resorts sandusky_ohio lion country safarin florida parc safarin quebec township quebec six_flags discovery_kingdom vallejo california six_flags great_adventure jersey safarin indonesia wild adventures georgia adventure zoo wildlife world park arizona york wild kingdom york beach maine marine theme_parks marine_mammal parks aquatica water_parks aquatica orlando_florida vista californiand santonio_texas discovery cove orlando_florida epcot walt_disney world lake buena vista florida marineland iniagara falls ontario_canada ocean park hong_kong hong_kong china sea world gold_coast 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tyrannosaurus at london s natural history museum londonatural history museum animatronics refers to the use of robotic devices to emulate a human or animal or bring lifelike characteristics to an otherwise inanimate object a robot designed to be a convincing imitation of a human is more specifically labeled as android robot android modern animatronics have found widespread applications in special effect movie special effects and theme parks and have since their inception been primarily used as a spectacle of amusement animatronics is a multi disciplinary field which integrates anatomy robots mechatronics and puppetry resulting in lifelike animation animatronic figures are often powered by pneumatics hydraulics and or by electrical means and can be implemented using both computer control and human control including teleoperation motion actuators are often used to imitate muscle movements and create realistic motions in limbs figures are covered with body shells and flexible skins made of hard and soft plastic materials and finished with details like colors hair and feathers and other components to make the figure morealistic etymology animatronics is portmanteau of animate and electronics the term audio animatronics was coined by walt disney in when he startedeveloping animatronics for entertainment and film audio animatronics does not differentiate between animatronics androids autonomatronics was also defined by walt disney imagineers to describe a more advanced audio animatronic technology featuring cameras and complex sensors to process information around the character s environment and respond to that stimulus timelinendatevent villarde honnecourthe portfoliof villarde honnecourt depicts an early escapement mechanism in a drawing titled how to make angel keepointing his finger toward the sun and an automaton of a bird with jointed wings event leonardo da vinci designed and builthe automata lion file vaucanson automatajpg thumb right all three of vaucanson s automata the flute player the tambourine player andigesting duck file in the tiki tiki tiki room jpg thumbnail thenchanted tiki room file stanwinstontrexjpg thumbnail tyrannosaurus animatronic the largest animatronic used for jurassic park eventhe construction of automaton automata begins in grenoble france by jacques de vaucanson first a flute player that could play twelve songs the flute player followed by a character playing a flute andrum or tambourine the tambourine player and concluding with a moving quacking flapping eating duck digesting duck the digesting duck event pierre jaquet droz and hison henri louis jaquet droz both swiss watchmakerstart making automata for european royalty once completed they had jaquet droz automata created three dolls one doll was able to write the other play music and the thirdoll couldraw pictures event joseph marie jacquard joseph jacquard builds jacquard loom a loom that is controlled autonomously with punched cards event sparko the robot dog pet of elektro performs in front of the public but sparko unlike many depictions of robots in thatime represented a living animal thus becoming the very first modern day animatronicharacter along with an unnamed horse which was reported to gallop realistically the animatronic galloping horse was alson display athe world s fair in a different exhibithan sparko s locationew york world s fair event heinrich ernst develops the mh a computer operated mechanical hand event walt disney coins the term audio animatronics and begins developing modern animatronic technology eventhe first animatronics called audio animatronics created by disney were the walt disney s enchanted tiki room enchanted tiki birds location disneyland event in the filmary poppins filmary poppins animatronic birds are the first animatronics to be featured in a motion pictureventhe first animatronics figure of a person is created by disney and is great moments with mr lincoln abraham lincoln eventhe first animatronicharacter at a restaurant is created goes by the name golden mario and was built by team built in event chuck e cheese s then known as pizza time theatre opens its doors as the first restaurant with animatronics as an attraction event showbiz pizza place opens withe rock afirexplosion event ben franklin is the first animatronic figure to walk up a set of stairs eventhe first animatronic is developed for the great movie ride attraction athe disney mgm studios to representhe wicked witch of the west eventhe largest animatronic figurever built is the tyrannosaurus t rex for the movie jurassic park film jurassic park eventiger electronics beginselling furby animatronic pet with over english phrases or furbish and the ability to reacto its environment location vernon hills illinois event sony releases the aibo animatronics pet location tokyo japan event mr potato head athe toy story exhibit features lips with superiorange of movemento any other animatronic figure previously location disney s hollywood studios endateventhe abraham lincoln animatronicharacter is upgraded to incorporate autonomatronic technology location the hall of presidents event disney develops otto the first interactive figure that can hear see and sense actions in the room location disney d expo history origins file al jazari a musical toyjpg thumb left al jazari s toy boat musical automata the rd century bc text of the liezi describes an encounter between king mu of zhou and an artificer known as yan shi who presented the king with a life size automaton the figure was described as able to walk pose and sing and when dismantled was observed to consist of anatomically accurate organs the th century bc mohismohist philosopher mozi and his contemporary lu ban are attributed withe invention of artificial wooden birds ma yuan that could successfully fly in the han fei zineedham volume and in the chinese inventor su song built a water clock in the form of a tower which featured mechanical figurines whichimed the hours in leonardo da vinci designed and builthe automata lione of thearliest described animatrons the mechanicalion was presented by giuliano de medici oflorence to francois i king ofrance as a symbol of an alliance between france and florence the automata lion was rebuilt in according to contemporary descriptions anda vinci s own drawings of the mechanism prior to this da vinci hadesigned and exhibited a mechanical knight at a celebration hosted by ludovico sforzathe court of milan in the robot was capable of standing sitting opening its visor and moving its arms the drawings werediscovered in the s and a functional replica was later built early implementations clocks while functional early clocks were also designed as novelties and spectacles which integrated features of early animatronics approximately villarde honnecourt wrote the portfoliof villarde honnecourt which depicts an early escapement mechanism in a drawing titled how to make angel keepointing his finger toward the sun and an automaton of a bird with jointed wings which led to their design implementation in clocks because of their size and complexity the majority of these clocks were built as public spectacles in the town centre one of thearliest of these large clocks was the strasbourg clock built in the fourteenth century which takes up thentire side of a cathedral wall it contained an astronomicalendar automata depicting animalsaints and the life of christhe clock still functions to this day but has undergone several restorationsince its initial construction the prague astronomical clock was built in animated figures were added from the th century onwards file czech prague astronomical clock facejpg thumb left face of the astronomical clock in old town square prague the first description of a modern cuckoo clock was by the augsburg nobleman philipp hainhofer in the clock belonged to princelector august elector of saxony august von sachsen by the workings of mechanical cuckoos were understood and were widely disseminated in athanasius kircher s handbook on music musurgia universalis in what is the first documentedescription of how a mechanical cuckoo works a mechanical organ with several automated figures is described in th century germany clockmakers began making cuckoo clocks for sale clock shopselling cuckoo clocks became commonplace in the black forest region by the middle of the th century attractions a banquet in camilla of aragon s honor in italy featured a lifelike automated camel the spectacle was a part of a larger parade which continued over days in philip the gooduke philip created an entertainment show named thextravagant feast of the pheasant which was intended to influence the duke s peers to participate in a crusade againsthe ottomans but ended up being a grandisplay of automata giants andwarves giovanni fontana engineer giovanni fontana padua n engineer in developed bellicorum instrumentorum liber the faith of a heretic url november which includes a puppet of a camelidriven by a clothed primate twice theight of a human being and an automaton of mary magdalene implementations modern attractions thearliest modern animatronics can actually be found in old robots while some of these robots were in fact animatronics athe time they were thought of simply as robots because the term animatronics had yeto become popularized file sparko the robot dogjpg thumb right sparko the robot dog from s the first animatronics characters to be displayed to the public were a dog and a horseach were the attraction atwo separate spectacles during the new york world s fair sparko the robot dog pet of elektro the robot performs in front of the public athe new york world s fair but sparko is not like normal robotsparko represents a living animal thus becoming the very first modern day animatronicharacter along with an unnamed horse which was reported to gallop realistically the animatronic galloping horse was alson display athe world s fair in a different exhibithan sparko s walt disney is often credited for popularizing animatronics for entertainment after he bought animatronic bird while he was vacationing although it is disputed whether it was inew orleans or europe disney s vision for audio animatronics was primarily focused on patriotic displays rather than amusements in two years after walt disney discovered animatronics he commissioned machinist roger broggie and sculptor wathel rogers to lead a team tasked with creating a tall figure that could move and talk simulating dance routines performed by actor buddy ebsen the project was titled project little man but was never finished a year later walt disney imagineering was created after project little man the imagineering team at disney s first project was a chinese head which was on display in the lobby of their office customers could ask thead questions and it would reply with words of wisdom theyes blinked and its mouth opened and closed the walt disney production company started using animatronics in for disneyland s ride the jungle cruise and later for its attraction walt disney s enchanted tiki room which featured animatronic enchanted tiki birds the first fully completed human audio animatronic figure was abraham lincoln created by walt disney in for the new york world s fair world s fair in the new york in disney upgraded the figure and coined it as the lincoln mark ii which appeared athe opera house at disneyland resort in california for three months the originalincoln performed inew york while the lincoln mark ii played performances per hour at disneyland body language and facial motions were matched to perfection withe recorded speech actoroyal dano voiced the animatronics version of abraham lincoln lucky the dinosaur is an approximately green segnosaurus which pulls a flower covered cart and is led by chandler the dinosaur handler lucky is notable in that he was the first free roving audio animatronic figurever created by disney s imagineers the flower cart he pulls conceals the computer and power source the muppet mobile lab is a free roving audio animatronic entertainment attraction designed by walt disney imagineering two muppet characters dr bunsen honeydew and his assistant beaker muppet beaker pilothe vehicle through the park interacting with guests andeploying special effectsuch as foggers ashing lights moving signs confetti cannons and spray jets it is currently deployed at hong kong disneyland in hong kong a laffing sal is one of the several automated characters that were used to attract carnival and amusement park patrons to funhouse s andark ride s throughouthe united states its movements were accompanied by a raucous laugh that sometimes frightened small children and annoyed adults the rock afirexplosion in animatronic band that played in showbiz pizza place from to film and television the film industry has been a driving force revolutionizing the technology used to develop animatronics are used in situations where a creature does not existhe action is too risky or costly to use real actors or animals or the action could never be obtained with a living person or animal its main advantage over computer generated imagery cgi and stop motion is thathe simulated creature has a physical presence moving in front of the camera in real time the technology behind animatronics has become more advanced and sophisticated over the years making the puppet s even more lifelike animatronics were first introduced by disney in the filmary poppins filmary poppins which featured animatronic bird since then animatronics have been used extensively in such movies as jaws film jaws and ethextra terrestrial which relied heavily on animatronics directorsuch asteven spielberg and jim henson have been pioneers in using animatronics in the film industry the film jurassic park film jurassic park used a combination of computer generated imagery in conjunction with life sized animatronic dinosaurs built by stan winston and his team winston s animatronic t rex stood almost in length and even the largest animatronics weighing were able to perfectly recreate the appearance and natural movement on screen of a full sized tyrannosaurus rex jack horner paleontologist jack horner called ithe closest i vever been to a live dinosaur critics referred to spielberg s dinosaurs as breathtakingly and terrifyingly realistic the bbc miniseries walking with dinosaurs was produced using a combination of about computer generated imagery cgi and animatronic models the quality of computer imagery of the day was good but animatronics were still better at distance shots as well as closeups of the dinosaurs animatronics for the series were designed by british animatronics firm crawley creatures the showas followed up in with a live adaptation of the series walking with dinosaurs the arena spectacular walking with dinosaurs the arena spectacular geoff peterson is animatronic human skeleton that serves as the sidekick on the late nightalk show the late showith craig ferguson often referred to as a robot skeleton peterson is a radio controlled animatronic robot puppet designed and built by grant imahara of mythbusters advertising the british advertisement campaign for cadbury schweppes titled gorilladvertisement gorilla featured an actor inside a gorilla suit with animatronically animated face the slowskys was an advertising campaign for comcast cable s xfinity broadband internet service provider internet service the ad features two animatronic turtles and it won the gold effie award in toysomexamples of animatronic toys include teddy ruxpin big mouth billy bass kota the triceratops pleo wowwee alive chimpanzee actimates microsoft actimates and furby video games animatronics are the main antagonists in the popular horror video game five nights at freddy s design file animatronicjpg thumb upright animatronic animatronics character is built around an internal supporting frame usually made of steel attached to these bones are the muscles which can be manufactured using elastic netting composed of styrene beads the frame provides the support for thelectronics and mechanical components as well as providing the shape for the outer skin the skin of the figure is most often made ofoam rubber silicone or urethane poured into moulds and allowed to cure to provide further strength a piece ofabric is cuto size and embedded in the foam rubber after it is poured into the mould once the mould has fully cured each piece iseparated and attached to thexterior of the figure providing the appearance and texture similar to that of skin structure animatronics character is typically designed to be as realistic as possible and thus is built similarly to how it would be in realife the framework of the figure is like the skeleton joints motors and actuator s act as the muscles connecting all thelectrical components together are wiresuch as the nervousystem of a real animal or person frame or skeleton steel aluminum plastic and wood are all commonly used in building animatronics but eachas its best purpose the relative strength as well as the weight of the material itself should be considered when determining the most appropriate material to use the cost of the material may also be a concern exterior skin several materials are commonly used in the fabrication of animatronics figure s exterior dependent on the particular circumstances the best material will be used to produce the most lifelike form for exampleyes and teeth are commonly made completely out of acrylic latex white latex is commonly used as a general material because it has a high level of elasticity it is also pre vulcanized making it easy and fasto apply latex is produced in several grades grade is a popular form of latex that dries rapidly and can be applied very thick making it ideal for developing molds foam latex is a lightweight soft form of latex which is used in mask s and facial prosthetic s to change a person s outward appearance and in animatronics to create a realistic skin the wizard of oz film the wizard of oz was one of the first films to makextensive use ofoam latex prosthetics in the silicone disney has a research team devoted to improving andeveloping better methods of creating more lifelike animatronics exteriors with silicone rtv silicone room temperature vulcanization silicone is used primarily as a molding material as it is very easy to use but is relatively expensive few other materialstick to it making molds easy to separate bubbles aremoved from silicone by pouring the liquid material in a thin stream or processing in a vacuum chamber prior to use fumed silica is used as a bulking agent for thicker coatings of the material polyurethane rubber is a more cost effective material to use in place of silicone polyurethane comes in various levels of hardness which are measured on the shore scale rigid polyurethane foam is used in prototyping because it can be milled and shaped in high density flexible polyurethane foam is often used in the actual building of the final animatronic figure because it is flexible and bonds well with latex plaster as a commonplace construction and home decorating material plaster is widely available its rigidity limits use in moulds and plaster moulds are unsuitable when undercuts are presenthis may make plaster far more difficulto use than softer materials like latex or silicone movement file mechaduckpng thumb a postulated interior of the duck of vaucanson pneumatic actuators can be used for small animatronics but are not powerful enough for large designs and must be supplemented withydraulic s to create morealistic movement in large figures analog system is generally used to give the figures a full range ofluid motion rather than simple two position movements emotion modeling mimicking the often subtle displays of humans and other living creatures and the associated movement is a challenging task when developing animatronics one of the most common emotional models is the facial action coding system facs developed by ekmand friesen facs defines thathrough facial expression humans can recognize basic emotions anger disgust fear joy sadness and surprise another theory is that of ortony clore and collins or the occ model which defines different emotional categories training and education animatronics has been developed as a career which combines the disciplines of mechanical engineering casting sculpting control technologies electrical electronic systems radio control and airbrushing some colleges and universities doffer degree programs in animatronics individuals interested in animatronics typically earn a degree in robotics which closely relate to the specializations needed in animatronics engineering students achieving a bachelor s degree in robotics commonly complete courses in mechanical engineering industrial robotics mechatronicsystems modeling of roboticsystems robotics engineering foundational theory of robotics 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anatomy robots resulting lifelike animation animatronic figures often powered electrical means implemented using computer control human control including motion often_used movements create realistic limbs figures covered body shells flexible made hard soft plastic materials finished details like colors hair components make figure etymology animatronics portmanteau term audio animatronics coined walt_disney animatronics entertainment film audio animatronics differentiate animatronics also defined walt_disney describe advanced audio animatronic technology featuring cameras complex process information around character environment respond stimulus villarde portfoliof villarde depicts early escapement mechanism drawing titled make angel finger toward sun automaton bird wings event leonardo vinci designed builthe automata lion file vaucanson thumb right three vaucanson automata flute player player duck file tiki tiki tiki room jpg thumbnail tiki room file thumbnail tyrannosaurus animatronic largest animatronic used jurassic_park eventhe construction automaton automata begins france jacques de vaucanson first flute player could play twelve songs flute player followed character playing flute player moving eating duck duck duck event pierre hison henri louis swiss making automata european royalty completed automata created three one able write play music pictures event joseph marie joseph builds controlled cards event sparko robot dog pet performs front public sparko unlike many depictions robots thatime represented living animal thus becoming first modern_day animatronicharacter along unnamed horse reported animatronic horse alson display athe world fair different sparko york_world fair event ernst develops computer operated mechanical hand event walt_disney coins term audio animatronics begins developing modern animatronic technology eventhe first animatronics called audio animatronics created disney walt_disney enchanted tiki room enchanted tiki birds location disneyland event filmary poppins filmary poppins animatronic birds first animatronics featured motion first animatronics figure person created disney great moments lincoln abraham lincoln eventhe first animatronicharacter restaurant created goes name golden built team built event chuck e cheese known pizza time theatre opens doors first restaurant animatronics attraction event pizza place opens withe rock event ben franklin first animatronic figure walk set stairs eventhe first animatronic developed great movie ride attraction athe disney mgm studios representhe witch west eventhe largest animatronic built tyrannosaurus rex movie jurassic_park film jurassic_park animatronic pet english phrases ability environment location vernon hills illinois event sony releases animatronics pet location tokyo_japan event potato head athe toy story exhibit features movemento animatronic figure previously location disney hollywood_studios abraham lincoln animatronicharacter upgraded incorporate technology location hall presidents event disney develops otto first interactive figure hear see sense actions room location disney expo history origins file musical thumb left toy boat musical automata century text describes encounter king known yan shi presented king life size automaton figure described able walk pose sing dismantled observed consist accurate organs th_century philosopher contemporary ban attributed withe invention artificial wooden birds yuan could successfully fly volume chinese inventor song built water clock form tower featured mechanical hours leonardo vinci designed builthe automata thearliest described presented de medici king ofrance symbol alliance france florence automata lion rebuilt according contemporary descriptions vinci drawings mechanism prior vinci exhibited mechanical knight celebration hosted court milan robot capable standing sitting opening moving arms drawings functional replica later built early clocks functional early clocks also designed spectacles integrated features early animatronics approximately villarde wrote portfoliof villarde depicts early escapement mechanism drawing titled make angel finger toward sun automaton bird wings led design implementation clocks size complexity majority clocks built public spectacles town centre one thearliest large clocks clock built century takes thentire side cathedral wall contained automata depicting life clock still functions day several initial construction prague clock built animated figures added th_century onwards file czech prague clock thumb left face clock old town square prague first description modern cuckoo clock clock belonged august saxony august von mechanical understood widely handbook music first mechanical cuckoo works mechanical organ several automated figures described th_century germany began making cuckoo clocks sale clock cuckoo clocks became commonplace black_forest region middle th_century attractions banquet aragon honor italy featured lifelike automated camel spectacle part larger parade continued days philip philip created entertainment show named feast pheasant intended influence duke peers participate againsthe ottomans ended automata giants giovanni engineer giovanni padua n engineer developed liber faith url november includes twice theight human automaton mary modern attractions thearliest modern animatronics actually found old robots robots fact animatronics athe_time thought simply robots term animatronics yeto become_popularized file sparko robot thumb right sparko robot dog first animatronics characters displayed public dog attraction separate spectacles new_york world fair sparko robot dog pet robot performs front public athe new_york world fair sparko like normal represents living animal thus becoming first modern_day animatronicharacter along unnamed horse reported animatronic horse alson display athe world fair different sparko walt_disney often credited popularizing animatronics entertainment bought animatronic bird although disputed whether inew_orleans europe disney vision audio animatronics primarily focused displays rather amusements two_years walt_disney discovered animatronics commissioned roger sculptor rogers lead team tasked creating tall figure could move talk simulating dance performed actor project titled project little man never finished year_later walt_disney imagineering created project little man imagineering team disney first project chinese head display lobby office customers could ask thead questions would reply words wisdom theyes mouth opened closed walt_disney production_company started using animatronics disneyland ride jungle_cruise later attraction walt_disney enchanted tiki room featured animatronic enchanted tiki birds first fully completed human audio animatronic figure abraham lincoln created walt_disney new_york world fair world fair new_york disney upgraded figure coined lincoln mark ii appeared athe opera_house disneyland resort california three_months performed inew_york lincoln mark ii played performances per_hour disneyland body language facial withe recorded speech voiced animatronics version abraham lincoln lucky dinosaur approximately green pulls flower covered cart led chandler dinosaur lucky notable first free roving audio animatronic created disney flower cart pulls computer power source muppet mobile lab free roving audio animatronic entertainment attraction designed walt_disney imagineering two muppet characters assistant muppet pilothe vehicle park interacting guests special lights moving signs spray jets currently deployed hong_kong disneyland hong_kong sal one several automated characters used attract carnival amusement_park patrons funhouse andark ride throughouthe_united_states movements accompanied sometimes small children adults rock animatronic band played pizza place film television film industry driving force technology used develop animatronics used situations action risky costly use real actors animals action could never obtained living person animal main advantage computer generated imagery stop motion thathe simulated physical presence moving front camera real_time technology behind animatronics become advanced sophisticated years making even lifelike animatronics first introduced disney filmary poppins filmary poppins featured animatronic bird since animatronics used extensively movies jaws film jaws relied heavily animatronics jim pioneers using animatronics film industry film jurassic_park film jurassic_park used combination computer generated imagery conjunction life sized animatronic dinosaurs built stan winston team winston animatronic rex stood almost length even largest animatronics weighing able perfectly recreate appearance natural movement screen full sized tyrannosaurus rex jack jack called ithe closest live dinosaur critics referred dinosaurs realistic bbc miniseries walking dinosaurs produced using combination computer generated imagery animatronic models quality computer imagery day good animatronics still better distance shots well dinosaurs animatronics series designed british animatronics firm creatures showas followed live adaptation series walking dinosaurs arena spectacular walking dinosaurs arena spectacular geoff animatronic human skeleton serves late show late craig ferguson often_referred robot skeleton radio controlled animatronic robot designed built grant advertising british advertisement campaign titled gorilla featured actor inside gorilla suit animated face advertising campaign cable internet service provider internet service features two animatronic gold award animatronic toys include teddy big mouth billy bass alive microsoft video_games animatronics main popular horror video_game five nights design file thumb upright animatronic animatronics character built around internal supporting frame usually_made steel attached bones manufactured using composed frame provides support mechanical components well providing shape outer skin skin figure often made rubber silicone poured allowed cure provide strength piece size embedded foam rubber poured fully cured piece attached thexterior figure providing appearance texture similar skin structure animatronics character typically designed realistic possible thus built similarly would realife framework figure like skeleton joints act connecting components together real animal person frame skeleton steel aluminum plastic wood commonly_used building animatronics best purpose relative strength well weight material considered determining appropriate material use cost material may_also concern exterior skin several materials commonly_used fabrication animatronics figure exterior dependent particular circumstances best material used produce lifelike form commonly made completely latex white latex commonly_used general material high_level also pre making easy apply latex produced several grades grade popular form latex rapidly applied thick making ideal developing foam latex lightweight soft form latex used mask facial change person outward appearance animatronics create realistic skin wizard film wizard one first films use latex silicone disney research team devoted improving andeveloping better methods creating lifelike animatronics silicone silicone room temperature silicone used primarily material easy use relatively expensive making easy separate silicone pouring liquid material thin stream processing vacuum chamber prior use used agent material polyurethane rubber cost effective material use place silicone polyurethane comes various levels measured shore scale rigid polyurethane foam used shaped high density flexible polyurethane foam often_used actual building final animatronic figure flexible bonds well latex plaster commonplace construction home material plaster widely available limits use plaster unsuitable may make plaster far difficulto use materials like latex silicone movement file thumb_interior duck vaucanson used small animatronics powerful enough large designs must supplemented create movement large figures system generally used give figures full range motion rather simple two position movements emotion modeling often displays humans living creatures associated movement challenging task developing animatronics one common emotional models facial action system developed defines facial expression humans recognize basic emotions fear joy surprise another theory collins model defines different emotional categories training education animatronics developed career combines disciplines mechanical engineering control technologies electrical electronic systems radio control colleges universities degree programs animatronics individuals interested animatronics typically earn degree robotics closely relate needed animatronics engineering students achieving bachelor degree robotics commonly complete courses mechanical engineering industrial robotics modeling robotics engineering theory robotics introduction also automaton valley references_externalinks 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is predicted to triple in size within the next years and become the world s largest industry by the year generating enormous opportunities for well qualified individuals armed with credentials from an elite institute like jims these graduates will be in great demand to assumexciting and rewarding positions anywhere in the world society has evolved from eating to relishing food the cook has become a chef the waiter has become a sommelier steward hotels are a part of the hospitality industry many international chain hotels collections of hotel including four seasons hotels and resorts mandarin oriental hotel group oberoi hotels resorts the peninsula hotelshangri la hotels and resorts fairmont hotels and resorts ritz carlton hotel company hyatt sheraton hotels and resorts rosewood hotels resorts radisson hotels le m ridien jumeirahotel chain and marriott hotels resorts international are already established in the world market and are still expanding tourism is also now factored as a 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these by morelaborate and spacious enclosures thattempto replicate their natural habitat ecology habitat s for the benefit of the animal s and the visitors a noteworthy example is found in bern switzerland known as the b rengraben it was built in and istill in use though much modified other meanings another meaning is for an unusually aggressive political arena in which direct heated attacks are common what happened to bully banks the new zealand herald saturday october a bear pit also refers to a type of trap used to deter or trap bears it usually consists of a largearthen pit with sharpened pikes in the bottom to impale the bear they are most often used to deter bears from approaching a cabin rather than as a means of actually catching them the term bear pit is also used to describe a tournament or sparring format sometimes also referred to as king of the hill game king of the hill the participants form a queue behind the firstwo to compete onceach match is over the winneremains to 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happened banks new_zealand herald saturday october bear pit also refers type trap used trap bears usually consists pit pikes bottom bear often_used bears approaching cabin rather means actually catching term bear pit also_used describe tournament format sometimes also_referred king hill game king hill participants form queue behind firstwo compete match face next line goes thend queue usual thathe process continued set period time victor match noted athend winner determined matches multiple bear pits may_also defeated contestants able choose queue see_also bear traffic menagerie zoo references botanical_gardens bear pit bear parc bern category bears category_zoos_category baiting blood sport_category cruelty animals del"},{"title":"Bed-making","description":"file bed in seattle hoteljpg righthumb an unmade hotel bed making is the act of arranging the bed sheet bedsheets and other bedding on a bed to prepare it for use available online to subscribers it is a household chore but is also 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managers following bigger challenge bedforest aims grow indonesian accommodations network focusing especially fast_growing marketsuch indonesian islands like regency founded launched bedforest internet booking engine online booking service based operated kosong category_hospitality services_category_travel websites_category social_networking services"},{"title":"Behavioral enrichment","description":"image asian elephant enrichmentjpg righthumb px an asian elephant in a zoo manipulating a suspended ball provided as environmental enrichment behavioral enrichment closely related to environmental enrichment neural environmental enrichment is animal husbandry principle that seeks to enhance the quality of captive animal care by identifying and providing thenvironmental stimuli necessary for optimal psychological and physiological quality of life well being shepherdson dj tracing the path of environmental enrichment in zoos in shepherdson dj mellen jd and hutchins m second naturenvironmental enrichment for captive animalst edition smithsonian institution press london uk pp the goal of environmental enrichment is to improve or maintain animal s physical and psychological health by increasing the range or number of speciespecific behaviors increasing positive utilization of the captivenvironment preventing oreducing the frequency of list of abnormal behaviours in animals abnormal behaviorsuch astereotypy non human stereotypies and increasing the individual s ability to cope withe challenges of captivity the purpose of behavioral enrichment is to improve the overall welfare of animals in captivity and create a habitat similar to whathey would experience in their wild environment for each animal in captivity a goal oriented plan is outlined and created to meethe needs of that animal specifically cleveland metroparks zoo website wwwclevelandmetroparkscom access date many different factors are included in making an enrichment outline including the needs of the species their desired behaviors an individual history and the animal s current habitathis plan is then put into action and changed based on the response and changing needs of the animal a variety of enrichmentechniques are used to create desired outcomesimilar to animals individual and species history each of the techniques used are intended to stimulate the animal sensesimilarly to how they would be activated in the wild provided enrichment may be seen in the form of auditory olfactory habitat factors food research projects training and objects environmental enrichment can be offered to any animal in captivity including captivity animal captive animals in zoos and related institutions animals in animal sanctuary sanctuaries animals used for animal testing research animals used for pet companionship eg dogs hubrecht r dogs andog housing in smith cp and v taylor eds environmental enrichment information resources for laboratory animals universities federation for animal welfare ufaw potters bar herts pp cats rabbits etc environmental enrichment can beneficial to a wide range of vertebrates and invertebratesuch as land mammal s marine mammal s and amphibian s in the united statespecific regulations must be followed for enrichment plans in order to guarantee regulate and provide appropriate living environments and stimulation for animals in captivity making a goal oriented plan creating an individual goal oriented plan for each animal in captivity is a crucial part of behavioral enrichment each plan is created by considering desired speciespecific behavior speciespecific behavior their habitat while in captivity and their individual history the plan created for animal often also includes planning in order to discourage unwanted and abnormal behavior s that are acquired from being in captivity every plan that is created must havenrichment activities that can be well documented as a way to ensure thathe animal is benefitting from the pland activities they take part in by creating a plan with easily documented activities zookeeper caretakers are able to adjusthe plan as needed for desired behaviors of the individual animal each plan can be created following a set of steps firsthe animal must be identified and a team of specialized members is assembled the teamembers often have specific rolesuch as gathering information regarding the species documenting and analyzing thenvironment and going over the animal s individual history the next step is to gather the information and create a plan with specific andetailed enrichment activities that will be used to helproduce the desired behaviors that were agreed upon by teamembers after the plan is drawn up it is then submitted to the animal managementeam who then approves or denies the plan once the plan is approved the caretakers for the animal begin picking different activities off of the list of approved ideas and presenthem to the animal as a way to ensure varied enrichment as enrichment activities begin a schedule is then produced in order to documenthe animal s change and progression it is athis pointhathe plan is reevaluated and adjustedepending on the animal s individual responses and new behaviors plans are created for each animal in captivity this includes land mammals amphibians and even marine mammals dolphin sea lion s whale shark s and even fish that are seen within captivity and throughout aquarium s are all given goal oriented enrichment plans marine mammals experience training with food and positive feedback as a major form of their enrichment plans this training helps zookeepers and trainers monitor the animal s health and veterinary care in a formathat is lesstressful and safer for the animal types of enrichment file behavioral enrichment feedingjpg thumb alt behavioral enrichment feeding behavioral enrichment feeding file behavioral enrichment sensoryjpg thumb alt behavioral enrichment sensory behavioral enrichment sensory any stimulus which evokes animal s interest in a positive way can be considered enriching including natural and artificial objectscents novel foods andifferent methods of preparing foods for example frozen in ice most enrichment stimuli can be divided into seven groups natural environmental enhancing the animals captive habitat with opportunities that change or add complexity to thenvironment list ofeeding behaviours feeding by presenting food to animal in different waysuch as hidden scattered throughoutheir habitat buried or presentedifferently natural hunting and scavenging behaviors arencouraged by requiring the animals to investigate manipulate and work for their food as they would inon captivenvironments feeding enrichment is the most common technique used object manipulation providing items that can be manipulated by the paws feetail horns head mouth etc this promotes investigatory behavior and exploratory play that is often closely related to behaviors that can be seen by the species in a natural wild habitat it is not uncommon to see manipulation and feeding techniques combined many objects offered to animal in their habitat can contain treats that require the animal topen break apart and or find the treats through obstacles within thenrichment object mechanical puzzle s requiring animal to solve simple problems to access food or otherewards these puzzles can include puzzle feeders that contain the animal s meal or manipulation objects that are presented sensory system sensory stimulating animalsenses visual olfactory auditory tactile and taste olfactory senses can be activated by presenting scents thathe animal would encounter while hunting and mating in the wild caretakers include prey predator and pheromone scents within thenclosure auditory senses can be activated by playing recordings of the animal s natural habitat animal and vocalizations that can be heard by the species in the wild social animal social providing the opportunity to interact with other animals either conspecifics or species interspecifics animal training training animals with positive reinforcement or habituation this technique not only helps the animal to becomentally stimulated but also helps to create and form a bond between the animal and his her caretaker allowing the caretaker to get a closer look athe animal on a daily basis and allowing for easier daily and veterinary carelaborate systems ofood presentation have been developed eg presenting dead rat s for wildcat s in a swedish zoo and computer programmedevices which allow the animals in thenclosure to search for prey as they would in their natural environment it can be argued that a stimulus may be considered enriching even if the animal s reaction to it is negative such as with unpleasant scents although stimuli that evokextreme stress or fear should be avoided as well astimuli that can be harmful to the animal a contrary point of view is that for environmental enrichmento be considered successful it should promote only positive behaviours enclosures in modern zoos are often designed to facilitatenvironmental enrichment for example the denver zoo s exhibit predatoridge allows different african carnivora carnivores to be rotated among several enclosures providing the animals with a different sized environment and exposing them to each other scents assessing the success a range of methods can be used to assess which environmental enrichmentshould be provided these are based on the premises that captive animalshould perform behaviours in a similar way to those in thethogram of their ancestral species dawkins ms time budgets in red junglefowl as a baseline for the assessment of welfare in domestic fowl applied animal behaviour science animalshould be allowed to perform the activities or interactions they prefer ie preference test preference testudiesherwin cm and glen ef cage colour preferences and effects of home cage colour on anxiety in laboratory mice animal behaviour and animalshould be allowed to perform those activities for which they are highly motivated ie consumer demand tests animals motivation studiesherwin cm the motivation of group housed laboratory mice musculus for additional space animal behaviour environmental enrichment is a way to ensure that animals natural and instinctual behaviors are kept and able to be passed and taught from one generation to the next enrichmentechniques that encourage speciespecific behaviors like those that are discovered in the wild have been studied and found to help the process of reintroduction of endangered species into their natural habitats as well as helping to create offspring with natural traits and behaviors the main way the success of environmental enrichment can be measured is by recognizing the behavioral changes that occur from the techniques used to shape desired behaviors of the animal compared to the behaviors of those found in the wild other ways thathe success of environmental enrichment can be assessed quantitatvely by a range of animal welfare science behavioral and physiological indicators of animal welfare in addition to those listed above behavioral indicators include the occurrence of list of abnormal behaviours in animals abnormal behaviours eg stereotypy non human stereotypies mason gj stereotypies a critical review animal behaviour claes attur shanmugam and jensen p habituation to environmental enrichment in captive sloth bears effect on stereotypies zoo biology cognitive biastudies mendl m burman ohparkermand paul es cognitive bias an indicator of animal emotion and welfaremerging evidence and underlying mechanisms applied animal behaviour science and theffects ofrustration duncan ijh and wood gush dgm frustration and aggression in the domestic fowl animal behaviour zimmerman ph lundberg a keeling lj and koene p theffect of an audience on the gakel call and other frustration behaviours in the laying hen gallus domesticus animal welfare physiological indicators include heart rate kemppinen hau j meller a mauranen kohila t and nevalainen t impact of aspen furniture and restricted feeding on activity blood pressure heart rate and faecal corticosterone and immunoglobulin a excretion in rats rattus norvegicus housed individually ventilated cages laboratory animals corticosteroids laws n ganswindt a heistermann m harris m harris and sherwin c a case study fecal corticosteroid and behavior as indicators of welfare during relocation of an asian elephant journal of applied animal welfare science immune system immune function martin lb kidd liebl al and coon cacaptivity induces hyper inflammation in the house sparrow passer domesticus journal of experimental biology neuroscience neuorobiology lewis mh presti mf lewis jb and turner ca the neurobiology of stereotypy i environmental complexity in stereotypic animal behaviour fundamentals and applications to welfare g mason and j rushen editors cabi pp eggshell qualityhughes bo gilbert ab and brown mf categorisation and causes of abnormal egg shells relationship with stress british poultry science and thermography wilcox cs patterson j and cheng hw use of thermography to screen for subclinical bumblefoot infection bumblefoot in poultry science it is very difficult for zookeepers to measure theffectiveness of enrichment in terms of the stress due to the facthat animals that are found in zoos are oftentimes on display and presented with very abnormal conditions that can cause uneasiness and stress measuring enrichment in terms of reproduction is easier because of our ability to record offspring numbers and fertility by making necessary environment changes and providing mental stimulation animals in captivity have been seen to reproduce at a more similarate to their wild ancestors in comparison to those provided with less behavioral and environmental enrichment regulatory requirements in the united states the amendments to the united states animal welfare act of animal welfare act amendments directed the united statesecretary of agriculture secretary of agriculture to establish regulations to provide an adequate physical environmento promote the psychological well being of primate s and exercise for dog subsequent standards for nonhuman primatenvironmental enhancement including provisions for social grouping and environmental enrichment are included under section in the animal welfaregulations code ofederal regulations cfr concepts relating to behavioral needs and environmental enrichment are also incorporated into the standards for marine flying and aquatic mammals the association of zoos and aquariums also known as the aza requires that animal husbandry and welfare be a main concern for those caring for animals in captivity in order to be an azaccredited facility certain guidelines must be followed that pertain to the practices and techniques of enrichment in zoos these regulations are in place in order to protecthe animals overall wellbeing and to ensure the proper mental physical social and biological characteristics of the animals are present when being compared to their ancestors that are found in the wild when evaluating a facility forequirements and aspects necessary to receive accreditation as an aza facility all aspects areviewed this includes but is not limited to all animal habitats diets enrichment plans and social groupings found athe location being reviewed the facility is also evaluated on research done athe institution their veterinary medicine veterinary care in place for the animals public education efforts and overall involvement in wildlife conservation references externalinks laboratory animal refinement database animals in laboratories awionlineorg research foundation switzerland forschung rch animal welfare information center nalusdagov the shape of enrichment selected articles on enrichment for zoo animals environmental enrichment for pet cats aspca environmental enrichment for pet dogs aspca environmental enrichment for horses aspcategory animal welfare category ethology category 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stimuli necessary optimal psychological physiological quality life well tracing path environmental_enrichment zoos hutchins second enrichment captive edition smithsonian_institution press london_uk pp goal environmental_enrichment improve maintain animal physical psychological health increasing range number speciespecific behaviors increasing positive utilization preventing frequency list abnormal behaviours animals abnormal non human stereotypies increasing individual ability cope withe challenges captivity purpose behavioral_enrichment improve overall welfare animals captivity create habitat similar whathey would experience wild environment animal captivity goal oriented plan outlined created meethe needs animal specifically cleveland zoo website access_date many_different factors included making enrichment outline including needs species desired behaviors individual history animal current plan put action changed based response changing needs animal variety used create desired animals individual species history techniques used intended stimulate animal would activated wild provided enrichment may seen form auditory habitat factors food research projects training objects environmental_enrichment offered animal captivity including captivity animal captive animals zoos related institutions animals animal sanctuary animals used animal testing research animals used pet dogs r dogs housing smith v taylor eds environmental_enrichment information resources laboratory animals universities federation animal_welfare potters_bar pp cats rabbits etc environmental_enrichment beneficial wide_range land mammal marine_mammal united regulations must followed enrichment plans order guarantee regulate provide appropriate living environments stimulation animals captivity making goal oriented plan creating individual goal oriented plan animal captivity crucial part behavioral_enrichment plan created considering desired speciespecific behavior speciespecific behavior habitat captivity individual history plan created animal often also_includes planning order discourage unwanted abnormal behavior acquired captivity every plan created must activities well documented way ensure_thathe animal pland activities take_part creating plan easily documented activities able plan needed desired behaviors individual animal plan created following set steps firsthe animal must identified team specialized members assembled teamembers often specific gathering information regarding species documenting thenvironment going animal individual history next step gather information create plan specific andetailed enrichment activities used desired behaviors agreed upon teamembers plan drawn submitted animal managementeam plan plan approved animal begin picking different activities list approved ideas animal way ensure varied enrichment enrichment activities begin schedule produced order animal change progression athis plan animal individual responses new behaviors plans created animal captivity includes land mammals even marine_mammals dolphin sea_lion whale shark even fish seen within captivity throughout aquarium given goal oriented enrichment plans marine_mammals experience training food positive feedback major form enrichment plans training helps monitor animal health veterinary care safer animal types enrichment file behavioral_enrichment thumb_alt behavioral_enrichment feeding behavioral_enrichment feeding file behavioral_enrichment thumb_alt behavioral_enrichment sensory behavioral_enrichment sensory stimulus animal interest positive way considered including natural artificial novel foods methods preparing foods example frozen ice enrichment stimuli divided seven groups natural_environmental enhancing animals captive habitat opportunities change add complexity thenvironment list behaviours feeding presenting food animal different hidden scattered habitat buried natural hunting behaviors arencouraged requiring animals investigate work food would inon feeding enrichment common technique used object manipulation providing items manipulated horns head mouth etc promotes behavior exploratory play often closely related behaviors seen species natural wild habitat uncommon see manipulation feeding techniques combined many objects offered animal habitat contain treats require animal topen break apart find treats obstacles within object mechanical requiring animal solve simple problems access food include contain animal meal manipulation objects presented sensory system sensory stimulating visual auditory taste senses activated presenting scents thathe animal would encounter hunting mating wild include prey predator scents within auditory senses activated playing recordings animal natural habitat animal heard species wild social animal social providing opportunity interact animals either species animal training training animals positive technique helps animal also helps create form bond animal allowing get closer look athe animal daily basis allowing easier daily veterinary systems ofood presentation developed presenting dead rat wildcat swedish zoo computer allow animals search prey would natural_environment argued stimulus may considered even animal reaction negative scents although stimuli stress fear avoided well harmful animal contrary point view environmental considered successful promote positive behaviours enclosures modern zoos often designed enrichment example denver zoo exhibit allows different african among several enclosures providing animals different sized environment scents assessing success range methods used assess environmental provided based premises captive perform behaviours similar way species time budgets red assessment welfare domestic applied animal behaviour science allowed perform activities interactions prefer preference test preference glen cage colour preferences effects home cage colour anxiety laboratory mice animal behaviour allowed perform activities highly motivated consumer demand tests animals motivation motivation group housed laboratory mice additional space animal behaviour environmental_enrichment way ensure animals natural behaviors kept able passed taught one generation next encourage speciespecific behaviors like discovered wild studied found help process reintroduction endangered_species natural habitats well helping create offspring natural behaviors main way success environmental_enrichment measured recognizing behavioral changes occur techniques used shape desired behaviors animal compared behaviors found wild ways thathe success environmental_enrichment assessed range animal_welfare science behavioral physiological indicators animal_welfare addition listed behavioral indicators include occurrence list abnormal behaviours animals abnormal behaviours non human stereotypies mason stereotypies critical review animal behaviour jensen p environmental_enrichment captive bears effect stereotypies zoo biology cognitive paul cognitive bias indicator animal emotion evidence underlying mechanisms applied animal behaviour science theffects duncan wood frustration aggression domestic animal behaviour p theffect audience call frustration behaviours laying hen animal_welfare physiological indicators include heart rate j impact furniture restricted feeding activity blood pressure heart rate rats housed individually ventilated cages laboratory animals laws n harris harris c case study behavior indicators welfare asian elephant journal applied animal_welfare science immune system immune function martin induces hyper house journal experimental biology lewis lewis turner environmental complexity animal behaviour applications welfare g mason j editors cabi pp gilbert brown causes abnormal egg shells relationship stress british poultry science patterson j use screen infection poultry science difficult measure enrichment terms stress due facthat animals found zoos display presented abnormal conditions cause stress measuring enrichment terms reproduction easier ability record offspring numbers fertility making necessary environment changes providing mental stimulation animals captivity seen reproduce wild ancestors comparison provided less behavioral environmental_enrichment regulatory requirements united_states amendments united_states animal_welfare act animal_welfare act amendments directed united agriculture secretary agriculture establish regulations provide adequate physical environmento promote psychological well exercise dog subsequent standards enhancement including provisions social environmental_enrichment included section animal code ofederal regulations concepts relating behavioral needs environmental_enrichment also incorporated standards marine flying aquatic mammals association zoos aquariums also_known aza requires animal husbandry welfare main concern caring animals captivity order facility certain guidelines must followed practices techniques enrichment zoos regulations place order protecthe animals overall ensure proper mental physical social biological characteristics animals present compared ancestors found wild evaluating facility aspects necessary receive accreditation aza facility aspects includes limited animal habitats diets enrichment plans social found athe location reviewed facility also evaluated research done athe institution veterinary medicine veterinary care place animals public education efforts overall involvement wildlife_conservation references_externalinks laboratory animal database animals laboratories research foundation switzerland animal_welfare information_center shape enrichment selected articles enrichment zoo animals environmental_enrichment pet cats environmental_enrichment pet dogs environmental_enrichment horses animal_welfare category category_zoos"},{"title":"Bell Inn, Enfield","description":"the bell inn is a grade ii listed former public house in hertford road in the london borough of enfield the building dates from the second quarter of the th 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which was founded in the primary objective of best was to develop andisseminate knowledge in the field of sustainable tourism in best wenthrough organisational changes and the group overseeing theducational and curriculum aspects of the organisation became independent and renamed itself the best educationetwork the best educationetwork is coordinated by an international executive committee of academics with expertise in sustainable tourism the committee is currently chaired by dr janne liburd thexecutive committee isupported by an international advisory committee of senior tourism academics think tanks best en holds annual think tank s at various universities around the worlduring which research is presented sustainable tourism topics are discussed and curriculumodules for undergraduates are developed intute research and module development sessions enable delegates to discuss theme for each think tank in relation to learning objectives and a research agenda the besthink tanks draw together educators researchers consultants and practitioners from the tourism industry their knowledge and experience are incorporated into the design of various topicurriculumodules on sustainable tourism for use in university curricula worldwide so that future managers will have the skill and knowledge needed to manage tourism in a sustainable manner the think tanks are typically held at a university where sustainable tourism is taught and researched they consist of research presentations keynote speakers a research agendand curriculum development sessions each year the think tank has a particular theme and seeks to provide vision and cutting edge insighto the topic at hand pasthemes have included think tank x networking for sustainable tourismodul university viennaustria june think tank ix the importance of values in sustainable tourism james cook university singapore june think tank viii sustaining quality of life through tourism izmir university of economics turkey june think tank viinnovations for sustainable tourism the northern arizona university usa june think tank vi corporate social responsibility for sustainable tourism the university of girona spain june think tank v managing risk and crisis for sustainable tourism research and innovation the university of west indies kingston jamaica june think tank iv sustainability and mass destinations challenges and possibilities the university of southern denmark esbjerg denmark june july think tank iii strategic management and events meeting management alajuela costa rica july think tank ii tourism transportation and tourism operations university of hawaii school of travel industry management april think tank i tourismarketing tourism planning andevelopment and human resources management bongani lodge south africa february march each think tank provides an opportunity foresearchers to presentheir work a call for papers goes out athend of the previous year and papers are invited and then blind reviewed by an academic review committee key experts in the field are also invited as keynote speaker s to share their knowledge on topics related to the overall theme of the think tank the think tanks are open to academics educators researchers government officials industry expertsustainability experts environmental economicommunity and cultural experts in the tourism field each think tank provides an opportunity for participants to highlight and explore topics that will be the focus of tourism research in the coming years interested researchers are invited to participate in workshops to identify hotopics in sustainable tourism these research workshops will run in parallel withe curriculum development workshops for selected hotopic areas participants will develop a research agenda this agenda will include identification of the specific problems that requiresearch to be undertaken exploring the types of approaches that can be taken to develop cutting edge research in these areas discussion of the likely outcomes of the research its implications for stakeholder decision making and its policy significance best en has focused on the development of teaching modules that would fit into existing undergraduate hospitality and tourismanagement courses these modules are developed at best en think tanks and are usually preceded by framing papers presented by invited speakers to provide background information and stimulate the audience s thinking participants then form breakout groups around key topics andevelop key learning objectives outlines of content detailed modules are usually written by a smaller group of academic volunteers after the think tank and these are made available to educators through the organisation s website many of the modules from pasthink tanks have been included in an academic reference book titled understanding the sustainable development of tourism liburd j edwards d understanding the sustainable development of tourism goodfellow publishers in best en launched the tourism education futures initiative tefi which seeks to provide vision knowledge and a framework for tourism education programs to promote global citizenship and optimism for a better world an important outcome of the tefi process is a set ofive values based principles thatourism studentshould embody upon graduation to become responsibleaders and stewards for the destinations where they work or live the five value sets arethicstewardship knowledge professionalism and mutuality and are portrayed as interlocking value principles because of their interconnectedness and their permeability best en has also been involved in the development of the innotour platform innotour is a web platform for education research and business development in tourism and is an experimental meeting place for academicstudents and enterprises launched innotour is based on content created by the users the platform is designed to facilitate international interaction and knowledge dissemination between students 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england_category_establishments england_category recurring events established category annual events england"},{"title":"BeWelcome","description":"","main_words":[],"clean_bigrams":[],"all_collocations":[],"new_description":""},{"title":"Bicycle Ride Across Georgia","description":"the bicycle ride across georgia brag is annual road cycling tour across the ustate of georgia ustate georgia it began in as an offshoot of ragbrai between and riders participate in this great rideveryear the route covers approximately miles over days with options for longer distances mid week the tour stays two nights in one town allowing riders to eitherest oride a century ride century with lesser mile options restops arevery miles and snacks andrinks are provided to registered riders brag was originally called georgia s annual state bicycling event gasbe when it first began in thead leader on the ideas for this event was dot moss the inspiration originally came from the bicycle touring bicycle tour in iowa called ragbrai register s annual great bicycle ride across iowa the first ride began in savannah georgiand finished in columbus georgia the ride was a total of miles in the name of the ride was changed to bicycle ride across georgia or brag for brag many riderstartraining in january bobby rone a brag cyclist makes the following suggestions beginning in january try to ride once a week if the weather is above degrees do short loops at firsto miles after time changes and warmer weather begins in april try to ride or miles or days a week strive for equal amounts of intensity rides versus distance rides in late may around memorial day each ride should be to miles rone says that after following his training strategy the brag ride is very easy and enjoyable the trail brag volunteers choose the routeach year and when the time comes around they helpainthe arrows and other lines on the pavementhey also post brag signs to help bikers outhe volunteers also pre bike the ride to make sure it is a good route for cyclists from all over when the registration papers and fees are collected for each rider an envelope isent back to the rider with information abouthe ride and precise distances andirections for every turn for example a directions packet might say something like this begin a mile serious climb they are madeasy to follow riders on the trail everyone has their own reason to ride on brag many ride to keep in shape many ride to accomplish a personal goal or complete a personal challenge many ride for fun with family and or friends or on their own as a hobby and others ride to enjoy scenery differenterrain and new country on brag almost all riders believe that it is more abouthe journey rather than the destination riders may choose to complete as much or as little of the tour as they wanto this means each rider may travel a different distance during the week on averageach rider travels between and miles in a day each day of riding is pre mapped out and planned so riders knowhere to go and what kind of trek is ahead for each day when the trek for the day is complete the cycliststop in a city or town and set up camp at a local high school or college in thevenings bikers can relax or enjoy entertainment and tourism for the remainder of the night if riders wanto gout a shuttle provides transportation between the camp site and touristic spots around town athe camp site riders can choose to either set up camp outside in a tent on a field most likely a soccer or football field or inside in a gym in the morning most riders begin riding early to avoid theat most of the routes are back roads with beautiful scenery and little traffic official brag restops are spaced every to miles and provide drinks and snacks to riders organizersuggesthat riders not stop longer than minutes to avoidifficulty restarting that may come from lactic acid cyclists not able to take theat average temperature is usually aroundegrees fahrenheit or not able to ride up a hill can be picked up by brag support wagons those not able to bike for a couple days can also use the support wagons to transporthem their bike and gear to the next stop on the route if necessary riders can purchase a meal ticket plan for the week cyclists can choose how many meals they want on their plan breakfast lunch andinner are available according to fitz miller the food is good to excellent and the prices are very reasonable miscellaneous information brag experts and experienced trekkers advise that participants ensure their bikes are tuned up and in good condition for the ride they also advise that riderstick to a consistent cadence pedaling speed of at least revolutions per minute and know how toperate their gears correctly tourstops andates brag the proposed route for the brag will be a loop figure course and not a pointo point ride brag will begin sunday june inewnan gand will end on saturday june also inewnan riders will stop overnight in the following locations monday june carrollton ga tuesday wednesday junewnan ga thursday friday june lagrange ga saturday junewnan ga brag the route for the brag began sunday june in washington gand ended on saturday june in darien ga riderstopped overnight in the following locations monday june thomson ga thomson high school tuesday wednesday june waynesboro ga burke county middle school thursday june metter ga metter high school friday june jesup ga wayne county high school saturday june darien ga darien waterfront park brag the route for the brag began saturday june in fort oglethorpe ga ft oglethorpe gand ended on saturday june in tiger ga riderstopped overnight in the following locationsunday june dalton ga dalton high school monday june jasper ga pickens county community center tuesday wednesday june roswell ga roswell high school thursday june winder ga winder barrow high school friday june mount airy ga mt airy ga habersham th grade academy saturday june tiger ga rabun county high school brag the route for the brag began saturday june in atlanta gand ended on saturday june in savannah ga riderstopped overnight in the following locationsunday june oxford ga emory university at oxford monday june milledgeville ga georgia military college tuesday wednesday june dublin ga dublin high school thursday june metter ga metter high school friday june hinesville ga snelson golden middle school saturday june savannah garmstrong atlantic state university brag the route for the brag began saturday june in peachtree city gand ended on saturday june also in peachtree city riderstopped overnight in the following locationsunday june griffin ga monday june thomaston ga tuesday wednesday june columbus ga thursday june lagrange ga friday junewnan ga brag the route for the brag began sunday june in hiawassee georgiand ended in south carolinathe savannah lakes resort and marina on saturday june riderstopped overnight in the following townsunday june dahlonega lumpkin county middle school monday june mount airy ga habersham central high school tuesday wednesday june athens ga clarke middle school thursday junelberton ga elbert county comprehensive high school friday june washington ga washington wilkes comprehensive high school saturday junear mccormick sc savannah lakes resort marina brag the route for the brag began sunday june in oxford gand ended on st simons island ga on saturday june s route stopped overnight in the following townsunday june griffin ga spalding high school monday june macon ga first presbyterian day school tuesday wednesday june dublin ga dublin high school thursday june hazlehurst ga jeff davis county high school friday june jesup ga wayne county high school saturday june st simons island ga neptune park brag the route for the brag began sunday june in columbus gand ended in savannah ga on saturday june overnight stops were in the following townsunday june americus ga georgia southwestern state university monday june cordele ga crisp county high school tuesday wednesday june douglas ga south georgia college thursday june baxley gappling county comp high school friday june hinesville ga bradwell institute saturday june savannah ga grayson stadium daffin park see also cycling bicycle touring cycling in atlanta externalinks the brag web site category bicycle tours category cycling events in the united 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iowa called ragbrai register annual great bicycle_ride_across iowa first ride began savannah georgiand finished columbus georgia ride total miles name ride changed bicycle_ride_across georgia brag brag many january bobby brag cyclist makes following suggestions beginning january try ride week weather degrees short loops firsto miles time changes warmer weather begins april try ride miles days week strive equal amounts intensity rides versus distance rides late may around memorial day_ride miles says following training strategy brag ride easy trail brag volunteers choose year time comes around lines also post brag signs help bikers outhe volunteers also pre bike_ride make_sure good route cyclists registration papers fees collected rider envelope back rider information_abouthe ride precise distances every turn example directions packet might say something like begin mile serious climb madeasy follow riders trail everyone reason ride brag many ride keep shape many ride accomplish personal goal complete personal challenge many ride fun family friends hobby others ride enjoy scenery new country brag almost riders believe abouthe journey rather destination riders may choose complete much little tour wanto means rider may travel different distance week rider travels miles day day riding pre mapped planned riders go kind trek ahead day trek day complete city town set camp local high_school college bikers relax enjoy entertainment tourism remainder night riders wanto gout shuttle provides transportation camp site touristic spots around town athe camp site riders choose either set camp outside tent field likely soccer football field inside morning riders begin riding early avoid theat routes back roads beautiful scenery little traffic official brag restops every miles provide drinks snacks riders riders stop longer minutes may come acid cyclists able take theat average temperature usually fahrenheit able ride hill picked brag support wagons able bike couple days also_use support wagons bike gear next stop route necessary riders purchase meal ticket plan week cyclists choose many meals want plan breakfast lunch andinner available according miller food good excellent prices reasonable miscellaneous information brag experts experienced advise participants ensure bikes good condition ride also advise consistent speed least per_minute know toperate gears correctly andates brag proposed route brag loop figure course pointo point ride brag begin sunday june gand end saturday_june also riders stop overnight following locations monday june tuesday wednesday thursday friday june lagrange saturday brag route brag began sunday june washington gand ended saturday_june darien riderstopped overnight following locations monday june thomson thomson high_school tuesday wednesday june burke county middle school thursday june metter metter high_school friday june wayne county high_school saturday_june darien darien waterfront park brag route brag began saturday_june fort gand ended saturday_june tiger riderstopped overnight following june dalton dalton high_school monday june jasper county community center tuesday wednesday june roswell roswell high_school thursday june barrow high_school friday june mount airy airy th grade academy saturday_june tiger county high_school brag route brag began saturday_june atlanta gand ended saturday_june savannah riderstopped overnight following june oxford_university oxford monday june georgia military college tuesday wednesday june dublin dublin high_school thursday june metter metter high_school friday june golden middle school saturday_june savannah atlantic state_university brag route brag began saturday_june peachtree city gand ended saturday_june also peachtree city riderstopped overnight following june griffin monday june tuesday wednesday june columbus thursday june lagrange friday brag route brag began sunday june georgiand ended south savannah lakes resort marina saturday_june riderstopped overnight following june county middle school monday june mount airy central high_school tuesday wednesday june athens clarke middle school thursday county comprehensive high_school friday june washington washington comprehensive high_school saturday mccormick savannah lakes resort marina brag route brag began sunday june oxford gand ended st island saturday_june route stopped overnight following june griffin high_school monday june first_day school tuesday wednesday june dublin dublin high_school thursday june jeff davis county high_school friday june wayne county high_school saturday_june st island park brag route brag began sunday june columbus gand ended savannah saturday_june overnight_stops following june georgia southwestern state_university monday june crisp county high_school tuesday wednesday june douglas south georgia college thursday june county comp high_school friday june institute saturday_june savannah stadium park see_also cycling bicycle_touring cycling atlanta externalinks 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thevent consisted mile route started downtown washington ended crystal city arlington virginia crystal city virginia starting_point tour constitution streethe behind white_house river virginia crystal city thend tour festival held riders return starting_point via mount vernon trail crystal city major city cycling tours bike new_york bike drive lake shore drive chicago bike philly externalinks bike_ride website tour organizer category_bicycle_tours category_cycling events united_states category_cycling washington"},{"title":"Bike MS: City to Shore Ride","description":"the bike ms city to shore ride is or day ride held in south jersey the ride starts athe patco speedline patco woodcrest patco station woodcrestation in cherry hill new jersey cherry hill and finishes athe ocean city high school in ocean city new jersey riders also have the option to start in hammontonew jersey hammonton or mays landing new jersey the ride s purpose is to raise money for multiple sclerosis a chronic disease that affects the central nervousystem started in the city to shore tour attracts over cyclists of all ages and cycling abilities for up to miles km of cycling for the firstime in thevent was canceledue to the threat from hurricane joaquin october the threat of hurricane joaquin prompted new jersey governor christie to declare a state of emergency as a resulthe planners of the biking event canceled the ride for the firstime in its year history the large scale of thevent precluded the possibility of postponing although the ride raised nearly million by the time it was canceleday one saturday options include mile routes for ambitious riders who choose the mile route there is a mile loop which can be added to the ride to make it a full century miles athe finish line a variety of events are held on the boardwalk in ocean city one of the most popular family vacation spots in the united states day two sunday is limited to riders who choose to ride the miles back to cherry hill new jersey cherry hill the terrain for this tour is predominantly flatland in southernew jersey the bike tour cyclists pay a fee to register and can ride as individual or in a team all riders must raise a minimum of in donations all of the donations received go to the national msociety foresearch to find a cure for multiple sclerosis and provide services for the local people living withe disease the ride is fully supported with catered restops bicycle mechanics and support and gear sag vehicles for all riders route options bike ms city to shore ride september one day miles one day miles one day miles one day miles two day miles each day two day miles each day plus milextra loop scenicentury see also bicycle touring bike ms externalinks ms cycling fficial site registration page category bicycle tours category cherry hill new jersey category cycling events in the united states category ocean city new 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shore ride day_ride held south jersey ride starts athe station cherry hill new_jersey cherry hill finishes athe ocean_city high_school ocean_city_new jersey riders also option start jersey landing new_jersey ride purpose raise money multiple sclerosis chronic disease affects central started city shore tour attracts cyclists ages cycling abilities miles cycling firstime thevent threat hurricane october threat hurricane prompted new_jersey governor christie state emergency resulthe planners biking event canceled ride firstime year history large_scale thevent possibility although ride raised nearly million time one saturday options include mile routes ambitious riders choose mile route mile loop added ride make full century miles athe finish line variety events held boardwalk ocean_city one popular family vacation spots united_states day two sunday limited riders choose ride miles back cherry hill new_jersey cherry hill terrain tour predominantly jersey bike tour cyclists pay fee register ride individual team riders must raise minimum donations donations received go national foresearch find cure multiple sclerosis provide services local_people living withe disease ride fully supported catered restops bicycle mechanics support gear sag vehicles riders route options bike city shore ride september one_day miles one_day miles one_day miles one_day miles two_day miles day two_day miles day plus loop see_also bicycle_touring bike externalinks cycling site registration page_category bicycle_tours category cherry hill new_jersey category_cycling events united_states category ocean_city_new jersey"},{"title":"Bike Philly","description":"bike philly was a bicycle tour of philadelphia pennsylvania on a closed route cleared of motorized vehicular traffic the tour isponsored by the bicycle coalition of greater philadelphiand it occurs on the second sunday of september the inaugural event for bike philly was held on september and consisted of two mile loops a center city philadelphia center city route and a fairmount park route the ride attracted riders bike philly blog bike philly has been canceled for and will be replaced by a ciclovia in the starting point for the tour is athe front of the philadelphia museum of art with rideregistration and check in held in theakins oval across from the rocky steps the tour begins atheakins oval and travels down the benjamin franklin parkway into the streets of downtown where ridersnake their way past city landmarksuch as reading terminal markethe philadelphia mint penn s landing penns landing philadelphia city hall city hall and south street philadelphia south street while passing through the neighborhoods of old city philadelphia old city society hill philadelphia society hill and chinatown philadelphia chinatown beforeturning to fairmount park once in the park riders have a choice to return to the museum area for a festival or continue for another miles touring through thextensive roadways ofairmount park beforeturning to thend of tour festival for experienced riders the tour organizers also provide additional open road low traffic routes of and miles with marked route signage stocked restops and mechanical support sag wagon externalinks bikephilly page athe bicycle coalition of greater philadelphia tour organizer one riders experience other major city cycling tours bike new york bike dcategory bicycle tours category sports in philadelphia category cycling events in the united states category establishments in pennsylvania category disestablishments in 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philly bicycle_tour philadelphia_pennsylvania closed route cleared motorized vehicular traffic tour isponsored bicycle coalition greater philadelphiand occurs second sunday september inaugural event bike philly held september consisted two mile loops center city philadelphia center city route park route ride attracted riders bike philly blog bike philly canceled replaced starting_point tour athe front philadelphia museum art check held across rocky steps tour begins travels benjamin franklin parkway streets downtown way past city reading terminal markethe philadelphia mint landing landing philadelphia city_hall city_hall south street philadelphia south street passing neighborhoods old city philadelphia old city society hill philadelphia society hill chinatown philadelphia chinatown beforeturning park park riders choice return museum area festival continue another miles touring thextensive park beforeturning thend tour festival experienced riders tour organizers also_provide additional open road low traffic routes miles marked route signage stocked restops mechanical support sag wagon externalinks page athe bicycle coalition greater philadelphia tour organizer one riders experience major city cycling tours bike new_york bike dcategory bicycle_tours category_sports philadelphia category_cycling events united_states category_establishments pennsylvania_category_disestablishments pennsylvania"},{"title":"Bikecentennial","description":"file bikecentennial dot hs page c png thumb right bikecentennial route bikecentennial was an event consisting of a series of bicycle touring bicycle tours on the transamerica bicycle trail across the united states in the summer of in commemoration of the united states bicentennial of america s united states declaration of independence declaration of independence d ambrosio the making of bikecentennial adventure cyclist v july p the route crossed ten states national forests two national parks and counties between astoria oregon astoria or and yorktown virginia yorktown va distance of abouthe route was chosen to take cyclists through small towns on mostly ruralow traffic roads about riders participated in thevent representing all states and many foreign countrieseveral route options were available to the participants ranging from an day mile cross country trip to a more modest day trip through the rocky mountains roughly cyclists were signed up to ride thentire length of the traild lamb over the hills time books p most of the participants rode in prearranged groups of to with a group leader while about a quarterode solo the riders weressentially self contained they carried campingear food and other necessities in pannier s on their bicycles bikecentennial had been a c organization c nonprofit since and after theventhe organization lived on to serve the needs of traveling cyclists developing more routes and making maps bikecentennial changed its name in to adventure cycling association origin a bicycle tour across the united states was conceived by greg siple in while he his wife june andand lys burden were riding an mile bicycle tour called hemistour from anchorage alaska to tierra del fuego province argentina tierra del fuego argentina to promote bicycling and hosteling d burden bikepacking across alaskand canada national geographic v may p june siple coined the name bikecentennial a few months later as hemistour progressed through mexico siple had founded annual bicycle tour called the tosrv tour of the scioto river valley tosrv in ohio withis father in during a break from hemistour dan burden became severely ill and had to drop out he and his wife lys focused on building the bikecentennial event while the siples continued their tour of the western hemisphere route bikecentennial s route called the transamerica bicycle trail was developed by lys burden withe help of bikecentennial staff and volunteers the route was chosen to satisfy several requirementsuch as a road surface suitable for bicycles minimal traffic varied terrain historic and interesting landmarks and access to basic services like campgrounds and grocery stores the bikecentennial transamerica trail should not be confused withe similarly named trans america trail tat a mostly off pavement mile kmotorcycle route between the outer banks of north carolinand port orford oregon that has become popular with mountain bike ridersswallow plan b a couple s journey from owning a bike shop to pioneering the crossing of the other trans america trail adventure cyclist v mar p class wikitable state cities and landmarksummits virginia yorktown va yorktown williamsburg va williamsburg richmond va richmond suburbs charlottesville va charlottesville th largest city lexington va lexington roanoke va roanoke suburbs christiansburg va christiansburg radford va radford wytheville va wytheville appalachian trail damascus va damascus breaks interstate park blue ridge parkway appalachian mountains appalachian ridges kentucky elkhorn city ky elkhorn city hazard ky hazard berea ky berea bardstown ky bardstown abraham lincoln s early life and career lincoln s birthplace rough river dam state resort park rough river dam sp sebree ky sebree marion ky marion ohio river appalachiand cumberland plateau ridges illinois cave in rock state park cave in rock sp carbondale il carbondale chester il chester popeye statue mississippi river missouri farmington mo farmington johnson shut instate park johnson shut insp ozark national scenic riverways ozark nsr eminence mo eminence marshfield mo marshfield the ozarks ozark plateau ridges kansas pittsburg ks pittsburg eureka ks eureka newton ks newton hutchinson ks hutchinson suburbs quivira national wildlife refuge quivira nwr larned ks larned ness city ks ness city tribune ks tribune colorado eads co eads pueblo co pueblo midpoint nd largest city ca on city co ca on city royal gorge south park county colorado south park breckenridge co breckenridge kremmling co kremmling walden co waldenorth park colorado basinorth park hoosier pass highest pt willow creek pass colorado willow creek pass wyoming saratoga wy saratoga rawlins wy rawlins great divide basin lander wy lander wind river indian reservation wind rivereservation grave of sacagawea grand tetonational park grand tetonp yellowstone national park yellowstone np list of mountain passes in wyoming k y muddy gap togwotee pass craig pass montana west yellowstone mt west yellowstone quake lake virginia city mt virginia city dillon mt dillon big hole national battlefield hamilton mt hamilton missoula mt missoula bikecentennial hq and rd largest city badger pass pioneer mountains badger pass big hole pass chief joseph pass lostrail pass lolo pass idaho montana lolo pass idaho lochsa river nez perce people nez perce reservation and nez perce national historical park nhp grangeville id grangeville council id council brownlee dam hells canyon white bird hill summit oregon baker city or baker city john day or john day prineville or prinevilleugene or eugene largest city reedsport oreedsport or corvallis or corvallis dallas or dallas otis astoria or astoria flagstaff hill tipton summit dixie pass ochoco summit mckenzie pass the route crosses the continental divide nine times in colorado wyoming and montana ride the transamerica bicycle trail was inaugurated on may the transam groups those riding coasto coast set offrom trailheads at either astoria or yorktown va while other groups riding shorter tourset offrom trailheads inland the prearranged groups consisted of abouto riders including a leader trained by bikecentennial staff who would handle the group s money andelegate chores like buying food cooking and cleaning up the campsite support bikecentennial received support from the wally byam wally byam foundation huffy bikeshimano the bicycle institute of americand the american revolution bicentennial administration legacy file transamerica fairplayjpg thumb right route sign in fairplay co in the success of thevent led adventure cycling to map several additional bicycle routes across the united states and canada the adventure cycling route network now consists of over miles and is the largest bicycle route network inorth america since the annual trans am bike race has used basically the same route as that used for the bikecentennial furthereading and externalinkstephanie ager kirz bicycling the transam trail virginia toregon washingtond edition white dog press ltd jay martin anderson two wheels to america jm anderson itunes author anderson led a bikecentennial group of cyclists westo east dan d ambrosiour history adventure cycling association derek l jensen madogs and an englishman pivo publishing corp author jensen was one of the and foreigners who rode thentire bikecentennial trail in md e includes a detailed account of thevent from westo east ruthie knox ride with me loveswept asin b c oq a romance novel of bicycle touring on the transamerica bicycle trail referencesee also 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united_states declaration independence declaration independence making bikecentennial adventure cyclist v july p route crossed ten states_national_forests two national_parks counties astoria oregon astoria yorktown virginia yorktown distance abouthe route chosen take cyclists small_towns mostly traffic roads riders participated thevent representing states many foreign route options available participants ranging day mile cross_country trip modest day trip rocky_mountains roughly cyclists signed ride thentire length lamb hills time books_p participants rode groups group leader solo riders self contained carried food bicycles bikecentennial c organization c nonprofit since theventhe organization lived serve needs traveling cyclists developing routes making maps bikecentennial changed name adventure_cycling association origin bicycle_tour across united_states conceived greg siple wife june lys burden riding mile bicycle_tour called hemistour anchorage alaska tierra del fuego province argentina tierra del fuego argentina promote bicycling hosteling burden bikepacking across canada national_geographic v may p june siple coined name bikecentennial months_later hemistour mexico siple founded annual bicycle_tour called tosrv tour scioto river valley tosrv ohio withis father break hemistour dan burden became severely ill drop wife lys focused building bikecentennial event siples continued tour western hemisphere route bikecentennial route called transamerica bicycle trail developed lys burden withe_help bikecentennial staff volunteers route chosen satisfy several road surface suitable bicycles minimal traffic varied terrain historic interesting landmarks access basic services like campgrounds grocery stores bikecentennial transamerica trail confused withe similarly named trans america trail tat mostly pavement mile route outer banks north_carolinand port oregon become_popular mountain_bike plan b couple journey owning bike shop pioneering crossing trans america trail adventure cyclist v mar p class wikitable state cities virginia yorktown yorktown williamsburg williamsburg richmond richmond suburbs charlottesville charlottesville th largest city lexington lexington roanoke roanoke suburbs appalachian trail damascus damascus breaks interstate park blue ridge parkway appalachian mountains appalachian ridges kentucky city city hazard hazard abraham lincoln early_life career lincoln birthplace rough river dam state resort park rough river dam marion marion ohio river cumberland plateau ridges illinois cave rock state_park cave rock chester chester popeye statue mississippi_river missouri johnson shut park johnson shut ozark national scenic ozark marshfield marshfield ozark plateau ridges kansas eureka eureka newton newton hutchinson hutchinson suburbs national wildlife refuge ness city ness city tribune tribune colorado eads eads pueblo pueblo largest city city city royal gorge south park county colorado south park breckenridge breckenridge walden park colorado park hoosier pass highest willow creek pass colorado willow creek pass wyoming saratoga saratoga great divide basin lander lander wind river indian reservation wind grave grand park grand yellowstone national_park yellowstone list mountain passes wyoming k gap pass craig pass montana west yellowstone west yellowstone lake virginia city virginia city big hole national battlefield hamilton hamilton missoula missoula bikecentennial largest city badger pass pioneer mountains badger pass big hole pass chief joseph pass pass pass idaho montana pass idaho river nez perce people nez perce reservation nez perce national_historical park council council dam canyon white bird hill summit oregon baker city baker city john day john day eugene largest city dallas dallas otis astoria astoria flagstaff hill tipton summit pass summit pass route crosses continental divide nine times colorado wyoming montana ride transamerica bicycle trail inaugurated may groups riding coasto coast set offrom either astoria yorktown groups riding shorter offrom inland groups consisted abouto riders including leader trained bikecentennial staff would handle group money chores like buying food cooking cleaning campsite support bikecentennial received support wally byam wally byam foundation bicycle institute americand american revolution bicentennial administration legacy file transamerica thumb right route sign success thevent led adventure_cycling map several additional bicycle routes across united_states canada adventure_cycling route network consists miles largest bicycle route network inorth_america since annual trans bike race used basically route used bikecentennial furthereading bicycling trail virginia edition white dog press ltd jay martin anderson two wheels america anderson author anderson led bikecentennial group cyclists westo east dan history adventure_cycling association l jensen englishman publishing corp author jensen one foreigners rode thentire bikecentennial trail e includes detailed account thevent westo east ride b c romance novel bicycle_touring transamerica bicycle trail also june curry category_bicycle_tours category_cycling events united_states category_united_states category_united_states bicentennial"},{"title":"Biking Across Kansas","description":"biking across kansas bak is annual recreational and social rallying rally for bicyclists across the state of kansas united states the first biking across kansas took place in june and has been held annually each year since the route varies and has traversed all counties of the state more than bicyclists from kansas and other states participateach year thevent was founded and organized by larry and norma christie from through charlie summerserved as organizer in through in biking across kansas became a c non profit organization overseen by a board of directors working with an executive director stefanie weaver currently serves as executive director bak the bak june with a mileight day route from saint francis kansasaint francis to elwood kansas elwood with overnight stops in oberlin phillipsburg mankato belleville marysville sabethand troy bak the bak june with a mileight day route from johnson city kansas johnson city to louisburg kansas louisburg with overnight stops in lakin jetmore larned sterlingoessel council grove and baldwin city bak the bak june with a mileight day route from elkhart kansas elkharto highland kansas highland with overnight stops in satanta spearvillellinwood salina wamegoskaloosand hiawatha bak the bak june with a mileight day route from johnson city kansas johnson city to galena kansas galena with overnight stops in sublette dodge city goldwater anthony arkansas city sedand oswego bak the bak june with a mileight day route from sharon springs kansasharon springs to elwood kansas elwood with overnight stops in oakley hoxie logan downs clyde centraliand troy bak the bak june with a mileight day route from tribune kansas tribune to la cygne kansas la cynge with overnight stops in scott city ness city hoisington mcpherson cottonwood falls burlington and garnett bak the bak june with a mileight day route from goodland kansas goodland in western kansas to leavenworth kansas leavenworth with overnight stops in colby hill city osborne minneapolis herington osage city and eudora bak the bak june with a mileight day route from syracuse kansasyracuse in western kansas to louisburg kansas louisburg with night stops in garden city jetmore st john halstead eureka humboldt and paola bak the bak june with a mileight day route from st francis kansast francis in western kansas to atchison kansas atchison with night stops in atwood norton smith center beloit washington sabethand horton bak the bak june with a mileight day route from tribune kansas tribune in western kansas to elwood kansas elwood with night stops in scott city ness city hoisington lincoln clay center centraliand troy bak the bak was organized with a single mileight day route from johnson city kansas johnson city in western kansas to mulberry kansas mulberry with night stops in satantashland medicine lodge clearwater burdeneodeshand girard bak the bak was organized with a single mileight day route from elkhart kansas elkhart in the southwest corner of kansas to white cloud kansas white cloud in the northeast with night stops in sublette spearvillellinwood lindsborg chapman onagand hiawatha externalinks bak site photos by paula v stout photos by paula v stout category sports in kansas category bicycle tours category cycling events in the united 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working executive_director weaver currently serves executive_director bak bak_june mileight_day_route saint francis francis elwood kansas elwood overnight_stops marysville troy bak bak_june mileight_day_route johnson city kansas johnson city louisburg kansas louisburg overnight_stops council grove city bak bak_june mileight_day_route kansas highland kansas highland overnight_stops hiawatha bak bak_june mileight_day_route johnson city kansas johnson city galena kansas galena overnight_stops dodge city anthony arkansas city bak bak_june mileight_day_route sharon springs springs elwood kansas elwood overnight_stops logan downs clyde troy bak bak_june mileight_day_route tribune kansas tribune la kansas la overnight_stops scott city ness city falls burlington bak bak_june mileight_day_route kansas western kansas kansas overnight_stops hill city minneapolis osage city bak bak_june mileight_day_route syracuse western kansas louisburg kansas louisburg night stops garden city st_john eureka humboldt bak bak_june mileight_day_route st francis francis western kansas atchison kansas atchison night stops norton smith center washington bak bak_june mileight_day_route tribune kansas tribune western kansas elwood kansas elwood night stops scott city ness city lincoln clay center troy bak bak organized single mileight_day_route johnson city kansas johnson city western kansas kansas night stops medicine lodge bak bak organized single mileight_day_route kansas southwest corner kansas white cloud kansas white cloud northeast night stops chapman hiawatha externalinks bak site photos v photos v category_sports kansas category_bicycle_tours category_cycling events united_states"},{"title":"Bird House","description":"a bird house is a type of animal house located in zoos the building consists of birds housed in glass enclosuresome also have an indoor aviary inside the bird house penguins are housed in some bird houses too here is a list of bird houses located in zoos denver zoo denver 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from vienna university under manfred kremser lexikon des waldviertels retrieved october she is married to volker zotz an eminent austrian philosopher and a prolific author in german languagelebenslauf von birgit zotz retrieved october career birgit zotz published books essays and articles about buddhist culture mysticism and image building in tourism she is a lecturer athe international college of tourism and management in bad v slau international college of tourism and management faculty retrieved october since she has been president of komyoji an internationally recognized center for study andialogue with buddhism in austria ber k my ji geschichte retrieved october she is a researcher on the philosophy and life of lamanagarika govinda whose biography she wrotebirgit zotz tibetische mystik nach lamanagarika govinda retrieved october books das image des waldviertels als urlaubsregion vienna university of economics and business das image tibets als reiseziel im spiegel deutschsprachiger medien linz kepler university das waldviertel zwischen mystik und klarheit das imageineregion als reiseziel berlin k ster isbn destination tibetouristisches image zwischen politik und klischee hamburg kovac isbn zur europ ischen wahrnehmung von besessenheitsph nomenen und orakelwesen in tibet vienna university referencesources lexikon des waldviertels birgit zotz international college of tourism and management faculty lebenslauf von birgit zotz birgit zotz tibetische mystik nach lamanagarika govinda externalinks komyoji category births category living people category austrianthropologists category austrian women writers category buddhist writers category hospitality management category tourism 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promoting awareness of key issues facing society in the context of the dynamic planet we allive on the peninsula with its diversity of volcanic and geothermal activity is the only place in the world where the mid atlantic ridge is visible above sea level the primary stops on the blue diamond route in the reykjanes geopark are gunnuhver largest mud geyser in iceland valahn kur walk inside a crater stamparnir the raven rift just like ingvellir almannagj the bridge between continents reykjanes lighthouse frik viii presidents hill power plant earth fire island kr suv k selt n viking world museum vikingworld kvikan house of culture and natural resources and the blue lagoon geothermal spa blue lagoon other stops include the icelandic museum of rock n roll duush s culture and art center sudurnescience and learning center sandger i fl sin gar skaga stafnes church and the svartsengi power station svartsengi and reykjanes power station reykjanesvirkjun geothermal power plants category global 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maakunnan vaakunasvg px southern ostrobothnialaj rvi architect alvar aalto alvar aalto s first and last public buildings alaj rvi architect alvar aalto finland image keski suomi coat of armssvg px central finland huopanankoski one of the oldest fishing rapids in finland with cultural heritage landscape located in viitasaari finland image pohjoisavovaakunasvg px northern savonia finnish lakeland networks of thousands of lakeseparated by hilly forested countryside lepikon torppa in pielavesi a birthplace of urho kekkonen a former president ofinland lepikon torppa in finnish kolu channel in tervo the longest inland water channel in finland municipality of tervo korkeakoski the longest waterfall in finland located in maaninka kuopio the capital of northern savonia by the kallavesi lake puijo recreation area skijumping hill tower tahkovuori tourist centre by the lake syv ri ohtaansalmi treaty of teusina treaty of teusina boundary mark by the rikkavesi lake municipality of tuusniemi boundary 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allow one day participants might have several thousand moregistration and participation the tour is announced in april on the internet pages of the bavarian broadcasting corporation participation is only possible after an application and winning a vacancy in the following draw bicyclers who sneak their way into the tour will bexpelled one day participants are no longer allowed the tour can handle some to bicyclers the number of participants depends on the number of available overnight quarterstarthe bradltour mostly starts on the first saturday after the beginning of the summer holiday in bavaria this in the last week of july or the first week of augusthe tour ends on the following saturday the tour sequence of events the first day of the tour is reserved for the check in the deutsche bahn german railways provide several special trains for the bicyclers the tour itself starts one day later one lead has a length of to kmiles there are one or two water breaks and a longer break for lunch the tour hasix or seven leadso it will arrive athe tour destination the following friday the next morning the bicyclers return home mostly on special trains every evening an open air concert with disco takes place on the local fairground mostly with well known international bandservice and supporthe bicyclerstay overnight in sports halls on mattresses that were borrowed from the police or army the tour isupported by the allgemeiner deutscher fahrrad club allgemeiner deutscher fahrrad club adfc a german association of hobby bicyclers the adfc provide a mobile workshop for fast bicycle repairs the most important supporter is the technisches hilfswerk thw thatransports the luggage and the mattresses for the overnight quarters and prepares the quarters mostly gym halls adelholzener alpenquellen a supplier of mineral water sponsors the drinks for the bicyclers bradltour the th bradltour started on august in weilheim in oberbayern weilheim and ended in mellrichstadt lower franconia it 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allow one_day participants might several thousand participation tour announced april internet pages bavarian broadcasting corporation participation possible application winning vacancy following draw bicyclers way tour one_day participants longer allowed tour handle bicyclers number participants depends number available overnight bradltour mostly starts first saturday beginning summer holiday bavaria last week july first week augusthe tour ends following saturday tour sequence events first_day tour reserved check deutsche bahn german railways provide several special trains bicyclers tour starts one_day later one lead length one two water breaks longer break lunch tour seven arrive athe tour_destination following friday next morning bicyclers return home mostly special trains every evening open_air concert disco takes_place local mostly well_known international supporthe overnight sports halls mattresses police army tour isupported club club german association hobby bicyclers provide mobile workshop fast bicycle repairs important supporter luggage mattresses overnight quarters prepares quarters mostly halls supplier mineral water sponsors drinks bicyclers bradltour th bradltour started august weilheim weilheim ended lower franconia covered kilometres class wikitable width lead width date width start width st water break width lunch break width water break width destination width length august weilheim weilheim friedberg friedberg kmi august friedberg friedberg kmi august kmi august der h chstadt der chstadt kmi august h chstadt der chstadt kmi august kmi bradltour bradltour start july pass der ends august participants tour covers kmi see_also cycle_oregon literature b bradltour mit und und die sch und aus bradltour bruckmann german externalinks bavarian broadcasting corporation bradltour german category_cycling germany_category bicycle_tours"},{"title":"Brendan Sheerin","description":"birth place leeds west yorkshire united kingdom death date death place residence m laga spain occupation travel guide television presenter years active international tour guide presentv personality present employer channel television coach trip since partner leslie his death website official website brendan sheerin born february is a british international tour guide television personality pantomime actor and author with years of experience in the travel business made famous by the reality tv show coach trip on channel bed hopping spectacularows and vodka for lunch welcome to big brother on wheels daily mail may retrieved october since sheerin has appeared in the channel television series coach trip he acts as a travel guide for the contestants commentator on their conduct and coordinator of the vote off brendan sheerin coach trip digital spy august retrieved october in sheerin signed a deal to host a new dating show for channel titled brendan s love boatake part brendan s love boat brendan s love cruise began on more on december a temporary replacement show for coach trip brendan s magical mystery tour aired on channel in june and july after a one year break coach trip returned in for a coach trip series ninth series other projectsheerin appeared in pantomime for the firstime in december coach trip s brendan sheerin speaks about his upcoming pantomime appearance in southport ormskirk and skelmersdale advertiser septemberetrieved october and in played the part of the baron athe alhambra theatre in bradford opposite lynda bellingham sheerin is the former entertainments manager of the spa scarborough in sheerin released his autobiography my life a coach trip adventure personalife sheerin was born into a roman catholic family of irish extraction in leeds in the north of england his home is in m laga spain sheerin is a fluent spanish language spanish speaker and also speaks a good level ofrench language french sheerin is openly gay and was in a twenty five yearelationship until his life partner leslie died of heart failure on december atheir home in flixtonorth yorkshirexternalinks official website brendan s blog at channel com category births category living people category english people of irish descent category gay men category lgbt broadcasters category lgbt people from england category participants in british reality television series category people from leeds category television personalities from yorkshire category tour 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chogolisa laila peak hushe valley laila peak golden peak gasherbrum i gasherbrum ii gasherbrum iv and a part of broad peak mountain deosai national park deosai by mustansar hussain tarar page see also machulo la externalinks category mountain passes of gilgit baltistan category mountain passes of the karakoram category mountain view 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date start date completion date openedate inauguration date relocatedate renovation date closing date demolition date destruction date height diameter circumference architectural tip antenna spire roof top floor observatory other dimensions floor count floor area seating type seating capacity elevator count grounds arearchitect architecture firm structural engineer services engineer civil engineer other designers quantity surveyor main contractor awards designations ren architect ren firm ren str engineeren serv engineeren civ engineeren oth designers ren qty surveyoren awards rooms parking url embedded references burlingtons bar is under the town house public house in lytham st annes lancashirengland it is recorded in the national heritage list for england as a designated grade ii listed building england wales listed building the bar is on the campaign foreale s national inventory of historic pub interiors the floor wall and bare all completely tiled it was built in under st anne s 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town house historic_pub interiors november see_also listed_buildings saint anne sea category_national inventory_pubs category_pubs lancashire category_buildings structures borough category_grade_ii_listed_buildings lancashire"},{"title":"Burns and Porter","description":"burns porter was a business in the united kingdom that prepared andistributed pub quizes in sharon burns and tom porter founded and organised pub quiz teams in three leagues in southern england burns and porter travelled the country for the next few years presenting their quizzes to breweries as a marketing strategy to bring customers to their pubs on slow evenings burns and porter cornered the market in pub quizzes with over teams playing in one of their quizzes every week in the season while the bbc and independentelevision companies tapped them for contestants and questions for television quiz show s three burns porter pub quiz books were published the company was awarded southern england s most efficient business in the award wasponsored by british telecom plc in burns porter wasold to prism leisure corporation plc sharon burns remained as managing director of the company for two years and then went on to develop other successful business interests tom porter pioneered the first big eating carvery style pubs in southern england winning pub of the year they remain firm friends over thirty five years after starting work together history pub quizzes were played in some pubs mainly in the north of england they were a popular activity which took place mainly in the public bars of pubs alongside other pub gamesuch as darts and pool they had little organisation and would be held on a very localised and one off match basis origin a new partnership was formed between sharon burns and tom porter whose objective was to get people into pubs on quietrading nights by creating entertainmenthat was inexpensive to put on and could be run across many outletsimultaneously after much fact finding andebate the first pub quiz leagues were formed with teams who were fixtured to play against each other in three leagues home and away matches on sunday nights throughout hampshire andorset burns porter weresponsible for sending question sets in sealed envelopes outo the pubs each week and then collecting in the results each week forming up to date league tables and sending them to the teams category quiz games category companiestablished in category establishments in the united 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three leagues southern england burns porter travelled country next years presenting quizzes breweries marketing strategy bring customers pubs slow evenings burns porter market pub quizzes teams playing one quizzes every week season bbc companies tapped contestants questions television quiz show three burns porter pub quiz books_published company awarded southern england efficient business award wasponsored british telecom plc burns porter wasold prism leisure corporation plc sharon burns remained managing_director company two_years went develop successful business interests tom porter pioneered first big eating carvery style pubs southern england winning pub year remain firm friends thirty five_years starting work together history pub quizzes played pubs mainly north england popular activity took_place mainly public_bars pubs alongside pub gamesuch pool little organisation would held one match basis origin new partnership formed sharon burns tom porter whose objective get people pubs nights creating inexpensive put could run across many much fact finding first pub quiz leagues formed teams play three leagues home away matches sunday nights throughout hampshire burns porter weresponsible sending question sets sealed outo pubs week collecting results week forming date league tables sending teams category quiz games category_companiestablished category_establishments united_kingdom"},{"title":"Butt and Oyster","description":"groundbreaking date start date completion date openedate inauguration date renovation date demolition date floor count floor area seating type seating capacity rooms url deben inns the butt and oyster is an old inn on the river orwell in pin mill it was listed building listed for preservation in and englisheritage dated parts of the structure back to the th century historical records go back as far as when a water bailiff held court hearings there it wasubsequently recorded as a public house in its name most likely refers to the barrel s used to pack and ship oyster s the butt and oyster is featured in the children s book we did not mean to go to sea by arthuransome who patronised the inn himself it subsequently appeared in the movie ha penny breeze and the tv series lovejoy in which it was renamed the three ducks category pubs in 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listed preservation englisheritage dated parts structure back th_century historical records go back far water held court hearings wasubsequently recorded public_house name likely refers barrel used pack ship oyster oyster featured children book mean go sea patronised inn subsequently appeared movie penny breeze tv_series renamed three ducks category_pubs suffolk"},{"title":"Cabot Trail","description":"file cabotrail kjpg thumb uprighthe cabotrail viewed from the skyline trail cape breton highlands national park skyline trail image cabotrail coastjpg thumb upright view of the commercial and residential establishments that exist at pleasant bay nova scotia pleasant bay along the cabotrail s northern most segmenthe cabotrail is a highway and scenic roadway inorthern victoria county nova scotia victoria county and inverness county nova scotia inverness county on cape breton island inova scotia canada the route measures in length and completes a loop around the northern tip of the island passing along and through the scenicape breton highlands it is named after thexplorer john cabot who landed in atlanticanada in although most historians agree his landfallikely took place inewfoundland island newfoundland not cape breton island premier angus l macdonald attempted to re brand nova scotia for tourism purposes as primarily scottish and as part of this effort created bothe names cape breton highlands and cabotrail ian mackay in the province of history mcgill queen s press construction of the initial route was completed in its northern section of the cabotrail passes through cape breton highlands national park the western and eastern sections follow the rugged coastline providing spectacular views of the ocean the southwestern section passes through the margaree river valley before passing along bras d or lake this trail is the only trunk secondary highway inova scotia which does not have a signed route designation road signs along the route instead have a unique mountain logo the road is internally referred to by the department of transportation and public works as trunk the trunk road named the cabotrailoops from exit onova scotia highway at buckwheat corner nova scotia buckwheat corner to exit on highway at southavenova scotia southaven the scenic travelway known as the cabotrail includes all of trunk as well as the portion of highway between exits and thentire route is open yearound file cabottrail in jpg thumb sunrise valley cape north nova scotia cape north in baddeck nova scotia baddeck the gateway to the cabotrail and the location of the alexander graham bell national historic site st anns nova scotia st anns home of the world famous gaelicollege of celtic arts and crafts ingonish a fishing village and one of the first areasettled on cape breton and home to the keltic lodge resort it is theastern entrance to cape breton highlands national park it is also home to cape smokey provincial park as well as the broad cove campground belle cote nova 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bothe names cape_breton highlands cabotrail ian mackay province history queen press construction initial route completed northern section cabotrail passes cape_breton highlands national_park western eastern sections follow rugged coastline providing spectacular views ocean southwestern section passes river valley passing along bras lake trail trunk secondary highway inova scotia signed route designation road signs along route instead unique mountain logo road internally referred department transportation public works trunk trunk road named exit scotia highway corner nova_scotia corner exit highway scotia scenic known cabotrail includes trunk well portion highway exits thentire route open yearound file_jpg thumb sunrise valley cape north nova_scotia cape north nova_scotia gateway cabotrail location alexander graham bell national_historic site st nova_scotia st home world famous celtic arts crafts fishing village one first cape_breton home lodge resort theastern entrance cape_breton highlands national_park also home cape provincial_park well broad cove campground belle nova_scotia belle small picturesque fishing village located_athe mouth river flows gulf st lawrence marks traditional boundary scottish settlements south villages located western side cape_breton island nova_scotia fishing village famous fiddle music western entrance cape_breton highlands national_park pleasant bay nova_scotia pleasant bay halfway destination cabotrail known whale_watching capital cape_breton nova_scotia small fishing village located highlands cape_breton island cape north nova_scotia cape northe northernmost point cabotrail home community museum arts north gallery cape_breton also_list nova_scotia provincial highways externalinks cabotrail official_website cabotrail scotia tourism_website hike highlands festival cape_breton highlands national_park category nova_scotia provincial highways category_roads inverness county nova_scotia category_roads victoria county nova_scotia category_scenic inova scotia category_tourist attractions inverness county nova_scotia category_tourist attractions victoria county nova_scotia category_scenic_routes"},{"title":"Capaq \u00d1an trail","description":"the capaq an trail system is a project designed cooperatively by the governments of ecuador peru boliviand chile to rebuild and promote tourism on the inca road system which stretchesome km across the andes compaq an translates roughly as road of our ancestors nan being the quechua languages quechua word foroad and capaq being the original ancestor of the incan empire the project consists of two main roads one roughly following the andean divide and one following theastern flank of the andes with several smalleroads crossing between them that would lead through important archaeological sites argentina bolivia chile colombia ecuador and peru are working in conjunction with unesco s world heritage centre to include the trail on the world heritage list externalinks main andean road qhapaq an unesco includes map of route category scenic routes category inca empire category 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following theastern andes several crossing would lead important archaeological sites argentina bolivia chile colombia ecuador peru working conjunction unesco_world_heritage centre include trail world_heritage list externalinks main andean road unesco includes map route category_scenic_routes category inca empire category unesco"},{"title":"Captive breeding","description":"image red wolf pups captive breedingjpg thumb united states fish and wildlife service usfwstaff with two red wolf pups bred in captivity captive breeding is the process of animal breeding animals in controlled environments within well defined settingsuch as wildlife reserves zoo s and other commercial and noncommercial conservation biology conservation facilitiesometimes the process includes the release of individual organism s to the wild when there isufficient natural habitato support new individuals or when the threato the species in the wild is lessened while captive breeding programs may save species from extinction release programs have the potential for dilutingenetic diversity and fitness biology fitness captive breeding has been successful in the pasthe pere david s deer wasuccessfully saved through captive breeding programs after almost being hunted to extinction in china captive breeding is employed by modern conservationists and hasaved a wide variety of species from extinction ranging from birds eg the pink pigeon mammals eg the pygmy hog reptiles eg the round island boand amphibians eg poison arrow frog s their efforts were successful in arabian oryx reintroduction reintroducing the arabian oryx under the auspices of the faunand flora preservation society in the przewalski s horse was also successfully reintroduced in the wild after being bred in captivity the breeding of endangered species is coordinated by cooperative breeding programs containing international studbooks and coordinators who evaluate the roles of individual animals and institutions from a global oregional perspective these studbooks containformation birth date gender location and lineage if known whichelps determine survival and reproduction rates number ofounders of the population and inbreeding coefficients a species coordinatoreviews the information in studbooks andetermines a breeding strategy that would produce most advantageous offspring if two compatible animals are found at different zoos the animals may be transported for mating buthis stressful which could in turn make mating less likely however this still a popular breeding method among european zoological organizations artificial fertilization by shipping semen is another option but male animals can experience stress during semen collection and the same goes for females during the artificial insemination procedure furthermore this approach yields lower quality semen because shipping requires the life of the sperm to bextended for the transitimes there aregional programmes for the conservation of endangered species americaspeciesurvival plan ssp association of zoos and aquariums aza canadian association of zoos and aquariums caza european endangered species programmeep european association of zoos and aquaria eazaustralasiaustralasian species management program asmp zoo and aquarium association zaafricafrican preservation program app african association of zoological gardens and aquaria paazab japan conservation activities of japanese association of zoos and aquariums jaza south asia conservation activities of south asian zoo association foregional cooperation sazarc south east asia conservation activities of south east asian zoos association seaza conservationists can use captive breeding to help species that are being threatened by human activitiesuch as habitat loss and fragmentation hunting fishing pollution predation disease and parasitism endangered species are those on the verge of extinction and consequently are often very small populations a risk of captive breeding includes inbreeding ie mating between two closely related individuals which can lead toffspring that are homozygous recessive for traits that may not have been visible in the parents as a result inbreeding may lead to decreasedisease immunity and phenotypic abnormalities this risk is heightenedue to the small effective population size another consequence of small captive population size is the increased impact of genetic drift where genes have the potential to fix or disappear completely thereby reducingenetic diversity in the case of captive breeding prior to reintroduction into the wild it is possible that species will evolve to be adapted to their captivenvironment rather than thenvironmenthathey will be reintroduced to selection intensity initial genetic diversity and effective population size can impacthe degree to which the species adapts to its captivenvironment modeling works indicate thathe duration of programs ie time from the foundation of the captive population to the last releasevent is an important determinant of reintroduction success is maximized for intermediate project duration allowing the release of a sufficient number of individuals while minimizing the number of generations undergoing relaxed selection in captivity for example since the s the matschie s tree kangaroo an endangered species has been bred in captivity the tree kangaroo speciesurvival plan tkssp was established in to help withe management of association of zoos and aquariums aza tkssp s annual breeding recommendations to preserve genetic diversity are based on mean kinship strategy in order to retain adaptive potential and avoid inbreeding s disadvantages in order to evaluate a captive breeding program s performance in maintainingenetic diversity researchers compare the genetic diversity of the captive breeding population to the wild population according to mcgreezy et al aza matschie tree kangaroo s haplotype diversity was almostwo times lower than wild matschie tree kangaroos this difference with allele frequencieshows the changes that can happen over time like genetic drift and mutation when a species is taken out of its natural habitat when evaluating thextinction risk of a species it is importanto consider the species that it interacts with in its environment many population models only consider isolated single speciesystems but understanding the multi species dynamics of each ecosystem can assist in creating moreffective conservation efforts an example of this involves the black footed ferret which preys on prairie dog prairie dogs when prairie dogs at conata basin were infected with sylvatic plague yersinia pestis numbers wereduced leaving the ferrets with a smaller food source when attempting to release black footed ferrets after breeding them in captivity conservations performed multispecies metamodeling techniques in order to minimize the risks of other species impacting the ferret population size another example is the cheetah the least genetically variable felid specieso brien s j east african cheetahs evidence for two population bottlenecks proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america this makes it very difficulto increase genetic diversity while breeding in captivity because all cheetahs aressentially genetically identical interestingly although the cheetahas undergone population bottlenecks thousands of years ago they seem to experience few of inbreeding s detrimental effects behaviour changes captive breeding can contribute to behavioural problems in animals that are subsequently released because they are unable to hunting hunt or forage for food which leads to starvation possibly because the young animalspenthe criticalearning period in captivity released animals often do not avoid predator s and may die because of it golden lion tamarin mothers often die in the wild before having offspring because they cannot climb and forage this leads to continuing population declines despite reintroduction as the species are unable to produce wikt viable offspring training can improve anti predator skills but its effectiveness varies a study on mouse mice has found that after captive breeding had been in place for multiple generations and these mice wereleased to breed with wild mice thathe captive born mice bred amongsthemselves instead of withe wild mice thisuggests that captive breeding may affect mating preferences and has implications for the success of a reintroduction program loss of habitat another challenge with captive breeding is the habitat loss that occurs while they are in captivity being bred though it is occurring even before they are captured this may make release of the species nonviable if there is no habitat lefto support larger populations climate change and invasive species are threatening an increasing number of species with extinction a decrease in population size can reduce genetic diversity which detracts from a population s ability to adaptation adapt in a changing environment in this way extinction risk is related to loss of genetic polymorphism which is a difference in dna sequence among individuals groups or populations conservation programs canow obtain measurements of genetic diversity at functionally important genes thanks to advances in technology the de wildt cheetah and wildlife centrestablished in south africa in has a cheetah captive breeding program between and litters were born with a total of cubs the survival rate of cubs was for the firstwelve months and for older cubs validating the facthat cheetahs can be bred successfully and their endangerment decreased it also indicated that failure in other breeding habitats may be due to poor spermorphology biology morphology wild tasmanian devil s have declined by due to a transmissible cancers transmissible cancer calledevil facial tumor disease a captive insurance population program hastarted buthe captive breeding rates athe moment are lower than they need to be keeley fanson masters and mcgreevy soughto increase our understanding of thestrous cycle of the devil and elucidate potential causes ofailed male female pairings by examining temporal patterns ofecal progestogen and corticosterone metabolite concentrations they found thathe majority of unsuccessful females were captive born suggesting that if the speciesurvival depended solely on captive breeding the population would probably disappear in the oregon zoo found that columbia basin pygmy rabbit pairings based on familiarity and preferences resulted in a significant increase in breeding success new technologies the major histocompatibility complex mhc is a genome region that is emerging as an exciting research field researchers found that genes that code for mhc affecthe ability of certain speciesuch as batrachochytrium dendrobatidis to resist certainfections because the mhc has a mediating effect on the interaction between the body s immune cells with other body cells measuring polymorphism biology polymorphism athese genes can serve as an indirect measure of a population s immunological fitness captive breeding programs that selectively breed for disease resistant disease resistant genes may facilitate successful reintroductions there have also been recent advances in captive breeding programs withe use of induced pluripotent stem cell ipsc technology whichas been tested on endangered speciescientists hope thathey can convert stem cells into germ cells in order to diversify the gene pool s of threatened species healthy mice have been born withis technology ipsc may one day be used to treat captive animals with diseasesee also breeding in the wild european endangered species programmeep ex situ conservation panda pornography speciesurvival plan or ssp world conference on breeding endangered species in captivity as an aid to their survival or wcbescas zooborns externalinks article howell can captive breeding programs conserve biodiversity a review of salmonids category 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reintroduction arabian auspices faunand flora preservation society horse also successfully reintroduced wild bred captivity breeding endangered_species coordinated cooperative breeding programs containing international studbooks coordinators evaluate roles individual animals institutions global perspective studbooks birth date gender location lineage known whichelps determine survival reproduction rates number population inbreeding species information studbooks breeding strategy would produce offspring two compatible animals found different zoos animals may transported mating buthis could turn make mating less likely however still popular breeding method among european zoological organizations artificial fertilization shipping another option male animals experience stress collection goes females artificial insemination procedure furthermore approach yields lower quality shipping requires life sperm bextended programmes conservation endangered_species plan ssp association zoos aquariums aza canadian association zoos aquariums european endangered_species european association zoos aquaria species management program zoo aquarium association preservation program app african association zoological_gardens aquaria japan conservation activities japanese association zoos aquariums south asia conservation activities south asian zoo association cooperation south_east_asia conservation activities south_east_asian zoos association conservationists use captive_breeding help species threatened human activitiesuch habitat loss hunting fishing pollution disease endangered_species extinction consequently often small populations risk captive_breeding includes inbreeding mating two closely related individuals lead recessive may visible parents result inbreeding may lead immunity risk small effective population_size another consequence small captive_population size increased impact genetic drift genes potential fix disappear completely thereby diversity case captive_breeding prior reintroduction wild possible species evolve adapted rather reintroduced selection intensity initial genetic_diversity effective population_size impacthe degree species modeling works indicate thathe duration programs time foundation captive_population last important reintroduction success intermediate project duration allowing release sufficient number individuals minimizing number generations undergoing relaxed selection captivity example since tree kangaroo endangered_species bred captivity tree kangaroo speciesurvival plan established help withe management association zoos aquariums aza annual breeding recommendations preserve genetic_diversity based mean kinship strategy order retain adaptive potential avoid inbreeding disadvantages order evaluate captive_breeding program performance diversity researchers compare genetic_diversity captive_breeding population wild population according aza tree kangaroo diversity times lower wild tree difference allele changes happen time like genetic drift species taken natural habitat evaluating risk species importanto consider species environment many population models consider isolated single understanding multi species dynamics ecosystem assist creating conservation_efforts example involves black prairie dog prairie dogs prairie dogs basin infected numbers leaving smaller food source attempting release black breeding captivity performed techniques order minimize risks species population_size another example cheetah least genetically variable brien j east african cheetahs evidence two population proceedings national academy sciences united_states america makes difficulto increase genetic_diversity breeding captivity cheetahs aressentially genetically identical although population thousands years_ago seem experience inbreeding detrimental effects behaviour changes captive_breeding contribute behavioural problems animals subsequently released unable hunting hunt food leads possibly young period captivity released animals often avoid predator may die golden lion mothers often die wild offspring cannot climb leads continuing population despite reintroduction species unable produce wikt viable offspring training improve anti predator skills effectiveness varies study mouse mice found captive_breeding place multiple generations mice wereleased breed wild mice thathe captive born mice bred instead withe wild mice thisuggests captive_breeding may affect mating preferences implications success reintroduction program loss habitat another challenge captive_breeding habitat loss occurs captivity bred though occurring even captured may make release species habitat lefto support larger populations climate_change invasive species threatening increasing_number species extinction decrease population_size reduce genetic_diversity population ability adaptation changing environment way extinction risk related loss genetic difference dna sequence among individuals groups populations conservation programs canow obtain measurements genetic_diversity important genes thanks advances technology de cheetah wildlife south_africa cheetah captive_breeding program litters born total cubs survival rate cubs months older cubs facthat cheetahs bred successfully decreased also indicated failure breeding habitats may due poor biology wild tasmanian devil declined due cancers cancer facial disease captive insurance population program buthe captive_breeding rates athe_moment lower need masters soughto increase understanding cycle devil potential causes male female pairings examining patterns found thathe majority unsuccessful females captive born suggesting speciesurvival depended solely captive_breeding population would probably disappear oregon zoo found columbia basin pygmy rabbit pairings based familiarity preferences resulted significant increase breeding success new technologies major complex region emerging exciting research field researchers found genes code affecthe ability certain speciesuch resist effect interaction body immune cells body cells measuring biology genes serve indirect measure population fitness captive_breeding programs breed disease disease genes may facilitate successful also recent advances captive_breeding programs withe use induced stem cell technology whichas tested endangered hope thathey convert stem cells cells order diversify gene pool threatened species healthy mice born withis technology may one_day used treat captive animals also breeding wild european endangered_species situ_conservation pornography speciesurvival plan ssp world conference breeding endangered_species captivity aid survival externalinks article captive_breeding programs conserve biodiversity review category conservation category zoology category_zoos_category animal breeding"},{"title":"Captive white tigers","description":"file white tiger in jaipur zoojpg thumb white tiger in jaipur zoo india captive white tiger s are of little known lineage they are held captive around the world usually for financial purposes the tiger speciesurvival plan devised by the association of zoos and aquariums has condemned the breeding of white tiger s the gene s responsible for white colour arepresented by of the tiger population however in a closing stock of bengal tiger s and white bengal tigers were accounted for indian zoos the disproportionate growth inumbers of the latter points to the relentless inbreeding resorted to among homozygous recessive individuals for selectively multiplying the white animals this progressively increasing process will eventually lead to inbreeding depression and loss of genetic variability xavier n a new conservation policy needed foreintroduction of bengal tiger white current science mohand the rewa strain file a caring momjpg thumb a white tigress wither cubs mohan was the founding father of the white tiger s of rewa india rewa vanostrand mary l mohan the ghostiger of rewa zoonooz may pgs he was captured as a cub in by maharaja of rewa princely state rewa whose hunting party in bandhavgarh national park bandhavgarh found a tigress with four month old cubs one of which was white all of them were shot except for the white cub after shooting a white tiger in the maharaja of rewa had resolved to capture one as his father hadone in at his next opportunity water was used to lure the thirsty cub into a cage after he returned to a kill made by his mother the white cub mauled a man during the capture process and was clubbed on thead and knocked unconscious he was not necessarily expected to wake up and this was hisecond brush with deathe recovered though and was housed in the unused palace at govindgarh madhya pradesh govindgarh in therstwhile harem courtyard the maharaja named himohan which roughly translates as enchanter one of the many names of the hindu deity krishna the white tiger the previous maharaja had kept in captivity from to was also a male unusually large like most white tigers mohan was no exception in this regard and had a white male sibling stilliving in the wild after the captive white tiger s death in he was mounted and presented to themperor george v of the united kingdom kingeorge v as a token of loyaltysankhala ks tiger the story of the indian tiger simon schuster new york thispecimen is now in the british museum the first live white tigereached england in and was exhibited at london s exeter exchangexeter change menagerie where it was examined by the famous france french anatomy anatomist georges cuvier who described it in his animal kingdom as having faint stripes only visible from certain angles of refraction in there was a mounted white tiger with faint reddish brown stripes in the throne room of the maharaja of rewa in mohan was bredalderton david wild cats of the world blandford uk london pgs to a normal coloured wild tigress called begum royal consort which produced two male orange cubs on september one of which wento bombay zoo in they had a litter animalitter of two males and two females on april which included a male named sampson and a female named radhall normal coloured on july they again had a litter of two males and two females which included a male named sultan who wento ahmedabad zoo and a female named vindhya who wento the delhi zoo and was later bred to an unrelated male named surajthornton iwb kk yeung ksankhala the genetics of white tigers in rewa j zool once again the breeding experiments failed to yield a single white cub mohan was then bred to his daughteradha who carried the white gene inherited from her father with success the initialitter ofour cubs a male named rajand three females named rani mohini and sukeshi were the first white tigers born in captivity on october stracey pd tigers london baker new york golden p rajand rani wento the new delhi zoo and mohini was bought by the german american billionaire john kluge reed theodore h enchantess queen of an indian palace rare white tigress comes to washingtonational geographic magazine national geographic may for the national zoological park united states national zoo in washington dc as a gifto the children of united states america in the government of india made a deal withe maharaja under the terms of which rajand rani would go to the new delhi zoohusain dawar breeding and hand rearing of white tiger cubs panthera tigris at new delhi zoo international zoo yearbook vol vi sankhala kailash breeding behavior of the tiger panthera tigris in rajasthan international zoo yearbook vol vii pg for free in exchange the maharaja s white tiger breeding would be subsidized and he would receive a share of their cubs he wanted rs for them technically sukeshi was also the property of the new delhi zoo and in a sense india had nationalized the captive white tigers of rewa the parliament of india would heareports on the progress of the white tigers and prime minister of india prime minister indira gandhi and u nu of burma participated in publichristening ceremonies for white cubs at new delhi zoorai usha will they outlasthis century times of india new delhi march sukeshi remained at govindgarh palace in the harem courtyard where she was born as a mate for mohan that same year india imposed a ban on thexport of white tigers roth tw rare white tiger of rewa journal of cat genetics vol april may june no geep the white tigers animals white tiger exports banned ny times d beatty clyde facing the big cats casey phil disenchanted india stops export of white tigers after city gets one the washington post dec pg a young robert ike priceless white tigress meet on lawn president views cat white house the chicago tribune dec pg a in an efforto preserve a monopoly as a tourist attraction possibly because anglo indianaturalist edward pritchard gee recommended that govindgarh palace and its white tiger inhabitants be made a national trust which did not happen mohini was only allowed to leave india because us president dwight d eisenhower intervened personally with prime minister jawaharlal nehru to ask for the release of the united states government s white tiger a white sister of mohini s had been broughto new delhi the year before to show the president who was no stranger to white tigers after thexport ban was imposed the maharaja threatened to release all of his white tigers into the rewa forest and so he was given dispensation to sell two more pairs abroad toffset his costsgeep the wildlife of india london collinsix zoos acquired white tigers from the maharaja of rewa including the bristol zoo in england a brother and sister pair named champak and chameli on june for thequivalent of each white tigers at bristol zoo the times august pg b and the crandon park zoo which closed around and moved out of crandon park to the site of the zoo miami metrozoo in miami florida miami acquired a white tigress in cousins d the white tiger and itstatus in captivity international zoo news bristol zoo s pair born in came from another litter ofour all white butwone female and one male did not survive years later the bristol zoo needed a new breeding male and traded a white female to new delhi zoo for a white tiger named roop who had beenamed by u nu the prime minister of burma he was the son of raja by his own mother and half sisteradha born inew delhi radhand many other tigers from govindgarh including sukeshi were later transferred to new delhi begum wento live at ahmedabad zoo and was bred to her son sultan they produced twelve cubs in four litters between and bristol zoo later transferred two male white tigers to dudley zoo file kpsimascotjpg thumb a white bengal tiger inational zoological park delhindia the government of west bengal boughtwo white males named niladari and himadri from the maharaja for the alipore zoological gardens calcutta zoo and an orange female named malini from the same litter of three born in accompanied them there the alipore zoo in kolkata recovered the purchase price of its white tigers within six months by charging extra to see them by the bombay zoo had a white tigress named lakshmi born in from the maharaja the calcutta zoo sold a white tigress named sefali to gauhati zoo and sent a second white tiger there on loan circus owner clyde beatty also bought a white tiger from the maharaja in for in a deal facilitated by the smithsonianational zoo director th reed who had traveled to india to escort mohini to washington dc washington whichad to be canceled because of thexport ban which made mohini even more valuable she was estimated to be worth president josip broz tito of yugoslavia visited new delhi zoo and asked for white tigers for belgrade zoo but was refuseddesai jh malhotrak the white tiger new delhi publications ministry of information and broadcastingovt of india white tiger namedalip from new delhi zoo represented india in two international expositions in budapest and osaka white tigress named nandni who was born inew delhi zoo in wento hyderabad zoo by the lucknow zoo also had a white tiger which was a gift from new delhi zoos with white tigers constituted a most exclusive club and the white tigers themselves represented a singlextended family in or terence walton a member of the maharaja of rewa staff was attending a performance of the ringling bros circus in madison square garden and had a note passed to tiger trainer charles baumann on the maharaja stationary requesting an opportunity to discuss white tigers he may have hoped to make a sale baumann was invited to rewa but was not able to go mohan was featured in the national geographic documentary great zoos of the world in he died later that year aged almost and was laid to rest withindu rites as the palace staff observed official mourning he was the last recorded white tiger born in the wild the last white tiger seen in the wild washot in the hazaribagh forests of bihar there have been rumors of white tigers in hazaribagh the tora forsts of rewand kanha national park since buthese were not considered credible by ksankhala photograph of mohan stuffed head in a display case in the private museum of the maharaja of rewa in govindgarh lake palace appears in the national geographic book the year of the tiger nichols michael ward geoffrey c the year of the tiger national geographic society pg another picture of mohan s head appears on the official website of the maharaja of rewa mp official website of the maharaja of rewa mp the maharaja of rewa turned mohan s native forest into the bandhavgarh national park because he could not control the poaching the maharaja was negotiating the sale of a white male named virat as late as when he died of enteritis virat was a son of mohand sukeshi at bandhavgarh visitors can stay athe white tiger lodge which is the local version of tiger tops in royal chitwan inepal pushpraj singh the reigning maharaja of rewa hasked students to sign a petition to ask the president of india to return at leastwo white tigers to govindgarh lake palace as a tourist attraction mp students want white tiger back in its homeland hindustan times december mohini rewa enchantress and sampson mohini a daughter of mohan was officially presented to president eisenhower by john w kluge in a ceremony athe white house on december and wento live athe lion house in the national zoo in rock creek park this day in smithsonian history december zoo to get white tiger the christian science monitor oct pgs white tiger to meet ike on monday the washington post dec pg a rare beast from india the chicago tribune dec pg a reporter for the new york times described the meeting of mohini and president eisenhower the president shied noticeably when the beast roared and leaped in his direction inside the traveling cage drawn up on the white house south driveway an eloquent well was the president s only comment for the next few seconds eisenhower is wary as he meets a white tiger new york times dec pg l mazak vratislav czech taxonomist der tiger wittenberg lutherstadt ziemensen th reed the director of the national zoo gave this description of mohini her stripes were black shading into brown but her main coat was eggshell white instead of the normal rufous orangexoticoloring and magnificent physique made her a tiger without peer for a two year old kitten she had tremendous growth almost pounds three feetall athe shoulders and eight feet from nose to tail white tigers are larger and heavier than regular orange tigers the average length of a white tiger at birth is cm compared to cm for a normal orange cub shoulder height is cm normal cm weight kg normal kg dalip and krishna two white tigers at new delhi zoo weighed kg and kg respectively atwo years of age ram and jim two normal colored tigers athe same zoo weighed kg and kg athe same age raja the white tiger had a shoulder height of cm aten years of age while suraj an orange tiger had a shoulder height of only cm at years of age according to new delhi zoo director ksankhala ratnand vindhya orange tigresses from the white race who carried the white gene as a recessive both were fathered by mohan were higher athe shoulder than average measuring and cm compared to a normal orange tigress named asharfi who measured cm athe shoulder white tigers also grow faster than orange tigersleyhausen paul reed theodore h white tiger care and breeding of a genetic freak smithsonian april this would have given them an advantage in the wild following mohini s arrival inew york city from india with national zoo director th reed she spent one night in the bronx zoo white tigress arrives by air on way to zoo in washington the new york times dec pg a reception wascheduled athexplorer s club and mohini was to appear on the children s television showonderama with bigame hunteralph scott who had been instrumental in bringing her to america mohini was also scheduled to appear on television in philadelphiand washington dcwhite tiger of rewa metropolitan broadcasting corp brings white tiger of rewa to united states as gifto children of america tuesday oct metropolitan broadcasting corporation easth st ny document courtesy of philadelphia zoon dec a television special was aired titled white tiger which was a film about mohini s trip from indiatelevision preview the washington post dec the birth of mohini s first litter in was televised in a national special mohini was exhibited for three days in the philadelphia zoo news from the zoo philadelphia zoological garden white tiger at zoo this weekend only nov greenberg robert i white tigress visits zoo for days and monkeysee red the philadelphia inquirer saturday morning dec white tiger at zoo for three day visithevening bulletin philadelphia friday dec before traveling on to washington her name is the feminine of mohand translates as enchantresshe was her father s namesake she was a greattraction and the zoo wanted to breed more white tigers athe time no more white tigers were being allowed out of india so mohini was mated to sampson her uncle and half brother who wasent from ahmedabad zoo in crandallee s the management of wild mammals in captivity university of chicago press it seems probable that financial considerations may have also precluded washington from acquiring a second white tiger as a mate for mohini sampson was donated to the national zoo by ralph scottsamson arrives at washington zoo the washington post jan pg a mohini was originally betrothed to an orange bengal tiger named mighty mo who was captured in central india in the forests of the maharaja of panna madhya pradesh panna by ralph scott andonated to the national zoon june today there is a pannational park unfortunately mohini used to push mighty mo around the original plan was to breed mohini with an unrelated orange tiger and then breed her tone or more of her male offspring in the hope of producing white cubs that was before sampson arrived sampson fathered the firstwof mohini s four litters which were born in and mighty mo and another tiger named foa were given to the pittsburgh zoo in august after sampson s death in at age of renal failure kidney failure mohini was bred to her son ramana who was then the only male white gene carrier available this resulted in the birth of a white daughter named rewati on april reed elizabeth c white tiger in my house national geographic may and a white sonamed moni on feb secrest meryle rare tigers born at zoo rare white tigers born at zoo the washington post march pg b moni died of a neurology neurological disorder in at months moni was to have undertaken a fund raising tour for projectiger he was born in a litter ofive which included two white males and three orange females one wastillborn and the mother crushed the others after three days when moni was a cub he was photographed with mrsuharto the wife of indonesian president suharto when she visited the national zoo rewati had an orange male littermate which died after two days ramana was born on july and had two litter mates a white male named rajkumar who was the first white tiger born in a zoo and an orange female named ramanicasey phil being a white tiger no problem for mohini s five week old cub the washington post feb pg b casey phil kittens one all white and rare born to zoo s exclusive white tiger the washington post jan pg debut of mohini s three kittens the washington post jan geremia ramon white tiger s cubs awaited athe zoo prepared for event maharajah s tiger white cubs awaited the washington post jan carper elsie baby white tiger may remain here instead of being subject of barter the washington post feb pg b ladner george chagrined zoo finds white tigress not pregnant just pretending the washington post oct pg a both died ofeline panleukopenia feline distemper despite having been vaccinated aten months of agelion house closed white tiger s cub dies of distemper the washington post august white tiger cub dies at dc zoo the washington post august museum claims white tiger cub the washington post sept pg b rajkumar had a particularly nasty disposition all of mohini s cubs were named by the indian ambassador athe time of his death at only ten months of age rajkumar already weighed pounds and could hardly be called a cub he was first named charlie by one of his keepers before the indian ambassador gave him his official name the national zoo planned to trade rajkumar for a number of other animals he was equal to ten zebras in value the smithsonian institution stepped in and vetoed the plan insisting that rajkumar would remain a permanent resident of washington dc rajkumar was the only white tiger fathered by sampson the birth of mohini s first litter was televised in a national special mohini s orange daughter kesari was born in with an orange female who wastillborn it was even suggested although probably notoo seriously that indian prime minister indira gandhi be asked to bring a white tiger cub for the zoo when she wascheduled to visit washington in after moni died in the national zoo tried to acquire an orange tiger named ram from trivandrum zoo in southern indias a mate for mohini death of white tiger washington post july pgs b ram was her first cousin a grandson of mohand there was a chance that he carried white genes of ram s genes came fromohand from begum of mohini s genes were from begum and fromohan ram was a son of vindhyand suraj born on iv at new delhi zoo the same ram discussed earlier two sisters of ram born on feb wento the romanshorn zoo in switzerland in an indochinese tiger panthera tigris corbetti named poona who was born athe woodland park zoo in seattle in wasento washington a six month breeding loan from the brookfield zoo and bred to mohini year old mohini rewa puto death at national zoo the washington post april pg b and kesarikleiman dg estrous cycles and behavior of captive tigers in the world s cats ed by rl eaton pp seattle woodland park zoo poona would have been regarded as a bengal tiger for the firstwo years of his life because the indo chinese subspecies was not recognized until mohini did not conceive kesari produced six orange cubs an extraordinary number especially for a first litter but only one survived a female named marvina kesari handed marvina over to her keepers and kepthe other five marvina was mistaken for male and named marvin which was changed to marvina when it was discovered that he was a she washington zoo keeper art cooper who hand reared marvina observed that white tigers were the most obstinate cats in the zoo and said that marvina had a typical white tiger personality a zoo for all seasons the smithsonianimal world alfred meyer editor writers thomas crosbyet al washington dc smithsonian exposition book new york distributed by norton c poonalso fathered litters by twother tigresses in brookfield in marvina ramanand kesari were sento the cincinnati zoo and botanical garden and rewati and mohini wento the brookfield zoo to be boardeduring renovations in washington until brookfield zoo displays vip tigers the chicago tribune aug pg w a on june while athe cincinnati zoo ramanand kesari produced a litter of three white and one orange cub including a white male named ranjitwo white females named bharat and priyand an orange male named peela devra kleiman of the national zoo said that she knew all abouthe white gene and made a point of asking thathese tigers ramana kesari or marvina not be bred while in cincinnati the cincinnati zoo said that ramanand kesari never bred in washington buthey did so shortly after arriving in ohiocherfas jeremy zoo london british broadcasting corp as a fringe benefit of inbreeding the four cubs were pure bengal tigers and they were the last registered bengal tigers born in the united states ranjit bharat priya peeland rewati had inbreeding coefficients of goebel anna m whitmore h donald use of electrophoretic data in the reevaluation of tiger systematics tigers of the world the biology biopolitics management and conservation of an endangered species noyes publications park ridge new jersey usa pg ramana died in of a kidney infection and became a father for the lastime posthumously a white half sister of mohini s bred fromohand sukishi born on march named gomti and laterenamed princess lived in the crandon park zoo in miami for almosthree years before she died of a viral infection at age five in december she arrived in miami on january miami mayor chuck hall methe month old lbs white tigress athe airport and rode wither to the zoo he wanted to call her maya the name suggested by the maharaja which translates as princess ralph scott who paid for her and gave her to the zoological society oflorida preferred the name princessbruning fred hall has a white tiger by the handle the miami herald jan lady is a tiger the miami herald jan the zoological society oflorida loaned princess to the crandon park zoo it was ralph scott a famous bigame hunter who suggested to john w kluge that he buy a white tiger for the children of america he had seen the white tigers in govindgarh palace while tiger hunting india the government of india wanted princess to be the last white tiger exported from the country a male white tiger named ravi acquired by ralph scott for the crandon park zoo died at kanpurailway station en route from india in he was a son of rajand rani born inew delhi zoo and sold by the maharaja of rewa in jimmy stewart was on the tonight show starring johnny carson and said that his wife was going to buy a white tiger from the maharaja of rewa for the los angeles zoo ralph scott was watching and felt as thoughe was being robbed he had been trying to get a mate for princess for years a bidding war erupted between scott jimmy stewart a major league baseball team a hollywood producer and a major european zoo scott said of princess it is cruel to expect animalike thato live alone and you cannot mate her with an ordinary tiger she so superiori appealed to the maharaja from a conservation standpoint and it hit home princess and rajah were to be a royal couple the los angeles zoo had already spent building a white tiger exhibit scott said that he would try and send them a pair of cubs from princess and rajah but princess died a week before rajah wascheduled to arrive scott hired an indian taxidermisto stuff princess and she was presented to the museum of science in miamin but she is now in the reception area of the miami metrozoo s administration building scott paid around foraja who he thought might still be mated to mohini but rajah never arrived in crandon park scott waso respected as a tiger hunter that he wasked to deal with man eaters which were terrorizing villages he was a hunter turned conservationist and a cat loverglass ian miami news crandon park coup a newhite tiger dec white tiger donor snaps up a mate before bigmouth dec autopsy still incomplete viral infection killeed crandon s white tiger dec dangaard colin miami s white tiger dies a week before wedding miami heraldec princess ghost miami herald may mohini died in park edwards around the mall and beyond smithsonian septhe skins and skulls of mohini and moni are in the smithsonian institution smithsonian but are not on display an orange brother of mohini s named ramesh lived in the m nagerie du jardin des plantes paris zoo and was bred to an unrelated tigress but none of the offspring survived to reproduce ramesh was born in govindgarh palace and had an orange female littermate named ratna who wento new delhi zoo and a white male littermate named ramu they were the fourth and last litter of mohand radha ratna was paired with a wild caught male named jim at new delhi zoo and produced three litters each cub would have had a chance of inheriting the white gene from ratna jim was captured in the rewa forest so they thoughthere was a chance he carried white genes he had been somebody s pet but after he ate a cat he was given to new delhi zoo jim used to appear leaping into his pond at new delhi zoo in the opening of one of geraldurrell s tv shows edward pritchard gee mentioned in his book the wildlife of india whichas a foreword by jawaharlal nehru that bristol zoo wanted to acquire one of the cubs of mohand begum as a mate for one of its white tigers champak or chameli to lessen the degree of inbreeding as the us national zoo hadone with sampsongeedward pritchard the wild life of india with a foreword by jawaharlal nehru london collins the bristol zoo did acquire one of the daughters of mohand begumschombergeoffrey the penguin guide to british zoos harmondsworth penguin ranjit bharat priyand peela were sold to the international animal exchange ranjit priyand peela wento the iae s facility in grand prairie texas the phenomenon of spontaneous ovulation in a tiger was first observed by devra kleiman in one of the white tigresses athe national zoo which meanthat it was possible to breed tigers by artificial insemination mohini died in at years of agedwards park wrote in smithsonian magazine that national zoo director ted reed was mourning his queen the late mohini rewa ted reed said it s impossible to say how much the zoowes that cat and her cubs they drew attention to the facility and made all of ourecent improvementso much easier if she had been human she would have been a movie star tony bagheerand frosty a new strain tony born in july in the terrell jacobs circus winter quarters circus winter quarters of the cole bros circus the terrell jacobs farm in peru indiana was the founder of many american white tiger linespecially those used in circusesgeringer danow he is the cat s meow sports illustrated vol no july his grandfather was a registered siberian tiger named kubla who was born athe como park zoo and conservatory in saint paul minnesota warner edythe records the tigers of como zoo new york viking pressiberian tiger cubs born at como zoo the new york times july pg kubla s parents were born in the wild and believed to be brother and sister kubla was bred to a bengal tigress named susie from a west coast zoo athe great plains zoo in sioux fallsouth dakota sioux falls in south dakota she was once cowned by clyde beatty between april and august kubland susie produced or cubs in or litters the cubs were widely distributed oneventually reached paris and another went from the utica zoo inew york state to japan twof their cubs rajah and sheba ii were bred by baron julius von uhl who lived in peru indiana julius von uhl was born in budapest and came to america in from hungary after the revolutione of the results of his tiger breeding was tony who therefore carried mixed bloodvanostrand mary l mohan the ghostiger of rewa zoonooz may pgs he may have been the source of a gene for stripelessness kubla was also bred to an amur tigress named katrina who was born athe rotterdam zoo and passed through the hands of two american zoos before joining kubland susie athe great plains zoo kubland katrina have living pure amur descendants which may include a line of white tigers that are claimed as pure amurs which originated out of center hill florida these white tigers are not registered amur tigers a tiger trainer named alan gold owned a pair of amur tigers which once produced a stillborn white cub in there were four white tigers in the united states mohini and her daughterewatin washington dc tony and his first cousinamed bagheera female born on july in a litter of two white cubs including a male which did not survive in the hawthorn circus of john f cuneo jr bagheera s mother sheba iii was a sister of tony s mother sheba ii bagheera s father was either an amur tiger named ural who was her preferred mate and may have been her uncle and a littermate or younger sibling of kubla born athe como zoor one of twof her brothers named prince and saber who were also brothers tony s parentsthornton iwb white tiger genetics further evidence j zool most of sheba iii s litters did not include white cubs but at least of her orange cubs would have been white gene carriersince they could have inherited the gene from their mother and if both parents were heterozygotes or twout of three of their orange cubs are likely to have been carriershe had cubs in litters between july and july of which only were white or not as would bexpected if both parents in each mating were heterozygotes prince was castration castrated before sheba iii conceived another white cub a male named frosty born on feb in a litter which included tworange females and one orange male it seems odd that a tiger which may have been fathering such valuable cubs prince would have beeneutered saber was never observed trying to mate so perhaps ural did sire one or more of sheba iii s white cubs which would have been three quartersiberian had this been the case it is possible for tigers from the same litter to have different fathers it is also possible that any or all three tigers ural prince and saber carried the white gene ural was a sad specimen he was cross eyed althoughe was not white bagheerand frosty were both severely cross eyed tony was purchased by john f cuneo jr owner of the hawthorn circus corp of grayslake illinois grrr ownership of rare white tiger disputed the detroit news feb section a pg tiger sale oked for extra the detroit news feb section a pg in february for in detroitony s parents rajand sheba produced two more white cubs athe baltimore county fair on june rare tigers born at fair ny times june the cubs were a white male named baltimore county fair a white female named snowball and an orange male national zoo spokeswoman sybille hamlem said this could be a real bonus for the breed if the two stay in the united states the white tigers are no longer found in the wild and there have been genetic problems because of inbreeding buthat is apparently nothe case here tiger cubs rare siberian born at fair the baltimore sun monday june pg c snowball s name was later changed to maharani and all three cubs were sold to the ringling bros barnum bailey circus in washington dc maharani died in baron julius von uhl had another three white cubs born between june and at kingdom s formerly lion country safari at stockbridgeorgia stockbridgeorgia ustate georgia off i south of atlanta rare white tigers born the atlanta constitution journal sunday june pg two lived only a shortime the other named scarlett o hara died athe grady memorial hospital s animal research clinic in atlanta on jan of cardiac arrest resulting from anaesthesia she was there to undergo surgery to correct crossed eyeshe was only cross eyed in the right eye which turned inward toward the nose she wastill owned by julius von uhl athe timetayloron scarlett o hara setsights on grady the atlanta constitution journal wednes jan pg ashealy larry scarlett s beauty may have been cub s fatal flaw the atlanta constitution journal friday jan pg a tiger s genetic flaw fatal pg a tony wasent on breeding loan to the cincinnati zoo in to be bred to rewati from the us national zoo however tony and rewati did not breed so he was bred to mohini s orange daughter kesarinstead resulting in a litter ofour white and one orange cub june the same day that eight year old sheba had her white cubs in baltimore maryland it is an astounding coincidence that both tigresses gave birth to white cubs on exactly the same day on that one day america s white tiger populationearly doubled from to kesari s litterepresented a mixture of the two unrelated strains all of the white cubs from kesari s litter by tony were cross eyed as werewati bagheerand frosty the cincinnati zoo retained a brother and sister pair from the litter named bhim and sumitand their orange sister kamala two white males returned to the hawthorn circus with tony as john cuneo share from the breeding loan john cuneo also asked the bristol zoo to trade some white tigers to diversify the gene pool buthe bristol zoo declined perhaps not wishing to exchange pure bengals for mongrels tony bagheerand frosty lived for years with a troop of hawthorn circus tigerstationed at marineland ontario marineland game farm iniagara falls ontario canada because of selective breeding only a few of the oldest white tigers in the hawthorn circus today are strabismus cross eyed bhim and sumita became the world record parents of white cubs in there were white tigers inew delhin kolkata one in guwahati one in lucknow one in hyderabad andhra pradeshyderabad in bristol cincinnati zoo had washington had john cuneo had and julius von uhl had the maharaja of rewa retired from the white tiger business in he later abdicated in favor of hison so that he could run for the family seat in parliament and became an mp there is a white tiger cub on the shield of the coat of arms of the maharajas of rewa over white tigers have been born athe cincinnati zoo which is no longer in the white tiger business the cincinnati zoo sold white tigerswhite bengal tiger imported for longleat safari park the times march pg d for each siegfried roy bought a litter of three white cubs from the cincinnati zoo which were offspring of bhim and sumita for around prior to the cincinnati zoo wanted to acquire a white tiger but no zoo would sell at any price by the s the cincinnati zoo was the world s leading purveyor of white tigers it was a cousin of the maharaja of rewa lt col fatesinghrao jackie gaekwad the maharaja of baroda who was also the commissioner of indian wildlife and an mp who suggested to siegfried and roy thathey acquire white tigers from the cincinnati zoo and include them in their actfischbacher siegfried horn roy uwe ludwig tapert annette siegfried and roy mastering the impossible new york w morrow c jackie was also the president of the world wildlife fund india in the mid siegfried roy owned of the world s white tigers and they werescorting two big white tiger cubs with dark stripes to their new home in phantasialand in br hl rhineland br hl germany when the white tigers were briefly stolen witheir truck inew york citythieves abandon stolen truck containing white tiger cub s the washington post june pg a b the driver stopped for coffee the white tigers made their debut in germany at a ceremony attended by the united states ambassador thenry doorly zoo in omaha nebraska boughtony s parents and orange sister obie born in simmons lee g white tigers the realities tigers of the world noyes publications park ridge new jersey usand bred more white tigers kesari also wento live at omaha zoo but did not have any more cubsome of tony s white siblings born in omaha proved to be sterile obie was paired with ranjit from the national zoo and their cubs like those of tony and kesarincluded non inbred white tigers a white tiger named chester who was a son of ranjit and obie born athe omaha zoo fathered the firstestube tigerstolzenburg william battling extinction with testube tigerscience news may and then became the first white tiger in australia when he wasento the taronga zoo in sydney his brother panghur ban was the national zoo s last white tigernational zoo s only white tiger euthanized a white tiger named rajiv a son of bhim became the first white tiger in africa when he wasento pretoria zoo in exchange for a cheetah king cheetah king cheetah first white tiger in africa how to breed a white tiger zoono in rewati was paired with ika from kesari s litter athe columbus zoo rewati columbus zooviews autumn by this time he was a three legged amputee retired from circus performance put outo pasture to breed ika killed rewatin the act of mating dc born white tiger killed by mate in columbus ohio zoo washington post april pg b ika was then mated with a white tigress named taj who was a grandaughter of his brothers ranjit and bhim ika was also bred to taj s orange mother dolly a daughter of bhim and an unrelated orange tigress named kimanthin columbus taj s father duke was a son of ranjit from an outcross to an unrelated orange tigress isson a white grandson of kesari and tony was also dispatched to columbus on breeding loan from the hawthorn circus of grayslake illinois which eventually had white tigers the largest collection in the world athe time in five white tiger cubs were stolen from the hawthorn circus in portland oregon and two died the tigers were touring withe ringling bros barnum bailey circus the culprit was a veterinarian who wasentenced tone year in prison and six months in a halfway house cincinnati zoo director ed maruska testified in the case thathe five white cubs had a dollar value in excess of verdict upheld in cubs case the baton rouge advocate nov in a white cub was born in the racine zoological gardens in wisconsin from a father daughter mating the father named bucky killed the white cub the mother named bonnie was later bred with an orange littermate of tony named chequila who belonged to james witchey of ravenna ohio who bought him from dick hartman of south lebanon ohio when he was four or five years of age chequila proved to be a white gene carrier and fathered at least one white cub in the racine zoo in it is not known whether bucky who came from the fort wayne children s zoo indianand his daughter bonnie werelated to any of thestablished strains of white tigers but it is possible that bucky was another one of the cubs of kubland susie born in sioux falls by of north american zoo tigers were white the orissa strain three white tigers were also born in the nandankanan zoo in bhubaneswar orissa india in their parents were an orange father daughter pair calledeepak and ganga who were not related to mohan or any other captive white tiger one of their wild caught ancestors would have carried the recessive white gene and it showed up when deepak was mated to his daughter deepak sister also turned outo be a white gene carrier these white tigers are thereforeferred to as the orissa strain as opposed to the rewa strain of white tigers founded by mohanroychoudhury ak chapter white tigers and their conservation part iv white tiger politics tigers of the world the biology biopolitics management and conservation of an endangered species noyes publications park ridge new jersey usa roychoudhury ak ln acharjyorigin of white tigers at nandankanan biological park orissa indian j exper biol roychoudhury ak a genetic analysis of the white tigers in the nandankanan bio park orissa journal of the bombay natural history societyroychoudhury ak white tigers of nandankanan lineage zoos print journal rai usha will they outlasthis century times of india new delhi march when the surprise birth of three white cubs occurred there was a white tigress already living athe zoo namediana from new delhi zoone of the three was later bred to her creating another blend of two unrelated strains of white tigers this lineage resulted in several white tigers inandan kanan zoo today the nandankanan zoo has the largest collection of white tigers india the cincinnati zoo acquired two female white tigers from the nandan kanan zoo in the hopes of establishing a line of pure bengal white tigers in america buthey never got a male andid not receive authorization from the association of zoos and aquariums aza speciesurvival plan ssp to breed them the zooutreach organisation used to publish studbooks for white tigers which were compiled by ak roychoudhury of the bose institute in calcuttand subsidized by the humane society of indiaroychoudhury ak about studbook of white tigers india zoos print journal the columbus zoo had also hoped to breed pure bengal white tigers but were unable tobtain a white registered bengal mate forewati from indiaferguson david a kohl steven g developing international conservation programs tigers of the world noyes publications park ridge new jersey usa there were also surprise births of white tigers in the asian circus india to parents not known to have been white gene carriers or heterozygotes and not known to have any relationship to any other white tiger strains there was a female white cuborn at mysore zoo in from orange parents descended from deepak sister the white cub s grandmother thara came from the nandankanan zoo in mysore zoo had a second female white tiger cub from new delhi zoo in on august a white tigress named seema was dispatched to kanpur zoo to be bred to badal a tiger who was a fourth generation descendant of mohand begum the pair did not breed so it was decided to pair seema with one of two wild caught notorious man eaters either sheru or titu from the jim corbett national park seemand sheru produced a white cub and for a while it was thoughthere might be white genes in corbett s population of tigers buthe cub did not stay whiteroychoudhury ak the indian white tiger studbook zoo zen international zooutreach org tamil nadu india the white bengal tiger dynamics there have been other cases of white tiger white lion and white panther cubs being born and then changing to normal color white tigers which were a mixture of the rewand orissa strains born athe nandan kanan zoo were non inbred a white tiger from out of the orissa strain found its way to the western plains zoo in australia s dreamworld on the gold coast queensland gold coast wanted to breed this tiger tone of their white tigers from the united statesee also white tiger outbreeding depression marcan tiger preserve onovember at least white tigers were observed housed athe municipal zoo in merida yucatan mexico all appeared in good health but housed in relatively small enclosures no mention of this pride appears in wikipedia category tigers category zoos category felids of 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responsible white colour arepresented tiger population however closing stock bengal tiger white bengal tigers accounted indian zoos growth latter points inbreeding among recessive individuals white animals progressively increasing process eventually lead inbreeding depression loss genetic xavier n new conservation policy needed bengal tiger white current science mohand rewa strain file caring thumb white_tigress wither cubs mohan founding father white_tiger rewa india rewa vanostrand mary l mohan rewa may pgs captured cub maharaja rewa princely state rewa whose hunting party bandhavgarh national_park bandhavgarh found tigress four month old cubs one white shot except white_cub shooting white_tiger maharaja rewa capture one father next opportunity water used lure cub cage returned kill made mother white_cub man capture process thead necessarily expected wake brush deathe recovered though housed unused palace govindgarh pradesh govindgarh courtyard maharaja named roughly translates one many names hindu krishna white_tiger previous maharaja kept captivity also male unusually large like white_tigers mohan exception regard white male wild captive white_tiger death mounted presented themperor george v united_kingdom kingeorge v token tiger story indian tiger simon schuster new_york british museum first live white england exhibited london_exeter change menagerie examined famous france french anatomy georges described animal_kingdom stripes visible certain angles mounted white_tiger brown stripes room maharaja rewa mohan david wild cats world uk london pgs normal coloured wild tigress called begum royal consort produced two male orange cubs september one wento bombay zoo litter two males two females april included male_named sampson female named normal coloured july litter two males two females included male_named sultan wento ahmedabad zoo female named wento delhi_zoo later bred unrelated male_named genetics white_tigers rewa j breeding experiments failed yield single white_cub mohan bred carried white_gene inherited father success ofour cubs male_named rajand three females named rani mohini sukeshi first white_tigers born captivity october tigers london baker new_york golden p rajand rani wento new_delhi zoo mohini bought german american billionaire john reed theodore h queen indian palace rare white_tigress comes geographic magazine national_geographic may national_zoological_park united_states national_zoo washington children united_states america government india made deal withe maharaja terms rajand rani would go new_delhi breeding hand rearing white_tiger cubs panthera new_delhi zoo international zoo vol breeding behavior tiger panthera international zoo vol vii free exchange maharaja white_tiger breeding would subsidized would receive share cubs wanted technically sukeshi also property new_delhi zoo sense india captive white_tigers rewa parliament india would progress white_tigers prime_minister india prime_minister burma participated ceremonies white_cubs new_delhi century times india new_delhi march sukeshi remained govindgarh palace courtyard born mate mohan year india imposed ban thexport white_tigers roth rare white_tiger rewa journal cat genetics vol april may june white_tigers animals white_tiger exports banned times clyde facing big cats casey phil india stops export white_tigers city gets one washington_post dec young robert white_tigress meet president views cat white_house chicago_tribune dec efforto preserve monopoly tourist_attraction possibly anglo edward recommended govindgarh palace white_tiger inhabitants made national_trust happen mohini allowed leave india us president dwight eisenhower personally prime_minister jawaharlal nehru ask release united_states government white_tiger white sister mohini broughto new_delhi year show president stranger white_tigers thexport ban imposed maharaja threatened release white_tigers rewa forest given sell two pairs abroad wildlife india london_zoos acquired white_tigers maharaja rewa including bristol_zoo england brother sister pair named june thequivalent white_tigers bristol_zoo times august b crandon park_zoo closed around moved crandon park site zoo miami miami florida miami acquired white_tigress cousins white_tiger captivity international zoo news bristol_zoo pair born came another litter ofour white female one male survive years_later bristol_zoo needed new breeding male traded white female new_delhi zoo white_tiger_named prime_minister burma son mother half born inew delhi many tigers govindgarh including sukeshi later transferred new_delhi begum wento live ahmedabad zoo bred son sultan produced twelve cubs four litters bristol_zoo later transferred two male white_tigers dudley zoo file thumb white bengal tiger inational zoological_park delhindia government west bengal white males named maharaja zoological_gardens calcutta zoo orange female named litter three born accompanied zoo kolkata recovered purchase price white_tigers within six months charging extra see bombay zoo white_tigress named born maharaja calcutta zoo sold white_tigress named zoo sent second white_tiger loan circus owner clyde also bought white_tiger maharaja deal facilitated zoo director th reed traveled india mohini washington washington whichad canceled thexport ban made mohini even valuable estimated worth president tito yugoslavia visited new_delhi zoo asked white_tigers belgrade zoo white_tiger new_delhi publications ministry information india white_tiger new_delhi zoo represented india two international_expositions budapest osaka white_tigress named born inew delhi_zoo wento hyderabad zoo zoo also white_tiger gift new_delhi zoos white_tigers constituted exclusive club white_tigers represented family walton member maharaja rewa staff attending performance ringling bros circus madison square garden note passed tiger trainer charles maharaja stationary opportunity discuss white_tigers may hoped make sale invited rewa able go mohan featured national_geographic documentary great zoos world died later year aged almost laid rest rites palace staff observed official last recorded white_tiger born wild last white_tiger seen wild washot forests white_tigers national_park since buthese considered photograph mohan stuffed head display case private museum maharaja rewa govindgarh lake palace appears national_geographic book year tiger nichols michael ward geoffrey c year tiger national_geographic society another picture mohan head appears official_website maharaja rewa official_website maharaja rewa maharaja rewa turned mohan native forest bandhavgarh national_park could control maharaja negotiating sale white male_named late died son mohand sukeshi bandhavgarh visitors stay athe white_tiger lodge local version tiger tops royal inepal singh maharaja rewa students sign petition ask president india return leastwo white_tigers govindgarh lake palace tourist_attraction students want white_tiger back homeland times december mohini rewa sampson mohini daughter mohan officially presented president eisenhower john w ceremony athe white_house december wento live athe lion house national_zoo rock creek park day smithsonian history december zoo get white_tiger christian science monitor oct pgs white_tiger meet monday washington_post dec rare beast india chicago_tribune dec reporter new_york times described meeting mohini president eisenhower president noticeably beast direction inside traveling cage drawn white_house south well president comment next seconds eisenhower meets white_tiger new_york times dec l czech der tiger th reed director national_zoo gave description mohini stripes black brown main coat white instead normal magnificent made tiger without peer two_year old tremendous growth almost pounds three athe shoulders eight feet nose tail white_tigers larger heavier regular orange tigers average length white_tiger birth compared normal orange cub shoulder height normal weight normal krishna two white_tigers new_delhi zoo weighed respectively years age ram jim two normal colored tigers athe zoo weighed athe_age white_tiger shoulder height years age orange tiger shoulder height years age according new_delhi zoo director orange tigresses white race carried white_gene recessive fathered mohan higher athe shoulder average measuring compared normal orange tigress named measured athe shoulder white_tigers also grow faster orange paul reed theodore h white_tiger care breeding genetic freak smithsonian april would given advantage wild following mohini arrival inew_york_city india national_zoo director th reed spent one night bronx zoo white_tigress arrives air way zoo washington new_york times dec reception wascheduled club mohini appear children television bigame scott instrumental bringing america mohini also scheduled appear television philadelphiand washington tiger rewa metropolitan broadcasting corp brings white_tiger rewa united_states children america tuesday oct metropolitan broadcasting corporation st document philadelphia dec television special aired titled white_tiger film mohini trip preview washington_post dec birth mohini first litter national special mohini exhibited three_days philadelphia zoo news zoo philadelphia zoological_garden white_tiger zoo weekend nov robert white_tigress visits zoo days red philadelphia inquirer saturday morning dec white_tiger zoo three_day bulletin philadelphia friday dec traveling washington name mohand translates father namesake zoo wanted breed white_tigers athe_time white_tigers allowed india mohini mated sampson uncle half brother wasent ahmedabad zoo management wild mammals captivity university chicago press seems financial considerations may_also washington acquiring second white_tiger mate mohini sampson donated national_zoo ralph arrives washington zoo washington_post jan mohini originally orange bengal tiger_named mighty captured central india forests maharaja pradesh ralph scott national june today park unfortunately mohini used push mighty around original plan breed mohini unrelated orange tiger breed tone male offspring hope producing white_cubs sampson arrived sampson fathered mohini four litters born mighty another tiger_named given pittsburgh zoo august sampson death age renal failure kidney failure mohini bred son ramana male white_gene carrier available resulted birth white daughter named rewati april reed elizabeth c white_tiger house national_geographic may white moni feb rare tigers born zoo rare white_tigers born zoo washington_post march b moni died neurological disorder months moni undertaken fund raising tour born litter ofive included two white males three orange females one mother crushed others three_days moni cub photographed wife indonesian president visited national_zoo rewati orange male littermate died two_days ramana born july two litter white male_named rajkumar first white_tiger born zoo orange female named phil white_tiger problem mohini five week old cub washington_post feb b casey phil one white rare born zoo exclusive white_tiger washington_post jan debut mohini three washington_post jan white_tiger cubs awaited athe zoo prepared event tiger white_cubs awaited washington_post jan elsie baby white_tiger may remain instead subject barter washington_post feb b george zoo finds white_tigress pregnant washington_post oct died despite months house closed white_tiger cub dies washington_post august white_tiger cub dies zoo washington_post august museum claims white_tiger cub washington_post sept b rajkumar particularly disposition mohini cubs named indian ambassador athe_time death ten months age rajkumar already weighed pounds could hardly called cub first named charlie one keepers indian ambassador gave official name national_zoo planned trade rajkumar number animals equal ten value smithsonian_institution stepped plan rajkumar would remain permanent resident washington rajkumar white_tiger fathered sampson birth mohini first litter national special mohini orange daughter kesari born orange female even suggested although probably seriously indian prime_minister asked bring white_tiger cub zoo wascheduled visit washington moni died national_zoo tried acquire orange tiger_named ram zoo southern mate mohini death white_tiger washington_post july pgs b ram first cousin grandson mohand chance carried white_genes ram genes came begum mohini genes begum ram son born new_delhi zoo ram discussed earlier two sisters ram born feb wento zoo switzerland tiger panthera named born athe woodland park_zoo seattle wasento washington six month breeding loan brookfield zoo bred mohini year_old mohini rewa death national_zoo washington_post april b cycles behavior captive tigers world cats ed pp seattle woodland park_zoo would regarded bengal tiger firstwo years life indo chinese subspecies recognized mohini kesari produced six orange cubs extraordinary number especially first litter one survived female named marvina kesari handed marvina keepers kepthe five marvina male_named marvin changed marvina discovered washington zoo keeper art cooper hand marvina observed white_tigers cats zoo said marvina typical white_tiger personality zoo seasons world alfred meyer editor writers thomas washington smithsonian exposition book new_york distributed norton c fathered litters twother tigresses brookfield marvina kesari sento cincinnati_zoo botanical_garden rewati mohini wento brookfield zoo renovations washington brookfield zoo displays vip tigers chicago_tribune aug w june athe cincinnati_zoo kesari produced litter three white one orange cub including white male_named white females named orange male_named national_zoo said knew abouthe white_gene made point asking thathese tigers ramana kesari marvina bred cincinnati cincinnati_zoo said kesari never bred washington buthey shortly arriving jeremy zoo london british broadcasting corp benefit inbreeding four cubs pure bengal tigers last registered bengal tigers born united_states ranjit rewati inbreeding anna h donald use data tiger tigers world biology management conservation endangered_species noyes publications park ridge new_jersey usa ramana died kidney infection became father white half sister mohini bred born march named laterenamed princess lived crandon park_zoo miami years died viral infection age five december arrived miami january miami mayor chuck hall methe month old lbs white_tigress athe airport rode wither zoo wanted call maya name suggested maharaja translates princess ralph scott paid gave zoological_society oflorida preferred name fred hall white_tiger handle miami herald jan lady tiger miami herald jan zoological_society oflorida loaned princess crandon park_zoo ralph scott famous bigame hunter suggested john w buy white_tiger children america seen white_tigers govindgarh palace tiger hunting india government india wanted princess last white_tiger country male white_tiger_named acquired ralph scott crandon park_zoo died station route india son rajand rani born inew delhi_zoo sold maharaja rewa jimmy stewart show starring johnny said wife going buy white_tiger maharaja rewa los_angeles zoo ralph scott watching felt robbed trying get mate princess years bidding war erupted scott jimmy stewart major league baseball team hollywood producer major european zoo scott said princess expect thato live alone cannot mate ordinary tiger appealed maharaja conservation hit home princess rajah royal couple los_angeles zoo already spent building white_tiger exhibit scott said would try send pair cubs princess rajah princess died week rajah wascheduled arrive scott hired indian stuff princess presented museum science reception area miami administration building scott paid around thought might still mated mohini rajah never arrived crandon park scott waso respected tiger hunter wasked deal man villages hunter turned cat ian miami news crandon park coup tiger dec white_tiger donor mate dec still incomplete viral infection crandon white_tiger dec colin miami white_tiger dies week wedding miami princess ghost miami herald may mohini died park edwards around mall beyond smithsonian mohini moni smithsonian_institution smithsonian display orange brother mohini named lived des paris zoo bred unrelated tigress none offspring survived reproduce born govindgarh palace orange female littermate named wento new_delhi zoo white male littermate named fourth last litter mohand paired wild caught male_named jim new_delhi zoo produced three litters cub would chance white_gene jim captured rewa forest chance carried white_genes pet ate cat given new_delhi zoo jim used appear pond new_delhi zoo opening one tv shows edward mentioned book wildlife india whichas foreword jawaharlal nehru bristol_zoo wanted acquire one cubs mohand begum mate one white_tigers degree inbreeding us_national zoo wild life india foreword jawaharlal nehru london collins bristol_zoo acquire one daughters mohand penguin guide british zoos penguin ranjit sold international animal exchange ranjit wento facility grand prairie texas phenomenon spontaneous tiger first observed one white_tigresses athe_national zoo meanthat possible breed tigers artificial insemination mohini died years park wrote smithsonian magazine national_zoo director ted reed queen late mohini rewa ted reed said impossible say much cat cubs drew attention facility made much easier human would movie star tony bagheerand frosty new strain tony born july jacobs circus winter quarters circus winter quarters cole bros circus jacobs farm peru indiana founder many american white_tiger used cat sports illustrated vol july grandfather registered tiger_named kubla born athe como park_zoo conservatory saint paul minnesota warner records tigers como zoo new_york viking tiger cubs born como zoo new_york times july kubla parents born wild believed brother sister kubla bred bengal tigress named susie west_coast zoo athe great plains zoo sioux dakota sioux falls south_dakota clyde april august kubland susie produced cubs litters cubs widely distributed reached paris another went zoo inew_york state japan twof cubs rajah sheba ii bred baron julius von uhl lived peru indiana julius von uhl born budapest came america hungary results tiger breeding tony therefore carried mixed mary l mohan rewa may pgs may source gene kubla also bred amur tigress named katrina born athe rotterdam zoo passed hands two american zoos joining kubland susie athe great plains zoo kubland katrina living pure amur may_include line white_tigers claimed pure originated center hill florida white_tigers registered amur tigers tiger trainer named alan gold owned pair amur tigers produced white_cub four white_tigers united_states mohini washington tony first female born july litter two white_cubs including male survive hawthorn circus john_f cuneo mother sheba iii sister tony mother sheba ii father either amur tiger_named ural preferred mate may uncle littermate younger kubla born athe como one twof brothers named prince also brothers tony white_tiger genetics evidence j sheba iii litters include white_cubs least orange cubs would white_gene could inherited gene mother parents heterozygotes three orange cubs likely cubs litters july july white would bexpected parents mating heterozygotes prince sheba iii conceived another white_cub male_named frosty born feb litter included females one orange male seems odd tiger may valuable cubs prince would never observed trying mate perhaps ural one sheba iii white_cubs would three case possible tigers litter different also possible three tigers ural prince carried white_gene ural sad cross eyed althoughe white bagheerand frosty severely cross eyed tony purchased john_f cuneo owner hawthorn circus corp illinois ownership rare white_tiger disputed detroit news feb section tiger sale extra detroit news feb section february parents rajand sheba produced two white_cubs athe baltimore county fair june rare tigers born fair times june cubs white male_named baltimore county fair white female named orange male national_zoo said could real bonus breed two stay united_states white_tigers longer found wild genetic problems inbreeding buthat apparently nothe case tiger cubs rare born fair baltimore sun monday june c name later changed three cubs sold ringling bros barnum bailey circus washington died baron julius von uhl another three white_cubs born june kingdom formerly lion country safari ustate_georgia south atlanta rare white_tigers born atlanta constitution journal sunday june two lived shortime named scarlett died athe memorial hospital animal research clinic atlanta jan cardiac arrest resulting undergo surgery correct crossed cross eyed right eye turned toward nose wastill owned julius von uhl athe scarlett atlanta constitution journal jan larry scarlett beauty may cub fatal atlanta constitution journal friday jan tiger genetic fatal tony wasent breeding loan cincinnati_zoo bred rewati us_national zoo however tony rewati breed bred mohini orange daughter resulting litter ofour white one orange cub june day eight year_old sheba white_cubs baltimore maryland tigresses gave birth white_cubs exactly day one_day america white_tiger doubled kesari mixture two unrelated strains white_cubs kesari litter tony cross eyed bagheerand frosty cincinnati_zoo retained brother sister pair litter named bhim orange sister two white males returned hawthorn circus tony john_cuneo share breeding loan john_cuneo also asked bristol_zoo trade white_tigers diversify gene pool buthe bristol_zoo declined perhaps wishing exchange pure tony bagheerand frosty lived years troop hawthorn circus marineland ontario marineland game farm iniagara falls ontario_canada selective breeding oldest white_tigers hawthorn circus today cross eyed bhim became world_record parents white_cubs white_tigers inew kolkata one one one hyderabad bristol cincinnati_zoo washington john_cuneo julius von uhl maharaja rewa retired white_tiger business later favor hison could run family seat parliament became white_tiger cub shield coat arms rewa white_tigers born athe cincinnati_zoo longer white_tiger business cincinnati_zoo sold white bengal tiger imported longleat safari_park times_march siegfried roy bought litter three white_cubs cincinnati_zoo offspring bhim around prior cincinnati_zoo wanted acquire white_tiger zoo would sell price cincinnati_zoo world leading white_tigers cousin maharaja rewa col jackie maharaja also commissioner indian wildlife suggested siegfried roy thathey acquire white_tigers cincinnati_zoo include siegfried horn roy ludwig siegfried roy impossible new_york w c jackie also president world wildlife fund india mid siegfried roy owned world white_tigers two big white_tiger cubs dark stripes new home phantasialand germany white_tigers briefly stolen witheir truck inew_york abandon stolen truck containing white_tiger cub washington_post june b driver stopped coffee white_tigers made debut germany ceremony attended united_states ambassador zoo omaha nebraska parents orange sister born simmons lee g white_tigers realities tigers world noyes publications park ridge new_jersey usand bred white_tigers kesari also wento live omaha zoo tony white born omaha proved paired ranjit national_zoo cubs like tony non white_tigers white_tiger_named chester son ranjit born athe omaha zoo fathered william extinction news may became first white_tiger australia wasento zoo sydney brother ban national_zoo last white zoo white_tiger white_tiger_named son bhim became first white_tiger africa wasento zoo exchange cheetah king cheetah king cheetah first white_tiger africa breed white_tiger rewati paired ika kesari litter athe columbus zoo rewati columbus autumn time three retired circus performance put outo breed ika killed act mating born white_tiger killed mate columbus ohio zoo washington_post april b ika mated white_tigress named taj brothers ranjit bhim ika also bred taj orange mother dolly daughter bhim unrelated orange tigress named columbus taj father duke son ranjit unrelated orange tigress white grandson kesari tony also columbus breeding loan hawthorn circus illinois eventually white_tigers largest collection world athe_time five white_tiger cubs stolen hawthorn circus portland_oregon two died tigers touring withe ringling bros barnum bailey circus wasentenced tone year prison six months halfway house cincinnati_zoo director ed case thathe five white_cubs dollar value excess verdict upheld cubs case baton rouge advocate nov white_cub born zoological_gardens wisconsin father daughter mating father named killed white_cub mother named bonnie later bred orange littermate tony named belonged james ohio bought dick south lebanon ohio four five_years age proved white_gene carrier fathered least_one white_cub zoo known whether came fort wayne children zoo indianand daughter bonnie strains white_tigers possible another one cubs kubland susie born sioux falls north_american zoo tigers white orissa strain three white_tigers also born nandankanan zoo orissa india parents orange father daughter pair related mohan captive white_tiger one wild caught ancestors would carried recessive white_gene showed mated daughter sister also turned outo white_gene carrier white_tigers orissa strain opposed rewa strain white_tigers founded chapter white_tigers conservation part white_tiger politics tigers world biology management conservation endangered_species noyes publications park ridge new_jersey usa white_tigers nandankanan biological park orissa indian j genetic analysis white_tigers nandankanan bio park orissa journal bombay natural_history white_tigers nandankanan lineage zoos print journal century times india new_delhi march surprise birth three white_cubs occurred white_tigress already living athe zoo new_delhi three later bred creating another blend two unrelated strains white_tigers lineage resulted several white_tigers zoo today nandankanan zoo largest collection white_tigers india cincinnati_zoo acquired two female white_tigers zoo hopes establishing line pure bengal white_tigers america buthey never got male andid receive authorization association zoos aquariums aza speciesurvival plan ssp breed organisation used publish studbooks white_tigers compiled institute subsidized humane society white_tigers india zoos print journal columbus zoo also hoped breed pure bengal white_tigers unable tobtain white registered bengal mate david steven g developing international conservation programs tigers world noyes publications park ridge new_jersey usa also surprise births white_tigers asian circus india parents known white_gene carriers heterozygotes known relationship white_tiger strains female white mysore zoo orange parents descended sister white_cub grandmother came nandankanan zoo mysore zoo second female white_tiger cub new_delhi zoo august white_tigress named zoo bred tiger fourth generation mohand begum pair breed decided pair one two wild caught notorious man either jim national_park produced white_cub might white_genes population tigers buthe cub stay indian white_tiger zoo international tamil india white bengal tiger dynamics cases white_tiger white_lion white_cubs born changing normal color white_tigers mixture orissa strains born athe zoo non white_tiger orissa strain found way western plains zoo australia gold_coast queensland gold_coast wanted breed tiger tone white_tigers united_statesee also white_tiger depression tiger preserve onovember least white_tigers observed housed athe municipal zoo mexico appeared good health housed relatively small enclosures mention pride appears wikipedia category tigers category_zoos_category india"},{"title":"Captivity (animal)","description":"image flock of sheepjpg thumb px animal husbandry animals that live under human care in captivity can be used as a generalizing term to describe the keeping of either domesticate d animal s livestock and pet s or wildness wild animals this may include for example farm s private homes zoo s and laboratories keeping animals in human captivity and under human care can thus be distinguished between three primary categories according to the particular motives objectives and conditions throughout history not only domestic animals as pets and livestock were kept in captivity and under human care but also wild animalsome were failedomestication attempts also in pastimes primarily the wealthy aristocracy class aristocrats and kings collected wild animals for various reasons contrary to domestication the ferociousness and natural behaviour of the wild animals were preserved and exhibited today s zoos claim othereasons for keeping animals under human care conservation biology conservation education and science image mexican wolf loungingjpg righthumb an endangered mexican wolf mexican gray wolf is kept in captivity for breeding purposes behavior of animals in captivity captive animals especially those not domesticated sometimes develop list of abnormal behaviours in animals abnormal behaviours one type of abnormal behaviour istereotypical behavior s ie repetitive and apparently purposeless motor behaviors examples of stereotypical behaviours include pacing self injury route tracing and excessive self grooming these behaviors are associated with stress and lack of stimulation many who keep animals in captivity attempto prevent or decrease stereotypical behavior by introducing stimuli a process known as behavioral enrichment environmental enrichment a type of abnormal behavior shown in captive animals iself injurious behavior sib self injurious behavior indicates any activity that involves biting scratching hitting hair plucking or eye poke that may result injuring oneself although its reported incidence is low self injurious behavior is observed across a range of primate speciespecially when they experience social isolation infancy self bite involves biting one s own body typically the arms legshoulders or genitals threat bite involves biting one s own body typically the hand wrist or forearm while staring athe observer conspecific or mirror in a threatening manner self hit involvestriking oneself on any part of the body eye poking is a behavior widely observed in primates that presses the knuckle or finger into the orbital space above theye socket hair plucking is a jerking motion applied tone s own hair withands or teeth resulting in its excessive removal the proximal causes of self injurious behavior have been widely studied in captive primates either social or nonsocial factors can trigger this type of behavior social factors include changes in group composition stresseparation from the group approaches by or aggression fromembers of other groups conspecific male individuals nearby separation from females and removal from the group social isolation particularly disruptions of early motherearing experiences is an important risk factor studies have suggested that although mothereared rhesus macaquestill exhibit some self injurious behaviors nursery reared rhesus macaques are much more likely to self abuse than mothereared ones nonsocial factors include the presence of a small cut a wound or irritant cold weather human contact and frequent zoo visitors for example a study hashown that zoo visitor density positively correlates withe number of gorillas banging on the barrier and that low zoo visitor density caused gorillas to behave in a morelaxed way captive animals often cannot escape the attention andisruption caused by the general public and the stress resulting from this lack of environmental control may lead to an increased rate of self injurious behaviors on top of self inflicted harm some animals exhibit harm towards others and internal psychological harm this can bexhibited in various forma such as orca whales which never have killed a human in the wild killing twof its own trainers psychological tics can also be identified ranging from swaying to head bobbing to pacing continuous inbreeding is also bringing out mental disadvantagesuch as crossed eyes and infertility studiesuggesthat many abnormal captive behaviors including self injurious behavior other animalself injurious behavior can be successfully treated by pair housing pair housing provides a previously single housed animal with a same sex social partner this method is especially effective with primates which are widely known to be social animalsocial companionshiprovided by pair housing encouragesocial interaction thus reducing abnormal and anxiety related behavior in captive animals as well as increasing their animalocomotion locomotion see also animal husbandry animal husbandry domestication free range livestock agriculture fileye ofemaleclectus parrot seen through wire meshjpg thumbirds are often kept in birdcage s pet keeping pet european convention for the protection of pet animals wild animal keeping menagerie zoological garden aquariumarine mammal park dolphinarium cultural history cruelty to animals and animal welfare animal welfare list of animal welfare and animal rights groups cruelty to animals personhood non humanimals world animal protection externalinks pet abusecom world association of zoos and aquaria new york zoos and aquarium wspa international website category zoos category animal welfare category cultural history category cultural studies de 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rides playgrounds alleys for hiking and otherecreational facilities available for visitors the park is named after alexander shcherbakov alexander sergeevich shcherbakova park in donetsk photo andescription shcherbakova park attraction of donetsk excursions to shcherbakova park entertainment in donetsk shcherbakova park the who was the secretary of the donetsk oblast party committee in however the original name was different at firsthe park was named after pavel postyshev pavel petrovich postyshev buthe park was renamed after the last had been arrested formation of the park the park is located in skoromoshnaya gully which was the meeting place for workers of yuzovsky metallurgical plant and the nearby coal mines in the th century a travelling circustayed here and mass celebrations were held in the river was blocked by a dam resulting in a first city pond that provided the steel works with water in they decided to create a park and in september komsomol members and the city pioneer movement pioneerstarted work on park creation hectares of the open steppe land area neariver bakhmutka first city pond in the skomoroshnaya gully was allocated for the park in the alleys werestablished lined with chestnutree s lime tree s and populus poplar s on opening day about sixty thousand people visited the park amusement ridestarted functioning in later the area of the park was increased to hectares yet reduced to hectares by athe initial planning excepthe central park there were separate functional zones a central beach park amusement park regional park medium ponds landscape park urban forest and the upper landscape park the park is located along the coastline of connected ponds and landscape compositions most open to the water area direction in the center the terraces are situated the lowest of which is the parterre which is the basis of the composition the shakhtar stadium donetsk stadium shakhtar is built on the upper terrace in designed by architects georgy nawrocki and severin the park held an agricultural exhibition for which pavilions were built beforentrance to the park from stadionnaya street looked like a group of columns with cornices in it was decorated with ornate metal gates and became a major entrance in the postwar period in the park there were about a hundred names of tree and shrub species and thedition donbass parks referred to shcherbakov park as tone of the best parks in donbas onovember donetsk journalists established alley of journalists in reconstruction of the large park startedonetskproekt fulfilled the pre design for improvement of the waterfront in the park during the reconstruction the pond embankment was reinforced and purged in forged pavilion was established in the park and rosary with variety of roses was made the sculptural decoration of the park of the sovietimes was ideology determined white statue of joseph stalin was established in front of the bridge framed in acaciandominated over the whole complex of the central park behind the back of stalin statue there was a sculpture of athlete jumping into the water and the fountain with athletesculptures who were holding a vase in outstretched hands in the fountain bowl there was a sculpture of a sportswoman with ball stadium shakhtar was decorated with monumental sculptures on the second floor the sculptures of the postwar period were dismantled in during reconstruction of the central part of the park during the renovation of the park in a statue of the ancient girl with a jar was placed on the banking of the first pond also in order to commemorate the city and the miner s day the good angel of peace was established in the park as international symbol of patronage on the statue basis the names ofamous krainians ukrainian patr n patrons are carved nickolay tereshchenko bogdan khanenko vasiliy tarnovskiy rinat akhmetov and others in wooden sculptures depicting fantasy characters werestablished in the parkpua the fountain with athletesculptures was dismantled in during reconstruction of the central part of the park and replaced by a fountain surrounded by a parapet a cascade ofountains was organized from the central area to the bridge fountains of the s were dismantled in the s decade in a new fountain consisting of cups lined with marble was open in the park lights are used in the fountain construction during the renovation of the park in athentrance from stadionnaya street a new fountain was installed children s railway named after kirov was launched onovember the train consisted of two coupled together trams and the road line length was of about one kilometer due to the world war ii outbreakirov children s railway ceased to exist and was neverebuilthe park also previously had a musical shell a summer theater for spectators green summer cinema for seats a performance surface dance floor a restaurant parachute tower existed until reading chess and checkers pavilions currently kinds of amusement rides are working in the park donetsk city guide hotelsights restaurants history culture the boat station offers boats and catamarans to hire in dolphinarium nemo was open as a part of the national complex of cultural and recreational centres nemo dnua nemo donetsk dolphinarium the athe time abandonedolphinarium was destroyed in a fire inovember see also donetsk externalinks central park of culture and leisure named after shcherbakov official site nemo dolphinarium official webpage commons category sherbakov s park in donetsk on wikicommons file jpg fountain the postyshev park file jpg monumento joseph stalin file jpg roses in shcherbakov park file jpg open dance floor file jpg fountain file jpgood angel of peace file jpg main entrance file jpg pond view category donetsk category tourist attractions in donetsk oblast category amusement parks category parks in 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hectares open land area first city pond allocated park alleys werestablished lined lime tree opening day sixty thousand people visited park amusement functioning later area park increased hectares yet reduced hectares athe initial planning central park separate functional zones central beach park amusement_park regional park medium landscape park urban forest upper landscape park park located along coastline connected landscape open water area direction center situated lowest basis composition shakhtar stadium donetsk stadium shakhtar built upper terrace designed architects park held agricultural exhibition pavilions built park street looked like group columns decorated ornate metal gates became major entrance postwar period park hundred names tree species thedition parks referred shcherbakov park tone best parks onovember donetsk journalists established alley journalists reconstruction large park fulfilled pre design improvement waterfront park reconstruction pond reinforced forged pavilion established park variety roses made decoration park ideology determined white statue joseph stalin established front bridge framed whole complex central park behind back stalin statue sculpture jumping water fountain holding hands fountain bowl sculpture ball stadium shakhtar decorated sculptures second floor sculptures postwar period dismantled reconstruction central part park renovation park statue ancient girl jar placed banking first pond also order commemorate city day good angel peace established park international symbol patronage statue basis names ofamous ukrainian n patrons carved others wooden sculptures depicting fantasy characters werestablished fountain dismantled reconstruction central part park replaced fountain surrounded cascade organized central area bridge fountains dismantled decade new fountain consisting cups lined marble open park lights used fountain construction renovation park athentrance street new fountain installed children railway named launched onovember train consisted two coupled together road line length one kilometer due world_war ii children railway ceased exist park also previously musical shell summer theater spectators green summer cinema seats performance surface dance_floor restaurant parachute tower existed reading chess pavilions currently kinds amusement_rides working park donetsk city_guide restaurants history culture boat station offers boats hire dolphinarium nemo open part national complex cultural recreational centres nemo nemo donetsk dolphinarium athe_time destroyed fire inovember see_also donetsk externalinks central park culture leisure named shcherbakov official_site nemo dolphinarium official webpage commons category park donetsk file_jpg fountain park file_jpg monumento joseph stalin file_jpg roses shcherbakov park file_jpg open dance_floor file_jpg fountain file angel peace file_jpg main_entrance file_jpg pond view category donetsk category_tourist attractions donetsk oblast category_amusement_parks category parks ukraine"},{"title":"Century ride","description":"file ride the rivers century ridejpg thumb px a century ride in illinois a century ride is a bicycle ride of miles kilometer km or more within hours usually as a cycling club sponsored event many cycling clubsponsor annual century ride as both a social event for cyclists and as a fund raiser for the club s other activities a sanctioned century ride is organized and conducted under the rules and liability protection of a sanctioning organization such as the league of american bicyclists cw coles ht glenn s complete bicycle manual crown publishers inc p sanctioned rides typically have restops every miles or so where water food and toilets are available for cyclists on a supported century ride the route is patrolled by a sag wagon to assist riders with bicycle maintenance or provide transportation back to the starting line for those unable to ride thentire course sanctioned rides are almost alwaysupported club sponsored century rides typically offer several options for cyclists of varying abilitiesuch as quarter century in hours half century in hours metricentury double metricentury double century in hours double century rides are usually scheduled near the summer solstice to take advantage of the longer daylight hours and begin at or before dawn the term imperial century isometimes used outside the united states and united kingdom to indicate that miles in imperial system is used instead of the implied kilometers in metric system the larger more unusual and better known annual century rides in the united states and canada include apple cider century in southwestern michigan in late septemberiders hotter n hell hundred in wichita falls tx with some cyclists in ride around mount rainier in one day ramrod hosted by the redmond bicycle club in enumclawa seattle to portland bicycle classic stp hosted by the cascade bicycle club with as many as riders every july tour of the scioto river valley tosrv in columbus oh organized by columbus outdoor pursuits which drew about cyclists in may for the two day mile round trip to portsmouth rideau lakes cycle tourlct ottawa to kingston and back to riders image centuryride jpg thumb a restop at a sanctioned century ride in oregon many bicycle touring multiple day group rides include a century ride in one or more segments of the course for example the ride for aids chicago in illinois a two day mile charity ride in which cyclists complete the first century on day and the second on day ride the rockies in coloradoften includes at least one century optional day as a detour from the shorter main route as does the bicycle ride across georgia the origins of the century ride are obscure but dora rinehart did century rides in denver co in the s the tosrv began in with two riders the rideau lakes cycle tour started in with eighty riders the apple cider century dates back to furthereading and externalinks bike a century a directory of annual century rides ride for aids chicago a back to back double century benefiting the test positive aware network and hiv services in chicago references category bicycle tours category cycle 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their locations for hotel chains and rooms for each property for every given day of their operational year while meeting customer expectations this the goal that yield management revenue management aims to fulfill by providing the required service to the customer athe right price athe rightime revenue management as a factor torganizational success has gained significant prominence in recentimes for the hotel and hospitality industry with several hotels creating dedicated full time positions of revenue manager performance metrics like revpar best rate guaranteed best available rate bar average daily rate channelgain rate parity rate parity etc have been developed to measure and track revenue performance of hotels and its management revenue classification revenue sources for hotels are primarily from room accommodation services food and beverage services and some ancillary services like laundry wi fi broadband meeting rooms etc market segment wise the revenue sources of a hotel can be classified under two broad segments contracted business non contracted business also known as transient rooms as a high level estimate contracted business is generally in terms of total revenue and profit of the hotel and non contracted is the remaining for the non contracted part online travel agents otas generally charge in commission whereas for bundled rates this could be as high as non contracted business here the key revenue sources are leisure travelers transientravelers last minutes business and personal travelers this generally the most profitable market segment as the cost of distribution is lowest for thisegment rate parity rate parity is the concept of selling rooms of a certain hotel with exactly the same rate structure across all distribution channels rate parity was investigated in by the uk competition authority the office ofair trading since renamed competition and markets authority for alleged breaches of competition law as a result of a complaint by the website skoosh and a statement of objections has been issued channel management a revenue manager in a hotel is tasked with inventory management price management distribution channel management and evaluation of revenue management efforts among other tasks in current scenario for distribution channel managementhe revenue manager is faced with managing two distinctypes of channels for distribution of their inventory nof rooms offline non electronichannels traditional phone and fax availability inquiries and bookings walk ins etc differentypes include on property transient sales property directelephone sales on property group sales convention visitors bureau onlinelectronichannels relativelyounger means of distribution and still evolving these include traditional crs gds availability inquiry and bookings crs are the computereservationsystem central reservationsystem and gds are the global distribution systems internet search price comparisons and bookings via internet and now even mobile phones gadgets internet distribution systems ids typically consist of websites whichelp hotels to sell their inventory online channel management for the online medium of distribution via internet and mobile phones there are various optionsome key players includexpediacom travelocitycom in us bookingcom in europe ctripcom china cleartripcom india zujicom southeast asia wotifcom in australiamong several otheregional and international players each of them can be referred to as an ota online travel agent or a channel increasingly new channels of distribution are becoming available with interesting new strategies given the myriad channels existing today and the rapid evolution withe introduction of new channels on a regular basis it creates the problem of channel management for hotels who have to constantly keep up with latest online channels and trends to maximize theirevenue potential each of these otas provide hotels witheir own extranet requiring hotels to manage multiplextranets additionally it causes the problem of maintaining rate parity across all their contracted channels this creates the challenge of channel management which rategain s product channelgain solves channelgain is a webased online product which integrates with several otas to provide a consolidated channel management platform for hotel manager hoteliers integration channelgain integrated withotel revenue management products to automate online inventory management channelgain is integrated tonline and offline channels for hotels toptimize andistribute their inventory channelgain is integrated to ideas revenue management system channelgain is integrated to several next generation otas offering private sales and loyalty programs like gilt groupe jetsetter mrsmith travel guide mrsmith travel guide and stashotel rewards multi lingual support channelgain is available in both english and spanish see also hotel revparevenue per available room yield management hotels yield management for hotels revenue management 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comparisons bookings via internet even mobile phones internet distribution systems typically consist websites hotels sell inventory online channel management online medium distribution via internet mobile phones various key players us europe china india southeast_asia several international players referred ota online_travel_agent channel increasingly new channels distribution becoming available interesting new strategies given myriad channels existing today rapid evolution withe introduction new channels regular basis creates problem channel management hotels constantly keep latest online channels trends maximize potential otas provide hotels witheir requiring hotels manage additionally causes problem maintaining rate parity across contracted channels creates challenge channel management rategain product channelgain channelgain webased online product integrates several otas provide consolidated channel management platform hotel_manager hoteliers integration channelgain integrated 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booking system diners are not charged booking or cancellation fees foreservations made through chope systemmahtani shibani november chope adds personal touch tonline booking retrieved on april in july chope announced its application has been used by dinerstay daniel august having sat over million diners in hong kong chopexpands to mainland china tech in asia retrieved on april on june the company announced it had secured an investment of us m in a series c round co led by f h fund management a fund chaired by pioneering alibaba cto john wu and nsi ventures in april the company announced its acquisition of makanluarcom indonesia s top restaurant reservations platform co founded by kunal narang and hiro mohinanin its foray into the country of million people founded on june chope was inspired by the idea of making the restaurant reservation processimpler seeking to address the problem of placing restaurant reservations through phone calls that could normally only be done during operating hours chope overcomes this limitation by providing a real time online service for the process of table reservations chope was only able to secure a dozen reservations in its first weektae team july interviewith ariff zaiudeen retrieved on april chope builds on the trends of innovation in technology advances and thevolution of business concepts athe time of itstartup restaurateurs and caf owners had been known to be slow to adapto technology advancements however aided by the rise in g and wifinternet access this trend had been slowly changing four up and coming trends in the restaurant business tech in asia retrieved on april for users the website and the mobile app allow users to search forestaurants and reservations based on parameters including times dates cuisine location price range and promotional offers from credit cards or other partners users who have registered their email address withe service will then receive a confirmation email users can also receive chope dollars a rewards point system after dining or multiples of these points can be redeemed for vouchers at select memberestaurants on the service or other gifts from time to time the company also has a mobile application available in app store ios apple s app store that allows users to find and book dinnereservations forestaurants the service provides restaurant owners with comprehensive reservation management subscribing restaurants use a table management oreservation system that replaces conventional papereservation systems the service offers options to handle reservation managementable management guest recognition and email marketing features include reservation management manages making changing canceling and confirming reservations guest management keeps track of customer preferences and repeat customers also allows targeted marketing to customers table management assists restaurant staff in seating and even preassigning to seats customers and tracking table status reporting provides advanced analytics helpsustain and improve restaurant efficiency chope may alsoffer chope dollars to diners for every reservation made subjecto some terms this acts as an incentive to repeat usage and increase loyalty of customers a list of restaurants when booked at offer these incentives are displayed on the search results page when looking for a reservation the company s home market isingapore it has expanded to include markets including hong kong mainland chinand thailand similar applicationsimilar company in singapore quandoo similar company in asia eztable similar company in europe quandoo similar company in the us opentablexternalinks category websites about food andrink category hospitality services category companies based in singapore category companiestablished 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pioneering cto john ventures april company_announced acquisition indonesia top restaurant_reservations platform founded country million_people founded june chope inspired idea making restaurant_reservation seeking address problem placing restaurant_reservations phone calls could normally done operating hours chope providing real_time online service process table_reservations chope able secure dozen reservations first team july interviewith retrieved_april chope builds trends innovation technology advances thevolution business concepts athe_time restaurateurs caf owners known slow technology however aided rise g access trend slowly changing four coming trends restaurant business tech asia retrieved_april users website mobile_app allow users search forestaurants reservations based parameters including times dates cuisine location price range promotional offers credit_cards partners users registered email address withe service receive email users also receive chope dollars rewards point system dining points select service gifts time time company_also mobile_application available app store ios apple app store allows_users find book forestaurants service provides restaurant owners comprehensive reservation management restaurants use table management system replaces conventional systems service offers options handle reservation management guest recognition email marketing features include reservation management manages making changing reservations guest management keeps track customer preferences repeat customers also allows targeted marketing customers table management assists restaurant_staff seating even seats customers tracking table status reporting provides advanced improve restaurant efficiency chope may_alsoffer chope dollars diners every reservation made subjecto terms acts incentive repeat usage increase loyalty customers list restaurants booked offer incentives displayed search results page looking reservation company home market expanded include markets including hong_kong mainland chinand thailand similar company singapore similar company asia eztable similar company europe similar company us category websites food_andrink category_hospitality services_category_companies_based singapore_category_companiestablished"},{"title":"Cider house","description":"image ye olde cider bar newton abbot devon englandjpg thumb px ye olde cider bar in eastreet newton abbot a cider house is an establishmenthat sells alcoholicider for consumption the premisesome cider houses also sell cider to go for consumption off the premises a traditional cider house was often little more than a room in a farmhouse or cottage selling locally fermented cider houses were once common selling a producthat was usually fermented on the premises from apples grown in a local cider orchard because of changes in the taxation of cider in thearly s and social changes most cider houses now exist iname only a few do still exist in for example the west country of the united kingdom first published in camra s good cider guide cider houses are common in the basque country historical territory basque country where they are called sagardotegi as cider has gained popularity during the st century especially in countriesuch as australia barestaurant style cider houses are opening the brunswick st cider house in melbourne is an example see also public house list of public house topics externalinks list of the remaining cider houses in the uk retrieved category cider houses category cider esidrer a eu 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cider"},{"title":"Cittie of Yorke","description":"address higholborn higholborn london wc postcode area wc v bs owner samuel smith s opened closed website the cittie of yorke is a listed buildingrade ii listed public house on london s higholborn and is listed in campaign foreale camra s national inventory of historic pub interiors roger protz r ed good beer guide the pub is owned and operated by samuel smith s old brewery although the current building is a rebuilding of the s the buildings on thisite have been pubsince some features include thenekey s long bar cropper s ed time out pubs bars london edition located in the grand hallike back room pubscom cittie of yorke info accessed a late georgian era georgian oregency era triangular metal stove and victorian era victorian style cubicles file cittie of yorke jpg thumb left cittie of yorke clock the welsh poet dylan thomas penned an impromptu ode to the pub when it was called henneky s long bar fred jarvis a former general secretary of the national union of teachers found the previously unknown poem in while going through papers belonging to his late parents in lawho knew thomas the top of the poem reads this little song was written in henneky s long bar higholborn by dylan thomas in orion publishingrouplans to include the song in a new edition of collected thomas poems in october caroline davies dylan thomas drinking ditty to be published for firstime the guardian june category grade ii listed buildings in the london borough of camden category national inventory pubs category grade ii listed pubs in london category buildings and structures in the london borough of camden category pubs in the london borough of 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bars london_edition located grand back room cittie yorke info accessed late georgian era georgian era triangular metal stove victorian_era victorian style file cittie yorke jpg thumb left cittie yorke clock welsh poet dylan_thomas ode pub called long bar fred former general secretary national union teachers found previously unknown poem going papers belonging late parents knew thomas top poem reads little song written long bar higholborn dylan_thomas orion include song new edition collected thomas poems october caroline davies dylan_thomas drinking published firstime guardian june_category grade_ii_listed_buildings london_borough camden_category_national inventory_pubs category_grade_ii_listed pubs london_category_buildings structures london_borough camden_category_pubs london_borough camden"},{"title":"City ledger","description":"in hotel accounting the city ledger is the collection of accounts belonging to non registered guests this distinct from the transient ledger or front office ledger or guest ledger which is the collection of accounts receivable for guests who are currently registered the vast majority of accounts in the city ledger are accounts receivable one notablexception is the advance deposit account discussed belowhich is an accounts payable account payable included in the city ledger are accounts belonging to various companies that utilize the hotel for meeting space and for lodging travelling executives instead of billing separately for each individual service thathe hotel provides the charges are accumulated in the company s city ledger accounthe hotel then periodically sends the bill to the company the second major component of the city ledger are credit card accounts when a guest uses a credit card this transaction creates an account receivable for the hotel to be collected from the credit card company this account receivable is recorded in the credit card company s city ledger account as mentioned above advance deposits are an example of an account payable found in the city ledger when a guest pays a deposit prior to registration the hotel incurs an account payable to the guest for services to be rendered in the future advance deposits from all guests are collected in a common advance deposit accounthis amount is then transferred back to the guest s front office account folio upon check in smaller business also used as category to keep unpaid bills under general manageresponsibility until it settled by the guest category hospitality 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major component city_ledger credit_card accounts guest uses credit_card transaction creates account receivable hotel collected credit_card company account receivable recorded credit_card company city_ledger account mentioned advance deposits example account payable found city_ledger guest pays deposit prior registration hotel account payable guest services rendered future advance deposits guests collected common advance deposit amount transferred back guest front office account folio upon check smaller business also_used category keep unpaid bills general settled guest category_hospitality management"},{"title":"Coachmakers Arms, Hammersmith","description":"file coachmakers arms hammersmithjpg thumb coachmakers arms hammersmithe coachmakers arms is a former public house pub at king street hammersmith king street hammersmith london it was built before and was a charrington brewery pub as can be seen by charrington s entire in a large tiled panel the breadth of the pub now painted over it was extended into the shop next door by charrington themselves in the s it had become the penny farthing and by was a predominantly gay venue with music and cabaret athe weekends this was one of several renamings before it closed in and became autumn house and then a chinese restaurant gourmet buffet and buddha kitchen it was to have become tiger bills by christmas category pubs in the london borough of hammersmith and fulham category hammersmith","main_words":["file","arms","thumb","arms","arms","king_street","hammersmith","king_street","hammersmith_london","built","charrington","brewery","pub","seen","charrington","entire","large","tiled","panel","breadth","pub","painted","extended","shop","next","door","charrington","become","penny","predominantly","gay","venue","music","cabaret","athe","weekends","one","several","closed","became","autumn","house","chinese","restaurant","gourmet","buffet","buddha","kitchen","become","tiger","bills","christmas","category_pubs","london_borough","hammersmith","fulham_category","hammersmith"],"clean_bigrams":[["former","public"],["public","house"],["house","pub"],["king","street"],["street","hammersmith"],["hammersmith","king"],["king","street"],["street","hammersmith"],["hammersmith","london"],["charrington","brewery"],["brewery","pub"],["large","tiled"],["tiled","panel"],["shop","next"],["next","door"],["predominantly","gay"],["gay","venue"],["cabaret","athe"],["athe","weekends"],["became","autumn"],["autumn","house"],["chinese","restaurant"],["restaurant","gourmet"],["gourmet","buffet"],["buddha","kitchen"],["become","tiger"],["tiger","bills"],["christmas","category"],["category","pubs"],["london","borough"],["fulham","category"],["category","hammersmith"]],"all_collocations":["former 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hammersmith fulham_category hammersmith"},{"title":"Coal Hole, Strand","description":"file coal hole strand wc jpg thumb the coal hole the coal hole is a listed buildingrade ii listed public house at strand london it is part of the savoy court itself an extension of the savoy hotel complex and was built in by the architecthomas edward collcutt e collcutt category pubs in the city of westminster category grade ii listed pubs in london category buildings and structures completed in category grade ii listed buildings in the city of 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coffee service is also a catch all term for services related to the delivery of coffee to employees of a business at low or no costo them free joe can caffeinate workplace morale daily business update the boston globe providing coffee to employees is popular among employersincemployees willikely not leave the workplace to purchase coffee subsequently reducing lost work timemployers also see coffee service as a perk with a low cost coffee break in vs out of the office blog espressonet incoffee services image coffeevendingmachine and waterdispenserjpg thumb upright a coffee dispenser machinexto a water dispenser some companies withigh traffic of visitors and employees opto install a coffee dispenser vending machine as their coffee service typically these machines give the user the choice of various types of coffee teand hot chocolate account suspended money collected is usually kept by themployer toffsethe cost of the maintenance contract and for the purchase of the instant coffee used by the machine however sometimes companies make the coffee from such machines free unfortunately the coffee dispensed by these machines may be of low quality electricoffee maker another option is to use an automatic espressor drip coffee maker which grinds the coffee bean s andispenses the coffee into a cup these machines do not charge per cup but often provide a bypasslot where themployee can add their own coffee beans by providing low quality beans employees can bencouraged to provide their own beans the cost of the maintenance contract still falls on themployer however it is abouthe same as the cost of the machine per year frac pacs an increasingly popular preparation offered by coffee service providers is known as a frac pac this ground coffee in a self contained packet enveloped by a filter this allows a conventional drip coffee maker to be used but withouthe mess of cleaning outhe old grounds and withouthe requiremento measure outhe right amount of coffee the user only needs remove the old pack and to place the new pack into their coffee machine the downside of such a service is quality of the coffee unless canning canned coffee needs to be brewed within the first week of coffee roasting and within four hours of grinding for the best quality since local roasters will generally not have a filter enveloping machine these packs are shipped great distances and may be weeks old before they even arrive athe office onsitespresso barsome companies now provide on their premises full coffeehousespresso bar espresso bars wheremployees or contractors provide a full range of espresso drinks free of charge or at company subsidized pricesee also cafeteria caffitaly coffee pod easy serving espresso pod flavia beverage systems k cup new england coffee t discs tea service category coffee preparation category hospitality 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shooting pistol was by macglashan air machine gun company macglashan was better known for the air gun air powered machine guns that fired caliber steel bb s used by the united states army air corps army air corp and the united states navy us navy as an air gunner aerial gunnery trainer in macglashan introduced the new coin shooting pistol aug billboard magazine pg designed for the amusement park and carnival business macglashan designed their pistol to shoot anickel united states coin americanickel providing box office booth operators income from the coins used to try and win prizes original expectations were for the booth operator to set prizes on shelves that would have to be knocked off the shelf to win coins would be trapped by a cloth behind the prizes and operators would simply collectheir days earnings from under the prizes in macglashan began offering colorful shooting sportargets designed to have five aces that would have to be knockedown to win from a selection of prizes file macglashancoinpistoljpg thumb alt macglashan coin shooting pistol macglashan coin shooting pistol today very few of these coin shootinguns exist external images aug edition billboard magazine adverstisement for the new coin shooting pistol mar edition billboard magazine throw awayour corks use nickels instead jun edition billboard magazine advertisement describing the new colorful targets images andisassembly instructions of the macglashan coin shooting pistol references externalinksite dedicated to the macglashan coin shooting pistol informational site for the macglashan air powered bb machine gun wwwcoinshootingpistolcom category amusement parks category 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city westminster_category_organizations established category qualification awarding bodies united_kingdom category_tourism united_kingdom category_education united_kingdom category_establishments united_kingdom"},{"title":"Conrad Gr\u00fcnenberg","description":"file konrad von gr nenberg beschreibung dereise von konstanz nach jerusalem blatt r jpg thumb the sanctuary of saint george in church of saint george lod lydda with a mosque labelled as ein haidnischer tempel a pagan temple cod st peter pap fol r file konrad von gr nenberg beschreibung dereise von konstanz nach jerusalem blatt v jpg thumb gr nenberg s family coat of arms on the final page of his travelogue withe jerusalem cross for the order of the holy sepulchre the sword and scroll of the cyprian order of the sword cyprus order of the sword the vase with flowers emblem of the aragonese order of the jar and the half wheel of catherine of alexandria saint catherine the half wheel indicates a pilgrimage to cyprus and bethlehem but noto saint catherine s monastery in sinai display of the full wheel was reserved for pilgrims who had been to sinai denke conrad gr nenberg also konrad gr nemberg d was an inhabitant of constance known for his armorial extant in some ten manuscripts including bayerische staatsbibliothek cgm a chronicle containg coats of armsterreichische wappenchronik and for the illustrated travelogue literature travelogue of his christian pilgrimage to history of jerusalem during the middle ages jerusalem in extant in several manuscripts including cod st peter pap in baden state library konrad von gr nenberg beschreibung dereise von konstanz nach jerusalem cod st peter pap gr nenberg was perhaps born in the s as the son of the mayor of constance he is first mentioned in the list of eldermen by he had been in the service of emperor frederick iii holy roman emperor frederick iii for some time and from or held the rank of ritter in jerusalem he apparently was made a order of the holy sepulchre knight of the holy sepulchre he was furthermore a member of the order of the jar and of the austrian order of saint george house of habsburg order of saint george his pilgrimage to the holy land lasted weeks from april to early december starting out in constance on april he travelled to venice via rheineck sterzing in county of tyrol and trento and may from venice by galley via pore zadar ibenik hvar lesina kor ula dubrovnik ragusa corfu methoni messenia modon in morea heraklion candia in crete rhodes famagusta in cyprus arriving in jaffa on july travelling by donkey he visited lod lydda ramla emmaus ie imwas jerusalem and bethlehem and took a ship back from jaffa on septembereaching venice onovember saint othmar s day returning home in early decemberdenke the two earliest illustrated manuscripts describing the pilgrimage were completed very soon after his return to constance and are claimed to be autograph references andreas klu mann in gottes namen fahren wir die sp tmittelalterlichen pilgerberichte von felix fabri bernhard von breydenbach und konrad gr nemberg im vergleichristof rolker konrad gr nenbergs wappenbuch acta et agenda in zeitschrift f r die geschichte des oberrheins philipp ruppert ritter konrad gr nenberg in konstanzer geschichtliche beitr ge zweites heft konstanz claudia zrenner die berichte der europ ischen jerusalempilger ein literarischer vergleich im historischen kontext editionstillfried alcantara hildebrandt des conrad gr nenberg ritters und burgers zu costenz wappenbuch volbracht am nden tag des abrellen do man zaltusend vierhundert dr und achtzig jar g rlitz new facsimiledition johann goldfriedrich walter fr nzel eds ritter gr nembergs pilgerfahrt ins heilige land leipzig voigtl nders quellenb cher new facsimiledition kristian aercked the story of sir konrad gr nemberg s pilgrimage to the holy land in andrea denke konrad gr nembergs pilgerreise ins heilige land untersuchung edition und kommentar externalinks reginald gr nenberg ritter conrad mein vater und ich pdf kb die welt august christof rolker the baron who became an architect mis remembering konrad gr nenberg d category medieval knights of the holy sepulchre category people from konstanz category deaths category travelogues category holy land 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holy_roman emperor frederick iii time held rank ritter jerusalem apparently made order holy sepulchre knight holy sepulchre furthermore member order jar austrian order saint george house habsburg order saint george pilgrimage holy_land lasted weeks april early december starting constance april travelled venice via county tyrol may venice galley via ula corfu rhodes cyprus arriving jaffa july travelling donkey visited jerusalem took ship back jaffa venice onovember saint day returning home early two illustrated describing pilgrimage completed soon return constance claimed references mann die von felix von und konrad konrad agenda f r die geschichte des ritter konrad nenberg konstanz claudia die der europ ein des conrad nenberg und burgers tag des man und jar g new johann walter eds ritter ins land leipzig cher new story sir konrad pilgrimage holy_land andrea konrad ins land edition und externalinks nenberg ritter conrad und pdf die august baron became architect remembering konrad nenberg category medieval knights holy sepulchre category_people konstanz category_deaths_category_travelogues category holy_land travellers"},{"title":"CouchSurfing","description":"alexa february couchsurfingcom on alexacom num users launch date couchsurfing international inc operates couchsurfingcom a hospitality service and social networking website the website provides a platform for members to stay as a guest at someone s homestay hostravelers meet other members or join an event unlike many hospitality services couchsurfing is an example of the gift economy there is no monetary exchange between members and there is no expectation by hosts for futurewards the company raised million investment capital in two rounds ofinancing in how it worksee also registration and profile initial registration is free of charge howeverification which allows members to send unlimited messages limited introductions is available upon payment of annual fee verification payment questions members complete a profile page that includes information abouthemselves their interests the skills they can teach others their favorite music movies and books and photos of themselves and of the lodging they offer if any meeting withosting or staying athe home of other membersee also see also see also membersearching for lodging or a meeting can search for other members using several parametersuch as location agender interests availability to hostype of lodging offered if any and language spoken and then send messages to the members with whom they wanto stay or meet members can also postheir travel plans publicly and receive homestay or meeting offers from other members how do i create or delete a public trip homestays are consensual between the host and guest and the durationature and terms of the guest stay are generally worked out in advance hosts are not allowed to charge guests for their stay i heard of someone charging for a couch is that ok hosts and guests arencouraged to share something and to spend time with each other to make new friends and help each other discover new things abouthe world tips to be a great couchsurfer members can start or join events how do i join an eventhe largest events are called couch crashes in which members congregate in a city to explore what it has toffer diving into couch crashes members can also use the mobile app to hangout with other nearby travelers reference mechanismembers have the option of leaving comments on their experiences with other members on such members profiles those comments canot be modified or deleted afterwards buthey will disappear if the corresponding account is deleted members arencouraged to review references left for someone before hosting or staying withem couchsurfing safety basics members are also encouraged to review negative references couchsurfing how can i find negative references use as an online dating service the couchsurfing policiestate don t contact other members for dating or use the site to find sexual partners we will consider this harassment couchsurfing policies nevertheless the site been described by somembers as an online dating service couchsurfing is a dating site get over ithere are several stories of people meeting their spouses via the website conception couchsurfing was conceived by computer programmer casey fenton in when he was years old q and a with casey fenton of couchsurfing the idearose after fenton found a cheap flight from boston to iceland but did not have a place to stay andid not wanto stay in a boring hotel fenton hacked into a university database and randomly e mailed students from the university of iceland asking if he could stay withem he ultimately received lodging offers on the return flighto boston he came up withe idea to create the website he registered the couchsurfingcom domainame on june whois record for couchsurfingcom couchsurfing international inc was formed on april as a non profit corporation in the state of new hampshire the website was launched on june withe cooperation of dan hoffer sebastien le tuand leonardo silveira the company now encourages the celebration of international couchsurfing day everyear on its june anniversary date where are you celebrating international couchsurfing day on june couchsurfing collectives from through development of the website occurred mostly at couchsurfing collectives events which lastedays or weeks and brought members together to develop and improve the website collectives took place in montreal vienna new zealand canada however the collectively coded website which was full of software bug s could not handle the rapid increases in traffic and crash computing crashes were common after the reorganization to a for profit corporation in the collectives no longer took place the use of volunteer labor is forbidden in commercial enterprises by the us federal government database loss and relaunch in june problems withe website database resulted in much of it being irrevocably lost handbook of research on global hospitality and tourismanagement founder casey fenton posted online asking for help a couchsurfing collective was underway in montreal athe time and those in attendance committed to fully recreating the original website the collective raised in donations to address the issues couchsurfing was originally financed by donations however since the change to a for profit corporation in it no longer accepts donations i wanto donate to couchsurfing venture capital funding and ipo plans in august in conjunction withe reorganization to a for profit corporation the company raised million in a first round financing led by benchmark capital and omidyar network in september el pais quoted co founder dan hoffer asaying that he had the goal of eventually having the company go public vian initial public offering in august couchsurfing received an additional million in funding from lead investor general catalyst partners with participation by menlo ventures as well as existing investors benchmark capital and omidyar network the additional funding broughthe company s total funding raised to million cash burn rate in an unverified tipster stated that couchsurfing was incurring an monthly expenditure rate according to an article written by a member in may couchsurfing has burned through most of its vc money change to a for profit corporation the company applied for c non profit status inovember but was rejected by the internal revenue service in early hoffler came to believe that non profit status was an obstacle to innovation due to the audit and regulatory requirements and that a for profit entity was then the bestructure for the company the new hampshirentity couchsurfing international inc was dissolved onovember its assets were sold to a for profit delaware corporation also called couchsurfing international inc which was formed on may the company was originally a certified b corporation in after it went for profit but it is no longer listed asuch members objection to for profit conversion the announcementhat couchsurfing had become a for profit corporation raised serious objections fromembers founder casey fenton said he received emails within days even though the founders did not receive any cash from the financing members were opposed to the founders having a valuable ownership interest in an organization that was financed by donations and built using volunteer work on september a posting was made on the couchsurfing blog thatried to assuage members fears of additional fees and the sale of membership data couchsurfing news blog url website blogcouchsurfingcom date september accessdate january the company spent more than on a public relations firm to educate its directors on how to respond to the press abouthe conversion to a for profit entity a page letter wasentover volunteers two prominent members who were critical of the company had their profiles and posts deleted this was perceived by certain members as being motivated by the company s desire to censor its critics terms of use update in september couchsurfing updated its terms of use the updates were criticized by many members of the community in a letter to the us federal trade commission in september peter schaar former german federal commissioner for data protection and freedom of information criticized the terms of use because they force the users to waive any control over their data if they wanto continue to use the service schaar stated thathese terms would be inadmissible under germand european data protection law site redesigns the collaboratively designed website was a mess and several people thoughthat it needed to be rebuilt from scratch a site redesign in was made without gathering feedback from the members thus infuriating users anotheredesign was implemented inovember august security breach and resulting spam emails according to the couchsurfing community supporteam on augusthe part of couchsurfing system that sends email to members was breached and an email wasento approximately million members themail advertised rival site airbnb themail contained malicious code an xsrf attack a crossite request forgery including embedded on site action calls loaded as an image which would haverased reader s membership datandeleted member profiles weird glitch in site improvements email according to posts on reddit couchsurfing censored some posts on the site referring to the incident and generally refused to explain how the breach was made file jennifer billock ceo couchsurfing at sharers talkjpg thumb jennifer billock ceof couchsurfing from october toctober since august patrick dugan has been the ceo cfo and secretary of couchsurfing international inco founder dan hoffer served as ceo from tony espinoza served as ceo from to and jennifer billock served as ceo from to the board of directors of the company includes founder and chairman casey fenton as well as venture capital investors matt cohler of benchmark venture capital firm benchmark todor tashev of omidyar technology ventures and jonathan teof binary capital membership statistics and growth according to the website couchsurfing is a global community of million people in more than cities within one year of the public launch of the website only members had registered small business management launchingrowing entrepreneurial ventures athe time of the database loss in june the site had members in march the website reached the million member milestone an article in the guardian in january stated thathe site had million members athe time in march a freelance writer stated thathe site had million members athe time in a book stated thathe site had million members handbook of research on global hospitality and tourismanagement according to a may blog article quoting an unnamed spokesperson for the company the site had million members athe time but million members log in at least once a month meaning another million don t in february an article by cnbc stated thathe site had million members crimes committed using couchsurfing crimes committed using couchsurfing as a way to meet victims include the rape of a year old woman from hong kong by a year old moroccan in leeds united kingdom in guests filmed in the shower by their year old host in marseille france in the drugging and rape of a year old australian girl by an italian police officer in padua italy in the brutal murder of a year old american woman in pokhara nepal in august reddit missing person my friendahlia was couchsurfing in pokhara nepal on august and has not been heard from since the drugging and raping of a german tourist in long beach new york united states inovember see also hospitality service homestay gift economy sharing collaborative consumption externalinks category hospitality services category social networking websites category cultural exchange category travel related organizations category social planning websites category sharing 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social_networking website website provides platform members stay guest someone homestay meet members join event unlike many hospitality_services couchsurfing example gift economy monetary_exchange members expectation hosts company raised million investment capital two also registration profile initial registration free charge allows members send unlimited messages limited introductions available upon payment annual fee verification payment questions members complete profile page includes information interests skills teach others favorite music movies books_photos lodging offer meeting staying athe home also see_also see_also lodging meeting search members using several location interests availability lodging offered language spoken send messages members wanto stay meet members also travel plans publicly receive homestay meeting offers members create public trip homestays host guest terms guest stay generally worked advance hosts allowed charge guests stay heard someone charging couch hosts guests arencouraged share something spend time make new friends help discover new things abouthe world tips great members start join events join eventhe largest events called couch crashes members congregate city explore toffer diving couch crashes members also_use mobile_app hangout nearby travelers reference option leaving comments experiences members members profiles comments modified afterwards buthey disappear corresponding account members arencouraged review references left someone hosting staying withem couchsurfing safety members also encouraged review negative references couchsurfing find negative references use online dating service couchsurfing contact members dating use site find sexual partners consider harassment couchsurfing policies nevertheless site described online dating service couchsurfing dating site get several stories people meeting via website conception couchsurfing conceived computer casey fenton years_old casey fenton couchsurfing fenton found cheap flight boston iceland place stay andid wanto stay hotel fenton university database e students university iceland asking could stay withem ultimately received lodging offers return flighto boston came withe_idea create website registered couchsurfingcom june record couchsurfingcom couchsurfing international inc formed april non_profit corporation state_new hampshire website launched june withe cooperation dan leonardo company encourages celebration international couchsurfing day everyear june anniversary date celebrating international couchsurfing day june couchsurfing collectives development website occurred mostly couchsurfing collectives events weeks brought members together develop improve website collectives took_place montreal vienna new_zealand canada however collectively coded website full software bug could handle rapid increases traffic crash computing crashes common reorganization profit_corporation collectives longer took_place use volunteer labor forbidden commercial enterprises us federal_government database loss relaunch june problems withe website database resulted much lost handbook research global hospitality_tourismanagement founder casey fenton posted online asking help couchsurfing collective montreal athe_time attendance committed fully recreating original website collective raised donations address issues couchsurfing originally financed donations however since change profit_corporation longer accepts donations wanto donate couchsurfing venture capital funding ipo plans august conjunction withe reorganization profit_corporation company raised million first round financing led benchmark capital omidyar network september el quoted founder dan goal eventually company go public vian initial public offering august couchsurfing received additional million funding lead investor general catalyst partners participation ventures well existing investors benchmark capital omidyar network additional funding broughthe company total funding raised million cash burn rate stated couchsurfing incurring monthly expenditure rate according article written member may couchsurfing burned money change profit_corporation company applied c non_profit status inovember rejected internal revenue service early came believe non_profit status obstacle innovation due audit regulatory requirements profit entity company new couchsurfing international inc dissolved onovember assets sold profit delaware corporation also_called couchsurfing international inc formed may company originally certified b corporation went profit longer listed asuch members profit conversion couchsurfing become profit_corporation raised serious objections founder casey fenton said received emails within days even_though founders receive cash financing members opposed founders valuable ownership interest organization financed donations built using volunteer work september posting made couchsurfing blog members fears additional fees sale membership data couchsurfing news blog url website date september accessdate january company spent public_relations firm educate directors respond press abouthe conversion profit entity page letter volunteers two prominent members critical company profiles posts perceived certain members motivated company desire critics terms use update september couchsurfing updated terms use updates criticized many members community letter us federal trade commission september peter former german federal commissioner data protection freedom information criticized terms use force users waive control data wanto continue use service stated_thathese terms would germand european data protection law site designed website mess several people needed rebuilt scratch site redesign made without gathering feedback members thus users implemented inovember august security breach resulting spam emails according couchsurfing community augusthe part couchsurfing system sends email members email wasento approximately million_members advertised rival site airbnb contained code attack request including embedded site action calls loaded image would reader membership member profiles weird site improvements email according posts couchsurfing posts site referring incident generally refused explain breach made file jennifer ceo couchsurfing thumb jennifer ceof couchsurfing october toctober since august patrick ceo cfo secretary couchsurfing international founder dan served ceo tony served ceo jennifer served ceo board directors company includes founder chairman casey fenton well venture capital investors matt benchmark venture capital firm benchmark omidyar technology ventures jonathan capital membership statistics growth according website couchsurfing global community million_people cities within one_year public launch website members registered small business management ventures athe_time database loss june site members march website reached million member milestone article guardian january stated_thathe site million_members athe_time march freelance writer stated_thathe site million_members athe_time book stated_thathe site million_members handbook research global hospitality_tourismanagement according may blog article unnamed spokesperson company site million_members athe_time million_members log least month meaning another million february article stated_thathe site million_members crimes committed using couchsurfing crimes committed using couchsurfing way meet victims include rape year_old woman hong_kong year_old leeds united_kingdom guests filmed shower year_old host marseille france rape year_old australian girl italian police officer padua italy brutal murder year_old american woman nepal august missing person couchsurfing nepal august heard since german tourist long_beach new_york united_states inovember see_also hospitality_service homestay gift economy sharing collaborative_consumption externalinks_category hospitality_services category social_networking websites_category_cultural exchange category_travel 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hand holds a microphonear the worm the worm launches into the fastalking patter of a tobacco auctioneer ending with sold to an american parodying the tobacco auctioneer s famous chant usually ending with sold to american meaning american tobacco in the lucky strike cigarette commercials heard on radio s your hit parade and expectorates the chewed tobacco into an off screen spittoon a map showing floridand cubalso traces the path of a cruise vessel itakes a straight line from the gulf coasto havana for a stop at sloppy joe s bar the onernest hemingway frequently hung out at ithen takes a meandering series of aimlesspirals while the near future how dry i am plays in the underscore now sailing along the ocean the narrator points outhe use of camouflage for a warship called the ss yehudi referencing one of jerry colonna entertainer jerry colonna s recurring jokes who s yehudi which is invisiblexcept for its crew flags and the smoke billowing from its chimney now soaring over the alps a low flying airplane iseen skimming up andown the mountainsides like a skier still in the alps a comic rule of three writing comedy triple shows a st bernardog st bernardog with a small keg of scotch whisky scotch around its neck followed by another st bernard with a keg of soft drink sodand finally a st bernard pup carrying a smaller keg containing bromo seltzer bromo an agile mountain goat springs from peak to peak finally diving over a cliff and out oframe to a funny sound effect in the sahara desert a number of pyramid s appear the narrator talking of how ancienthey are including stone renditions of the trylon and perisphere which originally appeared athe new york world s fair the sphinx iseenext withe narrator describing how the stone figure just sits there century after century the sphinx voiced by mel blanc then speaks to the camera doing another jerry colonna schtick monotonous is n t it an oil well somewhere in europe is abouto yield a gusher for an axis of the united states after some rumbling and pressure buildup the well erupts emitting just one large drop of oil which lands in a spittoon this one on screen deep in the jungle an insect eating plant is abouto consume a poor little bumblebee the plant chomps down on the bee which then buzzes furiously inside the plant s mouth in yet another spit joke the plant finally expectorates the bee with a loud voiced by mel blanc ouch and the bee walks away smugly a group of africanimals is lined up at a water hole which turns outo be a functional drinking fountain with an adult zebra holding a young zebra up to it flying over an african landscape the narrator describes the features reporting their possibly nonsense names leading up to a female shaped body of water called veronica lake suggesting the age of that joke that was laterecycled frequently by rocky and bullwinkle a pair of caucasian safari hunters dressed in white led by a typical stereotyped pygmy guide are in search of giant cannibal s the trio disappears behind some trees after a silent pause a loud clatter is heard the pygmy runs out from behind the trees and voiced by blanc shouts excitedly to the camera in a mixture of pseudo african double talk and the words of the hut sut song pan to the left and the giant cannibals are holding the seemingly tiny and now stunned andisheveled white men who resemble rolled up cigarettes the cannibal holding the taller of the two men remarks king size three cute little grey and white rabbits are playing in the jungle the narrator s voice turns from softness to shouting panic as a vulture appears in the sky the fearsome looking bird with a japan ese stereotyped face and japanese flags on its wings dives toward the bunnies they run behind some weeds which fall away revealing anti aircraft gun and the rabbits wearing united states civil defense civil defense white helmets they fire loud volleys athe bird which is blown away off screen the rabbithat had its back to the audience turns and is revealed to 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production completed last worked finished names officially left credits credits given story michael animation rod musical direction carl one warner would occasionally produce featured practically none characters series usually based plays words narrator voice robert c bruce describes action southern plantation river background tobacco worm iseen tobacco leaf hand holds worm worm launches tobacco ending sold american tobacco famous usually ending sold american meaning american tobacco lucky strike cigarette commercials heard radio hit parade tobacco screen map showing floridand traces path cruise vessel straight line gulf coasto havana stop joe bar hemingway frequently hung ithen takes series near future dry plays sailing along ocean narrator points outhe use camouflage called one jerry jerry recurring jokes crew flags smoke chimney soaring alps low flying airplane iseen andown like still alps comic rule three writing comedy triple shows st st small keg scotch whisky scotch around neck followed another st bernard keg soft_drink finally st bernard carrying smaller keg containing mountain goat springs peak peak finally diving cliff funny sound effect sahara desert number pyramid appear narrator talking including stone originally appeared athe new_york world fair sphinx withe narrator describing stone figure sits century century sphinx voiced mel blanc speaks camera another jerry n oil well somewhere europe abouto yield axis united_states pressure buildup well one large drop oil lands one screen deep jungle insect eating plant abouto consume poor little plant bee inside plant mouth yet another spit joke plant finally bee loud voiced mel blanc bee walks away group lined water hole turns outo functional drinking fountain adult zebra holding young zebra flying african landscape narrator describes features reporting possibly names leading female shaped body water called lake suggesting age joke frequently rocky bullwinkle pair safari hunters dressed white led typical pygmy guide search giant behind trees silent loud heard pygmy runs behind trees voiced blanc camera mixture pseudo african double talk words hut song pan left giant holding seemingly tiny white men resemble rolled cigarettes holding taller two men remarks king size three little grey white rabbits playing jungle narrator voice turns panic appears sky looking bird japan ese face japanese flags wings toward bunnies run behind fall away revealing anti aircraft gun rabbits wearing united_states civil defense civil defense white helmets fire loud athe bird blown away screen back audience turns revealed bunny also voiced blanc usual faces audience gives sign bothands says doc ears still screen spring v victory sign charles tobias plays cartoon found th volume looney tunes golden collection see_also looney tunes list bunny looney tunes golden collection externalinks_category category_american films_category animated films_category short films_category animated short films_category_english_language films_category films directed tex category_films directed bob category comedy films_category_travelogues category_films featuring hunters category_filmset caribbean category_filmset belgian congo category_filmset democratic republic congo category_filmset republic congo category_filmset egypt category_filmset florida_category_filmset havana category_filmset switzerland_category_films_category film scores carl"},{"title":"Crocodile farm","description":"file crocfarmjpg thumb saltwater crocodile farm in australia file crocodylus niloticus crocoloco zachi evenorjpg thumb nile crocodile farm in israel file crocodile farmjpg thumb aerial view of a cambodia n crocodile farm file crocrodile farm thailandjpg thumb samutprakarn crocodile farm and zoo samutprakarn crocodile farm in thailand a crocodile farm or alligator farm is an establishment for breeding and raising of crocodilian s in order to produce crocodile and alligator meat leather and other goods many species of both alligator s and crocodile s are farmed internationally in louisianalone alligator farming is a to million industry though notruly domestication domesticated alligators and crocodiles have been bred in farmsince at leasthearly th century most of thesearly businessesuch ast augustine alligator farm zoological park established in were farms iname only primarily keeping alligators and crocodiles as a tourist attractionly in the s did commercial operations that either harvested eggs from the wild or bred alligators on site begin to appear this was largely driven by diminishing stocks of wild alligators whichad been hunted nearly to extinction by thatime as the american alligator was placed under official protection in under a law preceding thendangered species act farming alligators for skins became the most viable option for producing leather mostly concentrated in the southern ustates of louisiana floridand georgia ustate georgia the practice quickly spread tother nations bothe americand chinese alligator are farmed intensively today mostly within each species respective native region the nile crocodile is found in ranches all over africand the saltwater crocodile is farmed in australiand other areas the smaller caiman s are generally not of enough market value to farm though captive breeding of the spectacled caiman does take place in south america farming alligators and crocodiles first grew out of the demand for skins which can fetchundreds of dollars each but alligator and crocodile meat long a part of cuisine of the southern united statesouthern cooking especially cajun cuisine and some asiand african cuisine s began to be sold and shipped to markets unfamiliar with crocodilian meat chinese cuisine based on traditional chinese medicine considers the meato be a curative food for colds and cancer prevention although there is no scientific evidence to supporthischang l t and olson r gilded age gilded cage national geographic magazine may vietnamese cuisinexotic dishes crocodiles wereaten by vietnamese while they were taboo and off limits for chinese vietnamese women who married chinese men adopted the chinese taboo in vietnam flaying skinning is performed on stilliving crocodiles a common misconception is that crocodilians are an easy source of revenue and not difficulto care for in captivity however few crocodilian businesses are successful in the developing world toffset overhead costs and have a regular source of income crocodilian facilities can add tourism in this way alligator farming can assist native species and provide people with work alligator farming has minimal adverseffects on thenvironment lane thomas j and ruppert kathleen c and has at leastwo positive direct effects on alligator conservation because the luxury goods industry has a reliable stream of product illegal poaching is reduced juvenile crocodilians can also be released into the wild to support a steady population wild alligator conservation has also benefited indirectly from farming ranching businesses protect alligator habitats to take care of nesting sites the fiscal incentive to keep a healthy environment for breeding alligators means thathenvironment and its wildlife are seen as an economic resource this can augmenthe government s willingness to take care of crocodilian populations animals other than crocodilians may benefit from a similar application of sustainable and ethical farmingmoyle brendan july ranching wild harvesting and captive breeding are the three ways tobtain crocodilians recognized by the convention international trade in endangered species cites and the crocodile specialist group csg alligators can be raised in captivity on farms or on ranches alligator farms breed alligators whereas ranches incubate and rear hatchlings collected from the wild farms do collect eggs from the wild buthey also keep breeding adults in their facilities to produce their own eggs whereas ranches do not farming and ranching operations typically return a certain percentage of juveniles to the wild at a size associated with a high survival rate an approach that increases overalligator survival rates from the low numbers of successful eggs and juveniles usually observed in the wild crocodiles can be housed in a number of ways depending on the goals of the rearing facility large areas of a lake or marsh can benclosed for many individuals or a smaller area can be created for fewer individuals due to the size and lifespan of the animals adult crocodiles need a substantial amount of space tourism can bring additional revenue to crocodile rearing facilities buthey must be made safe for the public and the crocodiles while maintaining an aesthetically pleasing environmenthis frequently depends on enclosures that can beasily cleaned without harming the animals if closed to public viewing facilities have fewerequirements and can have a more practical design alligators and crocodiles can be raised in captivity with open cycle or closed cycle methods open cycle refers to programs that are concerned withe health of the wild population and are using captive rearing as a means to supplementhe wild populations closed cycle operations are primarily concerned witharvest in closed cycle operations adult females are kept in captivity and theggs they lay are collected incubated artificially hatched and the juveniles are grown to a certain size and harvested closed cycle operations provide no incentive for conservation and are often unsuccessful because the cost of starting and managing the operation often outweighs the profits gained from products although the cost of operating an open cycle operation is comparable to closed cycle the goal of an open cycle operation is the overall health of the species rather than economic profit captive breeding and ranching operations provide more incentive to protect natural populations and are important contributors to the success of crocodilian populations animal welfare concerns include the threat of crocodilian diseasesuch as caiman pox adenovirus adenoviral hepatitis mycoplasmosis and chlamydia bacterium chlamydiosis crocodilesuffer from stress in confined spacesuch as farms leading to disease outbreaks most crocodilians keep a body temperature within andegrees celsius on farms body temperatures can reach degrees celsius which affects the animals immune system and puts them at risk of various illnesses another concern is for the cleanliness of the water in enclosuresdzoma b m sejoe segwagwe b v e june many alligator farms in the united states havexperienced property damage from suscrofa feral swinelsey ruth mouton edward c jr and kinler noel between and west nile virus wnv infected and causedeaths resulting in economic loss in american alligator s in georgia ustate georgia florida louisianand idaho miller et al jacobson et al nevarez et al the disease is transmitted by mosquitoesunlu isikramer wayne l roy alma foilane d july wnv has been found in mexico at a crocodile farm in ciudadel carmen farfan jose a et al the skin most notably the underside of alligators and crocodiles is of commercial value so diseases of the skineeds to be treated properly and effectivelydzoma b m sejoe segwagwe b v e june crocodilian diseases vary between speciesalmonellosis common some farms and is acquired from infected food it may also be spread by poor hygiene practices chlamydia bacterium chlamydia specifically chlamydophila psittaci can persist for years if notreated for example with tetracycline crocodilians may acquire mycobacteria from infected meathuchzermeyer fw illnesses affecting crocodilians include crocodile pox which is caused by parapoxvirus affecting hatchlings and juveniles it causes a brown residue to form around theyes oral cavity and tail caiman pox similarly causes white lesions around theyes oral cavity and tail adenoviral hepatitis causes organ failure andeath mycoplasmosis causes polyarthritis and pneumonia in crocodilians under the age of three infected animals have swollen jaws and are unable to move chlamydiosis has two forms that affects juveniles under one year of age the first causes acute hepatitis usually resulting in deathe other causes chronic bilateral conjunctivitis usually resulting in blindnesshuchzermeyer fw parasitic infections include tapeworm cysts trichinella spiralis nelsonin the meat of nile crocodiles in zimbabwe and coccidia there have been reports of crocodilescaping from farms during flooding in approximately crocodiles wereleased into the limpopo river from flood gates athe nearby rakwena crocodile farm popular culture a crocodilian farm in louisiana in reality jamaica is featured in the james bond film live and let die film live and let die list of james bond henchmen in live and let die tee hee johnson tee hee johnsone of the villain s henchman attempts to feed james bond to the alligators and crocodiles in the second season of the amazing race australia teams had to visit a cuban alligator farm and feed a wheelbarrow full of chum to a pen of alligators along with capturing an alligator with a stick and rope in order to receive their next cluexternalinks category farms category crocodilians category 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international colleagues many of whom deride his decision to work at sea to be withis girlfriend who is a waitress on the ship carnival conquest he was the first american waiter in years to complete a full contract without quitting brian begins withis entry into ship life on carnival fantasy as a restaurantrainee then moves up through the ranks to lower level restaurant manager on carnival conquest far from being the result of hard work he finds he is an unknowing pawn in a game of international politics on board several factions attempto drive him out of his chosen career feeling an american is disruptive to the foreign run hierarchy others champion him but invariably only in regards to their own careers his promotion is ultimately denied and he isento carnivalegend as a waiter embittered but not beaten the climax of the book is his effort at finding a different path to remaining at sea when his restaurant career implodes his experiences as an art auctioneer and his continued quest 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Mark","description":"david everett mark november september was a career minister in the united states foreign service born inew york city to leslie mark ne lazarus macht and lena tyor mark graduated from columbia university and while serving in the united states army air corps army air corps during world war ii he completed histudies at columbia law school he joined the united states foreign service us foreign service in serving first in south korea germany finland romaniand moscow in the s mark met his wifelisabeth ann lewis in moscow in where sheaded the anglo america n primary education school they married in washington dc in and moved to geneva switzerland where mark joined the delegation to the partial test ban treaty test ban treaty negotiations in thearly s mark served in various capacities inr athe united states department of state ustate department until his appointment as united states ambassador to burundi from to from to he served again athe state department as a deputy 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contact with wildlife nigel rothfelsavages and beasts the birth of the modern zoo jhu press p in some cases there are laws to enforce such no feeding policiesnoaa public affairs do not feed or interact withawaiian monk seals january accessed june however some people such asome of those who enjoy feeding pigeons in cities openly and strongly oppose such laws claiming that animalsuch as pigeons can be an amenity for people who do not have company such as friends or family and say thathe laws prohibiting feeding animals in urban places must change in some countriesuch as greece feeding the pigeons in cities is a widespread practice cultural hostility to feeding animals in cities and laws that ban the practice raise concerns about how humans relate tother living beings in the urban environment politicians have also protested laws that ban feeding feral pigeons in cities feral pigeons in cities existed for thousands of years but only recently in some countries humanstarted seeing them as a nuisance and became hostile to them india feeding feral animals in cities is considered a noble act academiciansay that how humans treat animals is related to how humans treat each other and thus raise concerns abouthe cultural shift from seeing feral city pigeons as harmless in the s to seeing them a undesirable in some countries in the s file no feedingjpg thumb righthisign discourages feeding coyotes which can result in coyote attacks on humans aggressive behavior toward humans in zoos giving food to the animals is discouragedue to the strict diet nutrition dietary controls in placedarill clements postcards from the zoo harpercollins australia more generally artificial feeding can result in for example avitaminosis vitamin deficiencies andietary mineral deficiencies another motivation is the concern that animals will become accustomed to ingesting foreign objects and might later ingest something harmful outside zoos a concern is thathe increase in local concentrated wildlife population due to artificial feeding can promote the zoonosis transfer of disease among animals or between animals and humans feeding can also alter animal behavior so that animals routinely travel in larger groups which can make disease transmission between animals more likelyfrederick r adler and colby j tanner urban ecosystems ecological principles for the built environment cambridge university press p in public spaces the congregation of animals caused by feeding can result in them being considered pest animal pests artificial feeding can also lead to animals aggressively seeking out food from people sometimes resulting injury file feedingoats zoo d attilly jpg righthumb where zoos permit visitors to feed animals it is usually domestic animalsuch asheep and goats as in this french zoo s generally discourage visitors from giving any food to the animalsome zoos particularly petting zoo s do the opposite and actively encourage people to get involved withe feeding of the animalsdevra g kleiman katerina v thompson and charlotte kirk baer wild mammals in captivity principles and techniques for zoo management nd ed university of chicago press p this however istrictly monitored and usually involveset food available from the zookeeper s or vending machines as well as a careful choice of which animals to feed and the provision of hand washing facilities to avoid spreading diseasepaul a rees an introduction to zoo biology and management wiley p domestic animalsuch asheep and goat s are often permitted to be fed as are giraffe s national and state parks file yogi bear with don t feed the bears message nara jpg left uprighthumb in the s us national parks began to discourage the feeding of bears as reflected in this photograph from featuring yogi bear file safety instructions on lone ranch beachjpg thumb px prohibited activities and safety instructions at a state park in oregon inational park s and state park s feeding animals can result in malnourishment due to inappropriate diet and in disruption of natural hunting or food gathering behavior it can also be dangerous to the people doing the feedinglisa gollin evans outdoor family guide rocky mountainational park the mountaineers books p in the us early th century wildlife management park management actually encouraged animal feeding for example the feeding of squirrels had been seen as a way to civilize the parks and rechannel thenergies of young boys from aggression and vandalism toward compassion and charity park rangers once fed bears in front of crowds of tourists however with a greater awareness of ecological and other issuesuch pro feeding policies are now viewed as detrimental tammy lau and linda sitterding yosemite national park in vintage postcards arcadia publishing p robert b keiter to conserve unimpaired thevolution of the national park idea island press p robert w sandford ecology and wonder in the canadian rocky mountain parks world heritage site athabasca university press pp and us national parks now actively discourage animal feedingdavid williams conspicuous consumptionational parks april may pp in canadianational parks it is illegal to disturb or feed wildlife terry inigo jones the canadian rockies colourguide james lorimer p and parks canadadvises visitors noto leave out food attractantsuch as dirty dishes ironically the it is unlawful to feed animalsigns may themselves become food attractants for porcupine skevin van tighem wild animals of western canada rocky mountain books p road salt and roadkill may also act as food attractants and removing roadkill is considered good park managementjon p beckmann anthony p clevenger marcel huijser and jodi a hilty safe passages highways wildlife and habitat connectivity island press p marine parks file monkey mia western australiajpg righthumb at monkey mia in australia dolphin s are fed under park ranger supervision tourism operators often provide food to attract marine wildlife such ashark tourism sharks to areas where they can be moreasily viewed such a practice is controversial however because it can create a dependency on artificial feeding habituate animals to feeding locations increase inter species and intra species aggression and increase the spread of disease in australia s great barriereef marine park shark feeding is prohibited in hawaiian watershark feeding is permitted only in connection with traditional hawaiian religion hawaiian cultural oreligious activities the feeding of wildolphin s for tourist purposes is also controversial and is prohibited in the us because it can alter natural hunting behaviour disrupt social interaction encourage the dolphins to approach or ingest dangerous objects and endanger the person doing the feeding at monkey mia in western australia dolphin feeding is permitted under department of environment and conservation western australia department of environment and conservation supervision similar issues to those inational and state parks also apply in suburband rural backyard s artificial feeding of coyote s deer and other wildlife is discouragedstanley d gehrt seth p d riley and brian l cypher urban carnivores ecology conflict and conservation jhu press p stephen destefano coyote athe kitchen door living with wildlife in suburbia harvard university press p feeding deer for example may contribute to the spread of mycobacterium bovis bovine tuberculosis the feeding of birds with bird feeder s is an exception at least in the us even though it can sometimes contribute to spreading diseasetom warhol and marcuschneck birdwatcher s daily companion days of advice insight and information for enthusiastic birders quarry books p john w fitzpatrick andr a dhondt in defense of bird feeding birdscope newsletter of the cornellab of ornithology spring in australiartificial bird feeding is viewed more negatively instead growing native plants that can act as a natural food source for birds is recommended similar suggestions have been made in the us public spaces file do not feed the pigeonsjpg thumb left upright sign in singapore telling people noto feed the pigeons file man feeding pigeonsjpg thumb right feral pigeon s being fed in a public space file do not feed our ducks geographorguk jpg thumb right sign telling citizens to not feed the ducks feral pigeon s are often found in urban public space s they are often considered environmental pests and can transmit diseasesuch as psittacosis c philip wheater urban habitats routledge p deliberate feeding oferal pigeons though popular contributes to these problems duck s are also commonly fed in public spaces in one ustudy of people visiting urban parks did so to feeducksthomas g barnes gardening for the birds university press of kentucky p however such feeding may contribute to water pollution and tover population of the birds as well as delaying bird migration winter migration to an extenthat may be dangerous for the birdslaura erickson ways to help birdstackpole books p feeding foodsuch 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foodelivery services cooking korean dishes and convenience store items fridays livechatting with fans opening of care packagesaturday wtf wonderful treasure find unusual products andevices from all over the world an open the happy video korea unrelated videosuch as movie reviews make up tutorials and montages of their pets or dicks discussing interesting contemporary korean slang a segment hosted by employeesoozee and leigh about koreand north american slang wordsundays k crunch indie introducing korean indie music or speaker s corner uploaded every sunday on their you are here cafe channel with many peopleaving messages in their coffeeshop booth discussing popular topics in the news in korea or around the world in december the wtf segment was replaced withe wank segment due to the stawski s wish to gout more often when martina fractured her ankle in february wank was temporarily replaced by fapfap food adventure program for awesome people however due to the popularity ofapfap they have decided to have fapfap and wank on alternate thursdays the wtf segment however was reintroduced on july after many viewers actively advocated for the series persistently and the stawskis wanted to break out of their working routine in addition to theiregular segments they also have the annual eat your kimchi awards eykas with marking the first ever awards ceremony categories of the awards included best potential music mondays of the yearookie of the year best gun usage and many moreach of the winners is awarded withe golden spudgy award based on the pekingese the couple adopted back in the stawskis are a married couple from canada who moved to korea in when they arrived on may there had been threats of violence betweenorth and south koreas a resulthey shotheir first video athe incheon international airport as an attempto show the couple s parents thathey were safe the video showed the tired couplenjoying a tofu dish called sundubu jjigae sundubu jjige however the video bloggingrew into an everything about korea channel in addition to its personal story eat your kimchis also part of some larger trends in korea there were no korean blogging services before but since then the number of bloggers has grown year byear and the number of korean blogs created by non citizens haswelled along with ithen in youtubentered the korean market according to yoon ja young of the korea times withe introduction of youtube life changed for some korean residentsuch as the stawskis as of their particular video blog format istill not common in korea since according to martina stawski barely anyone does dedicated videos about koreafter quitting their jobs as teachers they became full time bloggers living off the ad revenue from their youtube videos and website on september the stawskis launched an indiegogo fundraiser for setting up a business and a studio to film in seoul after less than seven hours the goal of had already been reached more than were raiseduring the day long fundraiser on august eat your kimchi and talk to me in korean had a grand opening for their cafe called you are here cafe the cafe was announced on april and the couplexplained thathe name came fromaps in malls having arrows on it stating you are here situated in the hostel part of hongdae the cafe serves as place foreigners and natives alike to meet and greet as well as offering korean language classes in the classroom that is in the cafe building the word kimchin the nameatyourkimchi refers to the korean dish kimchi reception and audience the korea herald included eatyourkimchin a list of the nation s most useful websites and at hiexpatcom it was voted the best expat blog in korea the video bloggers behind eatyourkimchi have been featured on television showsuch as hearto heart quilt your korean map star king tv seriestar king lists the bloggers asimon martina or in english simon martina geek power couple bloggers and running man tv series running man however the blog has also received some 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interviewed various media outlets around world stawskis officially registered eatyourkimchi company south_koreand opened studio seoul december stawskis announced decision move japand therefore close korean studio continuing make videos name korean food life korea blog file simon martina close thumb stawskis meeting fans athe irvine california video fill gap left travel_guides government organizations helping teach visitors countries daily life news eatyourkimchi gives viewers local perspective korean culture cannot get average guidebook videos take humorous approach video blog hasome recurring themes topicsuch korean language food music individual videos covered korean washing machine works delivery services table bells korean restaurants pay bills series included cooking videos ramen many foods withe opening studio seoul interviewing k pop singers artists thathe two felt inappropriate invite artists personal homes interviewing purposes several interview requests also regularly scheduled segments wednesdays long read fan questions living korean culture society answered stawskis wank wonderful adventure korea showing popular places hang well road_trips food adventure program korean restaurants foodelivery services cooking korean dishes convenience store items fridays fans opening care wonderful treasure find unusual products world open happy video korea unrelated movie reviews make pets discussing interesting contemporary korean slang segment hosted leigh koreand north_american slang k indie introducing korean indie music speaker corner uploaded every sunday cafe channel many messages booth discussing popular topics news korea around world december segment replaced withe wank segment due stawski wish gout often martina february wank temporarily replaced food adventure program people however due popularity decided wank alternate segment however reintroduced july many viewers actively advocated series stawskis wanted break working routine addition segments also annual eat kimchi awards marking first_ever awards ceremony categories awards included best potential music year best gun usage many winners awarded withe golden award based couple adopted back stawskis married couple canada moved korea arrived may threats violence south first video athe international_airport attempto show couple parents thathey safe video showed tired tofu dish called however video everything korea channel addition personal story eat also part larger trends korea korean blogging services since number bloggers grown year byear number korean blogs created non citizens along ithen korean market according young korea times withe introduction youtube life changed korean stawskis particular video blog format istill common korea since according martina stawski barely anyone dedicated videos jobs teachers became full_time bloggers living revenue youtube videos website september stawskis launched fundraiser setting business studio film seoul less seven hours goal already reached day long fundraiser august eat kimchi talk korean grand opening cafe called cafe cafe announced april thathe name came malls stating situated hostel part cafe serves place foreigners natives alike meet well offering korean language classes classroom cafe building word refers korean dish kimchi reception audience korea herald included list nation useful websites voted best expat blog korea video bloggers behind eatyourkimchi featured television showsuch heart korean map star king tv_seriestar king lists bloggers martina english simon martina power couple bloggers running man tv_series running man however blog also received criticism stawskis large_numbers site comments response controversial statements made couple martina stawski claims eatyourkimchi worldwide audience withe largest communities australia usa canada singapore south videos distributed online facebook twitter youtube april youtube channel martina youtube page top page meanwhile website also hosts videos receives 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chinatown he worked the second floor of the sam wo restaurant on washington streethe restaurant nameans three in peace a reference to its founding partners as head waiter fongreeted visitors with an admonition to sit down and shut up he was known for calling patrons retarded and fat criticizing people s menu choices and then telling them whathey should order slamming food on the table and complaining about receiving only tips an imposing man with a crew cut hair style he also was notorious for seating people with strangers forgetting orders cursing spilling soup on customers hazing newcomers refusing to provide forks or english menu translations and busing tables before diners were finished fong was made famous by columnist herb caen whoften described the misanthropic fong during his visits to sam wo caen would interview fong on matters of local politics and gossip then reprint fong s yogi berra like responses which fong would in turn proudly show to his loyal regulars caen included fong in his guide of things to do in san francisco under see the world s rudest waiter although genuinely rude histyle waself conscious and his role athe restaurant was not justo serve food but also to be a residentertainer and madman file fongs takeoutjpg thumb right px edsel ford fong food stand at t park fong s was a regularecurring character in armistead maupin series of tales of the city novels and was played by arsenio sonny trinidad in the tales of the city miniseries channel miniseries robin williams referred to fong in his eulogy of herb caen oopshe pamela harriman is missing our table going righto god s i hope they have a waiter likedsel ford fong who goes no water here only wine a series of club level bistro s at t park are named ford fong s in his honor he is also memorialized by a portrait on gold mountain chinese name for part of north america gold mountain a mural depicting chinese contributions to american history on romolo place inorth beach san francisco north beach a few blocks from the restaurant sam wo restaurant continued toperate in chinatown until stillisted in one tourist guidebook as being where fong practiced a wicked sarcasm thatook on aspects of performance arthe restaurant announced its temporary closure in april citing the age of the building and kitchen as a contributing factor in the closure sam wo reopened in at a new location clay street see also history of the chinese americans in san francisco externalinks account of meeting edsel ford fong by charles bukowski category deaths category american people of chinese descent category restaurant staff category people from san francisco category 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called world rudest worst insulting waiting_staff waiter worked sam restaurant edsel ford fong born raised chinatown san_francisco_california san_francisco chinatown worked second floor sam restaurant washington streethe restaurant three peace reference founding partners head waiter visitors sit shut known calling patrons fat people menu choices telling whathey order food table receiving tips imposing man crew cut hair style also notorious seating people strangers orders soup customers provide forks english menu translations tables diners finished fong made famous columnist herb caen whoften described fong visits sam caen would interview fong matters local politics gossip fong like responses fong would turn proudly show loyal caen included fong guide things san_francisco see world rudest waiter although rude conscious role athe restaurant justo serve_food also file thumb right px edsel ford fong food stand park fong character series tales city novels played trinidad tales city miniseries channel miniseries robin williams referred fong eulogy herb caen missing table going righto god hope waiter ford fong goes water wine series club level bistro park named ford fong honor also portrait gold mountain chinese name part north_america gold mountain mural depicting chinese contributions american history place inorth beach san_francisco north beach blocks restaurant sam restaurant continued toperate chinatown one tourist_guidebook fong practiced thatook aspects performance arthe restaurant announced temporary closure april citing age building kitchen contributing factor closure sam reopened new location clay street see_also history chinese americans san_francisco externalinks account meeting edsel ford fong charles category_deaths_category_american people chinese descent category_restaurant staff_category people san_francisco category_births"},{"title":"Eight Bells, Fulham","description":"fileight bells fulham sw jpg thumbnail theight bells fulham theight bells is a 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cultural practices of various ethnic groups and to engage in a question and answer basediscussiongordon tamarand bruce caron global villages the globalization of ethnic display new york tourist gaze productions the precise infrastructure of each park is different but each aims to provide a display case for as many cultural identities as possible at windows around the world for example national heritage is classified into three categories primitive song andance professional modifications and further creative modifications a debate over authenticity has been sparked in light of the facthat several employees represent nationalitieseparate from their own individual heritages the wa people for instance play the roles of african ethnic groups while indigenous peoples of the americas native americans are portrayed by ethnic mongols mongolians disputes also linger over the degree to which governments and corporationseek to mask and embellish whathey wish within the walls of the park according 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house for years until he retired as thead butler in allen s life was the inspiration for the film the butler allen was born in scottsville virginia he worked as a waiter for manyears in whites only resorts and country clubs including the omni homestead resorthe homestead resort in hot springs virginiand a club in washington he started in the white house in as a pantry man a job which involved basic tasksuch as dish washing stocking and cleaning silverware over the years allen rose in his position becoming the butler to the president allen was particularly affected by the assassination of john f kennedy death of president kennedy in according to hison my father came home late on the day that president kennedy had been shot buthen he got up and put his coat back on he said i ve goto go back to work but in the hallway he fell againsthe wall and started crying that was the firstime in my life i had ever seen my father cry white house butler eugene allen s humility recalled at funeral washington post april he was invited to the funeral but chose to stay at work to prepare for the reception because someone had to be athe white house to serveveryone after they came from the funerallen finally attained the most prestigious rank of butlerserving in the white house ma tre d h tel in during the presidency of ronald reagan invited allen and his wife helene to a state dinner in honor of helmut kohl athe white house he retired in allen had been married to his wife helene for years they met at a birthday party in washington in and married a year later in the couple had one son charles allen he and his wife had intended to vote for barack obama in but she died the day before united states presidential election thelection november the man athe door the washington post august retrieved on august eugene allen died athe washington adventist hospital in takoma park maryland on marchis death was caused by kidney failure public reputation allen came to public attention when article about him and his wife by journalist wil haygood entitled a butler well served by this election was published in the washington post shortly after the united states presidential election presidential election it placed allen s life in the context of changing race relations and the personalities of the presidents he d served it ended withe story of how the couple intended to vote for obama together but helene died just before thelection they talked about praying to help barack obama geto the white house they d go vote together she d lean on her cane with one hand on him withe other while walking down to the precinct and she d get supper going afterwardon monday helene had a doctor s appointment gene woke and nudged her once then again he shuffled around to her side of the bed he nudged helene again he was all alone i woke up and my wife didn t he said later the story had an immediate impact columbia pictures boughthe film rights to allen s life story and he was invited to the new 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involved basic tasksuch dish washing cleaning years allen rose position becoming butler president allen particularly affected assassination john_f kennedy death president kennedy according hison father came home late day president kennedy shot buthen got put coat back said_go back work hallway fell againsthe wall started firstime life ever seen father cry white_house butler eugene allen recalled funeral washington_post april invited funeral chose stay work prepare reception someone athe white_house came finally prestigious rank white_house tre h_tel presidency ronald reagan invited allen wife helene state dinner honor athe white_house retired allen married wife helene years met birthday party washington married year_later couple one son charles allen wife intended vote barack obama died day united_states presidential election thelection november man athe door washington_post august retrieved august eugene allen died athe washington hospital park maryland death caused kidney failure public reputation allen came public attention article wife journalist entitled butler well served election published washington_post shortly united_states presidential election presidential election placed allen life context changing race relations personalities presidents served ended withe story couple intended vote obama together helene died thelection talked help barack obama geto white_house go vote together lean cane one hand withe walking get supper going monday helene doctor appointment gene around side bed helene alone wife said later story immediate impact columbia pictures boughthe film rights allen life story invited new president inauguration commented telling seeing standing worth allen workers served presidents featured minute documentary workers athe white_house directed hunt released dvd white_house workers traditions memories smithsonian recordings allen life inspiration film butler danny strong inspired washington_post washington_post article film facts allen life central character cecil loosely based externalinks independent eugene allen white_house butler worked eight us presidents category_births_category deaths_category african_american men category butlers category white_house staff_category deaths renal failure category_people scottsville virginia category_restaurant staff"},{"title":"European Route of Historic Theatres","description":"theuropean route of historic theatres is a holiday route and european cultural route that runs through many european countries it links cities with important historic theatres from the th to th centuries this cultural route was initiated by the members of the organisation perspectiv association of historic theatres in europe which was founded in october withe aim of preserving the cultural heritage of historic theatres in europe thead offices of this charitable association are in the goethe town of bad lauchst dt and city of berlin the project isupported by the culture programme of theuropean union theuropean route of historic theatres originally consisted ofive individually named routes the german route the nordic route the channel route the italian route and themperorouteach links between and towns and cities with importantheatre traditions cultural tourists can travel directly from the start or finish of any route to another nearby route in two more routes were added the french and adriatic routes otheroutes planned are the baltic and iberian routes and the alpine and black sea routes nordic route file ulriksdalslottsteater scen jpg thumb uprighthe auditorium and stage in the confidencen drottningholm palace drottningholm near stockholm sweden drottningholm palace theatre built in by carl fredrik adelcrantz solna municipality solna sweden confidencen the oldest rococo theatre in sweden is in ulriksdal palace it was built in by the architect carl fredrik adelcrantz mariefred sweden gripsholm castle gripsholmslottsteater turku finland bo svenska teater s helsinki finland swedish theatre svenska teatern ystad sweden restored municipal theatre of large collection of scenery by swedish theatre artist carludvigrabow haldenorway fredrikshald theatre built in to plans by balthazar nicolai garben aarhus denmark helsing r theatre the building dates to the year and was originally in helsing r in it was dismantled and rebuilt athe den gamle by open air museum copenhagen denmark courtheatre in christiansborg palace a work by architect elias david h usser built from to german route file b hne des ekhof theatersjpg thumb upright stage of thekhof theatre file meiningen theatermuseum winterm rchen jpg thumb upright meiningen theatre museum setting the winter s tale putbus theatre opened in and converted into the north german classicistyle links to the nordic route via r nne bornholm neubrandenburg the schauspielhaus a baroque timber framed building with cob material cobrickwork dating to built as a summer venue for the courtheatre of duke adolphus frederick iv of mecklenburg adolphus frederick iv of mecklenburg strelitz potsdam rococo theatre in the new palace potsdam new palace in sanssouci park built from to under the prussian king frederick ii bad lauchst dt goetheatre johann wolfgang von goethe had this theatre built in to his concepts as a summer playhouse gro kochberg the liebhaber theatre in kochberg castle dating to former seat of charlotte von stein gotha ekhof theatre was built from to in a corner tower at friedenstein castle and may still be seen its original setting it is reckoned as the first of the modern german theatres meiningen theatre museum and meiningen courtheatre courtheatre important surviving theatreform under duke george ii of saxe meiningen george ii first courtheatre built in the present one in architect karl behlertheatre museum since with scener from the reform period bayreuth margravial opera house margravine wilhelmine of prussia wilhelmine had the opera house built in thexterior in the french classicistyle the interior in 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german route nordic route channel route italian route links towns cities traditions cultural tourists travel directly start finish route another nearby route two routes added french routes planned baltic routes alpine black sea routes nordic route file_jpg thumb_uprighthe auditorium stage palace near stockholm sweden palace theatre built carl municipality sweden oldest theatre sweden palace built architect carl sweden castle finland helsinki finland swedish theatre sweden restored municipal theatre large collection scenery swedish theatre artist theatre built plans denmark r theatre building_dates year originally r dismantled rebuilt athe den gamle open_air museum copenhagen denmark courtheatre palace work architect david h built german route file b hne des thumb upright stage theatre file meiningen jpg thumb upright meiningen theatre museum setting winter tale theatre opened converted north german links nordic route via r baroque timber_framed building material dating built summer venue courtheatre duke frederick mecklenburg frederick mecklenburg potsdam theatre new palace potsdam new palace park built king frederick ii bad johann wolfgang von goethe theatre built concepts summer playhouse theatre castle dating former seat charlotte von theatre built corner tower castle may still seen original setting first modern german theatres meiningen theatre museum meiningen courtheatre courtheatre important surviving duke george ii meiningen george ii first courtheatre built present one architect karl museum since reform period opera_house prussia opera_house built thexterior french interior italian baroque designed giuseppe link palace theatre palace built philippe de_la duke charles eugene w rttemberg auditorium converted played istill fully preserved today theatre built architect nicolas de oldest surviving europe athe former spa opened july builto plans franz ludwig von bishop saxony comedy opera ballroom assembly house built inaugurated onovember link channel route via channel route file garden thumb_uprighthe royal opera_house illustration belgium th tre teau builto french architect stage designer charles antoine based first fontainebleau palace theatre fontainebleau german route via belgium opera opened luxurious opera_house financed belgium th tre royal parc built thenglish style extension vauxhall gardens vauxhall pleasure garden caf erected open athe side park architect louis one first_public theatres holland built actor jacob van expanded architect jan willem bury st england theatre royal built architect william regency style london_england theatre royal present royal opera_house covent_garden theatre royal drury_lane theatre royal covent_garden converted opera_house building_dates royal drury_lane opened dates auditorium craig nos castle craig nos wales theatre private theatre built architects jennings nottingham england malt cross historic theatre music hall today cafe bar holds cultural events richmond north_yorkshire richmond england georgian theatre royal municipal theatre theatre museum opened closed opened best preserved theatre georgian period italian route file teatro thumb upright auditorium teatro first covered theatre modern period europe architect andrea palladio link first free standing theatre modern era teatro built architect based teatro della built giovanni scientific theatre teatro built plans antonio municipal theatre built typical italian box bologna municipal theatre opened may based altered plans architect antonio bologna theatre small theatre villa surviving original state opened september san municipal theatre hall built theatre converted theatre box seats replaced auditorium architect giuseppe municipal theatre internal court del built architect giuseppe teatro building_built plans architect established runs czech_republic especially austria two countries ruled habsburg dynasty hence name route route file graz thumb upright graz opera_house galleries graz austria graz opera_house built architects b graz united viennaustria theatre der wien dating many important events austrian theatre history took still take_place austria austria oldest public theatre austria castle theatre built mit czech_republic castle theatre dating unesco_world_heritage_site fully preserved baroque theatre l czech_republic fully preserved castle theatre dating integrated renaissance palace unesco_world_heritage_site czech building castle theatre istill equipped original stage technology wings th_century czech_republic castle theatre site conference meeting holy alliance preserved prague czech_republic years czech german theatre history bohemia world premiere wolfgang opera giovanni took_place externalinks_official_website association historic theatres europe database theatre architecture map references_category_tourism europe_category scenic_routes category_theatrical organizations"},{"title":"Eveve","description":"eveve is a scottish company which provides restaurant reservation systemsjohn 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externalinks official websiteveve new zealand category articles created via the article wizard category companies based in edinburgh category companiestablished in category establishments in scotland category internet in scotland category websites about food andrink category hospitality services category internet companies of the united 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largest supplier inew_zealand chile subsidiary second_largest supplier usa online reservations eveve operations texas expanded significantly saw accelerated expansion eveve gained market_share seattle november eveve connor february denver post see_also list websites food_andrink externalinks_official new_zealand category_articles_created_via article_wizard_category_companies_based edinburgh category_companiestablished category_establishments scotland_category internet scotland_category websites food_andrink category_hospitality services_category internet companies united_kingdom"},{"title":"Ex situ conservation","description":"ex situ conservation literally means off site conservation movement conservation it is the process of protecting an endangered species variety or breed of plant or animal outside of its natural habitat for example by removing part of the population from a threatened habitat and placing it in a new location which may be a wild area or within the care of humans the degree to whichumans control or modify the natural dynamics of the managed population varies widely and this may include alteration of living environments reproductive patterns access to resources and protection from predation and mortality ex situ management can occur within or outside a species natural geographic range individuals maintained ex situ exist outside of anichecology ecological niche this means thathey are not under the same selection pressures as wild populations and they may undergo selective breeding artificial selection if maintained ex situ for multiple generations crop diversity agricultural biodiversity is also conserved in ex situ collections this primarily in the form of gene bank s where samples are stored in order to conserve the genetic resources of major croplants and their crop wild relatives wild relatives that means ex situ conservation is a process of conserving endangered plants or animals in the human care by giving them their own environment intex of nepal somexample are one horned rhinoceros golden michelia facilities botanical gardens zoos and aquariums botanical garden s and zoo s are the most conventional methods of ex situ conservation all of whichouse whole protected specimens for breeding and reintroduction into the wild whenecessary and possible these facilities provide not only housing and care for specimens of endangered species but also have an educational value they inform the public of the threatened status of endangered species and of those factors which cause the threat withe hope of creating public interest in stopping and reversing those factors which jeopardize a speciesurvival in the first place they are the most publicly visited ex situ conservation sites withe wzcs world zoo conservation strategy estimating thathe organized zoos in the world receive more than million visitors annually globally there is an estimated total of aquariand zoos in countries additionally many private collectors or other not for profit groups hold animals and they engage in conservation oreintroduction effortsimilarly there are approximately botanical gardens in counties cultivating or storing an estimated taxon taxa of plants techniques for plants cryopreservation the storage of seeds pollen tissue or embryos in liquid nitrogen this method can be used for virtually indefinite storage of material without deterioration over a much greater time period relative to all other methods of ex situ conservation cryopreservation is also used for the conservation of livestock genetics through cryoconservation of animal genetic resources technicalimitations preventhe cryopreservation of many species but cryobiology is a field of active research and many studies concerning plants are underway seed banking the storage of seeds in a temperature and moisture controlled environmenthis technique is used for taxa with orthodox seeds thatolerate desiccation seed bank facilities vary from sealed boxes to climate controlled walk in freezers or vaults taxa with recalcitrant seeds that do notolerate desiccation are typically not held in seed banks for extended periods of time tissue culture storage and propagation somatic tissue can be stored in vitro for short periods of time this done in a light and temperature controlled environmenthat regulates the growth of cells as a e x situ conservation technique tissue culture is primary used for clonal propagation of vegetative tissue or immature seeds this allows for the proliferation of clonal plants from a relatively small amount of parentissue field gene banking an extensive open air planting used maintain genetic diversity of wild agricultural or forestry species typically species that areither difficult or impossible to conserve in seed banks are conserved in field gene banks field gene banks may also be used grow and select progeny of speciestored by other ex situ techniques cultivation collections plants under horticulture horticultural care in a constructed landscape typically a botanic garden or arboreta this technique isimilar to a field gene bank in that plants are maintained in the ambient environment buthe collections are typically not as genetically diverse or extensive these collections are susceptible to hybridization artificial selection genetic drift andisease transmission species that cannot be conserved by other ex situ techniques are often included in cultivated collections inter situ plants are under horticulture care buthenvironment is managed to near natural conditions this occurs with eitherestored or semi natural environments this technique is primarily used for taxa that are rare or in areas where habitat has been severely degraded techniques for animals image liquid nitrogen tankjpg thumb px a tank of liquid nitrogen used to supply a cryogenic freezer for storing laboratory samples at a temperature of about c endangered animal species and breeds are preserved using similar techniquesfao cryoconservation of animal genetic resources fao animal production and health guidelines no rome animal species can be preserved in genebank s which consist of cryogenic facilities used to store living spermatozoon sperm ovum eggs or embryo s for example the zoological society of san diego has established a frozen zoo to store such samples using cryopreservation techniques fromore than species including mammals reptiles and birds a potential technique for aiding in reproduction of endangered species is interspecific pregnancy implanting embryos of an endangered species into the womb of a female of a related species carrying ito term it has been carried out for the spanish ibex genetic management of captive populations captive populations are subjecto problemsuch as inbreeding depression loss of genetic diversity and adaptations to captivity it is importanto manage captive populations in a way that minimizes these issueso thathe individuals to be introduced will resemble the original founders as closely as possible which will increase the chances of successful species reintroductions during the initial growth phase the population size is rapidly expanded until a target population size is reached the target population size is the number of individuals that arequired to maintain appropriate levels of genetic diversity which is generally considered to by of the current genetic diversity after years the number of individuals required to meethis goal varies based on potential growth rateffective size current genetic diversity and generation time once the target population size is reached the focushifts to maintaining the population and avoidingenetic issues within the captive population minimizing mean kinship managing populations based on minimizing mean kinship values is often an effective way to increase genetic diversity and to avoid inbreeding within captive populations kinship is the probability thatwo alleles will be identity by descent identical by descent when one allele is taken randomly from each mating individual the mean kinship value is the average kinship value between a given individual and every other member of the population mean kinship values can help determine which individualshould be mated in choosing individuals for breeding it is importanto choose individuals withe lowest mean kinship values because these individuals are least related to the rest of the population and have the least common alleles this ensures that rarer allele s are passed on whichelps to increase genetic diversity it is also importanto avoid mating two individuals with very different mean kinship values because such pairings propagate bothe rare alleles that are present in the individual withe low mean kinship value as well as the common alleles that are present in the individual withe high mean kinship value this genetic managementechnique requires that ancestry is known so in circumstances where ancestry is unknown it might be necessary to use molecular geneticsuch as microsatellite data to help resolve unknowns avoiding loss of genetic diversity genetic diversity is often lost within captive populations due to the founder effect and subsequent small population sizes minimizing the loss of genetic diversity within the captive population is an important component of ex situ conservation and is critical for successful reintroductions and the long term success of the speciesince more diverse populations have higher adaptation adaptive potential the loss of genetic diversity due to the founder effect can be minimized by ensuring thathe founder population is largenough and genetically representative of the wild population this often difficult because removing large numbers of individuals from the wild populations may furthereduce the genetic diversity of a species that is already of conservation concern maximizing the captive population size and theffective population size can decrease the loss of genetic diversity by minimizing the random loss of alleles due to genetic drift minimizing the number of generations in captivity is another effective method foreducing the loss of genetic diversity in captive populations avoiding adaptations to captivity natural selection favors differentraits in captive populations than it does in wild populationso this may result in adaptations that are beneficial in captivity but are deleterious in the wild this reduces the success of re introductionso it is importanto manage captive populations in order to reduce adaptations to captivity adaptations to captivity can be reduced by minimizing the number of generations in captivity and by maximizing the number of migrants from wild populations minimizing selection captive populations by creating an environmenthat isimilar to their natural environment is another method of reducing adaptations to captivity but it is importanto find a balance between an environmenthat minimizes adaptation to captivity and an environmenthat permits adequate reproduction adaptations to captivity can also be reduced by managing the captive population as a series of population fragments in this management strategy the captive population isplit into several sub populations or fragments which are maintained separately smaller populations have lower adaptive potentialso the population fragments are less likely to accumulate adaptations associated with captivity the fragments are maintained separately until inbreeding becomes a concern immigrants are then exchanged between the fragments to reduce inbreeding and then the fragments are managed separately again managingenetic disorders genetic disorder s are often an issue within captive populations due to the facthathe populations are usually established from a small number ofounders in large outcrossing outbreeding populations the frequencies of most deleterious alleles arelatively low but when a population undergoes a bottleneck during the founding of a captive population previously rare alleles may survive and increase inumber further inbreeding within the captive population may also increase the likelihood that deleterious alleles will bexpressedue to increasing zygosity homozygosity within the population the high occurrence of genetic disorders within a captive population can threaten bothe survival of the captive population and its eventual reintroduction back into the wild if the genetic disorder is dominance genetics dominant it may be possible to eliminate the disease completely in a single generation by avoiding breeding of the affected individuals however if the genetic disorder is recessive allele recessive it may not be possible to completely eliminate the allele due to its presence in unaffected zygosity heterozygotes in this case the best option is to attempto minimize the frequency of the allele by selectively choosing mating pairs in the process of eliminatingenetic disorders it is importanto consider that when certaindividuals are prevented from breeding alleles and therefore genetic diversity aremoved from the population if these alleles are not present in other individuals they may be lost completely preventing certaindividuals from the breeding also reduces theffective population size which is associated with problemsuch as the loss of genetic diversity and increased inbreeding exampleshowy indian clover trifolium amoenum is an example of a species that was thoughto bextinct but was rediscovered in connors p g rediscovery of showy indian clover fremontia in the form of a single plant at a site in western sonoma county us fish and wildlife service arcata division heindon road arcata ca seeds were harvested and currently grown in ex situ facilities the wollemi pine is another example of a planthat is being preserved via ex situ conservation as they are beingrown inurseries to be sold to the general public drawbacks ex situ conservation while helpful in humankind s efforts to sustain and protect our environment is rarely enough to save a species from extinction it is to be used as a last resort or as a supplemento in situ conservation because it cannot recreate the habitat as a whole thentire genetic variation of a species itsymbiosisymbioticounterparts or thoselements which over time might help a species adapto its changing surroundings instead ex situ conservation removes the species from its natural ecological contexts preserving it under semisolated conditions whereby natural evolution and adaptation processes areither temporarily halted or altered by introducing the specimen to an unnatural habitat in the case of cryogenic storage methods the preserved specimen s adaptation processes are quite literally frozen altogether the downside to this that when released the species may lack the genetic adaptations and mutations which would allow ito thrive in its ever changing natural habitat furthermorex situ conservation techniques are often costly with cryogenic storage being economically infeasible in most casesince speciestored in this manner cannot provide a profit but instead slowly drain the financial resources of the government organization determined toperate them seedbank s are ineffective for certain plant genus genera with recalcitrant seeds that do not remain fertile for long periods of time diseases and pests foreign to the species to which the species has no natural defense may also cripple crops of protected plants in ex situ plantations and in animals living in ex situ breedingrounds these factors combined withe specific environmental needs of many speciesome of which are nearly impossible to recreate by man makex situ conservation impossible for a great number of the world s endangered florand fauna see also artificial insemination cryoconservation of animal genetic resources in vitro fertilisation endangered species intracytoplasmic sperm injection iucn red list embryo transfer cloning dextinction list of animals that have been cloned african wildog conservancy animal husbandry captive breeding conservation biology convention biological diversity introduced species list of introduced species reintroduction pleistocene park wildlife conservation world conservation union iucn asiaticheetah furthereading p fao the global plan of action for animal genetic resources and the interlaken declaration rome fao the second report on the state of the world s animal genetic resources for food and agriculture rome p externalinks cloning to revivextinct species may grant holloway cnn reproductive technologies and conservation of endangered cats louisiana s frozen ark online book in situ conservation of livestock and poultry food and agriculture organization of the united nations and the united nations environment programme the challenges of ex situ orchid conservation orchid conservation coalition botanic gardens conservation international organisation supporting ex situ conservation of priority plant species domestic animal diversity information system implementing the 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habitat example removing part population threatened habitat placing new location may wild area within care humans degree control modify natural dynamics managed population varies widely may_include living environments reproductive patterns access resources protection mortality situ management occur within outside species natural geographic range individuals maintained situ exist outside ecological niche means thathey selection pressures wild populations may undergo selective breeding artificial selection maintained situ multiple generations crop diversity agricultural biodiversity also conserved situ collections primarily form gene bank samples stored order conserve genetic resources major crop wild relatives wild relatives means situ_conservation process conserving endangered plants animals human care giving environment nepal one rhinoceros golden facilities botanical_gardens zoos aquariums botanical_garden zoo conventional methods situ_conservation whole protected breeding reintroduction wild possible facilities provide housing care endangered_species also educational value inform public threatened status endangered_species factors cause threat withe hope creating public_interest stopping factors speciesurvival first place publicly visited situ_conservation sites withe world zoo conservation strategy estimating thathe organized zoos world receive million_visitors annually globally estimated total zoos countries additionally many private collectors profit groups hold animals engage conservation approximately botanical_gardens counties cultivating storing estimated taxa plants techniques plants cryopreservation storage seeds tissue embryos liquid nitrogen method used virtually indefinite storage material without much greater time_period relative methods situ_conservation cryopreservation also_used conservation livestock genetics animal genetic resources preventhe cryopreservation many species field active research many studies concerning plants seed banking storage seeds temperature moisture controlled technique used taxa orthodox seeds seed bank facilities vary sealed boxes climate controlled walk freezers taxa seeds typically held seed banks extended periods time tissue culture storage tissue stored vitro short periods time done light temperature controlled environmenthat regulates growth cells e x situ_conservation technique tissue culture primary used tissue seeds allows proliferation plants relatively small amount field gene banking extensive open_air planting used maintain genetic_diversity wild agricultural forestry species typically species areither difficult impossible conserve seed banks conserved field gene banks field gene banks may_also used grow select situ techniques cultivation collections plants care constructed landscape typically botanic garden technique isimilar field gene bank plants maintained environment buthe collections typically genetically diverse extensive collections susceptible artificial selection genetic drift transmission species cannot conserved situ techniques often included cultivated collections inter situ plants care managed near natural conditions occurs semi natural_environments technique primarily used taxa rare areas habitat severely degraded techniques animals image liquid nitrogen thumb px tank liquid nitrogen used supply cryogenic freezer storing laboratory samples temperature c endangered animal species preserved using similar animal genetic resources fao animal production health guidelines rome animal species preserved consist cryogenic facilities used store living sperm eggs embryo example zoological_society san_diego established frozen zoo store samples using cryopreservation techniques fromore species including mammals reptiles birds potential technique reproduction endangered_species pregnancy embryos endangered_species female related species carrying ito term carried spanish genetic management captive_populations captive_populations subjecto inbreeding depression loss genetic_diversity adaptations captivity importanto manage captive_populations way thathe individuals introduced resemble original founders closely possible increase chances successful species initial growth phase population_size rapidly expanded target population_size reached target population_size number individuals arequired maintain appropriate levels genetic_diversity generally considered current genetic_diversity years number individuals required goal varies based potential growth size current genetic_diversity generation time target population_size reached maintaining population issues within captive_population minimizing mean kinship managing populations based minimizing mean kinship values often effective way increase genetic_diversity avoid inbreeding within captive_populations kinship alleles identity descent identical descent one allele taken mating individual mean kinship value average kinship value given individual every member population mean kinship values help determine mated choosing individuals breeding importanto choose individuals withe lowest mean kinship values individuals least related rest population least common alleles ensures allele passed whichelps increase genetic_diversity also importanto avoid mating two individuals different mean kinship values pairings bothe rare alleles present individual withe low mean kinship value well common alleles present individual withe high mean kinship value genetic requires ancestry known circumstances ancestry unknown might necessary use molecular microsatellite data help resolve avoiding loss genetic_diversity genetic_diversity often lost within captive_populations due founder effect subsequent small population_sizes minimizing loss genetic_diversity within captive_population important component situ_conservation critical successful long_term success diverse populations higher adaptation adaptive potential loss genetic_diversity due founder effect minimized ensuring thathe founder population largenough genetically representative wild population often difficult removing large_numbers individuals wild populations may genetic_diversity species already conservation concern maximizing captive_population size population_size decrease loss genetic_diversity minimizing random loss alleles due genetic drift minimizing number generations captivity another effective method loss genetic_diversity captive_populations avoiding adaptations captivity natural selection favors captive_populations wild may result adaptations beneficial captivity wild reduces success importanto manage captive_populations order reduce adaptations captivity adaptations captivity reduced minimizing number generations captivity maximizing number migrants wild populations minimizing selection captive_populations creating environmenthat isimilar natural_environment another method reducing adaptations captivity importanto find balance environmenthat adaptation captivity environmenthat permits adequate reproduction adaptations captivity also reduced managing captive_population series population fragments management strategy captive_population several sub populations fragments maintained separately smaller populations lower adaptive population fragments less likely adaptations associated captivity fragments maintained separately inbreeding becomes concern immigrants exchanged fragments reduce inbreeding fragments managed separately disorders genetic disorder often issue within captive_populations due facthathe populations usually established small number large populations frequencies alleles arelatively low population founding captive_population previously rare alleles may survive increase inumber inbreeding within captive_population may_also increase likelihood alleles increasing within population high occurrence genetic disorders within captive_population bothe survival captive_population eventual reintroduction back wild genetic disorder dominance genetics dominant may possible eliminate disease completely single generation avoiding breeding affected individuals however genetic disorder recessive allele recessive may possible completely eliminate allele due presence heterozygotes case best option attempto minimize frequency allele choosing mating pairs process disorders importanto consider prevented breeding alleles therefore genetic_diversity population alleles present individuals may lost completely preventing breeding also reduces population_size associated loss genetic_diversity increased inbreeding indian clover example species thoughto p g indian clover form single plant site western county us fish wildlife service division road seeds harvested currently grown situ facilities pine another example preserved via situ_conservation sold general_public situ_conservation helpful efforts sustain protect environment rarely enough save species extinction used last resort supplemento situ_conservation cannot recreate habitat whole thentire genetic variation species time might help species changing surroundings instead situ_conservation species natural ecological contexts preserving conditions whereby natural evolution adaptation processes areither temporarily halted altered introducing habitat case cryogenic storage methods preserved adaptation processes quite literally frozen altogether downside released species may lack genetic adaptations would allow ito ever changing natural habitat situ_conservation techniques often costly cryogenic storage economically manner cannot provide profit instead slowly drain financial resources government organization determined toperate certain plant seeds remain fertile long_periods time diseases foreign species species natural defense may_also crops protected plants situ plantations animals living situ factors combined withe specific environmental needs many nearly impossible recreate man situ_conservation impossible great number world endangered florand fauna see_also artificial insemination animal genetic resources vitro endangered_species sperm injection iucn red list embryo transfer list animals african animal husbandry captive_breeding conservation_biology convention biological diversity introduced species list introduced species reintroduction park wildlife_conservation world conservation union iucn furthereading p fao global plan action animal genetic resources declaration rome fao second report state world animal genetic resources food agriculture rome p externalinks species may grant cnn reproductive technologies conservation endangered cats louisiana frozen ark online book situ_conservation livestock poultry food agriculture organization united_nations united_nations environment programme challenges situ_conservation conservation coalition botanic gardens conservation international organisation supporting situ_conservation priority plant species domestic animal diversity information system implementing global plan action animal genetic resources category conservation_biology category category category_zoos"},{"title":"Exclusive ride time","description":"image nashliftjpg thumb right an exclusive ride time session the grand national roller coaster grand national exclusive ride timert is a term used to refer to time set aside by an amusement park to allow a club or group exclusive use of one or more amusement ride s exclusive ride time sessions may be scheduled outside of park operating hours or amusement park may close off the attraction s to the public during operating hours exclusive ride time can be given outo roller coaster enthusiast groups one of the most notable is american coaster enthusiasts although parks may also hire out ride s for private functions or open a new ride to passholders or members of the press prior topening to the public one of the most historic examples of private ride hire was elvis presley s renting outhe libertyland amusement park so that he friends and family could ride the zippin pippin roller coaster in privacy end of a park fit for the king the washington post august an amusement park may offer exclusive ride time to visitors who stay in on site resorts walt disney parks and resorts disney for example brands this as extra magic hours and provides both time before opening and after closing to allow guests to experience a selection of park attractions tips to ensure magic not meltdowns msnbcategory amusement 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amusement_park may_offer exclusive ride time visitors stay site resorts walt_disney parks resorts disney example brands extra magic hours provides time opening closing allow guests experience selection park attractions tips ensure magic amusement_parks"},{"title":"Experience Punjab \u2014 On the Road","description":"experience punjab on the road is a non fiction book written by puneetinder kaur sidhu the book was published in by times group books puneetinder kaur sidhurl july work the weekend leader synopsisidhu drove through different states and cities of punjab india such as amritsar chandigarh patiala ludhianand jalandhar and wrote his experiences in this book the book not only narrates the author s journey bu also tells local sight seeing details local attractions etc according to sidhu driving in punjab can be a lot ofun with good roads and the facthathe distances are not much you can travel from onend to another in around five hours publication the book was first published in the book was officially inaugurated by sohan singh thandal minister for tourism government of punjab critical reception the book attracted reviewers attention the times of india wrote in theireview for a driving enthusiast punjab is an unparalleledestination and experience punjab on the road is a veritable guide to anyone who wanto traverse the various highways and country roads that carve the region references category novels category travelogues","main_words":["experience","punjab","road","non_fiction","book","written","book","published","times","group","books","july","work","weekend","leader","drove","different","states","cities","punjab","india","amritsar","wrote","experiences","book","book","author","journey","also","tells","local","sight","seeing","details","local","attractions","etc","according","driving","punjab","lot","ofun","good","roads","facthathe","distances","much","travel","onend","another","around","five","hours","publication","book","first_published","book","officially","inaugurated","singh","minister","tourism","government","punjab","critical","reception","book","attracted","attention","times","india","wrote","driving","enthusiast","punjab","experience","punjab","road","guide","anyone","wanto","various","highways","country","roads","region","references_category","novels","category_travelogues"],"clean_bigrams":[["experience","punjab"],["non","fiction"],["fiction","book"],["book","written"],["times","group"],["group","books"],["july","work"],["weekend","leader"],["different","states"],["punjab","india"],["also","tells"],["tells","local"],["local","sight"],["sight","seeing"],["seeing","details"],["details","local"],["local","attractions"],["attractions","etc"],["etc","according"],["lot","ofun"],["good","roads"],["facthathe","distances"],["around","five"],["five","hours"],["hours","publication"],["first","published"],["officially","inaugurated"],["tourism","government"],["punjab","critical"],["critical","reception"],["book","attracted"],["india","wrote"],["driving","enthusiast"],["enthusiast","punjab"],["experience","punjab"],["various","highways"],["country","roads"],["region","references"],["references","category"],["category","novels"],["novels","category"],["category","travelogues"]],"all_collocations":["experience 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driving punjab lot ofun good roads facthathe distances much travel onend another around five hours publication book first_published book officially inaugurated singh minister tourism government punjab critical reception book attracted attention times india wrote driving enthusiast punjab experience punjab road guide anyone wanto various highways country roads region references_category novels category_travelogues"},{"title":"Extinct in the wild","description":"file corvus hawaiiensis fwsjpg thumb the hawaiian crow alal has been extinct in the wild since an extinct in the wild ew species is one whichas been conservation status categorized by the international union for conservation of nature as only known by living members kept in captivity or as a naturalized population outside its historic range due to massive habitat lossiucn red list categories and criteria version p last visited may examples of species and subspecies that arextinct in the wild include alagoas curassow extinct in the wild since black softshell turtle black soft shell turtlextinct in the wild sincescarpment cycad extinct in the wild since guam kingfisher extinct in the wild since guam rail extinct in the wild since the s hawaiian crow or alal extinct in the wild since kihansi spray toad extinct in the wild since p re david s deer extinct in the wild since scimitar oryx extinct in the wild since socorro dovextinct in the wild since wyoming toad extinct in the wild since the pinta island tortoise geochelone nigrabingdoni had only one living individual named lonesome george until his death in june the tortoise was believed to bentirely extinct in the mid th century until hungarian malacology malacologist j zsef v gv lgyi spotted lonesome george on the galapagos islands galapagos island of pinta on december since then lonesome george has been a powerful symbol for conservation efforts in general and for the galapagos islands in particular withis death on june the subspecies is again believed to bextinct withe discovery of hybrid pinta tortoises located at nearby wolf volcano a plan has been made to attempto breed the subspecies back into a pure state not all species that arextinct in the wild are rare for example ameca splendens though extinct in the wild was a popular fish among aquarist s for some time but hobbyistocks have declined quite a lot morecently placing itsurvival in jeopardy captive breeding promotes aggression in an endangered mexican fish biological conservation html abstract however the ultimate purpose of preserving biodiversity is to maintain ecological function when a species exists only in captivity it is ecological extinction ecologically extinct reintroduction is the deliberate release of species into the wild from captivity orelocated from other areas where the speciesurvives this may be an option for certain species that arendangered or extinct in the wild however it may be difficulto reintroducew species into the wild even if their natural habitats werestored because survival techniques which are often passed from parents toffspring during parenting may be lost while conservation efforts may preserve some of the genetics of a species the species may never fully recover due to the loss of the natural memetics of the speciesee also iucn red list extinct in the wild species for a list by taxonomy category iucn red list extinct in the wild species for an alphabeticalist extinctionotes and references externalinks list of extinct in the wild species as identified by the iucn red list of threatened species category species extinct in the wild category biota by conservation status category iucn red list category extinction wild extinct in thew category 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access to competitive pricing athe top restaurants in asia since its founding eztable has expanded toverestaurants in taiwan hong kong thailand indonesia the platform now has more than million members and more than monthly active users over million diners have booked reservations using its platform eztable was co founded by alex chen brookyen jerryen and peter hsieh in april opentable the online restaurant reservation company in the us inspired the four they found that consumers in asia still made reservations via telephone andecided to startheir own online restaurant reservation business in taiwan in aug the website began operationserving a limited selection of restaurants eztable focused on o online toffline strategies aiming to attract users online andirecthem to physical stores in the offline realm eztable opened its first brick and mortar store in taipei s nankang software park in march in the store customers can make reservations learn abouthe company s two apps and scan qr codes for eztable gift cards in appworks a famous accelerator in asiand rose park advisors an investment firm founded by harvard businesschool professor clayton m christensen and hison matthew christensen invested us million in eztable in january the company disclosed that it had raised a us million funding round led by mediatek with participation from umc food conglomerate i mei appworks and rose park advisors in japanese hotel and restaurant reservation company ikyu invested us million in eztable and the companies hope to promote tourism between their two countries class wikitable sortable style width margin right auto background ffffff style color white style background color ee c width year style background color ee c width eventechnology inc was founded eztable was launched first five star hotel partner sheraton hotels and resortsheraton taipei hotel entered innovation incubator center jinwen university of science technology received service innovation project subsidy froministry of economic affairs republic of china ministry of economic affairs roc website reached more than members and was introduced in commonwealth magazine joined appworks ventures and got investment provided online cake ordering service with sheraton taipei hotel got neostar internet entrepreneur awards from business next magazine got ideashow internet ides ofar easton telecommunication co ltd awards from institute for information industry entered china market launched the first iphone application software application with subcontractor owns over market share ofive star hotels generating more than reservation counts per year started e commerce share shopping selling e vouchers rose park advisors invested us million in eztable sina weibo invited eztable to be their partner in taiwan market ceo alex chen was invited to be one of hpair asia conference speakers provided giftcard point exchange services with ctbc bank esun bank and hua nai bank winner of tech in asia startup arenat startupasia tokyo raised a us million funding round led by mediatek umc i mei appworks and rose park advisors overseas expansion to thailand hong kong and indonesia participated in citigroup asia pacific s citi mobile challenge and was awarded best mobile loyalty solution opened first brick and mortar store in taipei taiwan website and app seated over million diners japanese reservation company ikyu invested usd million in eztable changed slogan to moments booked eztable allows users to search forestaurants based on time date location and cuisine to book a table through eztable s user friendly platform customers complete a two part process consisting of reservation and prepayment for the meal reserving and prepaying through eztablensures that customers enjoy a business class experience atheirestaurant of choice users can book restaurants online through the company s website and on its two applications available for ios android the service also provides restaurant owners with e commerce services 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sub regional markets of larger metropolitan areas fecs are generally small compared to full scale amusement parks with fewer attractions a lower person per hour costo consumers than a traditional amusement park and not usually major tourist attractions but sustained by an area customer base many are locally owned and operated although there are a number of chains and franchises in the field fecs are sometimes called family amusement centers play zones family fun centers or simply fun centersome non traditional fecs called urban entertainment centers uec s with more customized and branded attractions and retail outlets are associated with major entertainment companies and may be tourist destinations othersometimes operated by non profit organizations as children s museums or science museum sciencenters tend to be geared toward edutainment experiences rather than simply amusement fecs may also be adjuncts to full scale amusement parks fecs aressentially a converged outgrowth of theme restaurant s that increasingly developed their in house amusement featuresmall scale amusement parks needing more offerings than just a few rides and midway fair midway games andiversifying formerly one attraction venues water park skate park s billiard hall s bowling alley s and son all three categories have moved over several decades continually toward stock popular entertainment solutionsupplied by third party vendors among thearliest of themed restaurants to become known more for family entertainmenthan food was chuck e cheese s a pizza restaurant founded in san jose california image baby in ball pitjpg thumb right ball pits are a popular attraction at family fun centers most fecs have at least five common major anchor attractions to provide diverse patrons often in large parties at least one to two hours of entertainmento encourage repeat visits and to reduce time spent waiting for any given attraction some of the more usual attractions includepending upon size climatetc amusement ride amusementhrill rides elevated but generally small scale arcade games ball pit batting cage s bowling alley bumper boats restaurant food snack bar and fast food especially pizza food quality family and group dining in theme restaurant inflatable castle inflatables kiddie ride s ground level kart racing laser tag laser maze challenge by funovation miniature golf movie theater music andancing playground equipment and climbing structures redemption game s and merchandiser games roller skating retail specialty shops toys comics music etc ten pin bowling water slide carnivals fairs image playport indoor playareapng thumb right multiered climbing structuresuch as this one are common at family entertainment centers the most common anchor activities are miniature golf kart racing arcade and redemption games and food beverage according to industry specialiststonecreek partners fecs rarely use custom built attractions because of the costs involved and instead install off the shelf systems provided and maintained by industry equipment vendors any given fec may lean more towards outdoor activities arcade gaming or passiventertainment andining each may cater to different age ranges all the time or during certain hours eg children and entire families in the daytime and teens to young adults in thevening with specific promotional programs to attract different market segments at differentimes business model fecs tend to serve sub regional marketsuch asmall cities quadrants or boroughs of larger cities and a large suburban area outside such a city their busiestimes are weekend afternoons and thursday through saturday evenings because most of the attractions aressentially the same from fec to fec twof the most important factors in a particular center distinguishing itself to potential customers are a highly visible location hard tobtain because other uses for the land are often more competitive and a consistently developed and promoted theme that appeals to the target market segments the fun factor in the overall decor parental concerns are also important while children themselves rarely think of it a major factor in the attractiveness of an fec to parents is on site safety and security as adults may drop off older children at such an establishmento entertain themselves an increasingly important factor for success is high quality food andrink to attract parental spending as well as whole family dining non traditional fecs various major mediand entertainment brands including disney lego nascar sega sony regal entertainment group united artists regal and viacom have been attached to family entertainment centers often much less traditional than local and chain fecs with custom built unique attractions usually heavily branded and most often located in major metropolitan areas the first such urban entertainment center uec was the universal citywalk in los angeles california which opened in linking several universal properties including various retail outlets restaurants and attractions the citywalk created a great deal of sustained buzz in the retail real estate industry which began embracing the notion that universal studiosony disney and other entertainment companies could create new anchors and entertainment programs for shopping centers another significant uec was the sony metreon in san francisco california some nonprofit educational installationsuch as thexploratorium in san francisco also have aspects ofecs in format and atmosphere but with activities geared toward learning and experiencing rather than simplentertainment some for profit enterprises also use this model or mix edutainment with simpler amusement attractions industry organizations the major international industry association that supports fecs is the international association of amusement parks and attractions iaapa which merged with and absorbed the membership of the international association for the leisure and entertainment industry ialein october iaapa maintains addresses in the virginia hong kong brussels belgium and mexico city the internationalaser tag association iltalso remains active and more broadly than its name suggests ilta is based indianapolis indiana us for many smaller community centric fec s and owner operators who cannot always make the iaapa tradeshow iaao the international association of amusement operators is an online resource for family entertainment center operators and startups in canada canadian fecs are called family entertainment centres or fun centres due to british english british style spelling conventions in canadian english chuck e cheese s us owned nascar speedpark nascar racing theme us owned one location in canada playdium in mexico kidzania mexico city america s incredible pizza company monterrey us owned in the united states the mainational industry group in the us is the national association ofamily entertainment centers nafec which is perhaps incongruously a division of the internationalaser tag association ilta nafec provides an industry facing website fecoperatororg some us based companies also havenues in canada noted above buthis rare due to the legal political difficulties involved in cross border corporations american fecs vary wildly in themesize and featuresome of the larger businesses in this category have included adventure landing jacksonville beach floridamerica s incredible pizza company chain based in springfield missouri boomers parks chain brunswick bowling billiards brunswick zone xl bowling pool video game chain castle park amusement park castle park full amusement park with fec section texas chuck e cheese s chain based in san jose california club disney thousand oaks california dave buster s dallas texas discovery zone lenexa kansas disneyquest part of walt disney world florida gameworkseattle washington gatti s pizza go karts plus golfland sunsplash full waterpark and miniature golf course with fec section californiand arizona ground john s incredible 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play zones family fun centers simply fun non traditional fecs called urban entertainment centers customized branded attractions retail outlets associated major entertainment companies may tourist_destinations operated non_profit organizations children museums science museum tend geared toward experiences rather simply amusement fecs may_also full_scale amusement_parks fecs aressentially theme restaurant increasingly developed house amusement scale amusement_parks needing offerings rides midway fair midway games formerly one attraction venues water_park park billiard hall bowling alley son three categories moved several decades continually toward stock popular entertainment third_party vendors among thearliest themed restaurants become known family food chuck e cheese pizza restaurant founded san_jose_california image baby ball thumb right ball pits popular attraction family fun centers fecs least five common major anchor attractions provide diverse patrons often large parties least_one two hours encourage repeat visits reduce time spent waiting given attraction usual attractions upon size amusement ride rides elevated generally small_scale arcade games ball pit cage bowling alley bumper boats restaurant food snack_bar fast_food especially pizza food_quality family group dining theme restaurant inflatable castle kiddie ride ground level racing laser tag laser maze challenge miniature golf movie_theater music andancing playground equipment climbing structures redemption game games roller skating retail specialty shops toys comics music etc ten pin bowling water slide carnivals fairs image indoor thumb right climbing one common family_entertainment centers common anchor activities miniature golf racing arcade redemption games food beverage according industry partners fecs rarely use custom built attractions costs involved instead install shelf systems provided maintained industry equipment vendors given fec may lean towards outdoor activities arcade gaming andining may cater different age ranges time certain hours children entire families daytime teens young adults thevening specific promotional programs attract different market segments business_model fecs tend serve sub regional marketsuch asmall cities boroughs larger cities large suburban area outside city weekend thursday saturday evenings attractions aressentially fec fec twof important factors particular center potential customers highly visible location hard tobtain uses land often competitive consistently developed promoted theme appeals target market segments fun factor overall decor parental concerns also important children rarely think major factor fec parents site safety security adults may drop older children entertain increasingly important factor success high_quality food_andrink attract parental spending well whole family dining non traditional fecs various major mediand entertainment brands including disney lego nascar sony regal entertainment group united artists regal attached family_entertainment centers often much less traditional local chain fecs custom built unique attractions usually heavily branded often located major metropolitan areas first urban entertainment center universal citywalk los_angeles california opened linking several universal properties including various retail outlets restaurants attractions citywalk created great_deal sustained buzz retail real_estate industry began notion universal disney entertainment companies could create new entertainment programs shopping_centers another significant sony san_francisco_california nonprofit educational san_francisco also aspects format atmosphere activities geared toward learning experiencing rather profit enterprises also_use model mix simpler amusement attractions industry organizations major_international industry_association supports fecs international_association amusement_parks attractions iaapa merged absorbed membership international_association leisure entertainment_industry october 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chain based springfield missouri boomers parks chain brunswick bowling brunswick zone bowling pool video_game chain castle park amusement_park castle park full amusement_park fec section texas chuck e cheese chain based san_jose_california club disney thousand oaks california dave buster dallas_texas discovery zone kansas part walt_disney world florida washington pizza go plus full waterpark miniature golf course fec section californiand arizona ground john incredible pizza center illinois malibu grand prix nascar nascar racing theme four us locations peter piper pizza chain fun cinemas regal chain movies video_games food_court etc depending location park full amusement_park fec section california sky zone park locations us canada sony san_francisco_california japan owned universal citywalk universal_studios hollywood los_angeles california universal_orlando_resort_orlando_florida city sunrise florida amusement_park full amusement_park fec section texas united_kingdom living rainforest 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originally constructed as the fitzroy coffee house in and converted to a pub called the hundred marks in by w m brutton in thearlyears of the th century judah morris kleinfeld became licensee he rebranded ithe fitzroy tavern in march the licence then passed to his daughter and her husband charles allchild who ran it into the s his granddaughter sally fiber who worked behind the bar from a veryoung ageventually wrote a history of the pub the fitzroy the autobiography of a london tavern withe help of clive powell williams now re published in september with up dated content by sally withelp from desapinaud productions there are photographs on the walls of both michael bentine andylan thomas drinking in the pub there is also a photograph of george orwell but not actually sitting in the pub file fitzroytavernwartimesignjpg thumb wartime notice on the wall of the fitzroy tavern it makes an appearance in the high resolution picture of london taken in as a part of the cities project hosted by bthis project shows the largest panorama of london most recently produced from the top of the btower the fitzroy tavern has been a regular gathering place for fans of doctor who since thursday november fans meethere informally on the firsthursday evening of each month since it has been the home of the pear shaped comedy club which runs every wednesday in the downstairs bareferences category buildings and structures in the london borough of camden category doctor who fandom category fitzrovia category tourist attractions in the london borough of camden category pubs in the city of 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building originally constructed fitzroy coffee_house converted pub called hundred marks w thearlyears th_century morris became licensee rebranded ithe fitzroy_tavern march licence passed daughter husband charles ran sally fiber worked behind bar wrote history pub fitzroy autobiography london tavern withe_help clive powell williams published september dated content sally productions photographs walls michael thomas drinking pub also photograph george orwell actually sitting pub file thumb wartime notice wall fitzroy_tavern makes appearance high resolution picture london taken part cities project hosted project shows largest panorama london recently produced top fitzroy_tavern regular gathering place fans doctor since thursday november fans informally evening month since home shaped comedy club runs every wednesday category_buildings structures london_borough camden_category doctor category fitzrovia category_tourist attractions london_borough camden_category_pubs city 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promoted idea bike tour distance primary sponsor thevent tour cancelledue monetary problems returned toronto dominion bank bank bought naming rights tour city proposed charge tour nearly million dollars police services tour managed new_york council american_youthostels ayh manyears tour director paul sullivan died year ayh spun thevent new nonprofit called bike new_york route begins lower manhattan heads north via sixth avenue_manhattan sixth avenue interior central park continues harlem bronx via madison avenue bridge manhattan along theast river route crosses bridge queens heading south across bridge brooklyn brooklyn queens expressway via narrows bridge island many_people rent bikes order participate ride bike shops rent bikes bike roll nyc official bike rental operator bike thevent producer next five boro bike tour ischeduled may externalinks_category bicycle_tours category annual events inew_york_city category_sports inew_york_city category interstate category_cycling events 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floors open fires and wooden seating a small bar lead through to the tap room with its high backed settles and wood burning stoves john burrows once said i remember ivy ruck of the five mile house at duntisbourne abbots with much respect and affection i first visited the pub when i was a young mand her father fred kept it latterly i used to call in on cold winter s nights for a pint of courage s ale straight from the barrel sometimes i was her only customer and i often thought how vunerable she was there on her own as a single woman when the landlady ivy ruck died in there were fears thathis totally unspoilt pub would close forever the classicountry pub wasaved and was reopened again when the carrier family boughthe five mile and was run successfully for manyears unfortunately the re routing of the a diverted much of the passing custom away andespite great efforto remain viable the pub closed finally in and converted to a private residence where it is being sympathetically converted to 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south_wales location_city location_country australia coordinates altitude currentenants namesake groundbreaking_date_start_date stop datest completion topped date_completion_date openedate_inauguration_date relocatedate renovation_date closing_date demolition_date cost ren cost client owner landlord affiliation height architectural tip antenna spire roof top_floor observatory diameter circumference weight dimensionstructural systematerial size floor_count floor_area elevator count grounds arearchitect architecture firm developer engineer structural_engineer_services_engineer civil_engineer designers_quantity_surveyor main_contractor awards designations known foren architect_ren_firm rengineeren str engineeren serv engineeren civ engineeren oth designers ren qty surveyoren contractoren awards rooms parking url embedded_references footnotes forth clyde hotel former_public_house_pub located suburb balmainew south_wales balmain inner_west sydney inner_west sydney state_new_south_wales australia former pub one number buildings formed integral_part industrial_heritage local area pub featured film location cult motorcycle movie stone film stone building occupied various closed extensive water views onto mort bay recently used private housing pub heritage_listed two storey sandstone corner building timber posts davidson b hamey k nicholls called bar years pubs balmain rozelle balmain south_wales government heritage register forth clyde hotel formerly accessed_october externalinks_category_defunct hotels sydney_category_hotel buildings_completed category_hotels established category_establishments australia_category disestablishments australia"},{"title":"Fox and Anchor","description":"file fox and anchor farringdon ec jpg thumb the fox and anchor file fox and anchor jpg thumb interior the fox and anchor is a listed buildingrade ii listed public house at charterhouse street farringdon london farringdon london it was designed by the architect latham withall and built in by 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stored low temperatures tanks liquid nitrogen waiting stem cells optimal preservation long period see cryopreservation facilities also collect plant material usually seeds file_jpg thumbnail san_diego zoo research programsuch audubon center foresearch endangered_species genetic material order protecthe diversity gene pool endangered_species provide prospective reintroduction extinct species tasmanian tiger frozen zoo san_diego zoo conservation researchas freezing biological materials animals plants liquid nitrogen c since currently store collection samples species subspecies frozen zoo san_diego zoo conservation researchas acted similar projects zoos united_states europe including frozen ark project however dozen frozen zoos worldwide athe united_arab_emirates breeding centre endangered arabian wildlife city include endangered gordon wildcat arabian leopard panthera wild creating frozen zoo university georgia building frozen zoo gathering material frozen zoo rendered simple abundance sperm males scientists already extracted cells tiger_named sperm taken animal following deathe production eggs females usually low increased frozen zoos prefer freeze resulting embryo embryos cryopreservation process zoo also cell samples endangered animals extinct research_center made cultures special cells induced stem induced stem cell cells theoretically able make sperm egg cells old skin cells future genetic material stored material stored used artificial insemination vitro embryo transfer director steven animal science assistant professor franklin saving thendangered cat species made reality artificial insemination provides animals due physiological reasons unable reproduce natural way reproduction stored genetic allows fostering genetic improvements prevention inbreeding modern technology allows genetic manipulation animals without keeping captivity however success wild would require application new science sufficient amount previously collected material see_also 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geographorguk jpg thumb the funhouse at malton fair thentire building folds ontone trailer for hauling appearing originally in thearly s at coney island the funhouse iso called because in its initial form it was justhat a house or larger building containing a number of amusement devices at firsthese were mainly mechanical devicesome could be described as enlarged motorized versions of what might be found on a children s playground the most common were a slide usually much taller and steeper than one would find on a playground some were as much as two stories high slides of comparable size can be seen today on carnival midways aseparate attractions most were made of polished hardwood and riders would sit on burlap mats to protecthemselves from friction burn s and to ensure that rubber soled shoes did not slow the slider down a large spinning disk while the disk wastationary patrons would get on and sit in the center then the operator would starthe disk spinning and people would be thrown off by centrifugal forcending up against a padded wall a variation was a disk with a raised center shaped much like a bundt cake mold as the device sped upeople would slide downhill as well as outward a horizontal revolving cylinder or barrel called barrel of love or barrel ofun to try to walk through without falling down sections ofloor that undulated up andown tipped from side to side or moved forward and back either motorized or activated by the person s weight stairs that moved up andown tipped from side to side or slid side to side alternating directions between steps the industry refers to these and similar devices as floor tricks compressed air jetshooting air up from the flooriginally designed to blow up women skirts but effective at startling almost anyone and making them jump and scream an array of distorting mirrors a very large ball pit notwithstanding the images in movies and comic books fun houses did not dropatrons through trapdoors which would be far too dangerous one type ofloor trick plays on this image it consists of a section ofloor that suddenly drops just a few inches making victims think they are falling into a trapdoor some fun houses would bring new arrivals through a short series of dark corridors or a mirror maze or a door maze many identical doors forming squares only one of which would open outward in each square often leading onto a small stage where they had to negotiate a series of rocking floors airjets and other obstacles while people already inside the funhouse could watch and laugh athem a few places even provided bench seats for the watchers once patrons were inside they could stay as long as they wanted moving from one attraction to anotherepeating each one as many times as they chose this type ofun house resembled a miniature version of steeplechase park at coney island whose pavilion ofun a building resembling a huge airplane hangar included in addition to rides a gigantic slide a spinning disk probably across and a lighted stage called the insanitarium where patrons emerging from the steeplechase ride were harassed by a clown carrying an electric wand while women in skirts were athe mercy of air jet burstskyriazi g the great american amusement parks page castle books through the first half of the th century most amusement parks had this type ofun house but its free form design was its undoing it was labor intensive needing an attendant at almost every device and when people spentwo hours in the fun house they weren t out on the midway buying tickets totherides and attractions traditional fun houses gave way to walk throughs where patrons followed a set path all the way through and emerged back on the midway a few minutes later these preserved some of the traditional fun house features including various kinds of moving floorsometimes a revolving barrel and a small slide they added such things as crooked rooms where a combination of tilt and optical illusion made it hard to knowhich way was up andark corridors with various popup and jumpout surprises optical illusions and sound effects although some walkthroughs were given unique names like aladdin s castle riverview park in chicago magicarpet crystal beach ontarioriverboat palisades park new jersey many were stillabelled fun house and regardless of the official name the public generally referred to them that way many traditional fun houses weremoved after parks created walk throughsome became dilapidated and were torn down a few burnedown they were nearly all wood frame buildings with extensivelectrical wiring those that remained were all atraditionalocal amusement parks andied when those parks closedue to competition from new theme parks no theme park ever created a traditional free form stay all day fun house butheme parksometimes developed the walk through attraction to new high techeights a few traditional fun houses are still operating in europe and australia related but with somewhat different history are haunted attraction simulated walk throughaunted houses and mirror mazes although the latter are sometimes labelled fun houses in popular culture john barth s experimental short story collection lost in the funhouse and the short story of same title robert heinlein has lazurus long and his mother maureen long visit a funhouse withis younger self in the novel timenough for love hollywood sometimes built elaborate funhousets with devices never seen in a real funhouse as in the fred astaire musical a damsel in distress film a damsel in distress and the joe brown comedian joe brown film beware spooks other funhouses depicted onscreen include the silent films it film ithe crowd film the crowd and speedy film speedy in which scenes in traditional fun houses can be seen i love a soldier paramount has a brief scene shot in the funhouse at playland athe beach in san francisco in the film noir classic lady from shanghai orson welles famous final shootoutakes place in a funhouse hall of mirrors as o hara 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pop rock album by singer pink singer p nk fun house the stooges album fun house is the second studio album by american rock music rock band the stooges funhouse is an alternative rock band from parkersburg west virginia hbo s hit cable tv series the sopranos made numerous references to funhouses and funhouse rides for example thepisode funhouse the sopranos funhouse prominently features palace amusements now empty indoor arcade wideyed clown mural called tillie boardwalk tower viewer and atlantic ocean view in tony soprano s fever inducedreamoreover in another scene in that episode tony s mother calls his home for help about stolen airline tickets carmela soprano answers the telephone and remarks ashe hands ito tony here the funever stops the children s game show fun house us game show fun housed a carnival funhouse filled with strange obstacles in its grand prize round the two members on each day s winning team took turns running through the house to collectags representing cash and 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to the golden plough tavern through a shared kitchen it is a story brick and limestone dwelling in the georgian architecture georgian style it was the home of general horatio gates while the second continental congress convened in york september to june the golden plough tavern was built by martin eichelberger in and is a two story germanic influenced medieval style building the tavern is quite significant for its age and social history but is also an exceptional museum of american historicarpentry historicarpentry and vernacularchitecture the ground floor wall construction is a rare type which blends timber framing with log building these walls are framed and the spaces between the posts are infilled withewn beams each beam fitted into its own mortise and the gaps between the beams chinked with stones and mud like a log cabin this construction technique isimilar to timber framing infilled with planks known by many names including post and plank the upper walls are timber framing half timbered half timbered in a germanic style with brick nog and wattle andaub infill half timbered buildings in americarelatively rare generally found in some areasettled by german immigrants the roof structure is framed with a germanic type of truss called a liegender stuhl directly translated as a lying chair where chair has the general meaning of support liegender stuhl trusses in europe are found in switzerland germany the wood shingle s on the roof are also a rare type for america the barnett bobb house barnett bobb log house was moved to this location inote this includes title national register of historic places inventory nomination form gen horatio gates house and golden plough tavern accessdate author pennsylvania register of historic sites and landmarks format pdf date july it was added to the national register of historic places in file photocopy of drawing from york county historical society william wagner artist ca south front and west side tavern on far left joseph chambers 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area car bicycle motorcycle lake reached minutes grand highway gran sasso monti national_park also nearby important ski resorts far gran sasso midway l lies high plain onend opens delle pass well_known gathering point tourists people wanting surrounding park areas towns nearby towns along beautiful highway include vomano piano vomano see_also externalinks_category roads italy_category transport category protected_areas category province l category province category_scenic_routes"},{"title":"Great Divide Mountain Bike Route","description":"the great divide mountain bike route gdmbr is a long distance off road bicycle touring route from banff alberta canada to antelope wells new mexico united states usas of the route is miles km long its length is likely to change over time as the gdmbr is continually being refined the gdmbr was developed by adventure cycling association and was completed in a set of highly detailed route maps and a guidebook are available from adventure cycling route description following the continental divide of the americas continental divide as closely as practicable and crossing itimes about of the gdmbr is on unpaved roads and trails and requires basic off pavement riding skills to complete the unpaved portions of the route range from high quality dirt or gravel roads to a few short sections of unmaintained trails which may not be possible for most people to ride at all the gdmbr has over feet meters of elevation gain and loss for the rider to contend with while most of the gdmbr is off the pavementhe route does not require highly technical mountain bike riding skills the route has been designed to provide a riding experience primarily on very low trafficked roads through mostly undeveloped areas of the rocky mountains rocky mountain westhe gdmbr is routed through a variety of terrain and geographic features highlights include the flathead valley in british columbia grand tetonational park and the great divide basin wyoming south park county colorado south park and boreas pass in colorado and polvadera mesand the gila wilderness inew mexicolorado s indiana pass at feet meters is the highest point on the route on route the rider will encounter isolated river valleys mountain forests wide open grasslands high desert and near thend of the ride a section of the chihuahuan deserthe gdmbr passes though some larger towns including helena montana helenand butte montana pinedale wyoming pinedale and rawlins wyoming steamboat springs colorado steamboat springs breckenridge colorado breckenridge salida colorado salidandel norte colorado and grants new mexico grants and silver city new mexicotherwise only extremely small towns will bencountered limiting the variety of goods and services available to riders antelope wells new mexico is the most commonly known starting or finishing point of the continental divide trail but due to its remote location devoid of any lodging or services columbus new mexico is an alternate starting or finishing point for those hiking or biking the continental divide trailocated miles from the international port of entry at palomas mexicolumbus is a small border village with such amenities as two modest hotels a gastation a handful of small cafes a post office bank mechanics and groceries riding the gdmbr most people ride the route north to southbound riders normally cannot start prior to mid june nor later than thend of september typical times to ride thentire route range from six to ten weeks logistical issues complicate riding the gdmbreliable food and water sources on some portions of the route are over miles km apart unpredictable mountain andesert weather can bring snow rain high winds and temperaturextremes at any time of year it is also not uncommon to encounter large mammals includingrizzly bear grizzly and american black bear black bears moose and occasionally cougar s due to the possibility of deep snow in the mountains and monsoon rains inew mexico careful attention to weather and climate is required to ensure the rider can complete the route without having to wait out impassable conditions on portions of the route rain can turn some sections of dirt roads into quagmires of adhesive mud the only options for the rider to pass these obstacles are to wait for the roads to dry or to carry their bike as much of the route is not signposted good navigation skills are also necessary ridershould be self sufficient and carry camping equipment as commercialodging is not available for long stretches of the route it is also helpful to be skilled in bike maintenance and repair for all the challenges properly prepared and equipped riders can expecto have an enjoyable and adventurous experience inational geographic adventure magazine national geographic adventure listed riding the gdmbr as one of its top best american adventures the tour divide race is a self supported underground race that follows thentirety of the gdmbr anotherace on the gdmbr the great divide race used only the us portion of the route and appears to have been defunct since its last race in the tour divide the race clock runs hours a day and the riders are allowed noutside support other than access to public facilitiesuch astores motels and bike shops the record time to complete the tour divide is days hours and minutes and waset in by british endurance racer mike hall the tour divide has been raced and completed on both single speed bicycles and tandem bicycles the race whichas neither entry fees nor prizes usually starts in the second friday in june at an event called grand parthe race can also be completed at any time as an individual time trial itt provinces and states on the great divide mountain bike route alberta british columbia colorado idaho montana new mexico wyoming see also adventure cycling association gdmbr map adventure cycling route network ride the divide the web site abouthe filmixed terrain cycle touring tourdivideorg a web site abouthe annual race sample 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british_columbia grand park_great divide basin wyoming south park county colorado south park pass colorado wilderness inew indiana pass feet meters highest point route route rider encounter isolated river valleys mountain forests wide open high desert near thend ride section gdmbr passes though larger towns including helena montana montana wyoming wyoming steamboat springs colorado steamboat springs breckenridge colorado breckenridge colorado colorado grants new_mexico grants silver city_new extremely small_towns limiting variety goods services available riders antelope wells new_mexico commonly_known starting finishing point continental divide trail due remote location lodging services columbus new_mexico alternate starting finishing point hiking biking continental divide miles international port entry small border village amenities two modest hotels gastation handful small cafes post_office bank mechanics groceries riding gdmbr people ride route north riders normally cannot start prior mid june later thend september typical times ride thentire route range six ten weeks logistical issues riding food water sources portions route miles apart unpredictable mountain weather bring snow rain high winds time year also uncommon encounter large mammals bear grizzly american black bear black bears occasionally due possibility deep snow mountains inew_mexico careful attention weather climate required ensure rider complete route without wait conditions portions route rain turn sections dirt roads mud options rider pass obstacles wait roads dry carry bike much route good navigation skills also necessary self sufficient carry camping_equipment available long stretches route also helpful skilled bike maintenance repair challenges properly prepared equipped riders expecto adventurous experience inational geographic_adventure magazine national_geographic adventure listed riding gdmbr one top best american adventures tour divide race self supported underground race follows gdmbr gdmbr great divide race used us portion route appears defunct since last race tour divide race clock runs hours day_riders allowed support access public facilitiesuch motels bike shops record time complete tour divide days hours minutes waset british endurance racer mike hall tour divide completed single speed bicycles tandem bicycles race whichas neither entry fees prizes usually starts second friday june event called grand parthe race also completed time individual time trial provinces states great divide mountain_bike route alberta british_columbia colorado idaho montana new_mexico wyoming see_also adventure_cycling association gdmbr map adventure_cycling route network ride divide web_site abouthe terrain cycle_touring web_site abouthe annual race sample gear list autobiographical movie race furthereading category_bicycle_tours category bike paths alberta category bike paths british_columbia category bike paths colorado category bike paths montana category bike paths 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great northern railway listed_buildingrade ii_listed public_house high_street hornsey london built category_grade_ii_listed_buildings london_borough haringey category_grade_ii_listed pubs london_category hornsey category_pubs london_borough haringey"},{"title":"Great Ohio Bicycle Adventure","description":"the great ohio bicycle adventure goba is a week long bicycle tour each year it features a different part of ohio the tour averages miles each day as with other bicycle tours goba is not a race there is plenty of time to completeach day s ride as well astopping athe tourist attraction tourist destination s along the route one of the things that make this bicycle tour significant is that it has been around since the tour has grown to accommodate riders who visit from around the world goba is primarily a tent camping tour butrucks deliveriders bags to the designated campground s typical campgrounds are fairground schools and parks when gobarrives in a hostown the red carpet is rolled out with entertainment and food unlike other tours like ragbrai sagbraw or bicycle ride across georgia bragoba ends its route in the first day s departure city since there have been layover days where you can take an optionaloop or stay in that city there used to be only one but now there are goba is a project of columbus outdoor pursuits cop a volunteer based organization that provides opportunities and education for outdoorecreation externalinks goba website about goba columbus outdoor pursuits category cycling in ohio category bicycle tours category cycling events in the united states","main_words":["great","ohio","bicycle","adventure","goba","week_long","bicycle_tour","year","features","different","part","ohio","tour","miles","day","bicycle_tours","goba","race","plenty","time","day_ride","well","athe","tourist_attraction","tourist_destination","along","route","one","things","make","bicycle_tour","significant","around","since","tour","grown","accommodate","riders","visit","around","world","goba","primarily","tent","camping","tour","bags","designated","campground","typical","campgrounds","schools","parks","red","rolled","entertainment","food","unlike","tours","like","ragbrai","bicycle_ride_across","georgia","ends","route","first_day","departure","city","since","days","take","stay","city","used","one","goba","project","columbus","outdoor","pursuits","cop","volunteer","based","organization","provides","opportunities","education","outdoorecreation","externalinks","goba","website","goba","columbus","outdoor","pursuits","category_cycling","ohio","category_bicycle_tours","category_cycling","events","united_states"],"clean_bigrams":[["great","ohio"],["ohio","bicycle"],["bicycle","adventure"],["adventure","goba"],["week","long"],["long","bicycle"],["bicycle","tour"],["different","part"],["bicycle","tours"],["tours","goba"],["athe","tourist"],["tourist","attraction"],["attraction","tourist"],["tourist","destination"],["route","one"],["bicycle","tour"],["tour","significant"],["around","since"],["accommodate","riders"],["world","goba"],["tent","camping"],["camping","tour"],["designated","campground"],["typical","campgrounds"],["food","unlike"],["tours","like"],["like","ragbrai"],["bicycle","ride"],["ride","across"],["across","georgia"],["first","day"],["departure","city"],["city","since"],["columbus","outdoor"],["outdoor","pursuits"],["pursuits","cop"],["volunteer","based"],["based","organization"],["provides","opportunities"],["outdoorecreation","externalinks"],["externalinks","goba"],["goba","website"],["goba","columbus"],["columbus","outdoor"],["outdoor","pursuits"],["pursuits","category"],["category","cycling"],["ohio","category"],["category","bicycle"],["bicycle","tours"],["tours","category"],["category","cycling"],["cycling","events"],["united","states"]],"all_collocations":["great ohio","ohio bicycle","bicycle adventure","adventure goba","week long","long bicycle","bicycle tour","different part","bicycle tours","tours goba","athe tourist","tourist attraction","attraction tourist","tourist destination","route one","bicycle tour","tour significant","around since","accommodate riders","world goba","tent camping","camping tour","designated campground","typical campgrounds","food unlike","tours like","like ragbrai","bicycle ride","ride across","across georgia","first day","departure city","city since","columbus outdoor","outdoor pursuits","pursuits cop","volunteer based","based organization","provides opportunities","outdoorecreation externalinks","externalinks goba","goba website","goba columbus","columbus outdoor","outdoor pursuits","pursuits category","category cycling","ohio category","category bicycle","bicycle tours","tours category","category cycling","cycling events","united states"],"new_description":"great ohio bicycle adventure goba week_long bicycle_tour year features different part ohio tour miles day bicycle_tours goba race plenty time day_ride well athe tourist_attraction tourist_destination along route one things make bicycle_tour significant around since tour grown accommodate riders visit around world goba primarily tent camping tour bags designated campground typical campgrounds schools parks red rolled entertainment food unlike tours like ragbrai bicycle_ride_across georgia ends route first_day departure city since days take stay city used one goba project columbus outdoor pursuits cop volunteer based organization provides opportunities education outdoorecreation externalinks goba website goba columbus outdoor pursuits category_cycling ohio category_bicycle_tours category_cycling events united_states"},{"title":"Great Victorian Bike Ride","description":"dates also works but do not use both begins ends frequency annually inovember december venue location victoriaustralia victoria coordinates country australian years active first founder name last prev next participants attendance circa per annum capacity area budget activity leader name patron organised bicycle network filing people member sponsor website footnotes the great victorian bike ride gvbr commonly known as the great vic is a non competitive fully supported eight or nine day annual bicycle touring event organised by bicycle network bicycle network bn the gvbr takes different routes around the countryside of the state of victoriaustralia victoriaustralia each year the total ride distance is usually in the range of averaging about a day excluding the rest day the ride first ran in attracting riders in what was initially supposed to be a one off event but due to its unexpected popularity and success it subsequently became annual eventhe great vic typically drawseveral thousand participants each year with a record of riders in which makes it one of the world s largest supported bicycle rides event structure the great victorian bike ride is organised as a single annual event usually of nine days duration taking place during late november and early december athe start of the australian summer total ride distance is usually between the average daily ride not including the rest day is about although this can range from less than to more than file gvbriders approaching lorne gor vic jjron jpg righthumb riders of all ages and abilities do the ride here a mixed group enters lorne victoria lorne on the gvbr the gvbr isupported and non competitive catering to riders of all ages and abilities from young children toctogenarian s keen racers fitness enthusiasts once a year cyclists riders with disability disabilities and everyone in between the oldest riders to participate were two year old men who did the ride in while most riders are from victoria cyclists from around australiand the world also come to take parthe ride is also completed on all manner of bicycle s most riders use regularoad bike s mountain bike s hybrid bike s and touring bike s of varying standard quality and age some less typical bikes are also used including recumbent bike s and tricycle s tandem bike s folding bicycle s children in bicycle trailer s and on trailer bike s and even occasional unicycle scooter style kick scooter footbike s and customade bicycles approximately one third of the riders each year participate as part of school groups from about fifty different schoolstudents are predominantly from the middle years of secondary school and are accompanied on the ride by supervising teachers and parents a number of riders who have later turned professional have taken part in the great vic astudents including former top female rider anna millward and tour de france winner cadel evans ride options the ride istructured as a nine day eventypically starting on the last saturday inovember and finishing on the first sunday in december and including one rest day somewhere around the middle of the ride due to its lengthe bicycle network has for manyears marketed the gvbr as a week in another world bicycle network now alsoffers a number of shorteride options which may vary from year to year in order to cater for more riders for example single day rides referred to as the great vicommunity ride may be offered usually either the first or last day of the main ride or a particularly scenic day organisers now alsoffer a three day ride option termed the great vic getaway this usually covers the lasthree days of the main ride official rider numbers from later years of the rides include these riders who have only taken part in the shorteride options this may total from several hundred up to a thousand extra riders the cost for the full nine day ride in was for adults for children to for children to and free for children five and below there was a discount foriders who entered before thend of july lower prices for the shorteride options and a late fee for entries paid after thend of october the cost included meals luggage transport provision of campsites water toilet and shower facilities as well as medical and safety support services file court house macarthur vic duringvbr jpg righthumb small towns like macarthur victoria macarthur benefit economically as the gvbrings thousands of visitors economic benefits the great vic is recognised to beconomically beneficial towns along the route particularly food outlets in towns used for overnight stops and community groups who run successful fundraisersome towns and businesses go to great lengths to cater to the thousands of riders passing through therald sun hastated that for a small country town hosting an overnight stay of the great victorian bike ride is akin to winning the olympic games with some traders reaping an extra week s month s even a year s income from a ride visit in it was estimated that each town hosting a night stop took in more than from the visitors with additional income coming from the ride organisers there were also longer term benefits because riders regularly returned later to revisithe towns and areas often bringing others withem the total economic benefito communities visiteduring the ride was estimated at about million file gvbr camping at bruthen vic jjron jpg righthumbikes and tents fill the bruthen victoria bruthen football ground on the first night in ride planning begins about a year and a half before the actual event with bicycle network organisers designing a route and arranging options with towns and communities along the route lengthe following year s route howeveremains a secret until it is announced the night before the rest day on each great vic advance ticket sales are then usually made available to participants on the current ride following which tickets officially gon sale the next may in the year of the ride finer details continue to be finalised throughouthe following year leading up to the ride itself bicycle network staff and volunteers have developed the facilities and the logistics plans for catering for the needs of several thousand cyclists and volunteers on the moveach day of the ride this includes provision of three meals a day toiletshowers washing up facilities and the transport of many tons of luggage and other equipment between the luggage trucks and trucks carrying the ride organisation equipment portable toiletshowers and otherequirements typically between fourteen and forty semi trailer trucks accompany the rideach day a number of buses are also used to transport volunteers and other workers around the route with about other vehicles in total supporting the ride volunteers provide much of the labour for the ride whichelps keep costs down for bicycle network and therefore lowers entry fees foriders bicycle network also seeksponsor commercial sponsorship including a naming rightsponsor for the ride whichas been the racv since bicycle network additionally produce and market souvenir merchandise particular to each year s ride including short and long sleeved cycling jersey s polo shirt s caps and bicycle water bottle s designed for use with bottle cage s due to the ride structure and its level of organisation and supporthe age newspaper has called the great vic arguably the world s greatest one week cycling holiday accommodation is camping style with riders required to provide set up and pull down their own tent and sleepingear each day the designated campsite s are usually on a sportinground in the town being used for the overnight stop generally the local australian rules football and cricket oval for an additional costhere is also a sleep easy option where tents are provided set up and packedown for the riders or a luxury support option with accommodation provided in motels or bed and breakfast establishments file gvbr tent city at anglesea pano vic jjron jpg center thumb px a temporary tent city iset up each nighto accommodate the thousands of participants this one of twovals filled withe tents of the riders at anglesea victorianglesea on day in along withe food water and toilet facilities provided athe overnight campsites portable shower facilities are also provided as are dishwashing facilities which also double as clothes washing facilities before meal times bicycle network also provides medical support and for additional costs extra servicesuch as massage s and bicycle repairs which are usually provided by an outside business file gvbr teatime at wedderburn vic jjron jpg righthumb ridersit down to teathe caf de canvas in wedderburn victoria wedderburn on day of the gvbr file gvbr lunch at lavers hill vic jjron jpg righthumb the lunch stop at lavers hill on day in the ride itself is fully catered breakfast lunch andinner are provided from lunchtime on the first saturday until breakfast on the final sunday as part of the cost of the ride breakfast andinner are served from the caf de canvas with several hundred seats and tables provided both in the open and under a large under canvas eating and entertainment area riders however must supply their own cutlery plates andrinking vessels lunches are served at one of the restops en route riders can also takextra supplies at mealtimesuch as fruito carry withem asnacks on the ride the ride organisers additionally run a licensed caf as part of the caf de canvas and a separate licensed bar the spokes bar sells alcoholic and non alcoholic drinks portable water stop sports water and portable toilet facilities are also provided at each designated rest area there are also a number of independent food vendors who travel withe ride selling hot and cold beverages ice creams and snack foods athe overnight camping spots and at lunch and restops many community organisation such as lions clubs internationalions clubsportingroups and schools along the route use the ride as an opportunity for fundraising selling snacks andrinks running sausage sandwich sausage sizzles and selling hot breakfasts to riders mediand entertainment a daily newsheethe good oil is produced and an fm radio station byk fm formerly broadcasthere are now regular website blog and twitter updates including dedicated hashtag s and photographs an independent media company also follows the ride producing official event photography and a documentary videof the ride both available for purchasexternal mediagenciesuch as the australian broadcasting corporation abc and newspaper s also regularly follow the ride or send journalists to participate nightly entertainment is provided including live music performances in the caf de canvas movie screenings a talent show trivia night s a meet and greet and roving performers many of the towns along the route also providentertainment including live music street market s and fireworks display s riders are permitted to pack up tof luggage to be carried on the luggage trucks including their tents and camping equipment and can also carry whatever equipmenthey wish on their bikes ride organisers provide approximately one semi trailer truck to carry the luggage for each riderso the ride is typically accompanied by at least six to eight luggage trucksafety and support file gvbr warbys leaving dunolly vic jjron jpg right uprighthumb two warbys riding near the back of the field leave dunolly victoria dunolly in thevent generally has a strong safety record with justhree on roadeaths recorded in its thirtyear history the first was in the s when a man died after crashing his bike prior to mandatory helmet laws the second in when a woman was blown into the path of an oncoming vehicle being killed instantly the third was in when a man died after clipping the wheel of another bike and falling into the path of an overtaking truck occasionally other entrants have died of heart attacks usually in their sleep bicycles arexpected to be in a roadworthy condition including having a functioning warning device such as a bicycle bell or vehicle horn bicycle horn and front and rear safety reflectors all participants arequired to wear a bicycle helmet as mandated by bicycle helmets in australia law in victoriand australia these requirements may benforced by police hazard andirection signs restops and route marshal s are organised for the rideach day including marshals on motorbikes and in vehicles andirecting traffic at major intersections a group of volunteeriders called warbys we are right behind you ride throughouthe field providing emergency assistance for bicycle breakdowns and rider difficulties a number of sag wagon s accompany the ride to pick up riders and bikes who are unable to continue due to their bicycle being beyond roadside repair injury sickness or general weariness designated rest areas including the lunch stop are provided roughly every of the ridependent on site availability these are usually set up in a park or sportinground of a town along the route but sometimes other smaller off road sites or even road verge roadside verges have to suffice athe rest areas bicycle network set up water and toilet provisions and independent vendors are usually also present selling snacks andrinks medical support and emergency bicycle repair services are normally available as well ride organisers also work closely with victoria police in regards to traffic management and hazard reduction operations ambulance victoriare on call to assist with accidents and medical emergencies a team of riders from the police bicycle victoria police bicycle unit also participate in the rideach year emergency management plans are in place in case of bushfires in australia bushfires or other natural disaster s the timing of the ride is to try to take advantage of generally favourable weather athe start of summer in victoria with warm days mild nights relatively little rainfall and less wind than at other times of year despitexpected mild conditionsevere weather canonetheless be common ranging from temperatures in excess of heavy rainfall and thunderstorm s and cold wind y conditions for example the ride saw seventeen riders hospitalised with fears of hypothermia due to the wet and cold on day four while just a matter of days both before and after this many riderstruggled withe heat when temperatures reached the high s file gvbr volunteers queenscliff vic jjron jpg righthumb volunteers in catering prepare to serve tea on the final night of the great vic in queenscliff victoria queenscliff many of the facilities and services provided on the ride are contributed by around volunteering volunteer s each year volunteers include those with family and friends doing the ride but who do not wanto ride themselves formeriders no longer able to participate and many who simply enjoy the atmosphere of the ride some of the volunteers also participate in the ride itself volunteer positions include catering services medical services luggage handlers route marshals information and media servicesign production sag wagon warby team cleaning services tent set up and campsite services a total of thirty five different volunteer teams operate on the ride often volunteers will be under the guidance of paid employees or assisting paid independent contractor s in providing a service withouthe level of support provided by volunteer labour the cost of ride would become prohibitively expensive for many riders ride history the great victorian bike ride was first organised in as a one off evento celebrate the sesquicentennial of theuropean settlement of victoria it was the first event ever organised by then bicycle institute of victoria which later became bicycle victoria bv and is now bicycle network the bicycle institute used a grantorganise the ride planning a nine day route which ran from wodonga victoria wodonga to the state capital melbourne victoria melbourne without a rest day and which attracted riders although conditions were quite primitive the ride nonetheless proved popular and attracted strong demand for a follow up eventhe next yearly success file gvbr lunch stop at dunolly vic jjron jpg right uprighthumb massed bikes and riders are symbolic of the great vic the second event in followed a nearly identical route as the first one leading to a small decrease in the number of riders taking parto the fewest in thevent s history however as organisation improved andifferent routes began to be offered the ride soon became a well regarded annual event a rest day was introduced for the third ride and popularity quickly grewith rider numbers rising by more than a year by the gvbr s th year in when it first covered a section of the spectacular great ocean road numbers had almost doubled from thearly days tover in the th event in following a not dissimilaroute to the firstwo great vics rider numbers had swelled to close to the th ride in attracted a then record of nearly riders for a route that included the fullength of the great ocean road for the firstime a number that still stands as the second highest participation rate in thevent s history after the boom of the ride the popularity of the great vic started to significantly and quickly decline just five years later in a return visito again ride the full great ocean road was only able to draw just overiders the nexthree years from to would see the three lowest participation ratesince the origin of the ride withe th event in drawing less than riders for the only time other than the second great vic in even anothereturn to ride the fullength of the great ocean road for the millennial event in the year could attract just pedallers withe future of thevent in jeopardy bicycle network began to make improvements to the structure of the ride and this along with increased publicity saw numbers again starting to increase the traditional melbourne finish that had characterised the ride for almostwentyears was gradually abandoned allowing for more variety in routes which could now both start and finish anywhere in the state from the th event in bicycle network began giving the rides catchy names for improved marketing christening that year s eventhe summito sea that year for the first and only time in the ride s history the great vic journeyed into australian alps victoria s alpine areas with a mountaintop start on the state s highest sealed road athe high mount hotham victoria mount hotham the route then descended along the scenic great alpine road for to its end in bairnsdale victoria bairnsdale before travelling through gippsland finishing in mornington victoria mornington the firstime it had ever finished outside suburban melbourne these new features of the ride saw rider numbers immediately increase by over the previously stagnating participation rates the st anniversary event in saw the great vic finally regain and surpass its former popularity a free new bike was given to each ride registrant and this well publicised offering coupled with a return to the great ocean road led to a new record of riders taking part some other notable achievements and firsts of the ride since this time have included in the gvbrecorded its first death of a rider due to a collision with a motor vehicle and only itsecond ever on road fatality regular participant year old mother ofive deborah gray was killed instantly when a strongust of wind blew her into the path of an oncoming four wheel drive at am onovember during day three of the ride on the murray valley highway east of gunbower victoria gunbower the ride finished fromelbourne in the small gippsland town of buchan victoria buchan this was the furthest ever finish fromelbourne and the only time the gvbr s finishas been further away fromelbourne than itstart in for the first and only time thentire cycling route was a loop starting and finishing in ballarat another visito the great ocean road in was capped at riders due to the logistical problems that had been experiencedealing withe record number of riders in entries were filled within a feweeks of going on sale to the general public the only time a great vic has officially sold out as an indication of the community minded consciousness of the ride theventravelled through areas that had been devastated by drought in australia continuation into drought and s black saturday bushfires this was an efforto bring tourism and business back to the impacted communities with a finish in the town of marysville victoria marysville whichad been almost completely destroyed in the conflagration the longest single day s ride in the history of the gvbr officially took place on day six of the th running in with a leg from echuca victoria echuca to boort victoria boort of day four in was arguably the ride s toughest day ever an already challenging route from rosedale victoria rosedale to traralgon victoria traralgon through the strzelecki ranges including a climb with of gravel was hit by a day of unseasonably wet and cold weather seventeen riders were hospitalised with fears of hypothermiand many hundreds more finished on sag wagon suffering from cold accidents or unrideable bikes otheriders took an easy shortcut along the highway between the towns meaning only a small fraction of the field completed the full ride the th anniversary great vic in again ventured back to the great ocean road with a firstimever visito south australia starting in mount gambier south australia mount gambier participants were capped at for the full route as in with an extra tickets available foriders taking up a shorteride option although ultimately this ride did not sell out although still billed as nine days in the first day was rebranded as arrival day with no riding thereforeffectively reducing the ride to eight days including the rest day the total ride distance was concomitantly reduced to justhe shortest recorded ride lengthe ride wasimilarly reduced to seven days riding as well as the rest day and arrival day making it clear that although bn still publicise the gvbr as a nine day ride the ride has in fact been reduced by a day from onwards in a third on roadeath was recorded and only the secondue to an incident with a motor vehicle a year old man from echuca trevor pearce died when his bike clipped the wheel of anotherider and he fell into the path of an overtaking truck the accidentook place at about am on wednesday december during day five of the ride on the mansfield whitfield road athe locality of list of localities in victoriaustralia shire of mansfield barwite about from the finishing point for the day in mansfield victoria mansfield the success of the great vic ultimately led to bicycle network organising other cycling events this has included interstate and international equivalents of the gvbr whichave run annually since these rides now known as the bicycle network great escapade great escapade have visited mostates of australia including tasmania western australia new south walesouth australiand queensland as well as other countries including new zealand new caledoniand thailand bicycle network alsorganises other popularides including the very successful around the bay in a day event which started in and now regularly involves overiders other cycling organisations around australia such as bicycle queensland bicycle nsw have also followed the lead of bn to establish their own equivalents of the great vic at various times the most successful of these is cycle queensland run by bicycle queensland whichas run as annual event since cycle queensland runs for about over eight days in early september typically attracting about participants with a record of riders in route history the table below indicates the history of ride including routes approximate distances and numbers of ridersome of the figures provided arestimates class wikitable sortable bgcolor efefef scope col width ride scope col width year scope col width name scope col width start scope col width towns used for overnight stopscope col width finish scope col width dist km scope col width riderscope col width map align center align center wodonga victoria wodonga beechworth victoria beechworth benalla victoria benalla shepparton victoria shepparton rushworth victoria rushworth bendigo victoria bendigo maryborough victoria maryborough ballarat victoria ballarat sunbury victoria sunbury melbourne victoria melbourne align right align right align center align center wodonga victoria wodonga beechworth victoria beechworth benalla victoria benalla shepparton victoria shepparton rushworth victoria rushworth bendigo victoria bendigo maryborough victoria maryborough daylesford victoria daylesford sunbury victoria sunbury melbourne victoria melbourne align right align right align center align center bairnsdale victoria bairnsdale yarram victoria yarram foster victoria fosterd leongatha victoria leongatha korumburra victoria korumburra warragul victoria warragul pakenham victoria pakenham rosebud victoria rosebud melbourne victoria melbourne align right align right align center align center stawell victoria stawell halls gap victoria halls gap hamilton victoria hamilton port fairy victoria port fairy port campbell victoria port campbell colac victoria colac torquay victoria torquay rosebud victoria rosebud melbourne victoria melbourne align right align right align center align center swan hill victoria swan hillake boga victoria lake boga cohuna victoria cohuna echuca victoria echuca rd colbinabbin victoria colbinabbin castlemaine victoria castlemaine kyneton victoria kyneton bacchus marsh victoria bacchus marsh melbourne victoria melbourne align right align right align center align center yarrawonga victoria yarrawonga rutherglen victoria rutherglen yackandandah victoria yackandandah myrtleford victoria myrtleford wangaratta victoria wangaratta shepparton victoria shepparton seymour victoria seymour gisborne victoria gisborne melbourne victoria melbourne align right align right align center align center bairnsdale victoria bairnsdale paynesville victoria paynesville maffra victoria maffra seaspray victoria seasprayarram victoria yarram rd traralgon victoria traralgon leongatha victoria leongatha crib point victoria crib point melbourne victoria melbourne align right align right align center align center stawell victoria stawellake fyans victoria lake fyans dunkeld victoria dunkeld port fairy victoria port fairy rd port campbell victoria port campbell apollo bay victoriapollo bay anglesea victorianglesea bacchus marsh victoria bacchus marsh melbourne victoria melbourne align right align right align center align center numurkah victoria numurkah cobram victoria cobram yarrawonga victoria yarrawonga benalla victoria benalla mansfield victoria mansfield rd eildon victoria eildon yea victoria yea whittlesea victoria whittlesea melbourne victoria melbourne align right align right align center align center holbrook new south wales holbrook nswalwa victoria walwa talgarno victoria talgarno myrtleford victoria myrtleford benalla victoria benalla euroa victoria euroa kilmore victoria kilmore hurstbridge victoria hurstbridge melbourne victoria melbourne align right align right align center align center swan hill victoria swan hill kerang victoria kerang cohuna victoria cohuna echuca victoria echuca rd rushworth victoria rushworth nagambie victoria nagambie broadford victoria broadford hurstbridge victoria hurstbridge melbourne victoria melbourne align right align right align center align center mount arapiles horsham victoria horsham balmoral victoria balmoral dunkeld victoria dunkeld ararat victoriararat rd avoca victoriavoca daylesford victoria daylesford bacchus marsh victoria bacchus marsh melbourne victoria melbourne align right align right align center align center dunkeld victoria dunkeld hamilton victoria hamilton portland victoria portland port fairy victoria port fairy port campbell victoria port campbell apollo bay victoriapollo bay rd torquay victoria torquay lara victoria lara melbourne victoria melbourne align right align right align center align center buchan victoria buchan orbost victoria orbost lakes entrance victoria lakes entrance paynesville victoria paynesville sale victoria sale yarram victoria yarram rd inverloch victoria inverloch leongatha victoria leongatha koo wee rup melbourne victoria melbourne align right align right align center align center corowa nsw chiltern victoria chiltern myrtleford victoria myrtleford benalla victoria benalla mansfield victoria mansfield alexandra victorialexandra rd marysville victoria marysville yarra glen victoria yarra glen melbourne victoria melbourne align right align right align center align center echuca victoria echuca rochester victoria rochester bendigo victoria bendigo st arnaud victoria st arnaud maryborough victoria maryborough rd castlemaine victoria castlemaine trentham victoria trentham riddells creek victoria riddells creek melbourne victoria melbourne align right align right align center align center macarthur victoria macarthur port fairy victoria port fairy warrnambool victoria warrnambool port campbell victoria port campbell apollo bay victoriapollo bay rd anglesea victorianglesea queenscliff victoria queenscliff bacchus marsh victoria bacchus marsh melbourne victoria melbourne align right align right align center align centerutherglen victoria rutherglen wangaratta victoria wangaratta dederang victoria dederang bright victoria bright rd whitfield victoria whitfield mansfield victoria mansfield yea victoria yea marysville victoria marysville lilydale victoria lilydale align right align right align center align center casterton victoria warrock homestead casterton victoria casterton hamilton victoria hamilton halls gap victoria halls gap rd stawell victoria stawell maryborough victoria maryborough daylesford victoria daylesford hanging rock victoria hanging rock melbourne victoria melbourne align right align right align center map align center align center summito sea mount hotham victoria mount hotham omeo victoria omeo bruthen victoria bruthen briagolong victoria briagolonglengarry victoria glengarryarram victoria yarram rd inverloch victoria inverloch crib point victoria crib point mornington victoria mornington align right align right align center align center the great ocean road port fairy victoria port fairy koroit victoria koroit port campbell victoria port campbell camperdown victoria camperdown gellibrand victoria gellibrand apollo bay victoriapollo bay rd aireys inlet victoriaireys inlet queenscliff victoria queenscliff geelong victoria geelong align right align right align center align centeriver to river swan hill victoria swan hill murrabit victoria murrabit cohuna victoria cohuna echuca victoria echuca rd heathcote victoria heathcote newstead victoria newstead woodend victoria woodend whittlesea victoria whittlesea heidelberg victoria heidelberg align right align right align center align center jazz hills thrills wangaratta victoria wangaratta beechworth victoria beechworth tallangatta victoria tallangatta mount beauty victoria mount beauty myrtleford victoria myrtleford whitfield 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last next participants attendance circa per capacity area budget activity leader_name patron organised bicycle_network filing people member sponsor website_footnotes great_victorian bike_ride gvbr commonly_known great_vic non competitive fully supported eight nine day annual bicycle_touring event organised bicycle_network bicycle_network gvbr takes different routes around countryside state victoriaustralia_victoriaustralia year total ride distance usually range day excluding rest_day_ride first ran attracting riders initially supposed one event due unexpected popularity success subsequently became annual eventhe great_vic typically thousand participants year record riders makes one world largest supported bicycle_rides event structure great_victorian bike_ride organised single annual event usually nine days duration taking_place late november early december athe_start australian summer total ride distance usually average daily ride including rest_day although range less file approaching lorne vic_jjron_jpg_righthumb riders ages abilities ride mixed group enters lorne victoria lorne gvbr gvbr isupported non competitive catering riders ages abilities young children keen racers fitness enthusiasts year cyclists riders disability disabilities everyone oldest riders participate two_year old men ride riders victoria cyclists around australiand world also come take_parthe ride also completed manner bicycle_riders use bike mountain_bike hybrid bike touring bike varying standard quality age less typical bikes also_used including bike tandem bike folding bicycle children bicycle trailer trailer bike even occasional scooter style scooter bicycles approximately one third riders year participate part school groups fifty different predominantly middle years secondary school accompanied ride teachers parents number riders later turned professional taken part great_vic including former top female rider anna tour_de_france winner evans ride options ride nine day starting last saturday inovember finishing first sunday december including one rest_day somewhere around middle ride due lengthe bicycle_network manyears marketed gvbr week another world bicycle_network alsoffers number shorteride options may vary year year order cater riders example single day_rides referred great ride may_offered usually either first last day main ride particularly scenic day organisers alsoffer three_day ride option termed great_vic getaway usually covers days main ride official rider numbers later years rides include riders taken part shorteride options may total several hundred thousand extra riders cost full nine day_ride adults children children free children five discount foriders entered thend july lower prices shorteride options late fee entries paid thend october cost included meals luggage transport provision campsites water toilet shower facilities well medical safety support_services file court house macarthur vic jpg_righthumb small_towns like macarthur victoria macarthur benefit economically thousands visitors economic_benefits great_vic recognised beneficial towns along route particularly food outlets towns used overnight_stops community groups run successful towns businesses go great lengths cater thousands riders passing sun hastated small country town hosting overnight stay great_victorian bike_ride akin winning olympic games traders extra week month even year income ride visit estimated town hosting night stop took visitors additional income coming ride organisers also longer term benefits riders regularly returned later towns areas often bringing others withem total economic benefito communities ride estimated million file gvbr camping bruthen vic_jjron_jpg tents fill bruthen victoria bruthen football ground first night ride planning begins year half actual event bicycle_network organisers designing route arranging options towns communities along route lengthe following_year route secret announced night rest_day great_vic advance ticket sales usually_made available participants current ride following tickets officially gon sale next may year ride finer details continue throughouthe following_year leading ride bicycle_network staff volunteers developed facilities logistics plans catering needs several thousand cyclists volunteers day_ride includes provision three meals day washing facilities transport many tons luggage equipment luggage trucks trucks carrying ride organisation equipment portable typically fourteen forty semi trailer trucks accompany day number buses also_used transport volunteers workers around route vehicles total supporting ride volunteers provide much labour ride whichelps keep costs bicycle_network therefore entry fees foriders bicycle_network also commercial sponsorship including naming ride whichas since bicycle_network additionally produce market souvenir merchandise particular year ride including short long cycling jersey polo shirt caps bicycle water bottle designed use bottle cage due ride structure level organisation supporthe age newspaper called great_vic arguably world greatest one_week cycling holiday accommodation camping style riders required provide set pull tent day designated campsite usually town used overnight stop generally local australian rules football cricket additional also sleep easy option tents provided set riders luxury support option accommodation provided motels bed breakfast establishments file gvbr tent city anglesea pano vic_jjron_jpg center thumb px temporary tent city iset nighto accommodate thousands participants one filled withe tents riders anglesea victorianglesea day along_withe food water toilet facilities provided athe overnight campsites portable shower facilities also_provided facilities also double clothes washing facilities meal times bicycle_network also_provides medical support additional costs extra servicesuch massage bicycle repairs usually provided outside business file gvbr wedderburn vic_jjron_jpg_righthumb caf_de canvas wedderburn victoria wedderburn day gvbr file gvbr lunch hill vic_jjron_jpg_righthumb lunch stop hill day_ride fully catered breakfast lunch andinner provided lunchtime first saturday breakfast final sunday part cost ride breakfast andinner served caf_de canvas several hundred seats tables provided open large canvas eating entertainment area riders however must supply cutlery plates andrinking vessels lunches served one restops route riders also supplies carry withem ride ride organisers additionally run licensed caf part caf_de canvas separate licensed bar bar sells alcoholic non_alcoholic drinks portable water stop sports water portable toilet facilities also_provided designated rest area also number independent food_vendors travel withe ride selling hot cold beverages ice_creams snack foods athe overnight camping spots lunch restops many community organisation lions clubs schools along route use ride opportunity fundraising selling snacks andrinks running sausage sandwich sausage selling hot breakfasts riders mediand entertainment daily good oil produced radio station formerly regular website blog twitter updates including dedicated photographs independent media company_also follows ride producing official event photography documentary videof ride available australian broadcasting corporation abc newspaper also regularly follow ride send journalists participate nightly entertainment provided including live_music performances caf_de canvas movie talent show night meet roving performers many towns along route also including live_music street market display riders permitted pack tof luggage carried luggage trucks including tents camping_equipment also carry whatever wish bikes ride organisers provide approximately one semi trailer truck carry luggage ride typically accompanied least six eight luggage support file gvbr leaving dunolly vic_jjron_jpg right_uprighthumb two riding near back field leave dunolly victoria dunolly thevent generally strong safety record recorded history first man died bike prior mandatory helmet laws second woman blown path vehicle killed instantly third man died wheel another bike falling path truck occasionally entrants died heart attacks usually sleep bicycles arexpected condition including functioning warning device bicycle bell vehicle horn bicycle horn front rear safety participants arequired wear bicycle helmet mandated bicycle helmets australia law victoriand australia requirements may police hazard andirection signs restops route organised day including vehicles traffic major group called right behind ride throughouthe field providing emergency assistance bicycle_rider difficulties number sag wagon accompany ride pick riders bikes unable continue due bicycle beyond roadside repair injury sickness general designated rest_areas including lunch stop provided roughly every site availability usually set park town along route sometimes smaller road sites even road roadside athe rest_areas bicycle_network set water toilet provisions independent vendors usually also present selling snacks andrinks medical support emergency bicycle repair services normally available well ride organisers also work closely victoria police regards traffic management hazard reduction operations ambulance call assist accidents medical emergencies team riders police bicycle victoria police bicycle unit also participate year emergency management plans place case australia natural disaster timing ride try take_advantage generally weather athe_start summer victoria warm days mild nights relatively little rainfall less wind times year mild weather common ranging temperatures excess heavy rainfall cold wind conditions example ride saw seventeen riders fears due wet cold day four matter days many withe heat temperatures reached high file gvbr volunteers queenscliff vic_jjron_jpg_righthumb volunteers catering prepare serve tea final night great_vic queenscliff victoria queenscliff many facilities services provided ride contributed around volunteering volunteer year volunteers include family friends ride wanto ride longer able participate many simply enjoy atmosphere ride volunteers also participate ride volunteer positions include catering services medical services luggage handlers route information media production sag wagon team cleaning services tent set campsite services total thirty five different volunteer teams operate ride often volunteers guidance paid employees assisting paid independent contractor providing service withouthe level support provided volunteer labour cost ride would_become expensive many riders ride history great_victorian bike_ride first organised one celebrate theuropean settlement victoria first event ever organised bicycle institute victoria later_became bicycle victoria bicycle_network bicycle institute used ride planning nine day_route ran wodonga victoria wodonga state capital melbourne_victoria_melbourne without rest_day attracted riders although conditions quite primitive ride nonetheless proved popular attracted strong demand follow eventhe next yearly success file gvbr lunch stop dunolly vic_jjron_jpg right_uprighthumb bikes riders symbolic great_vic second event followed nearly identical route first one leading small decrease number riders taking parto thevent history however organisation improved routes began offered ride soon became well regarded annual event rest_day introduced third ride popularity quickly rider numbers rising year gvbr th year first covered section spectacular great_ocean_road numbers almost doubled thearly days tover th event following firstwo great rider numbers close th ride attracted record nearly riders route included fullength great_ocean_road firstime number still stands second highest participation rate thevent history boom ride popularity great_vic started significantly quickly decline five_years_later return visito ride full great_ocean_road able draw overiders years would see three lowest participation origin ride withe th event drawing less riders time second great_vic even ride fullength great_ocean_road event year could attract withe future thevent bicycle_network began make improvements structure ride along increased publicity saw numbers starting increase traditional melbourne finish characterised ride gradually abandoned allowing variety routes could start finish anywhere state th event bicycle_network began giving rides names improved marketing year eventhe sea year first time ride history great_vic australian alps victoria alpine areas start state highest sealed road athe high mount hotham victoria mount hotham route descended along scenic great alpine road end bairnsdale victoria bairnsdale travelling finishing mornington victoria mornington firstime ever finished outside suburban melbourne new features ride saw rider numbers immediately increase previously participation rates st anniversary event saw great_vic finally regain former popularity free new bike given ride well offering coupled return great_ocean_road led new record riders taking part notable achievements ride since time included first death rider due motor_vehicle itsecond ever road fatality regular participant year_old mother ofive deborah gray killed instantly wind path four wheel drive onovember day three ride murray valley highway east victoria ride finished small_town buchan victoria buchan ever finish time gvbr away first time thentire cycling route loop starting finishing ballarat another visito great_ocean_road riders due logistical problems withe record number riders entries filled within feweeks going sale general_public time great_vic officially sold indication community minded consciousness ride areas australia black saturday efforto bring tourism_business back communities finish town marysville victoria marysville whichad almost completely destroyed longest single day_ride history gvbr officially took_place day six th running leg echuca victoria echuca boort victoria boort day four arguably ride day ever already challenging route rosedale victoria rosedale traralgon victoria traralgon ranges including climb gravel hit day wet cold weather seventeen riders fears many hundreds finished sag wagon suffering cold accidents bikes took easy along highway towns meaning small fraction field completed full ride th_anniversary great_vic ventured back great_ocean_road visito south_australia starting mount gambier south_australia mount gambier participants full route_extra tickets available foriders taking shorteride option although ultimately ride sell although still billed nine days first_day rebranded arrival day riding reducing ride eight days including rest_day total ride distance reduced justhe shortest recorded ride lengthe ride reduced seven_days riding well rest_day arrival day making clear although still gvbr nine day_ride ride fact reduced day onwards third recorded incident motor_vehicle year_old man echuca died bike wheel fell path truck place wednesday december day five ride mansfield whitfield road athe locality list victoriaustralia mansfield finishing point day mansfield victoria mansfield success great_vic ultimately led bicycle_network cycling_events included interstate international gvbr whichave run annually since rides known bicycle_network great great visited australia including tasmania western_australia new_south australiand queensland well countries_including new_zealand new thailand bicycle_network including successful around bay day event started regularly involves overiders cycling organisations around australia bicycle queensland bicycle nsw also followed lead establish great_vic various times successful cycle queensland run bicycle queensland whichas run annual event since cycle queensland runs eight days early september typically attracting participants record riders route history table indicates history ride including routes approximate distances numbers figures provided class wikitable sortable bgcolor scope col_width ride scope col_width year scope col_width name scope col_width start scope col_width towns used overnight col_width finish scope col_width scope col_width col_width_map align center align center wodonga victoria wodonga beechworth victoria beechworth benalla victoria benalla shepparton victoria shepparton rushworth victoria rushworth bendigo victoria bendigo maryborough victoria maryborough ballarat victoria ballarat sunbury victoria sunbury melbourne_victoria_melbourne_align right align right align center align center wodonga victoria wodonga beechworth victoria beechworth benalla victoria benalla shepparton victoria shepparton rushworth victoria rushworth bendigo victoria bendigo maryborough victoria maryborough daylesford victoria daylesford sunbury victoria sunbury melbourne_victoria_melbourne_align right align right align center align center bairnsdale victoria bairnsdale yarram victoria yarram foster victoria leongatha victoria leongatha victoria victoria victoria rosebud victoria rosebud melbourne_victoria_melbourne_align right align right align center align center stawell victoria stawell halls gap victoria halls gap hamilton victoria hamilton port_fairy victoria_port fairy port_campbell victoria_port campbell victoria torquay victoria torquay rosebud victoria rosebud melbourne_victoria_melbourne_align right align right align center align center swan hill victoria swan victoria lake cohuna victoria cohuna echuca victoria echuca victoria castlemaine victoria castlemaine victoria bacchus marsh victoria bacchus marsh melbourne_victoria_melbourne_align right align right align center align center yarrawonga victoria yarrawonga victoria victoria myrtleford victoria myrtleford wangaratta victoria wangaratta shepparton victoria shepparton seymour victoria seymour victoria_melbourne victoria_melbourne_align right align right align center align center bairnsdale victoria bairnsdale paynesville victoria paynesville maffra victoria maffra victoria victoria yarram traralgon victoria traralgon leongatha victoria leongatha crib point victoria crib point melbourne_victoria_melbourne_align right align right align center align center stawell victoria victoria lake dunkeld victoria dunkeld port_fairy victoria_port fairy port_campbell victoria_port campbell apollo bay victoriapollo bay anglesea victorianglesea bacchus marsh victoria bacchus marsh melbourne_victoria_melbourne_align right align right align center align center victoria victoria yarrawonga victoria yarrawonga benalla victoria benalla mansfield victoria mansfield eildon victoria eildon yea victoria yea whittlesea victoria whittlesea melbourne_victoria_melbourne_align right align right align center align center new_south_wales victoria victoria myrtleford victoria myrtleford benalla victoria benalla victoria victoria hurstbridge victoria hurstbridge melbourne_victoria_melbourne_align right align right align center align center swan hill victoria swan hill kerang victoria kerang cohuna victoria cohuna echuca victoria echuca rushworth victoria rushworth victoria broadford victoria broadford hurstbridge victoria hurstbridge melbourne_victoria_melbourne_align right align right align center align center mount horsham victoria horsham victoria dunkeld victoria dunkeld daylesford victoria daylesford bacchus marsh victoria bacchus marsh melbourne_victoria_melbourne_align right align right align center align center dunkeld victoria dunkeld hamilton victoria hamilton portland victoria_portland port_fairy victoria_port fairy port_campbell victoria_port campbell apollo bay victoriapollo bay torquay victoria torquay victoria_melbourne victoria_melbourne_align right align right align center align center buchan victoria buchan victoria lakes entrance victoria lakes entrance paynesville victoria paynesville sale victoria sale yarram victoria yarram inverloch victoria inverloch leongatha victoria leongatha rup melbourne_victoria_melbourne_align right align right align center align center nsw victoria myrtleford victoria myrtleford benalla victoria benalla mansfield victoria mansfield alexandra marysville victoria marysville glen victoria glen melbourne_victoria_melbourne_align right align right align center align center echuca victoria echuca rochester victoria rochester bendigo victoria bendigo st arnaud victoria st arnaud maryborough victoria maryborough castlemaine victoria castlemaine victoria creek victoria creek melbourne_victoria_melbourne_align right align right align center align center macarthur victoria macarthur port_fairy victoria_port fairy warrnambool victoria warrnambool port_campbell victoria_port campbell apollo bay victoriapollo bay anglesea victorianglesea queenscliff victoria queenscliff bacchus marsh victoria bacchus marsh melbourne_victoria_melbourne_align right align right align center align victoria wangaratta victoria wangaratta victoria bright victoria bright whitfield victoria whitfield mansfield victoria mansfield yea victoria yea marysville victoria marysville lilydale victoria lilydale align right align right align center align center victoria homestead victoria hamilton victoria hamilton halls gap victoria halls gap stawell victoria stawell maryborough victoria maryborough daylesford victoria daylesford hanging rock victoria hanging rock melbourne_victoria_melbourne_align right align right align center map align center align center sea mount hotham victoria mount hotham victoria bruthen victoria bruthen victoria victoria victoria yarram inverloch victoria inverloch crib point victoria crib point mornington victoria mornington align right align right align center align center great_ocean_road port_fairy victoria_port fairy victoria_port campbell victoria_port campbell victoria gellibrand victoria gellibrand apollo bay victoriapollo bay inlet inlet queenscliff victoria queenscliff geelong victoria geelong align right align right align center align river swan hill victoria swan hill victoria cohuna victoria cohuna echuca victoria echuca heathcote victoria heathcote newstead victoria newstead victoria whittlesea victoria whittlesea victoria align right align right align center align center jazz hills thrills wangaratta victoria wangaratta beechworth victoria beechworth victoria mount beauty victoria mount beauty myrtleford victoria myrtleford whitfield victoria whitfield mansfield victoria mansfield yea victoria yea whittlesea victoria right align right align center align center waves caves victoria phillip island victoria phillip island victoria foster victoria victoria victoria maffra victoria maffra paynesville victoria paynesville buchan victoria buchan align right align right align center align center grampians ballarat victoria ballarat victoria victoria mortlake victoria mortlake dunkeld victoria dunkeld halls gap victoria halls gap lake victoria lake beaufort victoria beaufort ballarat victoria ballarat align right align right align center map align center align center great_ocean_road portland victoria_portland victoria_portland via cape victoria cape loop macarthur victoria macarthur port_fairy victoria_port fairy port_campbell victoria_port campbell apollo bay victoriapollo bay anglesea victorianglesea queenscliff victoria queenscliff geelong victoria geelong align right align right align center map align center align center lakes rivers ranges yarrawonga victoria yarrawonga victoria victoria victoria victoria seymour victoria seymour yea victoria yea eildon victoria eildon marysville victoria marysville align right align right align center map align center align center mighty murray hill victoria swan hill swan hill victoria swan kerang victoria kerang new_south_wales echuca victoria echuca boort victoria boort wedderburn victoria wedderburn maryborough victoria maryborough castlemaine victoria castlemaine align right align right align center align center lakes entrance phillip island lakes entrance victoria lakes entrance bruthen victoria bruthen victoria rosedale victoria rosedale traralgon victoria traralgon victoria north victoria north san remo victoria san remo penguin parade phillip island victoria phillip island align right align right align center map align center align center great_ocean_road mount gambier south_australia mount gambier nelson victoria nelson portland victoria_portland port_fairy victoria_port fairy port_campbell victoria_port campbell gellibrand victoria gellibrand victoria torquay victoria torquay geelong victoria geelong align right align right align center map align center align center explore bright high country nsw bright victoria bright victoria mansfield victoria mansfield alexandra victoria lilydale victoria lilydale align right align right align center map align center align ballarat dunolly victoria dunolly victoria bendigo heathcote victoria heathcote castlemaine victoria castlemaine bendigo align right align right align center map align center align center best worlds halls gap halls gap dunkeld victoria dunkeld mortlake victoria mortlake twelve victoria twelve apollo bay surf coast surf coast queenscliff victoria queenscliff geelong victoria geelong align right align right align center map notes signifies town used rest_day_routes officially named distances approximate full ride distance quoted original advertising literature total number riders quoted includes riders participated options introduced route maps created bicycle_network google_maps site starting first_day arrival day riding reducing ride eight days first overnight stop simply starting town externalinks great_victorian bike_ride official_website history great_vic google_maps category_cycling melbourne category_cycling victoriaustralia category sport victoriaustralia category_bicycle_tours category_cycling events victoria category recurring events established category_establishments australia"},{"title":"Green conventions","description":"notoc green conventions or green meetings are convention meeting conventions which are conducted in ways which minimize thenvironmental burdens imposed by such activities green meeting and convention planner event planners apply sustainability environmentally preferred practices to waste management resource and energy use travel and local transportation facilitieselection siting and construction food provision andisposal hotels and accommodations and management and purchasing decisions the practice is known as event greening or sustainablevent management green event and convention planning is now an established trend within the global tourism and convention industry several cities in the united states and europe now sport green convention centers designed usingreen building principles and practiceseveral high visibility events including the olympic games in italy sydney utah and greece thearth summit world summit on sustainable development in johannesburg and the democratic national convention democratic and republicanational convention republicanational conventions have implemented green practices with varied success a morecent example is that of livearth a series of worldwide concerts held on july that initiated a three year campaign to combat climate change such efforts aim to conserve resources protect air and water quality habitat and human health and showcase sustainability practices and concerns parts of the tourism and convention industry now promote green meetings conferences and convention planning as demand for sustainability measures increases industry associations have produced standards and guides for green meetings government agencies and non profit organizations also promote these practices with research recommendations grants and technical support some private consultants in the meeting planning industry specialize in mountingreen events and industry groups and governments now sponsor awards to recognize achievements green conventions meetings conferencing and events are part of an environmental 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film leaves audiences reeling edmonton journal canadian press january p retrieved november helicopter canadaka h licopt re canada is a canadian documentary film produced by the national film board of canadandirected by eugene boyko the film features aerial photography of all ten of provinces and territories of canada s provinces helicopter canada sponsored by the canadian centennial canada s centennial commission was produced for international distribution in both french and english language versions on the occasion of the canadian centennial synopsis the short documentary offers a narrated tour from a helicopter of the canadian provinces in the bird s eye view showed both familiar and little known aspects of the canadian landscape among the featured film locations are the badlands alberta oak island nova scotia ottawa ontario montr al qu bec qu becity qu bec niagara falls ontario thousand islandsaint lawrence river ontario torontontario vancouver british columbiand winnipeg manitoba paul mccartney cameo lester b pearson filmed in panavision helicopter canada took months to produce and required cinematographer eugene boyko to spend hours aloft in a specially outfitted alouette ii helicopter canada was made for international distribution during the canadian centennial columbia pictures boughthe rights for a minute version that was distributed internationally including the ussr usa chinand italy besides french the film was translated into languagesclark domini canada s oscar nod in a cringe worthy canuck tribute the globe and mail february retrieved january although now consideredated helicopter canada during its initial release received positive reviews joan fox wrote in the globe and mail if this film doesn t stir your canadian blood nothing will helicopter canada was nominated for an academy award for academy award for documentary feature best documentary feature athe th academy awards the th academy awards nominees and winners oscarsorg retrieved january details helicopter canada the new york times retrieved january the film also received two awards athe canadian film awards best film in the general information category and a special prize for providing a superbly appropriate and inspiring opportunity for canadians to view their country in the centennial year wise pp helicopter canada national film board of canada retrieved january wyndham wise wyndham helicopter canada take one s essential guide to canadian film toronto university of toronto press externalinks watchelicopter canadat nfb web site category films category s documentary films category canadian films category canadian aviation films category canadian documentary films category canadian centennial category aerial photography category documentary films about aviation category documentary films about canada category english language films category filmshot in canada category genie and canadian screen award winning films category national film board of canada documentaries category 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film locations alberta oak island nova_scotia ottawa ontario bec bec niagara_falls ontario thousand lawrence river ontario torontontario vancouver_british winnipeg manitoba paul mccartney b pearson filmed helicopter canada took months produce required eugene spend hours specially outfitted ii helicopter canada made international distribution canadian centennial columbia pictures boughthe rights minute version distributed internationally including ussr usa chinand italy besides french film translated canada oscar worthy tribute globe mail february retrieved_january although helicopter canada initial release received positive reviews joan fox wrote globe mail film stir canadian blood nothing helicopter canada nominated academy award academy award documentary feature best documentary feature athe_th academy awards th academy awards winners retrieved_january details helicopter canada new_york times retrieved_january film also received two awards athe canadian film awards best film general information category special prize providing appropriate inspiring opportunity canadians view country centennial year wise pp helicopter canada national_film board canada retrieved_january wyndham wise wyndham helicopter canada take one essential guide canadian film toronto university toronto press externalinks canadat nfb web_site_category films_category_documentary_films category_canadian films_category_canadian aviation films_category_canadian documentary_films category_canadian centennial category aerial photography category_documentary_films aviation category_documentary_films canada_category_english_language films_category filmshot canada_category_canadian screen award_winning films_category national_film board canada documentaries category_travelogues category_films produced tom"},{"title":"Hemistour","description":"hemistour was a bicycle touring bicycle tour from anchorage alaska to tierra del fuego argentina completed in part by dand lys burden and in full by greg and june siple from to twenty nine other cyclists joined the burdens and siples for parts of the trip which totaled miles km national geographic magazine national geographic published an article about hemistour written and photographed by dan burden in their may issue origin dan burden began themistour in as a way to promote hostel ing and bicycling his friend greg siple joined the projectwo years later burden and siple had methrough their chapter of american youthostels in columbus ohio where they had also metheir future wives lys and june respectively who also joined themistour expedition hemistour the burdens and siples the core group of hemistour along withen year old librarian john likinset out from anchorage alaska on june the intended route would make the riders the firsto bicycle the length of the western hemisphere from north to southey splithe route into three parts the first from anchorage to missoula montana where the two couples were living athe time the second fromissoula montana toaxaca city oaxaca mexico and the third from oaxaca to ushuaia in tierra del fuego province argentina the southern tip of south america the route was designed to keep the two couples off of major highways which meanthat services would be few and far between to keep the group supplied they had mailed packages ofood to themselves at various points along the route they mostly camped just off the road or stayed in youthostels in missoula the couples paused the trip for the winter to work and raise funds once reconvened the group continued the bicycle tour to the west coast and south into mexico it was in chocolate mexico chocolate during a side trip in baja california mexico baja california thathe group first discussed the idea of a mass bicycle ride across the united states to celebrate the bicentennial in june siple later coined the name bikecentennial in oaxaca mexico near the border with guatemala themistour group again went on hiatus this time greg siple and the burdens flew to washington dc to negotiate another article with national geographic which was never produced while june attended a language school in guatemala to learn spanish dan burden became ill withepatitis while home in the us forcing the burdens to abandon hemistour and instead focus on bringing bikecentennial to fruition the siples however continued on arriving in ushuaia tierra del fuego argentina on february areas visited north americalaska us yukon canada british columbia canada montana us oregon us california us mexico central america guatemala el salvador honduras nicaragua panama south america colombia ecuador peru boliviargentina post hemistour aftereaching the southern tip of the western hemisphere greg and june siple returned to missoula to join the burdens in preparing for bikecentennial see also adventure cycling association category bicycle 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annual two day non competitive bicycle tour through morgan monroe and owen counties in south central indiana colors it consists of two days of approximately mile routes for a total of one hundred miles in a weekend there is also a mile option for the seconday route thevent draws upwards of cycling enthusiasts from around the country the ride takes you through rolling country hills with both steep climbs andownhills along the route are several restops which offer live bands and free food foregistered participants this meanto create a friendly and open atmosphere amongsthe cyclists history the hilly hundred was first created by hartley alley bernard clayton and tom prebys as a two day one hundred mile ride through central indiana it wasponsored by the southern indiana bicycle touring association sibta the first ride started with riders heading out from bloomington june by the hilly had grown to registered riders and sponsorship had been handed over to the central indiana bicycling association ciba in about riders participated so a staggered start was adopted to cope withe large number and for safety and in a limit of riders was adopted to make sure there would not be too many bicyclists to work with for any given year the hilly hundred changed its headquarters to new facilities in ellettsville indiana in communications athevent are provided by volunteer amateuradioperators usually consisting of many members of the bloomington in bloomington amateuradio club and k iu as well as other hams from the region hams accompany sags rescue vehicles and a station is present at each restop an effort is made for every station especially the sags to include an automatic packet reporting system aprs unit which beacons their location for use by net control communications are run through amateuradio net directed net control is located in ellettsville in ellettsville high school and coordinates all ham radio traffic and sags for thevent in recent years the net has run on the wb tlh meter band m amateuradio repeater which is located on the indiana university bloomington campus cell phones are not used as the primary mode of communication partly because coverage is poor non existent along many stretches of the tour and partly because it was decided to beneficial that all traffic be open reasoning for communications traffic being open includes benefitsuch as everyone involved knowing what is going on elsewhere and important announcements and other informationot needing to be repeated other volunteers other volunteers involved in the hilly hundred include medics who are usually registered nurse s localaw enforcement is alsoften presento deal with traffic problems created by thevent externalinks hilly hundred webpage category bicycle tours category recurring sporting events established in category tourist attractions in greene county indiana category tourist attractions in monroe county indiana category tourist attractions in owen county indiana category cycling 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atmosphere amongsthe cyclists history hilly hundred first created hartley alley bernard clayton tom two_day one hundred mile ride central indiana wasponsored southern indiana bicycle_touring association first ride started riders heading bloomington june hilly grown registered riders sponsorship handed central indiana bicycling association riders participated start adopted cope withe large_number safety limit riders adopted make_sure would many bicyclists work given year hilly hundred changed headquarters new facilities indiana communications provided volunteer usually consisting many members bloomington bloomington club k well region accompany rescue vehicles station present restop effort made every station especially include automatic packet reporting system unit location use net control communications run net directed net control located high_school coordinates ham radio traffic thevent recent_years net run meter band located indiana university bloomington campus cell phones used primary mode communication partly coverage poor non existent along many stretches tour partly decided beneficial traffic open communications traffic open includes everyone involved knowing going elsewhere important announcements needing repeated volunteers volunteers involved hilly hundred include usually registered nurse enforcement alsoften deal traffic problems created thevent externalinks hilly hundred webpage category_bicycle_tours category recurring sporting_events established category_tourist attractions greene county indiana category_tourist attractions monroe county indiana category_tourist attractions county indiana category_cycling indiana category_cycling events united_states category_establishments indiana"},{"title":"Hippie trail","description":"file hippie trailsvg thumb px routes of the hippie trail image be your own goddess art bus vw kombimg jpg thumb right a volkswagen type vw kombi bus decorated withand painting of the hippie style image gypsy van interiorjpg thumb right upright hippie truck interior file goa gilhsjpg thumb musician goa gil in the film last hippie standing the hippie trail also the overland is the name given to the overland journey taken by members of the hippie subculture and others from the mid s to the late s between europe and south asia mainly pakistan indiand nepal the hippie trail was a form of alternative tourism and one of the key elements was travelling as cheaply as possible mainly to extend the length of time away from home the term hippie became current from the mid to late s beatnik was the previous term whichad gained currency in the second half of the s in every major stop of the hippie trail there were hotels restaurants and caf s that catered almost exclusively to westerners who networked with each other as they travelled east and westhe hippies tended to spend more time interacting withe local population than traditional sightseeing tourists journeys would typically start from cities in western europe often london copenhagen west berlin paris amsterdam or milan many from the united states took icelandic airlines to luxembourg city luxembourg most journeys passed through istanbul where routes divided the usual northern route passed through tehran herat kandahar kabul peshawar and lahore on to india nepal and southeast asian alternative route was from turkey via syria jordand iraq to irand pakistan all travellers had to cross the pakistan india border at ganda singh wala or later at wagah delhi varanasi then benares goa kathmandu or bangkok were the usual destinations in theast kathmandu still has a road jhochhen tole nicknamed freak street in commemoration of the many thousands of hippies who passed through further travel to southern india kovalam beach in trivandrum keraland some to sri lanka then called ceylon and points east and south to australia wasometimes also undertaken cities london brussels luxembourg frankfurt nuremberg munich salzburg vienna budapest szeged belgrade sofia istanbul ankara sivas erzurum karakose tabriz tehran yazd bam iran bam pishin iran pishin herat kabul kandahar peshawar gwadar karachi sukkur multan lahore amritsar ludhiana muzaffarnagar bhimdatta mahendranagar lumbini kathmandu trivandrum varkala file anjuna hippie market jpg thumb hippie market in anjuna goa file freak streetjpg thumb old freak street freak street inepal methods of travel in order to keep costs low journeys were carried out by hitchhiking or cheaprivate bus es thatravelled the route there were also train s thatravelled part of the way particularly across eastern europe through turkey with a ferry connection across lake vand to tehran or easto mashhad iran from these cities public or private transportation could then be obtained for the rest of the trip the bulk of travellers comprised western europeans north americans australians and japanese ideas and experiences werexchanged in well known hostel s hotels and other gathering spots along the way such as yener s caf and pudding shop the pudding shop in istanbul sigi s on chicken street in kabul or the amir kabir in tehran many used backpacking travel backpacks and while the majority were young older people and families occasionally travelled the route a number drove thentire distance hippies tended to travelight seeking to pick up and go wherever the action was at any time hippies did not worry about money hotel reservations or other such standard travel planning a derivative of thistyle of travel were the hippie trucks and buses hand crafted mobile houses built on a truck or bus chassis to facilitate a nomadic lifestyle some of these mobile homes were quitelaborate with beds toiletshowers and cooking facilities decline and revival of the trail the hippie trail came to an end in the late s with political changes in previously hospitable countries in bothe iranian revolution kurzman charles the unthinkable revolution in iran harvard university press p and the soviet invasion of afghanistan closed the overland route to western travelers the yom kippur war also put in place strict visa restrictions for western citizens in syria iraq and lebanon the lebanese civil war had already broken out in and chitral and kashmir became less inviting due to tensions in the area localso became increasingly weary of western travelers notably in the region between kabul and peshawar wheresidents became increasingly frightened and repulsed by unkempt hippies who were drawn to the region for its famed opium and wild cannabis plant cannabis travel organizersundowners and topdeck pioneered a route through balochistan pakistan baluchistan topdeck continued its trips throughouthe iran iraq war and later conflicts butook its lastrip in from the mid s the route has again become somewhat feasible but continuing conflict and tensions in iraq afghanistand parts of pakistan mean the route is much more difficult and risky to negotiate than in its heyday in september ozbus embarked upon a short lived service between london and sydney over the route of the hippie trail and commercial trips are now offered between europe and asia bypassing iraq afghanistand pakistan by going through nepal and tibeto the old silk road guides and travelogues the bit alternative information centre bit guide recounting collectivexperiences and reproduced at a fairly low cost produced thearly duplicated stapled together foolscap folio foolscap bundle with a pink cover providing information for travelers and updated by those on the road warning of pitfalls and places to see and stay bit under geoff crowther who later joined lonely planet lasted from until the last edition in thedition of the wholearth catalog devoted a pagepage to the overland guide to nepal in tony wheeler and his wife maureen wheeler the creators of the lonely planet guidebook s produced a publication abouthe hippie trail called across asia on the cheap they wrote this page pamphlet based upon travel experiences gained by crossing western europe the balkans turkey and iran from london in a minivan after having traveled through these regions they sold the van in afghanistand continued on a succession of chicken bus es third class trains and long distance trucks they crossed pakistan india nepal thailand malaysiand indonesiand arrived nine months later in sydney with a combined cents in their pockets across asia on the cheapaul theroux wrote a classic account of the route in the great railway bazaar two morecentravel books the wrong way home by peter moore travel author peter moore and magic bus by rory maclean also retrace the original hippie trail magic bus in popular culture hare rama hare krishna film hare rama hare krishna is a bollywood films of indian film directed by dev anand starring himumtaz actress mumtaz and zeenat aman the movie dealt withe decadence of hippie culture it aimed to have anti drug message andepictsome problems associated with westernization such as divorce it is loosely based on the movie psych outhe story for hare rama hare krishna came to anand when he saw hippies and their values in kathmandu the film was a hit boxoffice indiacom and asha bhosle song dumaro dum song dumaro dum was a huge hithe song down under song down under by the australian rock band men at work sets out with a scene on the hippie trail while under the influence of marijuana see also association of special fares agents grand tour th century continental tour undertaken byoung european aristocrats partly as leisure and partly educational indomania banana pancake trail gringo trail silk road ah lonely planet oxford and cambridge far eastern expedition references furthereading dring simon the road again bbc books a season in heaven true tales from the road to kathmandu compiled by david tomory accounts by people who made the trip mostly in search of enlightenment hall michael remembering the hippie trail travelling across asia island publicationsilberman dan in the footsteps of iskander going to indiamazoncom amazonuk externalinks cheltenham to delhi overland in a van road to goa pics and stories from a s trail bus driver magic bus asia overland hippie trail website and photo gallery the hippie trail the road to paradise steve abrams diary of trip from beyond the beach an ethnography of modern travellers in asia on the hippie trail an impression from overland from london to kathmandu in a double decker bus alternative society s bitravel guide video footage of hippie kathmandu from category trails category hippie movement category scenic 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is an american woman who was the gyalmonarch queen consort of the th chogyal king of sikkim palden thondup namgyal their wedding took place in march she was termed her highness the crown princess of sikkim and became the gyalmof sikkim at palden thondup namgyal s coronation in cooke h time change simon shuster palden thondup namgyal was to be the last king of sikkim as a protectorate state under india by bothe country and their marriage were crumbling soon sikkim was annexed by india five months after the takeover of sikkim had begun cooke returned to the united states wither two birth children and stepdaughter to puthem in schools inew york city cooke and her husbandivorced inamgyal died of cancer in cooke wrote an autobiography time change simon schuster and began a career as a lecturer book critic and magazine contributor later becoming an urban historian in her new life as a student of new york city cooke published seeing new york temple university press worked as a newspaper columnist daily news new york daily news and taught at yale university sarah lawrence college and birch wathen lenox school birch wathen a new york city private school early life and family cooke was born in san francisco to an irish american father john j cooke a flight instructor and hope noyes an amateur pilot she was raised in thepiscopal church usa episcopal church palden thondup namgyal deposed sikkim king dies nytimescom her mother hope noyes died in january at age when the plane she was flying solo crashed being a queen did not quite work out but on this cooke s tour hope springs eternal people march vol no imdbiography after her mother s death cooke and her half sister harrietownsend moved to a new york city apartment across the hall from their maternal grandparents helen humpstone and winchester noyes the president of jh winchester co an international shipping brokerage firm they were raised by a succession of governesses her grandfather died when she was her grandmother three years later cooke became the ward laward of her aunt and uncle mary paul noyes and selden chapin a former united states ambassador to iran us ambassador to irand united states ambassador to peru she studied at chapin school manhattan chapin school inew york she attended the madeira school for three years before finishing high school in iran marriage to the crown prince of sikkim file koning en koningin van sikkim jpg thumb lefthe king and queen of sikkim x px in cooke was a freshman majoring in asian studies at sarah lawrence college and sharing an apartment with actress jane alexander she went on a summer trip to indiand met palden thondup namgyal crown prince of sikkim in the loungeduff a requiem for a himalayan kingdom berlinn ltd of the windamere hotel in darjeeling india he was a recent widower with two sons and a daughter and aged nearly twice her age they were drawn to each other by the similar isolation of their childhoods two years later in their engagement was announced buthe wedding was put offor more than a year because astrologers in both sikkim and india warned that was an inauspicious year for marriages on march cooke married namgyal in a buddhism buddhist monastery in a ceremony performed by fourteen lama s weddinguests included members of indian royalty indiand sikkimese generals and the us ambassador to india john kenneth galbraith she renunciation of citizenship renounced her united states citizenship as required by sikkim s laws and also as a demonstration to the people of sikkim that she was not an american arm in the himalayashe was dropped from the social register buthe marriage was reported inational geographic magazine national geographic magazine the new yorker followed the royal couple one of their yearly trips to americalthougher husband was buddhist cooke did not officially convert from christianity to buddhism though she practiced buddhism from an early age on as henry kissinger once remarked she has become more buddhisthan the population wheeler s the story of sikkim s last king and queen reads like a fairy tale gone wrong h time change simon shuster he was crowned monarch of sikkim on april however their marriage faced strains and bothad affairs he with a married belgian womand she with an american friend file king and queen of sikkim and their daughter watch birthday celebrations gangtok sikkim loc ppmsca jpg lefthumb x px king and queen of sikkim and their daughter watch birthday celebrations gangtok sikkim athe same time sikkim was under strain due to annexation pressures from india crowds organized by agents from new delhi marched on the palace againsthe monarchy cooke s husband was deposed on april and confined to his palace under house arrest princess hope l namgyal is engaged to thomas reich jr a us diplomat new york times february the couple soon separated cooke returned to manhattan where she raised her children palden and hope leezum books of the times an adult fairy tale by anatole broyard new york times february in may representative james w symington d mo and senator mike mansfield mt sponsored private bill s to restore her citizenship and however after the bill passed the senate several members of the united states house judiciary subcommittee on immigration policy and border security house judiciary subcommittee on immigration objected and the bill had to be amended to grant her only permanent residence united states us permanent resident status before it could gain their support and pass congress president gerald ford signed the bill into law on june by she still had not been able to regain us citizenship the royal couple divorced in and namgyal died of cancer in new york city palden thondup namgyal deposed sikkim king dies new york times january ashley dunn congress ticket foreigners private bills have granted citizenship oresidency to many who were ineligible under us law los angeles times february later life with child support from namgyal and an inheritance from her grandparentshe rented an apartment in yorkville manhattan this time around she felt profoundly displaced in the city and started going on walking tours and then creating her own cooke s tours new york magazine p september she studiedutch journals old church sermons and newspaper articles to acquaint herself withe city and lectured on the social history of new york she wrote a weekly column undiscovered manhattan for daily news new york the daily news her books include an award winning memoir of her life in sikkim time change an autobiography an off the beaten path guide to new york seeing new york which developed as a result of her expansive walking tours and with jacques d amboise dancer jacques d amboise she published teaching the magic of dance cooke remarried in to mike wallace historian mike wallace a pulitzer prize winning historiandistinguished professor of history at john jay college of criminal justice mike wallace john jay college of criminal justice website accessedecember they later divorced hope cooke son prince palden a new york banker and financial advisor married kesang deki tashi and has a son and three daughters cooke s daughter princess hope graduated fromilton academy and georgetown university and married and later divorced thomas gwyn reich jr a us foreign service officer she remarried to yep wangyal tobden hope cooke lived in london for a few years beforeturning to the united states where she now lives in brooklyn and currently works as a writer historiand lecturer michael t kaufman michael t about new york when east met west and walking around led to brooklyn the new york times february she was a consultant for pbs new york a documentary film cooke is a regular contributor to book reviews and magazines and also lectures widely time change an american women s extraordinary story new york simon schustereview of time change new york times february teaching the magic of dance with jacques d amboise dancer jacques d amboise new york simon schuster seeing new york history walks for armchair and footloose travelers philadelphia temple university press cooke wrote several articles for the bulletin of tibetology published by the namgyal institute of tibetology titles and styles her highness hope la the gyalmof sikkim file order of the precious jewel of theart of sikkimgif px order of the precious jewel of theart of sikkim st class denzong thu ki norbu may royal ark file palden thondup namgyal coronation medal sikkim gif px chogyal palden thondup namgyal coronation medal april crowning of hope cook sarah lawrence in life magazine life april p how is queen hope getting along life magazine life may page hope cooke from american coed toriental queen sarasota herald tribune august externalinks where there is hope time march sikkim a queen revisited time january university of hawaii museum sikkim woman s informal ensemble kho costume kho dress worn by hope cooke in the s on flickr category births category living people category writers 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consort queen sikkim term predecessor successor monarchy abolished occupation author lecturer house namgyal religion church usa spouse issue prince palden hope namgyal mrs parents john j cooke father hope noyes mother hope cooke born june american woman queen consort th king sikkim palden thondup namgyal wedding took_place march termed highness crown princess sikkim became sikkim palden thondup namgyal coronation cooke h time change simon palden thondup namgyal last king sikkim state india bothe country marriage soon sikkim india five months takeover sikkim begun cooke returned united_states wither two birth children schools inew_york_city cooke died cancer cooke wrote autobiography time change simon schuster began career lecturer book critic magazine contributor later becoming urban historian new life student new_york city cooke published seeing new_york temple university_press worked newspaper columnist daily_news new_york daily_news taught yale_university sarah lawrence college birch school birch new_york city private school early_life family cooke born san_francisco irish american father john j cooke flight instructor hope noyes amateur pilot raised church usa church palden thondup namgyal deposed sikkim king dies mother hope noyes died january age plane flying solo queen quite work cooke tour hope springs eternal people march vol mother death cooke half sister moved new_york city apartment across hall helen winchester noyes president winchester international shipping brokerage firm raised succession grandfather died grandmother three_years_later cooke became ward aunt uncle mary paul noyes chapin former united_states ambassador iran us ambassador irand united_states ambassador peru studied chapin school manhattan chapin school inew_york attended madeira school three_years finishing high_school iran marriage crown prince sikkim file van sikkim jpg thumb lefthe king queen sikkim x px cooke asian studies sarah lawrence college sharing apartment actress jane alexander went summer trip indiand met palden thondup namgyal crown prince sikkim himalayan kingdom ltd hotel darjeeling india recent two sons daughter aged nearly twice age drawn similar isolation two_years_later engagement announced buthe wedding put offor year sikkim india warned year march cooke married namgyal buddhism buddhist monastery ceremony performed fourteen included members indian royalty indiand us ambassador india john kenneth galbraith citizenship united_states citizenship required sikkim laws also demonstration people sikkim american arm dropped social register buthe marriage reported inational geographic magazine national_geographic magazine new_yorker followed royal couple one_yearly trips husband buddhist cooke officially convert christianity buddhism though practiced buddhism early age henry remarked become population wheeler story sikkim last king queen reads like fairy tale gone wrong h time change simon crowned monarch sikkim april however marriage faced strains affairs married belgian american friend file king queen sikkim daughter watch birthday celebrations sikkim jpg lefthumb x px king queen sikkim daughter watch birthday celebrations sikkim athe_time sikkim strain due pressures india crowds organized agents new_delhi palace againsthe monarchy cooke husband deposed april confined palace house arrest princess hope l namgyal engaged thomas reich us diplomat new_york times_february couple soon separated cooke returned manhattan raised children palden hope books times adult fairy tale new_york times_february may representative james w senator mike mansfield sponsored private bill restore citizenship however bill passed senate several members united_states house subcommittee immigration policy border security house subcommittee immigration bill amended grant permanent residence united_states us permanent resident status could gain support pass congress president gerald ford signed bill law june still able regain us citizenship royal couple divorced namgyal died cancer new_york city palden thondup namgyal deposed sikkim king dies new_york times january congress ticket foreigners private bills granted citizenship many us law los_angeles times_february later life child support namgyal rented apartment manhattan time around felt displaced city started going walking_tours creating cooke tours new_york magazine p september journals old church newspaper articles withe city social history new_york wrote weekly column undiscovered manhattan daily_news new_york daily_news books include award_winning memoir life sikkim time change autobiography beaten path guide new_york seeing new_york developed result walking_tours jacques amboise dancer jacques amboise published teaching magic dance cooke mike wallace historian mike wallace prize winning professor history john jay college criminal justice mike wallace john jay college criminal justice website later divorced hope cooke son prince palden new_york financial advisor married son three daughters cooke daughter princess hope graduated academy university married later divorced thomas reich us foreign service officer hope cooke lived london years beforeturning united_states lives brooklyn currently works writer lecturer michael michael new_york east met west walking around led brooklyn new_york times_february consultant pbs new_york documentary_film cooke regular contributor book reviews magazines also lectures widely time change american women extraordinary story new_york simon time change new_york times_february teaching magic dance jacques amboise dancer jacques amboise new_york simon schuster seeing new_york history walks travelers philadelphia temple university_press cooke wrote several articles bulletin published namgyal institute titles styles highness hope la sikkim file order precious jewel theart px order precious jewel theart sikkim st class may royal ark file palden thondup namgyal coronation medal sikkim px palden thondup namgyal coronation medal april hope cook sarah lawrence life_magazine life april p queen hope getting along life_magazine life may page hope cooke american coed queen herald tribune august externalinks hope time march sikkim queen revisited time january university hawaii museum sikkim woman informal costume dress worn hope cooke category_births_category_living_people_category writers san_francisco category sarah lawrence college alumni_category sarah lawrence college faculty category_new_york daily_news people_category queens consort hope category category chapin family category indian category_american category_american people irish descent category_american columnists category_tour guides_category indian female royalty category_american historians category writers new_york city_category_american women historians category women sikkim category women category madeira school alumni university faculty category category_th_century american category st_century american category_american expatriates iran"},{"title":"Hospitality Club","description":"membership homepage wwwhospitalitycluborg hospitality club is a hospitality service via its website hospitalitycluborg it provides a platform for members to homestay as a guest at someone s home hostravelers meet other members or join an event hospitality club is an example of the gift economy there is no monetary exchange between members and there is no expectation by hosts for futurewards the hospitalitycluborg domainame is registered to the founder of the site veit k hne registration of hospitalitycluborg from whois who in was working full time on hospitality club hospitality club was founded by veit k hne in withe help ofriends and family the organization followed from a similar hospitality service organized by veit k hne called afs hospitality network the concept for hospitality club was inspired by the sight hospitality network of mensa international and it is the successor of hospexorg the first internet based hospitality exchange network established in and with which it joined forces in the policy of the club explicitly forbids uses other than hospitality exchange such as dating job seeking commercial use and website promotions the website includes a forum with certain rules for example it is forbidden to post personal data of other members and volunteers prefer noto discuss the organization strategy on the forum but encourage members to contacthem directly see also hospitality service homestay sharingift economy collaborative consumption externalinks hospitality club website category international student societies category hospitality 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forces policy club explicitly uses hospitality exchange dating job seeking commercial use website promotions website includes forum certain rules example forbidden post personal data members volunteers prefer noto discuss organization strategy forum encourage members directly see_also hospitality_service homestay economy collaborative_consumption externalinks hospitality club website_category international student societies category_hospitality services"},{"title":"Hospitality management studies","description":"file mateer building penn state school of hospitality managementjpg thumb mateer building pennsylvania state university school of hospitality management penn state school of hospitality management filecole hoteliere de lausanne hospitality management school campus aerial viewebjpg thumb lausanne hospitality management school ecole h teli re de lausanne image statlerhoteljpg righthumb the cornell university cornell university school of hotel administration school of hotel administration image ucf rosen collegejpg thumb righthe university of central florida rosen college of hospitality management hospitality management is the study of the hospitality industry a degree in the subject may be awarded either by a university college dedicated to the studies of hospitality management or a businesschool with a relevant department degrees in hospitality management may also be referred to as hotel manager hotel management hotel and tourismanagement or hotel administration degrees conferred in this academic field include bachelor of arts bachelor of business administration bachelor of science bs bachelor of applied science basc master of science ms master of business administration mbandoctor of philosophy phd hospitality management covers hotel s restaurant s cruise ship s amusement parks destination marketing organization s convention center s and country club s in the united states hospitality and tourismanagement curricula follow similar core subject applications to that of a business degree but with a focus on hospitality management core subject areas include accounting administration business administration finance information systems marketing human resource management public relations businesstrategy strategy quantitative methods and sectoral studies in the various areas of hospitality business vegetarian option in ministry of tourism government of india started giving hospitality management students the option to choose only vegetarian cooking this was introduced athree of the institutes ihmctan ahmedabad ihmctan bhopal and ihmctan jaipur affiliated withe ministry earlier similar to the curriculum pattern in most culinary institutes of the world it was compulsory for all ihmctan students to learnon vegetarian cooking this decision toffer a vegetarian option by ihmctans may be the first amongst any of the hospitality training institutes of the world it is expected that all ihmctans india will start offering a vegetarian cooking option from academic year onwards rankings of degree granting programs these top ten lists are specific to departments that specifically give degrees in the hospitality field itselfor the more general type of degree see the list of businesschools in the united states and similarticles for other countries forestaurant related hospitality industry degrees inutrition see list of universities with accreditedietetic programs for overall rankings of universities by various metricsee college and university rankings college and university rankings opinion surveys of employers in the hospitality industry in a broad industry survey of senior managers from luxury hotels in conducted a market survey of hospitality employers regarding their opinions of the top ten hospitality management schools laureate hospitality education a division of laureateducation incommissioned tns to conduct each of these surveys and schools out of numbers belong to laureate hospitality education the result appeared as follows cole h teli re de lausanne switzerland hotelschool the hague the hague amsterdam netherlands cornell university usa glion institute of higher education glion switzerland themirates academy of hospitality management dubai united arab emirates les roches international school of hotel management switzerland spain oxford brookes university united kingdom blue mountains international hotel management schooleuraustralia florida international university miami florida hong kong polytechnic university hung hom hong kong publication surveys in hospitality related academia the journal of hospitality and tourism research completed analysis of the top ten hospitality and tourism programs in the world the results appeared as follows the hong kong polytechnic university hong kong sar cornell university usa michigan state university usa university of nevada las vegas usa pennsylvania state university usa university of surrey united kingdom virginia tech virginia polytechnic institute and state university usa purdue university usa oklahoma state university system oklahoma state university usa university of central florida usa see also american hotelodging educational institute confederation of tourism and hospitality kyiv national university of trade and economics faculty of hotel restaurant and tourism business of kyiv national university of trade and economics hospitality service hotel manager meetings incentives conferencing exhibitions mice category education by subject category hospitality 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campus aerial thumb lausanne hospitality_management school h de_lausanne image righthumb cornell university cornell university school hotel administration school hotel administration image rosen thumb_righthe university central florida rosen college hospitality_management hospitality_management study hospitality_industry degree subject may awarded either university college dedicated studies hospitality_management businesschool relevant department degrees hospitality_management may_also referred hotel_manager hotel_management hotel tourismanagement hotel administration degrees conferred academic field include bachelor arts bachelor business_administration bachelor science bachelor applied science master science master business_administration philosophy phd hospitality_management covers hotel restaurant cruise_ship amusement_parks destination_marketing organization convention_center country club united_states hospitality_tourismanagement follow similar core subject applications business degree focus hospitality_management core subject areas include accounting administration business_administration finance information systems marketing human_resource management public_relations strategy methods studies various areas hospitality business vegetarian option ministry tourism government india started giving hospitality_management students option choose vegetarian cooking introduced institutes ihmctan ahmedabad ihmctan ihmctan jaipur affiliated withe ministry earlier similar curriculum pattern culinary_institutes world compulsory ihmctan students vegetarian cooking decision toffer vegetarian option may first amongst hospitality training institutes world expected india start offering vegetarian cooking option academic year onwards rankings degree programs top ten lists specific departments specifically give degrees hospitality field general type degree see list united_states countries related hospitality_industry degrees see list universities programs overall rankings universities various college university rankings college university rankings opinion surveys employers hospitality_industry broad industry survey senior managers luxury hotels conducted market survey hospitality employers regarding opinions top ten hospitality_management schools laureate hospitality_education division conduct surveys schools numbers belong laureate hospitality_education result appeared follows cole h de_lausanne switzerland hotelschool hague hague amsterdam netherlands cornell university usa glion institute higher_education glion switzerland themirates academy hospitality_management dubai united_arab_emirates les_roches international_school hotel_management switzerland spain oxford_university united_kingdom blue mountains international_hotel_management florida international university miami florida hong_kong polytechnic university hung hong_kong publication surveys hospitality related academia journal hospitality_tourism_research completed analysis top ten hospitality_tourism programs world results appeared follows hong_kong polytechnic university hong_kong cornell university usa michigan state_university usa university nevada las_vegas usa pennsylvania state_university usa university surrey united_kingdom virginia tech virginia polytechnic institute state_university usa university usa oklahoma state_university system oklahoma state_university usa university central florida usa see_also american hotelodging educational institute confederation tourism_hospitality kyiv national university trade economics faculty hotel restaurant tourism_business kyiv national university trade economics hospitality_service hotel_manager meetings incentives exhibitions mice category_education subject category_hospitality management"},{"title":"Hospitality Review","description":"the hospitality review is a biannual peereview peereviewed academic journal covering the hospitality and tourism fields it is published by the florida international university school 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differentypes of energy resources hotel energy usages are tracked and classified by the us department of energy and statistics aregularly published in thenergy information administration annual reports current practices modern practices to control energy usage includes contributions by the guests themselves whichas been popularized by information cards requestinguests to save water by letting hotel housekeeping staff know if they would care to re use towels and bed linens this reduces the amount of water and or cleaning substances used by the hotelaundry department which also reduces thexpense to the property owner or managerecently consultants have developed entire organizations for advising hotels regarding inefficient usage of energy and optimizing its usage some of these consultants participate by providing the products to implementheir advice for a share of the cost savings as their conaideration these companies have proliferated over the years as public and business energy concerns grow and are popularly known as energy service company esco s energy service companies other practices include using infrared motion sensor s door contacts and other means toccupancy sensor detect occupancy to control theating ventilating and air conditioning systems hvac when guests forgeto switch off when they leave theiroom turning off the lights when a room is not occupied is called smart lighting hotel facility managers are using cloud based software nowadays to manage their energy efficiency projects the department of energy doe software directory describes energyactio software a cloud based platform designed for this purposenergy management markets in general have been going through several changes including the shifto service based models or performance contracted models used by energy services companiescos traditionally escos did not address the hotel segment because of the small values associated withotel energy retrofits and the difficulty in measuring so many 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hotel operation gas water natural_resources hotels complicated operations extensive facilities utilize many_differentypes energy resources hotel energy classified us_department energy statistics aregularly published thenergy information administration annual reports current practices modern practices control energy usage includes contributions guests whichas popularized information cards save water letting hotel housekeeping staff know would care use towels bed reduces amount water cleaning substances used department also reduces thexpense property owner consultants developed entire organizations advising hotels regarding usage energy usage consultants participate providing products advice share cost savings companies proliferated years public business energy concerns grow popularly known energy service company energy service companies practices include using motion sensor door contacts means sensor occupancy control theating air_conditioning systems guests switch leave turning lights room occupied called smart lighting hotel facility managers using cloud based software nowadays manage energy efficiency projects department energy doe software directory describes software cloud based platform designed management markets general going several changes including service based models performance contracted models used energy services traditionally address hotel segment small values associated energy difficulty measuring many sources category_hospitality management_category energy conservation"},{"title":"Hotel toilet paper folding","description":"file toilet paper in hotel monasteriojpg thumb folded and sealed toilet paper with cover hotel monasterio hotel toilet paper folding is a common practice performed by hotel s worldwide as a way of assuringuests thathe bathroom has been cleanedfeldman david when do fish sleep and other imponderables of everyday life p why do many hotels and motels fold over the last piece of toilet paper in the bathroom new york harperow the common fold normally involves creating a triangle or v shape out of the first sheet or square on a toilet paperoll commonly the two corners of the final sheet are tucked behind the paper symmetrically forming a point athend of the roll morelaborate folding results in shapes like fansailboats and even flowers toilet paper folding also known as toilet paper origami or toilegami has attracted the attention of observers within the hotel industry and beyond it involving both sober discussion of the practice as a marketing move as well as wry commentary with various degrees of seriousness the practice has been considered an emblematic example of a meme copied across the world from a hotel to another until the pointhat most of them now do itranderson jamescience correspondenthe meme ing of life blog post february news blog the guardian retrieved march the practice is followed by hotels all over the world according to stephen gill a british photographer who published a book of pictures ofolded hotel toilet paper from various nationsbarnett laura the loo roll that says i love you stephen gill explains why he spenthree years taking pictures of hotel toilet paper the guardian septemberetrieved march dr susan blackmore who uses thexample of hotel toilet paper folding to illustrate the use of memes pointed out in the darwin day lecture before the britishumanist association that even a remote guesthouse she visited in rural assam india folded the first sheet on its rolls of toilet paper hotel toilet paper folding isuch an institution that in the horror movie film it is used as one of theerie happenings noticed by the main character after using the toilet paper he finds it mysteriously has been freshly folded oversallesteve movie critic roaches bedbugs the least of your worries in movie review standard examiner ogden utah june retrieved via newsbankcomarch the practice is meanto assure customers thatheir hotel room has been cleaned according to david feldman author david feldman in his imponderables book series imponderablesyndicated newspaper column feldman reported that he had contacted many of the country s largest innkeeper chains to ask why the toilet paper was folded and all of them provided the same answer he quoted james p mccauley executive director of the international association of holiday inn stephen gill believes the practice is meanto please or impress customers other uses file toilet paper with foldingjpg thumb toilet paper with folding file tp fan sjpg thumb toilegami toilet paper origami also called toilegamis a variation that involves folding toilet paper in elaborate shapes toilet paper origami resourcenter web page retrieved march gill foundifferences in the style and care ofolding between hotels onexample from tokyo with its tiny pleats really stands out according to the photographer only in japan did i find such minute attention to detail the new york city example on the other hand is very poor quality asymmetrical on rough thin paper and the romania example is a great slab with a small right hand fold according tone hotel industry website housekeepers at luxe lairs around the world are neatly folding the loosend of a partially used roll of toilet paper into a neat little bow or fan some hotels provide morelaborate flourishesome apply a sticker attaching the folded end to the roll others wrap spare rolls with a ribbon thompson hotels imprintheir logon the first square adventures in overservice the art of toilet paper origami october hotel chatter website retrieved march theldorado hotel in santa fe new mexico also imprints its name and logon thends of its toilet paper a practice done by supervisors checking the work of the housekeepersbarber christine workingirl welcome to hoteldorado the santa fe new mexican august retrieved via newsbankcomarch as part of a billion renovation of the fontainebleau hotel in miami beach florida in the typical triangular fold practice wastopped as one of a number of changes in order to give customers an impression thathe hotel waspecialhanks douglas details are key in fontainebleau makeover the miami herald july retrieved via newsbankcom on march we re not going to do the little pointy thing rooms division chief charlotte rosenau told the miami herald every hotel does thathe change in toilet paper policy was made afterosenau and several housekeepers crowded into a bathroom to experiment with different methods they settled on folding the first square in half then resting the crease midway down the roll according to the newspaper it just looks nice and clean rosenau explained the tickle pink inn a motel in carmel highlands california folds thends of its toilet paper into fan like designs mirroring the folds of its bathroom washcloths a review in the san francisco chronicle noted the practice as a fancy touch owden shirley anne romantic highlands hideaway san francisco chronicle february retrieved via newsbankcom on march one travel writer noted seeing toilet paper folded into flowers and sailboats at hotels in costa rica costa rica vacation fabulous the news times danbury connecticut march in san jose and punta leona the paper ends were folded into either ornate little flowers or tiny sailboats retrieved march usage beyond hotels an automated toilet paper folding machine called meruboa was invented in japan withe push of a lever the device folds the first sheet of toilet paper into a trianglelaborate wedding dresses have been made from folded toilet paper also usinglue cheap chic weddings toilet paper wedding dress contest at cheap chic weddings website retrieved marchumor and opinions in a humorous opinion article athe hotel online website larry mundy wrote in his room with a view column in my experience there are two basic types of hotels those that have the housekeeper fold a cute little triangle into the unused end of the toilet paper and those that do not call it silly call it pointless i call it a sure indicator of the service levels i canticipate athe property mundy continued thatiny detail of carefully triangulated tissue tells me that someone cared that another member of my own species was here in this very room within the past few hours and spared no efforto make thend of the roll both presentable and easier to grip in my time of need i do not need to engage in frustrating roll rotation exercises justo find the loosend i do not need to contemplate the jagged tear line from the last user s haste in fact it does not occur to me there was a last user at all because the rollooks neat and new mundy larry bathroom origami thatiny detail of carefully triangulated toilet paper hotel onlinecom july retrieved march british comedian john cleese who played a hotelier in the television series fawlty towers has commented on the practice in a keynote address why what is it for is it proof that your house maid hastudied origamif you are a freemasonry mason are you supposed to fold it againto some sort of rhomboid murray elicia fawlty finds room for error the age octoberetrieved march a reviewer writing abouthe walden country inn stables a hotel in aurora ohio noted a horsey theme reflected throughouthe hotel s decorationever overdonexcept perhaps for the walden horse head logo crimped into thend of the toilet paper stephensteve the lap of luxury extraordinary service plush rooms elevate walden country inn the columbus dispatch may retrieved via newsbankcom on march author and blogger merlin mann whenever there is paper left on the roll the hotel folds it into a tidy arrow just so you ll know at leastwo people have touched it now mann merlin twitter april see also decorative folding toilet paper orientation towel animal furthereading wright linda toilet paper origami on a roll decorative folds and flourishes for over the top hospitality us lindaloo enterprises july pbk ill p learn designs including styles for horizontal toilet paper holders vertical holders and spare rolls wright linda toilet paper origami delight your guests with fancy folds and simple surfacembellishments or easy origami for hotels bed and breakfasts cruise ships creative housekeepers and crafters us lindaloo enterpriseseptember pbk ill p illustrated with more than photographstep by step instructions teach easyet eye catching folds and embellishments for styling thend of a toilet paperoll wright linda toilet paper crafts for holidays and special occasions papercraft sewing origami and kanzashi projects us lindaloo enterprises may pbk ill p gill stephen anonymous origami archive of modern conflict london uk nobody presstephen gill september pbk ill p features photographs ofolded toilet paper sourced between and from hotels and b s from around the world externalinks toilet paper origami sample images category hospitality management category paper folding category toilet 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author david feldman book_series newspaper column feldman reported contacted many country largest innkeeper chains ask toilet_paper folded provided answer quoted james p executive_director international_association holiday_inn stephen gill believes practice meanto please impress customers uses file toilet_paper thumb toilet_paper folding file fan thumb toilet_paper origami also_called variation involves folding toilet_paper elaborate shapes toilet_paper origami web_page retrieved_march gill style care hotels onexample tokyo tiny really stands according photographer japan find minute attention detail new_york city example hand poor quality rough thin paper romania example great small right hand fold according tone hotel_industry website housekeepers around world folding partially used roll toilet_paper little bow fan hotels provide morelaborate apply attaching folded end roll others wrap spare rolls thompson hotels first square adventures art toilet_paper origami october hotel website_retrieved_march hotel santa new_mexico also imprints name toilet_paper practice done supervisors checking work christine welcome santa new mexican august retrieved via part billion renovation fontainebleau hotel miami beach_florida typical triangular fold practice one number changes order give customers impression thathe hotel douglas details key fontainebleau miami herald july_retrieved via march going little thing rooms division chief charlotte told miami herald every hotel thathe change toilet_paper policy made several housekeepers crowded bathroom experiment different methods settled folding first square half resting midway roll according newspaper looks nice clean explained pink inn motel highlands california folds toilet_paper fan like designs folds bathroom review san_francisco chronicle noted practice fancy touch shirley anne romantic highlands san_francisco chronicle february retrieved via march one travel_writer noted seeing toilet_paper folded flowers hotels 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name native name lang named after image size map caption map caption abbreviation founder mark essien founding location merger tax id registration id location region products methods fields membership year owner sec gen secessions budget yearevenue revenue year disbursements expenses year endowment staff year volunteers year mission website hotelsng history in while mark essien wastudying for his msc in computer science athe free university of berlin germany he developed an interest in the nigerian technology space his analysishowed that for an emerging market like nigeria tourism inigeria travel tourism startup would work the quickestudying south americand asian models of already established hotels booking agencies mark tentatively created a hotels listing platform which was what hotelsng was initially he purchased a domainame and a list of hotels and puthem up on the website this domain recorded enough traffic numbers to convince mark to return to nigeria from germany in calabar he continued to list more hotels he partnered with a friend and they started taking photographs of hotels and signing agreements with as many hotels in calabar as they could find asoon as they had enoughotels listed bookings werenabled on hotelsng mark says that users began making reservations from the first day bookings werenabled seed fund shortly after the launch of hotelsng mark published a few press articles that caughthe attention of irokotv iroko tv s founder jasonjoku athe time he jason was beginning a startup fund sparkng and looking for good internet businesses to invest in after negotiationsparkng made a first investment of in hotelsng which prompted mark to move to lagos to set up the platform there a few months after the initial investmenthe spark fund made another investment of this fund enabled hotelsng to continue to grow its customer base and expand its hotelistingstartup fund on may hotelsng received a million startup funding from ebay founder pierre omidyar pierre omidyar s omidyar network and from echovc pan african fund this funding is expected to be used to expand hotelsng across africa starting with ghana the funding follows from the announcement of a profitable in hotelsng where the platform wasaid to have ostensibly made in monthly revenue in the last half of the year staff hotelsng employs locally working staff in its yaba office and outsources and crowdsources its data collection to freelance workers expansion projections hotelsng has announced plans to cover of the nigerian market and of the african market within three years externalinks hotelsng homepage hotelsng company blog mark essien s medium page hotelsng travel magazine hotelsng jobs techcabal url hotelsng raises million in funding hotelsng founder mark essien is proof that nigerian technical founders can make great ceos hotelsng and other nigerian startups make ito speedup africa s bootcamp in ghana checkout hotelsng s awesome new office space in yaba photosee also mark essien 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status purpose headquarters lagos nigeria language leader_titleader name_leader_titleader name_leader_name leader_titleader titleader name board directors key_people main_organ parent_organization affiliations budget remarks formerly footnotes name hotelsng native name native name lang named image size map_caption map_caption abbreviation founder mark essien founding location merger tax registration location region products methods fields membership year owner sec gen budget revenue year expenses year endowment staff year volunteers year mission website hotelsng history mark essien computer science athe free university berlin_germany developed interest nigerian technology space emerging market like nigeria tourism inigeria travel_tourism startup would work south_americand asian models already established hotels booking agencies mark created hotels listing platform hotelsng initially purchased list hotels website domain recorded enough traffic numbers mark return nigeria germany calabar continued list hotels partnered friend started taking photographs hotels signing agreements many hotels calabar could find asoon listed bookings hotelsng mark says users began making reservations first_day bookings seed fund shortly launch hotelsng mark published press articles attention tv founder athe_time jason beginning startup fund looking good internet businesses invest made first investment hotelsng prompted mark move lagos set platform months initial fund made another investment fund enabled hotelsng continue grow customer base expand fund may hotelsng received million startup funding founder pierre omidyar pierre omidyar omidyar network pan african fund funding expected used expand hotelsng across africa starting ghana funding follows announcement profitable hotelsng platform wasaid ostensibly made monthly revenue last half year staff hotelsng employs locally working staff office data collection freelance workers expansion projections hotelsng announced_plans cover nigerian market african market within three_years externalinks hotelsng homepage hotelsng company blog mark essien medium page hotelsng travel_magazine hotelsng jobs url hotelsng raises million funding hotelsng founder mark essien proof nigerian technical founders make great hotelsng nigerian startups make ito africa ghana hotelsng new office space also mark essien category nigerian websites_category hospitality_services category_travel websites_category companies_based lagos"},{"title":"Hotter'N Hell Hundred","description":"the hotter n hell hundred is annual bicycle ride in wichita falls texas it is held each year on the th or th saturday in august always nine days before labor day and includes professional sports professional as well as amateuriders the professional racers ride a mile road bicycle racing road race as well as time trial s and criterium for the amateuriders there are road routes of mi kmi mi and km the amateuroutes are alsopen for inline skating the race was first held in as part of the wichita falls centennial celebration the name is thus a rarexample of a triplentendre one hundred miles ie century in one hundredegree fahrenheit weather the race is held in august where temperatures in wichita falls frequently reach and exceed this level by noon initially conducted to celebrate the city s th anniversary the race begins at am and mile participants must reachell s gate athe mile mark no later than pm or else cannot qualify to finish the mile segment insteadoing a shorteroute averaging miles an hour it is possible to complete the ride in five hours or less for well prepared athletes however most complete in six to nine hours additional events are held throughouthe weekend including mountain bike races approximately to riders participateach year making the hotter n hell hundred the largest sanctioned challenge riding century bicycle ride in the united states us hotter n hell had overiders externalinks official site category bicycle tours category cycle races 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celebration name thus one hundred miles century one fahrenheit weather race held august temperatures wichita falls frequently reach exceed level noon initially conducted celebrate city th_anniversary race begins mile participants must gate athe mile mark later else cannot qualify finish mile segment miles hour possible complete ride five hours less well prepared however complete six nine hours additional events held throughouthe weekend including mountain_bike races approximately riders year making hotter n hell hundred largest sanctioned challenge riding century bicycle_ride united_states us hotter n hell overiders externalinks_official site_category bicycle_tours category cycle races united_states category_sports wichita falls texas_category recurring sporting_events established category_establishments texas_category road bicycle races category_tourist attractions wichita county texas"},{"title":"HouseTrip","description":"housetrip is an online holiday rental marketplace that allows homeowners and vacation rental holiday rental managers known as hosts to list and rent outheir properties to guests headquartered in lausanne with offices in london and lisbon the privately held company has been ranked as one of europe s hottestartups by wired magazine and as one of the top websites for travel by the times there were over property listings on housetripcomaking it one of the world s largest providers of holiday rentals listings are divided into different categories on the site when guests look for accommodation such as a flat apartment or house they can also select alternative propertypesuch as a boat or castle only entire properties can be booked on housetrip and no private bedrooms are listed the company was acquired by tripadvisor in the idea behind housetrip wasparked in easter when arnaud bertrand his wife junjun chen bertrand were completing internships in london as part of their studies at l ecole hoteliere de lausanne the couple decided thathey needed a holiday but did not wanto stay in a hotel and found booking methods for holiday rentals difficult and complex the company was founded in and the original site launched in january with properties over people booked holiday rentals accommodation using housetrip during the first year of operation to date housetrip has raised million in venture funding from index ventures balderton capital accel partners and a collection of angel investors in july housetrip moved its administrative finance development and marketing teams to london with a second officestablished in lisbon for customer service queries it was during this time thathe company experienced over growth as a business both in terms of listing numbers and guest bookings housetrip allows hosts to listheir properties for free and simply decide which dates their place is available this means hosts can offer homes the days they are out of town for travellers this means the chance to be in a real home for shorterm stays it allows for hosts to list secondary or investment properties available forent when the homes are unoccupied in order to create a property listing hosts must complete an online profile and fill in details aboutheir available rental a minimum of three photos including a photof each bedroom in the property must accompany allistings before they go live pricing is determined by the host with a mark up of between added by housetrip users can charge different prices per night or weekly rates by using housetrip s calendar tools they can also detail guest restrictions in the property description for example no large groups and outline security deposits once all details are completed allistings are passed to the verification team based in lisbon before the listingoes live this team will verify photo quality descriptions perform fraudetection checks and liaise withe host in cases where information is lackinguests arencouraged to review properties after the completion of their stay only verified previous guests are 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august was a british botanist and chemist bowen was born in oxford son of the chemist edmund bowen he attended the dragon school gaining a scholarship to rugby school and then a demyship to magdalen college oxford he won the gibbs prize in and completed a dphil in chemistry at oxford university in before starting his professional career as a chemist bowen was also a proficient amateur actor in his earlyears appearing with a young ronnie barker at oxford his first post was withe atomic energy research establishment aere working athe wantage research laboratory then in berkshire his early work started an interest in radioisotopes and tracelements that he maintained throughout his working life while at aere he spent several months in attending the british nuclear tests at maralinga british nuclear tests at maralinga in australia to study thenvironmental effects of radiation file bowen s kalejpg thumb upright a jar of the botanical reference material bowen s kale in the collection of the museum of the history of science university of oxford england bowen realised thathe calibration of different instruments intended to measure tracelements was an important issue that needed addressing hisolution was to produce a good supply of a material which later become known as bowen s kale with peter cawse he grew a large amount of the plant kale then dried and crushed it into a homogeneous and stable substance that he then freely distributed to researchers around the world for years to come this was probably the first successful example of such a standard in he was appointed as a lecturer in the chemistry department athe university of reading later he was promoted to reader in analytical chemistry in at reading bowen undertook consultancy for dunlop rubber dunlop investigating potential uses for their products when the torrey canyon oil disaster occurred in he realised that it might be possible to use foam booms to block the oil from spreading in thenglish channel his original experiments were conducted in a small bucket in his laboratory although not entirely successful in reality athe time due to the rough seas this lateral thinking combined his interest in chemistry withis love of nature and hasince been effectively deployed to protect ports and harbours against encroaching oil slicks bowen wrote a number of professional books in the field of chemistry including two editions of tracelements in biochemistry and from onwards bowen was a long serving member of the botanical society of the british isles bsbi he was meetingsecretary for a period and the official recorder of plants for the counties of berkshire andorset producing flora plants floras for both counties he retired to winterborne kingston in dorset athend of his life he was alsone of the leading contributors of botanical data for the flora of oxfordshire he acted as an expert botanical guide on tours around europespecially greece humphry bowen donated a large collection of lichen s from berkshire 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publication berkshire awards john bowen june august british chemist bowen born oxford son chemist edmund bowen attended dragon school gaining scholarship rugby school college_oxford prize completed chemistry oxford_university starting professional career chemist bowen also amateur actor earlyears appearing young ronnie barker oxford first post withe atomic_energy research establishment working athe research laboratory berkshire early work started interest tracelements maintained throughout working life spent several months attending british nuclear_tests maralinga british nuclear_tests maralinga australia study thenvironmental effects radiation file bowen thumb upright jar botanical reference material bowen kale collection museum history science university oxford england bowen realised thathe different instruments intended measure tracelements important issue needed addressing produce good supply material later become known bowen kale peter grew large amount plant kale dried crushed stable substance freely distributed researchers around world years come probably first successful example standard appointed lecturer chemistry department athe_university reading later promoted reader analytical chemistry reading bowen undertook rubber investigating potential uses products canyon oil disaster occurred realised might possible use foam block oil spreading thenglish channel original experiments conducted small laboratory although entirely successful reality athe_time due rough seas thinking combined interest chemistry withis love nature hasince effectively deployed protect ports oil bowen wrote number professional books field chemistry including two editions tracelements onwards bowen long serving member botanical society british_isles period official plants counties berkshire producing flora plants counties retired kingston dorset athend life alsone leading contributors botanical data flora oxfordshire acted expert botanical guide tours around europespecially greece bowen donated large collection berkshire oxfordshire museum reading bowen cup athe_university reading annual prize student department chemistry athe_university top marks part ii analytical chemistry see_also bowen son jonathan bowen computer scientist george claridge victorian_era victorian also wrote flora publication one counties united_kingdom county h j bowen tracelements academic press h j bowen properties structures hill h j chemistry academic press externalinks_category births_category deaths_category_people oxford category_peopleducated athe dragon school category_peopleducated rugby school category alumni college_oxford category_english nature writers_category_english category_english chemists category_english science writers_category analytical chemists category category_tour guides_category academics university reading"},{"title":"Humpty Doo Hotel","description":"image humptydoohoteljpg opened closed the humpty doo hotel built in is believed to be one of northern territory northern territory s longest continually licensed premises the humpty doo hotel is well known and features in several bush ballads including the man from humpty doo by ted egand slim dusty slim dusty s humpty doo waltz it opened in survived cyclone tracy in and hasince become a local icon in addition to comfortable visitor accommodation the hotel features a barea with open walls a concrete floor and an iron roof localive music acts regularly perform here see also list of public houses in australia externalinks category pubs in australia category establishments in australia category hotel buildings completed in category hotels in the northern 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opened survived cyclone tracy hasince become local icon addition comfortable visitor accommodation hotel features open walls concrete floor iron roof music acts regularly perform see_also list public_houses australia externalinks_category pubs australia_category_establishments australia_category_hotel buildings_completed category_hotels northern_territory"},{"title":"IBAHN","description":"ibahn is a global provider of digital information and entertainment systems for the hospitality and meeting industries they have approximately employeespread overegional offices throughout north americasiand europe they offer services to more than hotels in 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mostly dirt roads and miles of optional single track mountain biking singletrack with access to more than hot springs route the main route is a loop through the towns ofeatherville ketchum idaho ketchum stanley mccall idaho mccall cascade crouch and idaho city idaho city with an optional spur to boise the main route is bidirectional buthe singletrack routes are only mapped counterclockwise terrainotable highlights on the route include the sawtooth range idaho sawtooth mountains the white cloud mountains the boise mountains the salmon river idaho salmon river and the sawtooth national forest sawtooth salmon challis national forest salmon challis boise national forest boise and payette national forest s the route also takes the riders near several wilderness areas including themingway boulders wilderness hemingway boulder the sawtooth wildernessawtoothe frank church river of no return wilderness frank church river of no return and the newhite clouds wilderness which effectively bars cyclists from the white cloud singletrack option riding the idahot springs mountain bike route most people ride the route counterclockwise with typical times to complete it ranging from to weeks due to the mountainous terrain and the unpredictable central idaho weather the riding season generally runs fromay after the roads are free of snow toctober when the snow flies again early season high water from snow runoff may affect accessibility of the hot springs located adjacento the rivers consideration should be given to idaho s fire season in august and september the us forest service website provides daily updates on current fire conditions and links to the national weather service for critical decision making information especially wind speed andirection depending on the time of year temperatures may range to freezing at nightover degrees f during theat of the day grizzly bears are not expected in this area but it is black bear country basic bear prevention practices are always a good idea likeeping a clean campsite areand hanging food as necessary water is generally very accessible on this route and a water filter is recommended generally speaking the forest service roads on this route are quite rough and wash boarded so a certain amount of suspension your bike might make youride a littless bumpy a bicycle with inch wheels and front shocks would be a good choice also there is a lot of climbing on this route sobviously lighter is better this a good route for bikepacking especially withe single track options the new bikepackingear is well conceived light weight and heavy duty and it is worth investigating before you leave on your trip the adventure cycling association maps for this route are generally very good but adequate navigation skills and good judgement is important ridershould be self sufficient and carry camping equipment as commercialodging is not always available it is also helpful to be skilled in bike maintenance and repair hot springs riders on the idahot springs mountain bike route can access the following developed hot springs as well as many natural undeveloped hot springs baumgartner hot springs easley hot springs burgdorf hot springs gold fork hot springsilver creek plunge hot springs terrace lakes hot springs references category bicycle 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national_forest route also takes riders near several wilderness areas including wilderness hemingway boulder sawtooth frank church river return wilderness frank church river return clouds wilderness effectively bars cyclists white cloud singletrack option riding springs mountain_bike route people ride route typical times complete ranging weeks due mountainous terrain unpredictable central idaho weather riding season generally runs fromay roads free snow toctober snow flies early season high water snow runoff may affect accessibility hot_springs located adjacento rivers consideration given idaho fire season august september us forest_service website provides daily updates current fire conditions links national weather service critical decision_making information especially wind speed andirection depending time year temperatures may range freezing degrees f theat day grizzly bears expected area black bear country basic bear prevention practices always good idea clean campsite areand hanging food necessary water generally accessible route water filter recommended generally speaking forest_service roads route quite rough wash boarded certain amount suspension bike might make bicycle inch wheels front would good choice also lot climbing route lighter better good route bikepacking especially withe single_track options new well conceived light weight heavy duty worth investigating leave trip adventure_cycling association maps route generally good adequate navigation skills good important self sufficient carry camping_equipment always available also helpful skilled bike maintenance repair hot_springs riders springs mountain_bike route access following developed hot_springs well many natural undeveloped hot_springs hot_springs hot_springs hot_springs gold fork hot creek plunge hot_springs terrace lakes hot_springs references_category bicycle_tours"},{"title":"Illini 4000 for Cancer","description":"the illinis a non profit organization dedicated to documenting the americancer experience through the portraits project raising funds for canceresearch and patient support services as well aspreading awareness for the fight against cancer through annual cross country bike rides history the illini began as an idea between two university of illinois at urbana champaign students jonathan schlesinger and anish thakkar while both studying abroad in spring anish who had been involved with early cancer detection research thoughthathere was not enough available funding for canceresearch schlesinger who had been affected by cancer by a family member also wanted to contribute to research funding smiley politely illini trek across america upon returning to campus in fall the students combined their love for cycling witheir determination in the fight against cancer and the illini was born the organization began as a registered student organization athe university but soon became a c non profit organizationpersonal consultation with i k president conor canaday october bicycle trips every summer since the illini was born the team sendstudents on a cross country bicycle trip each group of riders is named the bike america team and completes the journey beginning in late may and finishing in early august each day the team rides between miles with a support vehicle carrying their supplies before the ride the members of the organization contact churches community centers and schools for the possibility of using their facilities for a stayover for the night between those places and camp grounds the team is able to find either a free or cheaplace to stay alsonce a week the team is given a rest day in which they do not bike these days give the team a chance to relax and explore the town of the stayover as well as visit hospitals and meet doctors and cancer survivors in the pasthe bike america teams have been able to visithe waltereed army medical center in washington dc the uic medical center in chicago illinois and the mayo clinic in rochester minnesota illini website in summer the first bike america team was on the organizations first cross country trip the trip started inew york city and ended in san diego california with people riding in the rider bike team rode from new york city to seattle washington in the riders rode from new york city to portland oregon for the riders biked from new york city and finished in san francisco california from through the bike america team rode from new york city to san francisco withe team riding through washington dc fundraising to date the illini has looked primarily to theiriders in regards to securing funds with which to both function as an organization andonate to various beneficiaries each rider of the illini bike america team is required to fundraise through whatever means they have atheir disposal and are within thethical boundaries of the organization and through extreme ingenuity on the part of riders coupled withe assistance of various directors ofundraising ouriders have continued to impress us whether it be corporate sponsorships bake sales carwashes or social gatherings the illini hasteadily grown in regards to average fundsecured by each rider it goes without saying thathe illini would not be able to function withouthe support it receives from its various corporate sponsors trek bicycle corporation trek champaign cycle that s rentertainment isostatic oilube netrust nettrust ams mechanical systems rushville state bank grove dental associatest martin bank trust co and others have all been invaluable assets beneficiaries the illinis committed to supporting cancer causes both nationally and locally within the central illinois community and have chosen a variety of organizations including the americancer society camp kesem the livestrong foundation lance armstrong foundation the damon runyon canceresearch foundation the ishan gala foundation the andrew mcdonough b foundation tlcamprairie dragon paddlers and university of illinois urbana champaign researcher dr brendan harley to help us achieve our mission in illini was able to donate thanks to the fundraising efforts of the trek bike america team of the wentowards funding patient support services and the remaining wento funding canceresearch the beneficiaries donated to include americancer society camp kesem b foundation and prairie dragon paddlers for patient support services andamon runyon canceresearch foundation and university of illinois for canceresearch illini fellowship in recognition of the funding from illinin and the funding over the past several years totaling damon runyon canceresearch foundation has named one of their fellowship awards after illini the first illini fellow is rand miller who is currently researching how cancer evades currentherapies portraits projecthe portraits project is a branch of the illini as a national community that gives a voice to the americancer experience and inspires people to join together in the fight against cancer by sharing the stories of people across the united states the portraits project serves as a platform to unite those who have been affected by cancer the project strives to provideducational resources and foster strength in the face of hardship the illini raises funds for canceresearch and patient support services members of the illini bike america team ride their bikes across the country to spread awareness and to discover how cancer impacts the lives of ordinary americans through the collection of portraitsthe portraits project is a component of the illini and helpsethe bike america experience apart from other cancer charity rides riders interact with people from all over the country andocumentheir stories with photographs and recorded interviews the active website can be found at wwwportraitsprojectorg what people do film during the summeride documentary filmmaker zachary herrmann followed the bike america team across the united states as he created the documentary what people do the film which is now freely available for viewing online was made for the production company films that move which is entirely made of volunteer filmmakers from across the country films that move the filming took place over the course of months in states and gathered hours ofootage what people do was the first film created by the production company the goal ofilms that move is to make films that generatemotion while inspiring the audience to take action for a social cause they chose to follow the illini based upon the politically divided state thathe country was in athe time while on the journey the filmmakers documented the generosity the team founduring their nightly stay overs as well astories from the riders and their hosts the goal of these stories is to show that regardless of the condition of the country there are still issues that can unite the population films that move about us references externalinks illini facebook illini twitter illini category bicycle tours category cancer fundraisers 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nation at war thousands of recruits entered the military to begin their training the first concern was to buttress the borders of a country with miles of coastline to defend on the home front industrial production soared with factories converting to munitions and other weapons of war by canada is the aerodrome of democracy with its involvement in the british commonwealth air training plan canada trained thousands of airmen from the royal air force raf royal navy fleet air arm faa royal australian air force raaf royal canadian air force pre unification royal canadian air force rcaf the united states army air corps and royal new zealand air force rnzaf as well as airmen fromany other countries from basestretching across the country in a spirit of democraticooperation with other allies of world war ii allied united nations canadians responded to the needs of war both in canadand globally in cooperation withe united states one of the great strategic projects was the alaska highway where canada s created the northwestaging route to fly aircraft from north america to asia by the fourth year of the war canada s fighting men and women are also engaged in battles on land seand air pitted againsthe might of nazi germany and its allies typical of the nfb second world war documentary short film s in the canada carries on series inside fighting canada was made in cooperation withe director of public information herbert lash recognize leadership of winnipeg women the winnipeg tribune april retrieved february the film was created as a morale boosting propaganda film the film inside fighting canada was making an important point audiences had seen in earlier films how the nazis were building their empire upon a modern form of medieval slavery democracy built its defences withe voluntary effort of peoplexercising their own free will here then was the implied comparison between the two systems andemocracy stood supreme characteristically no mention was made of conscription whichad splithe nation badly in the spring of evans p morris peter film reference library canada carries on canadian film encyclopedia retrieved february inside fighting canada was a compilation documentary that relied heavily onewsreel material edited by jane marsh to provide a coherent storyarmitaget al p marsh brought an unprecedented level of creativenergy and commitmento the propaganda film production team the only women to direct propaganda films for the nfb her attempto challenge nfb director john grierson his decision to refuse to name her as the producer of the canada carries on series led to her ultimate resignation in later grierson would admithat marshad good reason to resign adding that he had never considered offering such a prestigious position to a woman st pierre marc women and film a tribute to the female pioneers of the nfb march retrieved february the deep baritone voice of stage actor lorne greene was featured in the narration of inside fighting canada greene known for his work on both radio broadcasts as a news announcer at canadian broadcasting corporation cbc as well as narrating many of the canada carries on seriesbennett p hisonorous recitation led to his nickname the voice of canadand to some observers the voice of god rist p when readingrim battle statistics or narrating a particularly serious topic he was known as the voice of doom bonanza s canadian lorne greene bite size canada retrieved february inside fighting canada was produced in mm for theatrical market each film washown over a six month period as part of the shorts or newsreel segments in approximately theatres across canada the nfb had an arrangement with famous players theatres to ensure that canadians from coasto coast could see them with further distribution by columbia pictures ellis and mclane p after the six montheatrical tour ended individual films were made available on mm to schools libraries churches and factories extending the life of these films for another year or two they were also made available to film libraries operated by university and provincial authorities a total ofilms were produced before the series was canceled in ohayon albert propaganda cinemathe nfb national film board of canada july retrieved february historian malekhourin analyzing inside fighting canadand the role of propaganda in the nfb wartime documentariesaiduring thearlyears of the nfb its creative output was largely informed by the turbulent political and social climate the world was facing world war ii communism unemploymenthe role of labour unions and working conditions were all subjects featured by the nfb during the period from to khouri back cover khouri further stated as it stresses the importance of women s contribution during the war inside fighting canada emphasizes thathis effort should not be conceived as a temporary war measure and that instead it should be considered the start for a new era where women can equally contribute to building a better future for thentire society khouri pp see also the home front a nfb documentary on the role of women on the home front in the world war ii second world war look to the north a nfb documentary on building of the alaska highway pincers on japan a nfb documentary on building of the alaska highway proudly she marches a nfb documentary on canadian women in military service in the second world warosies of the north a nfb documentary on the canadian car and foundry in the second world war wings on her shoulder a nfb documentary on the royal canadian air force women s division in the second world war women are warriors a nfb documentary on canadian women in military service in the second world warmatage kay kass banning brenda longfellow and janine marchessault eds gendering the nation canadian women s cinema toronto university of toronto press bennett linda greene my father s voice the biography of lorne greene bloomington indiana iuniverse inc ellis jack c and betsy a mclanew history of documentary film london continuum international publishingroup evans gary john grierson and the national film board the politics of wartime propaganda toronto university of toronto press hallowell gerald ed the oxford companion to canadian history oxford uk oxford university press khouri malek filming politics communism and the portrayal of the working class athe national film board of canada calgary alberta canada university of calgary press lerner loren canadian film and video a bibliography and guide to the literature toronto university of toronto press rist peter guide to the cinema s of canada westport connecticut greenwood publishingroup externalinks inside fighting canadat nfb collections website watch inside fighting canadat nfb ca inside fighting canadat canadian women film directors database category films category canadian aviation films category canadian black and white films category canadian short documentary films category canadian films category canadian world war ii propaganda films category 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nfb second_world_war documentary short film canada carries series inside_fighting canada made cooperation withe director public information herbert recognize leadership winnipeg women winnipeg tribune april retrieved_february film created morale propaganda film film inside_fighting canada making important point audiences seen earlier films nazis building empire upon modern form medieval slavery democracy built withe voluntary effort free implied comparison two systems andemocracy stood supreme mention made whichad nation badly spring evans p morris peter film reference library canada carries canadian film encyclopedia retrieved_february inside_fighting canada compilation documentary relied heavily material edited jane marsh provide p marsh brought level commitmento propaganda film production team women direct propaganda films nfb attempto challenge nfb director john decision refuse name producer canada carries series led ultimate resignation later would good reason resign adding never considered offering prestigious position woman st pierre marc women film tribute female pioneers nfb march_retrieved_february deep voice stage actor lorne greene featured narration inside_fighting canada greene known work radio broadcasts news canadian broadcasting corporation cbc well many canada carries p led nickname voice canadand observers voice god p battle statistics particularly serious topic known voice doom bonanza canadian lorne greene bite size canada retrieved_february inside_fighting canada produced theatrical market film washown six month period part shorts newsreel segments approximately theatres across canada nfb arrangement famous players theatres ensure canadians coasto coast could see distribution columbia pictures ellis p six tour ended individual films made_available schools libraries churches factories extending life films another year two also_made_available film libraries operated university provincial authorities total produced series canceled albert propaganda nfb national_film board canada july_retrieved_february historian inside_fighting canadand role propaganda nfb wartime thearlyears nfb creative output largely informed turbulent political social climate world facing world_war ii role labour unions working conditions subjects featured nfb period khouri back cover khouri stated stresses importance women contribution war inside_fighting canada emphasizes thathis effort conceived temporary war measure instead considered start new era women equally contribute building better future thentire society khouri pp see_also home front nfb documentary role women home front world_war ii second_world_war look north nfb documentary building alaska highway japan nfb documentary building alaska highway proudly nfb documentary canadian women military service second_world north nfb documentary canadian car second_world_war wings shoulder nfb documentary royal canadian air_force women division second_world_war women warriors nfb documentary 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business bureau since december better business bureau accredited business directory insurance companies insurance services of america overview its principal owner is english born graham bates a veteran of the us army other employees include bates adopted sons adam bates and aaron bates andaughter amy sullivan in may bates first entered the insurance business his positions within the industry included that of assistant supervisor of health insurance for the missouri department of insurance in jefferson city missouri assistanto the president of an insurance company indianapolis the national marketing director of third party administrator third party administrator tpa in lakewood colorado and finally the owner and president of insurance services of america bates and his wife rebecca have one biological daughter and three children adopted from south korea during the s best of gilbertravel insurancexperts receive best of gilbert award seven corners inc toproducer source graham bates president adam bates vice president global benefits magazine international workers need international insurance aaron bates client advisor and plan specialist kristie scott client advisor and plan specialist phoenix business journal on the move kristie scott july grace morrow grouplan specialist amy batesullivan individual plan specialist phoenix business journal on the move amy batesullivan september alyssa wright broker advisor and plan specialist phoenix business journal on the move alyssa wright april trina ypsilanti director of marketing and advertising phoenix business journal on the move trina ypsilanti july aaron bates one of the batesons aaron bates is a licensed insurance agent who works athe brokerage prior to his career insurance aaron bateserved in the uspecial forces and spent several monthstationed in south korea where he was born theventsurrounding his discovery of his biological father who waserving time on death row in a south korean prison inspired the making of the filmy fathereleased inew york times with faith an american adoptee search for his father ends on death row operating territory insurance services of america is headquartered in gilbert arizona with other offices in carlsbad californias well as boulder colorado approximately contracted agents and brokers throughouthe united states and several other countries also representhe insurance products brokered by the firm insurance companies insurance services of america is an brokerage firm independent brokerage firm and asuch sells insurance products from a variety of insurance companies including hcc insurance holdings hcc medical insurance services hcc seven corners azimuth risk solutions highway to healthth geoblue petersen international underwriters international medical group international medical group img health insurance innovations general agent centerebecca s home least of these ministries in addition to insuring international clients the owners of insurance services of americalso meethe physical emotional and spiritual needs of orphaned children inampula mozambique in least of these ministries lot ministries official website was formed and rebecca s home orphanage was created the ministry s mission is to donate of its proceeds to aid orphans around the world typically the orphanage serves children externalinks isahealthinsurancecomissionaryhealthnet overseashealthcom bestshorttermplancom isabrokerscom category companies based in arizona category companiestablished in category hospitality services category insurance companies of the united states category insurance in the united 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bates first entered insurance business positions within industry included assistant supervisor health_insurance missouri department insurance jefferson city_missouri assistanto president insurance company indianapolis national marketing director third_party administrator third_party administrator colorado finally owner president insurance services america bates wife rebecca one biological daughter three children adopted south_korea best receive best gilbert award seven corners inc source graham bates president adam bates vice_president global benefits magazine international workers need international insurance aaron bates client advisor plan specialist scott client advisor plan specialist phoenix business_journal move scott july grace specialist amy individual plan specialist phoenix business_journal move amy september alyssa wright advisor plan specialist phoenix business_journal move alyssa wright april director marketing advertising phoenix business_journal move july aaron bates one aaron bates licensed insurance agent works athe brokerage prior career insurance aaron forces spent several south_korea born discovery biological father time death row south_korean prison inspired making inew_york times faith american search father ends death row operating territory insurance services america headquartered gilbert arizona offices carlsbad well boulder colorado approximately contracted agents brokers throughouthe_united_states several countries also representhe insurance products firm insurance_companies insurance services america brokerage firm independent brokerage firm asuch sells insurance products variety insurance_companies including insurance holdings medical insurance services seven corners risk solutions highway international international medical group international medical group img health_insurance innovations general agent home least ministries addition international clients owners insurance services meethe physical emotional spiritual needs children least ministries lot ministries official_website formed rebecca home orphanage created ministry mission donate proceeds aid orphans around world typically orphanage serves children externalinks_category companies_based arizona category_companiestablished category_hospitality services_category insurance_companies united_states category insurance united_states"},{"title":"International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions","description":"extinction type c non profit organization status purpose headquarters alexandria virginia united states of america us coordservices amusement industry association trade news funworld training online resources trade shows language leader title president corporate title president chief executive officer ceo leader name paul noland leader title chairman chair leader name greg haleader name leader titleader titleader name board of directors key people main organ parent organization subsidiaries iaapa foundation affiliations budget volunteerslogan remarks formerly footnotes name international association of amusement parks and attractions abbreviation iaaparea served worldwide map caption map caption founder founding location merger tax id registration id location region products methods fields membership year owner sec gen secessions budget yearevenue revenue year disbursements expenses year endowment staff year volunteers year mission to serve the membership by promoting safe operations global development professional growth and commercial success of the amusement parks and attractions industry website the international association of amusement parks and attractionsimply known as iaapa represents nearly amusement industry members located in countries worldwide and operateseveral popular global amusement industry trade shows its annual iaapattractions exposition based in orlando florida is recognized as the world s largest amusementrade show by bothe number of attendees and exhibitors along with providing members insight into current amusementrends laws operational advise and industry methodology the iaapalso helps to promote both guest and ride safety guidelinestandards in conjunction with astm international and assisting its members to uphold the highest amusement industry safety and professional standards iaapa represents all styles of location based entertainment facilities including amusement park s theme park s family entertainment centers video arcade s museums water park s aquarium sciencenter s zoo s and resort s iaapalso represents industry equipment manufacturers distributors operators industry suppliers and service providers history in early after ten years of periodic attempts to join their collective voices together amusement park and other outdoor entertainment representatives from all over the united states gathered athe congress hotel in chicago illinois to discuss the possibility of organizing an association for their industry in keeping withe slogan common defense and common advancement from this meeting emerged the national outdoor showmen s associationosa in it officially became the first national organization in the united states for all segments of the amusement park and outdoor entertainment industry prior tother formalized organizations represented the outdoor amusement industry but weressentially confined to a single segment like fairs circuses or carnivals these groups included the international association ofairs and expositions iafe the carnival managers association and the showmen s league of america sla the sland iafe are still in existence today the immediate task confronting nosa was to protecthe industry from unjust legislation and to promote its best interests where needed nosa worked hard at its designated task and succeeded in eliminating the amusementax on outdoor amusements as well as obtaining special consideration from the government regarding deferments fromilitary service for amusement men because of the importance of recreation to the armed forces and civilian population as time went on however it becamevidenthe amusement park segment of the association was carrying most of the responsibility both financially and otherwiseventually the membership inosa gradually decreased until it consisted almost solely of amusement park owners and managers in january just one month prior to the annual meeting of nosa special meeting was held athe fort pitt hotel in pittsburgh pennsylvania to discuss the future of the association where it was advised that a new organization devoted more completely to protecting and advancing the best interests of america s approximately amusement parks be developed and in february the new national association of amusement parks naap was born athe nd annual convention of naap three manufacturers displayed samples of new amusement devices on the convention floor and exhibits of amusement park equipment were displayed athe rd show and then was born the trade show element of the convention the new association and trade show met with universal enthusiasm and grew so rapidly that it was necessary to move to larger hotels to accommodate attendees and exhibitors the naap weathered the stock market crash of and the great depression withe assistance of many loyal members who advanced their personal funds to enable the organization to carry on as the number of parks dwindled to around by but a vibrant new source of members wasoon to appear because of rapid growth of the swim industry during the s a number of leaders in that industry formed the american association of pools and beaches aapbut four years later the aapb members decided they would better served if the group became part of the naap thus athe annual meeting of naap a new organization was formed the national association of amusement parks pools and beaches or the naappb however in most of the naap manufacturer andistributors members decided to break away to form the american recreational equipment association arean organization known today as the amusement industry manufacturers and suppliers international aims by thend of the s many existing parks were worn down by deterioration andisrepair due to the cumulativeffects of the great depression world war ii and its immediate aftermath to address this backlash the naappb adopted a code of ethics at its convention to address the public s concern over the sorry state of existing park properties but due to the post war baby boom generation exploding in thearly s and existing amusement parks rode the boomer wave to renewed success by buying new rides and creating areas catered to younger guests buthe kiddie phenomenon was fairly short lived however a major event in the future of the amusement industry occurreduring this period withe concept of themed amusement park developed by amusement pioneersuch as charles wood businessman charles wood the great escape walter knott s berry farm and bill kocholiday world but in walt disney and his innovative new industry paradigm disneyland first showed the people in the united states and eventually throughouthe world what a fully realized theme park could be like and since then the amusement industry has never been the same changing in ways none could have predicted even to this very day under walt disney s meticulous care imagination and fantasy became the most important ingredients in the amusement park effect and experience creating something wholly different and sensational thanything before as notedesigner james rouse statedisneyland took an area of activity the amusement park and lifted ito a standard so high in its performance that it really became a brand new thing never one to miss an educational opportunity at a fabulous new venue the naappb hosted itsummer meeting at disneyland walt disney spoke to the attendees abouthe creation of disneylandescribing his use of such industry innovations as one central entry gate beautifulandscaping original rides and attractions and extensive theming the opening of disneyland represents perhaps the most important line of demarcation in the history of the amusement industry alsof critical importance to the long term future of naappb was its formal decision around this time to begin evolving into a truly global organization while rooted in the united states the association was an international grouprominent amusement parks in europe such as tivoli park in denmark liseberg in sweden and blackpool pleasure beach in england participated and contributed to the fast growing association however in after much discussion regarding the composition of the organization it was decided that a concerted effort should be made to bring parks outside the united states into the association this decision wastrengthened by the sudden appearance of european rides in the american market athe same time the swim club pool and beach members of naappb decided to end their affiliation withe association thus in the organization became known as the international association of amusement parks iaap the amusement sector witnessed another first in withe opening of the newalt disney world in orlando florida truly state of the art destination theme park complex many times the size of walt s original california park and aimed at not only entertaining their guests just for the afternoon but for multi day visits full of rideshowshopping dining and nightlife in responding to themergence of other types of entertainment and amusement facilities iaap became what is known today as the international association of amusement parks and attractions or iaapand through the s and s the industry continued its rapid pace of modern day innovation started by walt disney withe first dedicated waterpark wet n wild orlando wet n wild alsopened in south florida in by the s there were only about amusement parks left in the united states while most of the remaining parks were still owned and operated by families or small proprietorships themergence of regional theme parks owned and operated by large corporations changed the nature and face of the industry and iaapa the first significant wave of amusement and theme parkspreading into asia south americand the middleast was also starting to have an impact some of the most critical issues considered by the first committee were inviting other amusement industry segments to join iaapa to ensure itsteady growth andevelopment of international products and services consequently in the association formally invited miniature golf courses and family entertainment centers to becomembers in response to the rapid expansion of the amusement industry to keepace with an evolving industry iaapa introduced its current amusement publication funworld magazine in and purchased its first international headquarters building in alexandria virginia the following year and reflecting the continued and increasing importance of amusement industry manufacturers andistributors iaapa s annual convention and trade show iaapa expo in orlando florida drew over attendees a number nearly double the attendance from just five years earlier in iaapa established the international council in expand it global reach and to give advice andirection regarding programs and services for members outside the united states the council and its governing operations committee would prove instrumental in the successful recruitment of international members and the development of quality products and services iaapalso established the iaapa hall ofame with its first class of inductees an honoreserved for amusement industry innovators and pioneers being awarded this year and by the rd annual convention and trade show in orlando welcomed more than attendees and the iaapa expo then became the largest amusement industry exhibition in the world offering attendees the opportunity to view the latestrends in amusement and arcadequipment food beverage park technology and entertainment in the mid s the association also extended membership eligibility to zoos aquariums and museums to keepace withever wider application of amusement elements to differentypes ofacilities the period marked a significant expansion in iaapa s globalization efforts with its co purchase of the asian amusement expo the creation of the international representatives program the adoption of the international council s initial strategic pland the organization summer meeting in hong kong its first in asia in the association addressed twobjectives from itstrategic plan in a big way establishing iaapas the preeminent resource on industry information and conducting a more pro active public relations program and by the percentage of members from outside the united states topped one third of total membership for the firstime in iaapa s history and the iaapattractions expo in orlando produced a second historic momenthat year as the more than industry professionals turned out made ithe highest attended iaapa expo ever in the spirit of excellence training awards were introduceduring the trade show joining other iaapa industry honors like the service awards brass ring awards and exhibitor awards later additions include the souvenir of the year awards in the big entertainment awards in the top fec s of the world awards in and the must see waterparks awards in as a new century dawned iaapa worked on behalf of its members to counter the negative press that followed some high profile amusement ride incidents and the subsequent media frenzy surrounding amusement safety which caused the association for manyears to publicizing the industry s overall excellent safety record the association also set up a ride incident reporting system for its united states facilities with rides releasing the first results in through the national safety council and helped facilitate ground breaking independent scientific reviews on ride forces in that authoritatively demonstrated the inherent safety of rides for the general populace also in iaapa opened its first full time non usa office iaapa europe in brussels belgium in the organization acquired sole ownership of the asian amusement expo aae by purchasing the remaining interests from the american amusement machine association aamand terrapinn however soon after iaapa was forced to cancel aae in light of the raging severe acute respiratory syndrome sars outbreak in asiathe time also in after helping to spearhead the adoption of the astm international amusement ridesign and manufacture standard and theuropean standard for amusement machinery and structures in the association maintained its focus on industry safety by establishing the new iaapa international standards harmonization group in order to implement a standard working set of universal ride safety criteria in iaapa teaming up withe travel industry association of america to produce reports on theconomic impact of domestic and overseas travelers who visit amusementheme parks and other attractions in the united states the results of thistudy demonstrated the importance of amusementheme parks and other attractions to america s tourism industry and its wider economy in addition the association opened up its membership to casinos and resorts for the firstime in as many facilities in these long established leisure sectors have begun incorporating amusement and entertainment features into their facilities and to further promoting park safety iaapa made participation in its ride incident reporting systemandatory for all members in the usa that operated qualified ride with facilities that fail to comply withis requirement becoming ineligible for membership thistep also afforded the association another opportunity to support europarks ongoing efforts to implement a similaride incident reporting system for its members additionally iaapa started working to spread the development of incident reporting systems even farther afield by presenting the idea of voluntary ride reporting to its globalliance partnersupplyingeneral background materials and encouraging them to adopthis as a goal for their organizations the period witnessed further progress on european ride reporting withe association s opening of a new office in europe offering expanded and enhanced programs and services and increased collaboration with europarks on ride safety reporting also during iaapa took full ownership of theuro attractionshow eas also in iaapa revamped and relocated its annual senior level training program withe fifteenth edition of the newly renamed institute for executiveducation taking place athe wharton school of the university of pennsylvania in philadelphia later that year athe iaapattractions expo the association unveiled its new institute for emerging leaders to help foster industry professionals with at leasthree years management experience whose skill base make them possible candidates for senior level positions now called the institute for attractions managers in iaapa held its first middleast safety conference in dubai uae in february and then in june had its inaugural attractionsafety awareness week to enhance governmental and public understanding of the industry safety practices and outstanding record in the iaapa foundation was created as a separate nonprofit corporation to fund the development of education programs and information resources for the worldwide attractions industry in the association began to implement its iaapa certification program to help further elevate the professional standards of the amusement industry at large also this year iaapa s institute for executiveducation was re launched with academic partner san diego state university whose resources to help the association replicate this offering elsewhere around the world also introduced was iaapa s first latin america state of the industry report and a new european manifesto policy document in september iaapa had announced plans to move their headquarters from alexandria virginia torlando florida in as well as extending their expo in orlando until organization structure founded in iaapa is the largest international trade association for permanently located amusement facilities and attractions and is dedicated to the preservation and prosperity of the attractions industry iaapa represents nearly facility supplier and individual members from countries member facilities include amusement and theme parks water parks attractions family entertainment centers zoos aquariums museumsciencenters and resorts iaapa is a nonprofit organization the association s global headquarters is in alexandria virginia united states the association maintains regional offices in brussels mexico city hong kong and orlando tradevents the organization currently operates the premier trade show for the global attractions industry iaapattractions expo along with asian attractions expo aae and euro attractionshow eas at each trade show iaapa offers many educational informational operational safety and leadership seminars conferences along with behind the scenes edutours of iaapa member amusement parks theme parks water parks family entertainment centers and more trade publications iaapa publishes a monthly trade magazine to its members called funworld magazine and also helps its global membership base keep track of current and pending federal state and locally based amusement based laws and legislation along with its news flash a daily e newsletter that provides industry newstories from around the world trade awards iaapa hall ofame the iaapa hall ofame was established in to celebrate outstanding achievement and contributions to the growth andevelopment of the amusement park and attractions industry for an industry that like few others depends on the imaginations talents and vision of its dream buildersuch as pt barnum and other industry luminaries iaapa service awards the iaapa service awards honor members who excel in performing services for the association and the industry and are dedicated to its well being and future growth member services iaapa currently offers training for every aspect of the amusement park and attractions industry and provides members with opportunities to educate their personnel through various workshops on site seminars videotapes manuals webinars and via services provided by institute programsuch as iaapa institute for attractions managers the iaapa institute for executiveducation and the iaapa safety institute iaapa promotes amusement park safety standards to its members and maintains a constant partnership withe american society for testing and materials astm to both develop and update stringent amusement industry ride safety standards and ride maintenance requirements iaapa s advocacy department reaches outo government bodies inumerous countries to representhe industry on attraction and amusement park legislation and regulations externalinks category amusement parks category industry trade groups based in the united states category establishments in illinois category organizations established 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type c non_profit organization status purpose headquarters alexandria virginia united_states america us amusement_industry_association trade news training online resources trade shows language leader_title president corporate title president chief_executive_officer ceo leader_name paul leader_title chairman chair leader_name greg name_leader_titleader titleader name board directors key_people main_organ parent_organization iaapa foundation affiliations budget remarks formerly footnotes name international_association amusement_parks attractions abbreviation served worldwide map_caption map_caption founder founding location merger tax registration location region products methods fields membership year owner sec gen budget revenue year expenses year endowment staff year volunteers year mission serve membership promoting safe operations global development professional growth commercial success amusement_parks attractions industry website international_association amusement_parks known iaapa represents nearly amusement_industry members located countries worldwide popular global amusement_industry_trade shows annual iaapattractions exposition based orlando_florida recognized world largest show bothe number attendees exhibitors along providing members insight current laws operational advise industry methodology helps promote guest ride safety conjunction international assisting members highest amusement_industry safety professional standards iaapa represents styles location based entertainment facilities including amusement_park theme_park family_entertainment centers video arcade museums water_park aquarium sciencenter zoo resort represents industry equipment manufacturers distributors operators industry suppliers service_providers history early ten_years periodic attempts join collective voices together amusement_park outdoor entertainment representatives united_states gathered athe congress hotel chicago_illinois discuss possibility organizing association industry keeping withe slogan common defense common advancement meeting emerged national outdoor showmen officially became first national organization united_states segments amusement_park outdoor entertainment_industry prior tother organizations represented outdoor amusement_industry confined single segment like fairs carnivals groups included international_association expositions carnival managers association showmen league america still existence today immediate task confronting protecthe industry legislation promote best interests needed worked hard designated task succeeded eliminating outdoor amusements well obtaining special consideration government regarding service amusement men importance recreation armed forces civilian population time went however amusement_park segment association carrying responsibility financially membership gradually decreased consisted almost solely amusement_park owners managers january one month prior annual meeting special meeting held_athe fort hotel pittsburgh pennsylvania discuss future association advised new organization devoted completely protecting advancing best interests america approximately amusement_parks developed february new national association amusement_parks naap born athe annual convention naap three manufacturers displayed samples new amusement devices convention floor exhibits amusement_park equipment displayed athe show born trade show element convention new association trade show met universal enthusiasm grew rapidly necessary move larger hotels accommodate attendees exhibitors naap stock market crash great_depression withe assistance many loyal members advanced personal funds enable organization carry number parks around vibrant new source members wasoon appear rapid growth swim industry number leaders industry formed american association pools beaches four_years_later members decided would better served group became part naap thus athe annual meeting naap new organization formed national association amusement_parks pools beaches naappb however naap manufacturer members decided break away form american recreational equipment association organization known today amusement_industry manufacturers suppliers international aims thend many existing parks worn due great_depression world_war ii immediate aftermath address backlash naappb adopted code ethics convention address public concern state existing park properties due post_war baby boom generation thearly existing amusement_parks rode wave renewed success buying new_rides creating areas catered younger guests buthe kiddie phenomenon fairly short_lived however major event future amusement_industry occurreduring period withe concept themed amusement_park developed amusement charles wood businessman charles wood great_escape walter knott berry_farm bill world walt_disney innovative new industry disneyland first showed people united_states eventually throughouthe_world fully realized theme_park could like since amusement_industry never changing ways none could predicted even day walt_disney care imagination fantasy became important ingredients amusement_park effect experience creating something wholly different james took area activity amusement_park lifted ito standard high performance really became brand new thing never one miss educational opportunity new venue naappb hosted meeting disneyland walt_disney spoke attendees abouthe creation use industry innovations one central entry gate original rides attractions extensive theming opening disneyland represents perhaps important line history amusement_industry critical importance long_term future naappb formal decision around time begin evolving truly global organization rooted united_states association_international amusement_parks europe park denmark liseberg sweden blackpool pleasure_beach england participated contributed fast_growing association however much discussion regarding composition organization decided effort made bring parks outside united_states association decision sudden appearance european rides american market athe_time swim club pool beach members naappb decided end affiliation withe association thus organization became_known international_association amusement_parks amusement sector another first withe opening disney_world orlando_florida truly state art destination theme_park complex many_times size walt original california park aimed entertaining guests afternoon multi day visits full dining nightlife responding themergence types entertainment amusement facilities became_known today international_association amusement_parks attractions industry continued rapid pace modern_day innovation started walt_disney withe_first dedicated waterpark wet n wild orlando wet n wild south florida amusement_parks left united_states remaining parks still owned operated families small themergence regional theme_parks owned operated large corporations changed nature face industry iaapa first significant wave amusement theme asia south_americand middleast also starting impact critical issues considered first committee inviting amusement_industry segments join iaapa ensure growth andevelopment international products services consequently association formally invited miniature golf courses family_entertainment centers response rapid expansion amusement_industry evolving industry iaapa introduced current amusement publication magazine purchased first_international headquarters building alexandria virginia following_year reflecting continued increasing importance amusement_industry manufacturers iaapa annual convention trade show iaapa expo orlando_florida drew attendees number nearly double attendance five_years earlier iaapa established international council expand global reach give advice andirection regarding programs services members outside united_states council governing operations committee would prove instrumental successful recruitment international_members development quality products services established iaapa hall_ofame first class amusement_industry pioneers awarded year annual convention trade show orlando welcomed attendees iaapa expo became largest amusement_industry exhibition world offering attendees opportunity view amusement food beverage park technology entertainment mid association also extended membership zoos aquariums museums wider application amusement elements differentypes ofacilities period marked significant expansion iaapa globalization efforts purchase asian amusement expo creation international representatives program adoption international council initial strategic pland organization summer meeting hong_kong first asia association addressed plan big way establishing resource industry information conducting pro active public_relations program percentage members outside united_states topped one third total membership firstime iaapa history iaapattractions expo orlando produced second historic year industry professionals turned made ithe highest attended iaapa expo ever spirit excellence training awards trade show joining iaapa industry honors like service awards brass ring awards awards later additions include souvenir year_awards big entertainment awards top fec world awards must see awards new century iaapa worked behalf members counter negative press followed high_profile amusement ride incidents subsequent media frenzy surrounding amusement safety caused association manyears industry overall excellent safety record association also set ride incident reporting system united_states facilities rides releasing first results national safety council helped facilitate ground breaking independent scientific reviews ride forces demonstrated inherent safety rides general populace also iaapa opened first full_time non usa office iaapa europe brussels_belgium organization acquired sole ownership asian amusement expo purchasing remaining interests american amusement machine association however soon iaapa forced light raging severe acute respiratory sars outbreak time also helping adoption international amusement manufacture standard theuropean standard amusement machinery structures association maintained focus industry safety establishing new iaapa international standards group order implement standard working set universal ride safety criteria iaapa withe travel_industry_association america produce reports theconomic impact domestic overseas travelers visit amusementheme parks attractions united_states results demonstrated importance amusementheme parks attractions america tourism_industry wider economy addition association opened membership casinos resorts firstime many facilities long established leisure sectors begun incorporating amusement entertainment features facilities promoting park safety iaapa made participation ride incident reporting members usa operated qualified ride facilities fail comply withis requirement becoming membership also afforded association another opportunity support ongoing efforts implement incident reporting system members additionally iaapa started working spread development incident reporting systems even farther presenting idea voluntary ride reporting background materials encouraging goal organizations period progress european ride reporting withe association opening new office europe offering expanded enhanced programs services increased collaboration ride safety reporting also iaapa took full ownership eas also iaapa relocated annual senior level training program withe fifteenth edition newly renamed institute taking_place athe wharton school university pennsylvania philadelphia later year athe iaapattractions expo association unveiled new institute emerging leaders help foster industry professionals years management experience whose skill base make possible candidates senior level positions called institute attractions managers iaapa held first middleast safety conference dubai uae february june inaugural awareness week enhance governmental public understanding industry safety practices outstanding record iaapa foundation created separate nonprofit corporation fund development education programs information resources worldwide attractions industry_association began implement iaapa certification program help professional standards amusement_industry large also year iaapa institute launched academic partner san_diego state_university whose resources help association offering elsewhere around world also introduced iaapa first latin_america state industry report new european policy document september iaapa announced_plans move headquarters alexandria virginia florida well extending expo orlando organization structure founded iaapa largest international_trade association permanently located amusement facilities attractions dedicated preservation prosperity attractions industry iaapa represents nearly facility supplier individual members countries member facilities include amusement theme_parks water_parks attractions family_entertainment centers zoos aquariums resorts iaapa nonprofit organization association global headquarters alexandria virginia united_states association maintains regional offices brussels mexico_city hong_kong orlando organization currently operates premier trade show global attractions industry iaapattractions expo along asian attractions expo euro eas trade show iaapa offers many educational informational operational safety leadership seminars conferences along behind scenes iaapa member amusement_parks theme_parks water_parks family_entertainment centers trade publications iaapa publishes monthly trade magazine members called magazine also helps global membership base keep track current pending federal state locally based amusement based laws legislation along news flash daily e newsletter provides industry around world_trade awards iaapa hall_ofame iaapa hall_ofame established celebrate outstanding achievement contributions growth andevelopment amusement_park attractions industry industry like others depends talents vision dream barnum industry iaapa service awards iaapa service awards honor members performing services association industry dedicated well future growth member services iaapa currently offers training every aspect amusement_park attractions industry provides members opportunities educate personnel various workshops site seminars via services provided institute programsuch iaapa institute attractions managers iaapa institute iaapa safety institute iaapa promotes amusement_park safety standards members maintains constant partnership withe american society testing materials develop update stringent amusement_industry ride safety standards ride maintenance requirements iaapa advocacy department reaches outo government bodies inumerous countries representhe industry attraction amusement_park legislation regulations externalinks_category amusement_parks category industry_trade groups based united_states category_establishments illinois 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tradition that provides insight into the pagan culture ofinland including hitherto unknown autofellatio exercises connected told fertility rites these stories are often known as the bock saga his eccentric philosophical and mythological theories gained a small international following according to bock s autobiographical the bock saga he was born as the result of an incestuous relationship between sea captain knut victor boxstr m who would have been years old athe time and his daughterhea knut s only son had been killed in the finnish civil war in and this was a desperate measure to continue the male line and bring thextensive family sagabout heathen times to the public eye knut victor boxstr m died shortly after ior s baptism one month after his birth consequently he was adopted by rhea s husband bror gustaf bertil svedlin the freelance journalist magnus londen published an article where he claimed that ior bock was actually an adopted son of rhea boxstr m svedlin and bror svedlin according to londen official adoption documents in the national archive in helsinki prove that ior s biological mother was a years old gardening instructor in porvoo his father wasaid to be a spanish sailor after bock s death a family friend from sibbo quoting her mother supported the adoption claims in bock had answered londen s queries by explaining thathe adoption theme was a necessary precaution from his mother to hide the incestuous acthat led to his birth according to magnus londen s article young holger svedlin wasent off to an orphanage for one year at age nine londen citing unnamed acquaintances of the svedlin family states that holger who hadopted the name ior meaning eeyore in swedishadisplayed irrational behaviour and that his mother had been unable to cope withim since his adopted father hadied the previous year it was during this period that according to the stories he later told his twentyears of daily training into the sound system and secret saga of his family began it was his biological mother as well as his aunt sisterachel who taught him for two hours every day and only when they were away was he in the orphanage athe age of under the name of ior bockstr m svedlin he got into training practice as a lighting technician at svenska teatern the swedish theatre in helsinki here he completed his basic education to become a professional actor at age the shooting death of his brother in ior svedlin s adopted brotherik svedlin died by a gunshot athe age of due to his participation in the situation that led to the death ior got a probation ofour months on the grounds of participation in acts that led to involuntary manslaughter after his parents death ior bock as he was known by then stated that erik svedlin actually committed suicide due to a family dramas his planned marriage was disapproved of by his family erik s fianc as well as friends have disputed this claim interviews with londen according to ior bock s version to avoid a social scandal the incident was termed an accidental death and explained to be a result of the two brothers playing around according to magnus londen the investigation report archived in the police archive in helsinki states thathe brothers had been listening to music while ior was dancing and playing with a gun ior told the police thathe gun went off accidentally when he threw ito his brother everyone involved considered the incidento be an accident ior bock and others have viewed the article of magnus londen as defamatory professionalife and publicity in the following years ior svedlin became a renowned actor due to engagements athe swedish theatres in vaasa turku and helsinki apart from guest plays in stockholm he also goto direct some smaller productions most famous is the tv commercial the coral man where ior svedlin showed hiskills both as a director and a dancer due to his family specific interest and knowledge ofinnishistory ior bockstr m svedlin became privately engaged withe history of the th century sea fortressuomenlinna sveaborg in helsinki from until when his contract withe society was terminated he was employedaily as a tourist guide athe service of thehrensv rd society according to magnus londen the stories told by ior svedlin during his guided tours gradually evolved in a bizarre direction resulting in a conflict withis employer from to he continued histudies of sveaborg while guiding on a free lance basis using his new name ior bock starting in the mid s a new chapter in ior bockstr m svedlin s life began to develop when he began paying regular visits to the well known hippie paradise goa on the arabian sea coast of india everyear from october to april he would spend in the small village chapora beachapora developing a significant crowd of supporters or apprentices asome back in finland would call them according to ior he had been occasionally smoking hemp withe consent of his parent from the age of since hemp growing and smoking had been a tradition in the bockstr m family until when the use of cannabis was prohibited according to londen ior svedlin was interviewed by the finnish newspaper hufvudstadsbladet in and he was quoted there giving a statementhat londen has found most poignant in yielding a critical perspective on ior bock s own biography whiche began to presento the public two years thereafter the funeral of his motherhea on june fi tiedosto rhea boxstr m hs jpg ior claimed that she had left him a will containing a very specific duty which was to bring their family saga to the attention of professional historians as well as the public the first recordings were done in swedish in and athe archive ofolklore in helsinki later he gave further outlines and specifics inumerous tapes and in the finnish writer juha javanainen collected some basic extracts in the book bockin perheen saga helsinki excavation of the temple of lemmink inen in ior bock and hisupporters began fund raising in order to financexcavation of a sediment filled cave that isituated under the hill sibbosberg situated north of gumbostrand in sipoo km east of helsinki athestate bock had inherited from his parents the cave wasupposed to lead to a furnished temple chamber inside the sibbosberg known as the temple of lemmink inen inside of the temple chamber a spiraling hallway is described with small hall rooms that were created to hold the collected treasures from each generation from theathen culture of ancient finland the time of ongoing storage is counted in millenniaccumulating a large treasure trove treasure chamber the lastorage was done in when thentrance hall was filled and thentrance door closed and hidden as foreign warlords would enter the baltic areand by the yeareaching and conquering the major cities of southern finland a number of digs in the cave were made on various occasions during after two summers of excavations an entrance into the mountain was actually revealed the following years a hallway of granit walls floor and ceiling filled with clay mixed sand gravel was excavated about meters beyond thentrance the statement made by the family saga of the subterranean hallway was actually proven to exist moreover thexcavated area has also proven to be by far the largest cavever found in finland the rest of the hallway is also filled with a hardened mass of sedimentsuch as clay sand silt and rapakivinside there are straight walls with a ceiling and a floor consisting of bedrock granite the surfaceseems to have been made by natural processes perhaps withe modification of ancient humans due to thenigmatic statements of the family saga the national board of antiquities in finland retracted from involving themselves withe hallway inside the sibbo mountain as an archaeological site the participation of professional archaeologists in the sibbosberg excavations has been restricted into a couple official visits during which nothing archaeologically significant was observed in a recent archaeological survey the sibbosberg cave was defined as a natural formation of geological interest according to the surveying archaeologisthe only man made feature there is a recent rock in the police arrested bock and other participants in the dig on suspicion of the use andistribution of indian hemp when the court sentenced three of bock s foreign companions the results were a public scandal and the withdrawal of the sponsor of thexcavation the major construction and roadworks company lemmink inen group since then smaller digs have been made in a knife stabbing left bock quadriplegic when bock wastill in hospital his debts to the lemmink inen group and to a geotechnical contractor from were used to instigate a process against him for debts and credits during bock stay in goa the following winter his assets were confiscated and his propertiesold hoard of the kajaani castle another location of the bock stories was kajaani castle thearly th century stone fort in kajaani according to bock a castle wasituated in the place already in the th century when a royal treasure of kings ofinland including a golden buck statue was hidden in a well in the courtyard of the castle somexcitement arose when ground penetrating radar investigations made in and suggested that a sizable metal item was located at meters depth of the courtyard of the fort according to the state archaeologist henrik lilius the item was probably an old cannon that could have fallen into the well during the destruction of the fort in a new investigation made in was not able to verify thearlier observationsmainio tapio pronssista tykki etsittiin maatutkalla kajaanissa helsingin sanomat during an archaeological excavation made later in it was noticed that an electric ground cable had been dug in the courtyard at cm depth according to the project manager selja flink of the national board of antiquities it was most probably the object noticed in the ground penetrating radar investigations according to flink there is no archaeological or documentary evidence of the well mentioned by lilius later life on june bock was attacked in his home in helsinki and stabbed several times the attack left him a quadriplegia quadriplegic until his death athe age of bock maintained a circle ofriends and followers who were still impressed by histories and hoped to start again thexcavations athe sibbosberg on october bock wastabbed to death in his apartment in helsinki police arrested two male suspects of india n origin then aged and who had shared his apartment and had worked as his personal assistants the case is now investigated as a suspected murder according to the police a quarrel had preceded the act of homicide onovember the police reported thathe younger suspect waset free and no longer considered a suspect on september the finnish police deported the other suspect a court found the man criminally unaccountable outline of the bock sagat her funeral on june ior claimed that his motherhea boxstr m svedlin had left him a very specific duty confirmed in her will to bring their ancient and unknown family saga to the attention of professional historians as well as the public the first recordings were done in swedish in and athe archive ofolklore in helsinki later he gave further outlines and specifics inumerous tapes and in the finnish writer juha javanainen collected some basic extracts in the book bockin perheen saga helsinkin hisaga ior bock employs a distinct etymology based on the letters of the scandinavian alphabetswedish language swedish and finnish language to support his allegedly historical saga he related itold scandinavian folklore describing a nucleus that isupposed to be the origin of bothe scandinaviand the finnish culture s the saga describes a detailed sound system built on the sounds of the scandinavian alphabet based on this phonology the saga explains an extensive mythology and a chronological stringent history the historical outline covers a number of topics from the origin of man before ice age and a global caste system to the breakup of this global population due to the appearance of the ice age climatic fluctuations and continental drifthe saga explains how this firstropical culture was divided into ten different kingdoms as life on each continents developed into parallel but different biotops during theons of time when ice time proceeded a small group of people the aser who were caught inside the ice of northern europe inside the baltic ocean thend of ice age broke thisolation and became a new start of humanity since all the various populations could now be reached and reach otheregaining contact withe various tropical kingdoms the aser were instrumental in spreading a root system of words to develop a common ground for communication and exchange between the various culturesince the legendary deluge younger dryas years ago the connections rapidly established and similar culturestarted on all the different continents leading to parallel cultures on the respective continents leading to thethnicities constitutions and civilizations we know astone age and classical antiquity during these millennia the asers were drafting and cultivating their intercontinental connections enhancing thexchange of knowledge skills and produce worldwide the purpose was to produce common features and grounds for language and culture through thexchange of procreatorskills crafts arts and architecture their method was coperation between parallel constitutions of royals nobilities and laymen according to the saga theurasia n monarchies werestablished shortly after the ice age from the one arctic group of people that survived ice age called aser only three families were first made to explore theurasianorth and leave offspring in theirespective regions east west and south of the baltic ocean these offspring became the core families of three major kingdoms who managed to grow into the societies that managed to populate western central and eastern europe within the open lands of northern eurasia the royals were producing houses of nobility to inhabit and populate the various regions and there found a third cast offspring called earls to produce structured societies within theirespective shires and villages the bock saga explains thathe historical kingdoms of eurasia descended from the three kingdoms found by the aser already during early stone age similar constitutions are claimed to havexisted already in the southern hemisphere on all other continentsince the ancestry of all these tropical and arctic royals would lead back to a common source the word all father was recognized by them all as a common origin of all human beings thus the renewed contact and resurrection of common roots and goals resulted in a positive contact and exchange producing a worldwide net of genetic and academic exchange leading to the innovations produce and trade of agriculture metals and alloys that led to advanced arts tools craft and technology a major theme in the poetry and prose of the bock saga is thexposure of the ancient fertility cultures of antiquity whose legal traditions based on inheritance where contradictory to the interest oforeign invaders and illegal regimes consequently to handle an occupied population the religions of the middle ages exercised an absolute repression of all the old fertility ritualsince they required and recreated the memory of the old codexes consequently theathen traditions of sexual visibility and identification was massively condemned and sanctioned withe most severe of punishments one sucheathen tradition was that of drinking the divine or the water of wisdom which literally refers to the female sap ejaculate and the male sperm according to the saga the pagan traditions were based on a naturalistic philosophy where it was regarded a virtue to save and not spill onesemen or femalejaculate this could be done by sharing the liquids in a or by practicing autofellatio which the family saga namesauna solmu the finnish expression for thisacred vines would be viisauden vesi the water of wisdom which in other traditions are known under cryptic termsuch as the water of life the seeds of life the nectar of the gods or thelixir of the blessed in thearly christian contexthese classical issues were mistranslated to blood and flesh to stigmatize the pagan peoples as wild beasts vampires and cannibals paradoxically the liturgy istill defining the flesh and blood of jesus as our most sacred rite the communion even if the tools of the communion today arexplained to be purely allegorical their origin are still to bexplained while the men would learn how to curl up in a sauna knot andrink directly from their clubs the women would normally ingestheir mahla femalejaculation with a straw according to the bock saga this used to be a collective tradition amongst men and women where heart friends of the same sex would shareach other s liquids as a special favor and sacramento enhance theirespective fertility and vitalize their neurological energy the saga claims that within theathen cultures this recycling of sperm and sap was obligatory athe age of when it was combined with yoga exercises in popular culture in kingston wall a finnish psychedelic rock group included the core of bock s mythic symbolism on their last album iii tri logy album tri logy the saga was described in the cd booklet and some of the song lyrics featured themes from it furthereading bock ior bockin perheen saaga v in m isen mytologia synchronicity londen magnus holgerin saaga magnuslondennet luettu syyskuuta javanainen juha ior bockin yhteisty ehrensv rd seuran kanssa iorbockfi luettu syyskuuta kirkkoherra kielsi muinaistarujen jumalien muistotulet helsingin sanomat kes kuu lipponen ulla sks nauhoitettu helsinki kertoja ior svedlin valtteri v kev miss h n onyt helsingin sanomat kuukausiliite nro kes kuu s heydemann klaus filmography klaus heydemann talvicom luettu toukokuuta simil ville n in puhui guru helsingin sanomat lokakuuta sanoma osakeyhti artikkelin verkkoversio viitattu externalinks iorbockfi official website bocksagadenglish and german bocksagano bocksaga channel at youtube category births category deaths category finnish male actors category finnish victims of crime category finnish mythology category finnish people with disabilities category male actors from helsinki category people with tetraplegia category place of birth missing category storytellers category swedish speaking finns category tour guides category people murdered in finland category finnish murder victims category deaths by stabbing in 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civil_war measure continue male line bring thextensive family times public eye knut victor boxstr died shortly ior one month birth consequently adopted rhea husband bror svedlin freelance journalist magnus londen published article claimed ior_bock actually adopted son rhea boxstr svedlin bror svedlin according londen official adoption documents national archive helsinki prove ior biological mother years_old gardening instructor father wasaid spanish bock death family friend mother supported adoption claims bock answered londen explaining thathe adoption theme necessary mother hide led birth according magnus londen article young holger svedlin wasent orphanage one_year age nine londen citing unnamed acquaintances svedlin family states holger name ior meaning behaviour mother unable cope withim since adopted father previous year period according stories later told twentyears daily training sound_system secret saga family began biological mother well aunt taught two hours every_day away orphanage athe_age name ior_bockstr svedlin got training practice lighting technician swedish theatre helsinki completed basic education become professional actor age shooting death brother ior svedlin adopted svedlin died athe_age due participation situation led death ior got ofour months grounds participation acts led parents death ior_bock known stated erik svedlin actually committed suicide due family planned marriage family erik well friends disputed claim interviews londen according ior_bock version avoid social scandal incident termed accidental death explained result two brothers playing around according magnus londen investigation report archived police archive helsinki states thathe brothers music ior dancing playing gun ior told police thathe gun went accidentally threw ito brother everyone involved considered accident ior_bock others viewed article magnus londen publicity following_years ior svedlin became renowned actor due athe swedish theatres vaasa helsinki apart guest plays stockholm also direct smaller productions famous tv commercial coral man ior svedlin showed director dancer due family specific interest knowledge ior_bockstr svedlin became privately engaged withe history th_century sea helsinki contract withe society terminated tourist_guide athe service society according magnus londen stories told ior svedlin guided_tours gradually evolved bizarre direction resulting conflict withis employer continued histudies guiding free lance basis using new name ior_bock starting mid new chapter ior_bockstr svedlin life began develop began paying regular visits well_known hippie paradise goa arabian sea coast india everyear october april would spend small village developing significant crowd supporters asome back finland would call according ior occasionally smoking hemp withe consent parent age since hemp growing smoking tradition bockstr family use cannabis prohibited according londen ior svedlin interviewed finnish newspaper quoted giving londen found critical perspective ior_bock biography whiche began public two_years thereafter funeral june rhea boxstr jpg ior claimed left containing specific duty bring family saga attention professional historians well public first recordings done swedish athe archive helsinki later gave inumerous finnish writer collected basic book bockin saga helsinki excavation temple lemmink inen ior_bock began fund raising order sediment filled cave isituated hill sibbosberg situated north_east helsinki bock inherited parents cave lead furnished temple chamber inside sibbosberg known temple lemmink inen inside temple chamber hallway described small hall rooms created hold collected treasures generation culture ancient finland time ongoing storage counted large treasure treasure chamber done thentrance hall filled thentrance door closed hidden foreign would enter baltic areand major_cities southern finland number cave made various occasions two summers excavations entrance mountain actually revealed following_years hallway walls floor ceiling filled clay mixed sand gravel meters beyond thentrance statement made family saga hallway actually proven exist moreover area also proven far largest found finland rest hallway also filled mass clay sand straight walls ceiling floor consisting made natural processes perhaps withe ancient humans due statements family saga national board antiquities finland involving withe hallway inside mountain archaeological site participation professional archaeologists sibbosberg excavations restricted couple official visits nothing significant observed recent archaeological survey sibbosberg cave defined natural formation geological interest according man_made feature recent rock police arrested bock participants dig suspicion use andistribution indian hemp court sentenced three bock foreign companions results public scandal withdrawal sponsor thexcavation major construction company lemmink inen group since smaller made knife stabbing left bock bock wastill hospital debts lemmink inen group contractor used process debts credits bock stay goa following winter assets confiscated castle another location bock stories castle thearly_th century stone fort according bock castle place already th_century royal treasure kings ofinland including golden buck statue hidden well courtyard castle arose ground investigations made suggested metal item located meters depth courtyard fort according state archaeologist item probably old cannon could fallen well destruction fort new investigation made able verify thearlier helsingin sanomat archaeological excavation made later noticed electric ground cable dug courtyard depth according project manager national board antiquities probably object noticed ground investigations according archaeological documentary evidence well mentioned later life june bock attacked home helsinki several times attack left death athe_age bock maintained circle ofriends followers still impressed histories hoped start athe sibbosberg october bock death apartment helsinki police arrested two male india n origin aged shared apartment worked personal assistants case investigated murder according police preceded act onovember police reported_thathe younger suspect waset free longer considered suspect september finnish police deported suspect court found man outline bock funeral june ior claimed boxstr svedlin left specific duty confirmed bring ancient unknown family saga attention professional historians well public first recordings done swedish athe archive helsinki later gave inumerous finnish writer collected basic book bockin saga ior_bock employs distinct etymology based letters scandinavian language swedish finnish language support allegedly historical saga related scandinavian folklore describing isupposed origin bothe scandinaviand finnish culture saga describes detailed sound_system built sounds scandinavian based saga explains extensive mythology stringent history historical outline covers number topics origin man ice age global caste system global population due appearance ice age continental saga explains culture divided ten different kingdoms life continents developed parallel different time ice time proceeded small group people aser caught inside ice northern europe inside baltic ocean thend ice age broke became new start humanity since various populations could reached reach contact withe various tropical kingdoms aser instrumental spreading root system words develop common ground communication exchange various legendary deluge younger years_ago connections rapidly established similar different continents leading parallel cultures respective continents leading constitutions civilizations know age classical antiquity cultivating intercontinental connections enhancing thexchange knowledge skills produce worldwide purpose produce common features grounds language culture thexchange crafts arts architecture method parallel constitutions royals according saga n werestablished shortly ice age one arctic group people survived ice age called aser three families first made explore leave offspring theirespective regions east west south baltic ocean offspring became core families three_major kingdoms managed grow societies managed western central eastern_europe within open lands northern royals producing houses nobility various regions found third cast offspring called earls produce structured societies within theirespective villages bock saga explains thathe historical kingdoms descended three kingdoms found aser already early stone age similar constitutions claimed havexisted already southern hemisphere ancestry tropical arctic royals would lead back common source word father recognized common origin human beings thus renewed contact common roots goals resulted positive contact exchange producing worldwide net genetic academic exchange leading innovations produce trade agriculture led advanced arts tools craft technology major theme poetry prose bock saga ancient fertility cultures antiquity whose legal traditions based interest oforeign illegal consequently handle occupied population middle_ages old fertility required memory old consequently traditions sexual visibility identification condemned sanctioned withe severe one tradition drinking divine water wisdom literally refers female male sperm according saga pagan traditions based philosophy regarded virtue save could done sharing practicing family saga finnish expression vines would water wisdom traditions known termsuch water life seeds life gods thearly christian classical issues blood pagan peoples wild beasts paradoxically istill defining blood jesus sacred rite even tools today purely origin still men would learn andrink directly clubs women would normally straw according bock saga used collective tradition amongst men women heart friends sex would special favor sacramento enhance theirespective fertility neurological energy saga claims within cultures recycling sperm obligatory athe_age combined yoga exercises popular_culture kingston wall finnish psychedelic rock group included core bock last album iii tri album tri saga described booklet song lyrics featured themes furthereading bock ior_bockin v londen magnus ior_bockin helsingin sanomat helsinki ior svedlin v miss h n helsingin sanomat klaus klaus ville n guru helsingin sanomat externalinks_official_website german channel youtube category_births_category deaths_category finnish male actors category finnish victims crime category finnish mythology category finnish people disabilities category male actors helsinki category_people_category place birth missing_category category swedish speaking category_tour guides_category people murdered finland category finnish murder victims category_deaths stabbing finland"},{"title":"Irish Pub, Kabul","description":"the irish pub of kabul is a public house pub in kabul afghanistan it opened on st patrick s day the pub is licensed by the afghan government withe caveathat 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american bourbon japanese whisky and french irish and indian styles among otherseveral ny magazine sites have written positive reviews isle of skye scotch bar in williamsburg thrillist new york sip hundreds of whiskys at scottish pub isle of skye in williamsburgothamist whiskeyed away to isle of skye bareviews the l magazinew york city s local event and arts culture guide category establishments inew york category drinking establishments inew york city category restaurants in brooklyn category scottish american culture category williamsburg brooklyn category 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Duque Park","description":"theme homepage owner general manager operator opening date closing date previous nameseason visitors area rides coasters waterideslogan status operating footnotes jaime duque park is a family oriented amusement park located in the tocancip municipality of the metropolitan area of bogot colombia the park contains the jaime duque zoo the museum of mankind as well as replicas of several major locations and buildings from around the world a monorail runs through the park to help get guests from one area to another the park also has an outdoor stage for live performances here the park has hosted performances by musiciansuch as kylie minogue guns n roses jamiroquai the killers david guetta paulina rubio and evanescence the park first opened on february and was founded by jaime duque grisales a personality of colombian civil aviation and the first head of the aviancairline pilots he wanted to create a cultural and recreational space for the whole family withe aim of generating profits to help institutionserving families file parque jaime duque jpg px thumbnail right hand of god monumenthe uss ruchamkin apd a ship that was useduring world war ii and an aviana dc aircraft are on display maps and replicas the park contains replicas of the taj mahal indias well as replicas of the seven wonders of the ancient world including the hangingardens of babylon the lighthouse of alexandria the temple of artemis and the pyramids it also has giant figures including a large hand holding a globe which is meanto representhe hand of god there is a cartographic relief depiction relief map of colombia on a scale of located near the aviary there is also a map of the caribbean sea zoo and aviary the park s zoo containseveral birds and monkeys as well aspecies native to south america such as the capybara wakat bio park this park was inaugurated in it is managed by jaime duque park under technical and professional supervision from la salle university colombia la salle 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operator opening date_closing_date previous visitors area rides coasters status operating footnotes jaime duque park family oriented amusement_park located municipality metropolitan area bogot colombia park contains jaime duque zoo museum well replicas several major locations buildings around world monorail runs park help get guests one area another park also outdoor stage live performances park hosted performances guns n roses david park first_opened february founded jaime duque personality colombian civil_aviation first head pilots wanted create cultural recreational space whole family withe_aim generating profits help families file parque jaime duque jpg_px_thumbnail right hand god monumenthe uss ship useduring world_war ii aircraft display maps replicas park contains replicas taj mahal well replicas seven_wonders ancient world including lighthouse alexandria temple pyramids also giant figures including large hand holding globe meanto representhe hand god relief depiction relief map colombia scale located_near aviary also map caribbean sea zoo aviary park_zoo birds monkeys well native south_america bio park park inaugurated managed jaime duque park technical professional supervision la university colombia la university unit dedicated conservation activities environmental education different professions study management wild species serves support environment providing foster home animals confiscated authorities file jaime duque parkjpg parque jaime file panthera file file parque jaime duque jpg file parque jaime duque jpg file zona de see_also tourism colombia category_amusement_parks category"},{"title":"Jan Howard Finder","description":"birth place chicago illinois us death date death place albany new york us jan howard finder march february was an american academic administration academic administrator career counseling career counselor science fiction writer filker hosteling tour guide costumer and science fiction fandom fan he was a science fiction convention guests of honor guest of honor athe st world science fiction convention worldconfrancisco as a personal affectation he often spelled his name in allower case letters jan howard finder his last name is pronounced finn der pern characters web site background and work originally from chicago illinois finder became a devotee of the works of j r tolkien in when he spenthree straight days curled up at his parents house reading the lord of the rings trilogy he studied academic administration athe university of illinois at urbana champaign and while there organized the first conference on middlearth in held the second conference on middlearth at cleveland state university where he was working as an assistant dean education dean edgers geoff at westford conference a fellowship of tolkien fans boston globe marchended up spending most of his life as a career counselor for various employers including a stint athe united states army s fort drum jan howard finder fan dies at science fiction finder nicknamed the wombat was a frequent science fiction convention guests of honor guest of honor at science fiction conventions including honored guest at confrancisco the worldcon scifi fan gallery page on jan howard finder worldcon programming cached web site he was also fan guest of honor at byob con lastcon albany leprecon genericonotjustanothercon and arisia leprecon web site he was a co founder of albacon readers advice web site he was the chairperson of several science fiction conventions not specifically dedicated to the writings of tolkien he was chair of albacon in and of the science fiction research association sfra in schenectady new york in well known in science fiction fandom fannish circlesci fi fan photo website finder was editor of the science fiction fanzine the spang blah until he wascribe secretary club secretary of the latham albany schenectady troy science fiction association latham albany schenectady troy science fiction association website accessed march the wombat was a frequent masquerade ball masquerade judge worldcon official web page program listing haute couture costumer costume con gallery web page one of his creations charity practice charity auctioneer and participant in panel discussions from arisiand albacon in the northeast united states to worldcons worldcn program worldcon photo gallery and lunacon web site he also mentored other prospective con chairs archon web site finder wrote in the short story genre and hishort fiction writing has been published in several anthologies including the grapes of rath in microcosmic tales iblist web site diverse books web site index to science fiction anthologies and collections listing for finder as author hedited the anthology aliencounters taplinger index to science fiction anthologies and collections listing for finder as editor which included short stories by lynn abbey ben bova lee killough author lee killough david langford and ian watson author ian watson among others finder was 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death_date death_place albany new_york us jan howard finder march february american academic administration academic administrator career career science_fiction writer hosteling tour_guide science_fiction fan science_fiction convention guests honor guest honor athe st world science_fiction convention personal often name case letters jan howard finder last name pronounced der characters web_site background work originally chicago_illinois finder became works j r tolkien straight days parents house reading lord rings trilogy studied academic administration athe_university illinois urbana champaign organized first conference middlearth held second conference middlearth cleveland state_university working assistant dean education dean geoff westford conference fellowship tolkien fans boston_globe spending life career various employers including athe united_states army fort drum jan howard finder fan dies science_fiction finder nicknamed frequent science_fiction convention guests honor guest honor science_fiction conventions including honored guest worldcon fan gallery page jan howard finder worldcon programming web_site also fan guest honor byob con albany web_site founder readers advice web_site chairperson several science_fiction conventions specifically dedicated writings tolkien chair science_fiction research association schenectady new_york well_known science_fiction fan photo website finder editor science_fiction secretary club secretary latham albany schenectady troy science_fiction association latham albany schenectady troy science_fiction association website_accessed march frequent masquerade ball masquerade judge worldcon official web_page program listing haute costume con gallery web_page one creations charity practice charity participant panel northeast united_states program worldcon photo gallery web_site also prospective con chairs web_site finder wrote short_story genre fiction writing published several anthologies including grapes tales web_site diverse 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josh greene he has also focused on the distribution of wealth and the concept of money in his work selling money for less than its face value giving away money on a street corner placing thentire contents of his apartment for sale and in buying signs from the homeless and having them redesigned by a graphic designer josh greene he also has a fascination withe culinary arts and the art ofood service and began a restaurant out of histudio apartment called eat where he served as the cook for the meals continuing theme of the meal in his art he served a dinner as an art project for the staff at southern exposure in san francisco and his latest project entitled service works melds his work at a high end restaurant in san francisco withis grant giving josh greene service works josh greene s latest project entitled service works gives a monthly granto an artist s project once a month on an ongoing basisixteen monthso far by january mr greene awards one night s wages in tips that hearns at a high end restaurant as a waiter to an artist s project of his choosing this amount per project has ranged from to each artist must apply for the service works grant and the project usually involvesome sort of social interaction the projects have ranged from the politicalike a kindergarten class writing speeches for george w bush and then being read by the bush impersonator from jibjab in the project and a karaoke session in a public park of a political speech in the projecto the socially conscious like the volunteer work provided in the projecthe cat supplies purchased in the project and to benefit victims of hurricane katrina in the projecto the cathartic like the venting and tearing of paper in the project service workservice works has been in a few shows yerba buenand at hunter college and has been the subject of articles in the san francisco weekly san francisco arts entertainmenthe tipping point and in dwell magazine dwell shows he hashown at galleries and museums like the yerba 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category_living_people_category artists san_francisco_bay_area_category_restaurant staff"},{"title":"Journey to Mecca","description":"runtime minutes country united states languagenglisharabic budget million gross journey to mecca in the footsteps of ibn battuta is an imax giant screen dramatisedocumentary film charting the first realife journey made by the islamic scholar ibn battuta from his native morocco to mecca for the hajj muslim pilgrimage in the year old muslim religious law student ibn battutannotatedition september see google book search whose full name was abu abdullah muhammed ibn abdullah alawati al tanjibn battuta set out from tangier a city inorthern morocco in on a pilgrimage to mecca some miles over km to theasthe journey took himonths to complete and along the way he met with misfortune and adversity including attack by bandits rescue by bedouins fierce sand storms andehydration ibn battuta spent a total of years travelling and covered miles kilometres before he finally returned home he travelled further thany writer before him covering most of the known world through africa spaindia chinand the maldives on ibn battuta s return the sultan of morocco requested that he relate his experiences and this was to become whathe saudi gazette referred to as one of the world s most famous travel books the rihla voyage film synopsis with narration by ben kingsley the film which is bookended by scenes from the contemporary muslim pilgrimage chronicles the first month long leg of ibn battuta s journey to mecca it was filmed in morocco and saudi arabia in english and arabic with berber languages berber in the background on the way to mecca riding alone on horseback ibn battuta was held up by bandits robbed and nearly killed but when the leader of the bandits realized that he was a pilgrim feeling ashamed he offered to escort ibn battuta to egypt for a fee it was a difficult journey by camel across the desert and they were faced with fierce sandstorms before taking to boats to navigate the nile reaching egypt he handed a letter given to him by a friend to a sheikh and based on a hadith an oral tradition of the prophet muhammed he was advised to seeknowledge to china hence his further extensive travels ibn battuta had intended to continue his journey to mecca by sea via the port of aydhab on the red sea but war and the dangers that posed made him travel by land through damascus instead joining a strong caravan ofellow pilgrims along the way staying withem until they finally reach their destination mecca leading actor according to the jakarta posthe lead chems eddine zinoun was born in casablanca morocco and studied classical ballet and the piano he died in a car accident onov in casablanca where he lived his portrayal of ibn battuta shows a depth ofeeling that will remain with audiences long after watching journey to mecca big movie zone described the film s genre as docudrama whilst a review athat site remarking that it was the most unusual giant screen film the reviewer had yet seen called it a biopic guised as a documentary according to a review on the national post in canada the imax format is best suited to the vast landscapes which ibn battuta crossed and lesso for the close ups and market places as for the hajj itself this has been described astunning footage the reviewer writes that journey to mecca succeeds best in capturing the wonder pageantry and beauty that are the hallmarks of any religion s central celebration though it is arguably impossible to catch an image of the almighty on film this docomes as close as any ann coates reviewing the film at big movie zone stated that with very little narration unlike other giant screen productions this helps the dramatic portrayal of ibn battutand his dangerous trek ross anthony also reviewing at bmz is of the opinion thathearly special effects are nice and moody though the desert is barren and unappealing however once in mecca the imageshine the reviewer finds the acting very good for the format bruce kirkland of sun media in canada described journey to meccas a beautifully wrought filmeticulously researched everyone no matter their faith should see itrade arabia in the uae wrote a powerfularger than life cinematic experience that has the power to educate both young and old its message of tolerance and respect will resonate strongly with audiences the detroit free press in the usaidramatic desert landscapes unprecedented access to the great mosque breathtaking aerial views a cosmic experience and nick meyer wrote in the arab americanews thathe film was a breathtaking beautiful inspiring story with many visual delights highly recommended martina zainal of the jakarta post writes thathe photography istunning and takes us to dizzying heights over grand scenes andirectors of photography afshin javadi ghasem ebrahimiand rafey mahmood have helped show us a side of islam that is rarely seen in today s news it is a film worth seeing by muslims and non muslims alike the film has even received positive reviews in jewish publications for example anthony frosh and rachel sacks davis not only praised the breathtaking cinematography in the jewish journal galus australis but also wrote whilst ibn battuta s th century hajj was much closer in time to us than our biblical forefathers his experience of travel wasurely much closer to theirs the isolation danger and vulnerability that marked his journey surely also marked theirs and the spiritual gifts that so explicitly mark the journeys of our forefathers are also implicit in ibn battuta s journey to mecca jews witness the hajj the film was officially endorsed by saudi arabia n prince turki bin faisal saud al faisal the youngest son of the late faisal of saudi arabia king faisal former director general of the kingdom s al mukhabarat al amah general intelligence presidency gip former ambassador to the united kingdom and ireland former ambassador to the united states who wrote not only does the film represent an accurate and respectful portrayal of islam it provides a wonderful opportunity for muslims to celebrate a revered hero in ibn battutand to honor our faith journey to mecca won le prix du public most popular film at le g ode film festival paris and a prize athe tribeca film festival inew york city see also hajj ibn battuta le grand voyage french film externalinks giant screen journey to meccategory films category in islam category s documentary films category s drama films category american films category arabic language films category english language films category docudramas category film scores by michael brook category films about islam category films based on actual events category films based onon fiction books category filmset in the th century category filmset in damascus category filmset in egypt category filmset in saudi arabia category filmshot in morocco category filmshot in saudi arabia category national geographic society films category 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travelogues"],"new_description":"runtime minutes_country_united states budget million gross journey mecca footsteps ibn_battuta imax giant screen film first realife journey made islamic scholar ibn_battuta native morocco mecca hajj muslim pilgrimage year_old muslim religious law student ibn september see google book search whose full name abu ibn_battuta set city inorthern morocco pilgrimage mecca miles journey took complete along way met including attack rescue fierce sand storms ibn_battuta spent total years travelling covered miles kilometres finally returned home travelled thany writer covering known world africa chinand maldives ibn_battuta return sultan morocco requested relate experiences become whathe saudi gazette referred one world famous travel_books voyage film synopsis narration ben kingsley film scenes contemporary muslim pilgrimage chronicles first month long leg ibn_battuta journey mecca filmed morocco saudi_arabia english arabic languages background way mecca riding alone horseback ibn_battuta held robbed nearly killed leader realized pilgrim feeling offered ibn_battuta egypt fee difficult journey camel across desert faced fierce taking boats navigate nile reaching egypt handed letter given friend sheikh based oral tradition advised china hence extensive travels ibn_battuta intended continue journey mecca sea via port red sea war dangers posed made travel land damascus instead joining strong caravan pilgrims along way staying withem finally reach destination mecca leading actor according jakarta posthe lead born casablanca morocco studied classical piano died car accident onov casablanca lived portrayal ibn_battuta shows depth remain audiences long watching journey mecca big movie zone described film genre whilst review athat site unusual giant screen film reviewer yet seen called documentary according review national post canada imax format best suited vast landscapes ibn_battuta crossed close ups market places hajj described footage reviewer writes journey mecca best wonder beauty religion central celebration though arguably impossible catch image film close ann reviewing film big movie zone stated little narration unlike giant screen productions helps dramatic portrayal ibn dangerous trek ross anthony also reviewing opinion special effects nice though desert barren however mecca reviewer finds acting good format bruce sun media canada described journey wrought researched everyone matter faith see arabia uae wrote life cinematic experience power educate young old message tolerance respect strongly audiences detroit free press desert landscapes access great mosque breathtaking aerial views cosmic experience nick meyer wrote arab thathe film breathtaking beautiful inspiring story many visual highly recommended martina jakarta post writes thathe photography takes us heights grand scenes photography helped show us side islam rarely seen today news film worth seeing muslims non muslims alike film even received positive reviews jewish publications example anthony rachel davis praised breathtaking cinematography jewish journal also wrote whilst ibn_battuta th_century hajj much closer time us biblical experience travel much closer isolation danger vulnerability marked journey also marked spiritual gifts explicitly mark journeys also ibn_battuta journey mecca jews witness hajj film officially endorsed saudi_arabia n prince bin faisal faisal youngest son late faisal saudi_arabia king faisal former director general kingdom general intelligence presidency former ambassador united_kingdom ireland former ambassador united_states wrote film represent accurate portrayal islam provides wonderful opportunity muslims celebrate ibn honor faith journey mecca prix public popular film g ode film_festival paris prize athe film_festival inew_york_city see_also hajj ibn_battuta grand voyage french film externalinks giant screen journey films_category islam category_documentary_films category drama films_category_american films_category arabic language_films category_english_language films_category category film scores michael brook category_films islam category_films based actual events category_films based fiction books_category filmset th_century category_filmset damascus category_filmset egypt category_filmset saudi_arabia category_filmshot morocco category_filmshot saudi_arabia category_national_geographic society films_category_travelogues"},{"title":"Julia Lennon","description":"birth place liverpool englandeath date death place liverpool englandeath cause traffic accident occupation waitress homemaker housewife spouse partner john bobby dykins parents george stanleyannie stanley n e millward children including john lennon and julia baird relations mimi smith sister george toogood smith brother in law julia lennon e stanley march july was the mother of english musician john lennon who was born during her marriage to alfred lennon after complaints to liverpool s child protection social services by her eldest sister mimi smith n e stanley she handed over the care of her son to her sister she later had one daughter after an affair with a welsh soldier buthe baby was given up for adoption after pressure from her family she then had two daughters julia baird juliand jackie with john bobby dykinshe never divorced her husband preferring to live as the common law marriage common lawife of dykins for the rest of her life she was known as being high spirited and impulsive musical and having a strong sense of humour she taught her son how to play the banjo and ukulele she kept in almost daily contact with john and when he was in his teens he often stayed overnight at her andykins house on july she wastruck down and killed by a car driven by an off duty policeman close to her sister s house at menlove avenue menlove avenue lennon was traumatised by her death and wrote several songs about her including julia beatlesong juliand mother john lennon song mother biographer ian macdonald wrote that she was to a great extent her son s muse julia stanley later known by the family as judy was born at head streetoxteth south liverpool in and was the fourth ofive sisters her mother annie jane n e millward gave birth to a boy and then a girl both of whom died shortly after birth she then had mary known as mimi smith mimi elizabeth mater anne nanny julia judy and harriet harrie john lennon would later commenthathe stanley girls were five fantastic strong beautiful and intelligent women their father georgernestanley retired from the british merchant navy merchant navy and found a job withe liverpool glasgow salvage association as an insurance investigations insurance investigator he moved his family to the suburb of woolton where they lived in a small terraced house at newcastle road near to penny lane her mother died in and julia had to take care of her father withelp from her oldest sister marriage to alf lennon alfreddie lennon always called alf by his family was always joking but never held a job for very long preferring to visit liverpool s many vaudeville theatres and cinemas where he knew the usher occupation usherette s by name athe trocadero club a converted cinema on camden road liverpool he first saw an auburn haired girl with a bright smile and high cheekbones julia stanley he saw her again sefton park where he had gone with a friend to meet girls lennon who was dressed in a bowler hat and with a cigarette holder in hand saw this little waif sitting on a wrought iron bench julia years old said that his hat looked silly to which the year old alf replied that she looked lovely and sat downexto her she asked him to take off his hat so he promptly threw it straight into the sefton park lake image seftonparklakejpg thumb right px right sefton park where julia stanley first met alf lennon despite standing only tall in heelshe often caughthe gaze of men in the street being attractive and full figured she was always well dressed and even wento bed with make up on so as to look beautiful when she woke up a nephew later said that she could make a joke out of nothing and could have walked out of a burning house with a smile and a joke she frequented liverpool s dance halls and clubs where she was often asked to dance in jitterbug competitions with stevedore dockersoldiersailors and waiters it was remarked that she could be as humorous as any mand would sing the popular songs of the day at any time of day or night her voice sounded similar to vera lynn s whilst lennon specialised in impersonating louis armstrong and al jolson she played the ukulele the piano accordion and the banjo as did lennon although neither pursued music professionally the beatles anthology dvd episode mccartney and lennon talking about julia lennon they spentheir days together walking around liverpool and talking of whathey wouldo in the future opening a shop a pub a cafe or a club on december years after they had first met she married alf lennon after she had proposed to him they were married in the bolton street registry office although none of her family were present ashe had not informed them abouthe wedding she wrote cinema usherette as her occupation the marriage certificateven though she had never been one they spentheir honeymoon eating at reece s restaurant in clayton square which is where their son would later celebrate after his marriage to cynthia lennon cynthia powell and then wento a cinema she walked into newcastle road waving the marriage licence and said to her family there i ve married him it was an act of defiance against her father who had threatened to disown her if shever cohabitation cohabitated with a lover on their wedding night she stayed at her parents house and lennon went back to his boarding house the next day he went back to sea for three months on a ship bound for the west indies the stanley family completely ignored her husband at first believing him to be of no use to anyone certainly not our julia her father demanded that lennon present something concrete to show that he could financially support his daughter but lennon signed on as a merchant navy steward on a ship bound for the mediterranean he returned after a few months at seand moved into the stanley home he auditioned for local theatre managers as an entertainer but had no success julia found outhat she was pregnant with john in january but as the war had started her husband continued to serve as a merchant seaman during world war ii sending money home regularly the beatles anthology dvd episode lennon talking about living at newcastle road in liverpool the paymentstopped after alf deserted in file newcastleroadlliverpooljpg thumb right px newcastle road liverpool the former home of the stanley family julia gave birth to john winston lennon october in the second floor ward of the oxford street maternity hospital in liverpool during world war ii her eldest sister mimi phoned the hospital and was told that she had given birth to a boy mimi would later claim that she went straighto the hospital during the middle of an airaid and was forced to hide in doorways to avoid the shrapnel from falling bombs but in actuality there had beeno attack on liverpool that night alf was not present atheir son s birth as he was at sea the infant lennon started at his first school inovember mosspits on mosspits lane wavertree so she found a partime job at a caf near the school after numerous criticisms from the stanley family aboutheir still marriedaughter living in sin with julia lennon john bobby dykins john dykins and considerable pressure fromimi who twice contacted liverpool social services to complain abouthe infant lennon sleeping in the same bed as juliandykinshe reluctantly handed the care of lennon over to mimi and her husband george toogood smith george smith in july alf visited mimi s house mendips at menlove avenue and took lennon to blackpool for a long holiday but he wasecretly intending to emigrate to new zealand withim juliandykins found out and followed them to blackpool alf asked julia to go withem both to new zealand but she refused after a heated argument alf said their five year old child had to choose between his mother or him he chose alf twice so julia walked away but in thend her son crying followed her although thistory has been disputed according to author mark lewisohn lennon s parents agreed that julia should take him and give him a home as alf left again a witness who was there that day billy hall hasaid the dramatic scene often portrayed with a young john lennon having to make a decision between his parents never happened alf lost contact withe family until beatlemania when he and hison met again she took john back to her house and enrolled him in a local school but after feweekshe handed him back to mimi various reasons have been suggested for her decision such as dykins unwillingness to raise the young boy julia s inability to cope withe responsibility or a punishment forced on her by mimi and her father for living in sin lennon blamed himself saying later my mother could not cope with me he then lived continuously at mendips in the smallest bedroom above the front door with mimi determined to give him a proper upbringing julia later bought lennon his first guitar for five pounds ten shillings after lennon had pestered her incessantly for weeks but insisted it had to be delivered to her house not her sister s as lennon hadifficulty learning chordshe taught him banjo and ukulele chords which were simpler the beatles anthology dvd episode lennon talking abouthe banjo and juliand later taught lennon how to play the piano accordion julia s banjo was the first instrumenthat john learned to play sitting there with endless patience until i managed to work out all the chords after julia s untimely deathe instrument was never seen again and its whereabouts remains a mystery as mimi refused to have a record player in her house lennon learned how to play his favourite songs by going to julia s house she played elvis presley elvis records to lennon and wouldance around her kitchen withim in when the quarrymen played at st barnabas hall penny lane julia turned up to watch after each song she would clap and whistle louder than everyonelse and waseen swaying andancing throughouthe whole concert lennon frequently visited her house during that periodetailing his anxieties and problems where she gave him encouragemento continue with music over mimi s objections during julia lived wither son athe dairy cottage allerton road woolton the cottage was owned by mimi s husband mimi wanted julia to live there because they would be closer to her house and alsout of the stanley house as alf was often away at sea julia started going outo nightclub dance halls in she met a welsh soldier named taffy was a welshman taffy williams who wastationed in the barracks at mossley hill alf later blamed himselfor this as he had written letters telling her that because there was a war on she should gout and enjoy herself after an evening out she would often give her young son a piece of chocolate or shortcrust pastry the next morning for breakfast she became pregnant by williams in late though first claiming that she had been raped by an unknown soldier williams refused to live with julia who wastill married to alf until she gave up john which she refused to do when alf eventually came home in he offered to look after his wife their son and thexpected baby but she rejected the idealf took john to his brother sydney s house in the liverpool suburb of maghull a few months before julia birth came to term julia s daughter victoria elizabeth born in thelmswood nursing home on june wasubsequently given up for adoption to a norwegian salvation army salvation army captain and his wife peder and margaret pedersen after intense pressure from the stanley family john lennon was informed by his aunt harriet of her existence in john wasovercome by emotion wanting to find hisister that he placed an ad in the paper and hiredetectives to look for her they searched norway for victoriand came up empty handed and john died never having found or knowing her john bobby dykins julia started seeing dykins a year after victoria s birth although they had known each other before when she was working in the caf near lennon s primary school mosspits dykins was a good looking well dressed man who worked athe british transport hotels adelphi hotel in liverpool as a sommelier wine steward she later moved into a small flat in gateacre with dykins henjoyed luxuries and had access to rationed goods like alcohol chocolate silk stockings and cigarettes which was what initially attracted her the stanley sisters called him spiv because of his pencil thin moustache margarine coated hair and pork pie hat and the young lennon called him twitchy because of a physical tic nervous cough julia s family and friends remembered that he also had a fiery temperament which could result in his being violent when drunk lennon remembered seeing his mother during a visito mimi s when her face was bleeding after being hit by dykins paul mccartney later stated that julia cohabiting living in sin with dykins while she wastill married was a point of social ostracization for lennon as it was often used as a cheap shot against him although julia never divorced alf she was considered to be the common law marriage common lawife of dykinshe wanted lennon to live withem both but he was passed between the stanley sisters and often ran away to mimi s where she would open the door to find lennon standing there his face covered in tears julia was accused by the family of being frivolous and unreliable she never enjoyed household chores and was once seen sweeping the kitchen floor with a pair of knickers on her head her cooking methods were also haphazard ashe would mix things like a mad scientist and even putea or anything else that came to hand in a stew a favourite joke would be to wear a pair of spectacles that had no glass in them and then to scratcher eye through thempty frame image blomfieldroadjpg thumb right px blomfield road liverpool where juliandykins livedykins later managed several bars in liverpool which allowed julia to stay at home and look after their two daughters juliand jackie and lennon whoften visited and stayed overnight at blomfield road liverpoolennon and mccartney would rehearse in the bathroom of the house where the acousticsounded like a recording studio dykins used to give lennon weekly allowance money pocket money one shilling for doing odd jobs on top of the five shillings that mimi gave him in december dykins was killed in a car crash athe bottom of penny lane but lennon was notold about his death for months afterwards as it was not stanley family business juliand jackie julia had two daughters with dykins julia baird n e dykins b march and jacqueline jackie dykins b october as jackie was born premature birth prematurely her mother visited the hospital every day to see her when lennon was years old he started to visithe dykins house and often stayed overnight baird would give up her bed to him then share her sister s bed baird remembered that after lennon had visited them her mother would often play a record called my son john to me you are so wonderful by some old crooner and sit and listen to it baird probably meant my son john sung by david whitfield which was released in after julia s deathe two girls aged eleven and eight were sento stay in edinburgh at aunt mater s elizabeth and were only told two months later by norman birch lennon s uncle thatheir mother hadied the commercial success of the beatles allowed lennon to buy a bedroomed house in gateacre park drive liverpool for baird and jackie to live in with lennon s aunt harriet and birch they had previously been made legal guardians of the two girls dykins parentage had been disregarded as he had never legally married juliafter lennon s death and harriet died lennon s wife yokono wanted to sell the house as it wastill in lennon s name but she later gave ito the salvation army onovember even though lennon had once written a letter stating i always thought of the house he is in birch as my contribution towards looking after julia baird and jackie i would prefer the girls to use it baird and jackie later metheir half sister victoria ingrid when they were present athe ceremony to place a blue plaque blue heritage plaque on mimi s house to commemorate the facthat lennon had lived there stanley parkes lennon s cousin was on the ladder fixing the plaque to the wall and said i think i can see ingrid walking towards the house baird and her sister were surprised as it meanthat parkes had seen ingrid beforeven though baird and jackie never had when all three finally met for the firstime baird washocked that ingridid not look anything like the stanley family ashe had pale blueyes and fair hair julia visited mimi s house nearly every day where they would chat over teand cakes in the conservatory greenhouse morning room or stand in the garden when it was warm on thevening of july nigel walley wento visit lennon and found juliand mimi talking by the front gate lennon was nothere as he was athe blomfield road house walley accompanied julia to the bustop further north along menlove avenue wither telling jokes along the way at about walley left her to walk up vale road and she crossed menlove avenue to the central reservation between two traffic lanes which was lined withedge gardening hedges that coveredisused tram tracks five seconds later walley heard a loud thud and turned to see her body flying through the air which landed about from where she had been hit he ran back to get mimi and they waited for the ambulance with mimi crying hysterically julia wastruck and killed by a standard vanguard car driven by an off duty constable pc ericlague who was a l plate learner driver clague was acquitted of all charges and given a short suspension from duty when mimi heard the verdict she waso incensed that she shouted murderer at clague later lefthe police force and became a postman lennon could not bring himself to look at his mother s corpse when he was taken to the sefton general hospital and waso distraughthat he put his head on mimi s lap throughouthe funeral service lennon refused to talk to walley for months afterwards and walley felthat lennon somehow held him responsible julia was buried in allerton cemetery in liverpool her gravesite was for some time unmarked but it was later identified as ce church of england the graveyard s location is approx miles east of blomfield road baird said thathe stanley family hoped to finally put a headstone on her mother s grave which she hoped will be a private affair for the family and not for the public a headstone wasubsequently placed on julia s grave replacing a wooden cross withe words mummy john victoria julia jackie inscribed effect on lennon her death traumatised the teenage lennon and for the nextwo years he drank heavily and frequently got into fights consumed by a blind rage it contributed to themotional difficulties that haunted him for much of his life but also served to draw him closer to mccartney who had also lost his mother at an early age julia s memory inspired songsuch as the beatlesong julia beatlesong julia with its dreamlike imagery of hair ofloating sky glimmering recalling lennon s boyhood memories of his mother lennon remarked thathe song wasort of a combination of yokono and my mother blended intone mother john lennon song mother and my mummy s dead were both written under the influence of arthur janov s primal therapy primal scream therapy and released on hisolo album john lennon plastic ono band in lennon s first son julian lennon julian born in was named after her portrayals on film she was portrayed by christine kavanagh in his life the john lennon story and by anne marie duff inowhere boy authorlink cynthia lennon authorlink ian macdonald authorlink barry miles authorlink philip norman authorlink bob spitz externalinks the liverpoolennons lennon family tree lennonnet stanley parkes recollections of his family lennon s homes my son john lyricsung by david whitfield category births category deaths category lennon family category people from liverpool category road incident deaths in england category people with bipolar disorder category th century british musicians category banjoists category accordionists category pianists category ukulele players category restaurant staff category british anglicans category english 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place liverpool date_death_place liverpool cause traffic accident occupation waitress spouse partner john bobby dykins parents george stanley n e children including john_lennon julia baird relations mimi smith sister george smith brother law julia lennon e stanley march july mother english musician john_lennon born marriage alfred lennon complaints liverpool child protection social services sister mimi smith n e stanley handed care son sister later one daughter affair welsh soldier buthe baby given adoption pressure family two daughters julia baird juliand jackie john bobby never divorced husband live common law marriage common dykins rest life known high musical strong sense humour taught son play banjo ukulele kept almost daily contact john teens often stayed overnight house july killed car driven duty policeman close sister house menlove avenue menlove avenue lennon death wrote several songs including julia beatlesong juliand mother john_lennon song mother biographer ian macdonald wrote great extent son julia stanley later known family judy born head south liverpool fourth ofive sisters mother annie jane n e gave birth boy girl died shortly birth mary known mimi smith mimi elizabeth anne julia judy harriet john_lennon would later stanley girls five fantastic strong beautiful intelligent women father retired british merchant navy merchant navy found job withe liverpool glasgow association insurance investigations insurance moved family suburb lived small terraced house newcastle road near penny lane mother died julia take care father oldest sister marriage alf lennon lennon always called alf family always never_held job long visit liverpool many theatres cinemas knew occupation name athe club converted cinema camden road liverpool first saw girl bright high julia stanley saw sefton park gone friend meet girls lennon dressed hat cigarette holder hand saw little sitting wrought iron bench julia years_old said hat looked year_old alf looked sat asked take hat promptly threw straight sefton park lake image thumb right px right sefton park julia stanley first met alf lennon despite standing tall often gaze men street attractive full always well dressed even wento bed make look beautiful later said could make joke nothing could walked burning house joke frequented liverpool dance halls clubs often asked dance competitions waiters remarked could humorous mand would sing popular songs day time day night voice sounded similar vera lynn whilst lennon specialised louis armstrong played ukulele piano banjo lennon although neither pursued music professionally beatles anthology dvd episode mccartney lennon talking julia lennon days together walking around liverpool talking whathey future opening shop pub cafe club december years first met married alf lennon proposed married bolton street registry office although none family present ashe informed abouthe wedding wrote cinema occupation marriage though never one honeymoon eating restaurant clayton square son would later celebrate marriage cynthia lennon cynthia powell wento cinema walked newcastle road waving marriage licence said family married act father threatened lover wedding night stayed parents house lennon went back boarding house next_day went back sea three_months ship bound west indies stanley family completely husband first use anyone certainly julia father lennon present something concrete show could financially support daughter lennon signed merchant navy ship bound mediterranean returned months seand moved stanley home local theatre managers success julia found outhat pregnant john january war started husband continued serve merchant world_war ii sending money home regularly beatles anthology dvd episode lennon talking living newcastle road liverpool alf deserted file thumb right px_newcastle road liverpool former home stanley family julia gave birth john winston lennon october second floor ward oxford street maternity hospital liverpool world_war ii sister mimi hospital told given birth boy mimi would later claim went hospital middle forced hide avoid shrapnel falling bombs attack liverpool night alf present atheir son birth sea infant lennon started first school inovember lane found partime job caf near school numerous stanley family aboutheir still living sin julia lennon john bobby dykins john dykins considerable pressure twice contacted liverpool social services abouthe infant lennon sleeping bed handed care lennon mimi husband george smith george smith july alf visited mimi house menlove avenue took lennon blackpool long holiday intending new_zealand withim found followed blackpool alf asked julia go withem new_zealand refused heated argument alf said five year_old child choose mother chose alf twice julia walked away thend son followed although disputed according author mark lennon parents agreed julia take give home alf left witness day billy hall hasaid dramatic scene often portrayed young john_lennon make decision parents never happened alf lost contact withe family hison met took john back house enrolled local school handed back mimi various reasons suggested decision dykins raise young boy julia cope withe responsibility punishment forced mimi father living sin lennon blamed saying later mother could cope lived continuously smallest bedroom front door mimi determined give proper julia later bought lennon first guitar five pounds ten shillings lennon weeks delivered house sister lennon learning taught banjo ukulele simpler beatles anthology dvd episode lennon talking abouthe banjo juliand later taught lennon play piano julia banjo first john learned play sitting managed work julia deathe instrument never seen remains mystery mimi refused record player house lennon learned play favourite songs going julia house played elvis elvis records lennon around kitchen withim played st hall penny lane julia turned watch song would whistle waseen andancing throughouthe whole concert lennon frequently visited house problems gave continue music mimi objections julia lived wither son athe dairy cottage road cottage owned mimi husband mimi wanted julia live would closer house stanley house alf often away sea julia started going outo nightclub dance halls met welsh soldier named williams barracks hill alf later blamed written letters telling war gout enjoy evening would often give young son piece chocolate pastry next morning breakfast became pregnant williams late_though first claiming unknown soldier williams refused live julia wastill married alf gave john refused alf eventually came home offered look wife son baby rejected took john brother sydney house liverpool suburb months julia birth came term julia daughter victoria elizabeth born nursing home june wasubsequently given adoption norwegian salvation army salvation army captain wife margaret intense pressure stanley family john_lennon informed aunt harriet existence john emotion wanting find placed paper look norway victoriand came empty handed john died never found knowing john bobby dykins julia started seeing dykins year victoria birth although known working caf near lennon primary school dykins good looking well dressed man worked athe british transport hotels hotel liverpool sommelier wine later moved small flat dykins access goods like alcohol chocolate silk cigarettes initially attracted stanley sisters called thin hair pork pie hat young lennon called physical tic julia family friends remembered also could result violent drunk lennon remembered seeing mother visito mimi face hit dykins paul mccartney later stated julia living sin dykins wastill married point social lennon often_used cheap shot although julia never divorced alf considered common law marriage common wanted lennon live withem passed stanley sisters often ran away mimi would open door find lennon standing face covered julia accused family never enjoyed household chores seen kitchen floor pair head cooking methods also ashe would mix things like mad scientist even anything else came hand favourite joke would wear pair spectacles glass eye frame image thumb right px blomfield road liverpool later managed several bars liverpool allowed julia stay home look two daughters juliand jackie lennon whoften visited stayed overnight blomfield road mccartney would bathroom house like recording studio dykins used give lennon weekly allowance money pocket money one odd jobs top five shillings mimi gave december dykins killed car crash athe_bottom penny lane lennon death months afterwards stanley family business juliand jackie julia two daughters dykins julia baird n e dykins b march jackie dykins b october jackie born premature birth mother visited hospital every_day see lennon years_old started visithe dykins house often stayed overnight baird would give bed share sister bed baird remembered lennon visited mother would often play record called son john wonderful old sit listen baird probably meant son john sung david whitfield released julia deathe two girls aged eleven eight sento stay edinburgh aunt elizabeth told two months_later norman birch lennon uncle thatheir mother commercial success beatles allowed lennon buy house park drive liverpool baird jackie live lennon aunt harriet birch previously made legal two girls dykins never legally married lennon death harriet died lennon wife wanted sell house wastill lennon name later gave ito salvation army onovember even_though lennon written letter stating always thought house birch contribution towards looking julia baird jackie would prefer girls use baird jackie later half sister victoria ingrid present athe ceremony place blue plaque blue heritage plaque mimi house commemorate facthat lennon lived stanley parkes lennon cousin plaque wall said think see ingrid walking towards house baird sister surprised meanthat parkes seen ingrid though baird jackie never three finally met firstime baird look anything like stanley family ashe fair hair julia visited mimi house nearly every_day would chat teand cakes conservatory greenhouse morning room stand garden warm thevening july nigel walley wento visit lennon found juliand mimi talking front gate lennon athe blomfield road house walley accompanied julia north along menlove avenue wither telling jokes along way walley left walk vale road crossed menlove avenue central reservation two traffic lanes lined gardening tram tracks five seconds later walley heard loud turned see body flying air landed hit ran back get mimi ambulance mimi julia killed standard car driven duty l plate driver charges given short suspension duty mimi heard verdict waso later lefthe police force became lennon could bring look mother taken sefton general hospital waso put head mimi throughouthe funeral service lennon refused talk walley months afterwards walley lennon held responsible julia buried cemetery liverpool time unmarked later identified church england location miles east blomfield road baird said thathe stanley family hoped finally put mother grave hoped private affair family public wasubsequently placed julia grave replacing wooden cross withe words mummy john victoria julia jackie effect lennon death teenage lennon years drank heavily frequently got fights consumed blind contributed difficulties haunted much life also_served draw closer mccartney also lost mother early age julia memory inspired beatlesong julia beatlesong julia imagery hair sky lennon memories mother lennon remarked thathe song combination mother blended intone mother john_lennon song mother mummy dead written influence arthur therapy scream therapy released album john_lennon plastic band lennon first son julian lennon julian born named film portrayed christine life john_lennon story anne marie boy authorlink cynthia lennon authorlink ian macdonald authorlink barry miles authorlink philip norman authorlink bob externalinks lennon family tree stanley parkes family lennon homes son john david whitfield category_births_category deaths_category lennon family category_people liverpool category road incident deaths england_category people disorder category_th_century british musicians category category category category ukulele players category_restaurant staff_category_british category_english"},{"title":"Kashmir Point","description":"kashmir point is a famous and most visited mountain view point in murree pakistan where beautiful scene of kashmir s mountains can be viewed it isituated on the mall road lahore mall road category mountain view points category 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contractor awards designations known foren architect ren firm rengineeren str engineeren serv engineeren civ engineeren oth designers ren qty surveyoren contractoren awards rooms parking url embedded references footnotes the kent hotel is a former public house pub in the inner west sydney inner western sydney suburb of balmainew south wales balmain the state of new south wales australia workers from the nearby booth saw mill and later lever and kitchen weregular patrons athe hoteldavidson b hamey k nicholls d called to the bar years of pubs in balmain rozelle the balmain association the building is now a private residence but retains a sign withe words the kent on the front verandas a reminder of its historic past popular culture the pub was used as the main location for the australian film caddie film caddie starring helen morse and jack thompson actor jack thompson after closing in the site was reopened for a time as caddies restaurant named after its association withe film caddie 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grounds arearchitect architecture firm developer engineer structural_engineer_services_engineer civil_engineer designers_quantity_surveyor main_contractor awards designations known foren architect_ren_firm rengineeren str engineeren serv engineeren civ engineeren oth designers ren qty surveyoren contractoren awards rooms parking url embedded_references footnotes kent hotel former_public_house_pub inner_west sydney inner_western sydney suburb balmainew south_wales balmain state_new_south_wales australia workers nearby booth saw mill later kitchen patrons athe b hamey k nicholls called bar years pubs balmain rozelle balmain association building private residence retains sign withe words kent front reminder historic past popular_culture pub used main location australian film film starring helen morse jack thompson actor jack thompson closing site reopened time restaurant named association_withe film motion picture dvd location producer commentary entertainment externalinks_category_defunct hotels sydney_category_hotel buildings_completed category_hotels established category_establishments australia"},{"title":"Keycafe","description":"keycafe is a key exchange and sharing economy company based in vancouver the company was founded in vancouver by clayton brown and jason crabb in over the next few years itservice was expanded tother cities including toronto seattle austinew york city san francisco as well as london england paris france it has about service locations in total keycafe distributes cloud connected key exchange boxes where usershare their property vehicle or other keys are placed in the keycafe box at a location such as a local coffee shop where guests can then access the keys the service is used by home sharers and individuals for letting in guests and service professionalsuch as for housekeeping or pet careal estate brokers property managers and other companies also use the service owners are alerted to when keys are deposited or picked up via mobile app text or email the service is used bothrough its own website or app and is embedded into the airbnb host assist platform it is also used by other home sharing services home owners pay a monthly fee as well as a fee per key pick up externalinks category establishments in british columbia category real estate services companies category companies based in vancouver category online companies category hospitality 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industry knowland traces its roots back to a small softwarengineering firm this firm spent months developing an entirely new kind of hotel readerboard service heavily reliant on web technology for a client in the industry when the client backed out knowland s founders recognized the hospitality industry s need for a higher standard of market intelligence they decided to startheir own hospitality field research service and by the fall of an online readerboard service was launched knowland signed its first clienthe holiday inn in arlington virginiarlington va in september knowland group became one of the fastest growing companies by taking photos of signs the washington post retrieveduring the company expanded tover marketserving a diverse clientele of single and multi property clients by thend of knowland had over clients in markets and had tracked more than events hotel online retrieved in knowland introduced insight a tool that generates targeted sales lead s with details on each prospect s event booking history retrieved the company also activated a square foot call center to expand its infrastructure for customer support in depth contact and event research and sales activities on behalf of customers thevent booking center employs research and salesupport professionals who specialize in cold calling and can become an extension of hotel clientsalestaff retrieved knowland launched target net a meetings management and sales force automation platform in addition to managing events from starto finish target net also generated sales leads and opportunities this product was discontinued in today knowland is a provider of intuitive business intelligence products for the hospitality industry and has more than client hotel s and users globally the knowland group announces new president and chief executive officer tim hart retrieved knowland is a provider of business development solutions to the hospitality industry target net insight and readers are cloud computing cloud based and accessible from any computer connected to the internet knowland moves reports to the cloud retrieved target netarget net is a salesforce automation and meetings managementool that allows hotel manager hoteliers to manage their sales funnel from starto finish target net goes mobile on the ipad retrieved knowland no longer sells target net product but continues toffer support for clients already using it insight is a search engine and sales lead generation tool that gives hotel sales teams access to a database of groups that have held millions of meetings at hotels and conferencenter s knowland gives hoteliers new insight into business development retrieved in knowland released insight an efforto enhance the insight platform which transformed the traditional search engine leads database into a customizable meeting intelligence tool for event professionals insight included new featuresuch as anonymous reviews of groups and their events the ability to follow groups properties and people and more detailed grouprofiles retrieved aftereceiving many unfavorable reviews from clients regarding the changes to insight for the release knowland launched insighthe following year insight was designed almost entirely around user feedback this release leveraged the powerful and once again enhanced search capabilities of the tool putting popular search features in the spotlight insight made the focus of knowland technology less about social media influenced networking and more abouthe power of its raw historical data on groups planners meetings and contact information to help clients optimize their sales tactics readers is an online readerboard service that offers daily reporting andata on groups that hold meetings and events at hotels competitor properties readers combines an online tool with knowland s version of a traditional readerboard report in addition to telephone verified contact information each week approximately field researchers knowland group introduces its business development suite for the hospitality industry retrieved take digital photography digital photos of hotel readerboards those photos are uploaded each nighto the knowlandatabase and the data made available online to clients the next morning new groups are constantly being added to the database andetailed profiles are created and updated for each group knowland group became one of the fastest growing companies by taking photos of signs the washington post retrieved in april knowland released a new data management process to help maintain the accuracy and freshness of the information provided retrieved knowland group was ranked th on deloitte s deloitte fastechnology fast list in october deloitte fastechnology list ranks knowland th overall th in software st in region hospitality net retrieved the list identifies the fastest growing technology media telecommunications life sciences and clean technology companies inorth america rankings for the award were based on 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targeted sales lead details prospect event booking history retrieved company_also activated square foot call center expand infrastructure customer support depth contact event research sales activities behalf customers thevent booking center employs research professionals specialize cold calling become extension hotel retrieved knowland launched target net meetings management sales force automation platform addition managing events starto finish target net also generated sales leads opportunities product discontinued today knowland provider business intelligence products hospitality_industry client hotel users globally knowland group announces new president chief_executive_officer tim hart retrieved knowland provider business_development solutions hospitality_industry target net insight readers cloud computing cloud based accessible computer connected internet knowland moves reports cloud retrieved target net automation meetings allows hotel_manager hoteliers manage sales starto finish target net goes mobile ipad retrieved knowland longer sells target net product continues toffer support clients already using insight search engine sales lead generation tool gives hotel sales teams access database groups held millions meetings hotels conferencenter knowland gives hoteliers new insight business_development retrieved knowland released insight efforto enhance insight platform transformed traditional search engine leads database meeting intelligence tool event professionals insight included new featuresuch anonymous reviews groups events ability follow groups properties people detailed retrieved aftereceiving many reviews clients regarding changes insight release knowland launched following_year insight designed almost entirely around user feedback release powerful enhanced search capabilities tool putting popular search features spotlight insight made focus knowland technology less social_media influenced networking abouthe power raw historical data groups planners 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cathedral in trondheim kystpilgrimsleia is a joint project between four counties and four diocese to create a comprehensive and sustainable tourism producthat promotes cultural heritage and provides a uniquexperience of more all the fjords of norway the coastal pilgrim route along the norwegian coast was one of the most important and perhaps the most widely used pilgrim routes of the middle ages going to nidaros now called trondheim the nidaros cathedral kepthe relics by the norwegian holy king st olav was taken care of the coastal pilgrim route is mentioned in written sources already in the late s the shrine inidaros was mentioned in historical sources already in the works of adam of bremen s gesta pontificum hammaburgensis ecclesiae there are also the various accounts for pilgrimage routes to nidaros including coastal pilgrim way if you sail from aalborg and vendsyssel in denmark you come to viken in a day which is a town inorway probably oslo from there you hold left and sail along the coast of norway and on the fifth dayou reach the city trondheim one can also get an otheroad which leads from the danes in their scania overland to trondheim buthis road over the mountains takes longer and since it is dangerous it is avoided by the pilgrims arriving by sea by kystpilgrimsleia constituted thus according to adam of bremen the most used artery to nidaros although the sea route was also dangerous with changing weather and pirates both norwegiand foreign pilgrims flocked hereither to travel all the way to nidaros or to visit many of the local shrines tourism in the fjords kystpilgrimsleia is a project under development when ready the route will consist of easy to access information how to travel the route by kayak canoe or boat as well as a well developed network of high quality tourism supply of various kindsource report inorwegian rapport fr forprosjektet kystpilegrimsleia rogaland nidaros category tourism inorway category coasts of norway category cultural heritage 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widely_used pilgrim routes middle_ages going nidaros called trondheim nidaros cathedral kepthe relics norwegian holy king st olav taken care coastal pilgrim route mentioned written sources already late shrine mentioned historical sources already works adam bremen also various accounts pilgrimage routes nidaros including coastal pilgrim way sail denmark come day town inorway probably oslo hold left sail along coast norway fifth reach city trondheim one also get leads overland trondheim buthis road mountains takes longer since dangerous avoided pilgrims arriving sea kystpilgrimsleia constituted thus according adam bremen used nidaros although sea route also dangerous changing weather pirates foreign pilgrims flocked travel way nidaros visit many local shrines tourism fjords kystpilgrimsleia project development ready route consist easy access information travel route kayak canoe boat well well developed network high_quality tourism supply various report rogaland nidaros category_tourism 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industry cleanliness and order stand in contrasto what mirbeau regarded as the slovenliness and laxity of his own countrymen file cgv jpg thumb right charron cgv to mirbeau the automobile represents an ideal instrument for combatting ethnocentrism and xenophobia the novel s most electrifying descriptions recreate in readers the speeding motorist s dazedisorientation as the missile of his vehicle carries him past epileptic telegraph poles and blurred animals along the roadside in an incongruous final section underscoring the novel s fractured structure mirbeau appends a scandalous account of la mort de balzac the death of honor de balzac relating the author s death agonies while in an adjoining room his wifewelina ha ska mme hanska engaged in sexual frolicking with painter jean gigoux one can only surmise the controversial episode constituted another instance of the kind of iconoclastic writing that mirbeau was inclined to engage in an english translationot complete has been published 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fictional car trip takes germany whose industry cleanliness order stand contrasto mirbeau regarded file_jpg thumb right mirbeau automobile represents ideal instrument ethnocentrism novel descriptions recreate readers motorist missile vehicle carries past telegraph poles animals along roadside final section novel structure mirbeau account la mort de death honor de relating author death adjoining room engaged sexual painter jean one controversial episode constituted another instance kind writing mirbeau inclined engage english complete published sketches journey illustrated pierre furthereading simple pour l octave mirbeau pages l guy l europen automobile octave mirbeau presses de pages externalinks octave mirbeau la e octave mirbeau la mort de pierre michel foreword category novels category novels octave mirbeau category_travelogues category_french travel_books"},{"title":"Lake Tour Bike Trek","description":"the lake tour bike trek is a twor three day bicycle ride usually in the beginning of june supporting the american lung association it has taken place since and by had raised over million dollars for the american lung association of illinois american lung association of illinois news and information it claims to be the midwest s premier bike ride american lung association of the upper miswest lake tour bike trek this bike ride is roundtrip fromchenry county college in crystalake il to the abbey resort in fontana wi on geneva lakeach day of biking is about miles the two day ride starts out at mchenry county college on the saturday of the weekend bikers follow a detailed route on quiet public roads up to the abbey resort on geneva lake where they stay the nighthe next day the bikers bike from the abbey resort back to mchenry county college the three day ride starts out at mchenry county college on the friday of the weekend bikers follow the same detailed route the two day riders will follow the next day these riderstay athe abbey resort both friday and saturday nights on the saturday of the weekend the riders bike on a detailed route on quiet public roads around geneva lake then on sunday they ride withe two day riders back to mchenry county college in crystalake il there are many volunteers helping throughouthe route including two restops each day medical support and bike supporthese volunteers work on bothe two day and three day rides the restops and included meals are designed for a cyclist s appetite the private ambulance service that advertises on the ride provides an ambulance on the routeach day a bike shop is available throughouthe weekend as well in case any bicycles need repairs all donations go to the american lung association to help fight chronic obstructive pulmonary disease copd asthmand lung disease category bicycle tours category cycling events in the united states category american lung association category cycling in illinois category cycling in 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supporting american lung association taken_place since raised million dollars american lung association illinois american lung association illinois news information claims midwest premier bike_ride american lung association upper lake tour bike trek bike_ride county college abbey resort geneva day biking miles two_day ride starts mchenry county college saturday weekend bikers follow detailed route quiet public roads abbey resort geneva lake stay nighthe next_day bikers bike abbey resort back mchenry county college three_day ride starts mchenry county college friday weekend bikers follow detailed route two_day riders follow next_day athe abbey resort friday saturday nights saturday weekend riders bike detailed route quiet public roads around geneva lake sunday ride withe two_day riders back mchenry county college many volunteers helping throughouthe route including two restops day medical support bike volunteers work bothe two_day three_day rides restops included meals designed cyclist private ambulance service advertises ride provides ambulance day bike shop available throughouthe weekend well case bicycles need repairs donations go american lung association help fight chronic disease lung disease category_bicycle_tours category_cycling events united_states category_american lung association category_cycling illinois category_cycling wisconsin"},{"title":"Lamb & Flag, Oxford","description":"addresst giles oxford ox js owner st john s college oxford opened website the lamb flag is a pub in st gilestreet oxford england it is owned by st john s college oxford st john s college and profits fund phdphil student scholarships the pub lies just north of the main entrance to st john s college oxford st john s college who manage ithe lamb flag passage runs through the south side of the building connecting st giles with museum road where there is an entrance to keble college oxford keble college to the rear of the pub the name of the pub comes from the symbol of christ as the victorious lamb of god agnus dei of the book of revelation carrying a banner with a cross and often gashed in the side this also a symbol of st john the baptist and so is emblematic of ownership by the college of st john the baptisthe lamb had been operating since at least situated just south of st john s in the college moved the pub to its current site the old site is today the dolphin quadrangle though owned by the college this new site wasomewhat further away from the college s main buildingsince the pub s move construction of the sir thomas white and kendrew quadrangles in the th and st centuries has led to the pubeing once again close to st john s activitiest john s took over the management of the pub in and now uses all pub profits to fund scholarships for graduate students popular culture it is believed thathomas hardy wrote much of his novel jude the obscure in this pub in this novel the city of christminster is a thinly disguised oxford and it is thoughthat a pub that appears in certain passages of the novel is based on the lamb flag the pub also featured frequently in episodes of the itv detective drama inspector morse tv series inspector morse the inklings a literary group including cs lewis also met here although they are more commonly associated witheagle and child which also stands on st giles directly opposite the lamb flag additionally the pub is mentioned in pd james book the children of men externalinks lamb flag inn category pubs in oxford category inklings lamb and flag category st john s college 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though owned college new site away college main pub move construction sir thomas white th st centuries led close st_john john took management pub uses pub profits fund scholarships graduate students popular_culture believed hardy wrote much novel obscure pub novel city disguised oxford pub appears certain novel based lamb_flag pub also featured frequently episodes itv detective drama inspector morse tv_series inspector morse literary group including lewis also met although commonly associated child also stands st giles directly opposite lamb_flag additionally pub mentioned james book children men externalinks lamb_flag inn category_pubs oxford category lamb_flag category st_john_college oxford"},{"title":"Lamb and Flag, Covent Garden","description":"file lamb and flag covent garden wc jpg thumb the lamb and flag the lamb and flag is a listed buildingrade ii listed public house at rose street covent garden london wc eb it dates back to english writer charles dickens was known to 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season to make room for invertigo triple play closed in whizzeroller coaster whizzer closed after the season canada s wonderland carowinds black widow formerly witchdoctoremoved in carolina speedway removed in to make room for the vortex stand up coaster carolina sternwheeleremoved in borg assimilator now nighthawk currently operates on thispot carowinds monorail removed in flying super saturatoremoved in due to low capacity and high maintenance costs replaced by carolina cobra in frenzoid removed in but put beside the afterburn coaster in joe cool s driving school removed in the off season oaken bucket removed after the season the ride was located across from the log flume old jalopies removed in thunderoademolished in to make room for carolina harbor smurf island its elements weremoved with carolina sternwheeler see above surferemoved in waltzeremoved in mevlevi order whirling dervish removed in white lightnin removed in and sold to gold reef city in johannesburg south africa wild bull removed in and replaced by top gun the jet coaster now afterburn the wild thornberry s river adventuremoveduring the season cedar point geauga lake amusement park geauga lake the dry side of the geauga lake amusement park geauga lake amusement park closed after its last operating day of the season september cedar fairelocated or auctioned off most of the park s roller coasters and flat rides geauga lake s water park istill open as wildwater kingdom aurora ohio wildwater kingdom kings dominion apple turnover was an enterprise ridenterprise that was manufactured by anton schwarzkopf it operated from diamond falls manufactured by intamin opened in and closedue to maintenance issues in it was demolished in and the italian job italian job stunt coaster laterenamed to the back lot stunt coaster in opened in an adjacent area where diamond falls once stood el doradopened in and was removed in to make way for the windseeker galaxie opened in and was closed after the season in a rider fatally struck his head on metal supports when he leaned outone side of the coaster train galaxie was manufactured by sdc hypersonic xlc known for an mphigh speed launch followed by a degree true vertical ascent androp was closedue to high maintenance and low hourly capacity athend of the season the ride was later scrapped king kobra opened in and was removed after the season and relocated to jolly roger amusement park in ocean city maryland then to alton towers as thunderlooper as of it hass been operating at hopi hari brazil as katapul superman em defesa da central denergia lake charles louisiana lake charles whichosted shows in thearly days of kings dominion was mostly filled in during thearly s to make room for a portion of kings dominion s newater park as of the season part of the lake still remained lion country safari was closed after the season the area the monorail station was located in was rethemed to congo monster was an eyerly monsteride that operated from it was located within candy apple grove mt kilimanjaro was a bayern kurve which opened in and was removed in oldominion line was a classic steam powered train that wenthrough the forests of old virginia it opened withe park in but closed in racing rivers operated from it was a complex of three different water slides which consisted of torpedo riptide and splashdown depending on the slide riders rode on sleds or dinghies riders rode racing rivers in their street clothesky pilot opened in and was removed in the season due to maintenance issues a fatality took place on an identical ride at sister parkings island in ohio sky pilot was manufactured by intamin sky ride opened in and closed in sky ride was a cable caride whichad stations located in hanna barbera land candy apple grove time shaft rotoride haunted river formerly journey to atlantismurf mountain formerly the land of dooz were closed and removed in to make room for volcano the blast coaster vertigo was a caterpillar type ride manufactured by mack rides that opened in and closed in shockwave was the lastogo stand up roller coaster inorth america it was located in candy apple grove shockwave stayed from it gave million rides in its lifetime kings island the bat operated from it was made by arrow development king cobra operated from it was made by togo son of beast made by werner stengel operated from the crypt giant huss top spin that operated from it wascrappedue to maintenance issues knott s berry farm corkscrew gran slammer haunted shack headache formerly greased lightnin until kingdom of the dinosaurs knott s bear y tales mexican whipropeller spin sky jump tampico tumbler wacky soapbox racers formerly motorcycle chase until walter k steamboat wildernesscrambler formerly whirlpool and headspin windjammer surf racers xk worlds ofun aerodrome alpine petting zoo barnstormer berenstain bear country cotton blossom the showboat riverboat built for mgm s film production of show boat either oar extremeroller ext formerly screamroller until half pint s peak humpty s haven incred o dome krazy kars omegatron orient express worlds ofun orient express pandamonium the python plunge rockin reeler the safari schussboomer silly serpent formerly funicular until ski heisky hi snoopy s moon bounce uss henrietta victrix firing range wing ding wobble wheel zambezinger hershey entertainment and resorts company hersheypark seattle center fun forest practically all installed rides have been removed special events may include temporary rideseaworld parks entertainment adventure island water park adventure island barratuba tampa typhoon a water slide that closed after the season the slide opened in the late s and shared a tower with gulf scream a current water slide attraction standing nearly or seven stories tall the ride allowed patrons to see for miles around including a view of the nearby mosi museum gulf scream busch gardens tampa bay the monorail closed and removed in the original brewery demolished and gwazi roller coaster gwazi was built in its place the python busch gardens tampa bay python closed october andemolished as part of a renovation of the congo area of the park jungala took its place gwazi closedue to customer complaints of it being too jerky busch gardens williamsburg big bad wolf roller coaster big bad wolf corkscrew hill das k tzchen die wildkatze drachen fire demolished in gladiator s gauntlet glissade roller coaster glissade le mans raceway wild maus formerly izzy seaworld ohio the park wasold to six flags who then merged the park with six flags ohio to create six flags worlds of adventure the park was later sold to cedar fair and reverted the park to its original name geauga lake amusement park geauga lake seaworld santonio texasplashdown was a log flume ride that was added to seaworld santonio in and closed on may most of the ride has been removed however the boat flumes at ground level and the small pavilions used as the queue line are now used as a haunted house for howl o scream dolphin cove was an outdoor dolphin exhibithe attraction was demolished in the arearound the attraction was renovated and opened as discovery point in the spot where dolphin cove once stood is now home to the larger dolphin lagoon which now gives guests the option to swim with dolphins rocky point preserve was an outdoor exhibithat featuresea lionseals and otters that closed on september and reopened as pacific point preserve on may pirates d was a d film attraction replaced by rl stine s haunted lighthouse d then by pets ahoy rl stine s haunted lighthouse d a d film attraction based on the book from the goosebumpseries texas walk was an outdoor plaza featuring life sized bronze statues of notable people of texas it wastanding since the park opened and was removed in the bronze statues that once stood there were donated to the city of santonio lost lagoon was a small water park located near sea lion stadium it opened and closed in the area where lost lagoonce stood is no longer a part of seaworld santonio rather it is part of a separate gated water park called aquatica santonio aquatica may not be a part of the seaworld chain but it istill owned and operated by seaworld parks entertainment seaworld san diego gateway to the sean indoor water fountain show it was replaced by window to the sea mission bermuda triangle an underwater motion simulator attraction which opened in latereplaced by wild arctic pirates d a d film attraction replaced by rl stine s haunted lighthouse d rl stine s haunted lighthouse d a d film attraction based on the book from the goosebumpseries replaced by lights camera imagination d shamu s happy harbor an interactive children s play area which opened in it was renovated and became sesame street bay of play window to the sea liveducation presentation about seaworld s environmental and research activities replaced by pirates d water country usatomic breakerseries of slides and splash pools closed and removed lemon drop two short yellow body flumes which dropped into a deep ft section of the adventure isle pool closed and removed in little twister a small pink children s water slide in the adventure isle area moved adjacento the jammin juke box slide tower in the season withe change to rock n roll island renamed little bopper peppermintwistwo steepurple colored body slides took riders through a degree curve closed following the season the toweremains intact and is used as the tower for the new jammin jukebox body slides volleyball courtseveral beach volleyball courts thatook up the space where hubba highway is now and before that were located across from jet scream where the lockers are catering was where the restrooms are star trek thexperience star trek thexperience open from to athe las vegas hilton relocated to neonopolis for the season six flagsix flags astroworld six flags astroworld a theme park in houston texas usa originally opened as just astroworld in the park was a sister attraction to the astrodome home of the namesake houston astros purchased by six flags in the mid s it operated until when the park was closed andemolished citing six flags financial woesix flags atlantis florida six flags great adventure rides and attractions african rivers antique cars asian rivers bugs bunny barnstormers formerly foghorn leghorn flyers and red baron calypso chaos condor enterprise renamed spin meister in xcaliburidevolution fender bender flying wave glow in the park parade gondola grand prix greatrain ride hand cars haunted castle six flags great adventure haunted castle burned in hydro flume joust a bout renamed sky pilot in jumpin jack flash looney tunes log jam formerly elmer fudd traffic jam looping starship renamed space shuttle in magic hands matterhorn monster spin moon bounce movietown water effect musik express north american rivers panorama wheel renamed phileas fogg s balloon ride in pendulum pirate s flight porky pig pipeline pretty monsterenamedream street dazzler in rodeo stampede rotorenamed in as typhoon and again as taz tornado ss feather sword schwabinchen dismantled in and renamed and rethemed as el sombrero in scrambler spinnaker stuntman s freefall super cat super sidewinder swiss bob sylvester scooters tilt a whirl time warp the world s first double inverter traffic jam troika wild e coyote wild web roller coasters alpen blitz batman robin the chiller big fury great american screamachine six flags great adventure great american screamachine demolished to make room for green lantern six flags great adventure green lantern jumbo jet six flags great adventure jumbo jet never opened lightnin loops lil thunder originally screamerolling thunderoller coasterolling thunder sarajevo bobsled batman thescape shockwave ultra twister six flags ultra twister viper six flags great adventure viper wild rider six flags great america six flags over georgia chevy show building demolished in to make room for dare devil dive drunken barrels exxon modern caride flying dutchman deja vu giant inverted boomerang coaster great gasp removed after the season to make room for the goliath coaster horror cave haunted house jean ribault s adventure riverboat ride converted to thunderiver looping starship mini mine train formerlyahooleremoved to make room for a convoy ride mo monster okefenokee swamp ragin rivers round up shake rattle and roll removed athend of the season to make room for dare devil dive the six flags airacer spindle top viper schwarzkopf shuttle loop coaster z force an intamin space diver coaster originally constructed at six flags great americand moved to six flags over georgia later moved to six flags magic mountain as flashback wasbno for four years from to when it was finally demolished magnetic house slanted house and tilt house bullfrog review phlying phlyrpus people movershow buford the buzzard mexican jumping beans echo well right outside the magnetic house petsville a petting zoo krofft puppetheater sky hook free fall astrolift wheelie a huss park atrractions huss enterprise ridenterprise removed in october to make room for the skyscreamer six flags over texastrolift von roll skyway closed in big bend ran at six flags over texas from to when it was relocated to six flagst louis was eventually sold for scrap metal caddo lake war canoes the cave chameleon cucaracha daffy duck lake the great six flags airacer lasalle s riverboat adventure missile chaseroad runnerunaround roto disco spindletop spinnakerelocated to six flags fiesta texas wagon wheel texas cliffhanger also known as g force and wildcatter universal parks resorts islands of adventure universal studios florida universal studios hollywood village roadshow theme parks and attractionsea world warner bros movie world walt disney parks and resorts disneylandisney s animal kingdom disney s hollywood studios epcot magic kingdom see also list of defunct amusement parks category amusement parks category amusement park rides lists category lists 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flume old removed make_room carolina harbor island elements weremoved carolina see order removed white lightnin removed sold gold reef city johannesburg south_africa wild bull removed replaced top gun jet coaster afterburn wild river season cedar_point geauga_lake amusement_park geauga_lake dry side geauga_lake amusement_park geauga_lake amusement_park closed last operating day season september cedar park roller_coasters flat rides geauga_lake water_park istill open wildwater_kingdom aurora ohio wildwater_kingdom kings_dominion apple turnover enterprise manufactured anton_schwarzkopf operated diamond falls manufactured intamin opened closedue maintenance issues demolished italian job italian job stunt coaster laterenamed back lot stunt coaster opened adjacent area diamond falls stood el removed make way opened closed season rider struck head metal supports side coaster train manufactured known speed launch followed degree true vertical ascent closedue high maintenance low hourly capacity athend season ride later king opened removed season relocated jolly roger amusement_park ocean_city maryland alton_towers operating brazil superman central lake charles louisiana lake charles shows thearly days kings_dominion mostly filled thearly make_room portion kings_dominion park season part lake still remained lion country safari closed season area monorail station located congo monster operated located within candy apple grove kilimanjaro opened removed line classic steam powered train forests old virginia opened withe park closed racing rivers operated complex three different water slides consisted depending slide riders rode riders rode racing rivers street pilot opened removed season due maintenance issues fatality took_place identical ride sister island ohio sky pilot manufactured intamin sky ride opened closed sky ride cable whichad stations located land candy apple grove time shaft haunted river formerly journey mountain formerly land closed removed make_room volcano blast coaster type ride manufactured mack_rides opened closed stand roller_coaster inorth_america located candy apple grove stayed gave million rides lifetime kings_island bat operated made arrow development king operated made son beast made werner stengel operated giant huss top spin operated maintenance issues knott berry_farm gran haunted shack formerly lightnin kingdom dinosaurs knott bear tales mexican spin sky jump racers formerly motorcycle chase walter k steamboat formerly surf racers worlds_ofun alpine petting zoo bear country cotton showboat riverboat built mgm film production show boat either formerly half pint peak humpty dome express worlds_ofun express python plunge safari serpent formerly ski moon uss firing range wing ding wheel hershey entertainment resorts company hersheypark seattle center fun forest practically installed rides removed special_events may_include temporary parks entertainment adventure island water_park adventure island tampa typhoon water slide closed season slide opened late shared tower gulf scream current water slide attraction standing nearly seven stories tall ride allowed patrons see miles around including view nearby museum gulf scream busch_gardens_tampa_bay monorail closed removed original brewery demolished gwazi roller_coaster gwazi built place python busch_gardens_tampa_bay python closed october part renovation congo area park took_place gwazi closedue customer complaints busch_gardens_williamsburg big bad wolf roller_coaster big bad wolf hill das k die fire demolished roller_coaster wild formerly seaworld ohio park wasold six_flags merged park six_flags ohio create six_flags worlds adventure_park later sold cedar_fair reverted park original_name geauga_lake amusement_park geauga_lake seaworld_santonio log flume ride added seaworld_santonio closed may ride removed however boat ground level small pavilions used queue line used haunted house scream dolphin cove outdoor dolphin attraction demolished arearound attraction renovated opened discovery point spot dolphin cove stood home larger dolphin lagoon gives guests option swim dolphins rocky point preserve outdoor closed september reopened pacific point preserve may pirates film attraction replaced stine haunted lighthouse pets stine haunted lighthouse film attraction based book texas walk outdoor plaza featuring life sized bronze notable people texas since park opened removed bronze stood donated city santonio lost lagoon small water_park located_near sea_lion stadium opened closed area lost stood longer part seaworld_santonio rather part separate water_park called aquatica santonio aquatica may part seaworld chain istill owned operated seaworld parks entertainment seaworld_san_diego gateway sean indoor water fountain show replaced window sea mission bermuda triangle underwater motion simulator attraction opened wild arctic pirates film attraction replaced stine haunted lighthouse stine haunted lighthouse film attraction based book replaced lights camera imagination happy harbor interactive children play area opened renovated became sesame street bay play window sea presentation seaworld environmental research activities replaced pirates water country slides splash pools closed removed lemon drop two short yellow body dropped deep section adventure isle pool closed removed little twister small pink children water slide adventure isle area moved adjacento juke box slide tower season withe change rock_n roll island renamed little colored body slides took riders degree closed following season intact used tower new jukebox body slides beach courts thatook space highway located across jet scream catering star_trek thexperience star_trek thexperience open athe las_vegas hilton relocated season six_flags astroworld six_flags astroworld theme_park houston_texas usa originally opened astroworld park sister attraction home namesake houston purchased six_flags mid operated park closed citing six_flags financial flags atlantis florida six_flags great_adventure rides attractions african rivers antique cars asian rivers bunny formerly flyers red baron enterprise renamed spin bender flying wave park parade grand prix ride hand cars haunted castle six_flags great_adventure haunted castle burned flume renamed sky pilot jack flash looney tunes log jam formerly traffic jam looping starship renamed space_shuttle magic hands monster spin moon water effect express north_american rivers panorama wheel renamed balloon ride pirate flight pig pipeline pretty street rodeo stampede typhoon sword dismantled renamed el super cat super swiss bob tilt whirl time warp world first double traffic jam wild e coyote wild web roller_coasters blitz batman robin big fury great_american screamachine six_flags great_adventure great_american screamachine demolished make_room green lantern six_flags great_adventure green lantern jumbo jet six_flags great_adventure jumbo jet never opened lightnin loops thunder originally thunderoller thunder batman thescape ultra twister six_flags ultra twister viper six_flags great_adventure viper wild rider six_flags great_america six_flags georgia show building demolished make_room devil dive_barrels modern flying giant inverted coaster great removed season make_room goliath coaster horror cave haunted house jean adventure riverboat ride converted looping starship mini mine train make_room ride monster rivers round shake roll removed athend season make_room devil dive six_flags top viper schwarzkopf shuttle loop coaster force intamin space coaster originally constructed six_flags great_americand moved six_flags georgia later moved six_flags magic_mountain four_years finally demolished house house tilt house bullfrog review people mexican jumping beans well right outside house petting zoo sky hook free fall huss park huss enterprise removed october make_room six_flags von roll closed big bend ran six_flags texas relocated six_flagst louis eventually sold metal lake war cave duck lake great six_flags riverboat adventure missile disco six_flags fiesta_texas wagon wheel texas also_known g force universal parks resorts islands adventure universal_studios florida universal_studios hollywood village theme_parks world_warner bros movie world walt_disney parks resorts animal_kingdom disney hollywood_studios epcot magic_kingdom see_also list defunct amusement_parks category_amusement_parks category_amusement_park rides lists category_lists oformer amusement_park attractions"},{"title":"List of dinosaur parks","description":"file cpiguandons jpg thumb dinosaurs at crystal palace dinosaurs the oldest dinosaur park a dinosaur park usually refers to a theme park in which severalife size sculptures or models of prehistoric animals especially dinosaur s are displayed the first dinosaur park worldwide was crystal palace dinosaurs in london which opened in from the largest dinosaur park in europe was the traumlandpark in bottrop kirchhellen the two biggest dinosaur theme park s in germany today are the dinosaur park m nchehagen dinosaur park at m nchehagen dinopark and the dinosaur parkleinwelka dinosaur park at kleinwelka with its neighbouring dinosaur garden of gro welka in addition there are also individual models in the open air as well as various dinosaur museums other dinosaur parks are listed below europe file baltow polandiplodocus allosaurusjpg thumb diplodocus and allosaurus at ba t w jurassic park austria styrassic park in bad gleichenberg triassic park in waidring tirol world of dinosaurs mobilexhibition with numeroustations in europe currently in perchtoldsdorf croatia dinopark funtana in funtana istria county istria czech republic dinopark praha in prague dinopark ostrava in ostrava dinopark plze in plze dinopark liberec in liberec dinopark vy kov in vy kov prehistoric park chvalovice prehistoric park in chvalovice znojmo district chvalovice france dino zoo du doubs in charbonni res lesapins parc pr historique de bretagne in malansac mus e parc des dinosaures in m ze pr histodino parc in lacaven quercy germany de dinosaur park m nchehagen dinopark in rehburg loccum dinosaur parkleinwelka bautzen gondwana das praehistorium in schiffweiler openedinosaur land r gen on r gen opened traumlandpark in bottrop kirchhellen then incorporated into the movie park germany bavaria filmpark as dinopark germendorf wildlife park in germendorf park opened in dinosaur park section urzeitpark opened in greece dinosauria park near heraklion crete italy prehistoric park italy prehistoric park rivolta d adda world of dinosaursan piero a sieve parco preistorico peccioli extinction park at parco natura viva bussolengo parco della preistoria lost world atlantis parco acquatico san secondof pinerolo parco preistorico peccioli dino park san lorenzello dino park san lorenzello parco il mondo della preistoria simbario parco dei dinosauri castellana grotte parco delle grotte di famosa e la grotta dei dinosauri massafra parco della preistoriat etnaland belpasso parco dinosauri at safari park pombia safari park pombia lithuania dino parkas at radailiai klaipeda region lebanon dino city prehistoric park at ajaltoun mount lebanon montenegro dinosecrets adventure park in budva netherlands dierenpark amersfoort dierenpark amersfoort regular zoo with large dinopark section polandinosaur parks and miniature park in wroc aw ba t w jurassic park in ostrowiecounty dinozatorland in zator krasiej w jurapark in krasiej w jurapark solec jurapark in solec kujawski serbia dino park novi sad to be opened in april slovakia dinopark zoo bratislava in bratislava opened in dinopark zoo ko ice in ko ice opened in dino adventure park in terchov opened in dino adventure park in bojnice opened in spain dinopark playa de palmallorca dinopark algar callosa d en sarri switzerland saurierpark in r cl re with dripstone cave in r cl re united kingdom crystal palace dinosaurs opened in london the site of the crystal palace combe martin wildlife andinosaur park inorth devon dinosaur adventure park lenwade norfolk teessaurus park middlesbrough north middle americanada calgary zoo in calgary alberta opened about life sized sculptures by including non dinosaurs renovated in and most models replaced royal tyrrell museum of palaeontology km from drumheller alberta prehistoric world morrisburg ontariover life sizedinosaurs dinosaurs alive vaughan ontario located inside wonderland features more than life size animatronic dinosaurs usa dinosaur world arkansas dinosaur world arkansas cabazon dinosaurs cabazon california dinosaur state park and arboretum in rocky hill connecticuthe dinosaur place at nature s art village in montville connecticut dinosaur world theme parks dinosaur world plant city florida opened bongoland port orange florida now part of the dunlawton plantation and sugar mill jurassic park at universal studio s islands of adventure the whole park is not dedicated to dinosaurs buthis land is dinoland usat disney s animal kingdom park florida the whole park is not dedicated to dinosaurs buthis land is dinosaur world cave city kentucky cave city kentucky dinosaur gardens prehistorical zoossineke michigan ossineke michigan opened s dinosaur playground riverside park manhattan riverside park new york city has two fiberglass dinosaurs field station dinosaurs overpeck county park bergen county new jersey was originally located in secacus dinosaurs alive attraction dinosaurs alive at cedar point amusement park sandusky ohio sandusky ohiopened in prehistoric gardens port orford oregon opened has at least full sized models including non dinosaurs dinosaur park in rapid city south dakota rapid city south dakota openedinosaur park cedar creek texas george s eccles dinosaur park ogden utah white post virginia dinosaur landouble tollgate virginia double tollgate virginia opened s hisey park granger washington cuba valle de la prehistoria in the baconao park outside of santiago de cuba opened in the s asia thailand 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wildlife_park park opened dinosaur_park section opened greece park near italy prehistoric park italy prehistoric park world parco extinction park parco parco della lost world atlantis parco san parco dino park san dino park san parco della parco dei parco delle e la grotta dei parco della parco safari_park pombia safari_park pombia lithuania dino region lebanon dino city prehistoric park mount lebanon montenegro adventure_park netherlands regular zoo large dinopark section parks miniature park wroc w jurassic_park w w serbia dino park sad opened april slovakia dinopark zoo bratislava bratislava opened dinopark zoo ice ice opened dino adventure_park opened dino adventure_park opened spain dinopark playa de dinopark switzerland r cave r united_kingdom crystal_palace dinosaurs opened london site crystal_palace combe martin wildlife_park inorth devon dinosaur adventure_park norfolk park north middle calgary zoo calgary alberta opened life sized sculptures including non dinosaurs renovated models replaced royal museum alberta prehistoric world life dinosaurs alive vaughan ontario located inside wonderland features life size animatronic dinosaurs usa dinosaur world arkansas dinosaur world arkansas dinosaurs california dinosaur state_park rocky hill dinosaur place nature art village connecticut dinosaur world theme_parks dinosaur world plant city florida opened port orange florida part plantation sugar mill jurassic_park universal studio islands adventure whole park dedicated dinosaurs buthis land usat disney animal_kingdom park florida whole park dedicated dinosaurs buthis land dinosaur world cave city kentucky cave city kentucky dinosaur gardens michigan michigan opened dinosaur playground riverside park manhattan riverside park new_york city two dinosaurs field station dinosaurs county park bergen county_new_jersey originally located dinosaurs alive attraction dinosaurs alive cedar_point amusement_park sandusky_ohio sandusky prehistoric gardens port oregon opened least full sized models including non dinosaurs dinosaur_park rapid city south_dakota rapid city south_dakota park_cedar creek texas george eccles dinosaur_park ogden utah white post virginia dinosaur virginia double virginia opened park washington cuba valle de_la park outside santiago de cuba opened asia thailand dinosaur_park district province clive palmer businessman palmer resort dinosaur_park beach queensland palmer resort see_also jurassic_park novel jurassic_park film references_externalinks roadside dinosaurs category_amusement_parks dinosaur category dinosaurs amusement_parks"},{"title":"List of heritage railways","description":"list of heritage railways is a comprehensive listing of heritage railway sorted by country state oregion a heritage railway is a preserved or tourist railroad which is run as a tourist attraction is usually but not always run by volunteers and often seeks to re create railway scenes of the past europe thentiremaining rail transport in albania rail network of albania can be considered as a heritage system image dendermonde puurs railway jpg thumb right vertical boiler locockerill on the dendermonde puurs railway chemin de fer vapeur des trois vall es chemin de fer vapeur des trois vall es patrimoine ferroviairetourisme chemin de fer du bocq chemin de fer du bocq dendermonde puursteam railway stoomtrein dendermonde puurstoomcentrumaldegem stoomcentrumaldegem vennbahn closed in bosniand herzegovina sarajevo vi egrad railway section from vi egrad to vardi te image nsjv train farumjpg thumb ansjv restored train on the nordsj llands veterantog source blovstr dbanen d maskinegruppen djk veterantog vest dsb museumstogm gruppen hedelands veteranbane limfjordsbanen mariager handest veteranbane museumsbanen maribo bandholm nordsj llands veterantog sydfynske veteranjernbane veteranbanen bryrup vradstsj llandske jernbaneklub image lwr steam locomotivejpg thumb right lovisa wesij rvi railway athe jokioinen museum railway jokioinen museum railway kovjoki museum railway porvoo museum railway image franco belge kdljpg thumb righthe froissy dompierre light railway for a comprehensive list of heritage railways in france see the article fr liste des chemins de fer touristiques de france liste des chemins de fer touristiques de france french version of this article chemin de fer de la baie de somme froissy dompierre light railway tarn light railway image hsmjpg righthumb the hannoverschestra enbahn museum for a comprehensive list of heritage railways in germany see the article de liste der museumseisenbahnen liste der museumseisenbahnen german version of this article the list includes railway museums that operate historic railway services ulmer eisenbahnfreunde albb hnle ulmer eisenbahnfreunde amstetten gerstetten line augsburg railway park b derbahn molli bavarian localbahn society bergische museumsbahn bochum dahlhausen railway museum dampfbahn fr nkische schweiz dbk historic railway dieringhausen railway museum d llnitzbahn eisenbahnfreunde zollernbahn ulmer eisenbahnfreundettlingen bad herrenalb line franconian museum railway frankfurt city junction line german steam locomotive museum hannoverschestra enbahn museum historic railway frankfurt ulmer eisenbahnfreunde karlsruhe baiersbronn line kleinbahn museum bruchhausen vilseneustadt weinstrasse railway museum kuckucksb hle mellrichstadt fladungen line m geln railway network bavarian railway museum n rdlingen feuchtwangen line bavarian railway museum n rdlingen gunzenhausen line radebeul radeburg line riedlh tte narrow gauge railway pelion mt scenic railway pelion mt scenic railway children s railway hu gyermekvas t gyermekvas t bernina railway in the rhaetian railway between italy and switzerland inscribed in the world heritage list of unesco file ventspils narrow gauge railwayjpg thumb right ventspils narrow gauge railway gulbene al ksne railway gulbene al ksne railway ventspils narrow gauge railway ventspils narrow gauge railway corustoom ijmuiden efteling steam train company museum buurtspoorweg steamtrain hoorn medemblik stichting stadskanaal rail stichting voorheen rtm stoom stichting nederland stoomtrein goes borsele stoomtrein valkenburgse meer veluwse stoomtrein maatschappij zuid limburgse stoomtrein maatschappij image type locomotive n at garnesjpg thumb right steam locomotive on the gamle vossebanen old voss line kr deren linesttun os line norwegian railway museum in hamarjukan line setesdaline thamshavn line urskog h land line valdres line bieszczadzka forest railway narrow gauge railway museum in sochaczew narrow gauge railway museum in wenecja republic of ireland for a list of heritage railways in the republic of ireland see the article list of heritage railways in the republic of ireland image mocanitajpg thumb right locomotive mariu a on the vi eu de sus railway moc ni a from vasser valley maramure cff vi eu de sus agnita railway line sibiu to agnita narrow gauge line in h rtibaciu valley image sarganska osmica jpg thumb train passing the largest bridge on the argan eight railway argan eight image chz ckd hronecjpg thumb a train on the ierny hron railway ierny hron railway the historicalogging switchback railway in vychylovka kysuce near nov bystrica w sk historick lesn vra ov eleznica historick lesn vra ov eleznica image tren del centenari jpg thumb steam locomotive tren del centenari from in vilanova railway museum azpeitia railway museum steam railway tours azpeitia railway museum gij n railway museum railway museum in vilanova close to barcelona strawberry train seasonal service between madrid and aranjuez tramvia blau barcelona tren dels llacseasonal service between lleidand la pobla de segur image steam engine srj lennajpg thumb right srj stortysken at lenna station in l nna on the upsala lenna jernv g railway anten gr fsn s j rnv g narrow gauge near gothenburg anten gr fsn s j rnv g association of narrow gauge railways v xj v stervik narrow gauge includes a section of dual gauge mixed gauge track into v stervik association of narrow gauge railways v xj v stervik b da skogsj rnv g narrow gauge land b da skogsj rnv g dal v stra v rmlands j rnv g standard gauge v rmlandal v stra v rmlands j rnv g djurg rden line tram way stockholm engelsberg norbergs railway standard gauge v stmanland gotlands hesselby jernv g narrow gauge gotlands hesselby jernv g j dra s tall s j rnv g narrow gauge g strikland j dra s tall s j rnv g ohsabananarrow gauge j nk ping ohsabanan risten lakviks j rnv g narrow gauge sterg tland risten lakviks j rnv g smalsp rsj rnv gen hultsfred v stervik narrow gauge sm land smalsp rsj rnv gen hultsfred v stervik skara lundsbrunns j rnv gar narrow gauge v stra g taland county lundsbrunns j rnv gar upsala lenna jernv g narrow gauge upsala county stra s dermanlands j rnv g narrow gauge s dermanland file historic steam train on the rigijpg thumb historic steam on the rigi bahnen blonay chamby museum railway brienz rothorn bahn dampfbahn verein z rcher oberland furka cogwheel steam railway furka oberalp bahn pilatus railway rigi bahnen schynige platte railway z rcher museums bahn united kingdom england scotland walesee list of britisheritage and private railways northern ireland see list of heritage railways inorthern ireland isle of man see heritage railways in the isle of man channel islands alderney railway pallot heritage steamuseum near and middleast oak train kibutz ein shemer north america united states caribbean st kittst kittscenic railway over historic trackst kittscenic railway south and central america file tren a las nubes crossing viaduct jpg thumb rightren a las nubes file trochita puente sobre r o chicojpg thumb righthe old patagonian express capilla del se or historic train buenos aires province la trochita old patagonian express patagonia la trochita southern fuegian railway train athend of the world in tierra del fuego tierra del fuego tren del fin del mundo tren a las nubesalta tren hist rico de bariloche patagonia british built steam locomotive to perito moreno glacier tren hist rico a vapor villa elisa historic train entre r os province corcovado rack railway estrada de ferroeste de minas estrada de ferro perus pirapora serra verdexpress train of pantanal trem da serra da mantiqueira trem das guas via o f rrea campinas jaguari na colchaguac wine train a bayer peacock tren del vino tren de laraucan a temuco to victoria baldwin museo ferroviario temuco tren crucero ecuador tren turistico de la sabana bogota turistren chihuahual pac ficopper canyon chihuahual pac fico ferrocarril interoceanico ferrocarril interoceanico tequila express tequila express africa south africa image rovos rail capital park stationjpg thumb right rovos rail train abouto depart from capital park stationote that most of theritage railway operators in south africa have their own depots where locomotives and coaches are kept and serviced but run on state owned railways atlantic rail day trips from cape town to simonstown using steam locomotives and heritage coaching stock atlantic rail friends of the rail day trips from hermanstad pretoria using steam locomotives and heritage coaching stock friends of the rail outeniqua choo tjoe heritage railway that is not currently operational outeniqua choo tjoe patons country narrow gauge railway a two foot narrow gauge heritage railway in kwazulu natal south africa from ixopo to umzimkhulu reefsteamers day trips from johannesburg to magaliesburg and some longer disctance railtours using steam locomotives reefsteamers rovos rail up market railtours rovos rail the sandstone heritage trust private railway operating steam locomotives the sandstone heritage trust umgeni steam railway kloof to inchanga near durban steam railway tunisia l zard rouge asia jiayang coal railway gebishi railway mengzi baoxiu railway heritage train operation an otherwise disused section west of jianshui county jianshui qinghai tibet railway tiefa steam locomotive tourist attraction transiberian railway hong kong file peak tram approaching intermediate stationjpg thumb right peak tram of hong kong hong kong tramways peak tram image darjeeling himalayan railwayjpg thumb the darjeeling himalayan railway calcutta tramways darjeeling himalayan railway kalka shimla railway nilgiri mountain railway matheran hill railway palace on wheels file cepu forest railway du croo brauns locomotivejpg thumb cepu forest railway du croo brauns locomotive ambarawa railway museum cepu forest railway mak itam steam locomotive sepur kluthuk jaladara sagano scenic railway shuzenji romney railway image khyberrailway jpg thumb right historical khyber train safari khyberailway in pakistan khyber train safari khyberailway taiwan image alishan station with steam trainjpg thumb right alishan steam train engine no alishan forest railway australasia new zealand for a list of heritage railways inew zealand see the article list of new zealand railway museums and heritage linesee also heritage tourism list of conservation topics list of tourist attractions worldwide list of united states railroads mountain railway references externalinks heritage railways in spainternational working steam locomotives national preservation forum category lists of heritage railways category heritage railways category rail transport related lists heritage railways category railroad attractions category tourism related lists heritage 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ventspils narrow_gauge railway efteling steam train company museum rail stoomtrein goes stoomtrein stoomtrein stoomtrein image type locomotive n thumb right steam locomotive gamle old line line norwegian railway_museum line line h land line line forest railway narrow_gauge railway_museum narrow_gauge railway_museum republic ireland list heritage_railways republic ireland see article list heritage_railways republic ireland image thumb right locomotive de sus railway valley de sus railway line narrow_gauge line h valley image jpg thumb train passing largest bridge eight railway eight image thumb train railway railway railway near nov w image tren del jpg thumb steam locomotive tren del railway_museum railway_museum steam railway tours railway_museum n railway_museum railway_museum close barcelona train seasonal service madrid barcelona tren service la de image steam engine thumb right station l jernv g railway j_rnv_g narrow_gauge near gothenburg j_rnv_g association narrow_gauge railways 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thumb las file sobre r thumb_righthe old express del historic train buenos_aires province la old express patagonia la southern railway train athend world tierra del fuego tierra del fuego tren del fin del mundo tren las tren hist rico de patagonia british built steam locomotive moreno glacier tren hist rico villa historic train entre r province corcovado railway de de minas de train das via f wine train peacock tren del vino tren de victoria tren ecuador tren de_la pac canyon pac fico tequila express tequila express africa south_africa image rovos rail capital park stationjpg thumb right rovos rail train abouto capital park theritage railway operators south_africa locomotives coaches kept serviced run state_owned railways atlantic rail day_trips cape_town using steam locomotives heritage coaching stock atlantic rail friends rail day_trips using steam locomotives heritage coaching stock friends rail outeniqua heritage railway currently operational outeniqua country narrow_gauge railway two foot narrow_gauge heritage railway kwazulu natal south_africa day_trips johannesburg longer using steam locomotives rovos rail market rovos rail sandstone heritage trust private railway operating steam locomotives sandstone heritage trust steam railway near steam railway tunisia l rouge asia coal railway railway railway heritage train operation otherwise disused section west county tibet railway steam locomotive tourist_attraction transiberian railway hong_kong file peak tram approaching intermediate stationjpg thumb right peak tram hong_kong hong_kong peak tram image darjeeling himalayan thumb darjeeling himalayan railway calcutta darjeeling himalayan railway railway mountain railway hill railway palace wheels file forest railway thumb forest railway locomotive railway_museum forest railway steam locomotive scenic railway railway image jpg thumb right historical khyber train safari pakistan khyber train safari taiwan image station steam thumb right steam train engine forest railway australasia new_zealand list heritage_railways inew_zealand see article list new_zealand railway_museums heritage also heritage_tourism list conservation topics list tourist_attractions worldwide list united_states railroads mountain railway references_externalinks heritage_railways working steam locomotives national preservation forum category_lists heritage_railways category heritage_railways category rail_transport related lists heritage_railways category railroad attractions_category_tourism related lists heritage_railways"},{"title":"List of RAGBRAI overnight stops","description":"eight host communities are selected each year by the ragbrai register s annual great bicycle ride across iowa organizers excepthathere were only seven in the first year twof the communities are the beginning and end points while the other six serve as overnight stops for the bicyclists from to the distance between consecutive host communities averaged about miles the average lengthas been miles was the longest at miles and the shortest at miles notexcluding the century loop athe beginning of the riders traditionally dip the rear wheel of their bikes in either the missouriver or the big sioux river depending on the starting point of the ride and athend the riders dip the front wheels in the mississippi river as of communities have served as the starting point have hosted the finish and other communities have been overnight hosts was the first year with recurring host citiesioux city and storm lake was the last year with all firstime host cities was the first year with no firstime host city all werepeats from prior years withaving similar distinction was the most recent year with new firstime host cities orange city and waukon lansing has the distinction of city with longestime between hosting at years and centerville and leon have the next longestime bothosted in and williamsburg has the distinction of being the city with longestime without a repeato present and camp dodge is a closecond to present byear class wikitable sortable bgcolor ccccccolspan class unsortable colspan class unsortable route starto finish number indicates occurrence year class unsortable num dates milestarting city sunday monday tuesday wednesday thursday friday saturday i aug sioux city iowa sioux city storm lake iowa storm lake fort dodge iowa fort dodge ames iowames des moines iowa des moines williamsburg iowa williamsburg davenport iowa davenport ii aug council bluffs iowa council bluffs atlantic iowatlantic guthrie center iowa guthrie center camp dodge marshalltown iowa marshalltown waterloo iowaterloo monticello iowa monticello dubuque iowa dubuque iii aug hawarden iowa hawarden cherokee iowa cherokee lake view iowa lake view boone iowa boonewton iowa newton sigourney iowa sigourney mount pleasant iowa mount pleasant fort madison iowa fort madison iv aug sidney iowa sidney red oak iowa red oak harlan iowa harlan jefferson iowa jeffersonevada iowa nevada grinnell iowa grinnell iowa city iowa city muscatine iowa muscatine v jul aug onawa iowa onawa ida grove iowa ida grove laurens iowa laurens algona iowalgona clear lake iowa clear lake new hampton iowa new hampton decorah iowa decorah lansing iowa lansing vi jul aug sioux city iowa sioux city storm lake iowa storm lake humboldt iowa humboldt iowa falls iowa falls vinton iowa vinton mount vernon iowa mount vernon maquoketa iowa maquoketa clinton iowa clinton vii jul aug rock rapids iowa rock rapidspencer iowa spencerockwell city iowa rockwell city story city iowa story city tama iowa tama toledo iowa toledo fairfield iowa fairfield wapello iowapello burlington iowa burlington viii jul auglenwood iowa glenwood atlantic iowatlanticarroll iowa carroll perry iowa perry webster city iowa webster city waverly iowaverly elkader iowa elkader guttenberg iowa guttenberg ix jul aug missouri valley iowa missouri valley mapleton iowa mapleton lake city iowa lake city greenfield iowa greenfield leon iowa leon centerville iowa centerville keosauqua iowa keosauqua keokuk iowa keokuk x jul akron iowakron cherokee iowa cherokeestherville iowa estherville forest city iowa forest city charles city iowa charles city independence iowa independence tipton iowa tipton davenport iowa davenport xi jul onawa iowa onawa harlan iowa harlan guthrie center iowa guthrie center ames iowames clarion iowa clarion grundy center iowa grundy center manchester iowa manchester dubuque iowa dubuque xii jul glenwood iowa glenwood shenandoah iowa shenandoah creston iowa creston adel iowadel pella iowa pella ottumwa iowa ottumwa mount pleasant iowa mount pleasant burlington iowa burlington xiii jul hawarden iowa hawarden sibley iowa sibley emmetsburg iowa emmetsburg humboldt iowa humboldt mason city iowa mason city waterloo iowaterloo monticello iowa monticello clinton iowa clinton xiv jul council bluffs iowa council bluffs red oak iowa red oak audubon iowaudubon perry iowa perry eldora iowa eldora belle plaine iowa belle plaine washington iowashington muscatine iowa muscatine xv jul onawa iowa onawa denison iowa denison storm lake iowa storm lake fort dodge iowa fort dodge forest city iowa forest city osage iowa osage west union iowa west union guttenberg iowa guttenberg xvi jul sioux city iowa sioux city ida grove iowa ida grove carroll iowa carroll boone iowa boone des moines iowa des moines oskaloosa iowa oskaloosa fairfield iowa fairfield fort madison iowa fort madison xvii jul glenwood iowa glenwood clarinda iowa clarindatlantic iowatlantic jefferson iowa jefferson story city iowa story city cedar falls iowa cedar falls dyersville iowa dyersville bellevue iowa bellevue xviii jul sioux center iowa sioux center spencer iowa spencer algona iowalgona hampton iowa hampton oelwein iowa oelwein cedarapids iowa cedarapids washington iowashington burlington iowa burlington xix jul missouri valley iowa missouri valley atlantic iowatlantic winterset iowa winterset knoxville iowa knoxville grinnell iowa grinnell amana iowamanamosa iowanamosa bellevue iowa bellevue xx jul glenwood iowa glenwood shenandoah iowa shenandoah bedford iowa bedford osceola iowa osceola des moines iowa des moines oskaloosa iowa oskaloosa mount pleasant iowa mount pleasant keokuk iowa keokuk xxi jul sioux city iowa sioux city sheldon iowa sheldon emmetsburg iowa emmetsburg clarion iowa clarion osage iowa osage decorah iowa decorah manchester iowa manchester dubuque iowa dubuque xxii jul council bluffs iowa council bluffs harlan iowa harlan carroll iowa carroll perry iowa perry marshalltown iowa marshalltown marion iowa marion maquoketa iowa maquoketa clinton iowa clinton xxiii jul onawa iowa onawa lake view iowa lake view fort dodge iowa fort dodge iowa falls iowa falls tama iowa tama toledo iowa toledo sigourney iowa sigourney coralville iowa coralville muscatine iowa muscatine xxiv jul sioux center iowa sioux center sibley iowa sibley estherville iowa estherville lake mills iowa lake mills charles city iowa charles city cresco iowa cresco fayette iowa fayette guttenberg iowa guttenberg xxv jul missouri valley iowa missouri valley red oak iowa red oak creston iowa creston des moines iowa des moines chariton iowa chariton bloomfield iowa bloomfield fairfield iowa fairfield fort madison iowa fort madison xxvi jul hawarden iowa hawarden cherokee iowa cherokee rockwell city iowa rockwell city boone iowa booneldora iowa eldora cedar falls iowa cedar falls monticello iowa monticello sabula iowa sabula xxvii jul rock rapids iowa rock rapidspencer iowa spencer algona iowalgona clear lake iowa clear lake waverly iowaverly decorah iowa decorah manchester iowa manchester bellevue iowa bellevue xxviii jul council bluffs iowa council bluffs harlan iowa harlan greenfield iowa greenfield ankeny iowankeny knoxville iowa knoxville ottumwa iowa ottumwashington iowashington burlington iowa burlington xxix jul sioux city iowa sioux city storm lake iowa storm lake denison iowa denison atlantic iowatlantic perry iowa perry grinnell iowa grinnell coralville iowa coralville muscatine iowa muscatine xxx jul sioux center iowa sioux center cherokee iowa cherokeemmetsburg iowa emmetsburg forest city iowa forest city charles city iowa charles city oelwein iowa oelwein anamosa iowanamosa bellevue iowa bellevue xxxi jul glenwood iowa glenwood shenandoah iowa shenandoah bedford iowa bedford osceola iowa osceola oskaloosa iowa oskaloosa bloomfield iowa bloomfield mount pleasant iowa mount pleasant fort madison iowa fort madison xxxii jul onawa iowa onawa lake view iowa lake view fort dodge iowa fort dodge iowa falls iowa falls marshalltown iowa marshalltown hiawatha iowa hiawatha maquoketa iowa maquoketa clinton iowa clinton xxxiii jule mars iowa le marsheldon iowa sheldon estherville iowa estherville algona iowalgona northwood iowa northwood cresco iowa cresco west union iowa west union guttenberg iowa guttenberg xxxiv jul sergeant bluff iowa sergeant bluff ida grove iowa ida grove audubon iowaudubon waukee iowaukee newton iowa newton marengo iowa marengo coralville iowa coralville muscatine iowa muscatine xxxv jul rock rapids iowa rock rapidspencer iowa spencer humboldt iowa humboldt hampton iowa hampton cedar falls iowa cedar falls independence iowa independence dyersville iowa dyersville bellevue iowa bellevue xxxvi jul missouri valley iowa missouri valley harlan iowa harlan jefferson iowa jefferson ames iowames tama iowa tama toledo iowa toledo north liberty iowa north liberty tipton iowa tipton leclaire iowa leclaire xxxvii jul council bluffs iowa council bluffs red oak iowa red oak greenfield iowa greenfield indianola iowa indianola chariton iowa chariton ottumwa iowa ottumwa mount pleasant iowa mount pleasant burlington iowa burlington xxxviii jul sioux city iowa sioux city storm lake iowa storm lake algona iowalgona clear lake iowa clear lake charles city iowa charles city waterloo iowaterloo manchester iowa manchester dubuque iowa dubuque xxxix jul glenwood iowa glenwood atlantic iowatlanticarroll iowa carroll boone iowa boone altoona iowaltoona grinnell iowa grinnell coralville iowa coralville davenport iowa davenport xl jul sioux center iowa sioux center cherokee iowa cherokee lake view iowa lake viewebster city iowa webster city marshalltown iowa marshalltown cedarapids iowa cedarapids anamosa iowanamosa clinton iowa clinton xli jul council bluffs iowa council bluffs harlan iowa harlan perry iowa perry des moines iowa des moines knoxville iowa knoxville oskaloosa iowa oskaloosa fairfield iowa fairfield fort madison iowa fort madison xlii jul rock valley iowa rock valley okobojiowa okoboji emmetsburg iowa emmetsburg forest city iowa forest city mason city iowa mason city waverly iowaverly independence iowa independence guttenberg iowa guttenberg xliii jul sioux city iowa sioux city storm lake iowa storm lake fort dodge iowa fort dodgeldora iowa eldora cedar falls iowa cedar falls hiawatha iowa hiawatha coralville iowa coralville davenport iowa davenport xliv jul glenwood iowa glenwood shenandoah iowa shenandoah creston iowa creston leon iowa leon centerville iowa centerville ottumwa iowa ottumwashington iowashington muscatine iowa muscatine xlv jul orange city iowa orange city spencer iowa spencer algona iowalgona clear lake iowa clear lake charles city iowa charles city cresco iowa cresco waukon iowaukon lansing iowa lansing by city click on column headings to re sort class wikitable sortable city of visits first year most recent years start end adel iowadel akron iowakron s algona iowalgonaltoona iowaltoonamana iowamanames iowames anamosa iowanamosankeny iowankeny atlantic iowatlantic audubon iowaudubon bedford iowa bedford belle plaine iowa belle plaine bellevue iowa bellevue all years bloomfield iowa bloomfield boone iowa boone burlington iowa burlington e all years camp dodge carroll iowa carroll cedar falls iowa cedar falls cedarapids iowa cedarapids centerville iowa centerville chariton iowa chariton charles city iowa charles city cherokee iowa cherokee clarinda iowa clarinda clarion iowa clarion clear lake iowa clear lake clinton iowa clinton e all years coralville iowa coralville council bluffs iowa council bluffs all years cresco iowa cresco creston iowa creston davenport iowa davenport e all years decorah iowa decorah denison iowa denison des moines iowa des moines dubuque iowa dubuque all years dyersville iowa dyersvilleldora iowa eldora elkader iowa elkader emmetsburg iowa emmetsburg estherville iowa estherville fairfield iowa fairfield fayette iowa fayette forest city iowa forest city fort dodge iowa fort dodge fort madison iowa fort madison e all years glenwood iowa glenwood s all years greenfield iowa greenfield grinnell iowa grinnell grundy center iowa grundy center guthrie center iowa guthrie center guttenberg iowa guttenberg e all years hampton iowa hampton harlan iowa harlan hawarden iowa hawarden s all years hiawatha iowa hiawatha humboldt iowa humboldt ida grove iowa ida grove independence iowa independence indianola iowa indianola iowa city iowa city iowa falls iowa falls jefferson iowa jefferson keokuk iowa keokuk e all years keosauqua iowa keosauqua knoxville iowa knoxville lake city iowa lake city lake mills iowa lake mills lake view iowa lake view lansing iowa lansing e all years laurens iowa laurens le mars iowa le mars leclaire iowa leclaire leon iowa leon manchester iowa manchester mapleton iowa mapleton maquoketa iowa maquoketa marengo iowa marengo marion iowa marion marshalltown iowa marshalltown mason city iowa mason city missouri valley iowa missouri valley s all years monticello iowa monticello mount pleasant iowa mount pleasant mount vernon iowa mount vernon muscatine iowa muscatine all years nevada iowa nevada new hampton iowa new hamptonewton iowa newtonorth liberty iowa north liberty northwood iowa northwood oelwein iowa oelwein okobojiowa okoboji onawa iowa onawa s all years orange city iowa orange city s osage iowa osage osceola iowa osceola oskaloosa iowa 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storm_lake last year firstime host cities first_year firstime host city prior years withaving similar distinction recent year new firstime host cities orange city waukon lansing distinction city hosting years centerville leon next williamsburg distinction city without present camp dodge present byear class wikitable sortable bgcolor class unsortable colspan class unsortable route starto finish number indicates occurrence year class unsortable num dates city sunday monday tuesday wednesday thursday friday saturday aug sioux_city_iowa_sioux city storm_lake_iowa storm_lake fort_dodge iowa_fort dodge ames iowames des_moines iowa des_moines williamsburg iowa williamsburg davenport iowa davenport ii aug council_bluffs iowa council_bluffs atlantic iowatlantic guthrie center_iowa guthrie center camp dodge marshalltown iowa marshalltown waterloo iowaterloo monticello iowa monticello dubuque iowa dubuque iii aug hawarden iowa hawarden cherokee iowa cherokee lake_view iowa_lake_view boone iowa iowa newton sigourney iowa sigourney mount_pleasant iowa mount_pleasant fort_madison iowa_fort_madison aug sidney iowa sidney red_oak iowa red_oak harlan iowa harlan jefferson iowa iowa nevada grinnell iowa grinnell iowa city_iowa city muscatine_iowa muscatine v jul aug onawa iowa onawa ida grove iowa ida grove laurens iowa laurens algona iowalgona clear_lake iowa clear_lake new hampton iowa new hampton decorah iowa decorah lansing iowa lansing jul aug sioux_city_iowa_sioux city storm_lake_iowa storm_lake humboldt iowa humboldt iowa falls iowa falls vinton iowa vinton mount vernon iowa mount vernon maquoketa iowa maquoketa clinton iowa clinton vii jul aug rock rapids iowa rock iowa city_iowa rockwell city story city_iowa story city tama iowa tama toledo iowa toledo fairfield iowa fairfield burlington iowa burlington viii jul iowa glenwood atlantic iowa carroll perry iowa perry webster city_iowa webster city waverly iowaverly elkader iowa elkader guttenberg iowa guttenberg jul aug missouri_valley iowa missouri_valley mapleton iowa mapleton lake_city iowa_lake_city greenfield iowa greenfield leon iowa leon centerville iowa centerville keosauqua iowa keosauqua keokuk iowa keokuk x jul akron cherokee iowa iowa estherville forest_city iowa forest_city charles_city iowa charles_city independence iowa independence tipton iowa tipton davenport iowa davenport jul onawa iowa onawa harlan iowa harlan guthrie center_iowa guthrie center ames iowames clarion iowa clarion grundy center_iowa grundy center manchester iowa manchester dubuque iowa dubuque jul glenwood iowa glenwood shenandoah iowa shenandoah creston iowa creston pella iowa pella ottumwa iowa ottumwa mount_pleasant iowa mount_pleasant burlington iowa burlington xiii jul hawarden iowa hawarden sibley iowa sibley emmetsburg iowa emmetsburg humboldt iowa humboldt mason city_iowa mason city waterloo iowaterloo monticello iowa monticello clinton iowa clinton xiv jul council_bluffs iowa council_bluffs red_oak iowa red_oak audubon perry iowa perry eldora iowa eldora belle plaine iowa belle plaine washington iowashington muscatine_iowa muscatine jul onawa iowa onawa denison iowa denison storm_lake_iowa storm_lake fort_dodge iowa_fort dodge forest_city iowa forest_city osage iowa osage west union iowa west union guttenberg iowa guttenberg jul sioux_city_iowa_sioux city ida grove iowa ida grove carroll iowa carroll boone iowa boone des_moines iowa des_moines oskaloosa iowa oskaloosa fairfield iowa fairfield fort_madison iowa_fort_madison jul glenwood iowa glenwood iowa iowatlantic jefferson iowa jefferson story city_iowa story city cedar_falls iowa cedar_falls dyersville iowa dyersville bellevue iowa bellevue jul sioux_center iowa_sioux_center spencer iowa spencer algona iowalgona hampton iowa hampton oelwein iowa oelwein cedarapids iowa cedarapids washington iowashington burlington iowa burlington jul missouri_valley iowa missouri_valley atlantic iowatlantic winterset iowa winterset knoxville iowa knoxville grinnell iowa grinnell bellevue iowa bellevue jul glenwood iowa glenwood shenandoah iowa shenandoah bedford iowa bedford osceola iowa osceola des_moines iowa des_moines oskaloosa iowa oskaloosa mount_pleasant iowa mount_pleasant keokuk iowa keokuk jul sioux_city_iowa_sioux city sheldon iowa sheldon emmetsburg iowa emmetsburg clarion iowa clarion osage iowa osage decorah iowa decorah manchester iowa manchester dubuque iowa dubuque jul council_bluffs iowa council_bluffs harlan iowa harlan carroll iowa carroll perry iowa perry marshalltown iowa marshalltown marion iowa marion maquoketa iowa maquoketa clinton iowa clinton jul onawa iowa onawa lake_view iowa_lake_view fort_dodge iowa_fort dodge iowa falls iowa falls tama iowa tama toledo iowa toledo sigourney iowa sigourney coralville iowa coralville muscatine_iowa muscatine jul sioux_center iowa_sioux_center sibley iowa sibley estherville iowa estherville lake mills iowa_lake mills charles_city iowa charles_city cresco iowa cresco fayette iowa fayette guttenberg iowa guttenberg jul missouri_valley iowa missouri_valley red_oak iowa red_oak creston iowa creston des_moines iowa des_moines chariton iowa chariton bloomfield iowa bloomfield fairfield iowa fairfield fort_madison iowa_fort_madison jul hawarden iowa hawarden cherokee iowa cherokee rockwell city_iowa rockwell city boone iowa iowa eldora cedar_falls iowa cedar_falls monticello iowa monticello sabula iowa sabula jul rock rapids iowa rock iowa spencer algona iowalgona clear_lake iowa clear_lake waverly iowaverly decorah iowa decorah manchester iowa manchester bellevue iowa bellevue jul council_bluffs iowa council_bluffs harlan iowa harlan greenfield iowa greenfield knoxville iowa knoxville ottumwa iowa iowashington burlington iowa burlington jul sioux_city_iowa_sioux city storm_lake_iowa storm_lake denison iowa denison atlantic iowatlantic perry iowa perry grinnell iowa grinnell coralville iowa coralville muscatine_iowa muscatine jul sioux_center iowa_sioux_center cherokee iowa iowa emmetsburg forest_city iowa forest_city charles_city iowa charles_city oelwein iowa oelwein bellevue iowa bellevue jul glenwood iowa glenwood shenandoah iowa shenandoah bedford iowa bedford osceola iowa osceola oskaloosa iowa oskaloosa bloomfield iowa bloomfield mount_pleasant iowa mount_pleasant fort_madison iowa_fort_madison jul onawa iowa onawa lake_view iowa_lake_view fort_dodge iowa_fort dodge iowa falls iowa falls marshalltown iowa marshalltown hiawatha iowa hiawatha maquoketa iowa maquoketa clinton iowa clinton mars iowa iowa sheldon estherville iowa estherville algona iowalgona northwood iowa northwood cresco iowa cresco west union iowa west union guttenberg iowa guttenberg jul sergeant bluff iowa sergeant bluff ida grove iowa ida grove audubon newton iowa newton marengo iowa marengo coralville iowa coralville muscatine_iowa muscatine jul rock rapids iowa rock iowa spencer humboldt iowa humboldt hampton iowa hampton cedar_falls iowa cedar_falls independence iowa independence dyersville iowa dyersville bellevue iowa bellevue jul missouri_valley iowa missouri_valley harlan iowa harlan jefferson iowa jefferson ames iowames tama iowa tama toledo iowa toledo north liberty iowa north liberty tipton iowa tipton leclaire iowa leclaire jul council_bluffs iowa council_bluffs red_oak iowa red_oak greenfield iowa greenfield indianola iowa indianola chariton iowa chariton ottumwa iowa ottumwa mount_pleasant iowa mount_pleasant burlington iowa burlington jul sioux_city_iowa_sioux city storm_lake_iowa storm_lake algona iowalgona clear_lake iowa clear_lake charles_city iowa charles_city waterloo iowaterloo manchester iowa manchester dubuque iowa dubuque jul glenwood iowa glenwood atlantic iowa carroll boone iowa boone grinnell iowa grinnell coralville iowa coralville davenport iowa davenport jul sioux_center iowa_sioux_center cherokee iowa cherokee lake_view iowa_lake_city iowa webster city marshalltown iowa marshalltown cedarapids iowa cedarapids clinton iowa clinton xli jul council_bluffs iowa council_bluffs harlan iowa harlan perry iowa perry des_moines iowa des_moines knoxville iowa knoxville oskaloosa iowa oskaloosa fairfield iowa fairfield fort_madison iowa_fort_madison jul rock valley iowa rock valley emmetsburg iowa emmetsburg forest_city iowa forest_city mason city_iowa mason city waverly iowaverly independence iowa independence guttenberg iowa guttenberg jul sioux_city_iowa_sioux city storm_lake_iowa storm_lake fort_dodge iowa_fort iowa eldora cedar_falls iowa cedar_falls hiawatha iowa hiawatha coralville iowa coralville davenport iowa davenport jul glenwood iowa glenwood shenandoah iowa shenandoah creston iowa creston leon iowa leon centerville iowa centerville ottumwa iowa iowashington muscatine_iowa muscatine jul orange city_iowa orange city spencer iowa spencer algona iowalgona clear_lake iowa clear_lake charles_city iowa charles_city cresco iowa cresco waukon lansing iowa lansing city column sort class wikitable sortable city visits first_year recent_years start end akron algona iowames atlantic iowatlantic audubon bedford iowa bedford belle plaine iowa belle plaine bellevue iowa bellevue years bloomfield iowa bloomfield boone iowa boone burlington iowa burlington e years camp dodge carroll iowa carroll cedar_falls iowa cedar_falls cedarapids iowa cedarapids centerville iowa centerville chariton iowa chariton charles_city iowa charles_city cherokee iowa cherokee iowa clarion iowa clarion clear_lake iowa clear_lake clinton iowa clinton e years coralville iowa coralville council_bluffs iowa council_bluffs years cresco iowa cresco creston iowa creston davenport iowa davenport e years decorah iowa decorah denison iowa denison des_moines iowa des_moines dubuque iowa dubuque years dyersville iowa iowa eldora elkader iowa elkader emmetsburg iowa emmetsburg estherville iowa estherville fairfield iowa fairfield fayette iowa fayette forest_city iowa forest_city fort_dodge iowa_fort dodge fort_madison iowa_fort_madison e years glenwood iowa glenwood years greenfield iowa greenfield grinnell iowa grinnell grundy center_iowa grundy center guthrie center_iowa guthrie center guttenberg iowa guttenberg e years hampton iowa hampton harlan iowa harlan hawarden iowa hawarden years hiawatha iowa hiawatha humboldt iowa humboldt ida grove iowa ida grove independence iowa independence indianola iowa indianola iowa city_iowa city_iowa falls iowa falls jefferson iowa jefferson keokuk iowa keokuk e years keosauqua iowa keosauqua knoxville iowa knoxville lake_city iowa_lake_city lake mills iowa_lake mills lake_view iowa_lake_view lansing iowa lansing e years laurens iowa laurens mars iowa mars leclaire iowa leclaire leon iowa leon manchester iowa manchester mapleton iowa mapleton maquoketa iowa maquoketa marengo iowa marengo marion iowa marion marshalltown iowa marshalltown mason city_iowa mason city_missouri valley iowa missouri_valley years monticello iowa monticello mount_pleasant iowa mount_pleasant mount vernon iowa mount vernon muscatine_iowa muscatine years nevada iowa nevada new hampton iowa new iowa liberty iowa north liberty northwood iowa northwood oelwein iowa oelwein onawa iowa onawa years orange city_iowa orange city osage iowa osage osceola iowa osceola oskaloosa iowa oskaloosa ottumwa iowa ottumwa pella iowa pella perry iowa perry red_oak iowa red_oak rock rapids iowa rock rapids years rock valley iowa rock valley rockwell city_iowa rockwell city sabula iowa sabula e sergeant bluff iowa sergeant bluff sheldon iowa sheldon shenandoah iowa shenandoah sibley iowa sibley sidney iowa sidney sigourney iowa sigourney sioux_center iowa_sioux_center city_iowa_sioux city_iowa spencer storm_lake_iowa storm_lake story city_iowa story city tama iowa tama toledo iowa toledo tipton iowa tipton vinton iowa vinton washington iowashington waterloo iowaterloo waukon waverly iowaverly webster city_iowa webster city west union iowa west union williamsburg iowa williamsburg winterset iowa winterset category_bicycle_tours category_sports iowa category_cycling iowa category_cycling related lists"},{"title":"List of world's fairs","description":"this a list of world s fairs a comprehensive chronologicalist of world s fair s with notable permanent buildings built for annotated list of all world s fairsanctioned by the bureau international des expositions bie see list of world expositions the oldest north american expo calling itself a world s fair is the world s fair of tunbridge vermont which is held yearly tunbridge world s fair it assumed the title of world s fair in but is not a world s fair in the samexpansive sense as the following entries prague bohemiathe time part of the habsburg monarchy now the capital of the czech republic first industrial exhibition the occasion of the coronation of leopold ii holy roman emperor leopold ii as king of bohemia took place in clementinum considerable sophistication of manufacturing methods paris french first republic france l exposition publique des produits de l industrie fran aise paris this was the first public industrial exposition in france although earlier in the marquis d av ze had held a privatexposition of handicrafts and manufactured goods athe maison d orsay in the rue de varenne and it was this that suggested the idea of a public exposition to fran ois de neufch teau minister of the interior for the french republicf c danvers international exhibitions quarterly journal of science october paris french first republic france second exposition after the success of thexposition of a series of expositions for french manufacturing followed and until the first properly international or universal exposition in france in sketch of the french expositions hogg s instructor new series paris french first republic france third exposition paris french first empire france fourth exposition paris bourbon restoration france fifth exposition paris bourbon restoration france sixth exposition paris bourbon restoration france seventh expositionew york city united states american institute fair turin kingdom of piedmont sardinia piedmont sardinia prima triennale pubblica esposizione dell anno in turin a second triennale followed in before other national agricultural industrial commercial and applied arts expositions there in and turin kingdom of piedmont sardinia piedmont sardinia seconda triennale pubblica esposizione dell anno raimondo riccini tracce di design la produzione di oggetti fra tecnica e arti applicate in giorgio bigatti and sergionger eds arti technologi pogeto lexposizioni d industria in italia prima dell unit milan francoangeli calcutta british raj india calcutta international exhibition paris july monarchy franceighth exposition turin kingdom of piedmont sardinia piedmont sardinia pubblica esposizione dell anno giudicio della regia camera di agricoltura e di commercio di torino sui prodotti dell industria de r stati ammessi alla pubblica esposizione dell anno nelle sale del real castello del valentino turin chirio e mina paris july monarchy france ninth exposition paris july monarchy france french industrial exposition ofrench industrial tenth exposition of turin kingdom of piedmont sardinia piedmont sardinia quarta esposizione d industria et di belle artiquarta esposizione dindustria e belle arti al real valentino da remi amera di agricoltura e di commercio di torino e notizie sulla patria industria compilate da carlo ign giulio relatore centrale turin stamperia reale genoa kingdom of piedmont sardinia piedmont sardinia esposizione dei prodotti e delle manufatture nazionali birmingham united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom exhibition of industrial arts and manufacturers united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom first exhibition of british manufacturers paris french second republic franceleventh exposition turin kingdom of piedmont sardinia piedmont sardinia quinta esposizione dindustria e di belle artigiudizio della regia camera di agricoltura e di commercio di torino sulla quinta esposizione dindustria e di belle arti al castello del valentino nel et notizie sulla patria industria turin london united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom the great exhibition of the works of industry of all nations the crystal palace typically listed as the first world s fair cork city cork united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom cork now in the republic of ireland irish industrial exhibitionaples kingdom of the two sicilies two siciliesolenne pubblica esposizione di arti e manifatture new york city new york united states exhibition of the industry of all nations dublin united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom dublinow part of the republic of ireland great industrial exhibition genoa kingdom of piedmont sardinia piedmont sardinia esposizione industriale munich kingdom of bavaria allgemeine deutsche industrie ausstellung melbourne victoriaustralia victoria melbournexhibition in conjunction with exposition universelle parisecond french empire francexposition universelle manchester united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom artreasures exhibition athe stretford royal botanical gardenstretford turin kingdom of sardinia piedmont sardinia sesta esposizione nazionale di prodotti d industriaalbum descrittivo dei principali oggetti esposti nel real castello de valentino in occasione della sesta esposizione nazionale i prodotti d industria nell anno turin presso ufficio dei brevetti d inveznione con gabinetto disegno industriale litografico metz second french empire francexposition universelle london united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom international exhibition dublin united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom international exhibition of arts and manufactures porto kingdom of portugal international exhibition exposi o internacional do porto parisecond french empire francexposition universelle sydney new south wales intercolonial exhibition london united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom annual international exhibitions london first annual international exhibition london united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom second annual international exhibition lima peru lima international exhibition lyon french third republic francexposition universellet internationale kyoto empire of japan exhibition of arts and manufactures london united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom third annual international exhibition viennaustria hungary weltausstellung wien sydney new south wales metropolitan intercolonial exhibition london united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom fourth annual international exhibition dublin united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom international exhibition of arts and manufactures rome kingdom of italy esposizione internazionale never held melbourne victoriaustralia victorian intercolonial exhibitionizhni novgorod russian empire russia nizhni novgorod fair sydney new south wales intercolonial exhibition santiago chile santiago chilean international exhibition philadelphia united states centennial exposition brisbane queensland intercolonial exhibition cape town cape colony south african international exhibition tokyo empire of japan first national industrial exhibition ueno park paris french third republic francexposition universelle ballarat victoriaustralia victoriaustralian juvenile industrial exhibition sydney new south walesydney international exhibition melbourne victoriaustralia victoria intercolonial juvenile industrial exhibition melbourne victoriaustralia victoria melbourne international exhibition milwaukee wisconsin milwaukee industrial exposition paris france international exposition of electricity paris atlanta georgiatlanta united states international cotton exposition budapest austria hungary orsz gos n ipari ki llit s bordeaux french third republic francexposition internationale des vins buenos aires argentina exposici n continental sud americana boston massachusetts boston united states the american exhibition of the products arts and manufactures oforeignations amsterdam netherlands international colonial and export exhibition kolkata calcutta british raj india calcutta international exhibition south kensington united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom international fisheries exhibition parramatta new south wales parramatta new south wales intercolonial juvenile industrial exhibition louisville kentucky louisville united statesouthern expositionew york city united states world s fair never held new orleans united states world cotton centennial new orleans universal exposition and world s fair world s industrial and cotton centennial exhibitionew orleans centennial melbourne victoriaustralia victorian international exhibition of wine fruit grain other products of the soil of australasia with machinery plant and tools employedinburgh united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom first international forestry exhibition turin kingdom of italy esposizione generale italiana melbourne victoriaustralia victorians jubileexhibition jubilee of victoria exhibition antwerp city antwerp belgium exposition universelle d anvers wellingtonew zealand new zealand industrial exhibition london united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom international inventions exhibition london united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom colonial and indian exhibition edinburgh united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom international exhibition of industry science and art liverpool united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom international exhibition of navigation commerce and industry adelaide south australiadelaide jubilee international exhibition adelaide jubilee international exhibition atlanta piedmont exposition geelong victoriaustralia victoria geelong jubilee juvenile and industrial exhibition london united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom american exhibition rome kingdom of italy esposizione mondiale melbourne victoriaustralia victorian juvenile industrial exhibition glasgow united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom international exhibition brussels belgium grand concours international desciences et de l industrie barcelona spain exposici n universal de barcelona lisbon portugal exposi o industrial portugueza copenhagen denmark the nordic exhibition of nordiske industri landbrugs og kunstudstilling paris french third republic francexposition universelleiffel tower dunedinew zealand new zealand south seas exhibition buffalo new york buffalo united states international industrial fair bremen city bremen german empire germany nord west deutsche gewerbe und industrie ausstellung moscow russian empire russia exposition fran aise frankfurt germany frankfurt german empire germany international electro technical exhibition kingston jamaica kingston jamaica international exhibition prague austria hungary generaland centennial exhibition athe praguexhibition grounds launceston tasmania launceston tasmanian international exhibition genoa kingdom of italy esposizione italo americana washington dc united states exposition of the three americas never held madrid spain historical american exposition chicago united states world s columbian exposition palace ofine arts chicago palace ofine arts and the art institute of chicago building world s congress auxiliary building kimberley northern cape kimberley cape colony south africand international exhibitionew york city united states world s fair prize winners exposition san francisco united states california midwinternational exposition of antwerp city antwerp belgium exposition internationale d anvers lyon s french third republic francexposition internationalet colonialexposition internationalet coloniale oporto portugal exposi o insular e colonial portugueza hobartasmania tasmanian international exhibition ballarat victoria ballarat victoriaustralia victoriaustralian industrial exhibition atlanta georgiatlanta united states cotton states and international exposition atlanta exposition berlin german empire germany gewerbe ausstellung mexico city mexico international expositionever held brussels belgium brussels belgium brussels international exposition internationale de bruxelles guatemala city guatemala exposici n centro americana brisbane queensland international exhibition chicago united states irish fair nashville tennessee nashville united states tennessee centennial and international exposition stockholm sweden general art and industrial exposition of stockholm allm nna konst och industriutst llningen jerusalem ottoman empire universal scientific and philanthropic exposition dunedinew zealand otago jubilee industrial exhibition omaha nebraska omaha united states trans mississippi exposition bergen swedenorway norway international fisheries exposition munich german empire germany kraft und arbeitsmaschinen ausstellung san francisco united states california s golden jubilee not generally considered an official world s fair as the celebration had no national pavilions or international representation cgj was essentially a california exposition and not an international exposition or world s fair turin kingdom of italy esposizione generale italiana viennaustria hungary jubil ums ausstellung coolgardie western australia western australian international mining and industrial exhibition omaha nebraska united states greater america exposition philadelphia united states national export exposition london united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom greater britain exhibition paris french third republic francexposition universelle grand palais adelaide south australia century exhibition of arts and industries buffalo new york buffalo united states pan american exposition glasgow united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom glasgow international exhibition viennaustria hungary bosnische weihnachts ausstellung charleston south carolina charleston united statesouth carolina inter state and west indian exposition turin kingdom of italy esposizione internazionale d arte decorativa moderna hanoi french indochina hanoi exhibition indo china exposition fran aiset internationale cork city cork united kingdom of great britain and ireland cork international exhibition cork international exhibitionew york city united states united states colonial and international expositionever held toledohio toledohio united states ohio centennial and northwesterritory expositionever held osaka empire of japan national industrial exposition st louis missouri st louis united states louisiana purchasexposition also called louisiana purchase international exposition and olympic gamesummer olympics portland oregon portland united states lewis clark centennial exposition li ge city li ge belgium li ge international exposition universellet internationale de li ge london united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom naval shipping and fisheries exhibitionew york city united states irish industrial exposition milan kingdom of italy milan international esposizione internazionale del sempione london united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom imperial austrian exhibition marseille french third republic francexposition coloniale christchurch new zealand international exhibition dublin united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom irish international exhibition hampton roads virginia hampton roads united states jamestown exposition chicago united states world s pure food exposition mannheim german empire germany internationale kunst ausstellung zaragoza spain hispano french exposition of london united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom franco british exhibitionew york city united states international mining exposition rio de janeiro brazil exposi o nacional marseille french third republic francexposition international de l electricite london united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom imperial international exhibitionancy france nancy french third republic francexposition internationale de l est de la france seattle washington seattle united states alaska yukon pacific expositionew york city united states hudson fulton celebration san francisco united states portol festival quito ecuador exposici nacional bogot colombia exposici n del centenario de la independencia nanking qing dynasty chinanyang industrial expositionanyang industrial exposition brussels belgium brussels international buenos aires argentina exposici n internacional del centenario london united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom japan british exhibition san francisco united states admission day festival viennaustria hungary internationale jagd ausstellung dresden german empire germany international hygienexhibition london united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom coronation exhibition london united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom festival of empire rome kingdom of italy esposizione internazionale d arte turin kingdom of italy turinternational glasgow united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom scottish exhibition of national history art and industry new york city united states international mercantilexposition manila philippines philippinexposition london united kingdom of great britain and ireland united kingdom latin british exhibition tokyo empire of japan grand exhibition of japan planned for postponed to and thenever held auckland new zealand auckland exhibition ghent belgium exposition universellet internationale amsterdam netherlands tentoonstelling de vrouw knoxville united states national conservation exposition london anglo american exhibition malm sweden baltic exhibition boulogne sur mer france international exposition of sea fishery industries lyon francexposition internationale urbaine de lyon cologne german empire germany werkbund exhibition bristol united kingdom international exhibitionottingham united kingdom universal exhibition work begun on site but never held semarang dutch east indies colonial exhibition of semarang colonial exposition oslo norway kristiania norway jubileexhibitionorges jubil umsutstilling baltimore united states national star spangled banner centennial celebration genoa kingdom of italy international exhibition of marine and maritime hygienesposizione internazionale di marina e igiene marinara san francisco united states panama pacific international exposition palace ofine arts panama city panama exposici nacional de panama richmond virginia richmond united states negro historical and industrial exposition chicago united states lincoln jubilee and exposition san diego united states panama california exposition san francisco 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gexposition internationale de la grande industrie sciences et applications art wallon ancien stockholm sweden stockholm international exhibition utst llningen av konstindustri konsthandverk ochemsl jd trondheim norway tr ndelag exhibition paris french third republic france paris colonial exposition yorktown virginia yorktown united states yorktown sesquicentennial tel aviv british mandate of palestine levant fair chicago united states century of progress international exposition porto portugal exposi o colonial portuguesa tel aviv british mandate of palestine levant fair moscow ussr all union agricultural exhibition vskhv brussels belgium exposition universellet internationale porto alegre brazil farroupilha revolution centennial fair san diego united states california pacific international exposition stockholm ilis tel aviv british mandate of palestine levant fair cleveland united states great lakes exposition dallas united states texas centennial exposition johannesburg union of 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mundo portugu s los angeles united states pacific mercado never held naples kingdom of italy it mostra d oltremare mostra triennale delle terre italiane d oltremare triennial exhibition of overseas italian territories tokyo empire of japan grand international exposition of japanever held los angeles united states cabrillo fair never held rome kingdom of italy esposizione universale never held paris france international exhibition urbanism and housing international exhibition urbanism and housing brussels belgium brussels belgium foire coloniale stockholm sweden universal sport exhibition universal sport exhibition lyon france international exhibition urbanism and housing international exhibition urbanism and housing port au prince haiti exposition internationale du bicentenaire de port au prince lille france the international textilexhibition london united kingdom festival of britain skylon tower skylon st louis united states intended to commemorate the louisiana purchase sesquicentennial but never held jerusalem israel international exhibition and fair jerusalem israel conquest of the desert exhibition conquest of the desert rome italy agricultural exposition of romea rome naples italy oltremarexhibition campi flegrei turin italy international expof sporturin helsingborg sweden helsingborg exhibition santo domingo ciudad trujillo santo domingo dominican republic feria de la paz y confraternidadel mundo libre beit dagan israel exhibition of citriculture berlin germany brussels belgium brussels belgium exposition universellet ventinternationale de bruxelles atomiumoscow ussr all russia exhibition centre vdnkh cancelled planned site caracas venezuela turin italy exposition international du travail expo seattle united states century exposition space needle new york city united states new york world s fair new york world s fair note not sanctioned by the bureau international des expositions unisphere montreal quebecanada expo universal and international exhibition of santonio texasantonio united states hemisfair tower of the americas osaka japan expo japan world exposition spokane washington spokane united states expo international exposition thenvironment riverfront park spokane washington riverfront park okinawa japan expo international ocean exposition plovdiv expo knoxville tennessee knoxville united states world s fair international energy exposition sunsphere new orleans united states louisiana world exposition aka world s fair theme fresh water as a source of life plovdiv expo tsukuba japan expo vancouver british columbia canada expo world exposition brisbane australia expo world expo the skyneedle brisbane skyneedle plovdiv bulgaria expo second world exhibition of inventions of the young seville spain sevillexpo genoa italy genoa expo cancelled planned site chicago united states us daejeon taejon south korea expo viennaustria which was proposed to be a joint exhibition with budapesthis was never held cancelled planned site budapest hungary lisbon portugal expo kunming people s republic of china world horticultural exposition world horticultural exposition hanover germany expo greenwich london united kingdomillennium dome cancelled planned site metro manila philippines cancelled planned site gold coast queensland australia biel murteneuch tel and yverdon les bains in switzerland expo cancelled planned site seine saint denis france barcelona spain universal forum of cultures universal forum of world cultures aichi japan expo zaragoza spain expo shanghai china expo yeosu south korea expo milan italy expo antalya turkey expo astana kazakhstan expo dubai united arab emirates expo future bids and proposals d bid copenhagen bid canary islands bid newcastle new south wales newcastle bid minnesota bid houston london paris rotterdam san francisco toronto new york state see also list of tourist attractions worldwide list of world expositions externalinks expomuseum the world s fair museum expobids proposed and active bids for future world s fairs official website of the bureau international des expositions bie category amusement parks category lists of entertainment venues amusement parks category lists of amusement parks category world s fairs and category entertainment lists world s fairs category culturelated timelines world s fairs category lists ofairs world 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france although earlier marquis held handicrafts manufactured goods athe maison rue de suggested idea public exposition fran_ois de teau minister interior french c international_exhibitions quarterly journal science october paris_french first republic france second exposition success thexposition series expositions french manufacturing followed first properly international universal exposition france sketch french expositions instructor new series paris_french first republic france third exposition paris_french first empire france fourth exposition paris bourbon restoration france fifth exposition paris bourbon restoration france sixth exposition paris bourbon restoration france seventh expositionew york_city united_states american institute fair turin_kingdom piedmont_sardinia piedmont_sardinia prima triennale pubblica esposizione dell anno turin second triennale followed national agricultural industrial commercial applied arts expositions turin_kingdom piedmont_sardinia piedmont_sardinia triennale pubblica esposizione dell anno design la e arti eds arti industria italia prima dell unit milan calcutta british raj india calcutta international_exhibition paris july monarchy exposition turin_kingdom piedmont_sardinia piedmont_sardinia pubblica esposizione dell anno della camera e commercio prodotti dell industria de r pubblica esposizione dell anno sale del real castello del valentino turin e mina paris july monarchy france ninth exposition paris july monarchy france french industrial exposition ofrench industrial tenth exposition turin_kingdom piedmont_sardinia piedmont_sardinia esposizione industria belle esposizione e belle arti real valentino e commercio e industria carlo turin reale genoa kingdom piedmont_sardinia piedmont_sardinia esposizione dei prodotti e delle birmingham united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom exhibition industrial arts manufacturers united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom first exhibition british manufacturers paris_french second republic exposition turin_kingdom piedmont_sardinia piedmont_sardinia esposizione e belle della camera e commercio esposizione e belle arti castello del valentino industria turin london_united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom great exhibition works industry nations crystal_palace typically listed first_world fair cork city cork united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom cork republic ireland irish industrial kingdom two two pubblica esposizione arti e new_york city_new_york united_states exhibition industry nations dublin united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom part republic ireland great industrial_exhibition genoa kingdom piedmont_sardinia piedmont_sardinia esposizione munich kingdom bavaria deutsche industrie ausstellung melbourne_victoriaustralia_victoria conjunction exposition universelle french empire francexposition universelle manchester united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom exhibition athe royal botanical turin_kingdom sardinia piedmont_sardinia esposizione nazionale prodotti dei real castello de valentino della esposizione nazionale prodotti industria nell anno turin dei con second french empire francexposition universelle london_united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom international_exhibition dublin united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom international_exhibition arts manufactures porto kingdom portugal international_exhibition exposi internacional porto french empire francexposition universelle sydney new_south_wales intercolonial exhibition london_united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom annual international_exhibitions london first annual international_exhibition london_united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom second annual international_exhibition lima peru lima international_exhibition lyon french_third_republic_francexposition universellet internationale kyoto empire japan exhibition arts manufactures london_united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom third annual international_exhibition viennaustria hungary wien sydney new_south_wales metropolitan intercolonial exhibition london_united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom fourth annual international_exhibition dublin united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom international_exhibition arts manufactures rome kingdom italy esposizione internazionale never_held melbourne_victoriaustralia_victorian intercolonial russian empire russia fair sydney new_south_wales intercolonial exhibition santiago chile santiago chilean international_exhibition philadelphia united_states centennial exposition brisbane queensland intercolonial exhibition cape_town cape colony south_african international_exhibition tokyo empire japan first national industrial_exhibition park paris_french_third_republic_francexposition universelle ballarat victoriaustralia juvenile industrial_exhibition sydney new_south international_exhibition melbourne_victoriaustralia_victoria intercolonial juvenile industrial_exhibition melbourne_victoriaustralia_victoria melbourne international_exhibition milwaukee wisconsin milwaukee industrial exposition paris_france international_exposition electricity paris atlanta georgiatlanta united_states international cotton exposition budapest austria hungary n bordeaux french_third_republic_francexposition internationale des vins buenos_aires argentina exposici n continental sud americana boston_massachusetts boston united_states american exhibition products arts manufactures amsterdam netherlands international colonial export exhibition kolkata calcutta british raj india calcutta international_exhibition south kensington united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom international fisheries exhibition new_south_wales new_south_wales intercolonial juvenile industrial_exhibition louisville_kentucky louisville united expositionew york_city united_states world fair never_held new_orleans united_states world cotton centennial new_orleans universal exposition world fair world industrial cotton centennial exhibitionew orleans centennial melbourne_victoriaustralia_victorian international_exhibition wine fruit grain products soil australasia machinery plant tools united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom first_international forestry exhibition turin_kingdom italy esposizione italiana melbourne_victoriaustralia jubilee victoria exhibition antwerp city antwerp belgium exposition universelle zealand_new_zealand industrial_exhibition london_united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom international inventions exhibition london_united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom colonial indian exhibition edinburgh united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom international_exhibition industry science art liverpool united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom international_exhibition navigation commerce industry adelaide south jubilee international_exhibition adelaide jubilee international_exhibition atlanta piedmont exposition geelong victoriaustralia_victoria geelong jubilee juvenile industrial_exhibition london_united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom american exhibition rome kingdom italy esposizione melbourne_victoriaustralia_victorian juvenile industrial_exhibition glasgow united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom international_exhibition brussels_belgium grand international de l industrie barcelona spain exposici n universal de barcelona lisbon portugal exposi industrial copenhagen denmark nordic exhibition paris_french_third_republic_francexposition tower dunedinew zealand_new_zealand south seas exhibition buffalo_new_york buffalo united_states international industrial fair bremen city bremen german empire germany nord west deutsche und industrie ausstellung moscow russian empire russia exposition fran aise frankfurt germany frankfurt german empire germany international electro technical exhibition kingston jamaica kingston jamaica international_exhibition prague austria hungary centennial exhibition athe grounds tasmania tasmanian international_exhibition genoa kingdom italy esposizione americana washington united_states exposition three americas never_held madrid spain historical american exposition chicago united_states world columbian_exposition palace ofine arts chicago palace ofine arts art institute chicago building world congress auxiliary building kimberley northern cape kimberley cape colony south_africand international_exhibitionew york_city united_states world fair prize winners exposition san_francisco united_states california exposition antwerp city antwerp belgium exposition internationale lyon french_third_republic_francexposition coloniale portugal exposi e colonial tasmanian international_exhibition ballarat victoria ballarat victoriaustralia industrial_exhibition atlanta georgiatlanta united_states cotton states international_exposition atlanta exposition berlin german empire germany ausstellung mexico_city mexico international held brussels_belgium brussels_belgium brussels international_exposition internationale de guatemala city guatemala exposici n centro americana brisbane queensland international_exhibition chicago united_states irish fair nashville tennessee nashville united_states tennessee centennial international_exposition stockholm sweden general art industrial exposition stockholm jerusalem ottoman empire universal scientific philanthropic exposition dunedinew zealand otago jubilee industrial_exhibition omaha nebraska omaha united_states trans mississippi exposition bergen norway international fisheries exposition munich german empire germany und ausstellung san_francisco united_states california golden jubilee generally considered official world fair celebration national pavilions international representation essentially california exposition international_exposition world fair turin_kingdom italy esposizione italiana viennaustria hungary ausstellung western_australia western_australian international mining industrial_exhibition omaha nebraska united_states greater america exposition philadelphia united_states national export exposition london_united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom greater britain exhibition paris_french_third_republic_francexposition universelle grand palais adelaide south_australia century exhibition arts industries buffalo_new_york buffalo united_states pan american exposition glasgow united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom glasgow international_exhibition viennaustria hungary ausstellung charleston south_carolina charleston united_statesouth carolina inter state west indian exposition turin_kingdom italy esposizione internazionale french indochina exhibition indo china exposition fran internationale cork city cork united_kingdom great_britain ireland cork international_exhibition cork international_exhibitionew york_city united_states united_states colonial international held united_states ohio centennial held osaka empire japan national industrial exposition st_louis missouri st_louis united_states louisiana also_called louisiana purchase international_exposition olympic olympics portland_oregon portland united_states lewis clark centennial exposition city belgium international_exposition universellet internationale de london_united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom naval shipping fisheries exhibitionew york_city united_states irish industrial exposition milan kingdom italy milan international esposizione internazionale del london_united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom imperial austrian exhibition marseille french_third_republic_francexposition coloniale new_zealand international_exhibition dublin united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom irish international_exhibition hampton roads virginia hampton roads united_states exposition chicago united_states world pure food exposition german empire germany internationale ausstellung spain french exposition london_united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom franco british exhibitionew york_city united_states international mining exposition rio_de janeiro brazil exposi nacional marseille french_third_republic_francexposition international de l london_united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom imperial international france nancy french_third_republic_francexposition internationale de l est de_la france seattle_washington seattle united_states alaska yukon pacific expositionew york_city united_states hudson celebration san_francisco united_states festival ecuador exposici nacional bogot colombia exposici n del de_la dynasty industrial industrial exposition brussels_belgium brussels international buenos_aires argentina exposici n internacional del london_united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom japan british exhibition san_francisco united_states admission day festival viennaustria hungary internationale ausstellung dresden german empire germany international london_united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom coronation exhibition london_united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom festival empire rome kingdom italy esposizione internazionale turin_kingdom italy glasgow united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom scottish exhibition national history art industry new_york city_united_states international manila philippines london_united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom latin british exhibition tokyo empire japan grand exhibition japan planned postponed held auckland new_zealand auckland exhibition belgium exposition universellet internationale amsterdam netherlands de knoxville united_states national conservation exposition london anglo american exhibition sweden baltic exhibition boulogne sur mer france international_exposition sea industries lyon francexposition internationale de lyon cologne german empire germany exhibition bristol united_kingdom international united_kingdom universal exhibition work begun site never_held dutch east indies colonial exhibition colonial exposition oslo norway norway baltimore united_states national star banner centennial celebration genoa kingdom italy international_exhibition marine maritime internazionale marina e san_francisco united_states panama pacific international_exposition palace ofine arts panama city panama exposici nacional de panama richmond virginia richmond united_states negro historical industrial exposition chicago united_states lincoln jubilee exposition san_diego united_states panama california exposition san_francisco united_states allied war expositionew york_city united_states bronx international_exposition science arts industries chicago united_states allied war exposition los_angeles united_states california liberty fair shanghai republic china republic london_united_kingdom great_britain ireland_united_kingdom international_exhibition rubber tropical products marseille french_third_republic coloniale tokyo empire japan rio_de janeiro brazil international_exposition exposi angeles united_states american historical review motion kolkata calcutta british raj india calcutta exhibition preparatory british gothenburg sweden gothenburg exhibition g liseberg london_united_kingdom british york_city united_states french exposition lyon france san_francisco united_states california diamond jubilee paris_francexposition internationale des arts dunedinew zealand_new_zealand south seas international_exhibition philadelphia united exposition berlin_germany internationale lyon france internationale stuttgart germany exhibition cologne germany international press exhibition long_beach_california long_beach united_states pacific southwest upon united_kingdom great_britain northern_ireland united_kingdom north_east coast exhibition hangzhou republic china barcelona spain spain barcelona international_exposition american exposition exposici n americana exposition antwerp city antwerp belgium exposition internationale coloniale art city belgium exposition internationale de_la grande industrie sciences applications art stockholm sweden stockholm international_exhibition trondheim norway exhibition paris_french_third_republic france paris colonial exposition yorktown virginia yorktown united_states yorktown tel_aviv british mandate palestine levant fair chicago united_states century progress international_exposition porto portugal exposi colonial tel_aviv british mandate palestine levant fair moscow ussr union agricultural exhibition brussels_belgium exposition universellet internationale porto brazil revolution centennial fair san_diego united_states california pacific international_exposition stockholm tel_aviv british mandate palestine levant fair cleveland united_states great lakes exposition dallas united_states texas centennial exposition johannesburg union south_africa union south_africa south_africa cleveland united_states great lakes exposition dallas united_states greater texas pan american exposition sseldorf nazi germany miami united_states pan american fair paris_french_third_republic_francexposition internationale des arts dans la vie nagoya empire japan nagoya pan pacific glasgow united_kingdom scotland helsinki finland second international_exhibition zealand_new_zealand centennial exhibition city belgium exposition internationale de l rich switzerland new_york city_united_states new_york world fair exhibits included new_york world fair world new_york world fair san_francisco united_states golden_gate international_exposition lisbon portugal exposi mundo exposi mundo los_angeles united_states pacific never_held naples kingdom italy triennale delle terre exhibition overseas italian territories tokyo empire japan grand international_exposition held los_angeles united_states fair never_held rome kingdom italy esposizione never_held paris_france international_exhibition urbanism housing international_exhibition urbanism housing brussels_belgium brussels_belgium coloniale stockholm sweden universal sport exhibition universal sport exhibition lyon france international_exhibition urbanism housing international_exhibition urbanism housing port prince haiti exposition internationale de port prince france international london_united_kingdom festival britain skylon tower skylon st_louis united_states intended commemorate louisiana purchase never_held jerusalem israel international_exhibition fair jerusalem israel conquest desert exhibition conquest desert rome_italy agricultural exposition rome naples italy turin italy international sweden exhibition santo ciudad santo dominican republic de_la paz mundo israel exhibition berlin_germany brussels_belgium brussels_belgium exposition universellet de ussr russia exhibition centre cancelled planned site venezuela turin italy exposition international travail expo seattle united_states century exposition space needle new_york city_united_states new_york world fair new_york world fair note sanctioned bureau international des expositions montreal expo universal international_exhibition santonio_texasantonio united_states tower americas osaka japan expo japan world exposition spokane washington spokane united_states expo international_exposition thenvironment park spokane washington park japan expo international ocean exposition expo knoxville tennessee knoxville united_states world fair international energy exposition new_orleans united_states louisiana world exposition aka world fair theme fresh water source life expo japan expo vancouver_british columbia canada expo world exposition brisbane australia expo world expo brisbane bulgaria expo second_world exhibition inventions young spain genoa italy genoa expo cancelled planned site chicago united_states us south_korea expo viennaustria proposed joint exhibition never_held cancelled planned site budapest hungary lisbon portugal expo people republic china world exposition world exposition hanover germany expo greenwich london_united dome cancelled planned site metro manila philippines cancelled planned site gold_coast queensland australia tel les switzerland expo cancelled planned site saint denis france barcelona spain universal forum cultures universal forum world cultures japan expo spain expo shanghai china expo south_korea expo milan_italy expo antalya turkey expo kazakhstan expo dubai united_arab_emirates expo future proposals bid copenhagen bid canary islands bid newcastle new_south_wales newcastle bid minnesota bid houston london paris rotterdam san_francisco toronto new_york state see_also list tourist_attractions worldwide list world expositions externalinks world fair museum proposed active future world fairs official_website bureau international des expositions category_amusement_parks category_lists entertainment venues amusement_parks category_lists amusement_parks category world fairs category_entertainment lists world fairs category world fairs category_lists world"},{"title":"Living Museum of Bujumbura","description":"the living museum of bujumbura is a zoo and museum in burundi the museum is located in the capital bujumburand is one of list of museums in burundi the country s public museums it is dedicated to the wildlife and art of burundi the museum was founded in and occupies a park on the rue du octobre in downtown bujumbura in december the zoo s collection included six crocodile s one monkey one leopard two chimpanzee s three guinea fowl s a tortoise antelope and a number of snake s and fish a number of burundian craftsmen also have workshops on the museum s premiseseveral differentypes of treestand in the park alongside a reconstruction of a traditional burundian house rugo the number of visitors to the museum fell sharply in the aftermath of the burundian unrest following a wider decline in the number of tourists to the country externalinks le mus e vivant bujumburat petit futhe city s museumus e vivant at burundi safari category museums in burundi category bujumbura category zoos category establishments in burundi category museums established in category arboreta","main_words":["living","museum","zoo","museum","burundi","museum","located","capital","one","list","museums","burundi","country","public","museums","dedicated","wildlife","art","burundi","museum","founded","occupies","park","rue","downtown","december","zoo","collection","included","six","crocodile","one","monkey","one","leopard","two","three","guinea","tortoise","antelope","number","snake","fish","number","also","workshops","museum","differentypes","park","alongside","reconstruction","traditional","house","number","visitors","museum","fell","sharply","aftermath","following","wider","decline","number","tourists","country","externalinks","mus","e","petit","city","e","burundi","safari","category_museums","burundi","category","burundi","category_museums","established","category"],"clean_bigrams":[["living","museum"],["public","museums"],["collection","included"],["included","six"],["six","crocodile"],["one","monkey"],["monkey","one"],["one","leopard"],["leopard","two"],["three","guinea"],["tortoise","antelope"],["park","alongside"],["museum","fell"],["fell","sharply"],["wider","decline"],["country","externalinks"],["mus","e"],["burundi","safari"],["safari","category"],["category","museums"],["burundi","category"],["category","zoos"],["zoos","category"],["category","establishments"],["burundi","category"],["category","museums"],["museums","established"]],"all_collocations":["living museum","public museums","collection included","included six","six crocodile","one monkey","monkey one","one leopard","leopard two","three guinea","tortoise antelope","park alongside","museum fell","fell sharply","wider decline","country externalinks","mus e","burundi safari","safari category","category museums","burundi category","category zoos","zoos category","category establishments","burundi category","category museums","museums established"],"new_description":"living museum zoo museum burundi museum located capital one list museums burundi country public museums dedicated wildlife art burundi museum founded occupies park rue downtown december zoo collection included six crocodile one monkey one leopard two three guinea tortoise antelope number snake fish number also workshops museum differentypes park alongside reconstruction traditional house number visitors museum fell sharply aftermath following wider decline number tourists country externalinks mus e petit city e burundi safari category_museums burundi category category_zoos_category_establishments burundi category_museums established category"},{"title":"Loews Hotels","description":"fate area served key people jonathan tischairman ceo industry hospitality genre productservices revenue operating income net income aum assets equity owner num employees parent divisionsubsid footnotes intl caption foundation location city madison avenue new york united states location country locations homepage loews hotels is a luxury hospitality company that owns or operates hotels in the united states and canada loews hotels and resorts are located in major north american city centers and resort destinations and one canadian province headquartered inew york city loews hotels is a wholly owned subsidiary of loews corporation jonathan tisch is the current chairman of loews hotels effective october jonathan tischas resumed the role of ceo former ceo kirkinsell has lethe company know he has resigned effective immediately due to personal reasons loews hotels currently owns and or operates hotels and resorts in the united states and canada including new york city chicago philadelphia washington dc los angelesan franciscorlando and montreal in canada loews hotels offer a wide range of personal and businesservices for their guests including many kinds of event planning accommodations for guests with pets and rewards programs greenergy and social responsibility loews hotels engage in and support a wide range of energy and resource saving policies as well as policies that support and promote local sustainable agriculture loews works with energy star to implement its policies in ceo jonathan tisch created the good neighbor policy which works with local organizations and schools as well as umbrella organizations like donorschoose left over food and hotel furniture andry goods are donated to local communities the good neighbor policy was awarded a president s volunteer service award loews orlando hotel incurred criticism for a change to its policy of caring for feral cats instead allowing them to be captured and possibly euthanized at a local shelter see also loews hotel tower chicago psfs building philadelphia externalinks loews hotels official website loews hotels twitter loews hotels facebook loews hotels youtube category hospitality companies of the united states category hospitality management category hotel chains category luxury brands category companies based inew york city category loews hotels category tisch 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bar and club news and reviews dallas observer best bars to celebrate your birthday in dfw cbs dallas fort worth and has a beer specifically created in honor of this by franconia brewing company fuzzy s goingreen with beer helps local business tcu the bar has more than beers on tap three separate bar serving areas a couple ofoosball tables arcade games and pool tables the large outdoor patio area is popular amongst locals when the weather is nice lucky lou s denton reviews at voice places lou s is also a hotspot for sports watching where to watch fc dallas mls pubs mlssoccercom the bar has been visited by thespn streeteam espn streeteam at lucky lou s espn dallas and hosted the official playoff berth party for fc dallas and its players playoff pub tour fc dallas fan club category drinking establishments in texas category buildings and structures in texas category 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information_website lucky lou bar_establishment_bar_located college town denton texas may patronized alcohol sales may mixed beverage tax denton record chronicle news denton county texas denton record chronicle opened lou established one highly acclaimed bars area dallas bar club news reviews dallas observer best bars celebrate birthday cbs dallas fort_worth beer specifically created honor franconia brewing company beer helps local business bar beers tap three separate bar serving areas couple tables arcade games pool tables large outdoor patio area popular_amongst locals weather nice lucky lou denton reviews voice places lou also hotspot sports watching watch dallas pubs bar visited lucky lou dallas hosted official berth party dallas players pub tour dallas fan club category_drinking_establishments texas_category_buildings structures texas_category bars"},{"title":"Luna Park","description":"file lunapark elektroturmodifiedjpg thumb right alt luna park coney island luna park coney island was the first of dozens of luna parks itsuccess inspired the creation of dozens of luna parks electric park s and similar amusement parks thelectric tower centerpiece of the originaluna park coney island luna park on coney island ca many subsequent amusement park s thatook the name luna park would have their own central towers luna park is a name shared by dozens of currently operating andefunct amusement park s that have opened on every continent except antarctica they are named after and partly based on the first luna park coney island luna park which opened in during theyday of large coney island new york parks the originaluna park on coney island a massive spectacle of rides ornate towers and cupolas covered in electric lights was opened in by the showmen and entrepreneurs frederic thompson and elmer skip dundy the park was either named after the fanciful airship luna part of the new park s central attraction a trip to the moon attraction a trip to the moon or after dundy sisterdale samuelson ajp samuelson and wendyegoiants the american amusement park coney island success with electronic attractions and rides also inspired a proliferation of parks named electric park samuelson yegoiants the american amusement park luna park was a vastly expanded attraction built partly on the grounds of sea lion park the first enclosed amusement park on coney island which closedown due to competition from near by steeplechase park in frederick ingersoll who was already making a reputation for his pioneering work in roller coaster construction andesign he also designed scenic railroad rides borrowed the name when he opened luna park pittsburgh luna park in pittsburgh and luna park cleveland luna park in cleveland these firstwo amusement parks like their namesake were covered with electric lighting the former was adorned with light bulbs jim futrell amusement parks of pennsylvania flagpole books the latter luna park s luminary entrepreneuroller coaster designer deserves his due pittsburgh post gazette september later in charles looff opened another luna park seattle luna park in seattle washington ultimately ingersoll opened luna parks around the world the first chain of amusement parks for a shortime ingersoll renamed his parks ingersoll s luna park to distinguish them from the luna parks to whiche had no connectionrobert cartmell the incredible screamachine popular press ingersoll s death in and the closing of most of his luna parks did not stop new parks from taking the name today the term lunapark is a synonym for amusement park in several european languages lunapark in polish english dictionary retrieved february lunapark in french english dictionary retrieved february lunapark in dutch english dictionary retrieved february list of luna parks in africa class wikitable name location in operationotes luna park cairo magda baraka thegyptian upper class between revolutions garnet ithaca press heliopolis cairo suburb heliopolis egypto was the first in africand the middleastyasser elsheshtawy planning middleastern cities an urban kaleidoscope in an urbanizing world routledge on january buildings and grounds were converted into australian auxiliary hospital at luna park for world war i peterees other anzacs nurses at war allen unwin the hospital was closed july casualty clearance anzac day commemoration committee queensland incorporated luna park obala cameroon the centre and east listing on columbus world travel guide obala cameroon to present in asia file beirut luna park entrancejpg righthumb luna park beirut file lunapark tel avivjpg thumb righthe tel aviv luna park tel aviv currently operates in israel file original tsutenkaku at nightjpg thumb px right alt luna park osaka one of two japanese luna parks was open to the public from to the original tsutenkaku tower was completed athe same time as the amusement park night photograph of original ts tenkaku tsutentaku tower overlooking luna park osaka in class wikitable name location in operationotes luna park abha saudi arabia to present part of the abha palace complex description of luna park abha from official site alanya lunapark official site alanya lunapark near alanya turkey to present luna park baku luna park baku site baku azerbaijan to present luna park beirut lebanon to present luna park bombay mumbaindia designed and built by ingersoll bostanci luna park bostanc turkey to present eski luna park near bal kesir turkey to present girne lunapark near i zmir turkey to present luna grand park official site luna grand park haifa israel to closed after five months due to poor attendance following a religious boycott luna grand park in haifa shuts down dei ah vedibur may and reopened after negotiations withe local religious community luna grand park listing in roller coaster database showing reopening of park closed for good on october to make room for a new cinema luna grand park official website luna park hong kong luna park hong kongwulold hong kong hong kong china to amusement park movie theater cinemand nightclub complex lunapark mersin turkey to present luna park nazilli turkey to present luna park osaka from kansas tosaka thevolution of the billiken osaka japan to also known ashinsekai luna park history of shinsekai luna park sincan ankara sincan turkey to present shahr e bazi luna park tehran iran s to reopened in ashahr e bazi closed to make room for new highway part of tehran funfair will become women s park iran daily june luna park tel aviv luna park tel aviv site twenty evacuated from stalled roller coasterideaccidentscom tel aviv israel to present luna park tokyo japan to burnedown in sakutar hagiwarand robert epp rats nests the collected poetry of hagiwara sakutar yakusha miodrag mitrasinovic totalandscape theme parks public space ashgate publishing luna park yerevan armenia to present in europe file bundesarchiv bild berlin halensee lunaparkjpg thumb px right alt until it was permanently closed in luna park berlin was the largest amusement park in europe aerial view of luna park berlin fileipzig wahren jpg thumb px right alt scenic railroad mountain railroads also known as russian mountain s were popular in european luna parks postcard showing mountain railroad at luna park leipzig file w adys awowo lunapark sowi skijpg thumb px right alt lunapark sowinskis a currently operating amusement park near w adys awowo poland aerial view of lunapark sowinski near w adys awowo poland in class wikitable name location in operationotes taidonakia luna park aidonakiathens greece to present constructed by ingersoll also known as taidonaka luna park berlin germany to in its time it was the largest amusement park in europeclaudia puttkammer sacha szabo gru aus dem luna park eine arch ologie des vergn gens freizeit und vergn gungsparks anfang des zwanzigsten jahrhunderts wvberlin german fr luna park st brieuc luna park saint brieuc france saint brieuc france to present located in the br zillet area of saint brieuc tes d armor france les man ges de lunapark br zillet luna park budapest tra battelli canali e locali galleggianti budapest between vessels channels and local floating in italian viaggi may travelling women budapest in italian budapest hungary to present luna park cap d agde official site luna park cap d agde in french cap d agde france to present luna park cologne regina dahmen ingenhoven and kristin feireiss animation form follows fun birkh user cologne germany to luneur schedanalitica dei parchi del divertimento europei datanalysis of the parks entertainment europe f erlebnispark in italian entry in roller coaster data base closed april rome italy to present fantasia luna park near faliraki greece to present lunapark fr jus french fun park bans thelectrichair der spiegel online august fr jus france to present luna park funfair scarborough north yorkshire scarborough united kingdom to present luna park geneva roland fuller and allen levy the bassett lowke story taylor francis eaux vives in french city of geneva le parc des eaux vives alongside lake geneva switzerland to luna park hamburg altona near hamburgermany and again to internationaluna park near athens greece to present luna park la palmyre la palmyre france to present luna park larnaca cyprus to present now known as lucky star park lucky star park site luna park leipzig germany to luna park l escala l escala catalonia spain to present luna park lisbon portugal designed and built by ingersollunapark d poland to present luna park london uk luna park madrid spain designed and built by ingersolluna park milanear milan italy to present name was changed april to europark idroscalo milano luna europark idroscalo milano history of luna euro park in italian luna park moscow history of moscow parks carrouselru official site moscow russia to present officially called luna park carouseluna park nice france to present luna park paris order time magazine february paris france to luna park rome italy to s designed and built by ingersolluna park st petersburg saint petersburg russia to luna park skopje republic of macedonia lunapark sowinski near w adys awowo poland to present inorth america file fatty at coney islandjpg thumb px right alt luna park coney island luna park coney island was the first of dozens of luna parks it burnt down in comedian fatty arbuckle riding the whip ride the whip in luna park coney island luna park coney island ashown in the motion picture coney island film coney island file luna park original bridge wikijpg thumb px right althe luna park seattle luna park was designed by the same person who designed the original in luna park coney island coney island postcard photof luna park seattlentrance bridge class wikitable name location in operationotes luna park arlington county virginiarlington usa to designed and built by ingersoll some sources refer to it as luna park washington or luna park washington dc pictoral history of arlington virginia luna park arlington entry at norvapics luna park baltimore usa luna park buffalo new york buffalo usa to designed and built by ingersoll damaged by fire july buffalo luna park damaged by fire new york times july originally carnival court became athletic park before closingjim futrell amusement parks of new york stackpole books luna park charleston th century images cooling off at luna park charleston gazette september pictures of charleston wv luna park annual report of the state health department of west virginia state of west virginia charleston west virginia charleston usa to luna park chicago usa towned by james patrick o leary james big jim o leary boxing promoter who wason of mrs o leary of great chicago fire fameperry duis challenging chicago coping with everyday life university of illinois press reports of cases determined in the appellate courts of illinois edwin c day vs luna park company and james o leary geno harvard press ruling of an appeal of a case involving luna park chicago and a concessionaire who declared bankruptcy in case was filed in ruled and appealed in withe ruling of the appeal in the year after luna park itself washut down jazz age chicago urban leisure from to lauren rabinovitz for the love of pleasure women movies and culture in turn of the century chicago rutgers university press luna park cleveland usa to designed by ingersoll former site of luna bowl stadium for american football and negro league baseball games luna park coney island luna park coney island new york city usa to first luna park and forerunner of amusement park chain luna park coney island luna park coney island opened new york city usa to present constructed on the site of the former astroland across the street from the originaluna park luna park denver usa to constructed on the site of the first us amusement park west of the mississippi river known as manhattan beach sloan s lake century luna park detroit usa to was actually named electric park detroit electric park but also called luna park riverview park and granada park ingersoll amusement center was a separate park luna park honolulu usa designed and built by ingersolluna park houston luna park houstonian houston usa to c luna park hulluna park hull entry in closed canadian parks coaster enthusiasts of canada hull quebec hull canada to luna park johnstown pennsylvania johnstown usa originally roxbury park renamed luna park in sold to johnstown in renamed roxbury parkrandy g whittle johnstown pennsylvania history press luna park los angeles los angeles usa to was chutes park chutes luna park venice california history sitewells drury and aubrey drury california tourist guide and handbook authentic description of routes of travel and points of interest in california western guidebook luna park mansfieldiane demali francis ohio s amusement parks in vintage postcards arcadia publishing timothy brian mckee mansfield in vintage postcards arcadia publishing summer parks new york clipper may mansfield ohio mansfield usalso known as casino park luna park mexico city mexico city mexico to designed by ingersoll on the same site as luna loca luna park olcott beach ad in the july edition of new york times new york city usa to destroyed by fire in avis a townsend newfane and olcott arcadia publishing luna park pittsburgh usa to was first of the ingersolluna parks and first amusement park to be covered with electric lighting luna park portland oregon portland usa luna park san jose san jose california san jose usa to included a baseball stadium that served as home for the san jose prune pickers and san jose bears of the california state league minor league park history luna park society for american baseball research luna park schenectady some sources refer to it as luna park clinton park whenot calling it by its longest used and most recent name rexford park rexford new york rexford usa to designed and built by ingersoll was also known as dolle s park colonnade park palisades park and rexford parksusan rosenthal schenectady arcadia publishing rexford ramble page john l scherer clifton park arcadia publishing pictures of rexford park luna park ca cdlc digital collections the way were town of clifton park saratoga county new york official site luna park scranton pennsylvania scranton usa to constructed by ingersolluna park scranton lackawanna county pa defunctparkscomcheryl a kashuba darlene miller lanning and alan sweeney scranton arcadia publishing most of grounds now covered by interstate luna park seattle usa to designed by looff alki beach park former site of seattle luna park official seattle parks and recreation page luna park sylvan beach new york city usabsorbed by nearby carnival parkbrandy ann around sylvan beach arcadia publishing luna park west hartford connecticut history online luna park west hartford picture of entrance connecticut history online as town s th nears residentshare memories pam shearer westhartfordnewscom december west hartford connecticut west hartford usa to name changed from white city just before the park s grand opening luna park wheeling west virginia wheeling usa in oceania file looneyparkjpg thumb px right alt entrance of melbourne luna park luna park melbournentrance file luna park sydney australiajpg thumb px right alt entrance of sydney luna park luna park sydney entrance class wikitable name location in operationotes luna park glenelg south australia to closedue tobjections of local populace to sunday operations and expansion plans a time line of all you need to know in luna park sydney and everything else moved to milsons point and became luna park sydney luna park melbourne victoriaustralia victoria to present designed and built by ingersoll oldest operationaluna park and famous for having the oldest continually operating roller coaster in the world luna park redcliffe historical timeline moreton bay regional council redcliffe city queensland redcliffe queensland to erected on an unused section of the foreshore just north of sutton s beach at redcliffe point in late owners redcliffe town council appointed messrs w scott and philip wirth as amusement managers later thenterprise wasold by the redcliffe town council to local businessman hal buchanan who sold it on to the roman catholic archdiocese of brisbane which sold it again amusements included a steam train ferris wheel sideshows and carides as well as a salt water swimming pooluna park sydney new south wales to present originally known as luna park milsons pointsamarshalluna park just for fund edition sydney australia luna park sydney pty ltd luna park scarborough western australia to luna park auckland new zealand to established on auckland s waitemata harbour using rides and equipment from the new zealand south seas exhibition a world fair that ran in dunedinew zealand from due to the depression luna park began to run at a loss and washut down in heritaget aluna park in south america class wikitable name location in operationotes luna park 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operating amusement_park opened every continent except antarctica named partly based first luna_park coney_island luna_park opened large coney_island new_york parks park_coney_island massive spectacle rides ornate towers covered electric lights opened showmen entrepreneurs thompson park either named luna part new park central attraction trip moon attraction trip moon samuelson samuelson american amusement_park coney_island success electronic attractions rides also inspired proliferation parks named electric park samuelson american amusement_park luna_park expanded attraction built partly grounds sea_lion park first enclosed amusement_park coney_island closedown due competition near steeplechase park frederick ingersoll already making reputation pioneering work roller_coaster construction andesign also designed scenic railroad rides name opened luna_park pittsburgh luna_park pittsburgh luna_park cleveland luna_park cleveland firstwo amusement_parks like namesake covered electric lighting former light jim futrell amusement_parks pennsylvania books latter luna_park coaster designer due pittsburgh post gazette september later charles looff opened another luna_park seattle luna_park seattle_washington ultimately ingersoll opened luna_parks around world first chain amusement_parks shortime ingersoll renamed parks ingersoll luna_park distinguish luna_parks whiche incredible screamachine popular press ingersoll death closing luna_parks stop new parks taking name today term lunapark amusement_park several european languages lunapark polish english_dictionary retrieved_february lunapark french english_dictionary retrieved_february lunapark dutch english_dictionary retrieved_february list luna_parks africa class wikitable name location operationotes luna_park cairo upper_class ithaca press cairo suburb egypto first africand planning middleastern cities urban world routledge january buildings grounds converted australian auxiliary hospital luna_park world_war war allen unwin hospital closed july clearance day commemoration committee queensland incorporated luna_park cameroon centre east listing columbus world_travel_guide cameroon present asia file beirut luna_park entrancejpg righthumb luna_park beirut file lunapark tel thumb_righthe tel_aviv luna_park tel_aviv currently operates israel file original thumb px right_alt luna_park osaka one two japanese luna_parks open public original tower completed athe_time amusement_park night photograph original tower overlooking luna_park osaka class wikitable name location operationotes luna_park saudi_arabia present part palace complex description luna_park official_site alanya lunapark official_site alanya lunapark near alanya turkey present_luna_park luna_park site azerbaijan present_luna_park beirut lebanon present_luna_park bombay mumbaindia designed built ingersoll luna_park turkey present_luna_park near turkey present_lunapark near turkey present_luna grand park official_site luna grand park israel closed five months due poor attendance following religious boycott luna grand park shuts dei may reopened negotiations withe local religious community luna grand park listing roller_coaster database showing park closed good october make_room new cinema luna grand park official_website luna_park hong_kong luna_park hong hong_kong hong_kong china amusement_park movie_theater cinemand nightclub complex lunapark turkey present_luna_park turkey present_luna_park osaka kansas thevolution osaka japan also_known luna_park history luna_park turkey present e luna_park tehran iran reopened e closed make_room new highway part tehran funfair become women park iran daily june luna_park tel_aviv luna_park tel_aviv site twenty roller tel_aviv israel present_luna_park tokyo_japan burnedown robert rats collected poetry theme_parks public_space ashgate publishing luna_park armenia present europe file bild berlin thumb px right_alt permanently closed luna_park berlin largest amusement_park europe aerial view luna_park berlin jpg thumb px right_alt scenic railroad mountain railroads also_known russian mountain popular european luna_parks postcard showing mountain railroad luna_park leipzig file w adys awowo lunapark thumb px right_alt lunapark currently operating amusement_park near w adys awowo poland aerial view lunapark near w adys awowo poland class wikitable name location operationotes luna_park greece present constructed ingersoll also_known luna_park berlin_germany time largest amusement_park aus dem luna_park arch des und des german luna_park st brieuc luna_park saint brieuc france saint brieuc france present located area saint brieuc armor france les man ges de lunapark luna_park budapest e budapest vessels channels local floating italian may travelling women budapest italian budapest hungary present_luna_park cap official_site luna_park cap french cap france present_luna_park cologne animation form follows fun user cologne germany dei del parks entertainment europe f italian entry roller_coaster data base closed april rome_italy present_luna_park near greece present_lunapark french fun park der spiegel online august france present_luna_park funfair scarborough north_yorkshire scarborough united_kingdom present_luna_park geneva fuller allen levy story taylor francis french city geneva parc des alongside lake geneva switzerland luna_park hamburg near park near athens greece present_luna_park la la france present_luna_park cyprus present known lucky star park lucky star park site luna_park leipzig germany luna_park l l catalonia spain present_luna_park lisbon portugal designed built poland present_luna_park london_uk luna_park madrid spain designed built ingersolluna park milan_italy present name changed april europark milano luna europark milano history luna euro park italian luna_park moscow history moscow parks official_site moscow russia present officially called luna_park park nice france present_luna_park paris order time magazine february paris_france luna_park rome_italy designed built ingersolluna park st_petersburg saint petersburg russia luna_park republic macedonia lunapark near w adys awowo poland present inorth_america file coney thumb px right_alt luna_park coney_island luna_park coney_island first dozens luna_parks burnt comedian riding whip ride whip luna_park coney_island luna_park coney_island motion picture coney_island film coney_island file luna_park original bridge thumb px right luna_park seattle luna_park designed person designed original luna_park coney_island coney_island postcard photof luna_park bridge class wikitable name location operationotes luna_park arlington county usa designed built ingersoll sources refer luna_park washington luna_park washington history arlington virginia luna_park arlington entry luna_park baltimore usa luna_park buffalo_new_york buffalo usa designed built ingersoll damaged fire july buffalo luna_park damaged fire new_york times july originally carnival court became park futrell amusement_parks new_york stackpole books luna_park charleston th_century images cooling luna_park charleston gazette september pictures charleston luna_park annual report state health department west_virginia state west_virginia charleston west_virginia charleston usa luna_park chicago usa james patrick leary james big jim leary boxing promoter mrs leary great chicago fire duis challenging chicago everyday life university illinois press reports cases determined appellate courts illinois edwin c day luna_park company james leary harvard press ruling appeal case involving luna_park chicago declared bankruptcy case filed ruled appealed withe ruling appeal year luna_park washut jazz age chicago urban leisure lauren love pleasure women movies culture turn century chicago rutgers university_press luna_park cleveland usa designed ingersoll former site luna bowl stadium american football negro league baseball games luna_park coney_island luna_park coney_island new_york city usa first luna_park forerunner amusement_park chain luna_park coney_island luna_park coney_island opened new_york city usa present constructed site former astroland across street park_luna_park denver usa constructed site first us amusement_park west mississippi_river known manhattan beach lake century luna_park detroit usa actually named electric park detroit electric park also_called luna_park riverview park granada park ingersoll amusement center separate park_luna_park honolulu usa designed built ingersolluna park houston luna_park houston usa c luna_park park hull entry closed canadian parks coaster enthusiasts canada hull quebec hull canada luna_park johnstown pennsylvania johnstown usa originally park renamed luna_park sold johnstown renamed g johnstown pennsylvania history press luna_park los_angeles los_angeles usa chutes park chutes luna_park venice california history drury drury california tourist_guide handbook authentic description routes travel points interest california western guidebook luna_park francis ohio amusement_parks vintage postcards arcadia_publishing timothy brian mansfield vintage postcards arcadia_publishing summer parks new_york clipper may mansfield ohio mansfield known casino park_luna_park mexico_city mexico_city mexico designed ingersoll site luna luna_park beach july edition new_york times new_york city usa destroyed fire arcadia_publishing luna_park pittsburgh usa first ingersolluna parks first amusement_park covered electric lighting luna_park portland_oregon portland usa luna_park san_jose san_jose_california_san jose usa included baseball stadium served home san_jose san_jose bears california state league minor league park history luna_park society american baseball research luna_park schenectady sources refer luna_park clinton park calling longest used recent name rexford park rexford new_york rexford usa designed built ingersoll also_known park park palisades park rexford schenectady arcadia_publishing rexford page john l clifton park arcadia_publishing pictures rexford park_luna_park digital collections way town clifton park saratoga county_new_york official_site luna_park scranton pennsylvania scranton usa constructed ingersolluna park scranton county miller alan scranton arcadia_publishing grounds covered interstate luna_park seattle usa designed looff beach park former site seattle luna_park official seattle parks recreation page luna_park beach new_york city nearby carnival ann around beach arcadia_publishing luna_park west hartford connecticut history online luna_park west hartford picture entrance connecticut history online town th memories december west hartford connecticut west hartford usa name changed white_city park grand opening luna_park west_virginia usa oceania file thumb px right_alt entrance melbourne luna_park luna_park file luna_park sydney thumb px right_alt entrance sydney luna_park luna_park sydney entrance class wikitable name location operationotes luna_park glenelg south_australia closedue local populace sunday operations expansion plans time line need know luna_park sydney everything else moved point became luna_park sydney luna_park melbourne_victoriaustralia_victoria present designed built ingersoll oldest park famous oldest continually operating roller_coaster world luna_park redcliffe historical timeline bay regional council redcliffe city queensland redcliffe queensland erected unused section north sutton beach redcliffe point late owners redcliffe town council appointed w scott philip amusement managers later thenterprise wasold redcliffe town council local businessman sold roman catholic brisbane sold amusements included steam train ferris_wheel well salt water swimming park sydney new_south_wales present originally known luna_park park fund edition sydney_australia luna_park sydney ltd luna_park scarborough western_australia luna_park auckland new_zealand established auckland harbour using rides equipment new_zealand south seas exhibition world fair ran dunedinew zealand due depression luna_park began run loss washut park south_america class wikitable name location operationotes luna_park buenos_aires buenos_aires argentina present designed built ingersoll became site sports arena built still venue stage concerts presentations national international sports international showsuch disney ice harlem performed luna_park known host ice skating multiple courts others luna_park rio_de janeiro rio_de janeiro brazil used store portable amusement_rides owner often_called luna_park nova lunapark lima peru see_also category_amusement_parks"},{"title":"Lynne Austin","description":"issue july bust waist hips height weight preceded rebecca ferratti succeeded ava fabian lynne austin born april plant city florida is an united states american model person model and actresshe was chosen as playboy s playboy playmate of the month in july and has appeared inumerous list of playboy videos playboy videos austin was also selected as the playmate of the year for the dutch edition of playboy she had come to the magazine s attention after featuring in an ad campaign for hooters restaurant as the original hooters girl cooper pat lynne austin the original hooters girl hooters magazine february march pp she was the first waitress hired by one of the chain founders after he had spotted her at a bikini contest austin continues to represent hooters and eventually became a hooters icon andelmancom articleshe was married to philadelphia phillies catcher darren daulton from to with whom she has one child and is now married to ron lacey and they share three children together she appeared on married with children in her cups runneth over following her hooters and modeling career austin became a radio personality in the tampa st petersburg floridareappearing daily on the hooters nation morning show on sports amcooper pat hooter s nation hooters magazine february march pp in the summer of she was named among the top hooters girls of all time as part of the restaurant chain s th anniversary the top hooters girls of all time hooters magazine july august p externalinks category living people category births category people from plant city florida category actresses from florida category playboy playmates category hooters people category restaurant staff category people in food and agriculture 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campaign hooters restaurant original hooters girl cooper pat austin original hooters girl hooters magazine february march pp first waitress hired one chain founders spotted contest austin continues represent hooters eventually became hooters icon married philadelphia one child married ron share three children together appeared married children cups following hooters modeling career austin became radio personality tampa st_petersburg daily hooters nation morning show sports pat nation hooters magazine february march pp summer named among top hooters girls time part restaurant_chain th_anniversary top hooters girls time hooters magazine july august p externalinks_category living_people_category births_category_people plant city florida_category actresses florida_category playboy playmates category hooters people_category_restaurant staff_category people food agriculture occupations"},{"title":"Machulo La","description":"machulo la is a mountain view point which is considered the most easiest way to view some of the most highest peaks of himalayas and karakoramountains in a single glance such as k broad peak gasherbrum i gasherbrum i gasherbrum ii gasherbrum ii gasherbrum iii gasherbrum iv k mountain k mountain k and nanga parbat see also burji la category mountain passes of gilgit baltistan category karakoram category mountain view 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from a joint venture between perak corporation berhad and the sanderson group it was originally planned to be opened in the star online website wwwthestarcommy access date buthexpected opening date was pushed back to june the star online website wwwthestarcommy access date it will be the first fully animation based theme park in asia which will contain attractions based on dreamworks animation the smurfs and more poised asia s first animation theme park built athe cost of rmillion in ipoh perak movie animation park studios maps iseto be the most exciting dream destination for everyone live your dreams languagen us access date maps whichouses both international and homegrown malaysian intellectual properties ips including dreamworks characters the smurfs and the home of boboiboy will have more than attractions in six themed zones history timeline maps perak was announced in early and was panned to be opened in buthe opening date has been postponed on april theme park wasaid to have percent of its construction completed live your dreams languagen us access date the maps board of director mramelle ramli expects theme park to be opened by the th of june location and operating hours loacation maps perak is located at persiaran meru raya bandar meru raya bandar meru raya ipoh perak malaysia operating hours monday friday am pm saturday sunday public holiday school holiday am pm lands and attractions by zones animation square character appearancenter stage boboiboy hero academy boboiboy d adventure theatre blast off zone the smurfs theatre the smurfs partyland the smurfs clubhouse meet greethe adventurers bumper blast dream zone the croods crazy chase mr peabody sherman s time adventure dream theatre casper s birthday blast megamind megadrop tower fantasy forest zone zugo s crystal quest upside down pyramid the adventurers hq tree house red baron fantasy carousel coral kingdom coliseum water play cave of wonders lakeside zone space x plorers hyperspin asteroid attack live action zone stunt legend arena retails and restaurants retail pitstop retail tok aba kokotiam the smurf village retail starport retail space face monkey business toys candy shop maps emporium dream store croodaceous collectables restaurants tok aba kokotiam pitstop caf metrocity diner indoor outdoor the croods caveteria starship restaurant indoor outdoor starport monkey business candy la cremeria caf coral kingdom class wikitable categories normal rates online rates adult myr child myr senior citizen disabled myr mykad holders myr mykid holdersenior citizen mykad holder myr the croods the mr peabody sherman show mr peabody sherman s casper film casper megamind the smurfs boboiboy category amusement parks category amusement parks in malaysia category proposed buildings and structures in malaysia 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additional entertainment attractions it is thuseen as a combination of a public aquarium and an amusement park marine mammal parks are different fromarine park s which include natural reserves and marine wildlife sanctuariesuch as coral reefs particularly in australia sea lion park opened in at coney island in brooklynew york city with an aquatic show featuring sea lion s it closed in the second marine mammal park then called an oceanarium was established in st augustine florida in it was initially a large water tank used to exhibit marine mammals for filming underwater movies and only became later a public attraction today marineland oflorida claims to be the world s first oceanarium inovember marineland of the pacific on the palos verdes peninsula near los angeles in california was the first park to display an orca in captivity animal captivity although the orca died after two days the vancouver aquarium was responsible for the first orca ever held alive in captivity animal captivity moby doll for months in the capture of orcas between the s and the s technical advances and the public s increasing interest in aquatic environments prompted a shifto large marine mammal parks with cetaceans mostly orcas and other species of dolphin as attractions within this time seaworld usa evolved as the most prominent chain of marine mammal parks with operations in orlando florida san diego california santonio texas and aurora ohio whichasince closedown list of parks class wikitable cellpadding style backgrounddd name style backgrounddd location style backgrounddd externalink ocean park hong kong wong chuk hang hong kong ocean park hong kong class wikitable cellpadding style backgrounddd name style backgrounddd location style backgrounddd externalink dolphin marine magicoffs harbour australia dolphin marine magic sea world gold coast queensland australia sea world australia underwater world queensland underwater world mooloolaba queensland australia underwater world australia class wikitable cellpadding style backgrounddd name style backgrounddd location style backgrounddd externalink dolfinarium harderwijk netherlands dolfinarium harderwijk marineland antibes france marineland antibes loro parque puerto de la cruz tenerife spain loro parque onmega dolphintherapy center marmaris mediterranean turkey onmega dolphin therapy center north america class wikitable cellpadding style backgrounddd name style backgrounddd location style backgrounddd externalink miami seaquariumiami fl usa miami seaquariumiami fl discovery cove orlando fl usa discovery cove orlando fl delphinus dreams canc n cancun qroo mexico delphinus dreams cancun delphinus riviera maya riviera maya qroo mexico delphinus riviera maya delphinus xcaret riviera maya qroo mexico delphinus xcaret delphinus xel ha riviera maya qroo mexico dephinus xel ha delphinus costa maya costa maya qroo mexico delphinus costa maya dolphin discovery isla mujeres q roo mexico dolphin discovery canc n isla mujeres dolphin discovery cozumel q roo mexico dolphin discovery cozumel dolphin discovery riviera maya q roo mexico dolphin discovery puerto aventuras dolphin research center marathon fl usa dolphin research center marathon fl seaworld san diego seaworld san diego california united stateseaworld usa seaworld orlando seaworld orlando florida united stateseaworld usa seaworld santonio seaworld santonio texas united stateseaworld usa sea life park hawaii oahu hawaii usa sea life park hawaii sea life park vallarta nuevo vallarta nayarit mexico sea life park vallarta marineland oflorida st augustine florida united states marineland oflorida marineland ontario niagara falls ontario canada marineland of niagara six flags discovery kingdom vallejo california usa six flags discovery kingdom theater of the sea islamorada florida keys florida united states theater of the sea south america class wikitable cellpadding style backgrounddd name style backgrounddd location style backgrounddd externalink mundo 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frontage commemorating pope s residence in it was renamed the fox and hounds and in the mawson arms fox and hounds in when the old pub was extended into the corner building until the pub was located about m further south on mawson row nexto what is now the brewery shoprior to moving in the pub closes at pm on weekdays and is closed athe weekends file mawson arms jpg mawson arms file mawson arms jpg the fox and hounds category grade ii listed buildings in the london borough of hounslow category grade ii listed pubs in england category pubs in the london borough of hounslow category 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industry umbrella term vast scope meeting events profession components mice well understood perhaps withexception incentives incentive tourism usually undertaken type employee reward company institution targets met exceeded job well done unlike types mice tourism incentive tourism usually conducted purely entertainment rather professional education purposes usually centered theme topic aimed professional school academic trade organization special interest group convention_bureaux example penang convention exhibition bureau penang island malaysia locations normally bid specialized convention_bureaux particular countries cities established purpose bidding mice activities process marketing bidding normally conducted well advance thevent often several_years major events benefithe local_economy host city country convention_bureaus may_offer financial subsidies attract city today usually used boost hotel revenue mice tourism known extensive planning clientele category meetings category conferences category_hospitality management"},{"title":"Menagerie","description":"image versailles m jpg thumb right px the palace of versailles menagerie during the reign of louis xiv ofrance louis xiv a menagerie is a collection of captive animals frequently exotic kept for display or the place where such a collection is kept a precursor to the modern zoological garden the term was first used in seventeenth century france in reference to the management of household or domestic stock later it came to be used primarily in reference to aristocracy class aristocratic oroyal animal collections the french language methodical encyclopaedia of defines a menagerie as an establishment of luxury and curiosity later on the term referred also to travelling animal collections that exhibited wild animals at fairs across europe and the americas aristocratic menageries image towrlndnjpg thumb right px the tower of london housed england s royal menagerie for several centuries picture from the th century british library a menagerie was mostly connected with an aristocratic oroyal court and wasituated within a garden or park of a palace the aristocratic menageries are distinguished from the later zoological garden since they were founded and owned by aristocrats whose intentions were not primarily of scientific and educational interesthese aristocrats wanted to illustrate their power and wealth becausexotic animals alive and active were less common more difficulto acquire and morexpensive to maintain medieval period and renaissance during the middle ageseveral sovereigns across europe maintained menageries atheiroyal courts an early example is that of themperor charlemagne in the th century his three menageries at aachenijmegen and ingelheim am rheingelheim located in present day netherlands and germany housed the first elephantseen in europe since the roman empire along with monkeys lions bears camels falcons and many exotic birds charlemagne received exotic animals for his collection as gifts from rulers of africand asia james fisher naturalist fisher james zoos of the world the story of animals in captivity aldus book london p in the caliph of baghdad harun al rashid presented charlemagne with an asian elephant named abul abbas the pachyderm arrived on july to themperor s residence in aachen he died in june cardini franco europe and islam blackwell publishing oxford pp william i of england william the conqueror had a small royal menagerie at his manor woodstock he began a collection of exotic animals around the year hison henry i enclosed woodstock and enlarged the collection athe beginning of the th century henry i of england is known to have kept a collection of animals at his palace in woodstock oxfordshire woodstock oxfordshireportedly including lion s leopard s lynx es camel s owl s and a porcupine blunt wilfrid the ark in the park the zoo in the nineteenth century hamishamilton pp the most prominent animal collection in medieval england was the tower of london menagerie tower menagerie in london that began as early as it was established by king john of england john who reigned in england from and is known to have held lion s and bear s henry iii of england henry iii received a weddingift in of three leopard s from frederick ii holy roman emperor the most spectacularrivals in thearlyears were a white bear and an elephant gifts from the kings of norway and france in and in respectively in the animals were moved to the bulwark which was renamed the lion tower near the main western entrance of the tower this building was constituted by rows of cagenclosure cage s with arched entrances enclosed behind grilles they were set in two storeys and it appears thathe animals used the upper cages during the day and were moved to the lower storey at nighto regan hannah from bear pito zoo british archaeology no december pp the menagerie was opened to the public during the reign of elizabeth i of england elizabeth in the th century during the th century the price of admission was three half pence or the supply of a cat or dog to be fed to the lion s animals recorded here athend of the th century included lions tigers hyaenas and bears most of the animals were transferred in to the newly opened london zoo at regent s park which did not receive all the animals but rather shared them with dublin zoo mullan bob and marvin garry zoo culture the book about watching people watch animals weidenfeld and nicolson london p the tower menagerie was finally closed in on the orders of the duke of wellington big cats prowled london s tower bbc news october the tower menagerie in london can be considered to have been the royal menagerie of england for six centuries in the first half of the thirteenth century emperor frederick ii had three permanent menageries in italy at melfin basilicatat lucera in apuliand at palermo in sicily james fisher naturalist fisher james zoos of the world the story of animals in captivity aldus book london p in the holy roman emperor frederick ii holy roman emperor frederick ii established at his court in southern italy the first great menagerie in western europe an elephant a white bear a giraffe a leopard hyenas lions cheetahs camels and monkeys were all exhibited buthemperor was particularly interested in bird s and studied them sufficiently to write a number of authoritative books on themhoage robert j roskell anne and mansour jane menageries and zoos to ineworld new animals fromenagerie to zoological park in the nineteenth century hoage robert j andeiss william a ed johns hopkins university press baltimore pp by thend of the fifteenth century the aristocracy of renaissance italy began to collect exotic animals atheiresidences on the outskirts of the cities the role played by animals within the gardens of italian villa s expanded athend of the sixteenth century and the beginning of the seventeenth century and one prominent example was the villa borghese gardens villa borghese built in rome baratay eric and hardouin fugier elisabeth zoo a history of zoological gardens in the west reaktion books london pp versailles and its legacy image kaiserliches pavillon schoenbrunn august jpg thumb right px the pavilion constructed by jeanicolas jadot de ville issey in athe house of habsburg menagerie the contemporary tiergarten sch nbrunn during the seventeenth century exotic birds and small animals providediverting ornaments for the court ofrance lions and other large animals were kept primarily to be brought out for staged fighthe collectingrew and attained more permanent lodgings in the s when louis xiv constructed two new menageries one at vincennes nexto a palace on theastern edge of paris and a morelaborate one which became a model for menageries throughout europe at versailles the site of a royal hunting lodge two hours by carriage west of paris around he had a menagerie oferocious beasts built at vincennes for the organization ofightsurrounding a rectangular courtyard a two storey building with balconies allowed spectators to view the scene the animals were housed on the ground floor in cells bordering the courtyard with small yards on the outside where they could take a bit of exercise at vincennes lions tigers and leopards were kept in cages around an amphitheater where the king could entertain courtiers and visiting dignitaries with bloody battles in for instance the ambassador of persia enjoyed the spectacle of a fighto the death between a royal tiger and an elephant when the palace of versailles was built louis xiv ofrance also erected a menagerie within the palace s park the menagerie at versailles was to be something very different from the one at vincennes most of it was constructed in when the first animals were introduced although the interior fittings were not finished until situated in the south west of the park it was louis xiv s first major project at versailles and one of several pleasure houses that were gradually assembled around the palacebaratay eric and hardouin fugier elisabeth zoo a history of zoological gardens in the west reaktion books london pp it represented the first menagerie according to baroque style the prominent feature of baroque menageries was the circular layout in the middle of which stood a beautiful pavilion around this pavilion was a walking path and outside this path were thenclosures and cages each enclosure had a house or stable athe far end for the animals and was bounded on three sides with walls there were bars only in the direction of the pavilionstrehlow harro zoological gardens of western europe in zoo and aquarium history ancient collections to zoological gardens vernon kisling ed crc press boca raton p animal fights were halted at vincennes around the site fell into disuse and the animals were installed at versailles withe others at abouthis time the lions leopards and tigers from the menagerie at vincennes were transferred to versailles where they were housed inewly built enclosures fronted with irons barsrobbins louise elephant slaves and pampered parrots exotic animals in eighteenth century paris johns hopkins university press baltimore pp this particular enterprise marked a decisive step in the creation of menageries of curiosities and was imitated to somextenthroughout europe after the late seventeenth century monarchs princes and important lords builthem in france chantilly from england kew osterley the dutch republic united provinces het loo from portugal bel m in queluz around spain madrid in and austria belvedere palace belvedere in sch nbrunn in as well in the germanic lands following the ravages of the thirtyears war and thensuing reconstruction frederick william elector of brandenburg frederick william elector of prussia equipped potsdam with a menagerie around thelector of the palatinate the prince regent of westphaliand many others followed suitbaratay eric and hardouin fugier elisabeth zoo a history of zoological gardens in the west reaktion books london pp this design was adopted particularly by the habsburg monarchy in austria in francis i holy roman emperor francis i erected his famous baroque menagerie in the park of sch nbrunn palace near vienna being at first a courtly menagerie with private character it was opened to the general public initially it was only open forespectably dressed persons another aristocratic menagerie was founded in by charles iii of spain charles iii of spain on grounds which were part of the gardens of the parque del buen retiro buen retiro palace in madriduring two centuries it was a predecessor institution of the modern facilities of the zoo aquarium de madrid zoo aquariumoved in to the casa de campo historic madrid the wild animal house in the retiro park in the nineteenth century the aristocratic menageries were displaced by the modern zoological garden s witheir science scientific and education al approach the last menagerie in europe was the tiergarten sch nbrunn in vienna which was known officially as a menagerie until beforevolving into a modern zoological garden with a scientific educational and conservation biology conservationist orientation due to its local continuity the former menageriestablished in the medieval through baroque tradition of private wild animal collections of princes and kings is often seen as the oldest remaining zoo in the world although many of the old baroquenclosures have been changed one can still obtain a good impression of the symmetrical ensemble of the formerly imperial menagerie travelling menageries in england travelling menageries had first appeared at around in contrasto the aristocratic menageries these travelling animal collections were run by showman showmen who methe craving for sensation of the ordinary population these animal shows ranged in size buthe largest was george wombwell s thearliest record of a fatality at one such travelling menagerie was the death of hannah twynnoy in who was killed by a tiger in malmesbury wiltshire malmesbury wiltshire also inorth america travelling menageries becameven more popular during thatime the first exotic animal known to have been exhibited in america was a lion in boston in followed a year later in the same city by a camel a sailor arrived in philadelphia in august with another lion whichexhibited in the city and surrounding towns for eight yearshancocks david a different nature the paradoxical world of zoos and their uncertain future university of california press berkeley pp the first elephant was imported from india to america by a ship s captain jacob crowninshield in it was first displayed inew york city and travelled extensively up andown theast coastkisling vernon zoological gardens of the united states in zoo and aquarium history ancient collections to zoological gardens vernon kisling ed crc press boca raton pp in james and william howes new york menagerie toured new england with an elephant a rhinoceros a camel two tigers a polar bear and several parrots and monkeysflint richard w american showmen and european dealers commerce in wild animals inineteeth century ineworld new animals fromenagerie to zoological park in the nineteenth century hoage robert j andeiss william a ed johns hopkins university press baltimore p america s touring menagerieslowed to a crawl under the weight of the depression of the s and then to a halt withe outbreak of the american civil war civil war only one travelling menagerie of any sizexisted after the war the van amburgh menagerie travelled the united states for nearly fortyears unlike their europe an counterparts america s menageries and circus es had combined asingle travelling shows with one ticketo see bothis increased the size and the diversity of their collections ringling bros and barnum bailey circus advertised their shows as the world s greatest menagerie see also anthrozoology externalinks vienna zoo la m nagerie de versailles french category cultural history category european court 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category","category zoos"],"new_description":"image versailles jpg thumb right px palace versailles menagerie reign louis xiv ofrance louis xiv menagerie collection captive animals frequently exotic kept display place collection kept precursor modern zoological_garden term first_used seventeenth_century france reference management household domestic stock later came used primarily reference aristocracy class aristocratic animal collections french_language defines menagerie establishment luxury curiosity later term referred also travelling animal collections exhibited wild_animals fairs across_europe americas aristocratic menageries image thumb right px tower london housed england royal menagerie several centuries picture th_century british library menagerie mostly connected aristocratic court within garden park palace aristocratic menageries distinguished later zoological_garden since founded owned aristocrats whose intentions primarily scientific educational aristocrats wanted illustrate power wealth animals alive active less_common difficulto acquire morexpensive maintain medieval period renaissance middle across_europe maintained menageries courts early example themperor charlemagne th_century three menageries located present_day netherlands germany housed first europe since roman_empire along monkeys lions bears many exotic birds charlemagne received exotic animals collection gifts africand asia james fisher naturalist fisher james zoos world story animals captivity book london p baghdad rashid presented charlemagne asian elephant named arrived july themperor residence died june franco europe islam blackwell publishing oxford pp william england william conqueror small royal menagerie manor woodstock began collection exotic animals around year hison henry enclosed woodstock enlarged collection athe_beginning th_century henry england known kept collection animals palace woodstock oxfordshire woodstock including lion leopard lynx camel owl blunt ark park_zoo nineteenth_century pp prominent animal collection medieval england tower london menagerie tower menagerie london began early established king john england john england known held lion bear henry iii england henry iii received three leopard frederick ii holy_roman emperor thearlyears white bear elephant gifts kings norway france respectively animals moved renamed lion tower near main western entrance tower building constituted rows cage entrances enclosed behind set two appears thathe animals used upper cages day moved lower storey nighto hannah bear zoo british archaeology december pp menagerie opened public reign elizabeth england elizabeth th_century th_century price admission three half pence supply cat dog fed lion animals recorded athend th_century included lions tigers bears animals transferred newly opened london_zoo regent park receive animals rather shared dublin zoo bob marvin zoo culture book watching people watch animals london p tower menagerie finally closed orders duke wellington big cats london tower bbc_news october tower menagerie london considered royal menagerie england six centuries first_half century emperor frederick ii three permanent menageries italy palermo sicily james fisher naturalist fisher james zoos world story animals captivity book london p holy_roman emperor frederick ii holy_roman emperor frederick ii established court southern italy first great menagerie western_europe elephant white bear giraffe leopard lions cheetahs monkeys exhibited particularly interested bird studied sufficiently write number authoritative books robert j anne jane menageries zoos new animals zoological_park nineteenth_century robert j william ed johns hopkins university_press baltimore pp thend fifteenth century aristocracy renaissance italy began collect exotic animals outskirts cities role played animals within gardens italian villa expanded athend sixteenth century beginning seventeenth_century one prominent example villa borghese gardens villa borghese built rome eric hardouin fugier elisabeth zoo history zoological_gardens west reaktion books london pp versailles legacy image august jpg thumb right px pavilion constructed de ville athe house habsburg menagerie contemporary sch nbrunn seventeenth_century exotic birds small animals court ofrance lions large animals kept primarily brought staged permanent lodgings louis xiv constructed two new menageries one vincennes nexto palace theastern edge paris morelaborate one became model menageries throughout europe versailles site royal hunting lodge two hours carriage west paris around menagerie beasts built vincennes organization rectangular courtyard two storey building allowed spectators view scene animals housed ground_floor cells courtyard small yards outside could take bit exercise vincennes lions tigers leopards kept cages around king could entertain visiting bloody battles instance ambassador enjoyed spectacle death royal tiger elephant palace versailles built louis xiv ofrance also erected menagerie within palace park menagerie versailles something different one vincennes constructed first animals introduced although interior fittings finished situated south_west park louis xiv first major project versailles one several pleasure houses gradually assembled around eric hardouin fugier elisabeth zoo history zoological_gardens west reaktion books london pp represented first menagerie according baroque style prominent feature baroque menageries circular layout middle stood beautiful pavilion around pavilion walking path outside path cages enclosure house stable athe far end animals three sides walls bars direction zoological_gardens western_europe zoo aquarium history ancient collections zoological_gardens vernon ed crc press boca raton p animal fights halted vincennes around site fell animals installed versailles withe others abouthis time lions leopards tigers menagerie vincennes transferred versailles housed built enclosures louise elephant slaves exotic animals eighteenth_century paris johns hopkins university_press baltimore pp particular enterprise marked step creation menageries europe late seventeenth_century important lords france england dutch republic united provinces portugal bel around spain madrid austria belvedere palace belvedere sch nbrunn well germanic lands following thirtyears war reconstruction frederick william frederick william prussia equipped potsdam menagerie around palatinate prince regent many_others followed eric hardouin fugier elisabeth zoo history zoological_gardens west reaktion books london pp design adopted particularly habsburg monarchy austria francis holy_roman emperor francis erected famous baroque menagerie park sch nbrunn palace near vienna first menagerie private character opened general_public initially open dressed persons another aristocratic menagerie founded charles iii spain charles iii spain grounds part gardens parque del palace two centuries predecessor institution modern facilities zoo aquarium de madrid zoo casa de historic madrid wild animal house park nineteenth_century aristocratic menageries displaced modern zoological_garden witheir science scientific education approach last menagerie europe sch nbrunn vienna known officially menagerie modern zoological_garden scientific educational conservation_biology orientation due local continuity former medieval baroque tradition private wild animal collections kings often_seen oldest remaining zoo world although_many old changed one still obtain good impression formerly imperial menagerie travelling menageries england travelling menageries first_appeared around contrasto aristocratic menageries travelling animal collections run showmen methe craving sensation ordinary population animal shows ranged size buthe largest george wombwell thearliest record fatality one travelling menagerie death hannah killed tiger wiltshire wiltshire also inorth_america travelling menageries popular thatime first exotic animal known exhibited america lion boston followed year_later city camel arrived philadelphia august another lion city surrounding towns eight david different nature paradoxical world zoos uncertain future university california_press berkeley pp first elephant imported india america ship captain jacob first displayed inew_york_city travelled extensively andown theast vernon zoological_gardens united_states zoo aquarium history ancient collections zoological_gardens vernon ed crc press boca raton pp james william howes new_york menagerie toured new_england elephant rhinoceros camel two tigers polar bear several richard w american showmen european dealers commerce wild_animals century new animals zoological_park nineteenth_century robert j william ed johns hopkins university_press baltimore p america touring crawl weight depression halt withe outbreak american_civil_war civil_war one travelling menagerie war van menagerie travelled united_states nearly fortyears unlike europe counterparts america menageries circus combined travelling shows one see increased size diversity collections ringling bros barnum bailey circus advertised shows world greatest menagerie see_also externalinks vienna zoo la de versailles french category_cultural history category european court festivities category_zoos"},{"title":"Mennonite Your Way","description":"mennonite your way is a hospitality service created in by mennonite s leon and nancy stauffer how it works the service publishes a printedirectory of people who are willing to hospitality host others in their homes the list of hosts is not online it is only available as a booklet mennonite your way hospitality directory there are currently hosts to participate as guest you must buy the directory for if you plan to host guests in the us and canadarexpected to donate to the host per night per adult per child and if breakfast is offered per meal unless otherwise noted in the hosts listing participant demographics guests are not required to be christian the hosts of the service are christians mostly mennonites and schwarzenau brethren often elderly couples there are alsome few old order movement hosts the hosts tend to be concentrated in areas where there are traditionally many mennonites of swiss and south germancestry the largest concentration of hosts is in pennsylvania withexception of germany the netherlands and switzerland there are only a few hosts outside on the united statesee also hospitality service homestay sharingift economy collaborative consumption externalinks category hospitality services category anabaptism category 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hospitality host others homes list hosts online available booklet mennonite way hospitality directory currently hosts participate guest must buy directory plan host guests us donate host per night per adult per child breakfast offered per meal unless otherwise noted hosts listing participant demographics guests required christian hosts service christians mostly often couples alsome old order movement hosts hosts tend concentrated areas traditionally many swiss south largest concentration hosts pennsylvania withexception germany netherlands switzerland hosts outside united_statesee also hospitality_service homestay economy collaborative_consumption externalinks_category hospitality_services category category"},{"title":"Mercers Arms, Covent Garden","description":"file mercers arms mercer street london jpg thumb the mercers arms the mercers arms was a pub at mercer street london mercer street in london s covent garden athe corner with shelton street it closed as a pub in about and is now a private dining club thearliest recorded landlord is a robert abraham in and the insurance document for then landlord alexander ogston is held in the national archives category covent garden category pubs in the city of westminster","main_words":["file","arms","mercer","thumb","arms","arms","pub","mercer","street_london","mercer","street_london","covent_garden","athe_corner","street","closed","pub","private","dining","club","thearliest","recorded","landlord","robert","abraham","insurance","document","landlord","alexander","held","national","archives","city","westminster"],"clean_bigrams":[["arms","mercer"],["mercer","street"],["street","london"],["london","jpg"],["jpg","thumb"],["mercer","street"],["street","london"],["london","mercer"],["mercer","street"],["street","london"],["covent","garden"],["garden","athe"],["athe","corner"],["private","dining"],["dining","club"],["club","thearliest"],["thearliest","recorded"],["recorded","landlord"],["robert","abraham"],["insurance","document"],["landlord","alexander"],["national","archives"],["archives","category"],["category","covent"],["covent","garden"],["garden","category"],["category","pubs"]],"all_collocations":["arms mercer","mercer street","street 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the campaign foreale s national inventory of historic pub interiors it was built in thearly th century category grade ii listed buildings in county durham category grade ii listed pubs in england category national inventory pubs category pubs in county 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rough stuff in europe involves cycling over a variety of surfaces and topography on a single route with a single bicycle the recent popularity of mixed terrain touring is in part a reaction againsthe increasing specialization of the bike industry focusing on freedom of travel and efficiency over varied surfaces mixed terrain bicycle travel has a storied past one closely linked with warfare by comparison today s mixed terrain riders are generally adventure oriented although many police departments rely on the bicycle s versatility in many remote and not so remote parts of the world with unreliable pavementhe utility bicycle has become a dominant form of mixed terrain transportation a new style of travel called adventure cycle touring or expedition touring involves exploring these remote regions of the world on sturdy bicycles designed for the purpose off roadventure cycling with lightweight gear is often referred to as bikepacking specialized versus all round transportation mountain biking has become increasingly more specialized for travel over technical dirt hiking width trails called single track mountain biking single track while road cycling focuses increasingly on maximizing travel over pavementchris kostman mountain bikes who needs then rough riders website traditional bicycle touring is typically considered road biking with travel primarily on paved roads often carrying heavy loads of campingearough riding in contrast incorporates travel on both dirt and pavement it stresses efficientravel on any surface or topography a greater freedom of travel and self reliance adventure cycle touring or expedition touring involves bicyclists attempting extended travel in remote regions of the world some use bikes to go even further off the beaten track they wanto go where buses don t go at all and perhaps where other vehicles cannot geto either stephen lord adventure cycle touring adventure tourists expect pooroad conditions unpaved roads and other mixed terrain alpine cycle touring is rough riding in the mountains differenthan pure mountain biking in alpine touring paved mountain roads are combined with dirt roads and single track for an efficient route through tough mountain terrain mountain features are not always avoided and are sometimes incorporated into the route which may require alternative bicycle hauling techniques this type of bicycle travel has a mountaineering flair but it is generally done as adventure cycle touring in developed countries where services are more prevalent and bike technology islightly different allowing for morefficiency and speedier traveltodd remington of the colorado rough riders alpine cycle touring wwwalpinebicycleorg mixed terrain bicycle racing includes cyclo cross a style begun in europe in thearly s racers compete on mixed terrain courses on relatively flat courses mountain cross another form of mixed terrain racing staged on mountain courses is a recent invention mixed terrain commuting may have contributed to the reaction against bicycle specialization as bikes become more specialized they become lessuited for general commuting often commuters mustravel on mixed surfaces orough pavement even in urban environments often saferoutes can be found away from heavy traffic encouraging alternative and varied route selection snow biking also called icebiking is another example of mixed terrain bicycle travel and a great example of the bicycle s flexible technology why icebike home of the winter cyclist wwwicebikeorg nearly any bike which allows medium or wide tires can be outfitted with special snow bicycle tire studstudded tiresurly bikes and other manufactures make bikes with extra wide tirespecifically designed for deep snow events foracing and adventure riding across the snow have been created the iditarod trail invitational is an mile race billed as the worlds longest winter ultrace across frozen alaskanother form of bicycle snow travel is called skibobbing or ski biking which replaces wheels for skis preferred bicycles the preferred bike for mixed terrain travel inorth americand europe is called an all in one or all rounder they are a synthesis between road bike s touring bike s and mountain bike s examples of hybrid bike s that are appropriate are cyclo cross bicycle cyclocross bikes that are used for on and off road racing and monster cross bikes that accommodate mountain bike sized tires and allow for single track riding brevet orandonneuring randonneur bikes which originated in long mixed terrain rides this breed of bike retains much of the speed and efficiency of a road bike on pavement while maintaining the necessary features for dirt and gravel these unusual bikes have light frames with c or b tires androp handlebarsroy m wallack all in one bikes los angeles times may expedition touring bicycles touring bikes for travel in third world countries in contrast compromise some speed for heavy load carrying capacity and increasedurability this has come to mean expensive sturdy steel framed bike with inch mountain bike sized wheels no suspension and either drop or flat handlebars adventure touring mountain bike s are designed toffer some of the specialized advantages of mountain bikes while offering cargo capacity for extended touring this often accomplished by loading the bike with ultralight backpackingear sometimes called bikepacking these bikes are often employed in cross country mixed terrain races beyond these types adventure and alpine tourists have adapted a broad range of bicycles because of the relative obscurity of touring over adverse terrain there is a large amount of experimentation and specialized home madequipment adventure cycle touring setup list on bikepackingnet organizations and clubs a few organizations and clubs promote mixed terrain touring the biggest is probably the adventure cycling association located in missoula montana they aresponsible for mapping the great divide mountain bike route the world s longest mapped mixed terrain route the oldestill functioning club dedicated to rough riding may be the rough stuffellowship of great britain founded in the rough riders of southern californiand the colorado rough riders in golden colorado are two american clubs dedicated to mixed terrain bicycle travel the history of mixed terrain bicycle travel begins withe bicycle itself early roads were rarely paved in facthe popularity of bicycle riding may havencouraged the paving of roads bicycle travel became very popularound withe development of the modern bicycle configuration which we still see in wide use today by the united states army started experimenting with bicycle infantry as a replacement for horses in mixed terrain environments the th infantry regiment united states army s th infantry regiment unit african american buffalo soldierstationed at fort missoula fort missoula montana was chosen for the testgeorge nielsorensen iron riderstory of the s fort missoula buffalo soldier bicycle corps these hearty riders traveled fromissoula to yellowstone national park during one trip and fromissoula to st louis missouri for their final trial much of the mixed terrain route was on unimproved roads or through roadless areas although they succeeded in beating the best horse travel times the army abandoned bicycle travel in anticipation of yet a faster new technology just being developed the automobilegeorge nielsorensen iron riderstory of the s fort missoula buffalo soldier bicycle corps although the us military has not relied on bicycles other militaries throughouthe world out of necessity have used bicycles extensively for travel in mixed terrain during the second boer war both sides used bicycles in combat bike were primarily used for messenger service by world war i the italian army developed a folding bicycle that could be carried on a soldier s back for easy transport over difficult mixed terrain and alpine obstaclesjohn joseph timothy sweet iron arm the mechanization of mussolini s army page the germans french and british also used bicycles for mixed terrain travel in world war i mechanized transport wastill fairly limited so bicycle travel was relied upon heavily mechanized transport during world war ii was much more prevalent buthe bicycle wastill used by japanese germand italian troops to somextenthe alliesupplied a limited number of paratroopers with folding bikes british paratroopers on folding bicycles raided a german radar unit at ste bruneval france up until recently the swiss army still had a bicycle infantry unithe swiss were great believers in the virtues of mixed terrain bicycle travel a fully equipped man can fly down the mountainside at speeds up to mph and up to a distance of about miles thentire troop can reach a potential battle zone faster than mechanized troops we can go through the woods we can take short cutsaid jean pierre leuenberger commander of the training school nearomont buthe important point he added was that his men were able to fight when they gothere alison langley the independent april some armies around the world still use bicycles even today in the western world west many police departments now rely on mixed terrain travel by police bicycle these cops on bikes can quickly chase down a runner maneuver through tight areas not available to cars and yet cruise down any paved road or path paramedic and emergency medical technician groups also use the bicycle for ease of access where ambulance travel is difficult mixed terrain bicycle travel for pleasure commerce haseen varying degrees of interest over the years cyclo cross racing likely got itstart when european road racers in thearly s began cutting through farm fields and over fences as a way to train and keep warm during the winter off season club riding in early s europe often included mixed terrain called rough stuff or passtorming as an integral part of typical routes early recreational cyclists would extend their biking range to include off road cycling evidence of how much rough stuff was viewed as an integral part of thexperience for the touring cyclist can be found in the format of the bctc british cycle tourist competition run by the ctc and inaugurated in until the late s its aim was to find britain s bestourist rough stuff riding was a key element and the organizers often wento great lengths to find awkward tracks fords etc that would test a rider skill mountain biking before mountain bikesteve griffith by the s in europe bike clubs were formed specifically around mixed terrain and off road touring in great britain a club called rough stuffellowship was formed around mixed terrain and off road touring the history of the rsf goes way back to its foundation in long before anyone had ever heard of marin county it was formed by cyclists who wanted to get away from roads and cycle on tracks and byways rough stuffellowship wwwrsforguk the rough stuffellowship istill an active club today france also had a mixed terrain club called velo cross club parisien formed between and not content with cyclo cross racing of the day around twenty french cyclists modified their bikes for mixed and off road traveljoe breeze mountain bike hall ofame wwwmtnbikehalloffamecom the beach cruiser bicyclentered the market in thearly s these heavy single speed bikesporting balloon tires could handle a variety of mixed terraincluding moderately loose flat sandy beaches paper boys and couriers favored these bikesince they could handle the occasional gravel road with ease however as heavy single speed bikes they were not good for hilly terrain and climbing these bikes have made a comeback in recent years for theiretro look they are still good flat lander all rounder bikes great for cruising the beach or urban landscape in the late s cruiser bicycles by then called clunkers became the inspiration for mountain bikes offering cheap material for experimentation these clunkers were slowly turned into the modern mountain bike wider tires on lighter frames with multiple gears proved to be a wildly successful combination for mixed terrain and truly rugged single track early mountain bike designstill make good mixed terrain vehicles with slight modification unfortunately with current mountain bike advancements in suspension systems and other technical mountain bike features the mountain bike of today is overkill and inefficient for mixed terrain touringchris kostman mountain bikes who needs them rough riders website recently a new synthesis between road bikes and mountain bikes has begun to take shape as riders look away from specialization and back towards bicycles that can handle mixed terrain travel see also backpacking wilderness outline of cycling trail riding references externalinks adventure cycling association bear bones bikepackingnet california rough riders colorado rough riders northern rockies heritage center pedaling nowhere bikepacking routes rough stuffellowship category bicycle 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single_track efficient route tough mountain terrain mountain features always avoided sometimes incorporated route may require alternative bicycle techniques type bicycle_travel mountaineering generally done adventure cycle_touring developed_countries services prevalent bike technology different allowing colorado rough riders alpine cycle_touring mixed_terrain bicycle racing includes cyclo cross style begun europe thearly racers compete mixed_terrain courses relatively flat courses mountain cross another form mixed_terrain racing staged mountain courses recent invention mixed_terrain commuting may contributed reaction bicycle specialization bikes become specialized become general commuting often mixed surfaces pavement even urban environments often found away heavy traffic encouraging alternative varied route selection snow biking also_called another example mixed_terrain bicycle_travel great example bicycle flexible technology home winter cyclist nearly bike allows medium wide tires outfitted special snow bicycle tire bikes manufactures make bikes extra wide designed deep snow events adventure riding across snow created trail mile race billed worlds longest winter across frozen form bicycle snow travel called ski biking replaces wheels skis preferred bicycles preferred bike mixed_terrain travel inorth_americand europe called one road bike touring bike mountain_bike examples hybrid bike appropriate cyclo cross bicycle bikes used road racing monster cross bikes accommodate mountain_bike sized tires allow single_track riding bikes originated long mixed_terrain rides breed bike retains much speed efficiency road bike pavement maintaining necessary features dirt gravel unusual bikes light frames c b tires one bikes los_angeles times may expedition touring bicycles touring bikes travel third_world countries contrast compromise speed heavy load carrying_capacity come mean expensive steel framed bike inch mountain_bike sized wheels suspension either drop flat handlebars adventure touring mountain_bike designed toffer specialized advantages mountain_bikes offering cargo capacity extended touring often accomplished loading bike ultralight sometimes_called bikepacking bikes often employed cross_country mixed_terrain races beyond types adventure alpine tourists adapted broad range bicycles relative touring adverse terrain large amount specialized home adventure cycle_touring setup list organizations clubs organizations clubs promote mixed_terrain touring biggest probably adventure_cycling association located missoula montana aresponsible mapping great divide mountain_bike route world longest mapped mixed_terrain route functioning club dedicated rough riding may rough stuffellowship great_britain founded rough riders southern_californiand colorado rough riders golden colorado two american clubs dedicated mixed_terrain bicycle_travel history mixed_terrain bicycle_travel begins withe bicycle early roads rarely paved facthe popularity bicycle riding may roads bicycle_travel became withe development modern bicycle configuration still see wide use today united_states army started experimenting bicycle infantry replacement horses mixed_terrain environments th infantry regiment united_states army th infantry regiment unit african_american buffalo fort missoula fort missoula montana chosen iron fort missoula buffalo soldier bicycle corps riders traveled yellowstone national_park one trip st_louis missouri final trial much mixed_terrain route roads areas although succeeded beating best horse travel times army abandoned bicycle_travel yet faster new technology developed iron fort missoula buffalo soldier bicycle corps although us military relied bicycles throughouthe_world necessity used bicycles extensively travel mixed_terrain second war sides used bicycles combat bike primarily used service world_war italian army developed folding bicycle could carried soldier back easy transport difficult mixed_terrain alpine joseph timothy sweet iron arm army page germans french british also_used bicycles mixed_terrain travel world_war mechanized transport wastill fairly limited bicycle_travel relied upon heavily mechanized transport world_war ii much prevalent buthe bicycle wastill used japanese germand italian troops limited number folding bikes british folding bicycles german unit france recently swiss army still bicycle infantry swiss great mixed_terrain bicycle_travel fully equipped man fly speeds mph distance miles thentire troop reach potential battle zone faster mechanized troops go woods take short jean pierre commander training school buthe important point added men able fight alison independent april armies around world still use bicycles even today western world west many police departments rely mixed_terrain travel police bicycle bikes quickly chase runner maneuver tight areas available cars yet cruise paved road path emergency medical technician groups also_use bicycle ease access ambulance travel difficult mixed_terrain bicycle_travel pleasure commerce haseen varying degrees interest years cyclo cross racing likely got european road racers thearly began cutting farm fields way train keep warm winter season club riding early europe often included mixed_terrain called rough stuff integral_part typical routes early recreational cyclists would extend biking range include road cycling evidence much rough stuff viewed integral_part thexperience touring cyclist found format british cycle tourist competition run ctc inaugurated late aim find britain rough stuff riding key element organizers often wento great lengths find awkward tracks etc would test rider skill mountain_biking mountain griffith europe bike clubs formed specifically around mixed_terrain road touring great_britain club called rough stuffellowship formed around mixed_terrain road touring history goes way back foundation long anyone ever heard marin county formed cyclists wanted get away roads cycle tracks byways rough stuffellowship rough stuffellowship istill active club today france also mixed_terrain club called cross club formed content cyclo cross racing day around twenty french cyclists modified bikes mixed road breeze mountain_bike hall_ofame beach cruiser market thearly heavy single speed balloon tires could handle variety mixed moderately loose flat sandy beaches paper boys favored could handle occasional gravel road ease however heavy single speed bikes good hilly terrain climbing bikes made comeback recent_years look still good flat lander bikes great cruising beach urban landscape late cruiser bicycles called became inspiration mountain_bikes offering cheap material slowly turned modern mountain_bike wider tires lighter frames multiple gears proved wildly successful combination mixed_terrain truly rugged single_track early mountain_bike make good mixed_terrain vehicles slight unfortunately current mountain_bike suspension systems technical mountain_bike features mountain_bike today mixed_terrain mountain_bikes needs rough riders website recently new road bikes mountain_bikes begun take shape riders look away specialization back towards bicycles handle mixed_terrain travel see_also backpacking_wilderness outline cycling trail riding references_externalinks adventure_cycling association bear bones california rough riders colorado rough riders northern rockies heritage center nowhere bikepacking routes rough stuffellowship category_bicycle_tours"},{"title":"MKG Group","description":"mkgroup is a european based company headquartered in paris france the group operates various divisions within the tourism hotel and hospitality sector bloomberg businessweek retrieved on december bloomberg businessweek hospitality net retrieved on december hospitality net namely monitoringlobal trends in supply demand pipeline growth including the worldwide chain hotel brand ranking the brands hotel brand rankings retrieved rankingthebrandscom and chain hotel group rankings as well as conducting specialised ad hoc industry research for varioustakeholders including private investors developers hoteliers chain groups and independent properties government and tourism associations banking and financial institutions bnparibas real estate retrieved on february bnparibas real estate property report european hotel market february pages and hedge funds mkg is the official industry monitor for a number of european tourism organisationsuch as the french ministry of tourism french ministry of tourism retrieved on february mkg hospitality pr sente le bilan et les perspectives de l h tellerie fran aise french ministry of tourism office lyon tourism office brussels offices in spain the netherlands and theuropean city marketing association ecmkg also regularly supplies various other tourism organisations goturkey retrieved on january republic of turkey ministry of culture and tourism go turkey s official tourism portal and ngos with trends and analytical reports including fractions of theuropean union un such as the united nations conference on trade andevelopment unctad world investment report retrieved unctad world investment report non equity modes of international production andevelopment and the unwto s internationalabour organization unwto internationalabour organization retrieved internationalabour organization sectoral activities programme developments and challenges in the hospitality and tourism sector page and as well as a number of hospitality educational institutions in europe mkg s database represents the largest industry performance sample in theurope the middleast and africa emea region suppliedirectly by alleading international chain hotels as well as many regional groups and independent properties mkg is associated with mkg hospitality hotelcompset mkg qualiting hospitality oncomedia platform the globalodging forum glf worldwide hospitality awards and hotel class the official hotel rating agency in france in mkg was ranked th in the national classification of the top market research and opinion institutes by marketing magazine mkgroup was established by georges panayotis in paris in to service the hotel sector soon after the group began tracking hotel datand trends in supply andemand as well as conducting research studies for the sector in the company launched its first publication h tels et marketing later to be known as htr magazine and now hospitality on this was followed by the newspaper h tel restau hebdo in and the first herm s awards for the hotel and hospitality industry later to become the worldwide hospitality awards were awarded in the same year it opened offices in london in and in berlin and cyprus in it launched the first hospitality management schools awards the company created the first classification of hotel groups and hotel chains in and the following year it launched the inaugural hotel makers forum later to be known as the globalodging forum glf in itook over the company network systems which specialised in computer software for database processing and e procurement platforms and the next year mkg qualiting produced the first online quality database to enable real time consultation and analysis of a particular hotel with respecto quality criteria this was followed in by the creation of the hotelcompset daily platform which providesubscribing hotels a tool to track daily and monthly activity and compare key performance indicators an online customer satisfaction survey platform known as ola kala was launched in the company has afnor cofraccreditation confrac retrieved on january confrac to lead grading inspection of hotels to stars in france under new classification standards from january under the brand hotelclass in october mkg qualiting extended its accreditation to perform inspections for the classification of serviced apartments and touristic residences under the brand residenceclass mkgroup divisions file mkg hospitality hotel performance indicators europejpg thumb hotelcompset performance indicators in europe mkg hotel database mkg s database hotelcompset contains a sample of over brands and corporate chain hotels representing more than one million rooms throughouthe world representing all segments from budgeto upscale hotels hotelcompset provides daily monthly and yearly monitoring of hotel key performance indicators and analyses of itsample namely occupancy rate or average daily rate adr and revenue per available room revpar this used by hoteliers for yield revenue management strategies as well as by financial institutions hedge funds investors andevelopers for financial reporting and forecasting trends results arevealed via the hotelcompset online application as well as monthly hit reports for europe hit report retrieved on october mkg hospitality and the mea hit report retrieved on october mkg hospitality regions additional benchmark reports reveal trends for the upper upscale luxury segments country markets france germany and spain mkg s database also tracks hotel supply and pipeline growth trends as well as chain hotel penetration rates ie share of chain hotels in a given market and globally as well the worldwide chanin hotel group and hotel brand rankings business travel news retrieved on june business travel survey business travel news page mkg hospitality major areas of mkg hospitality include industry market research financial feasibility studies and consulting for large scale tourism infrastructure projectsuch as hotels and mixed use developments as well as independent hotel property and portfolio valuations and tourism campaigns mkg qualiting quality control in the fields of tourism hotels and hospitality this includes business mystery shopping and audit visits telephone surveys and ola kala online customer satisfaction survey file mkg worldwide hospitality awardsjpg thumb mkg s annual worldwide hospitality awards held in paris france press events htr magazine was established in a bilingual publication french english that covered news interviews hotel industry analysis and trends that leverages fromkg s database of statistics in mkg launched hospitality oncom the new version of htr that combines the printed publication and online media platform for the industry mkg and hospitality on host industry events worldwide hospitality awards hospitality net retrieved on december hospitality net athe intercontinental paris le grand hotel and the globalodging forum glf hospitality net retrieved on december hospitality net in mkg launched the first hospitality management schools awards other activities hotel class is the official hotel rating agency in france this the first company specialised in hospitality sector to have obtained the cofraccreditation to lead grading inspection of hotels to stars in france under new classification standards from january under the brand hotelclass this was extended to residenceclass for serviced apartments and touristic residences file georges panayotisjpg thumb georges panayotis georges panayotis zoom info retrieved on august zoom info who s who in france on line retrieved on december is the founder chairmand ceof mkgroup he left greece athe age of to study political science after gaining a management degree athe paris dauphine university he started work at novotel now part of the accor group and became international marketing director panayotis established mkg after leaving the accor group in mkgroup s corporate head office is in central paris other office locations include london berlin and nicosia in cyprus in mkg opened satellite offices in s o paulo brazil and melbourne australia references externalinks official mkgroup see also hospitality tourism hotels market research category hospitality companies ofrance category companies ofrance category hotel chains category hospitality services category companies based in paris category research and analysis 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ministry tourism retrieved_february mkg hospitality les perspectives de l h fran aise french ministry tourism office lyon tourism office brussels offices spain netherlands theuropean city marketing_association also regularly supplies various tourism_organisations retrieved_january republic turkey ministry culture_tourism go turkey official_tourism portal ngos trends analytical reports including theuropean_union united_nations conference trade andevelopment world investment report retrieved world investment report non equity modes international production andevelopment unwto organization unwto organization retrieved organization activities programme developments challenges hospitality_tourism_sector page well number hospitality_educational institutions europe mkg database represents largest industry performance sample middleast africa region international chain hotels well many regional groups independent properties mkg associated mkg hospitality hotelcompset mkg qualiting hospitality platform forum worldwide_hospitality awards hotel class official hotel rating agency france mkg ranked th national classification top market research opinion institutes marketing magazine mkgroup established georges panayotis paris service hotel sector soon group began tracking hotel datand trends supply andemand well conducting research studies sector company launched first_publication h marketing later known magazine hospitality followed newspaper h_tel first awards hotel hospitality_industry later become worldwide_hospitality awards awarded year opened offices london berlin cyprus launched first hospitality_management schools awards company created first classification hotel_groups hotel_chains following_year launched inaugural hotel makers forum later known forum itook company network systems specialised computer software database processing e procurement platforms next year mkg qualiting produced first online quality database enable real_time consultation analysis particular hotel 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katrina in withe help of the hands onetwork and chet haines the lounge reopened its doors on august on the first anniversary of hurricane katrina mother in law lounge was owned and operated by k doe s widow and musiciantoinette k doe before she dieduring mardi gras in local musician kermit ruffins agreed to lease the site and it reopened on january kermit s tremother in law lounge open at last speakeasy likely to close louisiana weekly accessed february ruffins is now running thestablishment as kermit s mother in law loungexternalinks ernie k doe s mother in law site category drinking establishments inew orleans category culture of new 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lease site reopened january law lounge open last speakeasy likely close louisiana weekly accessed february running thestablishment mother law k doe mother law site_category drinking_establishments inew_orleans category_culture new_orleans"},{"title":"Murder of Louise Jensen","description":"the murder of louise jensen happened on september in ayia napa cyprus when british armed forces british soldiers allan ford justin fowler and geoffrey pernell attacked abducted raped and murderedanish people danish tour guide louise jensen louise jensen was born on march she died on september she grew up in the town of hirtshals denmark together wither parents and her younger brother after college jensen was working as a tour guide in cyprus for the danish travel agency star tours ford fowler and pernell ford allan ford nicknamed the cube was born in he is from sutton coldfield in birmingham ford s ex wife has told that he had threatened her with a razor and screwdriver if she betrayed him nevertheless he had cheated on her twice and taunted her about his other women after they split ford told her if he caught her with a man he would slasher face his ex wife has described him as a psycho a month prior to the killing ford was accused of having smashed a beer glass in thead of a tourist injuring him seriously ford was a member of the first battalion of the royal green jackets fowler justin fowler nicknamed binny was born in he is from constantine cornwall constantine in falmouth cornwall fowler s wife petitioned for divorce when she goto know of jensen subsequently fowler got a girlfriend from scotland fowler was considered a poor soldier with several disciplinaries and fights fowler was a member of the first battalion of the royal green jackets pernell geoffrey pernell was born in he is from oldbury in birmingham pernell was accused of having attacked a woman when he wastationed athe falkland islands pernell was a member of the first battalion of the royal green jackets murder in the night of september jensen and her cypriot boyfriend were riding a motorbike when they were hit by a jeep driven by the drunk soldiers ford fowler and pernell having beaten jensen s boyfriend to the ground the soldiers abducted jensen whereafter she was repeatedly raped and repeatedly beaten with a spade leading to her death finally she was buried in a shallow grave jensen s body was found several days later due to the soldiers abuse and to the sun the body was in such a condition that only jensen silvering identified her pernell was the one who forced jensen into the jeep trial and sentence in courthe soldiers only explanation was thathey wanted a woman on march ford fowler and pernell were convicted of abduction rape and manslaughter and sentenced to life imprisonmenthe judges described the crime as inhumane when planned and vulgar when exercised on april jensen s parents received a written apology from the british ministry of defence united kingdoministry of defence on behalf of prime minister john major in a higher court cutheir sentences to years explaining thathe soldiers were drunk and thathey had not been sentenced before the murder in after spending under twelve years in custody the soldiers wereleased andeported to great britain fowler was released on august pernell was released on august ford was released in august one long term effect of this case was for the british military to declare certain tourist resorts on the island as out of bounds to military personnel references literature the spade hit her again and againi could not get my eyes to look away squaddie s chilling confession to savage killing of tour girl by jeremy armstrong the mirror march murder of an innocent by robert fisk the independent april jensen appeal hears call for new testimony by jean christou cyprus mail june killer soldier back in dock by paul thornton deadlinenewscouk june category births category deaths category murder in category kidnappedanish people category 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september grew town denmark together wither parents younger brother college jensen working tour_guide cyprus danish travel_agency star tours ford fowler pernell ford allan ford nicknamed born sutton birmingham ford wife told threatened nevertheless twice women split ford told caught man would face wife described psycho month prior killing ford accused beer glass thead tourist injuring seriously ford member first battalion royal green jackets fowler justin fowler nicknamed born constantine cornwall constantine cornwall fowler wife know jensen subsequently fowler got girlfriend scotland fowler considered poor soldier several fights fowler member first battalion royal green jackets pernell geoffrey pernell born birmingham pernell accused attacked woman athe falkland islands pernell member first battalion royal green jackets murder night september jensen riding motorbike hit jeep driven drunk soldiers ford fowler pernell beaten jensen ground soldiers abducted jensen repeatedly repeatedly beaten leading death finally buried shallow grave jensen body found several days later due soldiers abuse sun body condition jensen identified pernell one forced jensen jeep trial sentence courthe soldiers explanation thathey wanted woman march ford fowler pernell convicted rape sentenced life judges described crime planned april jensen parents received written british ministry defence united defence behalf prime_minister john major higher court years explaining thathe soldiers drunk thathey sentenced murder spending twelve years soldiers wereleased great_britain fowler released august pernell released august ford released august one long_term effect case british military certain tourist resorts island bounds military personnel references literature hit could get eyes look away killing tour girl jeremy armstrong mirror march murder innocent robert fisk independent april jensen appeal call new jean cyprus mail june killer soldier back dock paul june_category births_category 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well maintained historic amusement rides preservation efforts to further support its mission of preserving theritage and tradition of the amusement industry napha established theritage fund in using funds raised fromember and industry donations memorabiliauctions and other fundraising events the fund had succeeded in donating nearly torganizations working to protect industry history recipients have included industry related museums groups working to preserve orestore specific historic rides and non profit operators of amusement parks annual membersurvey inapha became first organization to survey its members on a regular basis initially intended to provide feedback to napha s executive committee it soon became anxiously awaited listing ofavorite parks and attractions by an experienced group of amusement park visitors many parks including busch gardens williamsburg busch gardens in williamsburg vand knoebels amusement resort in elysburg pa use the results in their promotional campaigns in spring the results of the th annual membersurvey were announced for the nd consecutive year busch gardens williamsburg va has been selected as the most beautiful park other favorites include favorite traditional amusement parkennywood west mifflin pa favorite theme park walt disney world lake buena vista fl best park for families knoebels amusement resort elysburg pa favorite wood roller coaster phoenix roller coaster phoenix knoebels amusement resort elysburg pa favorite steel roller coaster millennium forcedar point sandusky oh best new attraction zippin pippin bay beach amusement park green bay wi each summer napha hosts twor three special events inviting its members from around the world to experience an amusement park in a unique way napha visits parks of all shapes and sizes from the largestheme parks to smaller family owned facilities but whenever possible focuses its events on amusement parks celebrating major anniversariesince its founding naphas honored amusement parks 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states"],"new_description":"national amusement_park historical international organization dedicated preservation enjoyment amusement theme_park industry past present future napha founded former employee chicago riverview park chicago riverview amusement_park closed grown years include amusement_park enthusiasts around world since founding national amusement_park historical worked closely withe amusement_industry mission preserving heritage traditions world organization dedicated aspects amusement_industry organization unique role part napha mission preserve theritage traditions amusement_parks organization tries work withe industry protect key components history napha efforts resulted preservation several historic rides including second tilt whirl ever manufactured dip existence one america last remaining venetian swings rides crossroads village flint smith found new home bay beach amusement_park bay beach park green bay ride preservation goes beyond restoration actual rides also played active role recreating lost classics providing vintage led construction raging wolf geauga_lake modern version chicago defunct riverview park recently creation classic wooden flying turns knoebels_amusement_resort pennsylvania catalyst reconstruction zippin pippin wooden_coaster bay beach materials came napha archives located climate controlled storage facility outside chicago napha holdings highlighted john_collection quite possibly largest collection amusement_park postcards items eugene k collection former president international amusement device inc successor national amusement devices nad addition wealth information nad fun_house collection contains perhaps largest collection john_miller materials anywhere including photographs correspondence napha cannot preserve industry alone began life membership award around world demonstrate commitmento preserving theritage traditions amusement_park industry since thatime award presented pleasure_beach_blackpool pleasure_beach_blackpool west_mifflin rye playland rye amusement_resort park extensive well maintained historic amusement_rides preservation efforts support mission preserving theritage tradition amusement_industry napha established theritage fund using funds raised industry donations fundraising events fund succeeded nearly working protect industry history recipients included industry related museums groups working preserve specific historic rides non_profit operators amusement_parks annual became first organization survey members regular basis initially intended provide feedback napha executive committee soon became awaited listing parks attractions experienced group amusement_park visitors many parks including busch_gardens_williamsburg busch_gardens_williamsburg knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg use results promotional campaigns spring results th_annual announced consecutive year busch_gardens_williamsburg selected beautiful park favorites include favorite traditional amusement west_mifflin favorite theme_park walt_disney world lake buena vista best park families knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg favorite wood roller_coaster phoenix_roller_coaster phoenix_knoebels_amusement_resort_elysburg favorite steel_roller_coaster millennium_forcedar point_sandusky best_new attraction zippin pippin bay beach amusement_park green bay summer napha hosts twor three special_events inviting members around world experience amusement_park unique way napha visits parks shapes sizes parks smaller family owned facilities whenever possible focuses events amusement_parks celebrating major founding honored amusement_parks celebrated th_anniversary including united_states milestone organization also hand three th three th th th conventions included tours amusement_parks europe great_britain celebrations cedar_point ohio kennywood pennsylvania knoebels_amusement_resort pennsylvania amusement_park new_york waldameer_park pennsylvaniand idlewild soak_zone pennsylvaniand weekends visiting amusement_parks jersey shore new minneapolis areas host_parks included busch_gardens virginia indiana_beach indiana kings_island cincinnati dollywood tennessee holiday_world indiana conventions typically include opening party reception picnic lunch behind scenes tours numerous exclusive ride times park roller_coasters unique historic rides externalinks national amusement_park historical association category_amusement_parks category_history organizations_based united_states"},{"title":"National Tourist Routes in Norway","description":"file kvinnefossen waterfall sognefjordjpg thumb alt a waterfall on a wooded hill nexto a road norwegian county road county road passes by kvinnafossenational tourist routes areighteen highways inorway designated by the norwegian public roads administration for their picturesque scenery and tourist friendly infrastructure such as restops and viewpoints the routes cover and are located along the westernorway west coast inorthernorway and in the mountains of southernorway the authorities have coordinated thestablishment of accommodation cultural activities dining sale of local arts and crafts and natural experiences along the tourist roads the overall goal of the project is to increase tourism in the rural areas through which the roads run the project started in and was initially limited to sognefjellsvegenorwegian county road gamle strynefjellsveg hardanger and the norwegian county road helgeland coast route these were officially designated national tourist routes in and the following year the storting decided to expand the project municipalities were asked to nominate roads resulting inominees covering eighteen routes were selected in withe goal of completing the necessary upgrades and officially opening them as national tourist routes by the upgrades arestimated to cost millionorwegian krone norwegian kroner ca million this includes building resting places parking lots viewpoints and clearing vegetation the public roads administration s aim is that use of design will enhance the visitors experience while most of the architecture has been designed byoung norwegians french american louise bourgeois and swiss peter zumthor have designed stops in varangerhalv ya varanger and ryfylke artworks have been installed at selected viewpoints including one by american fine artist mark dion all routes were signposted and officially designated by that year the architecture magazine topos awarded the project a special prize for its use of architecture and particularly noted that it was a public sector focus on aesthetic design two routes constitute part of the international e road network european route e through lofoten and european route e through varanger mountain pass roadsuch asognefjellsvegenorwegian county road valdresflye and trollstigen are closeduring winter both sections of thelgeland coast route have two ferries in them while there is one ferry onorwegian county road geiranger trollstigen and threeach on the routes through ryfylke and hardanger the and yand senja routes are connected via the andenes gryllefjord ferry list of routes the following is a list of national tourist routes inorway that have officially opened or have been approved and are under upgrade it contains the name of the road the start and finish locations of the route the county or counties the route runs through the road numbers the route follows the length of the road and a description class wikitable plainrowheadersortable national tourist routes inorway scope col rowspaname scope col rowspan class unsortable image scope col rowspan class unsortable route scope col rowspan county scope col rowspan road scope colspan length scope col rowspan class unsortable description scope col rowspan class unsortable refs kmi scope row and ya file bleik village and bleik island seen fromount roykenjpg px alt a flat green landscape surrounded by peaks and the sea knes nordland kneskrysset andenes nordland the road runs along the west coast of and ya the northernmost island of the vester len archipelago with fishing hamles located between unsheltered white beaches the island features norway s largest marshes whaleseals and bird rocks can be spotted in the norwegian sea the route connects to national tourist route senja by ferry align center scope row atlantic ocean road file atlanterhavsveienjpg px alt a flat and an arch bridge k rv g bud norway bud m re og romsdal from k rv g to vevang the atlantic ocean road is built acrossmall unsheltered islands and skerry skerriespanned by eight bridgeseveral causeways and viaducts the national tourist route continues along the coast of hustadvika noted as a ship graveyard align center scope row sogn og fjordane county road aurlandsfjellet file aurlandsveienjpg px alt bare road snow on both sides across a plateaurlandsvangen l rdals yri sogn og fjordane sogn og fjordane county road the crossing of aurlandsfjellet bypasses the l rdal tunnel the world s longest road tunnel the barren mountain plateau offers views of the aurlandsfjord below align center scope row norwegian county road gamle strynefjellsvegen file norway gamle strynefjellsvegen jpg px alt barren valley with patches of green and tiny lakes grotli ospeli oppland sogn og fjordane norwegian county road opened in the road connects the mountain village of skj k withe fjord village of stryn the route passes round glaciated forms in theast and steep rugged topography in the west skiing is possible far into the summer and the road is not opened until june align center scope row gaularfjellet file vetlefjorddalen b rddalenjpg px alt a small road climbs a mountainside in s bendsurrounded by green mountainsides and barren peaks balestrand moskog sogn og fjordane the route over gaularfjellet offers an alternative between sogn and sunnfjord starting at sognefjord it passes lakes rapids and waterfalls varying between steep mountain climbs and sheltered valleys atimes clinging to the fjords align center scope row norwegian county road geiranger trollstigen file trollstigen hochpannojpg px alt an s bend road climbing a valley with jagged peaks langvatnet skj k langevatn sogge bridge m re og romsdal first climbing trollstigen along its hairpin bend s the route then drops down to geirangerfjord a world heritage site where the road follows the fjordside until reachingeiranger align center scope row hardanger file l tefoss viknejpg px alt a road bridge across a waterfall halnefjorden halne steinsdalsfossen jondal utne kinsarvik tyssedal hordaland the route consists of three sections in hardanger which varies between fjordlandscape moorlands mountainsides and glaciers the area iscattered with waterfalls including v ringfossen and steinsdalsfossen the region is the hallmark of norwegian romantic nationalism and features roadside sale of traditional handicrafts and fruit align center scope row norwegian county road hav ysund file road in m l yjpg px alt a road runs through a grassland tundra withe ocean in the background russelv hav ysund finnmark norwegian county road running through a deserted arctic wilderness the route has the sea on the one side and barren mountains on the other the area is unpopulated except for the fishing village of hav ysund align center scope row norwegian county road helgeland coast north file saltstraumen quietjpg px alt a cantilever bridge crosses a sound surrounded by green forests and jagged mountains in the backdrop stokkv gen storvika nordland a coastalternative to european route e the route runs north southroughelgeland the sea side is paraded by islands while the land side presents the glacier svartisen and its branch engabreen which falls from the mountains to the coasto the north liesaltstraumen one of the world s most powerful tidal currents align center scope row norwegian county road helgeland coast south align center file helgelandsbruajpg x px alt a cross cable bridge holm norway holm alstahaug nordland a coastalternative to european route e the route runs through a vast archipelago with many islands accessible by ferry the most popular is vega norway vega world heritage site unique mountains include torghatten with a natural hole through it and the de syv stre seven sisters of alstahaug align center scope row j ren file ogna sandstrandjpg px ogna bore norway bore rogaland running along the uninterrupted ocean of the j ren coastline the route offers views of sandy beaches and sandunes norway s largest lowland region is dominated by agriculture and a well kept culturalandscape the coastline featureseveralighthouse align center scope row european route lofoten file reine freinebringenjpg px alt white beach with forest clad rolling hills in the background fiskeb l moskenes nordland the lofoten archipelago combines the open sea current sounds white beaches and steepointed mountains the fishing hamlets not only retain an active industry but also preserve an active cultural heritage such as with rorbu cabins align center scope row norwegian county road rondane file sohlbergplassen jpg px alt a village on several small islands connected with bridges with staggering mountains close by enden folldal hedmark the route has rondane national park and the rondane massif to its east and a culturalandscape to its westhe mountains are dry and well suited for hiking and summitours and include many marked paths and cabins along the route are the mines at folldalign center scope row ryfylke file svartavatnet in sauda rogaland augustjpg px alt a lake surrounded by forest and hills oanesauda horda norway horda rogaland the southern part of ryfylke has fertile landscape and calm skerries which contrasthe rockslides cliffs fjords and mountains in the northe nature isupplemented with smelting plants in saudand the zinc mines in allmannajuvet preikestolen and the view of lysefjord is a short side trip away align center scope row senja file hus ya harbour jpg px alt a small fishing boat docked in a small fishing village gryllefjord botnhamn troms the route follows the west coast of the island of senja passing through several fishing villages it connects to national tourist route and y via ferry which combined offer an alternative to theuropean route e align center scope row sognefjellsvegen file a view from riksveg at sognefjelletjpg px alt a road through a barren landscape with a lake to the right and mountains in the background lom norway lom gaupne oppland sogn og fjordane the mountain pass over sognefjellet reaches above mean sea level making ithe highest mountain pass inorthern europe it is only open in the summer as in may the snow banks on the side of the road can be tall the route has views of meltwater green mountain lakes glaciers and peaks it provides access to jotunheimenational park and jostedalsbreenational park align center scope row norwegian county road valdresflye file valdresflyejpg px alt a mountain plateau garli besstrond oppland valdresflye is a mountain plateau where the road reaches above mean sea level on the plateau the route has views towards jotunheimenational park while further down the road passes through cultivated landscape with mountain pastures align center scope row varanger file weg hamningberg jpg px alt a road running nexto the sea varangerbotn hamningberg finnmark the route follows theast coast of varanger peninsula varanger bordering the barentsea to the southe road runs through sheltered birtch forests and bogs but by the time it reaches vads the landscape has become lunar and jaggeduring winter the coastline is rampaged with storms freezing sea fog and the arctic night in summer the short siberian heat blends withe never ending day the area has rich traditions within trade and is a melting pot of russian finnish norwegiand sami people sami culture align center externalinks official website category roads inorway category national tourist routes inorway category scenic routes 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class unsortable route scope col rowspan county scope col rowspan road scope colspan length scope col rowspan class unsortable description scope col rowspan class unsortable kmi scope row file village island seen px_alt flat green landscape surrounded peaks sea nordland andenes nordland road runs along west_coast northernmost island vester len archipelago fishing located white beaches island features norway largest bird rocks spotted norwegian sea route connects national_tourist route senja ferry align center_scope row atlantic_ocean road file px_alt flat arch bridge k g norway k g atlantic_ocean road built islands eight national_tourist route continues along coast noted ship align center_scope row sogn fjordane county_road file px_alt bare road snow sides across l sogn fjordane sogn fjordane county_road crossing l tunnel world longest road tunnel barren mountain plateau offers views align center_scope row norwegian_county_road gamle file norway gamle jpg_px alt barren valley patches 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running deserted arctic wilderness route sea one_side barren mountains area except fishing village align center_scope row norwegian_county_road coast north file px_alt bridge crosses sound surrounded green forests mountains backdrop gen nordland european_route e route runs north sea side islands land side presents glacier branch falls mountains coasto north one world powerful tidal currents align center_scope row norwegian_county_road coast south align center file x px_alt cross cable bridge norway nordland european_route e route runs vast archipelago many islands accessible ferry popular vega norway vega world_heritage_site unique mountains include natural hole de seven sisters align center_scope row j ren file px bore norway bore rogaland running along ocean j ren coastline route offers views sandy beaches norway largest region dominated agriculture well kept coastline align center_scope row european_route lofoten file px_alt white beach forest clad rolling hills background l 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Arms","description":"file newman arms fitzrovia w jpg thumb the newman arms the newman arms is a public house and restaurant at rathbone street fitzrovia london w t ng the pub dates back to and there was once a brothel there today there is an old fashioned prostitute painted onto a bricked over upstairs window the newman arms appears in twof george orwell s novels nineteen eighty four and keep the aspidistra flying as well as in michael powell s film peeping tom film peeping tom it was the model for the proles pub inineteen eighty four in westminster council told the pub to serve drinks more slowly ensuring each transaction is complete before starting a new one as a condition to retaining their licence westminster councilicence review on duke of york pub is warning shoto licensees the publican s morning advertiser adam pescod october there is an unofficial blue plaque in honour of the former landlord joe jenkins ex proprietor poet bon viveur and old git regularly swore at everybody on 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edward jeannerett engineer structural engineer services engineer civil engineer other designers quantity surveyor main contractor awards designations known foren architect ren firm rengineeren str engineeren serv engineeren civ engineeren oth designers ren qty surveyoren contractoren awards rooms parking url embedded references footnotes the newport arms hotel newport arms official website was a historical hotelocated on the shores of pittwater in it was purchased by hospitality group merivale and renamed the newporthe hotel was first constructed in and istill a popular spot for tourists and visitors to visit on the weekend history charles edward jeannerett an entrepreneur from sydney first established the hotel in as well as the adjacent newport wharf in jeannerett hosted the visits by prince albert and prince george later to become george v of the united kingdom kingeorge v taking them on a tour of the surrounding pittwater and up the hawkesbury river system in thearly s day trippers 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weekends andrink alcohol produced creek new_south_wales creek arms historical souvenir daily online copy newport arms complete newport arms hotel purchased merivale renamed newport merivale launched first phase newport landmark redevelopment march due sheer scale property merivale planned gradual approach redevelopment stages two three seto revealed later see_also list pubs australia list hotels australia externalinks_category pubs sydney_category_hotels established category_establishments australia"},{"title":"Nigel Hankin","description":"birth place bexhill on sea bexhill sussex united kingdom death date death place delhindia education occupation author of hanklyn janklin soldier during british raj one of many delhindia britishigh commission hangers on spouse parents childrenigel bathurst hankin was brought up by his grandmother in bexhill on sea bexhill sussex he wasento burma during late world war ii buthe war ended around the time he reached bombay india now mumbaindia he liked the bustle of the south asia indian subcontinent delhindia in particular and consequently he lived there for the rest of his life one of his early formativexperiences was watching the crowds athe funeral for mohandas karamchand gandhi while he still wore the uniform of the newly defunct british rajust after the formal partition of india hisubsequent eclectic activities india included running a mobile cinema later he worked for the list of high commissioners from the united kingdom to india britishigh commission anduring his tenure there helped newcomers to india interprethe local mores and lingo in he formally compiled his know how into the book hanklyn janklin which became well known to locals and foreigners to the south asia subcontinent alike this cross cultural dictionary is what he is most well known for and many critics compare ito the th century book hobson jobson hankinever married had no children and kept english traitsuch as eating an english breakfasthat included cornflakes 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us net_income us assets us equity us num_employees priceline group intl yes url current_status active alexa num locations language opentable internet online table_reservation restaurant_reservation social_networking service company founded chuck july based san_francisco_california website began limited selection restaurants san_francisco hasincexpanded cover restaurants ustates well several major_international cities reservations made online website june company_announced agreed terms withe priceline group acquired cash deal billion company home market consists united_states however expanded recent_years include australia canada france germany japan mexico united_kingdom reservations free end users company charges restaurants flat monthly fees use system according company provides online reservations restaurants around world seats million diners per opentable founded chuck july may company held initial public offering stock exchange symbol ipo allen company october company acquired 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andy demmony is about george mottershead his dreams of creating a cage free zoo his family and how their lives changed when they embarked on the creation of chester zoo lee ingleby as george mottershead liz white actress liz white as lizzie mottershead anne reid as lucy mottershead peter wight actor peter wight as albert mottershead ralf little as billy atkinson sophia myles as lady katherine longmore stephen campbell moore as reverend aaron webb amelia clarkson as muriel mottershead honor kneafsey as june mottershead our zoo was commissioned by danny cohen television executive danny cohen and ben stephenson for bbc one the series was based on an idea introduced to big talk productions by aenon the production company headed by adam kemp filming took place in liverpool as well as at walton hall cheshire walton hall in warrington and at abney hall in cheadle greater manchester cheadle when bbc said there would be no second series of our zoo many fans were left surprised by the decision december the chester chronicle created an online petition in the hopes of renewing the show for another series and by the next day more than fans had signed it in spite of thesefforts however the bbc reiterated thathey would not be producing a second series episode list class wikitable plainrowheaderstyle background ffffff style background bfe bf style background bfe bf style background bfe bf title style background bfe bf written by style background bfe bf original air date style background bfe bf uk viewers millions aux shortsummary george mottershead lives in the flat above his father albert s grocery shop withis wife lizzie and their daughters muriel and june he suffers from postraumatic stress disorder following his time in the army during world war i but his mother lucy is frustrated that george stillives withem and wants him and his family to move outhe family become concerned for george s mental state when he visits the local dockyard s quarantine office and purchases a squirrel monkey and an eclectus parrot which were abouto beuthanised george promises to sell the animals to a circus but ends up buying an old bactrian camel which the circus ringmaster planned to slaughter the three animals are kept in the family small backyard and while the neighbours are willing to pay to see them the grocery shop gets fewer customers driving through upton by chester on his way to an army reunion george sees the run down oakfield manor which is up for auction inspired by a conversation about wildlife with lady katherine longmore he plans to converthe oakfield estate into a zoo where animals would not behind bars while the family are initially sceptical and lucy is completely againsthe idea georgets a loan from the bank athe auction the mottersheads win oakfield manor for but albert has to sell hishop and the family home for the additional the mottersheads move into the manor and agree to keep their plans a secret from the people of upton for the first few months however the squirrel monkey which june names mortimer breaks out of his cage and wanders into a shop frightening the shopkeeper and arousing suspicion among the community linecolor bfe bf aux shortsummary the mottershead family struggle to adjusto their new life while george continues to develop the zoo whiche names chester zoo and acquires more animals including two goats a pelicand several small birds for an aviary he visits matlock derbyshire where the owner of a pleasure garden offers to sell him two asian black bear s but when george tells the family abouthe offer lizzie muriel and lucy refuse to let him bring them to the manor despite this george still returns to matlock to collecthe bears accompanied by lizzie s brother billy atkinson while he is away lizzie visits chester council and tries to file for planning permission to build the zoo while also making changes to george s plans for the zoo s layout in upton the community starto gossip abouthe mottersheads due to their secretive behaviour and local reverend aaron webb suspects illegal activity when june startschool webb convinces her to tell him about her family and she goes on a tangent abouthe various animals they own including the camel and the bears webb then goes to the chester council and encourages councilman ronald tipping to have the zoo shut down before it is completed linecolor bfe bf aux shortsummary as word spreads abouthe zoo the mottershead family are met witharsh backlash from the people of upton who are strongly opposed to the ideand start a campaign to preventhe zoo from opening however george is undeterred by the criticisms and appears at a town meeting to promote the zoo buthe villagers are unconvinced and the mottersheads gain a bad reputation in the village leading to june being bullied at school despite this george writes a letter to chester council detailing their plans and starts digging a trench to surround the bear enclosure while albert and muriel complete an aviary built around an old gazebo and transfer all the small birds into it local shopkeeper mrs radler visits katherine longmore and tries to convince her to side with upton in the debate but katherine disregards her and continues to show support for the mottersheads at chester council ronald tipping receives george s letter but decides noto read it newspaper journalistim gascoigne visits oakfield manor to interview the mottersheads abouthe zoo but he takes their words out of context and publishes a negative article slandering their venture billy drives into upton with a flock of humboldt penguin s he acquired for the zoo but his van breaks down in the middle of town so he and george lead the penguins toakfield on foothe villagers arentertained by this and follow them and when they arrive albert strikes a water pipe to flood the trench converting it into a pool for the penguins that nighthe mottersheads celebrate the newly gained support and george appoints muriel as deputy zookeeper outside while none notices one of the black bears becomes agitated and frees itselfrom their enclosure linecolor bfe bf aux shortsummary discovering that one of the bears has escaped george heads outo look for it he finds the bear in a nearby forest buthe arrival of billy s van scares it and it scratches george s arm while he and billy successfully gethe bear back toakfield george realises the zoo needs more money to make thenclosures more secure and the next day he requests a loan from the bank but is refused athe bank george meets aristocrat lady goodwin who takes a liking to mortimer the squirrel monkey she visits oakfield to see mortimer again and george suggestshe pay the mottersheads a small amount of money per month to adopthe monkey meanwhile mrs radler and reverend webb organise a petition to gethe zoo closed george s wounded arm becomes infected leaving him bedridden for several days frankie a receptionist from chester council gives the mottersheads a carpet python whichad been abandoned outside the council building lizzie finds outhat katherine longmore has opened an account athe local shop to give the mottersheads financial support which gives george the idea torganise a fundraising benefit katherine agrees for the benefito be hosted in her mansion and lady goodwinviteseveral of her aristocratic friends atheventhe mottersheads display several of their animals and hold an auction of charitable adoptions the python escapes from its basket and goes missing so billy and frankie try to catch it withouthe guests finding outhe benefit is a success withe mottersheads raising in donations while june and albert catch the python howevereverend webb tells george that chester council has refused planning permission for the mottersheads to build the zoo linecolor bfe bf aux shortsummary the mottersheads are left devastated by the news that planning permission for the zoo has been denied to keep up witheir debts george and lizzie sell one of the black bears to belle vue zoological gardens belle vue zoo lucy notices the other bear acting strangely and realises it is pregnant a land agent offers to buy oakfield manor for the same amounthe mottersheads bought it for but george turns him away at chester council frankie takes a copy of the upton petition from ronald tipping s desk and has billy take ito george reading through the reasons listed in the petition george learns that mrs radler manipulated the villagers into making up false reasons for the zoo to be closed he goes to chester council and confronts tipping abouthe corruption and while tipping confidently disregards him frankiexplains thathe mottersheads can legally appeal againsthe council s decision george contacts the ministry of health to request an appeal but is told there is a long waiting list and it could take several months for their appeal to be read katherine reveals that her nephew aldous whittlington smith works closely withealth minister sir arthur addison and she and george travel to london to see sir arthur and tell him aboutheir appeal reverend webb tries to convince lizzie to leave oakfield and offers to move her family into a nearby cottage but she mentions the land agent s offer and explains it would not benough to cover the family s debts when the agent returns with a higher offer lizzie realises webb has been sending him she confronts webb whose late wife s family originally owned oakfield but he defends himself by sayingeorge s ambitions willead the family into poverty in london george and katherine talk to arthur at an operandiscuss their plans for the zoo and their appeal against chester council while arthur is interested he does not guarantee the appeal will be successful when george returns to upton he finds the family gathered around the bear whichas given birth to two cubs the family latereceive a letter from arthur approving a public hearing to decide the zoo s planning application tipping conspires with webb to make george look bad athearing linecolor bfe bf aux shortsummary albert discovers thathe zoo s aviary has been vandalised in the night and all its birds have flown away george and lizzie have a meeting with lawyer neville kelly hoping for him to representhe mottersheads in the upcoming hearing kelly during that meeting if the telephone rang picks up the receiver and puts it back at once to stop the ringing instead of having a secretary to answer the telephone while kelly is busy that does not bode well to george for his chances of later contacting kelly by telephone however kelly s demeanour annoys george so much that he decides to representhe family himself as thearing draws closer george spends many hours researching legal information and becomes more hostile and aggressive towards the rest of the family june invites her school friend barbararound toakfield and they play hide and seek but when george catches barbara in histudy he is outraged and sends her home katherine agrees to be a charactereference for the mottersheads athearing realisingeorge shortemper may work againsthem lizzie goes back to kelly and asks him to be their lawyer and he accepts when george learns of this on the day of thearing he leaves and sits outside while thearing takes place while tipping reverend webb and mrs radler give strong evidence againsthe mottersheads katherine praises the family and kelly exposes the lies in upton s petition frankie tells billy thatipping did not read george s letter abouthe zoo and urges him to tell george muriel convinces george to be present athearing and when he returns billy tells him abouthe unread letter due to theven divide between oppositions health minister joseph keene concludes thathe fate of the appeal will be decided after an inspection of the zoo itself once thearing ends tipping dismisses frankie for her betrayal the next day keene visits oakfield manor and inspects each animal enclosure but despite george s urging he does not make a decision that day barbara finds two lovebird s from the vandalised aviary in her garden and returns them toakfield a few days after the inspection the mottersheads receive a letter from the ministry of health approving for chester zoo to be opened the family continue development ahead of their opening andespite promising in thearing thathe zoo would have no dangerous animals george acquires a lion linecolor bfe bf references externalinks category british television programme debuts category british television programmendings category television serieset in the s category bbc television dramas category s british drama television series category television showset in cheshire category british television miniseries category english language television programming category 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surprised decision december chester chronicle created online petition hopes show another series next_day fans signed spite however bbc thathey_would producing second series episode list class wikitable background ffffff style background_bfe style background_bfe style background_bfe title style background_bfe written style background_bfe original air date style background_bfe uk viewers millions aux shortsummary george mottershead lives flat father albert grocery shop withis wife lizzie daughters muriel june stress disorder following time army world_war mother lucy frustrated george withem wants family move outhe family become concerned george mental state visits local office purchases squirrel monkey abouto george promises sell animals circus ends buying old camel circus planned slaughter three animals kept family small backyard willing pay see grocery shop gets fewer customers driving upton chester way army george sees run oakfield manor auction inspired conversation wildlife lady katherine longmore plans oakfield estate zoo animals would behind bars family initially lucy completely againsthe idea loan bank athe auction mottersheads win oakfield manor albert sell family home additional mottersheads move manor agree keep plans secret people upton first months however squirrel monkey june names breaks cage shop suspicion among community linecolor_bfe aux shortsummary mottershead family struggle new life george continues develop zoo whiche names chester zoo acquires animals including two goats several small birds aviary visits matlock derbyshire owner pleasure garden offers sell two asian black bear george tells family abouthe offer lizzie muriel lucy refuse let bring manor despite george still returns matlock bears accompanied lizzie brother billy away lizzie visits chester council tries file planning permission build zoo also making changes george plans zoo layout upton community starto gossip abouthe mottersheads due secretive behaviour local reverend aaron webb illegal activity june webb tell family goes abouthe various animals including camel bears webb goes chester council encourages councilman ronald tipping zoo shut completed linecolor_bfe aux shortsummary word spreads abouthe zoo mottershead family met backlash people upton strongly opposed start campaign preventhe zoo opening however george appears town meeting promote zoo buthe villagers mottersheads gain bad reputation village leading june school despite george writes letter chester council detailing plans starts trench bear enclosure albert muriel complete aviary built around old transfer small birds local mrs radler visits katherine longmore tries side upton debate katherine continues show support mottersheads chester council ronald tipping receives george letter decides noto read newspaper visits oakfield manor interview mottersheads abouthe zoo takes words context publishes negative article venture billy drives upton flock humboldt penguin acquired zoo van breaks middle town george lead penguins toakfield villagers follow arrive albert water pipe flood trench converting pool penguins nighthe mottersheads celebrate newly gained support george muriel deputy outside none notices one black bears becomes itselfrom enclosure linecolor_bfe aux shortsummary discovering one bears escaped george heads outo look finds bear nearby forest buthe arrival billy van scares george arm billy successfully gethe bear back toakfield george zoo needs money make secure next_day requests loan bank refused athe bank george meets lady goodwin takes squirrel monkey visits oakfield see george pay mottersheads small amount money per month monkey meanwhile mrs radler reverend webb petition gethe zoo closed george wounded arm becomes infected leaving several days frankie chester council gives mottersheads python whichad abandoned outside council building lizzie finds outhat katherine longmore opened account athe local shop give mottersheads financial support gives george idea fundraising benefit katherine agrees benefito hosted mansion lady aristocratic friends mottersheads display several animals hold auction charitable python escapes basket goes missing billy frankie try catch withouthe guests finding outhe benefit success withe mottersheads raising donations june albert catch python webb tells george chester council refused planning permission mottersheads build zoo linecolor_bfe aux shortsummary mottersheads left news planning permission zoo denied keep witheir debts george lizzie sell one black bears belle zoological_gardens belle zoo lucy notices bear acting pregnant land agent offers buy oakfield manor mottersheads bought george turns away chester council frankie takes copy upton petition ronald tipping desk billy take ito george reading reasons listed petition george mrs radler manipulated villagers making false reasons zoo closed goes chester council tipping abouthe corruption tipping thathe mottersheads legally appeal againsthe council decision george contacts ministry health request appeal told long waiting list could take several months appeal read katherine reveals smith works closely minister sir arthur addison george travel london see sir arthur tell aboutheir appeal reverend webb tries lizzie leave oakfield offers move family nearby cottage mentions land agent offer explains would cover family debts agent returns higher offer lizzie webb sending webb whose late wife family originally owned oakfield family poverty london george katherine talk arthur plans zoo appeal chester council arthur interested guarantee appeal successful george returns upton finds family gathered around bear whichas given birth two cubs family letter arthur public hearing decide zoo planning application tipping webb make george look bad athearing linecolor_bfe aux shortsummary albert thathe zoo aviary night birds flown away george lizzie meeting lawyer neville kelly hoping representhe mottersheads upcoming hearing kelly meeting telephone picks puts back stop instead secretary answer telephone kelly busy well george chances later kelly telephone however kelly george much decides representhe family thearing draws closer george spends many hours researching legal information becomes hostile aggressive towards rest family june school friend toakfield play hide seek george catches barbara sends home katherine agrees mottersheads athearing may work lizzie goes back kelly lawyer accepts george day thearing leaves sits outside thearing takes_place tipping reverend webb mrs radler give strong evidence againsthe mottersheads katherine praises family kelly lies upton petition frankie tells billy thatipping read george letter abouthe zoo tell george muriel george present athearing returns billy tells abouthe letter due divide health minister joseph concludes thathe fate appeal decided inspection zoo thearing ends tipping frankie next_day visits oakfield manor inspects animal enclosure despite george urging make decision day barbara finds two 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thumb px right a zoo visitor interacts with a python reticulatus athe reptile park in taman minindonesia indah jakarta indonesia file petting farm in germanyjpg thumb right petting farm in berlin zoological garden a petting zooften called or part of a children s zoo features a combination of list of domesticated animals domesticated animals and some wildlife wild species that are docilenough touch and feed in addition to independent petting zoos also called children s farms or petting farms many general zoo s contain a petting zoo most petting zoos are designed to provide only relatively placid herbivorous domesticated animalsuch asheep goat s rabbit s or pony ponies to feed and interact physically with safely this in contrasto the usual zoo experience where normally wild animals are viewed from behind safenclosure s where no contact is possible a few provide wild speciesuch as pythons or big cat cubs to interact with buthese are rare and usually found outside westernations in the london zoo included the first children s zoo in europe and the philadelphia zoo was the first inorth america topen a special zoo just for children during the s dutch cities began building petting zoos in many neighborhoodso that urban children could interact with animals and food petting zoos feature a variety of domestic animals common animals include sheep guinea pig s goat s rabbit s ponies alpaca s llama s pig s and miniature donkey s and a few exotic animalsuch as kangaroos petting zoos are popular with small children who will often feed the animals in order to ensure the animals healthe food isupplied by the zoo either from vending machine s or a kiosk food often fed to animals includes grass and crackers and also in selected feeding areas hay is a common food such feeding is an exception to the usual rule about do not feed the animals not feeding animals mobile petting zoosome petting zoos are also mobile and will travel to a home for a children s party or event many areas have a qualified mobile petting zoone of the first mobile petting zoos in australia begun in was kindifarm as a result of its popularity many australians use the term kindy farms to describe petting zoos in australia mobile petting zoos are allowed in schools child care centres and even shopping centres for many children a mobile petting zoo is their first opportunity to see and touch animal health effects touching animals can result in the transmission medicine transmission of diseases between animals and humans zoonoseso it is recommended that people should thoroughly wash their hands before and after touching the animals zoonoses associated with petting farms and open zoos beware the fair and petting zoos there have been several outbreaks of e coli etc testsuggest e coli spread through air see also cat caf pet rental category child related organizations category children s entertainment category early childhood education category farms category play activity category zoos category 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little kids children zoo saint louis zoological_park st_louis zoo st_louis missouri us file reptile petting zoo reptile park jpg thumb px right zoo visitor python athe reptile park jakarta indonesia file petting farm thumb right petting farm berlin zoological_garden petting called part children zoo features combination list domesticated animals domesticated animals wildlife wild species touch feed addition independent petting_zoos also_called children farms petting farms many general zoo contain petting zoo petting_zoos designed provide relatively domesticated animalsuch goat rabbit pony feed interact physically safely contrasto usual zoo experience normally wild_animals viewed behind contact possible provide wild speciesuch big cat cubs interact buthese rare usually found outside london_zoo included first children zoo europe philadelphia zoo first inorth_america topen special zoo children dutch cities began building petting_zoos many urban children could interact animals food petting_zoos feature variety domestic animals common animals include sheep guinea pig goat rabbit pig miniature donkey exotic animalsuch petting_zoos popular small children often feed animals order ensure animals healthe food zoo either vending machine kiosk food often fed animals includes grass also selected feeding areas hay common food feeding exception usual rule feed animals feeding animals mobile petting petting_zoos also mobile travel home children party event many_areas qualified mobile petting first mobile petting_zoos australia begun result popularity many australians use term farms describe petting_zoos australia mobile petting_zoos allowed schools child care centres even shopping centres many children mobile petting zoo first opportunity see touch animal health effects touching animals result transmission medicine transmission diseases animals humans recommended people wash hands touching animals associated petting farms open zoos fair petting_zoos several e coli etc e coli 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can view easily the city of rawalpindi and islamabademographics pindi point located on minutes walk fromall road murree all the pedestrian walk is zigzag and covered with tall pine trees tripmondo url wwwtripmondocom access date it has a cafe and playground s for children pindi point chair lift chair lift is installed that go down km on pindi point references category mountain view points category tourist attractions in punjab 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children pindi point chair lift chair lift installed go pindi point references_category mountain_view points category_tourist attractions punjab pakistan"},{"title":"Playboy Bunny","description":"image playboy bunnies jpg thumb right playboy bunnies athe playboy mansion july a playboy bunny is a waitress at a playboy clubunnies athe original playboy clubs that operated between and were selected through auditions received a standardized training and wore a costume called a bunny suit inspired by the tuxedo clothing tuxedo wearing playboy rabbit logo playboy rabbit mascot consisting of a strapless corseteddy garmenteddy bunny ears black pantyhose a collar clothing collar cuff s and a fluffy cottontail morecent playboy clubs have also featured bunnies in some cases with redesigned costumes based on the original bunny suit name according to hughefner the bunny was inspired by bunny s tavern in urbana illinois bunny s tavern was named for its original owner bernard bunny fitzsimmons whopened for business in serving daily food specials for a mere thirty five cents as well as ten cent draft beers bunny s catered to locals and university of illinoistudents alike one of those students in the late s was hughefner hefner formally acknowledged the origin of the playboy bunny in a letter to bunny s tavern which is now framed and on public display in the bar the bunny s tavern usage of the outfit is considered a variant of showgirl costume the costume itself was conceived by playboy s director of promotions victor lownes designed by zelda wynn valdes and subsequently refined by hughefner originally thears were taller and thensemble lacked the trademark bow tie collar and cuffs first unveiled publicly in an early episode of playboy s penthouse it made its formal debut athe opening of the first playboy club in chicagon thevening ofebruary behavior and training the playboy bunnies were waitresses who servedrinks at playboy clubs there were differentypes of bunnies including the door bunny cigarette bunny floor bunny playmate bunny and the jet bunniespecially selected bunnies that were trained as flight attendants they served on the playboy big bunny jeto become a bunny women were first carefully chosen and selected from auditions then they underwenthorough and strictraining before officially becoming a bunny bunnies werequired to be able to identify brands of liquor and know how to garnish cocktail variations most dating or mingling with customers was forbidden customers were also not allowed touch the bunnies andemerits were given if a bunny s appearance was not properly organized a bunny also had to master the required maneuvers to work these included the bunny stance a posture that was required in front of patrons the bunny mustand with legs together back arched and hips tucked under when the bunny is resting or while waiting to be of service she must do the bunny perch she must sit on the back of a chair sofa orailing without sitting too close to a patron the most famous maneuver of all the bunny dip was invented by kelly collins once renowned for being the perfect bunny to do the bunny dip the bunny gracefully leaned backwards while bending athe knees withe left knee lifted and tucked behind the right leg this maneuver allowed the bunny to serve drinks while keeping her low cut costume in place strict regulations werenforced by special workers in the guise of patrons in the s lownes used his country mansion stocks house in hertfordshirengland as a training camp for bunnies the bunnies acted as hostesses at lavish parties thrown in the house bunny costumes the playboy bunny outfit was the first service uniform registered withe united states patent and trademark office us trademark registrationumber the costume was made from rayon satin constructed on a strapless merry widow corseteddy satin bunny ears cotton tails collars with bow ties cuffs with cuff links black sheer to waist pantyhose and matching higheeled shoes completed the outfit a name tag on a satin rosette was pinned over the right hip bone the uniforms were customade for each bunny athe club they worked in whenever the club was open there was a full time seamstress on duty the costumes were stocked in two pieces the front part being pre sewn in different bra cup sizesuch as b or cup the seamstress would match the bunnies figure to the correct fitting front and back pieces then the two pieces were sewn together to fit each person perfectly there was a woman in charge of the bunnies in each club called the bunny mother this was a human resources type ofunction and a management position the bunny mother was in charge of scheduling work shifts hiring firing and training the club manager had only two responsibilities for the bunnies floor service and weigh in beforevery shifthe manager would weigh each bunny bunnies could not gain or lose more than one pound exceptions being made for wateretention playboy enterprises required all employees to turn in their costumes athend of employment and playboy hasome costumes in storage occasionally costumes are offered for sale on the playboy auction site or ebay some of the costumes on ebay may be counterfeit or damaged in some way the only twon public display are in the collections of the smithsoniand the chicago history museum file new york playboy clubunnies aboard uss wainwright dlg c jpg lefthumb new york playboy clubunnies waren smith tiki owens and liz james aboard uss wainwright cg uss wainwright c reception and review the treatment of playboy bunnies was exposed in a piece written by gloria steinem and reprinted in her book outrageous acts and everyday rebellionsteinem gloria outrageous acts and everyday rebellions pg plume books new york city the article featured a photof steinem in bunny uniform andetailed howomen were treated athose clubs the article was published in show magazine as a bunny s tale published in two parts part i and part ii steinem has maintained that she is proud of the work she did publicizing thexploitative working conditions of the bunnies and especially the sexual demands made of them which skirted thedge of the law clive james wrote of the callous fatuity of the selection process and observed thato make it as a bunny a girl need more than just lookshe need idiocy too visions before midnight international icon the costume is popular in japan where it has lost much of its association with playboy and is accordingly referred to simply as the bunny suit or bunny girl outfit is commonly featured in mangand anime notablexamples of characters who have been depicted wearing it include haruhi suzumiya kallen stadtfeld of code geass bulma of dragon ball and the unnamed protagonist of the daicon iii and iv opening animations the suit is also a frequent subject of anime and manga fan art even for characters who were never seen wearing it in official works in brazil there are no playboy clubs but playboy brazil playboy s brazilian division has bunnies who attend its events the official bunnies are currently three and they were also playmates both separately and together in the cover pictorial for the december edition bunnieshould not be confused with playboy playmate s women who appear in the centerfold pictorials of playboy magazine although a few bunnies went on to become playmatesee below return of the bunnies in palms casino resorthe palms hotel casino in las vegas nevada las vegas opened the first new playboy club in over a quarter century located on the nd floor of the fantasy tower italian fashion designeroberto cavalli was chosen to re design the original bunny suit closed inotable bunnies women who became famous and worked as playboy bunnies in their careers include dale bozzio rock singer and musiciandeirdre donahue they may be missing persons buterry andale bozzio have found each other people magazine vol november carol cleveland actress monty python s flying circus julie cobb actressherilyn fenn was only a playboy bunny trainee film and television actress janis hansen manager janis hansen actress who played gloria wife ofelix unger on the odd couple tv series the odd couple her character s past as a bunny is talked about in thepisode titled one for the bunny which originally aired on march debbie harry musiciand actress lauren hutton model and actress lynne moody actress known foroots polly matzinger the originator of the danger model of the immune system patricia quinn magenta in the rocky horror picture show dolly martin playboy model and actress maria richwine actress and first latina bunny kathryn leigh scott actress carol sharkey us marine mother of jon bon jovi gloria steinem became a bunny as part of an undercover journalistic assignment eve stratford susan sullivan actress b j ward actress bj ward who would later become a voice actress kimba wood was only a playboy bunny trainee a federal judge nominated for the post of united states attorney general us attorney general by bill clinton jacklyn zeman actress known for herole on general hospital bunnies who were also playmates helenantonaccio deanna baker lannie balcom kai brendlinger jessica burciaga dianne chandler karen christy sharon clark june cochran marilyn cole candace collins debbiellison ava fabian jennifer jackson model jennifer jackson terri kimball avis kimble shay knuth china lee janet lupo laura lyons connie mason avis miller laura misch dolly read patti reynolds mercy rooney janischmitt dorothy stratten heather van every carol vitale delores wellsee also nyotaimori breastaurant wet shirt contest furthereading scott kathryn leigh the bunnyears los angeles pomegranate press externalinks official playboy bunnies website at playboy ex playboy bunnies website playboy bunnies thearlyearslideshow by life magazine playboy bunnies today slideshow by life magazine category corporate mascots category playboy category uniforms category food services occupations category restaurant staff category 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the amount of hotels in its database the company also created the prontohotel price index phpi which analyzes the hotel market and issues reports based on time period and region in prontohotel was prontohotel in lizza per i world travel awards unica italiana con alitalia travel nostop july retrieved on october nominated for the world travel awards world travel awards retrieved on october in the travel technology category for world s leading hotel comparison website travel technologys leading hotel comparison website retrieved on october along with kayakcom hipmunk hotelscombined momondo and trivago that same year the site s database included hotels languages and currencies prontohotel operates on its own proprietary hotel metasearch engine software the system searches the results from a database of partner travel websites hotel chain websites independent hotel websites and travel website online travel agency otand aggregates the rates into a condensed list of accommodation options 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he saw as laziness in the workers and self interest in the landed class in order to achieve the former he introduced payment by task rather than per diem a scheme which was fraught with problems to prevent landowners gaining from the work the reproductive benefit envisaged by peel was abandoned the board of works took sole charge and became an unwieldy bureaucracy lack of tools the malnutrition of the workers appalling weather in the winter spring of starvation wages which could be as little as threepence halfpenny a day delays in payment official suspicion that local officers were not sufficiently draconian in minimising the numbers employed and the facthathe schemes were not preventing thever increasing distress of the peopleventually led to their abandonment in october denis mckennedy of county cork died by the road on whiche was working he was owed two weeks wages the board of works was found culpable of gross negligence leading to histarvation this was not an isolated casedonnelly 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called kerry pass cut great famine ireland great famine irish poor laws public works project renamed timothy michael healy former governor general irish free state died shortly road improved name healy pass also applied pass previously called remains irish name famine roads famine roads described landscape legacy often well initiatives collins richard famine landscape secrets irish matthew cork atrium p part project initially conceived robert peel conservative governmento improve infrastructure ireland thereby strengthen theconomy athe_time providing paid employment without means following failure potato crop scheme executed initially road improvement schemes funding arrangements ill conceived treasury object schemes funded county level buthere also half grant system inevitably led government lining pockets august ideology administration relief works determined avoid saw workers self interest landed class order achieve former introduced payment task rather per scheme problems prevent gaining work reproductive benefit peel abandoned board works took sole charge became lack tools workers weather winter spring wages could little day delays payment official suspicion local officers sufficiently numbers employed facthathe schemes preventing increasing led october denis county cork died road whiche working two_weeks wages board works found gross leading isolated james great irish potato famine sutton famine roads found way literature anthony trollope narrator castle richmond set county cork found humour sight thirty forty looking men together dirt mud hill armed various tools able find half eyes tone racist whiche continues description coming upon relief works party athe side remote hill perhaps genre target english audience trollope makes useful contribution tour understanding road building schemes action description arrival thenglish engineer workers waiting since seven hours previously instructed sento work fellow still one twenty light fresh england sends men home thathey tools trollope reflecting irony ideology behind scheme tells us men work hill making road buthe great object gained men fed fed charity trollope anthony castle richmond oxford george moore short_story play house waste priest reflects thathe policy government first relief benefit nobody workers isometimes difficulto think project work perfectly useless arches built top hills roads lead nowhere tell difficulto bring even men engage road leads nowhere another story letter rome topic priest thathe building useless roads people moore george field cross colin category beara peninsula category regional roads republic ireland_category roads county cork category_roads county kerry category_tourism county cork category_tourism county kerry category_scenic_routes category_mountain passes ireland"},{"title":"RAGBRAI","description":"dates also works but do not use both begins ends frequency annually venue varies location state of iowa coordinates country united states years active first founder name john karras andonald kaulast prev next participants attendance capacity area budget activity bicycle bicycling leader name patron organized filing people member sponsor the des moines register website footnotes ragbrais an acronym and registered trademark for the register s annual great bicycle ride across iowa which is a non competitive bicycle ride organized by the des moines register and going from westo east across the ustate of iowa that draws recreational riders from across the united states and many foreign countries first held in ragbrais the largest bike touring event in the world riders begin at a community on iowa s western border and ride to a community on theastern border stopping in towns across the state the ride is one week seven days long ending on the last saturday of july each year after beginning on the previousunday thearliest possible starting date is july and the latest is july ragbrai holds annualottery which selects week long riders the lottery is held beginning november of the previous year and until april random computer selection determines the participants a registration form is available on the ragbrai web site and can either bentered online or printed and mailed to the des moines register entrants are notified by email on may as to the lottery results there are also passes on a first come first served basis for day riders these are limited to three person additionally iowa bicycle clubs and charters as well as teams and groups many from out of state receive a number of passes for which members apply through those organizations despite the officialimits unregistered riders have on many dayswelled the actual number of riders to well over the registered number count image davisjpg px thumb ragbrais open to all kinds of people the length of thentire week s route overagbrai s first years from through not including the century loop averaged withe average daily distance between host communities eight host communities are selected each year oneach for the beginning and end points the other six serving as overnight stops from sunday through friday for the bicyclists athe beginning of the ride participants traditionally dip the rear wheels of their bikes in either the missouriver or the big sioux river depending on the starting point of the ride athend the riders dip the front wheels in the mississippi river the th ride ragbrai xliv was held july beginning in glenwood iowa glenwood and staying at shenandoah iowa shenandoah creston iowa creston leon iowa leon centerville iowa centerville ottumwa iowa ottumwand washington iowashington beforending in muscatine iowa muscatine the th ride ragbrai xlv will be on july beginning in orange city iowa orange city with overnight stops in spencer iowa spencer algona iowalgona clear lake iowa clear lake charles city iowa charles city cresco iowa cresco and waukon iowaukon before finishing in lansing iowa lansing in there will be a mile of silence to remember the riders that have been losthroughouthe years this will take place on the first day after leavingranville also the optional rd annual graveloop will be on the way to sutherland overnight stops the ride has passed through all of iowa s counties in its history a total of communities have served as the starting point while have hosted the finish and other communities have been overnight hosts during the week of the ride the ride will feature the th community to be a starting point as well as the th community to be an overnight host during the week an event known as the ragbrai route announcement party is held the last part of january to release the names of the overnightowns the route is fleshed out in the following weeks and is announced in the register and the ragbrai web site in early march even after then changes to the route have sometimes been made first year the great six day bicycle ride ragbrai began in when des moines register feature writers john karras andonald kaul decided to gon a bicycle ride across iowa both men were avid cyclists karras challenged kaul to do the ride and write articles about what hexperienced kaul agreed to do it but only if karras also did the ride karras then agreed to ride as well the newspaper s management approved of the plan don benson a public relations director athe register wassigned to coordinate thevent upon the suggestion of ed heins the managing editor the writers invited the public to accompany them the ride was planned to start on august in sioux city iowa sioux city and end in davenport iowa davenport on augusthe overnight stops were storm lake iowa storm lake fort dodge iowa fort dodge ames iowames des moines iowa des moines and williamsburg iowa williamsburg the register informed readers of thevent as well as the planned route the ride was informally referred to as the great six day bicycle ride some cyclists began the ride in sioux city of them rode thentire route a number of other people rode part of the route attendance was lighthe first year the ride was announced with only six weeks notice and it conflicted withe first week of school and the final weekend of the iowa state fair after the ride was over kaul and karras wrote numerous articles that captured the imaginations of many readers among those who completed the ride was year old clarence pickard of indianola iowa indianola he rode a used step through frame ladieschwinn bicycle company schwinn and wore a long sleeved shirtrousers woolen long underwear and a silver pithelmet he said thathe underwear blocked outhe sun and kept hiskin cool the newspapereceived many calls and letters from people who wanted to gon the ride but were unable to for various reasons because of this public response andemand a second ride wascheduled for august before the iowa state fair second year sagbrai the ride known as the second annual great bicycle ride across iowa or sagbrai was more carefully planned the iowa state patrol was involved for the firstime to control traffic safety and arrangements were made to have health care medical services available foriders for the firstime the route was driven in advance for inspection purposes the start of the ride was in council bluffs iowa council bluffs withe overnight communities of atlantic iowatlantic guthrie center iowa guthrie center camp dodge near des moines iowa des moines marshalltown iowa marshalltown waterloo iowaterloo and monticello iowa monticello and the ride finishing in the riverfront city of dubuque iowa dubuque the ride occurred in the same week as nixon resignation the resignation of president richard m nixon third yearagbraiii after the second year the ride continued to grow in popularity michael gartner then theditor of the register directed john karras to include the name register in the ride title thus the ragbrai name with romanumerals following it was adopted foragbraiiin the ride was ragbrai xl ragbrai v this ride from onawa iowa onawa to lansing iowa lansing was the shortest in ragbrai history at and also has been regarded as theasiest since it had the fewest feet until in vertical hill climbing ragbrai then beginning included a mile century ride toffer a greater challenge ragbraix and soggy monday the first day fromissouri valley iowa missouri valley to mapleton iowa mapleton was on july but had a coldrizzly rain and headwind s then the second to lake city iowa lake city also had rain and headwinds and was even colder with temperature highs barely surpassing the seconday came known to be called soggy monday and is generally regarded as the worst weather day in ragbrai history to commemorate the day the register marketed a embroidered patch bicycle patch ragbrai x beginning withis ride the dates were moved to the last full week in july starting on sunday and ending on saturday this ride was also the last for donald kaul as co host he had been together with john karras on the first rides chuck offenburger writer of the register s iowa boy column joined karras co host in ragbrai xiii this ride from hawarden iowa hawarden to clinton iowa clinton was the longest ragbrai ride in history at ragbrai xiv ragbraincorporated a century loop for the firstime instead of a day s ride of a loop was included on the route for cyclists who wanted to ride the regularoute was less than this ride went from council bluffs to muscatine iowa muscatine and the optionaloop was on the day between perry iowa perry and eldora iowa eldora the loop which continues to this day was renamed the karras loop in honor of john karras ragbrai xxiii on this ride the day from tama iowa tama toledo iowa toledo to sigourney iowa sigourney featured a strong southeadwind lots of heat and humidity and many hills the day would come to be known asaggy thursday ragbrai xxv this ride marked by many hills and considerable heat and humidity achieved a landmark by staying overnight in chariton iowa chariton meaning it passed through lucas county iowa lucas county and that ragbrain its first rides had gone into all of iowa s counties ragbrai xxviii john karras retired as co host after this ride which begin at council bluffs iowa council bluffs and ended at burlington iowa burlington through the rideaths officially occurred of ride participants or volunteers during the week of the ride due to accidents or injuriesuffered on the ride although operating beginning in the first death did not occur until ragbrai xiin many of the deaths were due to myocardial infarction heart attacks that ridersuffered while resting however in sheldon iowa sheldon the first night of the ride there was a weatherelated fatality as michael thomas burke a native of donnellson iowa who was living inew york city died when a storm blew a tree limb down on the tent in whiche wasleeping only a few deaths resulted from injuriesustained while actually riding on bicycles the first was in when year old john boyle of rockwell city iowa rockwell city fell under the wheels of a flatbed trailer on monday july at pm a waterloo man who was rescued from the wapsipinicon river independence subsequently died sixty two year old rich droste had been participating in ragbrai which made an overnight stop independence on thursday droste waswimming in the wapsi when he apparently got caught in the current upstream from the dam on july donald myers from rolla missouri died of injuriesustained in a crash athe bottom of the hill near geode lake dam at geode state park on july stephen briggs of waverly iowa died after his bike clipped the tire of another bike and he was thrown from his bike after briggs death no more fatalities occurred until when on monday july tom teesdale of west branch iowa west branch died of a heart attack between terril iowa terril and graettinger iowa graettinger and on wednesday july george frank brinkerhoff of sioux city iowa sioux city died of natural causes and was foundead in his tenthursday morning a plane carrying a pilot and a young canadian woman who was making a documentary abouthe ride crasheduring the course of the ragbrain this case the pair suffered minor injuries pilot jim hill of manchester iowand amy throop of ottawa canada were following the route on a planeariceville iowa when the plane went down bothill and throop walked away from the accidenthroughouthe ride ultralight aviation ultralights have flown overiders a few feet above the trees to get a good shot of the riders crawford county lawsuit and ban during s ragbrai xxxii kirk ullrich was thrown from his bicycle after contacting a crack in the center of the road andied ullrich s widow betty jo ullrich sued crawford county iowa crawford county and settled for the board of supervisors for crawford county banned ragbrai and other similar events to avoid future liability as of december however crawford county supervisors voted to rescind this ban after the ragbrai organizers took steps to indemnity indemnify third parties in the case of such events in the future sinkhole along xli route on may a large sinkhole at least wide by deep occurred along iowa highway th road in guthrie county iowa guthrie county under the asphalt athentrance of springbrook state park which is near the boat ramp athe base of mockingbird hill the iowa department of natural resources dnr contacted the iowa department of transportation who deemed the sinkhole to be unsafe the iowa dnr immediately evacuated the campers at springbrook in the spring march april and may of according to harry hillaker the state of iowa climatologist iowa had the wettest spring on record the record precipitation both rainfall and snowfall contributed to the formation of the sinkhole on june the ragbrai xli route inspection pre ride assessed the sinkhole for changes to the route through springbrook and up mockingbird hill which is the steepest hill to be on a ragbrai route however no changes to the ragbrai xli route were made food vendors food andrink is made available at a very nominal cost in the campgrounds in churches and restaurants and along the route vendors that are officially sanctioned are identified by a sign reading official ragbrai vendor many offer a discount in price to riders who have a participant wristband perhaps the most famed vendor in ragbrai history was paul bernhard who along the day s route at a ruralocation sold pork chops that were basted in melted butter and grilled on charcoal and corn cobs he began selling chops on ragbrain and retired after the ride leaving the vendorship to hison matt in he sold chops in his hometown of bancroft iowa when the ride passed through there he was called mr pork chop and was known for his cry of pooooork chooooooooooop teams and charters image the dawg poundpng px thumb an example of a ragbrai team bus riders come from all over the world and many ride as clubs or teams there are dozens of organized teams on the ride in and lance armstrong organized a livestrong team of about riders and participated in ragbrai each rideraised or more towards fighting cancer teams create a social and support system that adds a non cycling dimension to ragbrai while some of the teams have a well earned reputation for hard partying and heavy drinking most are serious bicyclists teams often customize old school bus es and vans the team buseserve as transportation to and from the ride and a combination clubhouse and sleeping quarters during the ride these buses typically sport enormous custom stereos roof mounted rail equipped platforms which serve as bicycle racks and a place to relax and interior bathroomseveral carry large gallon plastic barrels full of water which become warm during the day attached to a gravity fed hose these barrels provide teams with a spartan shower athend of the day s ride charters are bicycle clubs and for profit companies that provide weeklong support foriders for a fee charters typically transport riders to and from the ride secure preferred camping areas rent and sometimes pitch tents provide some bicycle repair services and offer additional evening social activities charters are a common option foriders coming from outside iowa file finished ragbrajpeg thumb left a finisher s comment a terrific experience butoo much spandex not enough porta potties x px team gourmet based in chicago is a group which currently does ragbrai and has done the ride more than years this group travels withree chefs who prepare an elaborate meal served at pmembership in the team foragbrai and the cuisine included costs around another charter from chicago is cubs which stands for chicago urban bicycling society which was formed in specially to ride ragbrai other charters and clubs involved with ragbrai xliin include team jorts bicycle illinoishuttleguy brancel charters bubba s pampered pedalers out of staters pork belly ventures riverbend bike club quad cities bicycle club lost found adventures bike world lake country cyclist ankeny ragbrain stylemmetsburg bike clubikes to you bicyclists of iowa city iowa valley bicycle club north iowa touring club melon city bike club cedar valley cyclists the pfalcons overland touring charter padre s cycle inn and ron oman charters the sprint selzer bicycle club is among the longest running clubs in existence having formed at ragbraiii by creating a fictional celebrity named sprint media exposure ragbrai has had nationwide media exposure and otherides based on ragbrai have been started in other areas of the country bil gilbert afteriding in sagbrai wrote an enthusiastic reporthat appeared in sports illustrated harry smith us journalist harry smith of cbs this morning rode part of ragbrai xxv in and aired a report in additionumerous articles abouthe ride have appeared over the years in the wall street journal celebrities and athletes ben davidson former pro football star player mainly withe oakland raiders rode on ragbrai for several years beginning in lance armstrong rode the wednesday and thursday stages in speaking to a large throng of the riders inewton he then did most of the ride before leaving a couple days early to supporteam discovery s alberto contador and his tour de france victory in armstrong also made an appearance on the ames iowa leg of the trip in and he again participated ottumwa iowa ottumwa born actor comedian tom arnold actor tom arnold has ridden a few ragbrais including xxiv in other participants have included three time tour de france champ greg lemond columnist dave barry nascar drivers matt kenseth and jimmie johnson democratic presidential candidate howardeand former secretary of the interior bruce babbitt see also challenge riding list of ragbrai overnight stops externalinks official website photos best of ragbrai athe des moines registeragbrai articles and humor pieces at wadenelsoncom category bicycle tours category iowa culture category cycling in iowa category cycling events in the united states category festivals in iowa category recurring events established in category annual sporting events in 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annual great bicycle_ride_across iowa non competitive bicycle_ride organized des_moines register going westo east across ustate iowa draws recreational riders across united_states many foreign_countries first held ragbrais largest bike touring event world riders begin community iowa western border ride community theastern border stopping towns across state ride one_week seven_days long ending last saturday july year beginning thearliest possible starting date july latest july ragbrai holds week_long riders lottery held beginning november previous year april random computer selection determines participants registration form available ragbrai web_site either online printed des_moines register entrants notified email may lottery results also passes first come first served basis day_riders limited three person additionally iowa bicycle_clubs charters well teams groups many state receive number passes members apply organizations despite riders many actual number riders well registered number count image px_thumb ragbrais open kinds people length thentire week route first_years including century loop averaged withe average daily distance host_communities eight host_communities selected year beginning end points six serving overnight_stops sunday friday bicyclists athe_beginning ride participants traditionally dip rear wheels bikes either big sioux river depending starting_point ride athend riders dip front wheels mississippi_river th ride ragbrai held july beginning glenwood iowa glenwood staying shenandoah iowa shenandoah creston iowa creston leon iowa leon centerville iowa centerville ottumwa iowa washington iowashington muscatine_iowa muscatine th ride ragbrai july beginning orange city_iowa orange city overnight_stops spencer iowa spencer algona iowalgona clear_lake iowa clear_lake charles_city iowa charles_city cresco iowa cresco waukon finishing lansing iowa lansing mile remember riders years take_place first_day also optional annual way overnight_stops ride passed iowa counties history total communities served starting_point hosted finish communities overnight hosts week ride ride feature th community starting_point well th community overnight host week event known ragbrai route announcement party held last part january release names route following weeks announced register ragbrai web_site early march even changes route sometimes made first_year great six day bicycle_ride ragbrai began des_moines register feature writers john karras kaul decided gon bicycle_ride_across iowa men avid cyclists karras challenged kaul ride write articles kaul agreed karras also ride karras agreed ride well newspaper management approved plan benson public_relations director athe register wassigned coordinate thevent upon suggestion ed managing_editor writers invited public accompany ride planned start august sioux_city_iowa_sioux city end davenport iowa davenport augusthe overnight_stops storm_lake_iowa storm_lake fort_dodge iowa_fort dodge ames iowames des_moines iowa des_moines williamsburg iowa williamsburg register informed readers thevent well planned route ride informally referred great six day bicycle_ride cyclists began ride sioux_city rode thentire route number people rode part route attendance first_year ride announced six weeks notice withe_first week school final weekend iowa state fair ride kaul karras wrote numerous articles captured many readers among completed ride year_old clarence indianola iowa indianola rode used step frame bicycle company schwinn wore long long silver said thathe blocked outhe sun kept cool many calls letters people wanted gon ride unable various reasons public response andemand second ride wascheduled august iowa state fair second year ride known second annual great bicycle_ride_across iowa carefully planned iowa state patrol involved firstime control traffic safety arrangements made health_care medical services available foriders firstime route driven advance inspection purposes start ride council_bluffs iowa council_bluffs withe overnight communities atlantic iowatlantic guthrie center_iowa guthrie center camp dodge near des_moines iowa des_moines marshalltown iowa marshalltown waterloo iowaterloo monticello iowa monticello ride finishing city dubuque iowa dubuque ride occurred week nixon resignation resignation president richard nixon third second year ride continued grow popularity michael theditor register directed john karras include name register ride title thus ragbrai name following adopted ride ragbrai ragbrai v ride onawa iowa onawa lansing iowa lansing shortest ragbrai history also regarded since feet vertical hill climbing ragbrai beginning included mile century_ride toffer greater challenge monday first_day valley iowa missouri_valley mapleton iowa mapleton july rain second lake_city iowa_lake_city also rain even temperature barely seconday came known called monday generally regarded worst weather day ragbrai history commemorate day register marketed patch bicycle patch ragbrai x beginning withis ride dates moved last full week july starting sunday ending saturday ride also last donald kaul host together john karras first rides chuck writer register iowa boy column joined karras host ragbrai xiii ride hawarden iowa hawarden clinton iowa clinton longest ragbrai ride history ragbrai xiv century loop firstime instead day_ride loop included route cyclists wanted ride less ride went council_bluffs muscatine_iowa muscatine day perry iowa perry eldora iowa eldora loop continues day renamed karras loop honor john karras ragbrai ride day tama iowa tama toledo iowa toledo sigourney iowa sigourney featured strong lots heat humidity many hills day would come known thursday ragbrai ride marked many hills considerable heat humidity achieved landmark staying overnight chariton iowa chariton meaning passed lucas county iowa lucas county ragbrain first rides gone iowa counties ragbrai john karras retired host ride begin council_bluffs iowa council_bluffs ended burlington iowa burlington officially occurred ride participants volunteers week ride due accidents ride although operating beginning first death occur ragbrai many deaths due heart attacks resting however sheldon iowa sheldon first night ride fatality michael thomas burke native iowa living inew_york_city died storm tree tent whiche deaths resulted actually riding bicycles first_year old john rockwell city_iowa rockwell city fell wheels trailer monday july waterloo man rescued river independence subsequently died sixty two_year old rich participating ragbrai made overnight stop independence thursday apparently got caught current dam july donald missouri died crash athe_bottom hill near lake dam state_park july stephen waverly iowa died bike tire another bike thrown bike death occurred monday july tom west branch iowa west branch died heart attack iowa iowa wednesday july george frank sioux_city_iowa_sioux city died natural causes morning plane carrying pilot young canadian woman making documentary abouthe ride course ragbrain case pair suffered minor injuries pilot jim hill manchester amy ottawa canada following route iowa plane went walked away ride ultralight aviation flown overiders feet trees get good shot riders crawford county lawsuit ban ragbrai kirk thrown bicycle crack center road andied widow betty sued crawford county iowa crawford county settled board supervisors crawford county banned ragbrai similar events avoid future liability december however crawford county supervisors voted ban ragbrai organizers took steps third parties case events future sinkhole along xli route may large sinkhole least wide deep occurred along iowa highway th road guthrie county iowa guthrie county athentrance state_park near boat ramp athe base hill iowa department natural_resources contacted iowa department transportation deemed sinkhole unsafe iowa immediately campers spring march april may according harry state iowa iowa spring record record rainfall contributed formation sinkhole june ragbrai xli route inspection pre ride assessed sinkhole changes route hill hill ragbrai route however changes ragbrai xli route made food_vendors food_andrink made_available nominal cost campgrounds churches restaurants along route vendors officially sanctioned identified sign reading official ragbrai vendor many offer discount price riders participant wristband perhaps famed vendor ragbrai history paul along day_route sold pork chops butter grilled charcoal corn began selling chops ragbrain retired ride leaving hison matt sold chops hometown iowa ride passed called pork chop known cry teams charters image px_thumb example ragbrai team bus riders come world many ride clubs teams dozens organized teams ride lance armstrong organized team riders participated ragbrai towards fighting cancer teams create social support system adds non cycling ragbrai teams well earned reputation hard heavy drinking serious bicyclists teams often old_school bus vans team transportation ride combination sleeping quarters ride buses typically sport enormous custom roof mounted rail equipped platforms serve bicycle place relax interior carry large plastic barrels full water become warm day attached gravity fed barrels provide teams spartan shower athend day_ride charters bicycle_clubs profit companies provide support foriders fee charters typically transport riders ride secure preferred camping areas rent sometimes pitch tents provide bicycle repair services offer additional evening social activities charters common option foriders coming outside iowa file finished thumb left comment experience much enough porta x px team gourmet based chicago group currently ragbrai done ride years group travels withree chefs prepare elaborate meal served team cuisine included costs around another charter chicago cubs stands chicago urban bicycling society formed specially ride ragbrai charters clubs involved ragbrai include team bicycle charters pork ventures bike club quad cities bicycle_club lost found adventures bike world lake country cyclist ragbrain bike bicyclists iowa city_iowa valley bicycle_club north iowa touring_club city bike club cedar valley cyclists overland touring charter padre cycle inn ron oman charters sprint bicycle_club among longest_running clubs existence formed creating fictional celebrity named sprint media exposure ragbrai nationwide media exposure based ragbrai started areas country gilbert wrote enthusiastic appeared sports illustrated harry smith us journalist harry smith cbs morning rode part ragbrai aired report articles abouthe ride appeared years wall_street_journal celebrities ben davidson former pro football star player mainly withe oakland rode ragbrai several_years beginning lance armstrong rode wednesday thursday stages speaking large riders ride leaving couple days early discovery alberto tour_de_france victory armstrong also_made appearance ames iowa leg trip participated ottumwa iowa ottumwa born actor comedian tom arnold actor tom arnold ridden ragbrais including participants included three time tour_de_france greg columnist dave barry nascar drivers matt johnson democratic presidential candidate former secretary interior bruce see_also challenge riding list ragbrai overnight_stops externalinks_official_website photos best ragbrai athe des_moines articles humor pieces category_bicycle_tours category iowa culture_category cycling iowa category_cycling events united_states category festivals iowa category recurring events established category annual sporting_events united_states category_establishments iowa"},{"title":"Rainforest Way","description":"the rainforest way is a circular series of tourist highway tourist drives that extends through south east queensland australiacross the border into the northern rivers region of new south wales it follows roughly the caldera of thextinctweed volcano in the north east corner of nswhose volcanic plug is mount warning the area contains many national parks of which several are classified as world heritage site s the drive features gondwana rainforests major towns travelled through as part of the rainforest way include gold coast queensland gold coast beaudesert queensland beaudesertweed heads new south wales tweed heads byron bay new south wales byron bay lismore new south wales lismore ballina new south wales ballina casino new south wales casino kyogle new south wales kyogle murwillumbah new south wales murwillumbah smaller towns travelled through as part of the rainforest way include ocean shores new south wales ocean shores brunswick heads new south wales brunswick heads mullumbimby new south wales mullumbimby uki new south wales uki bangalow new south wales bangalow bogangar new south wales bogangar nimbinew south wales nimbin suffolk park new south walesuffolk park lennox head new south wales lennox head alstonville new south wales alstonville woodenbong new south wales woodenbong bonalbo new south wales bonalbo urbenville new south wales urbenville burringbah new south wales burringbah see also externalinks official site category scenic routes category roads in queensland category roads inew south 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world_heritage_site drive features major towns travelled part rainforest way include gold_coast queensland gold_coast queensland heads new_south_wales tweed heads byron bay new_south_wales byron bay new_south_wales new_south_wales casino new_south_wales casino new_south_wales new_south_wales smaller towns travelled part rainforest way include ocean shores new_south_wales ocean shores brunswick heads new_south_wales brunswick heads new_south_wales new_south_wales new_south_wales new_south_wales south_wales suffolk park new_south park head new_south_wales head new_south_wales new_south_wales new_south_wales new_south_wales new_south_wales see_also externalinks_official site_category scenic_routes category_roads queensland category_roads inew south_wales"},{"title":"Ralph Henry Carless Davis","description":"ralphenry carless davis october in oxford march in oxford always known publicly as r h c davis was a britishistoriand educator specialising in theuropean middle ages he was a leading exponent of strict documentary analysis and interpretation was keenly interested in architecture and art in history and wasuccessful at communicating to the public and as a teacher proceedings of the british academy volume pp a biographical memoire by g w s barrow ralphenry carless davis life summary born the son of university of oxford history university don henry william carless davis attended the dragon school oxford preparatory school uk preparatory school attended the quaker schooleighton park reading berkshire studied at balliol college oxford before world war iinterveneduring the war as a conscientious objector he joined the friends ambulance unit and served in finland the mediterranean sea mediterranean region and france back to balliol to take a first in modern history and an master of arts massistant history schoolmaster at christ s hospital horsham assistant lecturer at university college london wheresearch became an important part of his work married eleanor megaw in fellow and tutor in modern history at merton college oxford where he produced a number of important works professor of mediaeval history athe university of birmingham uk retirement early life and influences ralph pronounced to rhyme with safe davis was born on october at fyfield road oxford he was the youngest of three sons of henry william carless davis order of the british empire cbe and rosa jennie davis daughter of walter lindup of bampton grange in west oxfordshire his father who was regius professor of modern history oxford and from a fellow of the british academy died in when davis was not yet years old earlier generations of the davis family were involved in the cotswolds cotswold cloth industry at stroud gloucestershire the lindup grandparents came from worthing sussex but in davis younger childhood owned a country house at bampton oxfordshire whiche and his brothers liked to visit davis like his older brothers wento the dragon school and later during world war ii contributed newsletters from egypt and syria to the draconian the school magazine the sudden death of his father placed financial constraints on the family and it may have been this or a suggestion of gerald haynes tortoise a dragon schoolmaster which led mrs davis to choose leighton park for davis secondary education he was there from to and became involved in mediaeval architecture davis asecretary of the small archaeology group and effectively its leader organised bicycle trips round the yorkshire abbeys in the school holidays with about six others davis never joined the quakers but he is thoughto have absorbed his christian convictions and liberal humanitarian ideals at leighton park he later went served as a governor of the school for manyears davis entered balliol college oxford in preceded by bothis brothers as an undergraduate he arranged a one month visito northern italy taking in milan venice ravennand florence also in this period he became interested in mason s mark masons marks and visited many berkshire and oxfordshire churches this led to a paper in the oxfordshire archaeological society s journal for and culminated in the publication of his catalogue of masons marksee list of works below professor vivian hunter galbraith vivian galbraith was an important influence during these years he felt indebted to h w c davisince his undergraduate days and was a close friend of the davis family davis first substantial scholarly work his edition of the kalendar of abbot samson see list of works belowasuggested to him by galbraith davis tutor at balliol was richard southern a newly elected fellowho described him as an absolutely steady and reliable performer denys hay who did some teaching at balliol remembered an industrious but not very exciting student davis won the kington oliphant historical prize withessay on mason s marks mentioned above world war ii years in athe outbreak of world war ii as a conscientious objector davis refused military service he must have known what nazi germany was like because he and friend ken bowen had just come back from a quaker organised hitchiking holiday in the rhine valley involving renovation and landscaping work with a joint british german team of students the society ofriends the quakers is a pacifist churchaving been registered as a co by a tribunal he joined the friends ambulance unit and wasento finland this unit operated on the karelia n front of the winter war and in the norwegian campaign they escaped the nazis via sweden and icelandaviserved in london in the blitz winter of he wasent in march to egypt via the cape of good hope to reinforce the fau detachment in greece buthis had been captured by the nazis before he could join so his unit wasento syria to work athe hadfield spears mobile hospital anglo french entity attached to the free french forces a stay of a month in cairo allowedavis to view the city s mosques with michael rowntree and produce a book on the subject see list of works below as the mobile hospital moved through syriand lebanon and then along the deserto tunisiand eventually to italy and southern france davisited and wrote up in his copious notebooksuch places as baalbek byblos damascus krak des chevaliers beaufort castlebanon beaufort leptis magnand el djem he ran the hospitalaundry by his faunit had reached france and he participated in the liberation of that country he came home for demobilisation withe croix de guerre croix de guerre oddly for a pacifist for his contribution to the free french war effort post war years davis rentered balliol college in and achieved a first class degree in modern history followed in by the mallowed him by hiseniority and war service he started torganise social eventsuch as a tour of blenheim palace conducted by john betjeman from to davis was an assistant history master at christ s hospital horsham as a junior colleague of david roberts perhaps the lowly nature of this post was an expression of prejudice against conscientious objectors anyway during that year he learnthat he was a born teacher even a quintessential schoolmaster in davis accepted the offer from sir j e neale johneale perhaps advised by galbraith of an assistant lectureship at university college london ucl research now became an essential part of his work he found a small flat in pimlico and characteristically bicycled to work here he met and fell in love with eleanor megawho had been an officer in the women s royal naval service wrns and was now since a tutor to women students at ucl she came from northern ireland had a unionism ireland unionist and a home rule r as grandfathers they were married on september and found a house in a quiet part of highgate davis booked cumberland lodge in windsor great park for a weekend just before the start of the academic year so that history freshman freshers and other students and staff could geto know one another thistarted a tradition that istill maintaineduring the ucl years his two sons were born christopher and timothy davis wrote a paper on the buildings of balliol college which was published in the victoria county history of oxfordshire in a paper of his advocating the history of anglo saxon england anglo saxon origin of soke legal soke and sokemen appeared in the transactions of the royal historical society rd series during thearlyears of their marriage davis and his wife were able to holiday in greece taking advantage of the facthat she had an uncle who lived near athens this allowedavis to learn about mediaeval greece at first hand by for example sojourning among the monastery monasteries of mount athos travelling on a mulescorted by the mount athos policeman the merton years in merton college oxford electedavis a fellow and tutor in modern history withe support of vivian galbraith and held that post for years his a history of medieval europe from constantine to saint louisee list of works belowhiche had started while still at ucl came out in it was part of a series designed for use in universities and better equipped schools it wastill in print and has been a very successful textbook ten years later davis king stephen see also below appeared in print in regesta regum anglo normannorum volume came out edited by h a cronne andavis these broughtogether by vivian galbraith a major work of scholarship on king stephen of england stephen s reign thiset of volumes had been conceived by davis father who had also produced withe help r j whitwell and others volume in but it had been subjected to a typical devastating review by j h roundavis variously published a number of points contradicting round s viewsuggesting a loyal son s rejoinder to the scholar who had wounded his father volume ii a collaboration of cronne and charles johnson had come out in volume iv came out lateralph davis was the main editor for volumes iii and iv saw the appearance of a book in gestation since or before on the normans and their mythology myth see list of works below this argued thathe normans were rather good at propaganda of which they were in some respects themselves the victims other papers appeared around this time on authorship of variousources including the anglo saxon chronicle at merton davis was tutor for admissions and introduced the practice of electing a schoolmaster fellow he taught and lectured on a variety of topics his tutoring was accompanied by hospitality athe family home at lathbury road inorth oxford he wasub warden it isaid of him that he was a man of great moral seriousness andid not always bother to hide his contempt for those he thought impelled by self interest cowardice or just mentalaziness barrow page he was never unreservedly an oxford college man however he was a keen bicycle cyclistypical of an oxfordon the birmingham years in davis became professor of mediaeval history athe university of birmingham uk heading the history departmenthere in succession to h a cronne this gave him the opportunity to express his missionary like belief in the study of history as an intellectual discipline he applied a firm but friendly hand to the project of restoring the well being of the department after the troubled interregnum following cronne s illness the usual hospitality was extended by davis and his wifespecially to newly appointed and junior members of staff they continued for manyears their habit of inviting students into their own home davis attached no great importance to formal syllabus es and course of study course structures he was much more interested in the contact between teacher and student and brought in a system ofortnightly undergraduatessays whichas persisted for a long time there were fortnightly tutorial s and weekly seminars all supplemented by lectures postgraduate research wasurprisingly not a high priority althoughencouraged his younger colleagues in research and pursued his own research with vigour andistinction daviset up regular meetings of midlands mediaevalists all medievalist mediaevalists at university of bristol keele university keele university of leicester and university of nottingham universities were invited to annualecture andinner in this general periodavis produced papers on the beginnings of municipaliberties in oxford oxoniensia xxxiii coventry in stephen s reign englishistorical review lxxxvi retirement davis retired in and moved to north oxford he was elected emeritus fellow of merton college he kept active in his retirement despite a repair that had to be made to his aorta in throughis wifeleanor he had come to know much about ireland especially northern ireland she came from the protestant plantation settlement or colony plantation community of ulster originating largely in south western scotland presumably because of this knowledge davis was induced by sir david wills into a project in historical education to be financed by the wills trusto encourage better understanding between the republic of ireland northern ireland presumably between roman catholichurch catholics and protestants in the north davis recruited teacherschool inspectors and academics to serve on a committee to frame a curriculum of irishistory which would be acceptable to schools in both north and southe committee oversaw the writing of the questions in irishistory series of history books the teaching of history trust has continued to work long afterwardsponsored by longman the first volumes of the series are dedicated to ralph davis memory he wastill actively working for peace inorthern ireland when he diedavis also published a work on warhorses in having worked on the project since before his retirement a paper on the mediaeval warhorse had appeared in f m l thompson ed horses in european economic history a preliminary canter another on the same topic was read at a battle conference in from alfred the greato stephen pp a tribute was made to him on his th birthday in the form of a festschrift a compilation of articles edited by henry mayr harting and robert i moore there were contributors and it wasubscribed by friends davis had planned a volume of collected papers from alfred the greato stephen but it remained incomplete on his death and had to be published with some omissions and errors it includes his last word on an academicontroversy over the role of geoffrey de mandeville in king stephen s reign on which a number of papers and counter papers had been written davis was taken seriously ill in early march as he was abouto set offor dorseto fulfil a speaking engagement he was rushed to hospital but did not recover dying on march a funeral service was held on march and a memorial service in the chapel of merton college followed on june at which an address was given by prof rees davies fba he left a wifeleanor and two sons extra curricular activities davis was an active member of the historical association from his early days at ucl hedited history magazine for the association from to and he was its president from to he was a very active president visiting many branches and campaigning for the teaching of history in schools and universities and founding the history athe universities defence group hudg in he and eleanor were guests at a party attended by elizabeth ii of the united kingdom queen elizabeth ii to celebrate the association s th year he was a fellow of the royal historical society from but was never as active for them as he had been for the ha nevertheless he published work in bothe transactions and the campden serieserved on the council and was vice president he was also a fellow of the society of antiquaries of london society of antiquaries from but was never prominent in its administration he was much more active in the british academy being elected in and serving on the council from to and as chairman of section from to during the birmingham years davis became a lecturer for swan hellenic swan s hellenic tours for mr swand the historical association he presided in over a tour of the pilgrim route to santiago de compostela works main works a history of medieval europe from constantine to saint louis rd revised by robert i mooreissued many times king stephen university of california press regesta regum anglo normannorum volume iii joint editor with a cronne regesta regum anglo normannorum volume iv joint editor with a cronne the normans and their mythames hudson an intriguing and thought provoking little book dealing withe identity of the normans and their self mythe medieval warhorse origin development and redevelopment from alfred the greato stephen author and editor a c black of his own essays on late anglo saxon and norman history other works a catalogue of mason s marks as an aid to architectural history published in the journal of the british archaeological association rd series xvii pp the mosques of cairo no isbn the kalendar of abbot samson of bury st edmunds and relatedocuments london royal historical society royal historical society camden third series lxxxiv latin medieval european history a select bibliography london historical associationo isbn page pamphlet historical association s helps for students of history series no thearly middle ages editoroutlege k paul englishistory in pictureseries the investiture contest with eric john audio cassette sussex tapes gesta stephani translated by kr potter with kenneth reginald potter clarendon press thearly history of coventry oxford university press dugdale society occasional papers no the writing of history in the middle agessays presented to richard william southern joint editor clarendon pressays david charles douglas pagestudies in mediaeval history presented to r h c davis recipient bloonsbury press blackwell dictionary of historians joint editor with john cannon historian john cannon william doyle historian william doyle and jack p greene wiley the gesta guillelmi of william of poitiers joint editor clarendon press first hand account of william the conqueror s reign by his chaplain william of poitiers the lists above are complete as regards books although not as regards other media such as papers and pamphletsee also list of historians furthereading h w c davis a memoire j r h weaver and a l poole the life and work of the father of r h c davis externalinks r h c davis collection at western michigan university libraries purchased by wmu libraries from an english bookseller after the death of davis brother godfrey who had owned it previously the collection contains nearly every book professor davis wrote and concentrates on medieval european history it also includes offprints of articles davis wrote for several journals biographical articles his obituary from the proceedings of the british academy and some family correspondence under davis rhc ralphenry carless without see previous page of lc online catalog browse report category births category deaths category british medievalists category fellows of the british academy category fellows of the royal historical society category fellows of merton college oxford category people from oxford category peopleducated athe dragon school category peopleducated at leighton park school category alumni of balliol college oxford category academics of university college london category academics of the university of birmingham category british conscientious objectors category tour guides category christ s hospital staff category people associated withe friends ambulance unit category th century 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region france back balliol take first modern history master arts history schoolmaster christ hospital horsham assistant lecturer university college london became important_part work married eleanor fellow tutor modern history merton college_oxford produced number important works professor mediaeval history athe_university birmingham uk retirement early_life influences ralph pronounced safe davis born october road oxford youngest three sons henry william carless davis order british empire rosa davis daughter walter west oxfordshire father professor modern history oxford fellow british academy died davis yet years_old earlier generations davis family involved cloth industry gloucestershire came sussex davis younger childhood owned country house oxfordshire whiche brothers liked visit davis like older brothers wento dragon school later world_war ii contributed egypt syria school magazine sudden death father placed financial constraints family may suggestion gerald tortoise dragon schoolmaster led mrs davis choose leighton park davis secondary education became involved mediaeval architecture davis small archaeology group effectively leader organised bicycle trips round yorkshire school holidays six others davis never joined quakers thoughto absorbed christian convictions liberal humanitarian ideals leighton park later went served governor school manyears davis entered balliol college_oxford preceded brothers undergraduate arranged one month visito northern_italy taking milan venice florence also period became interested mason mark marks visited many berkshire oxfordshire churches led paper oxfordshire archaeological society journal publication catalogue list works professor vivian hunter galbraith vivian galbraith important influence years felt h w c undergraduate days close friend davis family davis first substantial scholarly work edition abbot samson see list works galbraith davis tutor balliol richard southern newly elected described absolutely steady reliable hay teaching balliol remembered exciting student davis kington oliphant historical prize mason marks mentioned world_war ii years athe outbreak world_war ii conscientious davis refused military service must known nazi germany like friend ken bowen come back quaker organised holiday rhine valley involving renovation landscaping work joint british german team students society ofriends quakers registered joined friends ambulance unit wasento finland unit operated karelia n front winter war norwegian campaign escaped nazis via sweden london blitz winter wasent march egypt via cape good hope reinforce detachment greece buthis captured nazis could join unit wasento syria work athe hadfield mobile hospital anglo french entity attached free french forces stay month cairo view city michael produce book subject see list works mobile hospital moved syriand lebanon along eventually italy southern france wrote places baalbek damascus krak des beaufort beaufort el ran reached france participated liberation country came home withe de de contribution free french war effort post_war years davis balliol college achieved first class degree modern history followed war service started social eventsuch tour palace conducted john betjeman davis assistant history master christ hospital horsham junior david roberts perhaps nature post expression prejudice conscientious year born teacher even schoolmaster davis accepted offer sir j e perhaps advised galbraith assistant university college london ucl research became essential part work found small flat pimlico work met fell love eleanor officer women royal naval service since tutor women students ucl came northern_ireland ireland unionist home rule r married september found house quiet part highgate davis booked cumberland lodge windsor great park weekend start academic year history students staff could geto know one another tradition istill ucl years two sons born christopher timothy davis wrote paper buildings balliol college published victoria county history oxfordshire paper advocating history anglo_saxon england anglo_saxon origin legal appeared transactions royal historical_society series thearlyears marriage davis wife able holiday greece taking advantage facthat uncle lived near athens learn mediaeval greece first hand example among monastery monasteries mount travelling mount policeman merton years merton college_oxford fellow tutor modern history withe support vivian galbraith held post years history medieval_europe constantine saint list works started still ucl came part series designed use universities better equipped schools wastill print successful textbook ten_years later davis king stephen see_also appeared print anglo volume came edited h cronne broughtogether vivian galbraith major work scholarship king stephen england stephen reign volumes conceived davis father also produced withe_help r j others volume subjected typical review j h variously published number points round loyal son scholar wounded father volume ii collaboration cronne charles johnson come volume came davis main editor volumes iii saw appearance book since normans mythology myth see list works argued thathe normans rather good propaganda respects victims papers appeared around time including anglo_saxon chronicle merton davis tutor admissions introduced practice schoolmaster fellow taught variety topics accompanied hospitality athe family home road inorth oxford isaid man great moral andid always hide thought self interest barrow page never oxford college man however keen bicycle birmingham years davis became professor mediaeval history athe_university birmingham uk heading history succession h cronne gave opportunity express missionary like belief study history intellectual discipline applied firm friendly hand project well department following cronne illness usual hospitality extended davis newly appointed junior members staff continued manyears habit inviting students home davis attached great importance formal course study course structures much interested contact teacher student brought system whichas long_time weekly seminars supplemented lectures postgraduate research high priority younger colleagues research pursued research regular meetings midlands university bristol keele university keele university leicester university nottingham universities invited andinner general produced papers beginnings oxford coventry stephen reign review retirement davis retired moved north oxford elected fellow merton college kept active retirement despite repair made throughis come know much ireland especially northern_ireland came protestant plantation settlement colony plantation community ulster originating largely south_western scotland presumably knowledge davis induced sir david project historical education financed encourage better understanding republic ireland northern_ireland presumably roman catholichurch north davis recruited inspectors academics serve committee frame curriculum would acceptable schools north committee oversaw writing questions series history books teaching history trust continued work long longman first volumes series dedicated ralph davis memory wastill actively working peace inorthern_ireland also_published work worked project since retirement paper mediaeval appeared f l thompson ed horses european economic history preliminary another topic read battle conference alfred stephen pp tribute made th birthday form compilation articles edited henry robert moore contributors friends davis planned volume collected papers alfred stephen remained incomplete death published errors includes last word role geoffrey de king stephen reign number papers counter papers written davis taken seriously ill early march abouto set offor speaking engagement hospital recover dying march funeral service held march memorial service chapel merton college followed june address given prof davies left two sons extra activities davis active member historical association early days ucl history magazine association president active president visiting many branches campaigning teaching history schools universities founding history athe universities defence group eleanor guests party attended elizabeth ii united_kingdom queen elizabeth ii celebrate association th year fellow royal historical_society never active nevertheless published work bothe transactions council vice_president also fellow society london society never prominent administration much active british academy elected serving council chairman section birmingham years davis became lecturer swan swan tours historical association tour pilgrim route santiago de works main works history medieval_europe constantine saint louis revised robert many_times king stephen university california_press anglo volume iii joint editor cronne anglo volume joint editor cronne normans hudson thought little book dealing withe identity normans self medieval origin development redevelopment alfred stephen author editor c black essays late anglo_saxon norman history works catalogue mason marks aid architectural history published journal british archaeological association series pp cairo isbn abbot samson bury st london royal historical_society royal historical_society camden third series latin medieval_european history select bibliography london historical isbn page pamphlet historical association helps students history series thearly_middle_ages k paul contest eric john audio sussex translated potter kenneth potter clarendon press thearly history coventry oxford_university_press society occasional papers writing history middle presented richard william southern joint editor clarendon david charles douglas mediaeval history presented r h c davis recipient press blackwell dictionary historians joint editor john_cannon historian john_cannon william doyle historian william doyle jack p greene wiley william joint editor clarendon press first hand account william conqueror reign william lists complete regards books although regards media papers also_list historians furthereading h w c davis j r h weaver l poole life work father r h c davis externalinks r h c davis collection western michigan university libraries purchased libraries english death davis brother godfrey owned previously collection contains nearly every book professor davis wrote concentrates medieval_european history also_includes articles davis wrote several journals biographical articles obituary proceedings british academy family correspondence davis carless without see previous page online catalog report category_births_category deaths_category_british category fellows british academy category fellows royal historical_society category fellows merton college_oxford category_people oxford category_peopleducated athe dragon school category_peopleducated leighton park school category alumni balliol college_oxford category academics university college london_category academics university birmingham 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a listed buildingrade ii listed public house at village way east rayners lane harrow london ha lx it was built in for truman s brewery andesigned by the architects eedle and meyers it was listed buildingrade ii listed in by historic england it has been empty since category pubs in the london borough of harrow category grade ii listed pubs in london category grade ii listed buildings in the london borough of 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broadcaster journalist author nationality pakistani genre travelogues fiction and popular history partner mahe talat abidi children rabab monand babarazali abidi bornovember is a pakistani journalist and hostelevision presenter broadcaster who is best known for his radio documentaries on the grand trunk road in pakistan called sher shah suri marg indiand his travelogue along the banks of indus river his published works include several collections of cultural essays and short stories he has worked withe bbc urdu service and retired in early life and careerazali abidi was born in he moved to karachi pakistan withis family in he graduated from islamia college karachi and worked for years as a little known journalisthen he moved to london and worked for bbc from to profile of razali abidi on dawnewspaper published septemberetrieved april razali abidis a writer of consequence because of his travels he owes almost all his writings to his travels but he does notravel at random inovember he was awarded an honorary doctorate degree by the islamia university of bahawalpur for hiservices in the field of broadcasting journalism and arts honorary doctorate degree awarded to razali abidi by islamia university of bahawalpuretrieved april he was also honored as adjunct professor by the same institute it is to be noted thathe islamia university bahawalpur has recently been declared as the top higher education institute in southern punjaby the higher education commission of pakistan publications abidi long remained associated withe bbc urdu service there seems to have been an understanding between the bbc and south asias each time it was the bbc whichad a project in store for him and each time it was a journey in a different manner jernaili sadak grand trunk road sang e meel publications lahore column the travels of razali abidi dawnewspaper published january retrieved april this book is about his bus travel on the grand trunk road a newspaper columnist describes ithis way the first was bus travel on the grand trunk road commonly known as jurnaili shahrah from peshawar to calcutta now called kolkatafter the journey abidi headed to london and narrated his adventures to his listeners athe bbc urdu service sher darya journey along the banks of river indus also called the lion river sher darya retrieved april sang e meel publications a journey from laddakh to thatta in pakistan all along the banks of river indus also called the lion river sher darya jahaazi bhai sang e meel publications rail kahani sange meel publications a good look athe grand railway network in pakistand india by razali abidi retrieved april razali abidi as a bbc producer traveled from quetta to calcutta by all sorts of trains later he produced a radio documentary named rail kahani a radio documentary with episodes kutub khana his travels in search of rare books and libraries razali abidi s travelogue in search of rare books and libraries bbc blogspotcom published march retrieved april teesaal baad pehla safar aur hamare kutub khaane children stories pehla taara pehli kiran champa mun meri ammi pyari maa zalim bhedia ulta ghoda qazi ji kachaar pehli ginti gungunata qaida bandar ki alif bay chori chupke kamal ke aadmi and nat khat ladka poetry all published by sang e meel publications lahore literary books kutub khana urdu ka haal apni awaz short stories jaan saheb short stories hazrat ali ki taqreerein jaanay pehchaaney malika victoriaur munshi abdul kareem naghama gar all about lyrics and the lyricists pehla safar memoirs of his first indo pak journey in published in june from oxford university press radio ke din personal memoirs published in from sang e meel publications lahore akhbar ki raatain being published from sang e meel publications lahore kitaben apne aaba ki all abouth century urdu books razali abidi s kitabein apne aaba ki launchedawnewspaper published june retrieved april this book was launched in athe arts council of pakistan karachi speaking on how the idea of the book came about mr abidi said in while working for the bbc he presented a proposal to his bosses thathe relatively less known books written by th century indian authors which could be found in the india office library and recordshould be discussed in a programme bbc officials gave him the green signal and he went ahead withe projecteesaal baad first indo pak journey hamare kutub khaanay with additions puraane thug a history of the thugs of the th century in british indiawards and recognition tehzeeb foundation in pakistan awarded him the literature award in razali abidi receives the literature award in dawnewspaper published june retrieved april aetraf e kamal shield appreciation of art by pakistan arts council in aetraf e kamal appreciation of art shield by pakistan arts council retrieved april honorary doctorate degree awarded to razali abidi by islamia university bahawalpur in references category births category living people category muhajir people category pakistani writers category pakistani linguists category urdu non fiction writers category pakistani male short story writers category pakistani radio journalists category travelogues category pakistani emigrants to 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published septemberetrieved april razali writer consequence travels almost writings travels random inovember awarded honorary doctorate degree islamia university field broadcasting journalism arts honorary doctorate degree awarded razali abidi islamia university april also honored professor institute noted_thathe islamia university recently declared top higher_education institute southern higher_education commission pakistan publications abidi long remained associated_withe bbc urdu service seems understanding bbc south time bbc whichad project store time journey different manner grand trunk road sang e meel publications lahore column travels razali abidi published january_retrieved_april book bus travel grand trunk road newspaper columnist describes way first bus travel grand trunk road commonly_known peshawar calcutta called journey abidi headed london narrated adventures athe bbc urdu service sher journey along banks river indus also_called lion river sher retrieved_april sang e 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less known books written th_century indian authors could found india office library discussed programme bbc officials gave green signal went ahead withe_first indo journey kutub additions history th_century british recognition foundation pakistan awarded literature award razali abidi receives literature award published june_retrieved_april e shield appreciation art pakistan arts council e appreciation art shield pakistan arts council retrieved_april honorary doctorate degree awarded razali abidi islamia university references_category births_category_living_people_category people_category pakistani writers_category pakistani category urdu non_fiction writers_category pakistani male short_story writers_category pakistani radio journalists category_travelogues category pakistani england"},{"title":"Red Lion Inn, Southampton","description":"file red lion inn southamptonjpg thumb red lion inn the red lion inn is a listed buildingrade ii listed pubuilt in the late th early th century at high 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responsible_travel_tourism options including accommodation owners holiday providers several membership models holiday_companies ranging full_service commission free listings smaller scale responsible_tourism_businesses according simon calder travel editor athe business_model overturned conventional travel thinking instead travel enterprise tourist agents francis talk directly company hasold million worth holidays launched us company_based brighton east sussex uk november responsible_travel_tourism responsible_travel first online guide responsible international_travel responsible_travel_tourism making better places people live visit one founding principles responsible_travel help create new sector travel_tourism_industry root ethical values world responsible_tourism awards justin francis founded responsible_tourism awards organised responsible_travel hosted world_travel_market part world responsible_tourism day professor harold goodwin international centre foresponsible tourism chair judges awards aim inspire change tourism_industry celebrating organisations destinations individuals working local_cultures communities biodiversity athe forefront responsible_tourism michael_palin said getting know one important hopes peaceful future planet understand better need travel carefully people along way respecting world_travel responsible_tourism awards one important ways understand travel better th awards world responsible_tourism awards reflecthe global reach tourism consulting local suppliers ngos animal responsible_travel published detailed guide elephants tourism including rights company_also changed policy removed elephant performance trips collection whales_andolphins captivity april company launched public petition travel companies stop selling tickets establishments keeping whales_andolphins collectively known cetaceans public entertainment purposes also released poll along_withe born free foundation demonstrating public longer wished see cetaceans captivity orphanage volunteering july responsible_travel temporarily suspended trips involved volunteering around world ethical reasons company concerned well volunteers demand fake orphans children separated families communities result causing long_term psychological emotional developmental problems included ecpat save children friends international people places professor harold goodwin international advocate foresponsible volunteering company published new guidelines partner organisations wishing promote trip involved volunteering vulnerable children weremoved website total carbon responsible_travel became one first companies toffer carbon travel stopped offering carbon claiming people using offset travel founder justin francis told new_york times become magic kind get jail free people significant behavioral changes like flying less enough company launched campaign urging three uk largestravel companies thomas_cook thomson implement responsible_tourism policies enough petition launched showed mass_tourism among ordinary travellers year_later three published first responsible business policies references_externalinks international centre foresponsible tourism world responsible_tourism awards_category_articles_created_via article_wizard_category sustainable_tourism"},{"title":"RevPAR","description":"revpar orevenue per available room is a performance metric in the hotel industry that is calculated by dividing a hotel s total guestroom revenue by the room count and the number of days in the period being measuredmauri a g hotel revenue management principles and practices pearson pp however if the calculation uses total hotel revenue instead of guestroom revenue it equals trevpar total revenue per available room trevpar is another closely related performance metric in the hotel industry since revpar is only a measurement for a point in time say a day or month or year it is most often compared to the same time frame it is often used in comparison to competitors within a custom defined market basic trading area trading area or media market advertising region or a self selected competitive set as defined by the hotel s owner or manager also comparisons are usually best considered between hotels of the same type or with target customers eg full service luxury resort luxury apartment hotel extended stay economy a few syndicatedata companies compile revpar information across markets via voluntary survey and provide compiled blinded information back to the industry the stareport is one such widely used report and is provided by smith travel research other caveatsuccessful revpar numbers differ fromarketo market based on demand other factors best compared across like time periods for example it is proper to comparevpar on a friday only versus other fridays best compared acrossimilar seasonal time periods for example comparing results from the christmas week withe same a year previous is more credible than with a non holiday week revparooms revenue rooms available revpar is rooms revenue per available room total rooms inventory rooms revenue is the revenue generated by room sales rooms available as used in calculating see also goppar trevpareferences category pricing category business terms category supply chain management category revenue category hospitality 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industry one widely_used report provided smith travel research revpar numbers differ market based demand factors best compared across like time_periods example proper friday versus fridays best compared seasonal time_periods example comparing results christmas week withe year previous non holiday week revenue rooms available revpar rooms revenue per available room total rooms inventory rooms revenue revenue generated room sales rooms available used see_also category pricing category business terms category supply chain management_category revenue category_hospitality management"},{"title":"Rex Ziak","description":"rex ziak pronounced zeek is a writer historian tour guide andocumentarian who lives inaselle washington united states known for his lewis and clark expedition lewis and clark studies he is the author of in full view after careful study of thexpedition s journals and of the geography of the columbia river estuary ziak discovered the previously unknown facthat from november to december the lewis and clark expedition stayed in what is now pacificounty along the long beach peninsula this finding took six years for ziak to piece together using the comments in thexpedition s journals to find the locations thexplorerstopped at on their trip a controversy arose between oregon long considered thend of thexpedition and washington s historians over ziak s findings with many historians in washington and elsewhere supporting his discovery and many in oregon opposing it in soon after his announcement ziak andavid nicandri director of the washington state historical society began petitioning to give the newly found ending location a camping spot called station camp nationalandmark status in addition that year united states house of representatives us representative brian baird had an amendment passed that changed the federal designation of the lewis and clark national historic trail as ending not in oregon but in oregon and washington in ziak testified before congress in support of the lewis and clark national and state historical parks the next year he published a fold out map and guide to the route taken by thexpedition lewis and clark down and up the columbia river moffitt house press as a documentariand cinematographer his work under assignment from american broadcasting company abc television received an emmy award emmy in for cinematography in the documentary tall ship high seadventure he was also involved in the filming of the discovery channel documentary marine corpsurvival school where ziak had to film at high altitudes and in low temperatures in the sierra nevada usierra nevadas a local activist and regional historian he haserved as a consultanto the city of long beach washington long beach and as a board member of the pacificounty friends of lewis and clark ziak has also runsuccessfully for local political office in full view a true and accurate account of lewis and clark s arrival athe pacific oceand their search for a winter camp along 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ziak congress support lewis clark national state historical parks next year published fold map guide route taken thexpedition lewis clark columbia_river house press work assignment american broadcasting company abc television received award cinematography documentary tall ship high also involved filming discovery channel documentary marine school ziak film high_altitudes low temperatures sierra_nevada usierra local activist regional historian haserved city long_beach washington long_beach board member friends lewis clark ziak also local political office full view true accurate account lewis clark arrival athe pacific search winter camp along lower columbia_river house press externalinks birth missing living_people_category living_people_category people washington category_american historians category historians united_states category_tour guides"},{"title":"Rhodell Brewery","description":"seasonal beers other beers rhodell brewery is a beer manufacturer and brewpubased in peoria illinois united states which opened in the brewery has a frequently changing variety of beers on tap often featuring scottish belgiand american styles in addition to serving the beers in the brewpub rhodell s is the only brewery in illinois toffer brew on premises in which customers brew their own beer under supervision of the brewmaster cask ale is also served from a traditional englishand pump the company was founded by mark johnstone a graduate of the university of stirling references university of stirling minds autumn issue page class notes externalinks company web site category drinking establishments in illinois category beer brewing companies based in illinois category companies based in peoria 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graduate university stirling references university stirling minds autumn issue page class notes_externalinks company web_site_category drinking_establishments illinois category beer brewing companies_based illinois category_companies_based illinois"},{"title":"Ric Stoneback","description":"ric stoneback is an american actor of stage screen and television he is perhaps best known for having played us founding father samuel chase of maryland in the revival of the broadway classic on the beginnings of the united states declaration of independence musical and then in reprising the role for an encore run at new york city center city center in the wake of the huge success of the musical on yet another alexander hamilton founding father hamilton musical hamilton review a musical portrait of squabbling politicians the new york times march retrieved february stoneback was born and raised in the lehigh valley area of pennsylvaniand graduated from emmaus high school he then went on to graduate from ithaca college followingraduation from ithaca college he did an internship athe allentown stage company later while appearing asamuel chase in the los angeles production of musical director scott ellis brought stoneback easto continue in the role in the broadway production links ric stoneback with original career choicebackstage the morning call january retrieved february stoneback alsoriginated the role of gideon temple in the broadway production of the adventures of tom sawyer musical the adventures of tom sawyeric stoneback playbill retrieved february in film stoneback appeared in the thriller wild cactus as the bartenderick stoneback tv guide retrieved february stoneback sings on the swan princessoundtrack soundtrack of the animated musical fantasy film the swan princess on the track practice practice practice amazon retrieved february practice practice at sonichits retrieved february on television stoneback has appeared on married with children spin city and the david letterman show late night with david letterman ricstonebackcom retrieved february practice practice at sonichits retrieved february stobeback is also a licensed new york city tour guide sightseeinguides nycgov retrieved february externalinks rick stoneback at imdb categoryear of birth missing living people category living people category people from the lehigh valley category tour guides category emmaus high school alumni category ithaca college alumni category american male television actors category american male stage actors category american male film 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canyon road registration for thevent is through a lottery system the national park service hasked thathe club limithe number of riders to volunteering for thevent is one way to secure a place in the subsequent year s ramrod this event has become so popular andifficultobtain a tickets for that many of the local charity organizations auction off tickets for several times face value thevent route starts and ends in enumclawa usually at enumclaw high school externalinks category cycling events in the united states category bicycle tours category cycling in washington 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mystery land adventure challenge island of legends festival plaza surrounding facilities romon universal paradise hotel hilton garden inningbo romon this hotel is the brand s first project iningbo and functions as a hotel for the romon fairyland theme park special attention was given to make both family and business travelers feel at home the dramatic spiral staircase on the ground floor creates the graceful spine of the camphor tree inspired main entrance shopping centeromon mall multimedia shows file romon u park zhenghejpg thumb zheng he is coming multimedia show in romon u park ningbo china the most fascinating attraction of the park are multimedia shows the source of light show is abouthe adventures of two romon panda bears romon and romie the bears discover a magic ball inside the romon park pyramid this magic ball is the source of allights and takes the pandas on a journey through strange worlds the different worlds arexperienced by the audience through the combination of the 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civilizations zheng visited athe power strength fleet arrived shows include video mapping laser laser graphic effects digital water screen fire lights music sound technically based x video onto x meters pyramid meters wide pyramid stage screen back wall x high_end video servers x full colour laser moving lights x flame meters digital water screen controlled multimedia shows became core attraction romon park emotion media factory responsible aspects project planning rough sketch idea design installation way full show_production well operation maintenance music created composer music motion pictures tv news url accessdate october zheng coming multimedia show emotion media factory becomes finalist brass rings awards iaapa thequivalent amusement_park industry award given budget million see_also fountain musical fountain chiang mai night safari kangwon land cruises externalinks_official_website romon park multimedia shows emotion media factory web_site_category amusement_parks china_category buildings structures category_amusement_parks"},{"title":"Rosalind Chao","description":"birth place los angeles death date death placeducation bachelor of journalism almater marywood school university of southern california pomona college occupation actress years active present employer organization known for spouse simon templeman partner children parents awards website footnotes rosalind chia ling chao nanking unscripted url format aol video medium publisher moviefone locationew york city united states accessdate born is an american actress chao s best known roles have been as a star of cbs aftermash portraying south korean refugee soon lee klinger for both seasons and the recurring character keiko brien with twenty seven appearances on the syndicated science fiction seriestar trek the next generation and star trek deep space ninearly life chao was born in los angeles as a second generation chinese american her parents ran a successful chinese american pancake restaurant chao s across the street from disneyland employed her there from an early age after moving from garden grove california garden grove to villa park california chao was enrolled at marywood an all girl school where she was the only non white people white student she graduated from pomona college in pomona college alumni directory personalife for some time chao worked at disneyland as an international tour guide it was there she met simon templeman the couple would eventually wed and have theireception athe disneyland hotel california disneyland hotel they have two children chao s parents were instrumental in her decision to pursue acting she began athe age ofive in a california based peking opera traveling company athe instigation of her parents who were already heavily involved anduring the summers they sent her to taiwan to further develop her acting she later performed in television advertisementelevision commercials and guest appearance guestarred on tv series in her adolescence teenage years her first acting role was in the cbsitcom here s lucy but she was first noticed performing in another cbsitcom short lived annand the king tv series annand the king as theponymous king s yul brynner eldest daughter dropping out of acting chao enrolled in the communications department athe university of southern california where shearned her degree in journalism however after spending a year as a radio newswriting internship intern athe cbs owned hollywood radio station knx am knx she soon returned to acting re commitment remembering chao from annand the king television producer burt metcalfe provided her big break withe role of soon lee a south korean refugee in the final episodes of the tv series m a s h tv series m a s h soon lee war bride married longtime starring character maxwell klinger jamie farr in the series finale goodbye farewell and amen the list of most watched television broadcasts top network primetime telecasts of all time most watched television episode of all time chao continued playing the character in the m a s h sequel s aftermasher first role billed at co starring status post m a s h chao regularly portrayed the japanesexo botanist keiko brien e ishikawa on both star trek the next generation and star trek deep space nine with eight appearances in the former and in the latter before ds end in a preliminary casting memo for the next generation from was published revealing that chao was originally considered for the part of enterprisecurity chief tasha yar television class wikitable colspan television year series role notes rowspan here s lucy linda chang wong episode lucy the laundress annand the king tv series annand the king princesserena episode serena rowspan the hardy boys nancy drew mysteries the hardy boys lily episode the mystery of the jade kwan yin kojak grace chen episode the summer of the incredible hulk tv series the incredible hulk receptionist episode married rowspan the amazing spider man tv series the amazing spider man emily chan episode the chinese web part mysterious island of beautiful women flower television film emergency the convention kathy television film rowspan diff rent strokes ming li episode almost american one day at a time gloria episode julie shows upart diff rent strokes miss chung recurring rolepisodes moonlight daphne wu television film a s h tv series m a s h soon lee recurring rolepisodes aftermash soon lee klinger main cast episodes rowspan falcon crest li ying recurring rolepisodes the a team alice heath episode point of no return american playhouse ku ling episode paper angels miami vice mai ying episode heart of night rosalind chaovreview msn movies msn movies msn retrieved star trek the next generation list of recurring star trek deep space nine characters keiko brien recurring rolepisodestar trek deep space nine list of recurring star trek deep space nine characters keiko brien recurring rolepisodes murder she wrote phoebe campbell episode nailed er tv series er dr chao episode humpty dumpty rowspan citizen baines dr judith lin rosalind chao filmography fandangocom fandango retrieved recurring rolepisodes the west wing jane gentry episode the fall s gonna kill you the oc dr kim recurring rolepisodes monk tv series monk arleen cassidy episode mr monk goes back to school tell me you love me cynthia recurring rolepisodes grey s anatomy kathleen patterson episode all by myself private practice tv series private practice lillie jordan episode slip slidin away csi crime scene investigation csi michelle huntley episode long ballaw order criminal intent mrs zhuang episode cadaverowspan don trusthe b in apartment pastor jin recurring rolepisodes bones tv series bones mandy oh episode the suit on the set rowspan intelligence us tv series intelligence sheng li wang episode pilot forever us tv series forever frenchman episode the frustrating thing about psychopaths castle tv series castle mimi tan episode hong kong hustle hawaii five tv series hawaii five governor keiko mahoepisode makaukau oe pani the oa patricia knowler episode champion film class wikitable year film role the ultimate imposter the big brawl mae rowspan eye for an eye film an eye for an eye linda chen the harlem globetrotters on gilligan s island hotel clerk twirl kim king the terry fox story rika slam dance film slam dance mrs bell white ghosthi hau rowspan denial thousand pieces of gold film thousand pieces of gold lalu nathoy polly bemis megaville rowspan intruders memoirs of an invisible man filmemoirs of an invisible man cathy ditolla the joy luck club film the joy luck club rose rowspan web of deception love affair film love affair lee north film north chinese mom to love honor andeceive thend of violence claire what dreams may come leona enemies of laughter carla rowspan three blind mice i am sam lily freaky friday film freaky friday pei lily life of the party film life of the party mei lin just like heaven film just like heaven 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children chao parents instrumental decision pursue acting began athe_age ofive california based opera traveling company athe parents already heavily involved anduring summers sent taiwan develop acting later performed television commercials guest appearance tv_series teenage years first acting role lucy first noticed performing another short_lived annand king tv_series annand king king daughter acting chao enrolled communications department athe_university southern_california degree journalism however spending year radio internship athe cbs owned hollywood radio station soon returned acting commitment remembering chao annand king television producer burt provided big break withe role soon lee south_korean final episodes tv_series h tv_series h soon lee war bride married longtime starring character maxwell jamie series finale list watched television broadcasts top network time watched television episode time chao continued playing character h first role billed starring status post h chao regularly portrayed keiko brien e star_trek next_generation star_trek deep space nine eight appearances former latter end preliminary next_generation published revealing chao originally considered part chief television class wikitable_colspan television year series role notes rowspan lucy linda chang wong episode lucy annand king tv_series annand king episode serena rowspan hardy boys nancy drew hardy boys lily episode mystery grace chen episode summer incredible_hulk tv_series incredible_hulk episode married rowspan amazing spider_man tv_series amazing spider_man emily chan episode chinese web part mysterious island beautiful women flower television film emergency convention kathy television film rowspan rent ming episode almost american one_day time gloria episode julie shows rent miss chung recurring rolepisodes television film h tv_series h soon lee recurring rolepisodes soon lee main cast episodes rowspan falcon crest recurring rolepisodes team alice heath episode point 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polish life saving association he is an electrical engineer by education but is considered to be a leading expert on the history and tourism in szczecin and the region of western pomerania he is the brother of zdzislaw kotland the father of pavel kotla is a graduate of the faculty of electrical engineering at szczecin university of technology post graduatengineering courses at poznan university of technology and gdansk university of technology as well as museum and antique preservation studies at wroclaw university of technology he also studied athe french institute of management studies cole centrale pariszczecin university he was the president of the west pomeranian division and a member of the general council of pttk polish tourist sightseeing society pttk a member of the managing board of the west pomeranian chamber of tourism the president of the statexamination commission for the tourist guides of west pomeranian voivodeship a member of the statexamination commission for the tour 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valley kenya is and a typicalarge game reserve is tsavo east national park tsavo east also in kenya which encompassesafari parks often have other associated tourist attractions golf courses carnival rides cafes restaurants ridable miniature railways and gift shops file giraffes at west midlandsafari parkjpg thumb right giraffe s being fed by visitors in the west midland safari park england the predecessor of safari parks is africa usa park in florida life vol no august pp the first lion drive through opened in tama zoo tama zoological park in tokyo in double glazed buses visitors made a tour through a one hectarenclosure with twelve african lions the first drive through safari park outside of africa opened in at longleat safari park longleat in wiltshirengland the lions and loins of longleathe sunday times retrieved february longleat windsor woburn and arguably the whole concept of safari parks were the brainchild of jimmy chipperfield former co director of chipperfield s circus although a similar concept is explored as a plot device in angus wilson s the old men athe zoo which was published five years before chipperfield set up longleat s marquess of bath agreed to chipperfield s proposition to fence off of his vast wiltshirestate to house lions knowsley thearl of derby s estate outside liverpool and the duke of bedford s woburn estate in bedfordshire both established their own safari parks with chiperfield s partnership another circus family the smart brothers joined the safari park business by opening a park at windsor berkshire windsor for visitors from london the former windsor safari park was in berkshirengland but closed in and hasince been made into a legoland windsor legoland there is also chipperfield scotland safari park established on baronet sir john muir s estate at blair drummond near stirling and the american run west midland safari and leisure park near birmingham one park along with jimmy chipperfield at lambton castle in the north east england has closed between and lion country safarinc opened animal parks onear each of the following american cities west palm beach florida los angeles california grand prairie texas atlanta georgia cincinnati ohio and richmond virginia the first park in south florida is the only lion country safari still in operation burgers zoo at arnhem netherlands opened a safari park in within a traditional zoo in burgersafari modified this to a walking safari with a board walk another safari park in the netherlands isafaripark beekse bergen most safari parks werestablished in a short period of ten years between and europe belgium aywaille monde sauvage great britain longleat safari park longleat windsor safari park windsor woburn safari park woburn knowsley safari parknowsley lambton tyne and wear lambton lion park bewdley west midland safari park france ch teau of thoiry r serve africaine peaugresafari de peaugresigean r serve africaine de sigean saint vrain parc du safari de saint vrain obterre haute touche zoological park owned by the mus um national d histoire naturelle port saint p re planete sauvage safari park plan te sauvage netherlands hilvarenbeek safaripark beekse bergen germany gelsenkirchen l wenpark t ddern l wen safari stuckenbrock hollywood und safaripark hodenhagen serengeti park italy bussolengo parco natura viva fasano zoosafari fasano zoosafari pombia safari park safari park murazzano parco safari delle langhe ravenna safari ravenna denmark givskud l veparken knuthenborg safari park scotland blair drummond safari park blair drummond sweden kolm rden safari parkolm rden safari park sm landet markaryds lg bison safari austria g nserndorf g nserndorf safari park safaripark spain cab rceno cabarceno natural park parque de la naturaleza portugal badoca safari park pt badoca safari park badoca safari park russia kudykina gora ru americas united states florida loxahatchee lion country safari california escondido san diego zoo safari park formerly san diego wild animal park louisiana epps high delta safari park maryland largo the largo wildlife preserve now the site of six flags america nebraskashland lee g simmons conservation park and wildlife safari new jersey jackson great adventure now the site of six flags great adventure wild safari new jersey west milford warner brothers jungle habitatexas grand prairie lion country safari santonio texasantonio natural bridge wildlife ranch glen rose fossil rim wildlife center fossil rim wildlife ranch oregon winston wildlife safari ohio port clinton african safari wildlife park mason lion country safari at kings island virginia doswellion country safari at kings dominionatural bridge virginia safari park georgia pine mountain wild animal safari canada ontario flamborough african lion safari quebec hemmingford parc safari africain quebec montebello parc omega mexico pueblafricam safari morelos zoofari guatemala escuintlauto safari chapin chile rancagua safari park rancaguasia bangladesh cox s 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received ron ross founders award san_francisco history association recognition contribution preservation san_francisco history city_guides collaborated san_francisco beautiful wilderness press celebrate th_anniversary book written city_guide walks san_francisco city_guides celebrated th_anniversary event held_athe main library city_guides th year walkers attended tours san_francisco city partnership withe san_francisco museum historical_society provide historical cultural architectural walks city_guide volunteers form diverse group united passion sharing san_francisco others volunteers come bay_areand teachers retired professionals lawyers historians real_estate agents journalists even professional tour_guides references_externalinks category_organizations_based san_francisco category_establishments california_category_tour guides"},{"title":"Sandford Park Alehouse","description":"sandford park alehouse is a pub at high street cheltenham gloucestershirengland it was camra s national 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in flavor due to beer s proximity to the smoking operation a schnapps made from rauchbier is also available in shlenkerla s pub restauranthe pub the schlenkerla tavern features a gothic architecture gothiceiling known as the dominikanerklause schlenkerla roughly translates as dangling schlenkern is a german verb meaning to swing or to dangle the la suffix is typical of the franconia n dialecthe name reportedly comes from a brewer with a hobblingait whose image can be seen on the aecht schlenkerla rauchbier bottle see also list of smoked foods externalinks brauereiausschank schlenkerla official website of the schlenkerla historical brewery and tavern bamberger bierde information about bamberg s brewing tradition photo sphere of brewpub category buildings and structures in bamberg category beer and breweries in bavaria category drinking establishments in germany category german beer 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also a well known bike meet every wednesday with bikers from up to km away visiting tony blair once visited the scotch piper in during his firsterm as prime minister in march it was announced thathe current landlord would be vacating the scotch piper athend of the monthis ended a period stretching back since in which the pub has been run by the same family a new landlord was to move in immediately athe beginning of april there was a further change of licensee inovember the admiral taverns pub suffered severe fire damage to its thatched roof on tuesday th december fortunately the main structure of the roof and fabric of the building were saved and the pub currently remains closed forepairsee also listed buildings in lydiatexternalinks a short history of the oldest inn in lancashire wwwcamraorguk blueyondercouk the scotch piper inn category buildings and structures in sefton category pubs in merseyside category grade ii listed buildings in merseyside category grade ii listed pubs in 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fabric building saved pub currently remains closed also_listed buildings short history oldest inn lancashire scotch piper inn category_buildings structures sefton category_pubs merseyside category_grade_ii_listed_buildings merseyside category_grade_ii_listed pubs england_category thatched buildings"},{"title":"Sean's Bar","description":"image sean s barjpg righthumb sean s bar athlone sean s bar is a pub in athlone republic of ireland it claims to be the oldest pub in irelandating back to ad in guinness world records listed sean s bar as the oldest pub in europe sean s bar is located at main street athlone on the west bank of the river shannon and was originally known as luain s inn it is often colloquially referred to simply asean s history image sean s bar musicjpg righthumb music session at sean s bar athlone the name of the town athlone derives from the irish atha luain meaning the ford of luain was an innkeeper who guided people across the treacherous waters of the ancient ford later a settlement was established around the crossing point and king turlough o connor builthe first wooden castle here in according to frommer s travel guide the bar holds records of every owner since its inception including when boy george owned it briefly in during renovations in the wall s of the bar were found to be made of wattle andaub wattle and wicker dating back to the tenth century old coins which were apparently minted by various landlords for barter witheir customers were also found andated to this period the walls and the coins are on display in the national museum one section remains on display in the pub see also athlone history of athlone list of oldest companies furthereading business insider irishcentral irish mirror the irish times newstalk irish mirror externalinks official website photos and mp s from sean s bar s traditional irish sessions category buildings and structures in athlone category pubs in the republic of ireland category establishments in europe 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holds records every owner since inception including boy george owned briefly renovations wall bar found made dating_back tenth century old coins apparently various landlords barter witheir customers also_found period walls coins display national_museum one section remains display pub see_also athlone history athlone list oldest companies furthereading business insider irish mirror irish times irish mirror externalinks_official_website photos sean bar traditional irish sessions category_buildings structures athlone category_pubs republic ireland_category_establishments europe_category th_century establishments ireland"},{"title":"Seattle to Portland Bicycle Classic","description":"the seattle to portland or stp is annual one or two day supported bicycle ride from seattle washington ustate washington to portland oregon portland oregon in the united states the stp is considered one of the biggest recreational bicycle rides in the country drawing riders from across the nation and from other nations and has been operating since the ride is organized by the cascade bicycle club it is approximately in length most riders complete the distance in two days however about complete the ride in one day the ride takes place on the second or third weekend in july mostly on country roads avoiding the direct freeway us interstate route between the cities the cascade bicycle club describes the route as pretty flat withe big hill coming athe mile mark it s a mile long with about a percent grade slope grade the majority of the ride is on beautiful rolling rural roads in approximately of the were considered uphill with a combined ascent of approximately the official midpoint is in centralia washington the campus of centralia college amenities include overnight accommodationshowers first aid chiropractic and massage bicycle repair and storage food andrink vendors pancake feed and breakfasto go live music and a beer garden the ride isupported meaning that food is provided at stops approximately every along the route in volunteers handed out more than bananas tons of watermelon bagels and sandwiches there isomechanical supporthe cascade bicycle club also arranges transportation foriders to seattle the day before as well as a return trip to seattle after the ride the firstp took place in and was a race the ride has taken placeveryear sincexcept in when it was canceled because of theruption of mount st helens eruption of mount st helens an alternative ride from seattle to vancouver british columbia was arranged that year this new ride became the annual ride from seattle to vancouver bc and party rsvp the following year cascade bicycle club changed thevent from a race to recreational ride jerry baker from seattle was the winner of the firstp race baker and paul wantzelius fromaple valley washington were the only riders who attended every consecutive stp until their deaths wantzelius in and baker in despite being a cycling event people have taken part on unicycle s inline skates and two skateboarders have done it using a technique known as long distance skateboard pumping participation reached a peak in when the limit of riders took part in recent years the cascade bicycle club has imposed a limit on the number of participants the limit was in thevent sold out slots on april the nd annual group health seattle to portland bicycle classic was held on july and july and sold outhe spots in advance see also cycling in portland oregon references externalinks group health seattle to portland presented by alaskairlines official site category bicycle tours category cycling in washington state category cycling in oregon category cycling events in the united 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describes route pretty flat withe big hill coming athe mile mark mile long percent grade slope grade majority ride beautiful rolling rural roads approximately considered uphill combined ascent approximately official washington campus college amenities include overnight first_aid massage bicycle repair storage food_andrink vendors pancake feed go live_music beer_garden ride isupported meaning food provided stops approximately every along route volunteers handed bananas tons sandwiches supporthe cascade bicycle_club also transportation foriders seattle day well return trip seattle ride took_place race ride taken canceled mount st helens eruption mount st helens alternative ride seattle vancouver_british columbia arranged year new_ride became annual ride seattle vancouver party following_year cascade bicycle_club changed thevent race recreational ride jerry baker seattle winner race baker paul valley washington riders attended every consecutive stp deaths baker despite cycling event people taken part two done using technique known long_distance participation reached peak limit riders took part recent_years cascade bicycle_club imposed limit number participants limit thevent sold april annual group health seattle portland bicycle classic held july july sold outhe spots advance see_also cycling portland_oregon references_externalinks group health seattle portland presented official_site_category bicycle_tours category_cycling washington_state category_cycling oregon category_cycling events united_states"},{"title":"Sedat Bornoval\u0131","description":"birth place istanbul death date death place nationality turkish other names known for occupation sedat bornoval born may in istanbul is an art historian phd interpreter and professional tourist guide in italian language italian english languagenglish and turkish language turkish as an art historian dr bornovali has contributed to several publications and projects as a tour guide and interpreter he haserved several religious leaders including pope benedict xvi pope benedict xvi with dr sedat bornoval during his visit athe sultan ahmed mosque blue mosque and hagia sophia in istanbul thecumenical patriarch bartholomew i of constantinople as well as two statesmen the president of italy president s giorgio napolitano and abdullah g l dr bornovalis also coordinating the restoration and renovation of the istanbul italian society s garibaldi house societ operaia italiana di mutuo soccorso in beyo lu file ita omri cav barsvg px knight of the italian republic order of meritalian orders of merit cavaliere ordine al merito della repubblica italiana istanbul tourism awardspecial award quality in tourism skal international vice president of the istanbul tourist guides guild iro since cultural awareness foundation board of trusteesince vice chairman of turkish society of art history since vice president of the liceo italiano istanbul italian high school alumni since member of turkish archeological sites and museums consulting committee since member of european association of archaeologists th annual meeting advisory board notes externalinks category people from istanbul category liceo italiano alumni category turkish art historians category turkish translators category births category living people category knights of the order of merit of the italian republicategory tour guides category 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italian english_languagenglish turkish language turkish art historian contributed several publications projects tour_guide haserved several religious leaders including pope benedict pope benedict visit athe sultan ahmed mosque blue mosque hagia sophia istanbul bartholomew constantinople well two president italy president g l also coordinating restoration renovation istanbul italian society house italiana file ita px knight italian republic order orders merit della italiana istanbul tourism award quality tourism international vice_president istanbul tourist_guides guild since cultural awareness foundation board vice chairman turkish society art history since vice_president italiano istanbul italian high_school alumni since member turkish archeological sites museums consulting committee since member european association archaeologists th_annual meeting advisory board notes_externalinks category_people istanbul category italiano alumni_category turkish art historians category turkish category_births_category_living_people_category knights order merit italian tour_guides_category"},{"title":"\u015eerif Yenen","description":"birth place demizmir disappearedate disappeared place disappeared status death date death place death cause body discovered resting place resting place coordinates monuments residence nationality turkish other names ethnicity citizenship education almater occupation years activemployer organization agent known for turkish odyssey notable workstyle influences influenced home town salary net wortheight weightelevision title term predecessor successor party movement opponents boards religion denomination criminal charge criminal penalty criminal statuspouse partner children parents relatives callsign awardsignature signature alt signature size module module module website footnotes box width erif yenen born may is a travel specialistour guide travel writer filmaker international keynote speaker and lecturer he wrote turkish odyssey in english the first guidebook of turkey ever written by a turk yenen gives lectures aboutravel and turkishistory and culture the majority of which are in academicommunities his guidebooks are used as textbooks or are on suggested reading lists at various universities and his articles and columns are published international magazines and national newspapers early life and education erif yenen was born into a middle class family in the town of demi near izmir in after completing middle school in demi when he was fourteen he passed thentrancexams and became a military student athe kuleli military high school in istanbul where the instruction was mainly in english after high school he was accepted in the department of english literature and linguistics athe university of istanbul as a military student after graduation from the university in he became an officer in the turkish armed forces turkish military forces and taught english as a second languagenglish as a second language for four years athe maltepe military high school in izmir he lefthe army in and attended tourist guide training programs offered by the ministry of tourism of turkey and became qualified as a national tourist guide while working as a tourist guide he published his guidebook turkish odyssey in english turkishodysseycom in the content and the design of his website gained attention in the mediand wonumerous awards file turkish odyssey coverjpg thumb turkish odyssey he published the multimedia version of the same work as a cd rom in yenen has held elected positions on the boards of various organizations in the tourism sector president of the istanbul tourist guides guild iro president of the federation of turkish tourist guide associations tureb president of the tourist guides foundation turev executive board member of the world federation of tourist guide associations wftgand editor in chief of the guidelines magazine vice president of turkish travel agencies and tourist guides assembly established as a tourism council within tobb the union of chambers and commodity exchanges of turkey member of the consultative committee for istanbul cultural capital of europe yenen regularly wrote a weekly column in the mediterranean supplement of the turkish newspaper ak am between and under theading a tourist guide s perspectiverif yenen who has been attracting mediattention for his endeavors as the chairman of iro and tureb to make sure thathe occupational bill of law for the tourist guides of turkey is passed by the parliament played a decisive role in during the process of drawing up and passage of the lawhichad been much anticipated by the tourist guides for the past years as a result of his endeavors the occupationalawas promulgated in the official gazette of republic of turkey official gazette and entered into force on june thus tourist guiding was defined as a profession in turkey he has given private guide services to celebrities or statesmen among whom are pope benedict xvi oprah winfrey princess michael of kent lester holt from nbc today show today show nbc etc yenen second guidebook was the page quick guide istanbul then started istanbul culture and turkey series of his quick guide pamphlets these are user friendly and informative fold out pamphlets of museums monuments and cultural highlights while working as an active tourist guiderif yenen gives lectures and training for tourist guides in addition to his positions at various tourism organizations he is consulted on tv programs and juries he has recently produced a new travel documentary film on istanbul unveiled awards class wikitable sortable style background color b dfda year style background color b dfda organisation style background color b dfdaward sk l international special award young tourism institution tourism enrichment award sk l international quality in tourism dostnet best design turkish odyssey by erif yenen webidol second place turkish odyssey a cultural guide to turkey english isbn turkish odyssey 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levelouver s downspouts electrical cables and artificialighting often wall packs are common sights as well maintaining the illusion techniques for hiding the industrial nature of these buildings from theyes of park guests vary the most common ways include planting foliage tobstructhe views adding themed exteriors to the visible areas painting visible surfaces with colors that camouflage withe surroundings and adding mounds of earth berm s or solid walls between the guests and the buildings they may also be built partially or completely below ground level disneyland for instance contains many show buildingsome of which are disguised on all sides onexample is the building containing mr toad s wild ride peter pan s flight and alice in wonderlandisneyland attraction alice in wonderland which features themed facades of castle walls and a quaint european village on the other hand attractionsuch as the haunted mansion take an entirely different approach most of that experience takes place 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sometimes access scenes rooms located ground electrical cables often wall packs common sights well maintaining illusion techniques hiding industrial nature buildings theyes park guests vary common ways include planting foliage views adding themed visible areas painting visible surfaces colors camouflage withe surroundings adding mounds earth berm solid walls guests buildings may_also built partially completely ground level disneyland instance contains many show disguised sides onexample building containing wild ride peter pan flight alice attraction alice wonderland features themed castle walls quaint european village hand attractionsuch haunted mansion take entirely different approach experience takes_place within green show building hidden berm hiding visible themed mansion connected show building vian underground passage walt_disney parks resorts disney theme_parks make use similar techniques somextent theme_parks take less rigorous approaches universal_studios hollywood many 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reduce the amount of time waiting in line for an attraction when a single rider line is in usempty seats on the ride vehicles are filled using individuals from the line thus ensuring that every vehicle is carrying the maximum number of occupants possible a park using a single rider line offers guests a chance to wait for a significantly shorter length of time in exchange for not necessarily being able to experience the attraction with others in their party or from a desired seat eg the front row of a roller coaster in practice a single rider line is available adjacento the main entrance of the attraction it is often manned by a park employee who will remind guests of any important policies the line may bypass pre show elements of the attraction again this a trade off that allows a much shorter wait in line typically the linends athe loading platform where another employee istationed this employee will sort outhe arrivinguests from the main line andirecthem to the ride vehicles when an empty seat becomes available themployee will directhe person athe front of the single rider line to take thempty seathe actual movement of the line isubjecto many variables including the loading speed of the attraction and sometimes the park s management style for dealing with such linesome parks will use single riders to fill odd numbered seating configurations every time while others will actively attempto balance outhe ride vehicle with guests in the main lineven invitinguests from further back in the main line to come forward and board generally single rider lines are used forides whichavehicles ofour to eight people and are popular single rider lines can reduce waitimes by or more some rides may seathree individuals across andue to the number of couples that visitheme parks the third individual is needed to fill the line in most cases a guest using a single rider line must meethe normal riderequirements for the attraction and must be able to ride in any empty seat presented therefore a number of park guests are generally discouraged from using these linesuch as younger guests who may not meetheight requirement for the attraction but would otherwise be able to ride if a parent or guardian was present a responsibility the park will not impose on a stranger handicapped guests who might require special wheelchair seating or need assistance from a member of their party to board the attraction guests with larger framesome muscular or obese guests who would require a specific seat one modified for larger guests to experience the attraction single rider lines may be discontinued athe discretion of the park at any time usually when there is no perceivable benefito using the line this can occur during off peak operating days when the regular wait is very short already similarly it may be temporarily discontinued when the single rider line length creates waits that are longer than those for the regular line some parks provide provisions for visitors who are alone regardless of whether a single rider line is designated although not specifically a single rider plan some parks provide provisions for parents of children who are too small or young for an attraction disneylandpariscom praktische informatie tripadvisor anaheim disneyland with babies efteling baby switchong kong disneyland guests with special needs one party waits withe non riders until a responsible adult returns then the waiting party enters the front of the single rider line or another line legoland californi parent swaphantasialand voor gezinnen family vacation critic seaworld orlando planning tips tokyo disney resort faq athe parks universal orlando resortraveling with kidselected attraction list walt disney parks resorts disneyland park indiana jones and the temple of the forbidden eye matterhorn bobsledsplash mountain disney californiadventure california screamin grizzly riverun goofy sky school radiator springs racers disney s animal kingdom expedition everest flight of passage 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hollywood rip ride rockit revenge of the mummy islands of adventure the amazing adventures of spider man doctor doom s fearfall harry potter and the forbidden journey incredible hulk coaster skull island reign of kong six flagsix flags great adventure zumanjaro drop of doom the joker s worldwide the joker green lantern six flags great adventure six flags magic mountain riddler s revenge viper six flags magic mountain viper the new revolution six flags magic mountain the new revolution lex luthor drop of doom green lantern first flight six flags magic mountain green lantern first flight six flags great america goliath six flags great america goliath superman ultimate flight justice league battle for metropolisix flags new england superman the ride giant inverted boomerangoliath flashback six flags new england flashback pandemonium roller coaster pandemonium scream freefall attraction scream splash water fallsix flags over georgia batman the ride dahlonega mine train dare devil dive 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lawsuits lack ofunding changing location or incidents the status is not used to describe seasonal operation in which closure is the result of a yearly schedulexamples there are at least amusement parks and roller coasters worldwide that are standing but not operating australian theme parks dreamworld in augusthe thunderbolt was closed after over monthstanding but not operating the thunderbolt was demolished and sold for scrap metal in march on march the skylink chairlift which provided a link between gold rush country and the australian wildlifexperience closed it remained standing for several months before the wires weremoved the support poles remain standing to this day in theureka mountain mine ride was decommissionedue to safety concerns yet it remainstanding to this day cedar fair cedar fair currently owns one property geauga lake in aurora ohio that is entirely sbno formerly known as geauga lake six flags worlds of adventure the property was acquired in and closed athend of the season due to declining attendancedar fair closed the amusement park side of the property but kepthe wildwater kingdom aurora ohio water park open until many rides were transferred tother parks but several remain sbno cedar fair has not announced future plans foremainder of the park however several companies have shown interest in the land merlin entertainmentsafari skyway a monorail ride that opened in at chessington world of adventuresort ran for almosthirtyears before closing abruptly in late july in january the park announced thathe ride would be retiredue tongoing maintenance issues chessington faqs ridesafari skyway retrieved on january loggers leap a log flume athorpe park that opened in has been standing but not operating since thend of the season thorpe park confirmed via social media that loggers leap would not open for the season stating that it was underedevelopmenthe ride did not reopen for the season either with no visible works having taken place other than the grass outside the station being cut in early april six flagsix flags new orleans has been closed since hurricane katrina struck in before the hurricane the park six roller coasters were fully functional two batman the ride and road runner expressix flags magic mountain road runner express have since been moved tother six flags parkseaworld parks and entertainment gwazi at busch gardens tampa has been closed since february bestoforlandocom url wwwbestoforlandocom accessdate during the season the tiger blue side was closed as a result of severe budget cuts while the lion yellow side remained open however a continuing decline of popularity and budget costs led to the ride s eventual closure in early walt disney parks resortspace mountain disneyland space mountain at disneyland resort disneyland was temporarily sbno after being voluntarily shut down aftereceiving cal osha citations in april for inadequate fall protection inovember an employee fell from the ride while cleaning its exterior and suffered broken bones disney was fined in relation to the incident in may the ride was reopened also at disneyland the peoplemoverocket rods track still stands today over years after the peoplemover closed and years after the rocket rods closed the track was last used as a highpoint for stormtroopers in the grand opening of star tours the adventures continue at walt disney worldisney s first water park disney s river country river country closed in andisney announced in that it would not reopen the lake surrounding the park andiscovery island bay lake discovery island bay lake was reportedly infested withe amoeba species naegleria fowleri leading to the death of at least one guest at epcothe wonders of life pavilion closed in with nofficial reason why since then some of attractions within have remained mostly intact withe animatronic show cranium command still remaining fully intact but in a non operational state independent file thunderun kentucky kingdomjpg thumb thunderun kentucky kingdom thunderun at kentucky kingdom kentucky kingdom had been sbno since thend of itseason after six flags closed it indefinitely amid bankruptcy proceedings former proprietor ed hart led efforts to reopen it and negotiated new lease terms withe kentucky state fair board on january it officially reopened on may wildfire kolm rden wildlife park is bothe fastest wooden coaster in europe and second tallest wooden coaster in the world throughouthe minute riders will traverse through inversions reach speeds of up to miles per hour km h and experience air time hills on october the coaster ceased operations due to permit issues withe government and almost demolishedue to these issues many petitions were being made to save this coaster athis time october the rollercoaster wasbno until it reopened on january americana lesourdesville lake amusement park lesourdsville amusement park americana park has been sbno since many of its rides have been relocated or demolished including its two roller 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vertigorama coaster at parque de la ciudad was track completed in but has no electrical systems in place as of there are no plans to complete it roller coaster database vertigorama parque de la ciudad pattaya park in pattaya chonburi province thailand has another curious example of an sbno roller coaster in an abandoned section of their park their coaster a launched roller coaster compressed air launched reverse freefall coaster called formula one has been standing since at least but has never opened roller coaster database formula one pattaya park funny landragon centre in hong kong has an sbno roller coaster called the sky train it is inside a shopping mall the roller coaster started operations in but has been sbno since about as of the roller coaster istill standing references externalinks list of standing but not operating amusement parks athe roller coaster database list of standing but not operating roller coasters athe roller coaster database category amusement 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votaries of wheeling from thexhibition it was arranged not by the stanley clubut by a committee of manufacturers and stanley club members this exhibition displayed a strong emphasis on dwarf or safety bicycles there were signs thatandems wereplacing the wider and more unwieldy sociablesstanley cycle show nelson evening mail volume xx issue may page s display included a prominent exhibit by hillman history coventry machinists company styled a hansom cab coolie cycle built for the sultan of morocco with a full size cabody in front where his majesty would be able to sit in comfort and control the steering and braking this machine was propelled by four cyclists athe back there were other notable displays by hillman herbert cooper of premier cycles rudge cycles a bicycle for military purposes marriott cooper a tandem eureka racing bicycles by bayliss thomas co and many others including an electricycle and roadscullers using a rowing motion for propulsion the stanley was always a winter show in the summer of harry john lawson harry lawson ran a competing international motor exhibition athe commonwealth institute the imperial institute imperial institute kensingtoncarlton reid roads were not built for cars island press washington isbn the stanley automobilexhibition january the stanley show committee s first automobilexhibition was held at earls court exhibition centrearls court opened on january in very cold weather earls court s unheated buildings drew the comment from newspapers that it was well attended considering the weather conditions a month later an automobilexhibition at olympia london olympia the third international exhibition of the society of motor manufacturers and traders under the auspices of the royal automobile club automobile association of great britain and irelandrew crowds that werenormous and interested the automobilexhibition at olympia the timesaturday feb pg issue the times monday feb pg issue the stanley committee s last showas inovember the stanley cycle show the timesaturday nov pg issue olympia s international motor show and motor cycle show the olympia motor cycle show held inovember supplanted the old established stanley cycle show the new motorcycle show pushed forward by two weeks to the beginning of november the great international motor show also to be held at olympia that monthmotor notes manchester courier and lancashire general advertiser friday september pg issue st athe athenaeum camden road cyclesthe stanley cycle show daily news monday january issue the royalbert hall february bicycle and tricycle show the times tuesday jan pg issue the royal opera house royal floral hall covent garden abovexhibitors over machines february illuminated by pavel yablochkov jablochkoff electric arc lights bicycles and tricycles the times wednesday feb pg issue the wheeleries victoria embankmenthames embankment close to blackfriars bridge february front page classified the times thursday jan pg issue the royal aquarium 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islingtonovember the stanley cycle show the timesaturday nov pg issue th royal agricultural hall islingtonovember the stanley cycle show the timesaturday nov pg issue th royal agricultural hall islington exhibitorstands november the stanley cycle show the timesaturday nov pg issue nd royal agricultural hall islington exhibitors november the stanley cycle show the times friday nov pg issue th royal agricultural hall islington exhibitors november category bicycle tours category 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westminster file crystal_palace general view water thumb crystal_palace sydenham image agricultural_hall islington jpg thumb royal agricultural_hall view liverpool road rear entrance business design centre stanley_cycle_show stanley showas exhibition bicycles first mounted stanley cycling club athe london camden road britain limited first series production cars displayed inovember th last exhibition held royal agricultural_hall islington inovember olympia london olympia motor cycle_show feweeks olympia international motor exhibition stanley show committee first_decade organised stanley cycling club held_athe royal aquarium westminster specially arranged stanley committee manufacturers stanley club members exhibition displayed strong emphasis safety bicycles signs wider cycle_show nelson evening mail volume_issue may page display included prominent exhibit history coventry company styled hansom cab cycle built sultan morocco full size front would able sit comfort control steering braking machine propelled four cyclists athe back notable displays herbert cooper premier cycles cycles bicycle military purposes marriott cooper tandem eureka racing bicycles thomas many_others including using rowing motion propulsion stanley always winter show summer harry john lawson harry lawson ran competing international motor exhibition athe commonwealth institute imperial institute imperial institute reid roads built cars island press washington isbn stanley automobilexhibition january stanley show committee first automobilexhibition held earls_court exhibition court opened january cold weather earls_court buildings drew comment newspapers well attended considering weather conditions month later automobilexhibition olympia london olympia third international_exhibition society motor manufacturers traders auspices royal automobile club automobile_association great_britain crowds interested automobilexhibition olympia timesaturday feb issue times monday feb issue stanley committee last showas inovember stanley_cycle_show timesaturday nov issue olympia international motor show motor cycle_show olympia motor cycle_show held inovember old established stanley_cycle_show new motorcycle show pushed forward two_weeks beginning november great international motor show also held olympia notes manchester lancashire general advertiser friday september issue st athe camden road stanley_cycle_show daily_news monday january issue hall february bicycle show times tuesday jan issue royal opera_house royal floral hall covent_garden machines february illuminated electric arc lights bicycles times wednesday feb issue victoria close blackfriars bridge february front page classified times thursday jan issue royal aquarium westminster february times tuesday feb issue royal aquarium westminster exhibitors machines february penny illustrated paper illustrated timesaturday february issue royal aquarium westminster exhibitors machines january crystal_palace sydenham february times london_england wednesday jan issue crystal_palace sydenham exhibitors machines january stanley_cycle_show january times monday jan issue th crystal_palace sydenham exhibitors machines january boycott leading manufacturers stanley_cycle_show daily january issue th crystal_palace sydenham exhibitors machines november boycott leading manufacturers stanley_cycle_show lloyd weekly newspaper sunday november issue th royal agricultural_hall islingtonovember daily_news london_england saturday november issue th royal agricultural_hall islingtonovember stanley_cycle_show timesaturday nov issue th royal agricultural_hall islingtonovember stanley_cycle_show timesaturday nov issue th royal agricultural_hall islingtonovember stanley_cycle_show timesaturday nov issue th royal agricultural_hall islington november stanley_cycle_show timesaturday nov issue royal agricultural_hall islington exhibitors november stanley_cycle_show times friday nov issue th royal agricultural_hall islington exhibitors november category_bicycle_tours category_cycling"},{"title":"Star Hotel, Balmain","description":"new south wales location city location country australia coordinates altitude currentenants namesake groundbreaking date start date stop datest completion topped out date completion date openedate inauguration date relocatedate renovation date closing date demolition date cost ren cost client owner landlord affiliation height architectural tip antenna spire roof top floor observatory diameter circumference weight other dimensionstructural systematerial size floor count floor area elevator count grounds arearchitect architecture firm developer engineer structural engineer services engineer civil engineer other designers quantity surveyor main contractor awards designations known foren architect ren firm rengineeren str engineeren serv engineeren civ engineeren oth designers ren qty surveyoren contractoren awards rooms parking url embedded references footnotes the star hotel was a public house pub in the suburb of balmainew south wales balmain the inner west sydney inner west of sydney in the state of new south wales australia the pub is located near thentrance to mort s dock and in the federated shipainters andockers union shipainters andockers union took up a moveable office at mort street nexto the star hotel and undoubtedly supplied trade to thestablishmenthe license and name were transferred in to the pub now known as the cat and fiddle hotel balmain the cat and fiddle hotel on darling streethe building became a residential and commercial unit in davidson b hamey k nicholls d called to the bar years of pubs in balmain rozelle the balmain association isbn wyner i a history of the shipainters andockers union ch category defunct hotels in sydney category hotel buildings completed in category hotels established in category establishments in australia category disestablishments in 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was established under the australian government s cooperative research centre s program to underpin the development of a dynamic internationally competitive and sustainable tourism industry since its inception the stcrc hasupported over phd scholars through a suite of scholarships and the provision of a career development program stcrcurrently supports over postgraduate students all are of exceptional academic standard most hold a first class honours degree and many have also received university awards for excellence all supplementary scholarship holders also hold an apa or university equivalent scholarship organisational aimstcrc s aims are the development and management of intellectual property ip to deliver innovation to business community and government enhancing environmental economic and social sustainability of tourism one of the world s largest fastest growing industries in doing so stcrc aims to develop australia s long term tourism research capactities through a vigorous postgraduate research education programme presently this programme has produced a number of phd students and the program isupported by scholarships for students industry designed projects and by developing andistributing education and training products commercialisation unithe commercialisation of stcrc research sustainability oriented technologies and certification programs is done through ec global now called earthcheck which is wholly owned by the stcrc earthcheck provides an array of programs and services for companies communities and other interest groups to set and achieve sustainability targets with origins leading back to earthcheck s research encompasses tourism and environmental sustainability leaders in universities earthcheck s influence has grown to encompass hundreds of projects creating a strong market presence in over countries university partners there are currently australian universities who are partners withe stcrc these are listed below charles darwin university charles darwin university was formed in with over years history delivering tertiary education to the northern territory charles darwin s main campus is located in darwinorthern territory darwin australiand is named after charles darwin thenglish naturalist formed in through a merger between the northern territory university alice springs based centralian college nt rural college in katherine and the menzieschool of health researcharles darwin university is the largest university in the northern territory curtin university of technology curtin university of technology formed in is western australia s largest university about curtin university of technology with over students presently curtin university has a strong emphasis on innovation and technology which are the main themes of the university curtin university has an important research development history research development at curtin with annual income from research of around million australian dollars annually edith cowan university edith cowan university is the second largest university in western australiand has approximately students of which over originate from countries outside australia it was established in and is the only australian university named after a woman edith cowan edith dircksey cowan the university specialises in the service professions and the teaching of education remains a key focus joint research and study with other universities and international consultancies remains an important area for the university griffith university griffith university is an australian public university with five campuses in queensland between brisbane and the gold coast as of there were more than enrolled students and staff about griffith asuch griffith stands as one of queensland s largest universities and holds queensland s oldest academy griffithas diverse multidisciplinary teaching and research fields and hastudents and academic staffrom over countries throughouthe world james cook university james cook university is a public university based in townsville queensland australiand was proclaimed on april in townsville james cook university is the second oldest university in queensland james cook university is listed as one of the best universities in queensland is one of only in australia that was listed in the academic ranking of world universities arwu top academic world universities in the main fields of research include marine sciences biodiversity sustainable management of tropical ecosystems tropical health care and tourism james cook university receives over million dollars in research funding annually highlighting the importance of its ongoing research projects la trobe university la trobe university is a multi campus university in victoriaustralia victoriaustralia la trobe is generally considered to be ranked amongsthe top ten universities in australiand in was ranked in the top universities in the world presently la trobe university has over enrolled students and has become a well established centre for teaching training scholarship and research monash university monash university is a public university with campuses located in australia malaysiand south africa it is australia s largest university with about students monash consistently ranks amongsthe top universities in australiand the world reputation the university has a total of eight campuses and also a centre in monash university prato centre prato italy this makes it by far australia s most internationalised university indeed it is arguable that monashas the greatest international presence of any research intensive university in the world the vice chancellor s vision engaging the world monash university it was recently ranked by the times higher education supplementhes at number in its annual ranking of the world s top universities for murdoch university murdoch university is located in perth western australiand has three campuses at murdoch rockingham and peel it currently has a student population of over students including international students murdoch is a modern australian university with a national reputation for excellence in teaching and research southern cross university southern cross university scu is a university based on the mid north and north coast of new south wales australia it is a regional university with more than students the university is the country seventh largest provider of distanceducation it also has international students fromore than countries more than students arenrolled on campus and with on shore partners in australia with a further enrolled in overseas programs university of new south wales university of new south wales unsw is one of australia s largest and most prestigious research institutions the unsw has over students including international students from different countries it is a member of australia s group of eight australian universities group of eight lobby group and is also a founding member of universitas an international network of leading research intensive universities unsw ranks third for both total funds allocated and the number of grants from the australian research council among australian universities following university of sydney and australianational university by securing more than million australian research council fund allocation table retrieved on august in discovery project grants the university also gains the highest number of linkage project grants of any university unsw the university of new south walesydney australia news unsw ranks in top three for arc grants university of canberra the university of canberra is an australian university located in canberra the capital of australia it is the second largest university in canberra the university was one of nine australian universities recognised by the australian government in for high achievement in learning and teaching dest learning and teaching performance fund canberra list of universities in australia rankings of universities rankings of australian universities in a ranking of the international standing of australian universities university of canberra received and ranked approximately two thirds down the list of universities in australia list of australian universities presently it has over students from over different countries and more than staff university of queensland the university of queensland is queensland s first university being founded in presently it has over enrolled students the university of queensland fast facts the university of queensland also prides itself on being one of australia s foremest research institutions the university is a founding member of the group of eight an alliance of research strong sandstone universities in australia uq remains the most successful australian university in winning and being shortlisted for australian awards for university teaching since they werestablished in on a variety of measures it is one of the top three or fouresearch universities in the country independent guide gives uq five staranking uq news online the university of queensland university of south australia the university of south australia is a public university in the australian state of south australia it was formed in withe merger of the south australian institute of technology and college of advanceducation colleges of advanceducation the university is a leading expert in technical education and applied research as well being a founding member of the australian technology network university of south australia is ranked as the st university in the times higher education supplementop universities list qs top universities top universities in the qs world university rankings the university has nearly enrolled students as of university of tasmania the university of tasmania is an australian university withree campuses in tasmania sandstone universitiesandstone university it is the fourth oldest university in australiand was established over a century ago it was founded on january and is a member of the international association of commonwealth universities the university works with overseas universities toffer students an international experience with exchange arrangements in place with over institutions throughout europe asiand north america the university has a particularly notable and long standing reputation in examining the practical and theoretical challenges involved in addressing social and environmental concerns university of technology sydney the university of technology sydney uts is part of the australian technology network of universities and is the third largest university in sydney in terms of enrolment founded in its current form in it is also the only university with its main campuses within the sydney central business district sydney cbd uts has been ranked in the world s top universities by the times higher education supplement and was given a ratings across all major disciplines in by the federal government education 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scholarship organisational aims development management intellectual property deliver innovation business community government enhancing environmental economic social sustainability tourism one world largest fastest_growing industries stcrc aims develop australia long_term tourism_research postgraduate research education programme presently programme produced number phd students program isupported scholarships students industry designed projects developing education training products stcrc research sustainability oriented technologies certification programs done global called earthcheck wholly owned stcrc earthcheck provides array programs services companies communities interest groups set achieve sustainability targets origins leading back earthcheck research encompasses tourism environmental sustainability leaders universities earthcheck influence grown encompass hundreds projects creating strong market presence countries university partners currently australian universities partners withe stcrc listed charles darwin university charles darwin university formed years history delivering tertiary education northern_territory charles darwin main campus located territory darwin australiand named charles darwin thenglish naturalist formed merger northern_territory university alice springs based college rural college katherine health darwin university largest university northern_territory curtin university technology curtin university technology formed western_australia largest university curtin university technology students presently curtin university strong emphasis innovation technology main themes university curtin university important research development history research development curtin annual income research around million australian dollars annually edith cowan university edith cowan university second_largest university western_australiand approximately students countries outside australia established australian university named woman edith cowan edith cowan university service professions teaching education remains key focus joint research study universities international remains important area university griffith university griffith university australian public university five campuses queensland brisbane gold_coast enrolled students staff griffith asuch griffith stands one queensland largest universities holds queensland oldest academy diverse teaching research fields academic countries throughouthe_world james cook university james cook university public university based queensland australiand proclaimed april james cook university second oldest university queensland james cook university listed one best universities queensland one australia listed academic ranking world universities top academic world universities main fields research include marine sciences biodiversity sustainable management tropical ecosystems tropical health_care tourism james cook university receives million dollars research funding annually highlighting importance ongoing research projects la trobe university la trobe university multi campus university victoriaustralia_victoriaustralia la trobe generally considered ranked amongsthe top ten universities australiand ranked top universities world presently la trobe university enrolled students become well_established centre teaching training scholarship research monash university monash university public university campuses located australia malaysiand south_africa australia largest university students monash consistently ranks amongsthe top universities australiand world reputation university total eight campuses also centre monash university centre italy makes far australia university indeed greatest international presence research intensive university world vice chancellor vision engaging world monash university recently ranked times higher_education number annual ranking world top universities murdoch university murdoch university located perth western_australiand three campuses murdoch peel currently student population students including international students murdoch modern australian university national reputation excellence teaching research southern cross university southern cross university university based mid north north coast new_south_wales australia regional university students university country seventh largest provider also international students fromore countries students campus shore partners australia enrolled overseas programs university new_south_wales university new_south_wales unsw one australia largest prestigious research institutions unsw students including international students different_countries member australia group eight australian universities group eight lobby group also_founding member international network leading research intensive universities unsw ranks third total funds allocated number grants australian research council among australian universities following university sydney_australianational university securing million australian research council fund allocation table retrieved august discovery project grants university also gains highest number project grants university unsw university new_south australia news unsw ranks top three arc grants university canberra university canberra australian university located canberra capital australia second_largest university canberra university one nine australian universities recognised australian government high achievement learning teaching learning teaching performance fund canberra list universities australia rankings universities rankings australian universities ranking international standing australian universities university canberra received ranked approximately two_thirds list universities australia list australian universities presently students different_countries staff university queensland university queensland queensland first university founded presently enrolled students university queensland fast facts university queensland also one australia research institutions university founding member group eight alliance research strong sandstone universities australia remains successful australian university winning australian awards university teaching since werestablished variety measures one top three universities country independent guide gives five news online university queensland university south_australia university south_australia public university australian state south_australia formed withe merger south_australian institute technology college colleges university leading expert technical education applied research well founding member australian technology network university south_australia ranked st university times higher_education universities list top universities top universities world university rankings university nearly enrolled students university tasmania university tasmania australian university withree campuses tasmania sandstone university fourth oldest university australiand established century ago founded january member international_association commonwealth universities university works overseas universities toffer students international experience exchange arrangements place institutions throughout europe asiand north_america university particularly notable long standing reputation examining practical theoretical challenges involved addressing social environmental concerns university technology sydney university technology sydney part australian technology network universities third largest university sydney terms founded current form also university main campuses within sydney central business district sydney ranked world top universities times higher_education supplement given ratings across major disciplines federal_government education department victoria university australia victoria university victoria university university melbourne university offers education technical education courses presently enrolled students including international students founded one australia older universities many successful also earthcheck assessed green globe lite references_category environment australia_category sustainable_tourism_category_non_profit organisations_based australia_category_tourism australia"},{"title":"Swan Inn","description":"groundbreaking date start date completion date openedate url the swan inn formerly thoughto have been called the saracen s head is a listed buildingrade ii listed pub dating back several centuries it is located in the city of westminster at bayswateroad london w today a popular tourist haunt athedge of hyde park london hyde park run by fuller s brewery it was in former times a resting point for stage coach es proceeding toward london the highwayman claude duval is reputed to have stopped here for his last drink on the way to his hanging atyburn in article in britishistory onlinexternalinks official website category pubs in the city of westminster category grade ii listed buildings in the city of westminster category grade ii listed 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run fuller brewery former times resting point stage coach toward london claude stopped last drink way hanging article official_website_category pubs city westminster_category_grade_ii_listed_buildings city westminster_category_grade_ii_listed pubs london_category bayswater"},{"title":"Swan with Two Necks","description":"file the swan with two necks pendleton geographorguk jpg thumbnail the swan with two necks pendleton the swan with two necks is a pub in pendleton lancashire pendletonear clitheroe lancashirengland it was camra s national pub of the year for it is a grade ii listed building externalinks category grade ii listed buildings in lancashire category pubs in 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two pendleton geographorguk_jpg thumbnail swan two pendleton swan two pub pendleton lancashire camra national_pub year grade_ii_listed_building externalinks_category grade_ii_listed_buildings lancashire category_pubs lancashire"},{"title":"Swisscom","description":"key people urschaeppi chief executive officer ceo hansueli loosli chairman industry telecommunication s products fixedline mobile telephonyfixedline mobile internetdigital televisionit services networking solutions revenue swiss franchf billion operating income chf billionet income chf billion assets chf billion end equity chf billion end owner swiss government num employees full timequivalent ftend homepage wwwswisscomch intl yes foundation bern switzerland location city ittigen worblaufen location country switzerland swisscom ag is a major telecommunication s provider in switzerland its headquarters are located at ittigen worblaufenear bern the switzerland swiss confederation owns percent of swisscom ag as of thend of swisscom had around employees and generated revenues of chf billions in swisscom acquired its five millionth natel customer which means thathe two thirds of the swiss population used the swisscomobile network and in swisscom tv counted a million customers the swiss telegraphy telegraph network was first set up in followed by telephone s in the two networks were combined withe mail postal service in to form the postal telegraph and telephone switzerland ptt postal telegraph and telephone switzerland postal telegraph and telephone it struggled to develop a homegrown digital network withe first digital exchange launched in but pioneered the natel a mobile service in and the gsm based natel d offering a digital service in the swiss telecommunication s market was deregulated in telecom ptt waspun off and rebranded swisscom ahead of a partial privatisation in whichas lefthe swiss government with a stake besides pioneering the first mobile telephonetwork mobile telephonetwork natel a the present day swisscom owns the protected brand natel which is used and known only in switzerland of swisscomobile wasold to vodafone in since then swisscom has bought a majority stake in italy second biggestelecompany fastweb telecommunications company fastweb and invested in areasuch as hospitality support cloud computing cloud services mobile solutions and billing pioneerswitzerland s entry into the telecommunication s era came in withe passage of legislation giving the swiss government control over development of a telegraph network throughouthe country the government s initial plans called for the creation of three primary telegraphy telegraph lines as well as a number of secondary networks in order to build equipment for the system the government established the atelier f d ral de construction des t l graphs federal workshop for the construction of telegraphs in july the first leg of the country s telegraphy telegraph system between st gallen and zurich was operational by thend of that year most of the country s main cities had been connected to the telegraphy telegraph system in the network was extended withe first underwater cable connecting winkel switzerland winkel stansstad and bauen fl elenight service was also launched that year starting in basel st gallen and bellinzona telegraphy telegraph traffic took off in the late s after the government reduced the cost of a word message in while telegraphy telegraph trafficontinued to rise in the following decade the technology wasoon to be replaced by the telephone switzerland s entry into the telephone age came in when the first experimental telephone line phone lines appeared starting with a line linking the post office building withe federal palace of switzerland federal palace and then with a link using thexisting telegraphy telegraph line between bern and thun the following year the government passed legislation establishing a monopoly on the country s telephonetwork nonetheless private operators were allowed to bid for license s in order to develop their local concession contract concessions by switzerland s first private network had been created in zurich this was a central system withe capacity for lines the first directory was also published that year and listed subscribers basel bern and genevallaunched their own local networks between and one year later the first inter city telephone line was established linking zurich s privatexchange with winterthur s public system yethe z rich zurich company ran into difficulties by the mid s with its development falling behind the telephone concession contract concessions elsewhere in the country the federal government bought outhe private operator paying just over chf in the national telephonetwork continued to expand telephone number s were introduced in replacing the initial system whereby callers had been able to ask for their party by name the number of switzerland s telephone subscribersteadily grew particularly after the inauguration of a new telephone central capable of handling nearly lines by switzerland s telephonetwork had been extended to include all of switzerland s cantons by the country had also established its first international connection between basel and stuttgart germany switzerland began testing its first public telephone booth phone booths initially restricted to localls the public telephones allowed national calling for the firstime in telephony takes off the first automatic telephonexchange s were installed by private networks in by a semi automatic exchange had been installed in hottingen z rich zurichottingen the following year in order to extend the country s phone system into rural parts of switzerland the government began promoting thestablishment of party line systems in the swiss government created the swiss postal telegraph and telephone switzerland ptt combining the country s mail postal services and telegraphy telegraph and telephone systems into a single government controlled entity development of the country s telephone system now camentirely under the purview of the government in the postal telegraph and telephone switzerland ptt launched its own directory inquirieservice the following year the postal telegraph and telephone switzerland ptt started the first fully automatic public telephonexchange in hottingen z rich zurichottingen the postal telegraph and telephone switzerland ptt began telex services in and by had linked up the cities of zurich basel and bern which were then linked via z rich zurich to the international market in the meantime the postal telegraph and telephone switzerland ptt also became responsible for developing the company s radio broadcasting and later outline of television broadcasting television broadcasting serviceswitzerland s telephone system took off in the years following world war ii by the country boasted telephone subscribers over the following decade that number doubled in the postal telegraph and telephone switzerland ptt added computer capacity in order to handle billing for its fast growing network through this period the state owned organisation had continued to invest in automating its telephonetwork and in switzerland became the first country to feature a fully automated telephonexchange system space age communications image telstarjpg thumb the original telstar the firstelecommunicationsatellite to be launched into space telstar the first communicationsatellitelecommunicationsatellite was launched into space in at expo in lausanne the first exchange to permit international direct dialing was unveiled in the leuk satellitearth station went intoperation in the canton of valais wallis moving towards mobile in the s automation enabled the postal telegraph and telephone switzerland ptto introduce pulse metering for localls in priced at centimes per pulse in the postal telegraph and telephone switzerland ptt introduced automated international dialing services initially fromontreux international direct dialing was rolled outo the rest of the country over the following decade achieving full coverage in as the postal telegraph and telephone switzerland ptt subscriber base topped two million athe beginning of the s the country introduced a new seven digit phone numbering system by then the postal telegraph and telephone switzerland ptt was also becoming interested in a number of new technologies in the postal telegraph and telephone switzerland ptt led a workgroup including a number of prominent swiss telecommunications players in an efforto create an integratedigital telecommunications network ifs originally intended to be rolled out by the middle of that decade the first ifs exchange did not become operational until other technologies proved more accessible to the postal telegraph and telephone switzerland ptt in the company launched facsimile transmission services from its customer servicenters two years later the postal telegraph and telephone switzerland ptt established its first mobile telephonetwork mobile telephonetwork called natel for nationales autotelefonnetz although rudimentary with calls limited to justhree minutes coverage restricted to five minutes unlinked local networks and often difficulto establish connections the natel network marked one of thearliest and most successful attempts at making telephony mobile in the postal telegraph and telephone switzerland ptt enabled facsimile transmission for the home and office market by then itsubscriber base had risen to nearly three million fixed line users in the postal telegraph and telephone switzerland ptt launched its next generation mobile network natel b which among other enhancements reduced the size of mobile phone mobile telephonequipmento a pound unithat fit in its own carrying case in the first fibre opticable was laid between berne and neuch tel other new technologies appeared in the mid s including the telepac data transmissionetwork rolled out in and the first videoconferencing services launched in the postal telegraph and telephone switzerland ptt upgraded the natel network again the new natel c network provided morextensive coverage digitally transmitted sound and smaller telephone sizes the new network permitted mobile telephony to take off in switzerland by the country had some subscribers on the natel network in the s the postal telegraph and telephone switzerland ptt faced the loss of its telecommunication s monopoly as a run up to the coming deregulation of the telecommunication s markethe postal telegraph and telephone switzerland ptt put into place a new corporate strategy separating its postal and telecommunication s operations into two focused units the telecommunication s business became known aswiss telecom ptt new telecommunication s legislation was passed in that stripped away the government s monopoly statustarting withequipment sector andigital data communicationservices although maintaining the company s de facto hold on the local telephone market for most of the remainder of the decade as part of its repositioning telecom ptt invested more heavily in mobile telephony business launching the new gsm based natel d network in that network which also provided customers with compatibility throughout most of europe marked the start of a new era for the telephone market as callers adopted the new technology by thend of the s nearly two million customers had connected to the natel d network publicompany in the st century as one of the smallest european telecommunications companies telecom ptt began to seek international growth forming the short lived unisource partnership withe netherlands kpn and sweden s telia company telia unisource attempted to enter a number of markets around the world including malaysiand india but finally collapsed after years of losses a more successful expansion effort came with telecom ptt s entry into the internet as the company set up the service provider blue window later bluewin which became the country s leading internet service provider isp the company had also introducedigital isdn subscriber services building up itsubscriber base from in to more than two million by in the swiss government passed new legislation fully deregulating the swiss telecommunication s market as part of that move telecom ptt waspun off as a special public limited company telecom ptthen changed its name to swisscom on october and prepared a full public offering for however even though it was listed on the six swiss exchange swisstock exchange swisscom remained majority controlled by the swiss government also in swisscom faced competition at home for the firstime as a new player diax whichanged its name to sunrise communications ag sunrisentered the mobile telephone market competition for the swiss mobile market heated up in withe arrival ofrance telecom dominated orange sa orange nonethelesswisscom held onto its leading position among mobile users by then swisscom had also made its own international moves in the company acquired germany s publicly listedebitel the third largest mobile services provider in that country which also had operations in france the netherlandsloveniandenmark debitel quickly became the leading network independent mobile services provider in europe with a base of more than ten million subscriberswisscom rapidly built up its holding in debitel which stood at percent in swisscom had restructured its own operations in advance of planned public offerings of both bluewin and swisscomobile the company now split up into six primary business units then sold a percent stake in swisscomobile to england s vodafone in the linkup with vodafone a major investor in so called g third generation mobile telephone technology coincided with swisscom s winning of a umts telecommunication umts universal mobile telecommunicationsystems license in while others including vodafone paid billions for their umts telecommunication umts licenseswisscom paid just chf million which softened the blow on the company when the bottom dropped out of the umts telecommunication umts market soon after swisscom began rolling out new dsl digital subscriber line broadband technology in thearly s rapidly building up a base of some subscribers by the beginning of with respecto its heavily indebted and unprofitableuropean competitors the company now found itself in thenviable position of holding a war chest of between chf billion and chf billion for possible acquisitions these funds enabled the company to targethe growing wireless hotspot wi fi hotspot markethat is areas providing wireless network access the company which formed its wlan operations under a new subsidiary swisscom eurospot began further expansion in may when it acquired the netherland s aervik which operated some ten hotspot wi fi hotspots and had access to another sites by thend of that month swisscom took a giant step forward on theuropean wifi scene by acquiring england s megabeam and germany s wlan ag those purchases gave the company hotspots in germany and switzerland as well as the third largest hotspot wi fi hotspot network in the united kingdomodern times the former state owned postal telegraph and telephone switzerland ptt p ost elegraph t elephone founded was privatised in stages from onwards and became a public limited company with specialegal status in october the switzerland swiss confederation currently holds of the share capital the telecommunications enterprise act limits outside participation tof the share capital in its april message the swiss federal council federal council proposed to federal assembly switzerland parliamenthat swisscom should be completely privatised and thathe switzerland swiss confederation should sell itshares in stages on may the national council switzerland national council declined to supporthe proposal on may the advisory committee of the council of states advised the council of stateswitzerland council of states to endorse the proposal but only so that it could be referred back to the swiss federal council federal council forevision swisscom announced its new visual identity on december the previousubrands of swisscom fixnet swisscomobile and swisscom solutions ceased to exist on january as part of the restructuring swisscom redesigned its logo and transformed it into a moving picturelement a real innovation for switzerland the industry on july the ceof swisscom carsten schloter was foundead from an apparent suicide and urschaeppi was appointed interim ceo since november schaeppi has been the ceof swisscom file zuerich bluewin towerjpg thumb right px bluewin tower in z rich swisscom switzerland ltd underwent a reorganisation january the subsidiary companies fixnet mobile and solutions were dissolved and wereventually replaced by residential customersmall and medium sized enterprises enterprise customers wholesale as well as the it network innovation segments the it platforms together withe fixed network and mobile communications infrastructures of the former group companies were merged into the it network innovation division file zuerich fernmeldezentrumjpg thumb swisscom telecommunication centre herdern in zurich by the architectheo hotz currently swisscom operations are performed via three operating divisionswisscom switzerland fastweb telecommunications company fastweb and other operating segmentswisscom switzerland is divided into the following segments residential customersmall and medium sized enterprises enterprise customers wholesale and it network innovation swisscom network it builds operates and maintainswisscom s nationwide fixed line and mobile communications infrastructure in switzerland the division is also responsible for the corresponding it platforms and is in charge of migrating the networks to an integrated it and ip based platform all ip in the first half of swisscom acquired a majority holding in the italian company fastweb telecommunications company fastweb during the offer period which ran from april to may swisscom acquired ofastweb telecommunications company fastweb share capital which when added to swisscom s existing stake meanthat swisscom owned ofastweb telecommunications company fastweb shares by the cut off date of may the total transaction amounted to eur billion or chf billion fastweb telecommunications company fastweb currently operates the second largest network in italy the participation portfolio covers the five business fields of broadcasting through swisscom broadcast network construction and maintenance through cablex building management and business travel incl vehicle fleet managementhrough swisscom real estate ltd billing and collection through billag alphapay and medipabrechnungskasse and mobile solutions through minick holding and sicap file tower st chrischonajpg thumb hochkantelecommunication tower in st chrischona is the most important inorth west of switzerland international carrier services on june mtn group and belgacomerged their international carrier services mtn ics and belgacom ics belgacom ics bics belgacom ics bics will function as official international gateway for all international carrier services of belgacom swisscom and mtn group these companies respectively hold and of the company shares internet of things iot in april the company started testing a network for the internet of things or low power wide area network lpwan in the regions of genevand z rich zurich the pilot project serves as an addition to thexisting m mobile network solutions and it has been estimated that by the year over billion connections will be running via the iot board of directors comprised as follows as ofebruary swisscom board hansueli loosli former ceo and chairman of coop switzerland coop chairman of the board roland abt former cfof georg fischer swiss company georg fischer val rie berset bircher head of labor affairs for the federal department of economic affairs education and research alain carrupt former chairman of the syndicom trade union frank esser former ceof sfr barbara frei chief of schneider electric germany catherine m hlemann partner and co founder of andmann media theophil schlatter former cfof holcim hans werder board representative for the swiss government business areas and services in february swisscom launched the website cocomment which allows users to track any discussionline hospitality serviceswisscom hospitality serviceshs is a division of swisscom ag specifically aimed athe hotel industry and offering specialised network and communication solutionshservices are used eg by hyatt carlson rezidor hotel group rezidor ihg marriott hotels resorts marriott hilton worldwide accorhotels accor mandarin oriental hotel group mandarin oriental and other large hotel groups across north america europe the middleast and asia pacific founded in aswisscom eurospothe company originally specialised in providing high speed internet access hsia services to hotel guests in europeand star hotels withe rising complexity of information and communication technology and increasing cost pressures affecting the hotel businesshs expanded theirange of applications including voice over ip hotel tv high speed internet and tablet based room controls that are offered through a converged hotel network infrastructure in the company introduced a managed network services offering specifically for its hotel customers in june swisscom hospitality services became part of a new company hoist group following its acquisition by the sweden based hoistlocatel hoist group develops and suppliesystems products and services to independent hotels and hotel chains hospitals and public venues in europe and the middleast cloud andata centers in swisscom announced its plan to build a cloud computing cloud service based in switzerland in consequence the service has to comply to the strict privacy laws of switzerland although the datare to be stored within switzerland s borders users would have global access thus individuals and businesses are protected from intervention oforeign authorities and lesstringent foreign data privacy laws despite the facthat swisscom s main focus is on swiss based clients especially banking clients it also targets foreign based clients who are seeking protection for their data privacy for individuals in switzerland swisscom alsoffers docsafe a cloud storage solution targeting at optimum security for documents the documents can be uploaded and accessed via web or an app and are free of charge with unlimited storage space swisscom s cloud computing cloud service is comparable to the cloud computing cloud service of dropbox service dropbox but without a desktop client computing client for developerswisscom offers container based platform as a service cloud foundry called swisscom application cloud public new business fieldswisscom considers infrastructure to form the basis for its products and services in the current increasingly competitive global environment company strategy involves adapting to these new conditions by developing business models and by further developing its natel infinity pricing plans in order to ensure a sustained source of revenue therefore the company decided to develop its national and international offerings based on a high speed cloud infrastructure in addition for the banking healthcare and energy sectorswisscom opted for developing vertical solutions recent examples in these fields include the testing of autonomous car driver less cars exploring the opportunities in thealthcare market striving to make intelligent power networks and forming a partnership with coop switzerland coop in the area of e commerce swisscom startup challenge the swisscom startup challenge has been held for five successive years the program provides ten selected tech start ups fivearly stage and five late stage the chance to join a tailor made week long business acceleration program in silicon valley where they can further develop their ideas and meet with industry experts investors and potential customers from all submissions ten finalists are selected and invited to pitch before a jury the jury then gives a feedback and names the five winners the challenge is organized in collaboration with venturelab the swisstartup news channel website wwwstartuptickerch languagen access date in over startups participated in the challenge the winners were advanon flashwell nanolive qumram and xsensio corporate responsibility complying withe recommendations of the swiss code of best practice for corporate governance issued by economiesuisse and meeting the requirements of the ordinance against excessive compensation in listed stock companieswisscom opted for practicing effective and transparent corporate governance at present swisscom s corporate responsibility strategy involves fostering long standing partnerships in the areas of climate and environmental protection sustainable living and working social responsibility and media expertise swisscom was ranked th in the recent list of the global most sustainable corporations in the world on the market segment for mobile telephony mobile telecommunication services the main competitors for swisscom arepresented by orange salt and sunrise communications ag for the th consecutive year connect magazine named swisscom the winner of its yearly network test by comparing telephone andata services of the three largest providers in connect network test in the network test conducted in the germanophone region of germany austriand switzerland by connect magazine swisscom secured a second position in the category phonetwork with sunrise communications ag sunrise being able to closely lead in this category mainly benefiting from the swisscom slower connection time for telephone calls in the category data network the success rates for the connection to the internet for all three mainetworks are close to with swisscom providing the fastest download and uploadata rateven in less urban areas based on overall results of connect magazine awarded to swisscom the prize of best network however the gap between swisscom and the twother companies hashrunk significantly as compared to eg the test also revealed significant improvements in services for all companies involved criticism in a survey conducted by the swiss newspaper tages anzeiger tagesanzeiger some consumers criticized swisscom s international roaming rates and itsubscription rates for mobile phones the main concern of the consumers in the survey was thathey found the rates to be too high references externalinks official website wwwbicscom category companies owned by the federal government of switzerland category telecommunications companies of switzerland category internet service providers of switzerland category ict service providers category companiestablished in category swiss brands category voip companies category internet service providers category telecommunications companies category service companies category internetelevision category mobile phone companies of switzerland category mobile technology category companies of switzerland category privatization category publicly traded companies category telecommunications in switzerland category wikipedia categories named after telecommunications companies category internet of things category internet of things companies category hospitality services category cloud storage category 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storage","storage category","category telephony"],"new_description":"key people chief_executive_officer ceo chairman industry telecommunication products mobile mobile services networking solutions revenue swiss billion operating_income chf income chf billion assets chf billion end equity chf billion end owner swiss government num_employees full homepage intl yes foundation bern switzerland location_city location_country switzerland swisscom major telecommunication provider switzerland headquarters located bern switzerland swiss confederation owns percent swisscom thend swisscom around employees generated revenues chf swisscom acquired five natel customer means thathe two_thirds swiss population used swisscomobile network swisscom tv counted million customers swiss telegraphy telegraph network first set followed telephone two networks combined withe mail postal service form postal_telegraph telephone_switzerland_ptt postal_telegraph telephone_switzerland postal_telegraph telephone struggled develop homegrown digital network withe_first digital exchange launched pioneered natel mobile service based natel offering digital service swiss telecommunication market telecom ptt waspun rebranded swisscom ahead partial whichas lefthe swiss government stake besides pioneering first mobile telephonetwork mobile telephonetwork natel present_day swisscom owns protected brand natel used known switzerland swisscomobile wasold vodafone since swisscom bought majority stake italy second fastweb telecommunications company fastweb invested areasuch hospitality support cloud computing cloud services mobile solutions billing entry telecommunication era came withe passage legislation giving swiss government control development telegraph network throughouthe_country government initial plans called creation three primary telegraphy telegraph lines well number secondary networks order build equipment system government established atelier f de construction des l federal workshop construction july first leg country telegraphy telegraph system st gallen zurich operational thend year country main cities connected telegraphy telegraph system network extended withe_first underwater cable connecting switzerland service also launched year starting basel st gallen telegraphy telegraph traffic took late government reduced cost word message telegraphy telegraph rise following decade technology wasoon replaced telephone_switzerland entry telephone age came first experimental telephone line phone lines appeared starting line linking post_office building withe federal palace switzerland federal palace link using thexisting telegraphy telegraph line bern following_year government passed legislation establishing monopoly country telephonetwork nonetheless private operators allowed bid license order develop local concession contract concessions switzerland first_private network created zurich central system withe capacity lines first directory also_published year listed subscribers basel bern local networks one_year_later first inter city telephone line established linking zurich public system rich zurich company ran difficulties mid development falling behind telephone concession contract concessions elsewhere country federal_government bought outhe private operator paying chf national telephonetwork continued expand telephone number introduced replacing initial system whereby able ask party name number switzerland telephone grew particularly inauguration new telephone central capable handling nearly lines switzerland telephonetwork extended include switzerland country also established first_international connection basel stuttgart germany switzerland began testing first_public telephone booth phone booths initially restricted public allowed national calling firstime telephony takes first automatic installed private networks semi automatic exchange installed rich following_year order extend country phone system rural parts switzerland government began promoting thestablishment party line systems swiss government created swiss postal_telegraph telephone_switzerland_ptt combining country mail postal services telegraphy telegraph telephone systems single government controlled entity development country telephone system government postal_telegraph telephone_switzerland_ptt launched directory following_year postal_telegraph telephone_switzerland_ptt started first fully automatic public rich postal_telegraph telephone_switzerland_ptt began services linked cities zurich basel bern linked via rich zurich international market postal_telegraph telephone_switzerland_ptt also_became responsible developing company radio broadcasting later outline television broadcasting television broadcasting telephone system took years following world_war ii country boasted telephone subscribers following decade number doubled postal_telegraph telephone_switzerland_ptt added computer capacity order handle billing fast_growing network period state_owned organisation continued invest telephonetwork switzerland became first country feature fully automated system space age communications image thumb original launched space first_launched space expo lausanne first exchange permit international direct dialing unveiled station went canton moving towards mobile automation enabled postal_telegraph telephone_switzerland introduce pulse priced per pulse postal_telegraph telephone_switzerland_ptt introduced automated international dialing services initially international direct dialing rolled outo rest country following decade achieving full coverage postal_telegraph telephone_switzerland_ptt subscriber base topped two million athe_beginning country introduced new seven phone numbering system postal_telegraph telephone_switzerland_ptt also becoming interested number new technologies postal_telegraph telephone_switzerland_ptt led including number prominent swiss telecommunications players efforto create telecommunications network originally_intended rolled middle decade first exchange become operational technologies proved accessible postal_telegraph telephone_switzerland_ptt company launched facsimile transmission services customer two_years_later postal_telegraph telephone_switzerland_ptt established first mobile telephonetwork mobile telephonetwork called natel although calls limited minutes coverage restricted five minutes local networks often difficulto establish connections natel network marked one thearliest successful attempts making telephony mobile postal_telegraph telephone_switzerland_ptt enabled facsimile transmission home office market base risen nearly three million fixed line users postal_telegraph telephone_switzerland_ptt launched next_generation mobile network natel b among reduced size mobile phone mobile pound fit carrying case first fibre laid tel new technologies appeared mid including data rolled first services launched postal_telegraph telephone_switzerland_ptt upgraded natel network new natel c network provided coverage transmitted sound smaller telephone sizes new network permitted mobile telephony take switzerland country subscribers natel network postal_telegraph telephone_switzerland_ptt faced loss telecommunication monopoly run coming telecommunication markethe postal_telegraph telephone_switzerland_ptt put place new corporate strategy separating postal telecommunication operations two focused units telecommunication business became_known telecom ptt new telecommunication legislation passed away government monopoly sector andigital data although maintaining company de facto hold local telephone market remainder decade part telecom ptt invested heavily mobile telephony business launching new based natel network network also_provided customers throughout europe marked start new era telephone market adopted new technology thend nearly two million customers connected natel network st_century one smallest european telecommunications companies telecom ptt began seek international growth forming short_lived partnership withe netherlands sweden company attempted enter number markets around world including malaysiand india finally collapsed years losses successful expansion effort came telecom ptt entry internet company set service provider blue window later bluewin became country leading internet service provider company_also subscriber services building base two million swiss government passed new legislation fully swiss telecommunication market part move telecom ptt waspun special public limited company telecom changed name swisscom october prepared full public offering however even_though listed six swiss exchange exchange swisscom remained majority controlled swiss government also swisscom faced competition home firstime new player name sunrise communications mobile telephone market competition swiss mobile market heated withe arrival ofrance telecom dominated orange orange held onto leading position among mobile users swisscom also_made international moves company acquired germany publicly third largest mobile services provider country also operations france quickly became leading network independent mobile services provider europe base ten million rapidly built holding stood percent swisscom restructured operations advance planned public offerings bluewin swisscomobile company split six primary business units sold percent stake swisscomobile england vodafone vodafone major investor called g third generation mobile telephone technology coincided swisscom winning umts telecommunication umts universal mobile license others including vodafone paid umts telecommunication umts paid chf million blow company bottom dropped umts telecommunication umts market soon swisscom began rolling new digital subscriber line technology thearly rapidly building base subscribers beginning respecto heavily competitors company found position holding war chf billion chf billion possible acquisitions funds enabled company growing wireless hotspot hotspot areas providing wireless network access company formed operations new subsidiary swisscom began expansion may acquired operated ten hotspot hotspots access another sites thend month swisscom took giant step forward theuropean wifi scene acquiring england germany purchases gave company hotspots germany switzerland well third largest hotspot hotspot network united times former state_owned postal_telegraph telephone_switzerland_ptt p founded stages onwards became public limited company status october switzerland swiss confederation currently holds share capital telecommunications enterprise act limits outside participation tof share capital april message swiss federal council federal council proposed federal assembly switzerland swisscom completely thathe switzerland swiss confederation sell stages may national council switzerland national council declined supporthe proposal may advisory committee council states advised council council states proposal could referred back swiss federal council federal council swisscom announced new visual identity december swisscom swisscomobile swisscom solutions ceased exist january part restructuring swisscom redesigned logo transformed moving real innovation switzerland industry july ceof swisscom apparent suicide appointed ceo since november ceof swisscom file_bluewin thumb right px bluewin tower rich swisscom switzerland ltd underwent january subsidiary companies mobile solutions dissolved replaced residential medium_sized enterprises enterprise customers wholesale well network innovation segments platforms together withe fixed network mobile communications former group companies merged network innovation division file thumb swisscom telecommunication centre zurich currently swisscom operations performed via three operating switzerland fastweb telecommunications company fastweb operating switzerland divided following segments residential medium_sized enterprises enterprise customers wholesale network innovation swisscom network builds operates nationwide fixed line mobile communications infrastructure switzerland division also responsible corresponding platforms charge migrating networks integrated based platform first_half swisscom acquired majority holding italian company fastweb telecommunications company fastweb offer period ran april may swisscom acquired telecommunications company fastweb share capital added swisscom existing stake meanthat swisscom owned telecommunications company fastweb shares cut date may total transaction billion chf billion fastweb telecommunications company fastweb currently operates second_largest network italy participation portfolio covers five business fields broadcasting swisscom broadcast network construction maintenance building management business_travel incl vehicle fleet swisscom real_estate ltd billing collection mobile solutions holding file tower st thumb tower st important inorth west switzerland international carrier services june group international carrier services ics belgacom ics belgacom ics belgacom ics function official international gateway international carrier services belgacom swisscom group companies respectively hold company shares internet things april company started testing network internet things low power wide area network regions rich zurich pilot project serves addition thexisting mobile network solutions estimated year billion connections running via board directors comprised follows ofebruary swisscom board former ceo chairman coop switzerland coop chairman board former georg fischer swiss company georg fischer val head labor affairs federal department economic_affairs education research alain former chairman trade union frank former ceof barbara chief electric germany catherine partner founder media former hans board representative swiss government business areas services february swisscom launched website allows_users track hospitality hospitality division swisscom specifically aimed athe hotel_industry offering specialised network communication used hyatt carlson hotel_group marriott hotels_resorts marriott hilton worldwide accor mandarin oriental hotel_group mandarin oriental large hotel_groups across north_america europe middleast asia_pacific founded company originally specialised providing high_speed internet access services hotel guests europeand star hotels withe rising complexity information communication technology increasing cost pressures affecting hotel expanded applications including voice hotel tv high_speed internet tablet based room controls offered hotel network infrastructure company introduced managed network services offering specifically hotel customers june swisscom hospitality_services became part new_company group following acquisition sweden based group develops products services independent hotels hotel_chains hospitals public venues europe middleast cloud centers swisscom announced plan build cloud computing cloud service based switzerland consequence service comply strict privacy laws switzerland although stored within switzerland borders users would global access thus individuals businesses protected intervention oforeign authorities foreign data privacy laws despite facthat swisscom main focus swiss based clients especially banking clients also targets foreign based clients seeking protection data privacy individuals switzerland swisscom alsoffers cloud storage solution targeting security documents documents uploaded accessed via web app free charge unlimited storage space swisscom cloud computing cloud service comparable cloud computing cloud service service without client computing client offers container based platform service cloud called swisscom application cloud public new business considers infrastructure form basis products services current increasingly competitive global environment company strategy involves adapting new conditions developing business_models developing natel pricing plans order ensure sustained source revenue therefore company decided develop national international offerings based high_speed cloud infrastructure addition banking healthcare energy developing vertical solutions recent examples fields include testing autonomous car driver less cars exploring opportunities thealthcare market make intelligent power networks forming partnership coop switzerland coop area e_commerce swisscom startup challenge swisscom startup challenge held five_years program provides ten selected tech start ups stage five late stage chance join tailor made week_long business acceleration program silicon valley develop ideas meet industry experts investors potential customers ten selected invited pitch jury jury gives feedback names five winners challenge organized collaboration news channel website languagen access_date startups participated challenge winners corporate responsibility withe recommendations swiss code best practice corporate governance issued meeting requirements ordinance excessive compensation listed stock practicing effective transparent corporate governance present swisscom corporate responsibility strategy involves fostering long standing partnerships areas climate environmental_protection sustainable living working social responsibility media expertise swisscom ranked th recent list global sustainable corporations world market segment mobile telephony mobile telecommunication services main competitors swisscom arepresented orange salt sunrise communications th consecutive year connect magazine named swisscom winner yearly network test comparing telephone services three largest providers connect network test network test conducted region germany austriand switzerland connect magazine swisscom secured second position category sunrise communications sunrise able closely lead category mainly swisscom slower connection time telephone calls category data network success rates connection internet three close swisscom providing fastest download less urban_areas based overall results connect magazine awarded swisscom prize best network however gap swisscom twother companies significantly compared test also revealed significant improvements services companies involved criticism survey conducted swiss newspaper consumers criticized swisscom international roaming rates rates mobile phones main concern consumers survey thathey found rates high references_externalinks_official_website_category companies owned federal_government switzerland_category telecommunications companies switzerland_category internet service_providers switzerland_category ict service_providers category_companiestablished category swiss brands category_companies_category internet service_providers category telecommunications companies_category service companies_category category mobile phone companies switzerland_category mobile technology category_companies switzerland_category category publicly traded companies_category telecommunications switzerland_category 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new barnet london daily chronicle clerkenwell p british newspaper archive retrievedecember february landlord burned detected strong smell gas went searching source leak daughter miss barnet mercury february p british newspaper archive retrievedecember pub run barnet brewery alexandra closed save new barnet campaign reported_thathe site owner realm applied pub replace apartments pub demolished october november flats completed february externalinks_category pubs london_borough barnet category demolished buildings structures london_category_former pubs"},{"title":"The Amrita","description":"current owner dante patrick alan charles chef head chefood type vegand non vegan dress code naked and mobile phone free rating street address city london melbourne tokyo county state postcode country united kingdom australia japan iso region coordinates display latitude longitude latd latm lats latns longd longm longs longew coordinateseating capacity reservations other locations other information 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onovember inn venue first women institutes women institute meeting held england first meeting wales september year inaugural meeting singleton east dean still existence landlady pub mrs founder member pub originally known pig whistle later fox fox charlton renamed fox goes free change ownership onovember fox entry national_heritage list england updated include connection three buildings significance category_grade_ii_listed_buildings west sussex category_grade_ii_listed pubs england"},{"title":"The Fox, Palmers Green","description":"file the fox palmers green jpg thumb the fox the fox is a public house in palmers greenorth london the corner of green lanes london green lanes and fox lane a fox pub and hotel hastood on the site for over years in the fox featured in the film of jk rowling s novel harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban in the fox was the first asset of community value to be registered in the london borough of enfield the first mention of the fox is in old stagers palmers green jewel in the north retrieved april the society of tradesmen and labourers methereap baggs et al edmonton socialife in a history of the county of middlesex volume hendon kingsbury great stanmore little stanmoredmonton enfield monken hadley south mimms tottenham tft baker and rb pugh eds london pp britishistory online retrieved april before the advent of the motor car the fox was the terminus of the horse drawn buservice into london run by the davey family of publicans the building formerly had stables athe back the present building was constructed in fox nominated as an asset of community value basil clarke palmers green community april retrieved april in a dispute between rivalbanian drugs gangs athe fox spilled out on to the streets of palmers green and two men were critically injured and a third man edmund gullhaj was pronouncedead athe scene the albanian connection bbc london february retrieved april the fox featured in the film of jk rowling s novel harry potter and the 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green jewel north retrieved_april society edmonton socialife history county middlesex volume great little enfield south mimms tottenham baker eds london pp online retrieved_april advent motor car fox terminus horse drawn london run family building formerly stables athe back present building constructed fox nominated asset community value basil clarke palmers green community april retrieved_april dispute drugs gangs athe fox streets palmers green two men critically injured third man edmund athe scene connection bbc london february retrieved_april fox featured film novel harry_potter prisoner film harry_potter prisoner harry_potter pub palmers green clare casey enfield gazette advertiser january_retrieved_january london_borough enfield first asset community value successful application southgate civic fox becomes enfield first asset community value palmers green jewel north june_retrieved_april reported dutch brewers owned pub preparing plans references_externalinks category_pubs 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of this the canadian countryside as the railrodder providescenic views of nova scotia quebec ontario the prairies the rockies and the west coast cities visited by buster include montreal ottawand vancouver the railrodder buster keaton reads a newspaper in london england a full page ad proclaiming see canada now catches his attention he promptly throws the newspaper away and jumps into the river thames he subsequently reemerges on theast coast of canadat lawrencetown halifax county nova scotia lawrencetownova scotia having apparently swum across the atlantic ocean atlantic where he is greeted by a sign indicating the direction to the other side of canada miles away the railrodder starts his long hike but soon finds a one man open top handcarail maintenance vehicle commonly known as a speeder parked on a rail track he sits in the driver seat intending to take a nap but he accidentally puts the vehicle in gear and it speeds off down the track in a series of mini adventureshared by the railrodder and the motor car the vehicle with an apparently inexhaustible fuel supply follows the canadianational railway line across canada en route the railrodder ishown making breakfast acting as a maid and even doing laundry never once intentionally stopping the vehicle thoughe later doestop in order tobtain camouflage so he can do some bird hunting a runningag involves a storage compartment in the vehicle which seems to be hammerspace infinite on the inside as he pulls out everything from pillows and a bison fur coato a full tea service along the way he also hasome close calls with locomotive s and even other speeders coming the other direction but emerges harm freeach time the railrodder finally arrives athe west coast after taking in the view for a few moments he gets ready to starthe long ride back only to discover his rail car has been taken by a japanese gentleman who has just emerged from the ocean presumably the strait of georgiand has decided to take his own tour of canada with a shrug the railrodder starts walking down the long track the railrodder was produced by the national film board of canada with principal photography being completed ineibaur p a behind the scenes documentary film documentary short film that was released likely contains the only known footage of keaton working behind the scenes on a filmschneider maria the railrodder buster keaton rides again av club march retrieved march the railrodder was made withe cooperation of the canadianational railway while filming also took place on canadian pacific railway great northern railway of canada great northern railway and bc rail pacific great eastern railway lines an acknowledgment of the cooperation of railroads was given as a final title credit buster keaton rides again concurrent withe production of the railrodder the national film board produced a documentary entitled buster keaton rides again which combines behind the scenes footage during the fall ofilmed in black and white as opposed to the short film itself which is in colour with a running time of minutes it is more than twice the length of the railrodder the documentary includes retrospective footage of keaton s hollywood career keaton and gerald potterton his director discussed and occasionally argued over gags in the film withe director concerned abouthe safety of histar during the filming of the railrodder keaton celebrated his th birthday he also had the opportunity to meet fans across canada the motivation behind making the railrodder with buster keaton was that critics werediscovering and wildly praising his great silent comedies of the s produced primarily made for television the canadian broadcasting corporation cbc and after broadcasthe film was made available on mm to schools libraries and other interested parties the film was also made available to film libraries operated by university and provincial authoritiesohayon albert propaganda cinemathe nfb national film board of canada july retrieved march 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final film roles directed gerald potterton produced national_film board canada nfb minute travelogue films travelogue canada railrodder also keaton final silent film film contains dialogue sound effects p backdrop canadian countryside railrodder views nova_scotia quebec ontario rockies west_coast cities visited buster include montreal vancouver railrodder buster_keaton reads newspaper london_england full page see canada catches attention promptly newspaper away jumps river_thames subsequently theast_coast canadat halifax county nova_scotia scotia apparently across atlantic_ocean atlantic greeted sign indicating direction side canada miles away railrodder starts long hike soon finds one man open top maintenance vehicle commonly_known parked rail track sits driver seat intending take accidentally puts vehicle gear speeds track series mini railrodder motor car vehicle apparently fuel supply follows canadianational railway line across canada route railrodder ishown making breakfast acting maid even laundry never intentionally stopping vehicle later order tobtain camouflage bird hunting involves storage compartment vehicle seems inside pulls everything fur full tea service along way also hasome close calls locomotive even coming direction harm time railrodder finally arrives athe west_coast taking view moments gets ready starthe long ride back discover rail car taken japanese gentleman emerged ocean presumably strait georgiand decided take tour canada railrodder starts walking long track railrodder produced national_film board canada principal photography completed p behind scenes documentary_film documentary short film released likely contains known footage keaton working behind scenes maria railrodder buster_keaton rides club march_retrieved_march railrodder made withe cooperation canadianational railway filming also took_place canadian pacific railway great northern railway canada great northern railway rail pacific great eastern railway lines cooperation railroads given final title credit buster_keaton rides withe production railrodder national_film board produced documentary entitled buster_keaton rides combines behind scenes footage fall black white opposed short film colour running time minutes twice length railrodder documentary includes footage keaton hollywood career keaton gerald potterton director discussed occasionally argued film withe director concerned abouthe safety filming railrodder keaton celebrated th birthday also opportunity meet fans across canada motivation behind making railrodder buster_keaton critics wildly great silent produced primarily made television canadian broadcasting corporation cbc film made_available schools libraries interested parties film also_made_available film libraries operated university provincial albert propaganda nfb national_film board canada july_retrieved_march railrodder film_festival gerald potterton mention short film category railrodder buster_keaton rides available free national_film board website well dvd addition alson nfb youtube channel canada nfb markets dvd video distributes film united_states james l fall buster_keaton films mgm educational pictures columbia press externalinks watch railrodder requires adobe flash category_films_category_canadian films_category comedy films_category films without speech category silent films color category_national_film board canada short films_category_canadian short films_category_travelogues category_films directed gerald potterton category rail_transport films_category_filmset canada_category buster_keaton category_films directed buster_keaton category film scores"},{"title":"The Railway Hotel, Southend","description":"the railway hotel is a pub in southend on sea essex england it is known for its live music and its vegetariand vegan food the pub chose toffer a meat free menu in english singer wilko johnson has been known to attend the pub occasionally in the pub replaced their traditional pub sign for a hand painted portrait 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dinamalar newspaper the plan was to publish a weekly short comic based on the journey in their weekly children supplement dinamalar siruvarmalar two issues were publishedated and february before the series was cancelled each issue carried a pagepisode translations of the text were done in house other excerpts were published in himal southasian fountaink magazine live mint and the self published comixindianthologies arthe black white artwork and panelayouts invoke narrative techniques characteristic of japanese mangas noted by divya trivedin a review in frontline magazine frontline magazine bharath speaks about his interest and conscious borrowing from japanese manga in an interview in the comics journal the gautama buddha is represented as a dharmachakra dharma wheel one of the aniconism aniconic symbols used to representhe buddha in early buddhist art another feature is the use of black white photographsome taken by alka during the journey and others being historical photos of the locations the final panel image in the book is a close uphoto taken by alka of the foot of the bodhi tree plot in september bharath murthy and his wife alka singh recent converts to buddhism decide to go a pilgrimage to the historical sites related to the life of siddhartha gautama the historical gautama buddha travelling through the archaeological ruinstrewn across the gangetic plains they rediscover the lost and forgotten buddhist past of india the book is divided into six chapters wherein they visit bodhgaya nalanda rajgir kushinagar district kushinagar lumbini sarnath and shravastinterspersed between their tour arepisodes of the buddha s life thatake place in that location the author has used the recordediscourses of the gautama buddha in the pali tipitakas the basis for illustrating thesepisodes the book tries to understand the history of buddhism india while athe same time taking note of its current status in a country dominated by hinduism the protagonists maintain scepticism at some cult like features they come across as part of the pilgrimage tourism industry they also encounter ignorance of buddhisteachings among indian followers of buddhism the topical news eventsurrounding the ayodhya dispute forms an important sub plot as the verdict is announced while they are on the journey the book ends withe couple reaching bodhgayand witnessing the bodhi tree reception the book received broadly favourable reviews it was nominated for the shakti bhatt first book prize the first comic to receive that honour in the award s history prajna desai reviewing it for the caravan magazine said the virtue of the vanished path consists in mobilising the dregs of history that is archaeology and little read texts to tell a witty and rounded story of the buddha s teachings the outlook traveller criticised its narrative style as bland rakesh khanna writing in the deccan chronicle found the narrative not carefully planned yet refreshing striptease an online magazine devoted to comics 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published arthe black white artwork narrative techniques characteristic japanese noted review frontline magazine frontline magazine bharath speaks interest conscious japanese manga interview comics journal gautama buddha represented wheel one symbols used representhe buddha early buddhist art another feature use black white taken alka journey others historical photos locations final panel image book close taken alka foot tree plot september bharath wife alka singh recent converts buddhism decide go pilgrimage historical sites related life gautama historical gautama buddha travelling archaeological across plains lost buddhist past india book divided six chapters wherein visit district tour buddha life thatake place location author used gautama buddha basis book tries understand history buddhism india athe_time taking note current_status country dominated maintain cult like features come across part pilgrimage tourism_industry also encounter ignorance among indian followers buddhism news 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pub campaign_foreale national_inventory historic_pub interiors built winchester tavern later_became winchester hall hotel name derives winchester hall nearby late_th century mansion category_national inventory_pubs category highgate category_pubs london_borough camden"},{"title":"The Woodman","description":"start date completion date openedate inauguration date renovation date other dimensions floor count designations grade ii listed ren architect ren firm ren awards url embedded the woodman is a public house on albert street in birmingham england that is grade ii listed it stands beside theastside city park and the abandoned but listed curzon street railway station the building was built in and withe purpose of being a public house for the ansells brewery it was one of the small corner pubs designed by james lister lea the building is built from red brick and terracotta with a slate roof bothe ground and first floor have narrowindows above thentrance but with wide windows with brick 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grey holborn wc jpg thumb yorkshire grey the yorkshire grey is a public house and restaurant on the corner of grays inn road and theobald s road in bloomsbury london borough of camden london situated to the north of gray s inn it is a listed buildingrade ii listed building built in by j w brooker the pub was established in and was historically in the county of middlesex the amalgamated society of gentleman servants once met athe yorkshire grey inn in the late th century althoughart street is mentioned as the location and it is possibly a different pub in it was owned by an oliver waterloo king it servescotch and japanese whiskies and traditional english pub grub there were also public houses of the same name in cambridge in the th century at king street cambridge king street and in sheffield which closed in externalinks official site category establishments in england category buildings and structures in bloomsbury category pubs in the london borough of camden category grade ii listed 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road road bloomsbury london_borough camden london situated north gray inn listed_buildingrade ii_listed_building built j w pub established historically county middlesex society gentleman servants met athe yorkshire grey inn late_th century street mentioned location possibly different pub owned oliver waterloo king japanese traditional english pub grub also public_houses name cambridge th_century king_street cambridge king_street sheffield closed externalinks_official site_category establishments england_category buildings structures bloomsbury category_pubs london_borough camden_category grade_ii_listed_buildings london_borough camden"},{"title":"Themed Entertainment Association","description":"themed entertainment association tea is an international non profit association that represents creators developers designers and producers of theming themed entertainment its mission astated in its bylaws is to facilitate dialogue and communication among its members to stimulate knowledge and professional growth and to expand the size diversity and awareness of themed entertainment industry everyear since the tea hostsate a lecture based conference about storytelling architecture technology and experience tea sate conference sate academy days themed entertainment association retrieved theaward themed entertainment association annually presents theaward to projects whose achievement has been determined to be of outstanding quality the award is for people or parks in themed entertainment industry selected by people from the industry nd annual theaward recipients in theas were awarded to the following the buzz price theaward recognizing a lifetime of distinguished achievements keith james thea classic award san diego zoo and san diego zoo safari park usattractione world observatory new york city usattraction spongebob subpants adventure at moody gardens galveston usattraction a limited budget les amoureux de verdun at puy du fou les epesses france interactive attraction a limited budget foresta lumina parc de la gorge de coaticook quebecanada science discovery garden rory meyers children s adventure garden dallas arboretum and botanical garden usa museum exhibit alexander mcqueen savage beauty at victoriand albert museum london uk science discovery experience on a limited budget inspector training course discovery cube los angeles usa event spectacular fountain of dreams at wuyishan fujian china parade spectacular disney painthe night hong kong disneyland disneyland anaheim usa technology on a limited budget gantom torch technology breakthrough geppetto animation control system brand experience on a limited budget manufacturing innovation ford rouge factory tour thenry fordearborn usa corporate visitor centerehab on a limited budget moments of happiness at world of coca colatlanta usa environmental media experience integrated environmental media system at lax los angeles international airport usa tea distinguished service honoree john robinett st annual theaward recipients in theas were awarded to the following the buzz price theaward recognizing a lifetime of distinguished achievements ron miziker thea classic award it s a small world at disneyland anaheim usa thea paragon award the wizarding world of harry potter the wizarding world of harry potter universal orlando resort diagon alley diagon alley at universal studios florida orlando usattraction harry potter and thescape from gringotts universal studios florida orlando usa technical excellence interactive wands athe wizarding world of harry potter universal studios florida orlando usa new theme park land graatassland the land of the little grey tractor at kongeparken lg rd norway live show on a limited budgethe grand hall experience at union station st louis union station st louis usa interactive park attraction a limited budget wilderness explorers at disney s animal kingdom walt disney world orlando usa museum exhibit on a limited budget nature lab natural history museum of los angeles county los angeles usa event spectacular wings of time at sentosa island singapore corporate brand land the storygarden athe amorepacific beauty campus gyeonggi do south korea themed restaurant bistrot chez remy at walt disney studios park disneyland paris france theme park chimelong ocean kingdom hengqin zhuhai china extraordinary cultural achievement national september memorial museum national september memorial museum new york city usa museum wonderkamers at gemeentemuseum den haag the hague netherlands atrraction the time machine at parc du futuroscope poiters france tea distinguished service honoree pat mackay th annual theaward recipients in theas were awarded to the following the buzz price theaward recognizing a lifetime of distinguished achievements garner holthea classic award thenchanted tiki room at disneyland anaheim usa breakthrough technology revolution tru trackless ride system by oceaneering entertainment systems botanical gardens by the bay singaporevent spectacular michael jacksone at mandalay bay hotelas vegas usa participatory character greeting enchanted tales with belle at walt disney world s magic kingdom orlando usa science museum the mind museum taguig city philippines unique art installation marine worlds carousel at machines of the isle of nantes les machines de le nantes france attraction revitalization polynesian cultural center oahu hawaii d simulator on a limited budget de vuurproef het spoorwegmuseum utrecht netherlands attraction mystic manor at hong kong disneyland hong kong visitor center titanic belfast northern ireland live show on a limited budgethe song of angel at universal studios japan osaka japan tea distinguished service honoree karen mcgee th annual theaward recipients in theas were awarded to the following the buzz price theaward recognizing a lifetime of distinguished achievements frank stanek thea classic award europark rust germany event spectacular expo water shows the big o show at expo yeosu international expo south koreattraction radiator springs racers at disney californiadventure anaheim usattraction transformers the ride d at universal studiosingapore and universal studios hollywood new theme park land cars land at disney californiadventure anaheim usa museum canada sports hall ofame calgary canada event spectacular aquanurat efteling parkaatsheuvel netherlands breakthrough technology tait pixel tabletstudio tour warner brostudios leavesden studio tour warner brostudio tour london the making of harry potter leavesden hertfordshire leavesdengland themed resort hotel aulani a disney resort and spa kolina resort oahu hawaii themed restaurant carthay circle restaurant and lounge at disney californiadventure anaheim usa tea distinguished service honoree judith rubin th annual theaward recipients in theas were awarded to the following the buzz price theaward formerly the lifetime achievement award joe rohde walt disney imagineering thea classic award puy du fou puy du fou le grand parc and puy du fou the cinescenie cin sc nie vend e france attraction space fantasy the ride at universal studios japan osaka japan attraction a limited budget barnas brannstasjon children s fire station at kongeparken lg rd norway attraction fr arthur l aventure d arthur l aventure d at futuroscope poitiers france attraction refresh star tours the adventures continue at disneyland disney s hollywood studios at walt disney world usa museum exhibit naturequest at fernbank museum of natural history atlanta usa museum exhibit you thexperience at museum of science and industry chicago museum of science and industry chicago usa sciencenter attraction a limited budgethe changing climate show at science north greater sudbury canada cultural heritage attraction a limited budget ghost of the castle at old louisiana state capitolouisiana s old state capitol baton rouge usa show spectacular crane dance at resorts world sentosa singapore show spectacular cinderella castle the magic the memories and you the magic the memories and you at walt disney world s magic kingdom usa live show event spectacular yo m xico celebration of the century of the mexican revolution mexico city mexico live show spectacular city of dreams casino dancing water theatre the house of dancing water at city of dreams casino city of dreams macau themed restaurant experience foodloop at europark rust germany ingeniouse of technology animation magic in the animator s palate restaurant aboardisney cruise line ship disney fantasy th annual theaward recipients in theas were awarded to the following the buzz price theaward formerly the lifetime achievement award kim irvine art director disneyland thea classic award thexploratorium san francisco usa expo pavilion exhibit along the river during the qingming festival china pavilion at expo china pavilion shanghai expo china museum national infantry museum the national infantry museum columbus georgia usa museum the walt disney family museum san francisco usa museum sciencenter exhibit science storms museum of science and industry chicago museum of science industry chicago usa museum attraction beyond all boundariesolomon victory theater national world war ii museum new orleans usa museum glasnevin museum dublin ireland nighttime spectacular world of color disney californiadventure anaheim usa integration of technology and storytelling ict mobile devicexpo pavilions information and communication pavilion information and communications pavilion shanghai expo china promotional event flynn livesan diego comicon international san diego comicon san diego usa new theme park land the wizarding world of harry potter islands of adventure the wizarding world of harry potter universal orlando resort orlando usa thematic integration of retail food beveragexperiences the wizarding world of harry potter islands of adventure the wizarding world of harry potter universal orlando resort orlando usa feature attraction harry potter and the forbidden journey universal orlando resort orlando usa technical achievement harry potter and the forbidden journey universal orlando resort orlando usa th annual theaward recipients in theas were awarded to the following lifetime achievement award mark fuller designer mark fuller wet design thea classic award coal mine museum of science and industry chicago museum of science and industry chicago usattraction toy story midway mania disney s californiadventure andisney s hollywood studios hollywood studios at walt disney world attraction the dragon s treasure city of dreams casino city of dreams macau attraction rehab disaster universal studios florida orlando usa museum at bethel woods the museum at bethel woods new york usa museum please touch museum philadelphia usa traveling exhibition america i am the african american imprint sciencenter exhibit skyscraper achievement impact liberty sciencenter liberty state park jersey city usa zoo attraction a limited budget mcneil avian center philadelphia zoo usa live show tea show at overseas chinese town east resort shenzhen china brand experience heineken experience amsterdam netherlands th annual theaward recipients in theas were awarded to the following lifetime achievement award robert l ward thea classic award epcot museum national museum of the marine corps museum the newseumuseum exhibit international spy museum operation spy operation spy athe international spy museum exhibit limited budget arizona sciencenter permanent exhibitions force of nature at arizona sciencenter learning experience ronald reagan presidentialibrary air force one pavilion air force one discovery center athe ronald reagan presidentialibrary sciencenter audubon insectarium live show finding nemo finding nemo the musical finding nemo the musicalive show the legend of mythicatokyo disneysea event spectacular summer olympics opening ceremony casino attraction wynn macau s wynn macau tree of prosperity tree of prosperity technical muppet mobile lab at hong kong disneyland new theme park land busch gardens tampa bay jungala at busch gardens tampa bay attraction limited budget bewilderwood attraction limited budgethe forgotten mine at park molenheide in houthalen helchteren belgium attraction the simpsons ride at universal studios floridand universal studios hollywood th annual theaward recipients in theawards for outstanding achievement were awarded to the following attraction shuttle launch experience kennedy spacenter attraction limited budget awakening of the temple aztec on the river attraction rehab finding nemo submarine voyage disneyland themed training experience battle stations us navy interactive adventurepcot kim possible world showcase adventure kim possible world showcase adventure walt disney world technical achievement k by cirque du soleil sciencenter limited budget cosmos athe castle blackrock castle blackrock castle observatory exhibit limited budget cleveland avenue time machine troy university s rosa parks library and museum traveling exhibit limited budget csi thexperiencexhibit noah s ark athe skirball cultural center skirballos angeles museum discovering the real george washington mount vernon heritage center chain of generations center jerusalem event spectacular songs of the sea sentosa traveling exhibit limited budget walking with dinosaurs walking with dinosaurs the arena spectacular walking with dinosaurs the livexperiencevent spectacular peter pan s neverland universal studios japan thea classic award seaworld san diego th annual theaward recipients in theas were awarded to the following lifetime achievement award bob rogers designer bob rogers thea classic award madame tussauds london museum touring attraction ashes and snow live show believe at seaworld brand retail experience boudin bakery boudin athe wharf attraction expedition everest aquarium the georgiaquarium simulated experience charlie and the chocolate factory the ride the great glass elevator at alton towers children 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ride grew in popularity it moved to a new starting point more centralized in toronto although still somewhat east of the core it remained associated with a bike store for some time and was insured by the ontario cycling association a serious accident in the s led to thentire group being sued and since then the ride is completely unofficialthough the ride often took place four times a week during the summers of the mid s including an extended km run up to the holland marsh the marsh ride on wednesdays it is now primarily a weekend and holiday affair over the years the ride has hosted many notable canadian cyclists including legendary toronto guru mike barry and hison michael barry cyclist michael barry of us postal t mobile and columbia sky jocelyn lovell the hansen brothers and others local cyclists and filmmakers aryeh smith and stephane marcotte collaborated to develop a documentary abouthe donut ride in ride route the current route starts at am athe corner of eglinton and laird in the parking lot of a former donut shop hence the ride s name currently a great canadian bagel only a small number of theventual pack starts athe shop however with riders joining all along the route notably from a church just pasthe starting point and from the bridge carrying lawrence avenue over bayview avenue the tempo is easy early on with riders chatting as the pack heads north and out of the city the normal route follows bayview northward to sheppard avenue the ride winds through a number of smaller streets before turning onto bathurst for a short period and then around a ramp onto highway a major six lane highway where the talking stops as the tempo picks up rather dramatically the main high speed portion continues from here across to langstaff road and then heading north on keele st here the pack fragments as the cross wind and rolling hills on keele take their toll usually riders in the front group sprint for a line which is painted on the road on the outskirts of king city ontario king city several routes branch offrom here including a shorter km route across king road a middle distance route along bloomington road and a longer and much more challenging hillieroute further north on keele and back on dufferin there are six traditional routes from km to km the ride meets up again after turning easto yonge street for a stop at gramma s oven a small polish bakery just south of king road in oak ridges ontarioak ridges after the stop at around am the ride continues eastward with several additional return routes centered on either kennedy leslie st don mills rd the return portion of the ride startslow but is followed by a higher speed section culminating in a sprint at km h on leslie just north of major mackenzie and a sprint on kennedy just north of unionville the ride slows as it reaches the northern end of the city and the traffic signals once again become an issue oddly the ride does not end athe starting point but a locationly a kilometer away to the 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ride informal toronto road cycling every saturday sunday well public holidays typical summer numbers range riders forming large pack weather ride continues yearound often sees dozen riders even mid winter ride known fairly fast paced often reaching speeds also_known fairly riders dropped pack tour first organized team ride scarborough cycling club affiliated bike store scarborough toronto scarborough twof primary organizers roger barry ride grew popularity moved new starting_point centralized toronto although still somewhat east core remained associated bike store time insured ontario cycling_association serious accident led thentire group sued since ride completely ride often took_place four_times week summers mid including extended run holland marsh marsh ride wednesdays primarily weekend holiday affair years ride hosted many notable canadian cyclists including legendary toronto guru mike barry hison michael barry cyclist michael barry us postal mobile columbia sky hansen brothers others local cyclists smith collaborated develop documentary abouthe donut ride ride route current route starts athe_corner parking_lot former donut shop hence ride name currently great canadian bagel small number theventual pack starts athe shop however riders joining along route notably church pasthe starting_point bridge carrying lawrence avenue avenue tempo easy early riders pack heads north city normal route follows avenue ride winds number smaller streets turning onto short period around ramp onto highway major six lane highway talking stops tempo picks rather dramatically main high_speed portion continues across road heading north keele st pack fragments cross wind rolling hills keele take toll usually riders front group sprint line painted road outskirts king city ontario king city several routes branch offrom including shorter route across king road middle distance route along bloomington road longer much challenging north keele back six traditional routes ride meets turning easto street stop oven small polish bakery south king road oak_ridges ridges stop around ride continues several additional return routes centered either kennedy leslie st mills return portion ride followed higher speed section culminating sprint h leslie north major sprint kennedy north ride reaches northern end city traffic signals become issue ride end athe_starting point kilometer away southwest riders already split offrom main making way home shortest route main portion ride route medium route long route tips foriders subway station line riders north meet athe canadat ride picks final group mostly western side city joins athe_corner old highway keele city speeds fairly low pack builds becomes largenough essentially traffic signals settle steady mid city around highway speed quickly picks high pack normally starts split keele st series rolling hills drops form packs continue easier hang withe group return portion ride downhill frequently allowing attain speeds h video history donut ride full documentary dvd sample ride short documentary ride make like lance tour_de toronto mike globe mail july see_also cycling toronto bicycling network furthereading avid weekend road cyclist trouble keeping withe pack spends much ride alone category_bicycle_tours category sport toronto category_cycling toronto"},{"title":"TOSRV","description":"the two day bicycle tour of the scioto river valley is better known by its acronym tosrv it began as a father and son outing in before quickly growing into at one time the nation s largest bicycle touring weekend it is non competitive and has been traditionally held annually on mother s day weekend withexception of its earlyears and about cyclists participate in the annual mother s day weekend tour covering miles during the weekend milesaturday and milesunday the tour leaves from columbus ohion saturday morning the riderspend the night in portsmouth on the ohio river and return on sunday to columbus tosrv is organized by columbus outdoor pursuits cop an organization with a full range of non competitive outdoor activities the tour has become known as america s bicycle touring classic since the tosrv route runs along the scioto river valley it avoids the large hills of southern ohio the first milesouth of columbus include some slight grades and fromile to mile there are a series of short steep hills the remaining miles to portsmouth arelatively flat for a total of miles kilometers for the day the toureturns to columbus along the same route tosrv is not for the casual cyclisto enjoy tosrv ridershould have ridden at least miles during the two months prior to the tour including at least one mile day the riders their bicycles and equipment must be in top shape in the s and s there were around to riders who participated in tosrv the tour wastarted in by charles and greg siple a father and son and grew from there to become one of the largest bicycling tours in america having riders in the most riders the tour ever hosted was in with riders a staggered start was necessary beginning in when the toureached cyclists people come from all over the nation and canada to ride tosrv charlie pace was namedirector of the tour in and retired after the th anniversary ride in the tour is now an important part of the culture in portsmouth which is known as the city of murals for the colorful depictions of its history on the flood walls one of the murals is a depiction of the tour tosrv may themobsrule the mob won the traditional date of mother s day weekend of years on mother s day has been switched to may one week later one more week to train for the baddest ride in the nation tosrv is not your mother s tosrv themobsrule tosrv opening party january at wild goose creative summit st columbus on site registration come outo see years of tosrv in the many vintage pieces that will bexhibitedrink dance and be tosrv public registration opens january supporteam sag services are provided foregistered riders every two miles there is a supporteam vehicle on the side of the road in case of emergenciesuch aserious bicycle damage or injury all day until at night when the tour ends in front of the state building saturday morning there is a truck to put baggage sleeping bags and any other materials riders do not wanto carry withem on the ride to portsmouth food is provided athe three stops circleville chillicothe and waverly spaced about miles apart half tosrv less experienced riders oriders who do not like the idea of spending a whole day on a bike can opt for the half tosrv in which cyclists ride from chillicothe to portsmouth on saturday and return to chillicothe on sunday the half tosrv riderstill receive full support overnight accommodation tosrv registration and hotel accommodation are athe hyatt on capital square in downtown columbus the hyatt allows participants to keep their bikes in theirooms and has discounted rates for the weekend once in portsmouth saturday nighthere are many overnight options included in thentry fee is overnight stay in spartan stadium camping an alternative option is the ymca for all hotels and motels in the area fill up rather quickly around january in william crowley was killed on route during the tour according to state highway patrol he wastruck from behind by a sport utility vehicle the director of the tour said thathis nothe designated route buthat some cyclists chose to take ito save some time howeveroute is not asafe as route the designated route this was the first fatality of the tour in its almost year history after the incidentosrv cautioned riders from riding outside the designated route all participants arequired to wear a helmet riders of the tour consider the ride to be a safe one the radio stations in central ohio and along the tour in circleville chillicothe waverly and portsmouth all broadcast messages letting drivers know to be alert and courteous of bikers during the weekend the cyclistshare the road with drivers for the day most of the route is 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bicycle_tour scioto river valley better_known acronym tosrv began father son outing quickly growing one_time nation largest bicycle_touring weekend non competitive traditionally held annually mother day weekend withexception earlyears cyclists participate annual mother day weekend tour covering miles weekend tour leaves columbus saturday morning night portsmouth ohio river return sunday columbus tosrv organized columbus outdoor pursuits cop organization full range non competitive outdoor activities tour become known america bicycle_touring classic since tosrv route runs along scioto river valley large hills southern ohio first columbus include slight grades mile series short steep hills remaining miles portsmouth arelatively flat total miles kilometers day columbus along route tosrv casual enjoy tosrv ridden least miles two months prior tour including least_one mile day_riders bicycles equipment must top shape around riders participated tosrv tour wastarted charles greg siple father son grew become_one largest bicycling tours america riders riders tour ever hosted riders start necessary beginning cyclists people come nation canada ride tosrv charlie pace tour retired th_anniversary ride tour important_part culture portsmouth known city murals colorful depictions history flood walls one murals depiction tour tosrv may mob traditional date mother day weekend years mother day switched may one_week later one_week train ride nation tosrv mother tosrv tosrv opening party january wild creative summit st columbus site registration come outo see years tosrv many vintage pieces dance tosrv public registration opens january sag services provided riders every two miles vehicle side road case bicycle damage injury day night tour ends front state building saturday morning truck put baggage sleeping_bags materials riders wanto carry withem ride portsmouth food provided athe_three stops chillicothe waverly miles apart half tosrv less experienced riders like idea spending whole day bike half tosrv cyclists ride chillicothe portsmouth saturday return chillicothe sunday half tosrv receive full support overnight accommodation tosrv registration hotel accommodation athe hyatt capital square downtown columbus hyatt allows participants keep bikes discounted rates weekend portsmouth saturday many overnight options included thentry fee overnight stay spartan stadium camping alternative option ymca hotels motels area fill rather quickly around january william killed route tour according state_highway patrol behind sport utility vehicle director tour said thathis nothe designated route buthat cyclists chose take ito save time route designated route first fatality tour almost year history riders riding outside designated route participants arequired wear helmet riders tour consider ride safe one radio stations central ohio along tour chillicothe waverly portsmouth broadcast messages letting drivers know alert bikers weekend road drivers day_route two lane country roads route marked spray paint road signs crucial turns tour included extra miles way due detour since bridge closed detour chillicothe waverly stops longest part ride tour directors founded siple family charlie pace charlie pace frank rick bill gordon directors rick mighty tosrv year illustrated history tour scioto river valley columbus council american_youthostels first_edition externalinks tosrv site_category sports ohio category_bicycle_tours category_cycling events united_states"},{"title":"Tour de Cure","description":"the tour de cure is a series ofund raising cycling events held in forty states nationwide to benefithe american diabetes association the tour de cure is a bicycle ride to raise money for diabetes research and is not an actual raceach location s ride routes are designed for everyone from the occasional rider to thexperienced cyclist riders overiders participated in the tour de cure in more than cyclists in tour events raised nearly million to supporthe mission of the ada to prevent and cure diabetes and to improve the lives of all people affected by diabetes red riders in the ada began recognizing those riders with diabetes as red riders through the red rider program this program was created and is organized by mari ruddy a rider in the colorado tour de cure tour de cured riders mari ruddy the program supplies red riders with a bright red cycling jersey and a group for individual red riders to join tour de cured rider program volunteers each tour de curevent recruits volunteers to help set up and take down start and finish lines and restops mark the routes and print outhe guide sheets assist riders who have run into mechanical difficulties pick up and transport riders who need to drop out of thevent sag keep track of which riders have left and returned keep riders on route and obeying local cycling laws route marshals and son since volunteers with diabetes have been called red crew and have been provided with red t shirts with a variant of the red ridered strider logo fund raising in the tour de cure raised over million for diabetes in over million for diabetes was raised in events nationwideach ride has various fund raising minimums but in the base value for minimums nationwide was increased from to corporate support riders of the tour de cure may joinumerous nationwide and local corporate sponsored teams national sponsors include gold s gym gold s gym tour de cure web page at at national team johnson valero energy corporation service corporation international dignity memorial wal mart wal mart sam s club cisco spokesperson greg lemond three time tour de france winner is the national spokesperson greg lemond s tour de cure profile alabama birmingham alabama birmingham huntsville alabama huntsville alaskanchorage alaskanchorage fairbanks alaska fairbanks arizona phoenix arizona phoenix tucson arkansas northwest arkansas pulaski county arkansas pulaski county california long beach california long beach palo alto sacramentour de 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pour la mer organised support mission raised welcome home mission team led mark thevent notable involvement companies shipping world uk p club tour pour la mer charity cycle ride president staff pour la mer large sums money raised references_externalinks tour pour la mer category_bicycle_tours category_cycling events united_kingdom"},{"title":"Towel animal","description":"image orangutan towel animaljpg thumb orangutan towel animal aboard a holland america cruise ship a towel animal is a depiction of animal created by folding small towel s it is conceptually similar torigami but uses towels rather than paper some common towel animals arelephant snake s rabbits and swan s thexact originator of towel animals is unknown butheir popularity is often attributed to carnival cruise lines the ancestors of the towel animals are perhaps handkerchief animals or napkin folding napkin folds carnival norwegian cruise lines disney cruise line royal caribbean international royal caribbean disney hotels and holland america line cruises will often place towel animals on a patron s bed as part of their nightly turndown service towel animals are also appearing in higher end hotels and resortsuch as grupo vidanta s grand luxxe residence inuevo vallartand riviera maya file peacock and hen towel animaljpg lefthumb px peacock and peahen towel animals with flowers carnival offers their guests a book by pre ordering before the cruise or on board ship in the formalitieshopcarnival towel creations published by navigatexpress the third edition contains an illustrated guide to making nearly differentowel animals holland america makes a similar offer there are several other books available on the subjectcampbell deanna towel folding barnes noble books april isbn jenkins alison the lost art of towel origami andrews mcmeel publishing october isbn mulanax carol how to make a towel monkey and other cruise ship favorites tiny tortoise publishing august isbn and these books illustrate how one can enhance the towel animals by the simple addition of cut out eyes and buttonosesome of the creations in the gallery require the use of multiple towels and atimes hand towel s or washcloth s the grand luxxe uses flower s or flower petal s and the tips of arecaceae palm branches to enhance some of their creationsuch as the image picturing a peacock and peahen see also decorative folding hotel toilet paper folding externalinks example towel foldinguide category handicrafts category hospitality management category 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jenkins alison lost art towel origami andrews publishing october isbn carol make towel monkey cruise_ship favorites tiny tortoise publishing august isbn books illustrate one enhance towel animals simple addition cut eyes creations gallery require use multiple towels atimes hand towel grand uses flower flower tips palm branches enhance image peacock peahen see_also decorative folding hotel toilet_paper folding externalinks example towel category handicrafts category_hospitality management_category"},{"title":"TransAndalus","description":"image transandalus logojpg thumb widthpx the transandalus is a km long mountain bike route which makes a complete circuithrough the autonomous region of andalusiand runs the length of its eight provinces this project began in the year antonio c lvarez and juan manuel mu oz cyclists from huelvand lovers of bicycle touring had the idea of creating a route for mtbs that passed through all of andaluc a relying on the collaboration of volunteers who took charge of the documentation of each section in the project virtually disappeared but in it was revived a key figure was and is that ofran cortes the project coordinator without his administrative skills the project would never have reached its present state on its rebirth around ten andalusian cyclists got into the act and they each began to work on the zone which they had chosen the route was mapped and put online the original website was wwwi bikecom later it was hosted at wwwandaluciamtbdigitalcom in a project name waselected along with its current web domain wwwtransandalusorg characteristics of the route the basic project ideas are as follows the route goes around thentire perimeter of andalus a crossing each of its provinces it is not a typical tourist route which connects the capitals of the provinces but rather a rural route in the future detours might be added to visithe cities places with great natural beauty are paramount regardless of where they happen to be it is a mountain biking route avoiding paved roads wherever possible when that is not possible the roadselected have a minimum of traffic it is necessary to keep in mind thathis route is designed to be ridden with pannier bags or a bob whenever various options are available theasiestrails have been chosen as far as possible in order to simplify the work the route takes advantage of already defined and signposted tracks the gran recorrido cattle tracks rutas delegado andalus etc it must bemphasised thathe transandalus does not have an initial stage the route is broken up into sections withe intention being thathe route should travel between two villages with at least minimal facilities for overnight accommodation thus every traveller can make the trip atheir own pace choosing where to begin and end and selecting the length of each section made up of varioustages the basic information abouthe complete sections is available in the roadbooks which consist of technical information lengtheight variation type of road surface dirt sand etc information about accommodation and services available at each village or town comments on the trip natural environment mountains countryside beach etc and the roads chosen maps of the route features a detailedescription of the tour with indication of the difficult points for navigation and the kilometer markers that you will find the transandalus is made and maintained by local cyclists who haveach contributed their small parto this great project by sharing their knowledge of the roads and paths of andalusia every collaborator that completes the documentation of their own segment will be recorded as the author of their own contribution in recognition of their generous work and they will be responsible for better or worse for the information that appears in that part externalinks transandalus andalucia en btt category bicycle tours category mountain biking venues category sport in 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complete autonomous region runs length eight provinces project began year antonio c juan manuel cyclists lovers bicycle_touring idea creating route passed relying collaboration volunteers took charge documentation section project virtually disappeared revived key figure project without administrative skills project would never reached present state around ten cyclists got act began work zone chosen route mapped put online original website later hosted project name waselected along current web domain characteristics route basic project ideas follows route goes around thentire crossing provinces typical tourist route connects capitals provinces rather rural route future might added visithe cities places great natural_beauty paramount regardless happen mountain_biking route avoiding paved roads wherever possible possible minimum traffic necessary keep mind thathis route designed ridden bags bob whenever various options available chosen far possible order work route takes advantage already defined tracks gran cattle tracks etc must thathe transandalus initial stage route broken sections withe intention thathe route travel two villages least minimal facilities overnight accommodation thus every traveller make trip atheir pace choosing begin end selecting length section made basic information_abouthe complete sections available consist technical information variation type road surface dirt sand etc information accommodation services available village town comments trip natural_environment mountains countryside beach etc roads chosen maps route features tour indication difficult points navigation kilometer markers find transandalus made maintained local cyclists contributed small parto great project sharing knowledge roads paths every collaborator completes documentation segment recorded author contribution recognition generous work responsible better worse information appears part externalinks transandalus category_bicycle_tours category_mountain_biking venues category sport"},{"title":"Trauttmansdorff Castle","description":"file s dtirol jpg thumb trauttmansdorff castle trauttmansdorff castle is a castle located south of the city of meran south tyrol northern italy it is home to the touriseum a museum of tourism and since the surroundingrounds have been open as the trauttmansdorff castle gardens a botanical garden during the years of italian fascism fascist italy the castle was calledi nova castle torrente nova is the name of a little stream brook near trauttmansdorff externalinks category castles in south tyrol category merano category 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television program or online series that describes travel in general or tourist attraction s without recommending particular package deals or tour operators a travelogue film is an early type of travel documentary serving as an exploratory ethnographic film the genre has been represented by television showsuch as across the seven seas which showcased travelogues produced by third parties and by occasional itinerant presentations of travelogues in theaters and other venues the united kingdom british comediand actor michael palin has made several series in this genre beginning with michael palin around the world in days pbs haseveral travel shows including those hosted by rick steves and travels traditions burt wolf travelogues were used to provide the general public with a means of observing different countries and culturesince the late th century travelogues are considered to be a form of virtual tourism or travel documentary and were often presented as lectures narrating accompanying films and photos travelogues are defined as nonfiction films that use a place as their primary subjecthey often display the cinematic apparatus and have an openarration travelogues were usually about eighty minutes in length consisting of two foot reel motion picture terminology reels of mm film with an intermission in between to change reels the travelogue film speaker often but not always the filmmaker would usually introduceach reel ask for the lights to be dimmed and thenarrate the film live from an onstage lectern travelogue series were usually offereduring the winter months and were often sold on subscription basis in small and medium sized towns patrons could then meethe speaker in person after the show as cinema progress the standard film program provided by the mostheaters consisted of a feature length film accompanied by a newsreel and at least one additional short subject which mightake the form of a travelogue a comedy a cartoon or a film about a topical novelty subject matter travelogues further developed to incorporate movie rides which were coordinated sounds motion pictures and mechanical movemento simulate virtual travel cin orama which simulates a ride in a hot air balloon and mareorama which simulates voyages of the sea became major attractions at world fairs and expositions today s travelogues may be shown with either live orecorded voice over narration often with an in sync audio soundtrack featuring music and location sound the shows are often performed in school gymnasiums civic auditoriumsenior center multi purpose rooms private clubs and theatrical venues travelogues have been a popular source ofundraising for local non profit community service organizationsuch as kiwanis lions clubs internationalions clubs and rotary international rotary club s among others with many such clubs hosting travelogue series for decades traveloguestem from the work of american writer and lecturer john lawson stoddard who began traveling around the world in he went on to publish books about his adventures and gave lectures across north america the originalectures were accompanied by black and white lantern slides printed from his photographs in john lawson stoddard recruited burton holmes as his junior associate when stoddard was ready to retire in he arranged for holmes to take over the rest of hispeaking arrangements holmes went on to become the premier travelecturer of his day and coined the term travelogues in when he introduced film clips to lecture series making them wildly popular after world war ii lowell thomas created popular movietonews movietonews reel travelogueshown in movie theaters across the us during the s and s more independent film producers created travelogues which were shown in towns and schools across the us and canada in the s and s the popularity of traditional travelogues declined buthe advent of cable television channels and the availability of small high quality digital video equipment has renewed the popularity of travel films though travelogues havenjoyed much popularity historically these films have been criticized for culturally insensitive representationsince the films were not made by anthropologists a famous example is the film about a family in the canadian arctic nanook of the north where much of the scenes were staged travelogues are credited withelping cultivating the interest in the travel industry athe same time transportation infrastructure was being developed to make it possible as railways and steamship s became more accessible more people became willing and eager to travel to distant places because of what was displayed in the popular travelogues of the day today travelogues are most often seen in imax theaters and play a role in fiction film cinematography imax was invented more than years ago by graeme ferguson roman kroiter and robert kerr who pioneered the technology andebuted it athexpo in montreal canadand later again at expo in osaka japan since then imax and travelogues have latched onto each other in the s and s the popularity of traditional travelogues declined buthe advent of cable television channelsuch as the discovery channel and the travel channel and the availability of small high quality digital video equipment has renewed the popularity of travel films amateur films of an individual s travels can be considered travelogues as well the flavor of calcutta shortravel documentary shot in the indian city kolkata will be india s first d film d shortravel documentary the film islated for a release narration and style key figures burton holmes was an american traveler photographer and filmmaker who coined the term travelogueach summer for over fiftyears holmes would travel the world and then tour american auditoriums in the winter during the season alone he gave two hour lectures by thend of his life holmes had given over travelogue lectures which were known to draw large audiences in cities like new york boston and philadelphia travel film archive andr de la varre bought a motion picture camerand wento europe athe age of in he became burton holmes cameraman starting in the s de la varre became an independent filmaker making shorts for major hollywood studios he traveled and filmed constantly for the next years travel film archive james a fitzpatrick has made travelogues and traveled around the world times in the process in he formed fitzpatrick pictures and provided a stock set of images abouthe world at a time when hardly any international films were available to american audiences carl dudley made travel adventure films it all started in when he traveled to tahiti australiand india working on film crews in he startedubley pictures corp he is best known for cinerama south seas adventure travel film archive robert flaherty was an american filmaker who directed and produced the first commercial successful feature documentary nanook of the north in eugene castle was not a travel filmmaker but his company castle films was the largest distributor ofilms for the home and a contributing factor to the raise of popularity of travelogues castle went on to sell his company to universal for million in travel film archive bill burrud produced the treasure tv series treasure tv series and the open road he coined the phrase traventure m newman travelogues edward m newman produced many travelogues for warner brotherstudio in the s notablexamples the amazing race us tv series the amazing race an idiot abroad presented by karl pilkington anthony bourdaino reservations travel and foodocumentary around the world in treasures with dan cruickshank first broadcast by the bbc in big crazy family adventure brazil with michael palin bump by any means tv series by any means the coolest places on earth departures tv series departures developing destinations don tell my mother presented by diego buel extreme treks extreme vacations full circle with michael palin getaway tv series getaway to paradise get outta town globe trekker glutton for punishmenthe great outdoors australian tv series the great outdoors intrepid journeys himalaya with michael palin let shop lonely planet roads less travelled lonely planet six degrees long way down long way round madventures michael palin around the world in days michael palin s hemingway adventure michael palin s new europe mydestinationtv the moaning of life on hannibal s trail first broadcast by bbc in passporto europe pole to pole rick steves europe sahara with michael palin sancharam tv seriesancharam santosh george kulangara scam city shaycation the story of god with morgan freeman stranded with cash peters the moaning of life also presented by karl pilkington up and away whicker s world on wheels world s most dangerous roads bbc series in which two celebrities journey by x on roads considered among the world s most dangerous word travels presented by robin esrock and julia dimon first broadcast by oln in xtreme tourist xtreme travel vague direction cbccairplay cyclist learning how the other half lives vague direction a bicycle powered project about people broadcastations the following are tv stations that air primarily travel based content discover barbados tvasion russian travel guide travel channel travel channel international travel escape travelxp voyages television see also digital storytelling docudrama ethnofiction ethnographic film imax mondo film nature documentary newsreel reality film realism artsemidocumentary travel channel traveliterature visual sociology visual anthropology ruoff jeffrey virtual voyages cinemand travel duke university press furthereading caldwell genoa editor the man who photographed the world burton holmes travelogues harry n abrams isbn caldwell genoa editor burton holmes travelogues the greatestraveler of his time tacshen isbn soule thayer on the road with travelogues a sixtyearomp authorhouse isbn externalinks the travel film archive geocinema travel filmmaker federation travel adventure cinema society wild film history the industry film archive the newsreel archive the burton holmes archive burton holmes website musee albert kahn thexplorers club windoes travelogues website category documentary film genres category film genres category travel television series category 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accompanying films photos travelogues defined films use place primary often display cinematic travelogues usually eighty minutes length consisting two foot reel motion picture terminology film change travelogue film speaker often always filmmaker would usually reel ask lights film live travelogue series usually winter months often sold subscription basis small medium_sized towns patrons could meethe speaker person show cinema progress standard film program provided consisted feature length film accompanied newsreel least_one additional short subject form travelogue comedy cartoon film novelty subject matter travelogues developed incorporate movie rides coordinated sounds motion pictures mechanical movemento simulate virtual travel ride hot_air balloon voyages sea became major attractions world fairs expositions today travelogues may shown either live voice narration often audio soundtrack featuring music location sound shows often performed school civic center multi purpose rooms private clubs theatrical venues travelogues popular source local non_profit community service organizationsuch lions clubs clubs rotary international rotary club among_others many clubs hosting travelogue series decades work american writer lecturer john lawson began traveling around world went publish books adventures gave lectures across north_america accompanied black white lantern slides printed photographs john lawson recruited burton holmes junior associate ready arranged holmes take rest arrangements holmes went become premier day coined term travelogues introduced film clips lecture series making wildly popular world_war ii lowell thomas created popular reel movie_theaters across us independent film producers created travelogues shown towns schools across us canada popularity traditional travelogues declined buthe advent cable television channels availability small high_quality digital video equipment renewed popularity travel films though travelogues much popularity historically films criticized culturally films made famous example film family canadian arctic north much scenes staged travelogues credited cultivating interest travel_industry athe_time transportation infrastructure developed make possible railways steamship became accessible people became willing eager travel distant places displayed popular travelogues day today travelogues often_seen imax theaters play role fiction film cinematography imax invented years_ago ferguson roman robert pioneered technology montreal canadand later expo osaka japan since imax travelogues onto popularity traditional travelogues declined buthe advent cable television discovery channel travel_channel availability small high_quality digital video equipment renewed popularity travel films amateur films individual travels considered travelogues well flavor calcutta documentary shot indian city kolkata india first film documentary_film release narration style key figures burton holmes american_traveler photographer filmmaker coined term summer holmes would travel world tour american winter season alone gave two hour lectures thend life holmes given travelogue lectures known draw large audiences cities like new_york boston philadelphia travel film archive andr de_la bought motion picture camerand wento europe athe_age became burton holmes starting de_la became independent making shorts major hollywood_studios traveled filmed constantly next years travel film archive james fitzpatrick made travelogues traveled around world times process formed fitzpatrick pictures provided stock set images abouthe world time hardly international films available american audiences carl dudley made travel_adventure films started traveled australiand india working film crews pictures corp best_known south seas adventure_travel film archive robert american directed produced first_commercial successful feature documentary north eugene castle travel filmmaker company castle films largest distributor home contributing factor raise popularity travelogues castle went sell company universal million travel film archive bill produced treasure tv_series treasure tv_series open road coined phrase newman travelogues edward newman produced many travelogues warner amazing race us_tv_series amazing race abroad presented karl anthony reservations travel around world treasures dan first broadcast bbc big crazy family adventure brazil michael_palin bump means tv_series means places earth departures tv_series departures developing destinations tell mother presented diego extreme treks extreme vacations full circle michael_palin getaway tv_series getaway paradise get town globe trekker great outdoors australian tv_series great outdoors intrepid journeys michael_palin let shop lonely_planet roads less travelled lonely_planet six degrees long_way long_way round michael_palin around world days michael_palin hemingway adventure michael_palin new europe life trail first broadcast bbc europe pole pole rick steves europe sahara michael_palin tv george city story god morgan stranded cash life also presented karl away world wheels world dangerous roads bbc series two celebrities journey x roads considered among world dangerous word travels presented robin julia first broadcast tourist travel vague direction cyclist learning half lives vague direction bicycle powered project people following tv stations air primarily travel based content discover barbados russian travel_guide travel_channel travel_channel international_travel escape voyages television see_also digital storytelling ethnographic film imax film nature documentary newsreel reality film travel_channel traveliterature visual sociology visual anthropology jeffrey virtual voyages cinemand travel duke university_press furthereading caldwell genoa editor man photographed world burton holmes travelogues harry n isbn caldwell genoa editor burton holmes travelogues time isbn road_travelogues isbn_externalinks travel film archive travel 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canada toffer travel insurance and travel services to canadians in may new york based american international companies inc aig acquired travel guard travel guard remains based in stevens point wisconsin with a new ceo dean sivley to serve as the company s chief executive officer in july travel guard moved to its new home in a business park located off in stevens pointhe company operated athis new location as part of chartis aig s rebranded us property casualty subsidiary aig subsidiary national union fire insurance company underwrites travel guard policies chartis has been rebranded to aig property and casualty ltd inovember travel guard still is operating under the aig umbrella operating territory travel guard is headquartered in stevens point with worldwide assistancenters in houston toronto canada shoreham united kingdom philippines and kuala lumpur malaysia travel guard canada sister company of travel guard travel guard canada is a provider of travel insurance plans covering canadian travelers worldwide travel guard canada travel insurance plans offer coverage for emergency medical and health expenses vacation and trip cancellation travel interruption andelays lost baggage and more savvy traveller online travel resource in travel guard canada launched the savvy traveller to provide canadians with a resource tool to provide travel tips resources news articles and other travel information in savvytravellercom was awarded the bronze cprs canadian public relationsociety of toronto ace award for best use of communication tools cprs toronto ace award winners cprstorontocom retrieved on april travel guard united kingdom travel guard uk is a provider of travel insurance plans covering citizens of united kingdom all over the world travel guard united kingdom provides expenses for medical emergencies and other health issues travel crisis like trip delay and any accidental damagetc travel guard ireland chartis europe limited travel guard ireland provide its travel 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paul june practical traveler shopping around trip insurance new_york times travel_guard operating basement founder home company acquired marathon travel shops travel_guard acquired french based noel company noel david lafayette lafayette created travel_guard canada toffer travel_insurance travel services canadians may new_york based american international companies inc aig acquired travel_guard travel_guard remains based stevens point wisconsin new ceo dean serve company chief_executive_officer july travel_guard moved new home business park located stevens pointhe company operated athis new location part chartis aig rebranded us property subsidiary aig subsidiary national union fire insurance company travel_guard policies chartis rebranded aig property ltd inovember travel_guard still operating aig umbrella operating territory travel_guard headquartered stevens point worldwide houston toronto canada united_kingdom philippines kuala_lumpur malaysia travel_guard canada sister company travel_guard travel_guard canada provider travel_insurance plans covering canadian travelers worldwide travel_guard canada travel_insurance plans offer coverage emergency medical health expenses vacation trip cancellation travel lost baggage savvy traveller online_travel resource travel_guard canada launched savvy traveller provide canadians resource tool provide travel tips resources news articles travel_information awarded bronze canadian public toronto ace award best use communication tools toronto ace award winners retrieved_april travel_guard united_kingdom travel_guard uk provider travel_insurance plans covering citizens united_kingdom world_travel guard united_kingdom provides expenses medical emergencies health issues travel crisis like trip delay accidental travel_guard ireland chartis europe limited travel_guard ireland provide travel_related services name aig europe limited aig europe limited listed among top companies countries man power ten thousand chartis europe limited 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expenses trip cancellation lost luggage flight accident and other losses incurred while travel ing either internationally or domestically travel insurance can usually be arranged athe time of the booking of a trip to cover exactly the duration of thatrip or a multi tripolicy can cover an unlimited number of trips within a setime frame some policies offer lower and higher medical expense options the higher ones are chiefly for countries that have high medical costsuch as the united states coverage types the most common risks that are covered by travel insurance plans are medical treatment including transportation to the medical facility cancellation curtailment and trip interruption thisection covers any unused travel and or accommodation costs pre paid charges including any additional travel expenses incurred provided they are deemed reasonable and necessary if a trip is canceled or cut short under a variety of circumstances which may include any of the following depending on the policy death bodily injury illness disease or pregnancy complications compulsory quarantine jury service being called as a witness termination of employment provided you did not know about it before you booked the holiday being called up if you are a member of the armed forces or other public defense or safety organization prohibition of travel by the governmento the intendedestination officially recommended evacuation from the intendedestination official advisory against going toremaining athe intendedestination death or serious illness of a family member subjecto age restrictions repatriation of remains return of a minor trip cancellation trip interruption visitor health insurance accidental death injury or disablement benefit overseas funeral expenses lostolen or damaged baggage personal effects or travel documents delayed baggage and emergency replacement of essential items flight connection was missedue to airline rescheduling or delay travel delays due to weather hijacking medical expense coverage can be per occurrence or maximum limit optional coverage some travel policies will also provide cover for additional costs although these vary widely between providers in addition often separate insurance can be purchased for specificostsuch as prexisting condition s eg asthma diabetesports with an element of risk eg skiing mountain climbing scuba diving travel to high risk countries eg due to war natural disaster s or terrorism acts of terrorism additional accidental death andismemberment insurance ad coverage rd party supplier insolvency eg the hotel or airline to which you made non refundable pre payments has gone into administration law administration acute onset of prexisting conditions common exclusions prexisting medical conditions or travelling for the purpose of receiving medical treatment elective surgery or treatment war terrorismostrip cancellation policies include terrorism but only when there is an act of terrorism that meets the policy s criteria including definition place of occurrence andate of occurrence injury or illness caused by alcohol drug use oreckless behaviour travel insurance can also provide helpful services often hours a days a week that can include concierge service s and emergency travel assistance prexisting medical conditions must be declared prior to the trip start date in case you ignore this requirement and fall ill during your trip abroad you may find that you are not covered theuropean health insurance card ehic entitles to treatment in state run hospitals in eu countries and iceland norway liechtenstein and switzerland but it is not a substitute for travel insurancexternalinks travel insurance advice uk from the british foreign commonwealth office travel insurance advice usa from the us department of state travel advisories ca from canadian governmentravel insurance advice au from australian governmentravel insurance advice in from indian government category travel category types of insurance category 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menagerie","description":"a travelling menagerie was a touringroup of showman showmen and animal handlers who visited towns and cities with common and exotic animals the termenagerie first used in seventeenth century france was primarily used to refer to aristocracy class aristocratic oroyal animal collections most visitors to travelling menageries would never have the opportunity to see such animals under other circumstances and their arrival in a town would cause great excitementhe shows were both entertaining and educational in the scotsman described george wombwell s travelling menagerie as having done more to familiarise the minds of the masses of our people withe denizens of the foresthan all the books of natural history ever printeduring its wandering existence page dave animal magic the fairground heritage trust accessed september in england travelling menageries had first appeared athe turn of theighteenth century in contrasto the aristocratic menageries these travelling animal collections were run by showmen who methe craving for sensation of the ordinary population these animal shows ranged in size buthe largest was george wombwell s which by totalled fifteen wagons by bostock and wombwell s royal national menagerie had eighteen huge and spacious carriages and over six hundred beasts to take on the annual tour north america the first exotic animal known to have been exhibited in united states america was a lion in boston in followed five years later in the same city by a camelkisling vernon zoological gardens of the united states in zoo and aquarium history ancient collections to zoological gardens vernon kisling ed crc press boca raton pp isbn x a sailor arrived in philadelphia in august with another lion whichexhibited in the city and surrounding towns for eight yearshancocks david a different nature the paradoxical world of zoos and their uncertain future university of california press berkeley pp isbn the first elephant was imported from india to 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menageries would never opportunity see animals circumstances arrival town would cause great shows entertaining educational scotsman described george wombwell travelling menagerie done minds masses people withe books natural_history ever wandering existence page dave animal magic heritage trust accessed september england travelling menageries first_appeared athe turn theighteenth century contrasto aristocratic menageries travelling animal collections run showmen methe craving sensation ordinary population animal shows ranged size buthe largest george wombwell fifteen wagons wombwell royal national menagerie eighteen huge carriages six hundred beasts take annual tour north_america first exotic animal known exhibited united_states america lion boston followed five_years_later city vernon zoological_gardens united_states zoo aquarium history ancient collections zoological_gardens vernon ed crc press boca raton pp isbn x arrived philadelphia august another lion city surrounding towns eight 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by experience last minute deals and a new broadcast feature that helps travellers find accommodations faster by posting details of their trip to travelmob hosts via broadcast in december travelmob launched an ios app december travelmob launches ios app to further expand its reach in the asia pacific region may travelmob officially transitioned its brand products and company name to homeaway while the travelmob sites transitioned its brand product and company name to homeaway thexisting listing and booking process remains the same travelmob has distribution partnerships with wegocom houses apartments villas even castles wego now offers holiday rentals metasearch and homeaway the company also recently announced on july homeaway expands asia pacific presence with acquisition with asian vacation rental start up travelmob that it hasigned an agreemento be acquired by homeaway the world s leading online marketplace for vacation rentalsmillward steven marchomeaway makes third asian deal in tie up with singapore s travelmob retrieved on category hospitality services category travel websites category social networking services category companies of 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asia_pacific region may travelmob officially brand products company name homeaway travelmob sites brand product company name homeaway thexisting listing booking process remains travelmob distribution partnerships houses apartments villas even castles offers holiday rentals homeaway company_also recently announced july homeaway asia_pacific presence acquisition asian vacation_rental start travelmob acquired homeaway world leading online marketplace vacation steven makes third asian deal tie singapore travelmob retrieved category_hospitality services_category_travel websites_category social_networking services_category_companies singapore"},{"title":"Travelogues of Palestine","description":"travelogues of palestine are the more than books and other materials detailing accounts of the journeys of primarily europeand north american travelers to history of palestine ottoman era ottoman palestine an in depth survey of palestine topography andemographics was done by the cartographer geographer philologisthe number of published travelogues proliferateduring the th century and these travelers impressions of th century palestine have been often quoted in the history and historiography of the region although their accuracy and impartiality has been called into question in modern times descriptions in the mid nineteenth century during the th century many residents and visitors attempted to estimate the population without recourse tofficial datand came up with a large number of different valuestimates that areasonably reliable are only available for the final third of the century from which period ottoman population and taxation registers have been preservedj mccarthy the population of ottoman syriand iraq asiand african studies vol pp k h karpat ottoman population univ wisconsin press mark twain chapters and of his innocents abroad american author mark twain wrote of his visito palestine in palestine sits in sackcloth and ashes over it broods the spell of a curse that has withered its fields and fettered its energies palestine is desolate and unlovely palestine is no more of this workday world it isacred to poetry and tradition it is dreamland chapter there was hardly a tree or a shrub anywhereven the olive and the cactus those fast friends of a worthlessoil had almost deserted the country chapter a desolation is here that not even imagination can grace withe pomp of life and action we reached tabor safely we never saw a human being on the whole route chapter there is not a solitary village throughout its wholextent not for thirty miles in either directione may ride ten miles km hereabouts and not see ten human beings these unpeopledeserts these rusty mounds of barrenness chapter these descriptions of the often quoted non arable areas few people would inhabit are as twain says by contrastoccasional scenes of arable land productive agriculture the narrow canon in which nablous or shechem isituated is under high cultivation and the soil is exceedingly black and fertile it is well watered and its affluent vegetation gains effect by contrast withe barren hills thatower on either side sometimes in the glens we came upon luxuriant orchards ofigs apricots pomegranates and such things but oftener the scenery was rugged mountainous verdureless and forbidding we came finally to the noble grove of orange trees in which the oriental city of jaffa lies buried small shreds and patches of it must be very beautiful in the full flush of spring however and all the more beautiful by contrast withe fareaching desolation that surrounds them on every side mark twain travellers abroad the narrow canon in which nablous or shechem isituated is under high cultivation and the soil is exceedingly black and fertile it is well watered and its affluent vegetation gains effect by contrast withe barren hills thatower on either side sometimes in the glens we came upon luxuriant orchards ofigs apricots pomegranates and such things but oftener the scenery was rugged mountainous verdureless and forbidding we came finally to the noble grove of orange trees in which the oriental city of jaffa lies buried small shreds and patches of it must be very beautiful in the full flush of spring however and all the more beautiful by contrast withe fareaching desolation that surrounds them on every side author kathleen christison was critical of attempts to use twain s humorous writing as a literal description of palestine athatime she writes thatwain s descriptions are high in israeli government press handouts that present a case for israel s redemption of a land that had previously been empty and barren his gross characterizations of the land the people in the time before mass jewish immigration are alsoften used by us propagandists for israel k christison perceptions of palestine their influence on us middleast policy univ of california press p for example she noted thatwain described the samaritans of nablus at length without mentioning the much larger arab population at allk christison perceptions of palestine their influence on us middleast policy univ of california press p the arab population of nablus athe time was about b doumani the political economy of population counts in ottoman palestine nablus circa international journal of middleastudies vol bayard taylor in the american writer bayard taylor traveled across the jezreel valley whiche described in his book the lands of the saracen or pictures of palestine asia minor sicily and spain as one of the richest districts in the world the soil is a dark brown loam and without manure produces annually superb crops of wheat and barley the lands of the saracen by bayard taylor page we rode for miles through a sea of wheat waving far and wide over the swells of land the tobacco in the fields about ramleh was the most luxuriant i ever saw and the olive and fig attain a size and lustrength wholly unknown in italy judea cursed of god what a misconceptionot only of god s mercy and beneficence but of the actual fact laurence oliphant wrote in again of the valley of jezreel a huge green lake of waving wheat with its village crowned mounds rising from it like islands it presents one of the mostriking pictures of luxuriant fertility which it is possible to conceive fiftyears in palestine frances emily newton page laurence oliphant laurence oliphant laurence oliphant who visited palestine in wrote that palestine s jezreel valley of esdraelon was a huge green lake of waving wheat with its village crowned mounds rising from it like islands and it presents one of the mostriking pictures of luxuriant fertility which it is possible to conceive abu lughod p ahad ham after a visito palestine in ahad ham wrote from abroad we are accustomed to believe that eretz israel is presently almostotally desolate an uncultivatedesert and that anyone wishing to buy land there can come and buy all he wants but in truth it is not so in thentire land it is hard to find tillable land that is not already tilled only sandy fields or stony hillsuitable at best for planting trees or vines and even that after considerable work and expense in clearing and preparing them only these remain unworked many of our people who came to buy land have been in eretz israel for months and have toured its length and width without finding whathey seekalan dowty much ado about little ahad ham s truth from eretz yisrael zionism and the arabs israel studies vol no fall henry baker tristram in henry baker tristram said of palestine a few years ago the whole ghor jordan valley was in the hands of the fellaheen and much of it cultivated for cornow the whole of it is in the hands of the bedouin who eschew all agriculture the same thing is now going on over the plain of sharon where land is going out of cultivation and whole villages rapidly disappeared since the year no less than twenty villages there have thus erased from the map and the stationary population extirpated hb tristram the land of israel a journal of travels through palestine london society for promoting christian knowledge p norman finkelstein said in an interviewith adam horowitz in mondoweiss abouthe travel accounts as you can imagine you are coming from london and you are going to palestine looks empty that is not surprising you have been to the occupied territories and evenow if you are traveling on roads to the west bank most of it looks empty and this now the population in the west bank is aboutwo million back then the population in the whole of palestine meaning the west bank gaza israel and jordan the whole of palestine the population was about sof course it is going to look empty according to paul masson a french economic historian wheat shipments from the palestinian port of acre had helped to save southern france from famine onumerous occasions in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries marwan r beheiry the agricultural exports of southern palestine journal of palestine studies volume no p see also demographic history of palestine history of palestine innocents abroad list of travel booksecondary literature london list of travelogues before itinerarium burdigalense the piacenza pilgrim s al muqaddasindex pp nasir i khusraw sefer nameh relation du voyage de nassiri khosrau en syrien palestinen gypten arabiet en perse pendant les ann es de l h gire publi traduit et annot par charleschefer petachiah of regensburg s menachem ben peretz of hebron c bertrandon de la broqui re bertrandon de la brocqui re thomas johnes legrand translated by thomas johnes the travels of bertrandon de la brocq ui re to palestine and his return from jersulem overland to france during the years extracted and put into modern french from a manuscript in the nationalibrary at paris pages conrad gr nenberg pilgrimate to the holy land edd j goldfriedrich w fr nzel new facsimiledition ed k aercked a denke zuallardo giovanni jean zuallart dominique danesi jac demius philippe de m rode il devotissimo viaggio di gierusalemme fatto e descritto in sei libri published by appresso domenico basa pages petachiah of ratisbon pethahiah william ainsworth travels of rabbi petachia translated by abraham benisch published by messrs trubner co pages kry tof harant journey from bohemia to the holy land by way of venice and the sea jean de th venothevenot j de travels into the levanth century george anson st baron anson george a voyage round the world in the years compiled by r walter william george browne w g travels in africa egypt and syria from the year to egmond van der nijenburg johannes aegidius van johannes wilhelmus heyman johannes heyman jan willem heyman travels through part of europe asia minor the islands of the archipelago syria palestinegypt mount sinai c by j gidius van egmont and john heyman translated from the low dutch in two volumes giving a particular account of the most remarkable places printed for l davis and c reymers fredric hasselquist fredrik carl von linn voyages and travels in the levant in the years containing observations inatural history physick agriculture and commerce particularly on the holy land the natural history of the scriptures published by printed for l davis and c reymers pages kortens jonas reise nach dem weiland gelobtenun aber seit siebenzehn hundert jahren unter dem fluche liegenden lande wie auch nach egkypten dem berg libanon syrien und mesopotamien edition published by joh christian grunert pages lusignan sauveur a history of the revolt of ali bey againsthe ottoman porte including an account of the form of government of egyptogether with a description of grand cairo and of several celebrated places in egypt palestine and syria to which are added a short account of the present state of the christians who are subjects to the turkish government and the journal of a gentleman who travelled from aleppo to bassora published by printed and sold for the author by james phillips and sold also by l davis paine and son j sewell j walter and by the author pages tott fran ois memoirs of baron de tott containing the state of the turkish empire the crimea during the late war with russia with numerous anecdotes facts observations on the manners customs of the turks tartars edition published by ggj robinson item notes volume wittman william travels in turkey asia minor syriand across the desert into egypt during the years and in company withe turkish army and the british military mission to which are annexed observations on the plague and on the diseases prevalent in turkey and a meteorological journal published by printed and sold by james humphreys pages th century arundale francis illustrations of jerusalem and mount sinaincluding the most interesting sites between grand cairo and beirout pages bannister jt survey of the holy land its geography history andestiny adamatthew publications dawson borrer louis maurice adolphe linant de bellefonds a journey from naples to jerusalem by way of athens egypt and the peninsula of sinaincluding a trip to the valley ofayoum pages barclay johnson sarahadjin syria or three years in jerusalem pages william henry bartlett w h jerusalem revisited pages bond alvan fisk pliny memoir of the rev pliny fisk am late missionary to palestine buckingham jamesilk travels among the arab tribes inhabiting the countries east of syriand palestine johann ludwig burckhardt john lewis travels in syriand the holy land isabel burton the inner life of syria palestine and the holy land fromy private journal john carne john letters from theast written during a recentour through turkey egypt arabia the holy land syriand greece vol pages evliya elebi evliya narrative of travels in europe asiand africa in the seventeenth century vol elizabeth charles elizabeth wanderings over bible lands and seas by the author of the sch nberg cotta family fran ois ren chateaubriand fran ois ren travels in greece palestinegypt and barbary during the years and francis rawdon chesney francis rawdonarrative of theuphrates expedition carried on by order of the british government during the years and published by longmans green and co pages edwardaniel clarke edwardaniel travels in various countries of europe asiand africa josiah conder editor and author conder josiah palestine or the holy land or the holy land pages croly george the holy land syria idumarabia egypt nubia from drawings made on the spot by david roberts vols london crosby el mukattem lands of the moslem a narrative of oriental travel new york cuinet vital syrie liban et palestine g ographie administrative statistique descriptivet raisonn e al dimashqi cosmographie de chems edin abou abdallah mohammed dimichqui with august ferdinand mehren ed william hepworth dixon william hepworthe holy land published by jb lippincott co edition item notes v pages joseph dupuis the holy places a narrative of two years residence in jerusalem and palestine vol ii eug ne melchior de vog iarchive syriepalestinem voggoog syrie palestine mont athos voyage aux pays du pass paris e plonourrit et cie pages felix fabri felix fratris felicis fabri evagatorium in terrae sanctae arabiaet aegypti peregrinationem vol in latin volume farley james lewis two years in syria elizabeth anne finn elizabeth anne home in the holy land a tale illustrating customs and incidents in modern jerusalem london fisk george a pastor s memorial of egypthe red sea the wildernesses of sin and paran mount sinai jerusalem and other principalocalities of the holy land visited in forsyth j bell james bell a few months in theast or a glimpse of the red the dead and the black seas printed by j lovell pages frescobaldi leonardo guglielmo manzi viaggio di lionardo di niccol frescobaldin egitto e in terra santa con un discorso dell editore sopra il commercio degl italiani nel secolo xiv published by stamperia di c mordacchini pages fuller johnarrative of a tour through some parts of the turkish empire published by john murray pages victor gu rin gu rin m v description g ographique historiquet arch ologique de la palestine judee item notes thomas hartwell horne hartwell horne thomas contributor william finden edward francis finden landscape illustrations of the bible consisting of views of the most remarkable places mentioned in the old and new testaments from original sketches taken on the spot henniker baronets henniker frederick notes during a visito egypt nubia the oasis mount sinai and jerusalem published by j murray pages hofland barbara mrs hofland john harris john harris firm contributor john harris john harris firm alfred campbell the young pilgrim containing travels in egypt and the holy land published by john harris corner of st paul s church yard hogg edward visito alexandria damascus and jerusalem during the successful campaign of ibrahim pasha during the successful campaign of ibrahim pasha published by saunders and otley item notes v index jaubert pierre am d e lapierre camille alphonse tr zel voyagen arm niet en perse fait dans les ann es et par p am d e jaubert accompagn d une carte des pays compris entre constantinoplet h ran dress e par m le chef d escadron lapie suivi d une notice sur le ghilan et le mazenderan par m le colonel tr zel pages journal of a deputation sento theast by the committee of the malta protestant college in containing an account of the present state of the oriental nations including theireligion learning education customs and occupations by malta protestant college item notes v published by j nisbet and co henry harris jessup henry harris the women of the arabs new york dodd and mead jolliffe thomas robert andrew dickson white letters from palestine descriptive of a tour through galilee and jud a to which are added letters from egypt jones georgexcursions to cairo jerusalem damascus and balbec from the united stateship delaware during herecent cruise with an attempto discriminate between truth and error in regard to the sacred places of the holy cityt published by vanostrand dwight pages walter keating kelly syriand the holy land their scenery and their people being incidents of history and travel from the best and most recent authorities including j l burckhardt lord lindsay androbinson pages alphonse de lamartine de lamartine alphonse a pilgrimage to the holy land comprising recollectionsketches and reflections made during a tour in theast in lanedward william an account of the manners and customs of the modern egyptian edition published by j murray pages lees george robinson village life in palestine a description of the religion home life manners customs and characteristics and superstitions of the peasants of the holy land with reference to the bible london longmans green and co lindsay lord letters on egypt edom and the holy land published by h colburn item notes v lorenzen f n jerusalem beschreibung meinereise nach dem heiligen lande lyon george francis a narrative of travels inorthern africa in the years and accompanied by geographical notices of soudand of the course of the niger with a chart of the routes and a variety of coloured plates illustrative of the costumes of the several natives of northern africa published by john murray pages richard robert madden richard robertravels in turkey egypt nubiand palestine in madox john excursions in the holy land egypt nubia syria c including a visito the unfrequentedistrict of the haouran published by richard bentley item notes v macmichael william journey fromoscow to constantinople in the years merrill selah east of the jordan a record of travel and observation in the countries of moab gilead and bashan published by bentley pages mills john three months residence at nablus and an account of the modern samaritans london fred arthur nealeight years in syria palestine and asia minor from to from to p vol i henry stafford osborn henry stafford palestine past and present with biblicaliterary and scientific notices published by j challen son pages paxton john d letters on palestine and egypt written during two years residence at skillman pages ida laura pfeiffer ida visito the holy land egypt and italy marmaduke pickthall marmaduke william oriental encounters palestine and syria porter josias l john murray firm a handbook for travellers in syriand palestine including an account of the geography history antiquities and inhabitants of these countries the peninsula of sinai edom and the syrian desert with detailedescriptions of jerusalem petra damascus and palmyra item notes v pages porter josias leslie the giant cities of bashand syria s holy places william cowper prime william c tent life in the holy land new york harper brothers the full text university of michigan library carl ritter carl the comparative geography of palestine and the sinaitic peninsula volume and volume and volume richardson robertravels along the mediterraneand parts adjacent in company withearl of belmore during the years extending as far as the second cataract of the nile jerusalem damascus balbec richter otto friedrich von johann philipp g ewers otto friedrichs von richter wallfahrten imorganlande auseinen tageb chern und briefen dargestellt von jpg ewers mit kupfern plates index p george robinson travels in palestine and syria in two volumes only vol rogers edward thomas notices of the modern samaritans illustrated by incidents in the life of jacob eshelaby published by slow pagescholz johann martin augustin travels in the countries between alexandriand paraetonium the lybian desert siwa egypt palestine and syria in translation of reise in die gegend zwischen alexandrien und par tonium die libysche w ste siwa egypten pal stina und syrien in den jahren und published by r phillips pages yehoseph schwarz translated by isaac leeser a descriptive geography and brief historical sketch of palestine skinner thomas adventures during a journey overland to india by way of egypt syriand the holy land published by r bentley item notes v spilsbury francis b edward orme picturesque scenery in the holy land syria delineateduring the campaigns of and published by howlett brimmer for gs tregear pages arthur penrhyn stanley arthur penrhyn sinai and palestine in connection witheir history lady hester stanhope hester lucy lady charles lewis meryon memoirs of the lady hester stanhope comprising her opinions and anecdotes of some of the most remarkable persons of her timedition published by h colburn item notes v of pagestebbing henry the christian in palestine or scenes of sacred history historical andescriptive illustrated by william henry bartlett published by g virtue pages john lloyd stephens john lloyd incidents of travel in egypt arabia petraeand the holy land vol i vol ii of two volumes bayard taylor bayard the lands of the saracen pictures of palestine asia minor sicily and spain john thomas john travels in egypt and palestine williamcclure thomson the land the book or biblical illustrations drawn from the manners and customs the scenes and scenery of the holy land illustrated p vol i volume tobler titus bibliographia geographica palaestinae zun chst kritische uebersicht gedruckter und ungedruckter beschreibungen dereisen ins heilige land pages william turner envoy turner william journal of a tour in the levant published by j murray item notes v laura valentine palestine past and present pictorial andescriptive walk c b a visito jerusalem and the holy places adjacent wallace alexander the desert and the holy land published by william oliphant pages wilson john the lands of the bible visited andescribed in an extensive journey undertaken with special reference to the promotion of biblical research and the advancement of the cause of philanthropy published by william whyte item notes v pages wilson william rae travels in egypt and the holy land edition printed for longman hurst rees orme and brown pages wright ed and translated early travels in palestine comprising the narratives of arculf willibald bernard saewulf sigurd benjamin of tudela sir john maundeville de la brocqui re and maundrell published by henry g bohn al zahiri kitb zubdat kashf al mamlik wa bayn al uruq wal maslik charles frederick zimpel charles franz strassen verbindung des mittell ndischen mit dem todten meere undamascus ber jerusalemit heranziehung von bethelehem hebron tiberias nazareth etc published by hl br nner pages th century baldensperger p j the immovableastudies of the people and customs of palestine boston elihu grant elihu the people of palestine archiveorg inchbold a c under the syrian sun the lebanon baalbek galilee and judaea with full page coloured plates and black and white drawings by stanley inchbold published by hutchinson kelman john fulleylove the holy land illustrated by john fulleylove published by a c black pages livingstone william pringle a galilee doctor being a sketch of the career of dr dw torrance of tiberias published by hodder and stoughton pages karl may karl friedrich travel tales in the promised land palestine ludwig preiss paul rohrbach palestine and transjordania published by macmillan pages category history of palestine region category travelogues palestine category holy land 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accounts journeys primarily europeand north_american travelers history palestine ottoman era ottoman palestine depth survey palestine topography done cartographer geographer number published travelogues th_century travelers impressions th_century palestine often quoted history region although accuracy called question modern_times descriptions mid nineteenth_century th_century many residents visitors attempted estimate population without datand came large_number different reliable available final third century period ottoman population taxation population ottoman syriand iraq asiand african studies vol pp k h ottoman population univ wisconsin press mark twain chapters abroad american author mark twain wrote visito palestine palestine sits ashes fields palestine palestine world poetry tradition dreamland chapter hardly tree olive cactus fast friends almost deserted country chapter even imagination grace withe life action reached safely never saw human whole route chapter village throughout thirty miles either may ride ten miles see ten human beings mounds chapter descriptions often quoted non areas people would twain says scenes land productive agriculture narrow canon isituated high cultivation soil black fertile well affluent vegetation gains effect contrast withe barren hills either side sometimes came upon luxuriant apricots things scenery rugged mountainous came finally noble grove orange trees oriental city jaffa lies buried small patches must beautiful full spring however beautiful contrast withe surrounds every side mark twain travellers abroad narrow canon isituated high cultivation soil black fertile well affluent vegetation gains effect contrast withe barren hills either side sometimes came upon luxuriant apricots things scenery rugged mountainous came finally noble grove orange trees oriental city jaffa lies buried small patches must beautiful full spring however beautiful contrast withe surrounds every side author kathleen critical attempts use twain humorous writing description palestine athatime writes descriptions high israeli government press_present case israel redemption land previously empty barren gross land people time mass jewish immigration alsoften used us israel k perceptions palestine influence us middleast policy univ california_press_p example noted described nablus length without much_larger arab population perceptions palestine influence us middleast policy univ california_press_p arab population nablus athe_time b political economy population counts ottoman palestine nablus circa international_journal vol bayard taylor american writer bayard taylor traveled across valley whiche described book lands saracen pictures palestine asia minor sicily spain one districts world soil dark brown without produces annually crops wheat barley lands saracen bayard taylor page rode miles sea wheat waving far wide land tobacco fields luxuriant ever saw olive attain size wholly unknown italy god god mercy actual fact laurence oliphant wrote valley huge green lake waving wheat village crowned mounds rising like islands presents one pictures luxuriant fertility possible palestine frances emily newton page laurence oliphant laurence oliphant laurence oliphant visited palestine wrote palestine valley huge green lake waving wheat village crowned mounds rising like islands presents one pictures luxuriant fertility possible abu p ham visito palestine ham wrote abroad accustomed believe israel presently anyone wishing buy land come buy wants truth thentire land hard find land already sandy fields best planting trees vines even considerable work expense clearing preparing remain many_people came buy land israel months toured length width without finding whathey much little ham truth yisrael israel studies vol fall henry baker tristram henry baker tristram said palestine years_ago whole jordan valley hands much cultivated whole hands agriculture thing going plain sharon land going cultivation whole villages rapidly disappeared since year less twenty villages thus map stationary population tristram land israel journal travels palestine london society promoting christian knowledge p norman said interviewith adam abouthe travel accounts coming london going palestine looks empty surprising occupied territories traveling roads west bank looks empty population west bank million back population whole palestine meaning west bank israel jordan whole palestine population course going look empty according paul french economic historian wheat shipments port acre helped save southern france famine occasions seventeenth eighteenth centuries r agricultural exports southern palestine journal palestine studies volume p see_also demographic history palestine history palestine abroad list travel literature london list travelogues pilgrim pp relation voyage de les ann de l h par ben c de_la de_la thomas translated thomas travels de_la palestine return overland france years extracted put modern french manuscript nationalibrary paris pages conrad nenberg holy_land j w new ed k giovanni jean philippe de rode e published pages william travels rabbi translated abraham published pages tof journey bohemia holy_land way venice sea jean de th j de travels century george st baron george voyage round world years compiled r walter william george w g travels africa egypt syria year van der johannes van johannes heyman johannes heyman jan willem heyman travels part europe asia minor islands archipelago syria mount sinai c j van egmont john heyman translated low dutch two volumes giving particular account remarkable places printed l davis c carl von voyages travels levant years containing observations history agriculture commerce particularly holy_land natural_history published printed l davis c pages reise nach dem dem nach dem berg und edition_published christian pages history revolt ali againsthe ottoman porte including account form government description grand cairo several celebrated places egypt palestine syria added short account present state christians subjects turkish government journal gentleman travelled published printed sold author james phillips sold also l davis paine son j sewell j walter author pages fran_ois memoirs baron de containing state turkish empire crimea late war russia numerous anecdotes facts observations manners customs edition_published robinson item_notes_volume william travels turkey asia minor syriand across desert egypt years company withe turkish army british military mission observations diseases prevalent turkey journal published printed sold james pages th_century francis illustrations jerusalem mount interesting sites grand cairo pages survey holy_land geography history publications dawson louis maurice de journey naples jerusalem way athens egypt peninsula trip valley pages johnson syria three_years jerusalem pages william henry w h jerusalem revisited pages bond fisk pliny memoir rev pliny fisk late missionary palestine travels among arab tribes countries east syriand palestine johann ludwig john lewis travels syriand holy_land isabel burton inner life syria palestine holy_land private journal john_carne john letters theast written turkey egypt arabia holy_land syriand greece vol pages narrative travels europe asiand africa seventeenth_century vol elizabeth charles elizabeth bible lands seas author sch family fran_ois ren fran_ois ren travels greece years francis francis expedition carried order british government years published green pages clarke travels various_countries europe asiand africa editor author palestine holy_land holy_land pages george holy_land syria egypt drawings made spot david roberts london_el lands narrative oriental travel new_york vital palestine g administrative e de mohammed august ferdinand ed william dixon william holy_land published edition item_notes_v pages joseph dupuis holy places narrative two_years residence jerusalem palestine vol ii de palestine mont voyage aux pays pass paris e cie pages felix felix vol latin volume farley james lewis two_years syria elizabeth anne elizabeth anne home holy_land tale customs incidents modern jerusalem london fisk george pastor memorial red sea sin mount sinai jerusalem holy_land visited j bell james bell months theast glimpse red dead black seas printed j pages leonardo e terra santa con dell commercio xiv published c pages fuller tour parts turkish empire published john_murray pages victor v description g arch de_la palestine item_notes thomas hartwell hartwell thomas contributor william edward francis landscape illustrations bible consisting views remarkable places mentioned old new original sketches taken spot frederick notes_visito egypt oasis mount sinai jerusalem published j murray pages barbara mrs john harris john harris firm contributor john harris john harris firm alfred campbell young pilgrim containing travels egypt holy_land published john harris corner st paul church yard edward visito alexandria damascus jerusalem successful campaign successful campaign published item_notes_v index pierre e arm dans les ann par p e une carte des pays entre h ran dress e par chef une notice sur par colonel pages journal sento theast committee malta protestant college containing account present state oriental nations including learning education customs occupations malta protestant college item_notes_v published j henry harris henry harris women new_york mead thomas robert andrew dickson white letters palestine descriptive tour galilee added letters egypt jones cairo jerusalem damascus united delaware cruise attempto discriminate truth error regard sacred places holy published vanostrand dwight pages walter kelly syriand holy_land scenery people incidents history travel best recent authorities including j l lord lindsay pages de de pilgrimage holy_land comprising reflections made tour theast william account manners customs modern egyptian edition_published j murray pages george robinson village life palestine description religion home life manners customs characteristics peasants holy_land reference bible london green lindsay lord letters egypt holy_land published h item_notes_v f n jerusalem beschreibung nach dem lyon george francis narrative travels inorthern africa years accompanied geographical notices course chart routes variety coloured plates costumes several natives northern africa published john_murray pages richard robert richard turkey egypt palestine john excursions holy_land egypt syria c including visito published richard bentley item_notes_v william journey constantinople years east jordan record travel observation countries published bentley pages mills john three_months residence nablus account modern london fred arthur years syria palestine asia minor p vol henry henry palestine past present scientific notices published j son pages john letters palestine egypt written two_years residence pages ida laura ida visito holy_land egypt italy william oriental encounters palestine syria porter l john_murray firm handbook travellers syriand palestine including account geography history antiquities inhabitants countries peninsula sinai syrian desert jerusalem petra damascus item_notes_v pages porter leslie giant cities syria holy places william cowper prime william c tent life holy_land new_york harper brothers full text university michigan library carl ritter carl comparative geography palestine peninsula volume volume volume richardson along parts adjacent company years extending far second nile jerusalem damascus otto friedrich von johann g otto von und von jpg mit plates index p george robinson travels palestine syria two volumes vol rogers edward thomas notices modern illustrated incidents life jacob published slow johann martin travels countries desert egypt palestine syria translation reise die und par die w pal und den und published r phillips pages translated isaac descriptive geography brief historical sketch palestine thomas adventures journey overland india way egypt syriand holy_land published r bentley item_notes_v francis b edward picturesque scenery holy_land syria campaigns published pages arthur stanley arthur sinai palestine connection witheir history lady lucy lady charles lewis memoirs lady comprising opinions anecdotes remarkable persons published h item_notes_v henry christian palestine scenes sacred history historical illustrated william henry published g virtue pages john lloyd stephens john lloyd incidents travel egypt arabia holy_land vol vol ii two volumes bayard taylor bayard lands saracen pictures palestine asia minor sicily spain john thomas john travels egypt palestine thomson land book biblical illustrations drawn manners customs scenes scenery holy_land illustrated p vol volume und ins land pages william turner turner william journal tour levant published j murray item_notes_v laura valentine palestine past present pictorial walk c b visito jerusalem holy places adjacent wallace alexander desert holy_land published william oliphant pages wilson john lands bible visited andescribed extensive journey undertaken special reference promotion biblical research advancement cause published william item_notes_v pages wilson william travels egypt holy_land edition printed longman brown pages wright ed translated early travels palestine comprising narratives bernard benjamin sir john de_la published henry g wal charles frederick charles franz des mit dem ber von nazareth etc published nner pages th_century p j people customs palestine boston grant people palestine c syrian sun lebanon baalbek galilee full page coloured plates black white drawings stanley published hutchinson john holy_land illustrated john published c black pages william galilee doctor sketch career published pages karl may karl_friedrich travel tales promised land palestine ludwig paul palestine published macmillan pages category_history palestine region category_travelogues palestine category holy_land travellers"},{"title":"TRevPAR","description":"trevpar or total revenue per available room is a performance metric in the hotel industry trevpar is calculated by dividing the total net revenues of a property by the total available rooms trevpar is the preferred metric for accountants and hotel owners because it effectively determines the overall financial performance of a property while revpar only takes into account revenue from rooms trevpar is useful for hotels where rooms are not necessarily the largest component of the business outletsuch as banquet halls also provide a source of revenue for these hotels trevpar totalrevenue roomsavailable trevpar is total net revenue per available room total revenue is the net revenue generated by the hotel rooms available is the number of rooms available for sale in the time period see also revpar goppar category pricing category business terms category supply chain management category revenue category hospitality 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trevpar calculated dividing total net revenues property total available rooms trevpar preferred metric hotel owners effectively determines overall financial performance property revpar takes account revenue rooms trevpar useful hotels rooms necessarily largest component business banquet halls also_provide source revenue hotels trevpar trevpar total net revenue per available room total revenue net revenue generated hotel_rooms available number rooms available sale time_period see_also revpar category pricing category business terms category supply chain management_category revenue category_hospitality management"},{"title":"Tunnel of Love (railway)","description":"tunnel of love length referred to the whole line tracklength notrack single track rail single track gauge minradius el maxincline racksystem speed elevation map state the tunnel of love tunel kokhannya is a section of industrial railway located near klevan ukraine that links it with orzhiv it is a railway surrounded by tree tunnel green arches tunnel of love in klevan ukraine a fairytale train track and is three to five kilometers in length it is known for being a favorite place for couples to take walks justhe ticket for popping the question the romantic tunnel of love railway line that iso beautiful it is beyond be leaf mail online unused railway track in ukraine forms tunnel of love the line starts at klevan station the kovel rivne line and reaches the northern area of orzhiv also served by a station the main line the whole line is about km long cumulated length of osm ways and about kmlength of osm way is covered by forest within which this botanical phenomenon stretches anywhere from to said km depending on how individuals count it see alsold mill ride tunnel of love ridexternalinks most fascinating tunnels cool tunnels oddee tunnel of love in ukraine at placestoseeinyourlifetimecom category landmarks in ukraine category tourist attractions in rivne oblast category railroad attractions category railway lines in ukraine category passengerail transport in 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illegal activities of many of its original patrons the turf sprang up in an area just outside the city wall in order to escape the jurisdiction of the governing bodies of the local colleges oxford s turf tavern abouto be repainted oxford mail the turf tavern is also where former australian prime minister bob hawke set a guinness world record for consuming a yard glass of ale in seconds in localegend also has ithat former us president bill clinton while attending oxford as a rhodescholar infamously did not inhale during an evening of carousing athe pub additional celebrities and public figures who have dined or drank athe tavern include richard burton elizabeth taylor tony blair cs lewistephen hawking and margarethatcher oxfordshire pub guide the turf tavern the telegraph it also served as a hangout for the cast and crew of the harry potter movies while the nearby colleges were used as locations throughouthe filming of the series the pub inspired the lamb and flag a fictional drinking 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jurisdiction governing bodies local colleges oxford turf tavern abouto oxford mail turf tavern also former australian prime_minister bob hawke set guinness_world_record consuming yard glass ale seconds also former us president bill clinton attending oxford evening athe pub additional celebrities public figures drank athe tavern include richard burton elizabeth taylor tony blair oxfordshire pub_guide turf tavern telegraph also_served hangout cast crew harry_potter movies nearby colleges used locations throughouthe filming series pub inspired lamb_flag fictional drinking_establishment featured obscure author thomas hardy final novel also reportedly haunted old ghost young woman allegedly nearby moat lover failed return thenglish civil_war turf istill frequent gathering place rhodes community oxford site turf tuesday every week term externalinks_category pubs oxford category bill clinton"},{"title":"Two Brewers, Covent Garden","description":"file two brewers monmouth street covent garden 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policy selling cask beer regional local microbrewery microbreweries tynemill alsowns operates castle rock brewery microbrewery located inottingham tynemill brand_name pubs replaced castle rock many tynemill establishments run rather managed public_houses morning advertiser tynemill pubs tynemill pubs castle rock group pubs alexandra hotel derby bread bitter derby whittington moor eagle boston lincolnshire boston fox trent newark golden eagle lincolnshire lincoln head lace market nottingham lincolnshire nottingham new tavern sheffield nottingham york stratford west nottingham fiddle nottingham whistle burton upon trent associated companies victoria hotel victoria hotel hands pub_company ltd inn inns ltd nottingham breakthrough point ltd swan swan ltd externalinks castle rock online category_companies_based inottingham category_british companiestablished category pub_chains"},{"title":"US Travel Insurance Association","description":"founded in the us travel insurance association ustia is 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aboutravel insurance assistance related services us ustia missions educate consumers aboutravel insurance related issues foster ethical professional standards industry conduct government relations behalf travel_insurance industry_association goals create uniform industry develop consistent licensing standards agents insurance assistance services serve advocate travel_insurance industry consumer advocacy file low thumb trip logo accordance withe organization mission goals ustia created consumer advocacy website trip acronym trip stands travel informed protected timely travel_information articles tips links issues concerning travel health safety security membership standards categories member companies must adhere ustia standards ethical conduct truth advertising membership categories ustia three categories membership regular member associate member members insurance carriers third_party administrators agents administrators insurance business least annual revenue travel_insurance 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thestablishment a valet is usually an employee of thestablishment or an employee of a third party valet service when there is a fee it is usually either a flat amount or a fee based on how long the car is parked it is customary in the united states to tip gratuity tip the valet who actually parks the car valet parking is most often offered and is most useful in urban area s where parking iscarce though some upscale businesses offer valet parking as an optional serviceven though self parking may be readily available for example in wealthy suburb an areas like california silicon valley some hospital s like stanford university medical center offer valet parking for the convenience of patient s and their visitors on the other hand where parking is not scarce such as on the las vegastrip it is offered as a convenience to patronsome hospitals like the yale affiliated greenwichospital connecticut on connecticut s golden coast have such limited space for parking thathemergency room is valet parking only to fit as many cars in as possible some cars come with an additional key known as a valet key that starts the ignition and opens the driver side door but prevents the valet from gaining access to valuables that are located in the trunk or the glove box image valet parkingjpg thumb upright valet parking signboard outside a nightclub the main advantage of valet parking is convenience customers do not have to walk from a distant parking spot carrying heavy loads many handicappedrivers rely on valet parking when they cannot walk from and to a distant parking spot likewise people who do not have time to search for a parking spot can valet park withouthe hassle valet parking is especially convenient in bad weather most professional valet attendants are well insured and knowledgeable about nearly every make and model of car and their quirks including after market alarm systems keyless ignitions an advantage of valet parking is that it is possible to pack more cars into a given physical space in what is generally known astack parking the valet holds all the keys and can park the cars twor more deep as he can move cars out of the way to free a blocked in car another type of stacking is called lane stacking this useful for events where guests arrive at around the same time say for a wedding reception the point of this procedure is to keep the lane or lanes of incoming traffic flowing forward so that guests are spared a long waitime for valet service this usually accomplished by designating one or twof the valets to be stackers who simply push each car up fifty feet or so and prepare it for a quick take away for a returning valeto park the process is then repeated until all cars are parked utilizing as much lane space as possible meanwhile keeping the lanes moving an additional advantage of valet parking aside from stacking is that valets can park cars closer and straighter than some customers may park this will save them space in the parking lot or garage and preventhe inconvenience of going to different floors by cramming everything in an efficient valet service will implement or at least prepare a system to handle thexpected number of cars and guests this may include but is not limited to any of the following designated greeterstackers and parkers a system for marking car locations and sometimes even a shuttle service for valets at large venues in order to expedite careturn times athend of thevent file valet ferraripng thumb jay s valet parking at ferrari of denver valet parking also adds a touch of luxury compared to self parking many locations and events that provide valet parking providextra touchesuch as bringing the car up front having the doors opened for the guest and in rare cases cleaning andetailing of the vehicle as described above several differentypes of venues offer valet parking these include singleventhese valets are usually hired for justhevening and have assigned roles for efficiency parking may be at an off site location that can handle many cars and can range from a dirt field to a multi story parking lot it might also be in the streets near the pickup location at a wedding the cars may be stacked in orderespecting the hierarchy of importance of the visitors for instance at a middleastern oil company executive party the vehicles might be stacked in the order of the importance of thexecutives of the company restaurant or bar location in thisetting parking is usually in thestablishment s own lot but may also be a blocked off section of a nearby parking house or multilayer lot often a dozen spots in front will be reserved for the big spenders or frequent visitors when the restaurant is not busy the nicest most unusual or newest vehicles will be parked in front of the restauranthis can be a sales and marketing stipulation restaurants trying to attractourists may park rental vehicles or common vehicles in front expensive restaurants looking to attract less frugal customers may park expensive cars in front including those of the restaurant employees or owners bar or crowded urban setting here space is a premium yethe cars on the street may have a huge bearing on the clientele inside hotelocation hotels can have all types mentioned above lots multi layer lots parking houses hydraulic structures parking in front parking in back shuttles for car ownershuttles for valets and more the biggest difference between hotels and other types is the cost hotels usually charge double or more for valet parking when compared to bars restaurants and major events usually this because of a captive market and the need for overnight parking airports in the united kingdom companies have offered valet parking at airports the service is alsoffered when parking at an airport hotel casinos the major casinos in the us particularly those in las vegas atlanticity niagara falls and most larger native american casinos provideither free or low cost valet parking hospitals malls major shopping centres withigh traffic volume often result in full parking facilitiesome malls offer valets with fees to park the vehicle at a temporary location or a reserved lot keys are given to the valet and a ticket issued to the driver upon the return of patron the valet will drive the vehicle back to the valet booth temporary mall parking valets may be founduring major holiday periods like christmas career employee turnover most valet parking attendants are college age around years of age however many attendants at high end establishments are as old as years of age and up turnover is usually months but much longer among the older employee population over extension of control valet parking attendants directly in front of bars orestaurants may use the limited street parking as extra fee parking for customers who pay extra to keep their vehicle parked up fronthe attendant may park these vehicles in shorterm or even prohibited parking spots on the streethese customer vehicles may remain for hours or even an entirevening in a minute fire lane red zone fire zone or loading zone the attendants may evade the city ordinance by shuffling customer vehicles after the meter maid makes their chalking of the car tires or by placing cones to block access to the spots or even by using the valet s own vehicle in these spots for later use handicapped parking spots are infrequently usedue to the very high fines associated valet parking equipment common valet parking equipment includes articlesuch as valet podiums and key boxes for storing and protecting keys and valetickets which are used to keep track of keys and their corresponding vehiclesome valet parking providers also use specially designed umbrellas and signs to direct customers or display prices bike valet file interbike valet jpg thumb valet parking in las vegas in some urban areas where parking is exceptionally scarcevents and universitiesometimesponsor a valet parking service for bikes thiservice is normally free of charge and offered to encourage riding a bike to the location see also vallie on demand valet parking service operating in uk luxe app on demand valet parking service operating in us valet boy valet category parking category hospitality 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valet_parking optional though self parking may readily available example wealthy suburb areas like california silicon valley hospital like stanford university medical_center offer valet_parking convenience patient visitors hand parking las offered convenience hospitals like yale affiliated connecticut connecticut golden coast limited space parking room valet_parking fit many cars possible cars come additional key known valet key starts ignition opens driver side door valet gaining access located trunk box image valet thumb upright valet_parking outside nightclub main advantage valet_parking convenience customers walk distant parking spot carrying heavy loads many rely valet_parking cannot walk distant parking spot likewise people time search parking spot valet park withouthe valet_parking especially convenient bad weather professional valet attendants well insured knowledgeable nearly every make model car including market alarm systems advantage valet_parking possible pack cars given physical space generally known parking valet holds keys park cars twor deep move cars way free blocked car another type stacking called lane stacking useful events guests arrive around time say wedding reception point procedure keep lane lanes incoming traffic flowing forward guests long valet service usually accomplished one twof valets simply push car fifty feet prepare quick take_away returning park process repeated cars parked utilizing much lane space possible meanwhile keeping lanes moving additional advantage valet_parking aside stacking valets park cars closer customers may park save space parking_lot garage preventhe going different floors everything efficient valet service implement least prepare system handle number cars guests may_include limited following designated system marking car locations sometimes even shuttle service valets large venues order times athend thevent file valet thumb jay valet_parking denver valet_parking also adds touch luxury compared self parking many locations events provide valet_parking bringing car front doors_opened guest rare cases cleaning vehicle described several differentypes venues offer valet_parking include valets usually hired assigned roles efficiency parking may site location handle many cars range dirt field multi story parking_lot might also streets near location wedding cars may stacked hierarchy importance visitors instance middleastern oil company executive party vehicles might stacked order importance company restaurant bar location parking usually thestablishment lot may_also blocked section nearby parking house lot often dozen spots front reserved big frequent visitors restaurant busy unusual newest vehicles parked front sales marketing restaurants trying attractourists may park rental vehicles common vehicles front expensive restaurants looking attract less customers may park expensive cars front including restaurant employees owners bar crowded urban setting space premium cars street may huge bearing clientele inside hotels types mentioned lots multi layer lots parking houses hydraulic structures parking front parking back car valets biggest difference hotels types cost hotels usually charge double valet_parking compared bars restaurants major events usually captive market need overnight parking airports united_kingdom companies offered valet_parking airports service alsoffered parking airport hotel casinos major casinos us particularly las_vegas atlanticity niagara_falls larger native_american casinos free low_cost valet_parking hospitals malls major shopping centres withigh traffic volume often result full parking malls offer valets fees park vehicle temporary location reserved lot keys given valet ticket issued driver upon return patron valet drive vehicle back valet booth temporary mall parking valets may major holiday periods like christmas career employee turnover valet_parking attendants college age around years age however_many attendants high_end establishments old years age turnover usually months much longer among older employee population extension control valet_parking attendants directly front bars_may use limited street parking extra fee parking customers pay extra keep vehicle parked attendant may park vehicles shorterm even prohibited parking spots customer vehicles may remain hours even minute fire lane red zone fire zone loading zone attendants may city ordinance customer vehicles meter maid makes car tires placing block access spots even using valet vehicle spots later use parking spots high fines associated valet_parking equipment common valet_parking equipment includes valet key boxes storing protecting keys used keep track keys corresponding valet_parking providers also_use specially designed signs direct customers display prices bike valet file valet jpg thumb valet_parking las_vegas urban_areas parking exceptionally valet_parking service bikes thiservice normally free charge offered encourage riding bike location see_also demand valet_parking service operating uk app demand valet_parking service operating us valet boy valet category parking category_hospitality services"},{"title":"Varthamanappusthakam","description":"varthamanappusthakam is a malayalam travelogue written by paremmakkal thoma kathanar which is regarded as the firstravelogue in any indian language it was written in the th century wwwkeralahistoryacin retrieved on buthen forgotten being re discovered in and first printed in malayalam in by luka mathai plathottam athirampuzha st marys press in the year varthamanapusthakam postulates thathe foundation of indianationalism rests on the basic principle that india should be ruled by indians long before the debates onationalism shaking the intellectual circles of europe asiand africa thoma kathanar vehemently argued that foreignershould be kept away from indiand that it should be ruled only by indians it gives the history of a journey undertaken by the author along with mar joseph kariattil fromalabar coast modern day kerala to rome via history of lisbon th century lisbon and back varthamanappusthakam kottyam the manuscript of the book is kept athe sthomas christian museum in kochindia kochi the historic journey to rome to representhe grievances of kerala syrian catholicstarted from the boat jetty in athirampuzha in from athirampuzha they first proceeded to kayamkulam by a country boathe journey then took them to chinnapattanam as chennai was then known from there they wento kandy in ceylon sri lanka of today from ceylon they sailed to cape of good hope athe tip of africa they were to sail to portugal from there but adverse winds drifted their ship in the atlantic ocean taking ito the coast of latin america further journey from the latin american coastook them to their destination the journey to the destination took more than a year while they were in europe mar joseph kariattil was ordained in portugal as the bishop of kodungalloor archdiocese the first native indian to gethis appointmenthe two representatives of the kerala catholichurch succeeded in convincing the church authorities in rome and lisbon abouthe problems in kerala church on their way back home they stayed in goa where mar kariattil died upon realizing that his end was near mar kariattil appointed thoma kathanar as the governador governor of kodungallur cranganore archdiocese after him and handed over the cross chain and ring the tokens of his power whichad been presented to him by the portuguese queen varthamanapusthakam oru sameeksha published by mathachan plathottam category 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problems kerala church way back home stayed goa mar kariattil died upon end near mar kariattil appointed governor handed cross chain ring power whichad presented portuguese queen published category_travelogues"},{"title":"Veeve","description":"dissolved footnotes veeve is a home sharing service for london homeowners it was founded as vive unique in by jonny morris and claire whisker a former lawyer and barrister veeve opened its first office in hoxton in april with private home rentals in may the company received backing of million from sharing economy specialistsmedvig capital and in june the company opened itsecond office in battersea in summer the company stated thathe number of homeownersigning up to itservice had increased fourfold inovember smedvig capital made a further investment in the company taking their total funding to million the company agrees a fixed weekly rate withomeowners taking into account factorsuch as location quality availability and how many the property can 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is a norway norwegian week long cyclosportive and organized cycling holiday offering both timed and non timed classes thevent was first organized in with participants and already by some cyclists from nationsigned up like the professionals tour de france the route is changed everyear but will typically include several unesco world heritage site s and places popular with touristsuch as geiranger n r yfjorden sognefjell sognefjord and aurlandaily stage distances vary considerably from to kilometres depending on ascent during the seven days well over meter of ascent is conquered mostages are started with a non timed transport stretch where all riders of all classes ride together at an easy speed externalinks viking tour homepages category bicycle tours category cycling 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pearl diver kazuko mine as tomako paulette girard as narrator voice marion gering produced andirected the picture fosco maraini and roy m yaginuma were directors of photography thenglish version was narrated by tom rowe marcello abbado composed the film s music with addition scores provided by sergio pagoni the film s new york premiere was held on june victoria films and times film corp were the film s distributors the film was based on italian writer fosco maraini s work the island of the fisherwomen a few imageshot by maraini s crewere used in the production it was filmed entirely in japand released in the united states as divingirls of japand the divingirls island release and reception this film wascreened only for adults inorth carolina the film washown as a double feature along with shapes of a female jasper sharp wrote in his book behind the pink curtain thathe film stood as a fascinating visual document of a city in the midst of major transition the minute film was included in 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level and is awarded to anyone who joins the program gold orion status is achieved after night stays are completed in a rolling month period platinum centaurustatus is achieved after night stays are completed in a rolling month period gold orion and platinum centarus elite tiers offer additional benefits including increased point earnings room upgrades and access to exclusive lounges earning points members earn points contingent upon their program tier status points are collected in a member s account and can be used to purchase hotel nights every member earns a base rate of points per uspent gold orion members earn an additional percent point bonus platinum centaurus tier members earn an additional percent point bonus other earning opportunities voil hotel rewards offers members a number of promotions these include double point and extra earning offers for stays typically within a one to two month period november voil hotel rewards announced a partnership with topguest is a service that rewards users with loyalty points and perks for virtual check ins via major location based service s applicationsuch as facebook places twitter and foursquare topguest was purchased by switchfly and removed from the voil platform in thanks again december voil hotel rewards announced a partnership withanks again a coalition loyalty program for airports to give members more options for earning and redeeming points through thanks again voil members canow earn rewards at more than us airports and participating businesses nationwide members earn miles points by shopping dining or parking at participating airports and when purchasing from local businessesuch as dry cleanerspas and golf courses hotel partners partner hotels co brand their programs with voil hotel rewards marketing materials and become active members of the program s network nearly hotels on continents and in countries and cities belong to the program husa hoteles voil hotel rewards was launched in june withusa plus a co branded program for husa hoteles the husa plus program is offered at approximately husa hoteles throughout spain argentinandorra egypt france and belgium coral hotels resorts coral hotels resorts joined in december with a co branded program called hadaya the hadaya program is offered at nine coral hotels and resorts in the middleasthroughouthe united arab emirates omand saudi arabia coral hotels and resorts is not longer part of the voil hotel rewards network hoteles lucerna the voiloyalty co branded program lucerna rewards program launched may withoteles lucerna mexican hotel group with five star properties in tijuana mexicali culiacan ciudad juarez and hermosillo lucerna is no longer part of the voil hotel rewards network continental hotels continental hotels a romanian hotel group launched its voil network hoteloyalty program continental hotels rewards on june continental hotels is no longer part of the voil hotel rewards network swiss belhotel international voil has a loyalty program partnership with swiss belhotel international swiss belhotel international manages approximately hotels are in china vietnam the philippines malaysia indonesiaustralia kuwait jordan oman qatar saudi arabia united arab emirates and yemen kayumanis a collection of villa retreats located in on the island of bali and in provincial china kayumanis ubud indonesia was voted as the winner of the crystal award asia pacific for the best boutique hotel spa hot is othon manages a variety of small hotels in brazil such as buzios cabo frio and petropolis as well as larger properties in brazil s major cities and abroad such as buenos aires lisbon and san francisco in the othon suites brand was developed toffer apartment style hotels for longer stay guests today othon hotels offers overooms across properties and five brands in brazil portugal and the usa plans include the development of moresorts in the northeasthe present focus being the refurbishment and modernization of all existing properties othon s loyalty program with voil was launched on january in rio de janeiro brazil hot is deville hotels was founded in the city of curitiba southern region of brazil it has ten luxury midscale and economy class properties inine brazilian cities amari hotels and resorts voil has a loyalty program partnership with amari hotels and resorts part of the onyx hospitality group details hotels details launched its voiloyalty program january details hotels comprises three hotels in portugalexington hotels the lexington rewards program was launcheduring december headquartered in coral springs florida vantage hospitality group is the th largest hotel company worldwide with over hotels independently owned and operated and the only hotel company to be ranked seven consecutive years on the inc list ofastest growing private companies the company continues to growithe lexington hotel and lexington inn brands vantage s midscale through upscale brands redeeming points foroom nights points accumulated in a member s account can bexchanged for stays at any hotel in the voil hotel rewards network the number of points required for an award night varies per hotel redemption partners in addition to exchanging points for stays at hotels members may reedem their accumulated points with program partners thefirstclubcom october voil hotel rewards announced a partnership withefirstclubcom toffer music pc games and mobile content as part of its voil s globaloyalty program redemption offerings through this partnership voil members are able to redeem their points in exchange for thefirstclubcom vouchers they will then access thefirstclubcom download platform enter their unique code and redeem a download of their choice from a library of over million types of content supported by many localanguages delta skymiles as of october voil hotel rewards members may redeem voil points for each skymiles delta skymiles mile delta sky miles program was removed from voil in december due to a change in the sky miles programay voil hotel rewards announced a partnership with mexicanago the partnership between voil and mexicanago means voil members will receive mexicanago points for every voil points they convert qatar airways privilege club onovember voil hotel rewards announced a partnership with qatar airways privilege club the partnership between voil and qatar airways privilege club means voil members will receive qmiles for every voil points they convert in december voil partnered with worldreader to provide members with an opportunity to convertheir voil points into a cash donation worldreader is a non profit organization whose mission is to bring e readers like amazoncom s kindle to children in developing nations where illiteracy rates are highest instead of giving children one book e readers can placentire libraries of books in children s hands the devices use cell phonetworks to access areas the internet can t consume little power and have proven to be a greatool in the classroom kiva organization kiva is a non profit organization with a mission to connect people through lending to alleviate poverty leveraging the internet and a worldwide network of microfinance institutions kiva lets individuals lend as little as to help create opportunity around the world the children s alcohol rehabilitation and education inc in december voil partnered withe children s alcohol rehabilitation and education incare a not for profit corporation care has been a safe harbor for some of the most neglected children in california providing residential treatment facilities for abused abandoned neglected and at risk children ineed of drug or alcohol treatment since additional third party redemption options in december voil added several otheredemption options for members including american express itunes amazoncom and american airlines features of voil hotel rewards including earning points increasing status through frequent stays and redemption of points for hotel stays are 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other designers quantity surveyor main contractor awards designations known foren architect ren firm rengineeren str engineeren serv engineeren civ engineeren oth designers ren qty surveyoren contractoren awards rooms parking url embedded references footnotes the volunteer hotel was a public house pub in the suburb of balmainew south wales balmain the inner west sydney inner west of sydney in the state of new south wales australia the pub is named because of its association with a group of volunteer firefighter s the fire bell was located across the road in darling street and when it rang the volunteers would gather and proceed on to the fire once their work was complete they would meet athe hotel forefreshmenthe hotel closed in and from was the location of mrs riley s confectionery shop it is now a private residence davidson b hamey k nicholls d called to the bar years of pubs in balmain rozelle the balmain association isbn category defunct hotels in sydney category hotel buildings 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virtual reality sickness would be a major problem this was caused by the offset between the simulated motion in vr and the lack of real motion as the inner sense of balance would not feel the appropriate forces and turns in order to test if this could be overcome by synchronizing vr movemento real motion a research group of the university of applied sciences kaiserslautern led by prof dipl des thomas wagner together with roller coaster manufacturer mack rides and europark has been conducting experiments on actual roller coaster facilities in early it showed that with a precise synchronizationot only the nausea wouldisappear but also a new kind of attraction was created as for the firstime thisetup allowed for a simulation ride to feature continuous g forces zero gravity androps or so called air time still the technical setup of thexperiments was not feasible yet for a permanent installation most of all mounting a computer on a coaster train would not have workedue to the continuous heavy vibrations also the usual cable connection of a classical vr headset like the oculus rift would have meant a seriousafety hazard wagner and his team could eventually overcome these problems by deploying so called mobile vr headsets like the samsungear vr where thentire imageneration happens directly inside of the actual headsethe very first vr coaster installations have been opened to the public in late starting at europark germany followed by canada s wonderland universal studios japan all of them developed by the startup company withe same name vr coaster company vr coaster gmbh co kg which originated from wagners research group as of june theme parks worldwide are operating vr coasters list of roller coasters with virtual reality extensions vr coaster listhe latest installations can be found in six flags parks themed with superman content from the dcomics universe technical solutions key to a comfortable vr experience on an actual moving ride attraction is a precise synchronization of the virtual ride animation to achieve this the coaster train is equipped with special hardware that monitors the position of the train the track layout and then wirelessly transmits this information to theadsets of the riders this also crucial as the vr experience needs to run in absolute tracking mode unlike relative tracking when used at home where the vr view automatically rotates with a virtual vehicle so without a precise tracking solution curves and turns would not be in the right place in other words a virtual cockpit must always turn and travel in exactly the same direction as the real coaster car which would not be possible without an automated synchronization still as the human sense of balance cannot detect absolute velocities but only acceleration and turnspeed andimensions can be altered in vr even curves can bento different angles as long as the relative direction of the turn is preserved clockwise or counterclockwisexperience as virtual reality allows for several modifications and extensions of the actual track layouthe size of the vr track can be much larger than the real one this of course means that speeds can be much faster and heights much taller as these aspects also growithe increasedimensions most of all there is no need to show an actual track orails which would give away what element comes next other than for dramaturgical reasons as the rider is totally immersion virtual reality immersed in the vr world one can even be tricked by giving hints on a wrong track direction and then eg have a giant creature grabbing the virtual cockpit and carrying it into a different direction which turns outo be the actual direction of the rails also theffect of physical track elements like block brakes can be utilized in the vr experience for dramatic elements like crashing through a virtual barrier or building riders report after their first vr coasteride that it is unlike anything they havever experienced before see also list of roller 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showed motion sickness known virtual_reality sickness would major problem caused offset simulated motion lack real motion inner sense balance would feel appropriate forces turns order test could overcome movemento real motion research group university applied sciences led prof des thomas wagner together roller_coaster manufacturer mack_rides europark conducting experiments actual roller_coaster facilities early showed precise also new kind attraction created firstime allowed simulation ride feature continuous g forces zero gravity called air time still technical setup feasible yet permanent installation computer coaster train would continuous heavy also usual cable connection classical headset like rift would meant hazard wagner team could eventually overcome problems called mobile like thentire happens directly inside actual first coaster installations opened public late starting europark germany followed canada wonderland universal_studios japan developed startup company withe name coaster company coaster gmbh originated research group june theme_parks worldwide operating coasters list roller_coasters virtual_reality extensions coaster latest installations found six_flags parks themed superman content universe technical solutions key comfortable experience actual moving ride attraction precise virtual ride animation achieve coaster train equipped special hardware monitors position train track layout information riders also crucial experience needs run tracking mode unlike relative tracking used home view automatically virtual vehicle without precise tracking solution turns would right place words virtual cockpit must always turn travel exactly direction real coaster car would possible without automated still human sense balance cannot acceleration altered even different angles long relative direction turn preserved clockwise virtual_reality allows several modifications extensions actual track size track much_larger real one course means speeds much faster heights much taller aspects also need show actual track would give away element comes next reasons rider totally immersion virtual_reality world one even giving wrong track direction giant virtual cockpit carrying different direction turns outo actual direction also theffect physical track elements like block brakes utilized experience dramatic elements like virtual barrier building riders report first coasteride unlike anything experienced see_also list roller_coasters virtual_reality extensions category virtual_reality roller_coasters category_amusement_parks"},{"title":"Waiting staff","description":"waiting file annie o black jpg thumb miami beach waitress in file ancora waiterjpg thumb a server in ancora file north korea samjiyon waitress jpg thumb a waitress in the samjiyon pegaebong hotel north korea waiting staff are those who work at a restaurant or a bar establishment bar and sometimes in private homes attending customersupplying them with food andrink as requested a server or waiting staff takes on a very important role in a restaurant which is to always be attentive and accommodating to the guests each waiter follows rules and guidelines that are developed by the manager wait staff can abide by this rule by completing many differentasks throughout his or her shift such as food running polishing dishes and silverware helping bus tables and restock working stations with needed supplies waiting on tables is along with nurse nursing and teacher teaching part of the service sector and among the most common occupations in the united states the bureau of labor statistics estimates that as of may there were over million persons employed aservers in the us many restaurants choose a specific uniform for their wait staff to wear waitstaff may receive tip gratuity tips as a minor major part of their earnings with customs varying widely from country to country an individual waiting tables is commonly called a server waitress females only waitereferring to males or less commonly either gender member of the wait staff waitstaff the american heritage dictionary of thenglish language fourth edition houghton mifflin company via dictionarycom website retrieved on september or serving staff server waitperson or less commonly the s americaneologism waitron dictionarycom unabridged v random house via dictionarycom website retrieved on september archaic termsuch aservingirl serving wench or serving lad are generally used only within their historical context file saganaki athe parthenon restaurant in chicagomovwebm thumb saganaki lit on fire served by a waiter in chicago the duties a waiter wait staff or server partakes in can be tedious and challenging but are vital to the success of the restaurant such duties include preparing a section of tables before guestsit down eg changing the tablecloth putting out new utensils cleaning chairs etc offering cocktailspecialty drinks wine beer or other beverages recommending food options requesting the chef to make changes in how food is prepared pre clearing the tables and serving food and beverages to customers in some higher end restaurantservers have a good knowledge of the wine list and can recommend food wine pairings at morexpensive restaurantservers memorize the ingredient list for the dishes and the manner in which the food is prepared for example if the menu lists marinated beef the customer might ask whathe beef is marinated in for how long and what cut of beef is used in the dish silver service staff are specially trained to serve at banquets or high end restaurants theservers follow specific rules and service guidelines which makes it a skilled job they generally wear black and white with a long white apron extending from the waisto ankle thead server is in charge of the waiting staff and is also frequently responsible for assigning seating thead server must insure that all staff does their duties accordingly the functions of a head server can overlap to some degree withat of the ma tre d h tel restaurants inorth america employ an additionalevel of waiting staff known as busboy s or busgirls increasingly referred to as busser or server assistanto clear dirty dishesetables and otherwise assisthe waiting staff busboy the american heritage dictionary of thenglish language fourth edition houghton mifflin company via dictionarycom retrieved on september busgirl dictionarycom unabridged v random house inc via dictionarycom retrieved on september schmich mary august uh noffense but do you still say busboy chicago tribune web edition retrieved on september emotionalabour is often required by waiting staff particularly at many high class restaurants restaurant serving positions require on the job training that would be held by an upper level server in the restauranthe server will be trained to provide good customer service learn food items andrinks and maintain a neat and tidy appearance working in a role such as captain a top rated restaurant requires disciplined role playing comparable to a theater performance in the united statesome states require individuals employed to handle food and beverages tobtain a food handlers card or permit in these stateservers that do not have a permit or handlers card canot serve the server can achieve a permit or handlers card online no food certification requirements are needed in canada however to serve alcoholic beverages in canada servers must undergo their province s online training course within a month of being hired tipping in the us different countries maintain different customs regardingratuity tipping but in the united states a tipaid in addition to the amount presented on the bill for food andrinks is customary at most sit down restaurantservers and bartender s expect a tip after a patron has paid the check the minimum legally required hourly wage paid to waiters and waitresses in many ustates is lower than the minimum wagemployers arequired to pay for most other forms of labor in order to account for the tips that form a significant portion of the server s income if wages and tips do not equal the federal minimum wage of per hour during any week themployer is required to increase cash wages to compensate tips average between and of the bill is expected for good service more than is expected for great service and some patrons tip even more for exceptional service if the waiter or waitress goes above and beyond to ensure the patron enjoys his her meal it is customary to give a higher tip some restaurants charge an automatic gratuity for larger parties usually or more and the gratuity ranges from depending on the restaurant see also bikini barista chamberlain office hospitality soda jerk table service waiter french film externalinks usa today article on wait staff treatment why iservice still so bad in the uk category articles containing video clips category food services occupations category restaurant 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tips minor major part earnings customs varying widely country country individual waiting tables commonly called server waitress females males less_commonly either gender member wait_staff american heritage dictionary thenglish_language fourth_edition houghton mifflin company via dictionarycom website_retrieved september serving staff server less_commonly dictionarycom v random_house via dictionarycom website_retrieved september termsuch serving serving generally used within historical context file athe restaurant thumb lit fire served waiter chicago duties waiter wait_staff server challenging vital success restaurant duties include preparing section tables changing putting new utensils cleaning chairs etc offering drinks wine beer beverages recommending food options chef make changes food prepared pre clearing tables serving food beverages customers higher end_restaurantservers good knowledge wine_list recommend food wine pairings morexpensive restaurantservers ingredient list dishes manner food prepared example menu lists marinated beef customer might ask whathe beef marinated long cut beef used dish silver service staff specially trained serve high_end_restaurants follow specific rules service guidelines makes skilled job generally wear black white long white apron extending thead server charge waiting_staff also frequently responsible seating thead server must staff duties accordingly functions head server overlap degree withat tre h_tel restaurants inorth_america employ waiting_staff known busboy increasingly referred server assistanto clear dirty otherwise waiting_staff busboy american heritage dictionary thenglish_language fourth_edition houghton mifflin company via dictionarycom retrieved september dictionarycom v random_house inc via dictionarycom retrieved september mary august still say busboy chicago_tribune web edition retrieved september often required waiting_staff particularly many high class restaurants restaurant serving positions require job training would held upper level server restauranthe server trained provide good customer_service learn food_items andrinks maintain appearance working role captain top rated restaurant requires role playing comparable theater performance united_statesome states require individuals employed handle food beverages tobtain food handlers card permit permit handlers card serve server achieve permit handlers card online_food certification requirements needed canada however serve_alcoholic_beverages canada servers must undergo province online training course within month hired tipping us different_countries maintain different customs tipping united_states addition amount presented bill food_andrinks customary sit restaurantservers bartender expect tip patron paid check minimum legally required hourly wage paid waiters waitresses many ustates lower minimum arequired pay forms labor order account tips form significant portion server income wages tips equal federal minimum_wage per_hour week themployer required increase cash wages tips average bill expected good service expected great service patrons tip even exceptional service waiter waitress goes beyond ensure patron enjoys meal customary give higher tip restaurants charge automatic gratuity larger parties usually gratuity ranges depending restaurant see_also barista chamberlain office hospitality soda jerk table_service waiter french film externalinks usa_today article wait_staff treatment still bad uk category_articles containing_video_clips category_food_services occupations_category_restaurant staff"},{"title":"Walter Zanger","description":"weightelevision title term predecessor successor party movement opponents boards religion jewish denomination reform criminal charge criminal penalty criminal statuspouse paula partner children hanan mikhal yoel jenia parents relatives callsign awardsignature signature alt signature size module module module website footnotes box width walter zanger was an american born israeli author tour guide and television personality he was a contributor to newspapers encyclopedias and magazines and served as a member of theditorial board of the jewish bible society walter zanger was born in brooklynew york state new york in he moved withis family to jerusalem israel in and resided in the city s ein karem neighborhood until his death in zanger graduated from amherst college with a bachelor of arts cum laude in he then studied athebrew union college jewish institute of religion inew york graduating with a bachelor of hebrew letters in zanger was also a student athebrew university of jerusalem he received a masters of arts from thebrew union college jewish institute of religion and was ordained as a reform judaism reform rabbin rabbinical career zanger served as the rabbi of the harford county maryland harford county jewish center in aberdeen maryland from and as the rabbi of temple sinain massapequa new york from afterwards he served as a chaplain withe rank of captain armed forces captain the us air force in southeast asia from in he officiated the second bar and bat mitzvah bar mitzvah of rabbi morrison david bial rabbi bail had officiated zanger s own bar mitzvah years earlier zanger was an assistanto the publisher and contributor to thencyclopaedia judaica from and wrote for the biblical archaeology society and the jewish bible quarterly he authored several books including jerusalem holy city to the world s religions great cities library zanger wrote from jerusalem a personal non partisanewsletter addressing current events in israel zanger lectured athe university of south floridamherst college and athe jewish bible association s dr louis katzoff memorialecture tour guide zanger was a licensed israeli master guide he was an expert ataking christians and jews to their sacred places his expertise as a tour guide led him to become a television personality he was featured on episodes of a e tv channel s mysteries of the bible as one of israel s leadinguides awards and recognition zanger was a recipient of the tourisministry israel ministry of tourism distinguished tourism employee award he received an honorary degree honorary doctor of divinity from thebrew union college jewish institute of religion in jerusalem in he served in anti aircraft battalion in the israel defense forces and after his discharge was an active volunteer in the tourism unit of the israel police at his amherst college th class reunion zanger wrote i always just did whatever seemed the righthing athe time and it always worked out my life has been by far more luck than brains and i feel fine abouthat walter zanger died on augusth category s births category amherst college alumni category hebrew union college alumni category american reform rabbis category th century rabbis category tour guides category people from brooklyn category people from jerusalem category 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signature alt signature size module module module website_footnotes box width walter zanger american born israeli author tour_guide television personality contributor newspapers magazines served member theditorial board jewish bible society walter zanger born brooklynew york_state_new_york moved withis family jerusalem israel city ein neighborhood death zanger graduated amherst college bachelor arts laude studied union college jewish institute religion inew_york bachelor hebrew letters zanger also student university jerusalem received masters arts union college jewish institute religion reform judaism reform career zanger served rabbi county maryland county jewish center aberdeen maryland rabbi temple new_york afterwards served withe rank captain armed forces captain us_air_force southeast_asia second bar bat bar rabbi morrison david rabbi zanger bar years earlier zanger assistanto publisher contributor wrote biblical archaeology society jewish bible quarterly authored several books including jerusalem holy city world great cities library zanger wrote jerusalem personal non addressing current events israel zanger athe_university south college athe jewish bible association louis tour_guide zanger licensed israeli master guide expert christians jews sacred places expertise tour_guide led become television personality featured episodes e tv_channel bible one israel awards recognition zanger recipient tourisministry israel ministry tourism distinguished tourism employee award received honorary degree honorary doctor union college jewish institute religion jerusalem served anti aircraft battalion israel defense forces discharge active volunteer tourism unit israel police amherst college th class zanger wrote always whatever seemed athe_time always worked life far luck feel fine walter zanger died category_births_category amherst college alumni_category hebrew union college alumni_category_american reform category_th_century category_tour guides_category people brooklyn 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exhibition of the parkstarted gaining in popularity in the last few years of the th century after the pan american exposition inspired the first luna park in coney island a frenzy in building amusement parks including those to be named white city luna park and electric park ensued in the firstwo decades of the th century like their luna park and electric park cousins a typical white city park featured a shoothe chutes and lagoon a roller coaster usually a figure roller coaster figureight or a mountain railway a midway fair midway a ferris wheel games and a pavilion some white city parks featured miniature railroad s many cities had twor all three of thelectric park luna park white city triumvirate in their vicinity with each trying toutdo the others with new attractions the competition was fierce often driving thelectric parks out of business due to increased cost due to equipment upgrades and upkeep and increasing insurance costs more than a few succumbed to fire only one park that was given the white city name continues toperate today white city denver s white city opened in is currently lakeside amusement park image world columbian exposition white city jpg thumb left px white city of the world s columbian exposition thenormously successful world s columbian exposition in chicago attracted million visitors and featured a section that is now commonly considered the first amusement park a midway fair midway the mile long midway plaisance the world s first ferris wheel constructed by george washington gale ferris jr a forerunner of the modern roller coaster thomas rankin snow and ice railway later moved to coney island robert cartmell the american screamachine a history of the roller coaster popular press isbn lighting and attractions powered by alternating current sebastian ziani de ferranti had completed the first power plant with ac power in london justhe year before and the debut of several kinds ofoods in the united states including hamburger shredded wheat cracker jack juicy fruit chewingum and pancakes made using aunt jemima pancake mix the zoopraxographical hall was the first commercial theateragtime composed and performed by scott joplin exposed millions of people to a new form of music and instantly became a staple for fairs and carnival srichard crawford america s musicalife a history w norton company isbn image ferris wheeljpg px righthumb ferris wheel athe world s columbian exposition white city can be seen behind it and to the right while the midway plaisance became thexposition s main drawing card it was nothe primary purpose of the world s fair in theyes of its founders who pictured ito be the beginning of a classical renaissance featuring electricually lit white stucco buildings collectively known as white city occupying the main court while white city gave the park its visual identity the throngs who attended the columbian exposition tended to collect athe midway plaisance and buffalo bill s wild west showhich set up shop just outside the park grounds after the fair s founders rejected buffalo bill cody s attempto become an official columbian exhibition exhibitor the world s fair was destined to be remembered primarily for two ironic visions that of the crowds athe midway plaisance which essentially was the first modern amusement park with its entertainment including exhibitions of boxer john l sullivand exotic dancer littlegypt dancer littlegypt its games and its rides and the architecture of the far less popular white city much of the midway plaisance reappeared in coney island steeplechase park by thend of but nothe ferris wheel whichad been committed to the world s fair in st louis missouri st louis a smaller version was built and installed in paul boyton steeplechase park instead along with a sign that stated on thisile will berected the world s largest ferris wheel while steeplechase park eventually became one of thearliest embodiments of an amusement park chicago had one to replace midway plaisance a year after the close of the columbian exposition paul boyton s water chutes featuring a shoothe chutes ride that wasn t present in the columbian exposition but would soon become a staple of amusement parks to comejim futrell amusement parks of new jersey stackpole books isbn paul boyton s water chutes was the first amusemento charge admission when it opened inspired by the immediate success of his chicago park people visiting it in its first year of operation he moved and expanded water chutes in a year after he started the similar sea lion park in coney island jim futrell amusement parks of new york stackpole books isbn foretelling a fate similar to most amusement parks that followed paul boyton s water chutes went out of business in the face of increasing competition mainly exhibition park s inspired by the columbian exposition in chicago white city and the pan american exposition in buffalo new york buffalo luna park and themergence of trolley park s owned and operated by railroads and electricompanies electric park in boyton sold sea lion park to frederick thompson builder frederick thompson and elmer dundy whoperated a trip to the moon in both buffalo and steeplechase park thompson andundy quickly redesigned sea lion park and redubbed it luna park coney island luna park which quickly added to the legend of coney island white city parks and the amusement park boom file white city chicago electric tower jpg thumb px right alt white city chicago was one of the most durable of the white city parks postcard view of chicago s white city amusement park the footall electric tower was one of the highlights of the city of a million electric lights that could be seen fromiles away in the half decade after thend of the columbian exposition the american concept of the amusement park wastarting to take hold withe increased popularity of shoothe chutes rides roller coasters with roller coaster designer and entrepreneur frederick ingersoll providing many parks many of long standing with figure roller coaster s and russian mountain scenic railways long before starting his luna park chain were being erected in a frenetic pace over a quarter century period the ingersoll construction company erected more than eleven roller coasters per yearailway companies noticing the popularity of midway plaisance of the columbian exposition and the lack of railroad ridership on the weekends constructed trolley park s as an efforto improve their bottom line power companies were starting to partner with railroad companies to createlectric trolley companies and construct electric parks dale samuelson ajp samuelson and wendyegoiants the american amusement park mbi publishing company isbn as thend of the th century approached a few exhibition parks those inspired by thexhibits and midways of either the columbian exposition or the later pan american exposition started to appear before thend of the year white city amusement parks were making their appearance in philadelphia it was also known as chestnut hill park and cleveland soon some long established parks changed their names to white city upon the addition of amusement rides and a midway seattle for example as the american amusement park was increasing in popularity in the first few years of the s the success of the pan american exposition particularly its trip to the moon ride featuring luna park led to the first luna park in coney island in and an explosion of nearly identical amusement parksoon followed there were roughly amusements operating in the united states in the number almostripled by and more than doubled again to by and these latter figures do not include the amusement parks that were opened and permanently closed by then while the white city chicago white city in chicago was nothe first one of that name it was certainly one of the most fondly remembered within years of its founding dozens of white city parks dotted the united states with australiand the united kingdom having namesakes built by the s although most white city parks were out of business by thend of the united states involvement in world war i a few survived into the middle third of the th century the chicago white city lasted until the white city shrewsbury massachusetts worcester park survived until of the white city amusement parks only one survives the last exhibition park still standing the white city denver white city built and opened in continues to this day as lakeside amusement park although the name was officially changedecades ago somembers of the local populace still refer to lakeside as white city list of white city amusement parks the following is a list of amusement parks that have had the name white city in the united states australiand the united kingdom file whitecity clevelandjpg thumb px right alt white city cleveland was one of cleveland ohio several amusement parks operating in the first decade of the twentieth century postcard view of white city cleveland s white city amusement park one of several amusement parks operating in the ohio city in the first decade of the twentieth century white city atlanta georgia white city bellingham washington residentsought weekend solace at parks bellingham herald october white city binghamtonew york also called wagner s parked aswad and suzanne meredith broome county in vintage postcards arcadia publishing isbn white city boise idaho white city chicago illinois white city cleveland ohio encyclopedia of cleveland history reopened as cleveland beach parkdiane demali francis ohio s amusement parks in vintage postcards arcadia publishing isbn white city dayton ohio grounds flooded in then became island metropark in history of island metropark southwest ohio amusement park historical society white city white city denver colorado present original name of lakeside amusement park white city des moines iowa white city duluth minnesota white city fort worth texas official name rosen heights amusement park opened lastructure 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today white_city denver white_city opened currently lakeside amusement_park image world columbian_exposition white_city jpg thumb left_px white_city world columbian_exposition successful world columbian_exposition chicago attracted million_visitors featured section commonly considered first amusement_park midway fair midway mile long midway plaisance world first ferris_wheel constructed george washington gale ferris forerunner modern roller_coaster thomas snow ice railway later moved coney_island robert american screamachine history roller_coaster popular press_isbn lighting attractions powered alternating current de completed first power_plant power london justhe year debut several kinds ofoods united_states including hamburger shredded wheat cracker jack fruit pancakes made using aunt pancake mix hall first_commercial composed performed scott exposed millions people new form music instantly became staple fairs carnival crawford america history w norton company isbn image ferris px righthumb ferris_wheel athe world columbian_exposition white_city seen behind right midway plaisance became thexposition main drawing card nothe primary purpose world fair theyes founders pictured ito beginning classical renaissance featuring lit white buildings collectively known white_city main court white_city gave park visual identity attended columbian_exposition tended collect athe midway plaisance buffalo bill wild west set shop outside park grounds fair founders rejected buffalo bill attempto become official columbian exhibition world fair remembered primarily two ironic crowds athe midway plaisance essentially first modern amusement_park entertainment including exhibitions john l exotic dancer dancer games rides architecture far less popular white_city much midway plaisance coney_island steeplechase park thend nothe ferris_wheel whichad committed world fair st_louis missouri st_louis smaller version built installed paul boyton steeplechase park instead along sign stated world largest ferris_wheel steeplechase park eventually became one thearliest amusement_park chicago one replace midway plaisance year close columbian_exposition paul boyton water chutes featuring shoothe chutes ride present columbian_exposition would soon become staple amusement_parks futrell amusement_parks new_jersey stackpole books isbn paul boyton water chutes first charge admission opened inspired immediate success chicago park people visiting first_year operation moved expanded water chutes year started similar sea_lion park_coney_island jim futrell amusement_parks new_york stackpole books isbn fate similar amusement_parks followed paul boyton water chutes went business face increasing competition mainly exhibition park inspired columbian_exposition chicago white_city pan american exposition buffalo_new_york buffalo luna_park themergence trolley park owned operated railroads electric park boyton sold sea_lion park frederick thompson builder frederick thompson trip moon buffalo steeplechase park thompson quickly redesigned sea_lion park_luna_park coney_island luna_park quickly added legend coney_island white_city parks amusement_park boom file_white city chicago electric tower jpg thumb px right_alt white_city chicago one durable white_city parks postcard view chicago white_city amusement_park electric tower one highlights city million electric lights could seen away half decade thend columbian_exposition american concept amusement_park take hold withe increased popularity shoothe chutes rides roller_coasters roller_coaster designer entrepreneur frederick ingersoll providing many parks many long standing figure roller_coaster russian mountain scenic railways long starting luna_park chain erected pace quarter century period ingersoll construction company erected eleven roller_coasters per companies popularity midway plaisance columbian_exposition lack railroad weekends constructed trolley park efforto improve bottom line power companies starting partner railroad companies trolley companies construct electric parks dale samuelson samuelson american amusement_park publishing_company isbn thend th_century approached exhibition parks inspired either columbian_exposition later pan american exposition started appear thend year white_city amusement_parks making appearance philadelphia also_known chestnut hill park cleveland soon long established parks changed names white_city upon addition amusement_rides midway seattle example american amusement_park increasing popularity first_years success pan american exposition particularly trip moon ride featuring luna_park led first luna_park coney_island explosion nearly identical amusement followed roughly amusements operating united_states number doubled latter figures include amusement_parks opened permanently closed white_city chicago white_city chicago nothe first one name certainly one remembered within years founding dozens white_city parks united_states australiand united_kingdom built although white_city parks business thend united_states involvement world_war survived middle third th_century chicago white_city lasted white_city shrewsbury massachusetts worcester park survived white_city amusement_parks one last exhibition park still standing white_city denver white_city built opened continues day lakeside amusement_park although name officially ago local populace still refer lakeside white_city list white_city amusement_parks following list amusement_parks name white_city_united_states australiand united_kingdom file thumb px right_alt white_city cleveland one cleveland_ohio several amusement_parks operating first_decade twentieth_century postcard view white_city cleveland white_city amusement_park one several amusement_parks operating ohio city first_decade twentieth_century white_city atlanta georgia white_city bellingham washington weekend parks bellingham herald october white_city york also_called wagner parked county vintage postcards arcadia_publishing isbn white_city boise idaho white_city chicago_illinois white_city cleveland_ohio encyclopedia cleveland history reopened cleveland beach francis ohio amusement_parks vintage postcards arcadia_publishing isbn white_city dayton ohio grounds became island history island southwest ohio amusement_park historical_society white_city white_city denver colorado present original_name lakeside amusement_park white_city des_moines iowa white_city minnesota white_city fort_worth texas official name rosen heights amusement_park opened standing pavilion destroyed fire june j nell north river brief history north fort_worth press_isbn x white_city houghton w strangers history michigan peninsula wayne state_university_press isbn white_city indianapolis indiana may june broad park david j robert graham thencyclopedia indianapolis indiana university_press isbn white_city london_united_kingdom andrew popular_culture london c transformation entertainment manchester university_press isbn shepherd bush park opened hosthe olympic games white_city louisville_kentucky university louisville libraries digital collections white_city greater_manchester united_kingdom simon played manchester architectural heritage city play englisheritage isbn originally open botanical_garden history white_city manchester became amusement_park closed track stadium built remembering white_city stone throw old white_city stood shopping_center white_city milwaukee wisconsin white_city_new orleans_louisiana white_city_new_york white_city illinois white_city perth white_city perth western_australia circa white_city philadelphia_pennsylvania david r suburb city chestnut hill philadelphia ohio state_university_press isbn rachel horace arcadia_publishing isbn also_known chestnut hill park white_city seattle_washington causes pandemonium seattle white_city amusement_park may playland seattle amusement_park white_city springfield missouri historical postcards springfield missouri baseball springfield arcadia_publishing 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externalinks_category covent_garden_category_pubs city westminster"},{"title":"Whitney Classic","description":"endurance mountain bike racing mountain bike race date begins ends frequency annually in autumn fall venue mount whitney location sequoia national park inyo national forest california coordinates country united states of america years active first founder name last prev next participants attendance capacity area budget activity leader name patron organised summit adventure filing people member sponsor website footnotes the whitney classic is an endurance mountain bike racing mountain bike race that is held in late september or october everyear the ride runs from the badwater basin death valley to whitney portal badwater at below sea level is the lowest place in the north americand whitney portal at is the trailhead that leads to mount whitney the highest peak in the contiguous united states with an elevation of the ride image mount whitney jpg thumb mount whitney the ride is long with an elevation gain of there are three major hills townes pass climbing up from stovepipe wells hillcrest climbing from panamint springs and the whitney portal road which leaves the town of lone pine california to climb to the portal townes pass is long with an elevation gain of more than hillcrest is long with an elevation gain of slightly more thand the whitney portal road gains close to in addition to long distances and elevation the temperature can play a major factor athe start in badwater temperatures can routinely be as high as degrees buthe temperature quickly drops at higher altitudes below freezing temperatures can bencountered near the portal at night making temperature swings of over degrees possible in a single day image badwater elevation signjpg thumbadwater basin elevation sign the ride is a small event with an average number of riders in the s riders may ride as individuals or as a team due to theathe cold the lengthe hills the dark and a number of other factors it is not unusual for of the participants noto finish the whitney classic started in as a fundraiser for summit adventure a non profit wilderness ministry in bass lake californiand still serves as a major fundraiser for the organization there are multiple races and runs thatravel the same course including the badwater ultramarathon held in july everyear the ride was originally conceived as a badwater to the summit of whitney bike hikevent making ithe lowesto highest in later years as the united states forest service required summit permits to climb mt whitney the official course washortened to end at whitney portal forest service regulations do not allow competitivevents in the john muir wilderness however many riders choose to continue tradition and complete the ascento mount whitney summit on their own see also badwater ultramarathon externalinks the official whitney classic page ride reports whitney ride recap whitney ride recap official photos from the wcategory bicycle 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road leaves town lone pine california climb portal pass long elevation gain long elevation gain slightly thand whitney portal road gains close addition long_distances elevation temperature play major factor athe_start badwater temperatures routinely high degrees buthe temperature quickly drops higher altitudes freezing temperatures near portal night making temperature swings degrees possible single day image badwater elevation signjpg basin elevation sign ride small event average number riders riders may ride individuals team due cold lengthe hills dark number factors unusual participants noto finish whitney classic started fundraiser summit adventure non_profit wilderness ministry bass lake californiand still serves major fundraiser organization multiple races runs thatravel course including badwater held july everyear ride originally conceived badwater summit whitney bike making_ithe highest later years united_states forest_service required summit permits climb whitney official course end whitney portal forest_service regulations allow john muir wilderness however_many riders choose continue tradition complete mount whitney summit see_also badwater externalinks_official whitney classic page ride reports whitney ride whitney ride official photos bicycle_tours category_cycling california_category endurance sports_category cycling_events united_states category_mountain_biking events united_states"},{"title":"Wild Atlantic Way","description":"file inishbofin wild atlantic wayjpg thumb wild atlantic way sign in cleggan the wild atlantic way is a scenic route tourism trail on the west coast and on parts of the north and south coasts of the republic of ireland the kmile driving route passes through nine counties of ireland counties and three provinces of ireland provincestretching from county donegal s inishowen peninsula in ulster to kinsale county cork in munster on the celtic sea coasthe route is broken down into sections county donegal county donegal to county mayo county mayo to county clare county clare to county kerry county kerry to county cork along the route there are discovery points attractions and more than activities the route was officially launched in by minister of state for tourism and sport michael ring teachta d la td key points of interesthe north west counties county donegal county leitrim and county sligo file slieve league panoramajpg righthumb px slieve league on the south west coast of county donegal in ulster malin head ireland s most northerly point lough foyle lough swilly fort dunree buncrana grianan of aileach grian of aileach greenan fort derry ramelton rathmullan fanad rosguill doe castle derryveagh mountains horn head tory island arranmore rainn mh r arranmore island the rosses mount errigal malin beglencolumbkille malin beg beach slieve league cliffs blue stack mountains donegal town bundoran popular with surfers tullaghan mullaghmore county sligo mullaghmore head spanish armada rosses point spanishipwreckshipwrecks at streedagh beach aughris easky enniscrone the west counties county mayo and county galway file sheep by the great western greenwayjpg thumb right sheep in a paddock by the great western greenway near mulranny november the c ide fields the mullet peninsula clare island lighthouse at clew bay achill island inishturk accessible by ferry from louisburgh county mayo doolough connemara clifden inishbofin county galway inishbofin accessible by ferry from cleggan aran islands oile in rann aran islands accessible by ferry from galway salthill rinville park near oranmore the mid west counties county clare and county limerick the burren the cliffs of moher and the doolin cliff walk loop head the shannon estuary and the shannon dolphins the south west counties county kerry and county cork garnish island in glengarriff the ruined cottages of great blasket islandingle ireland s largest gaeltachtown rossbeigh beach the skellig islandskellig experience visitor centre dursey island accessible by ireland s only cable car is one of inhabited west cork islands and is located athend of the beara peninsula sheep s head one of theuropean destinations of excellence for sustainable tourism the sheep s head peninsula is home to the sheep s head way walking and cycling routes mizen head ireland southernmost point with views ofastnet rock fastnet rock and lighthouse allihies and the allihies copper mine museum on the beara peninsula kinsale cork city cork see also atlanticorridor atlantic ocean celtic sea ev the atlanticoast routeurovelo atlanticoast cycle route hms audacious hms audacious western railway corridor western rail corridoreferences externalinks wild atlantic way on the tourism ireland website category long distance trails in the republic of ireland category scenic routes ireland category tourist attractions in the republic of 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paisley s protestant unionist party pup steve bruce the red hand p dickson was a founder member of the democratic unionist party dup the successor to the pup he was elected to belfast city council inorthern ireland local elections and again stood for the party in belfast west uk parliament constituency belfast west athe united kingdom general election uk general election taking third place with of the vote the local government elections belfast northern ireland elections he was able to hold his council seat inorthern ireland local elections dickson waselected as a candidate for belfast west assembly constituency belfast west athe northern ireland assembly electionorthern ireland assembly election six weeks before thelection he washot at his home by members of the irish nationaliberation army j bowyer bell the secret army the ira p he survived the attack althoughe was unable to take part in the remainder of thelection campaign ulster alert after school shootinglasgow herald october p and narrowly failed to win election although dickson was relected athe northern ireland local elections local election and served as deputy lord mayor of belfast in he then lefthe dup and stood as an independent unionist inorthern ireland local elections local election losing hiseat local government elections belfast northern ireland elections he subsequently joined the conservatives inorthern ireland but again missed election when he stood for them inorthern ireland local elections belfast city council elections northern ireland elections outside politics dickson long worked athe ulster museum bill rolston politics and painting p but later became a tour guide specialising in the history of belfast and the ulster covenant william dicksonorthern ireland tourist guide association he served as a royal ulster constabulary reservist and from had a weekly column in the south belfast community telegraph dickson later joined traditional unionist voice and athe northern ireland local elections 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pacific tourist williams illustrated trans continental guide of travel from the atlantic to the pacific ocean containing full descriptions of railroad routes across the continent all jpg thumb woodward s gardens woodward s gardens was a combination amusement park museum art gallery zoo and aquarium operating from to in the mission district san francisco mission district of san francisco california the gardens covered two city blocks bounded by mission street mission valencia th and th streets in san francisco the site currently has a brick building at mission street built after the san francisco earthquake which features a california historical site plaque and the crafty fox alehouse on the ground floor formerly a restaurant called woodward s garden the former gardensite also features the san francisco armory completed in file the pacific tourist williams illustrated trans continental guide of travel from the atlantic to the pacific ocean containing full descriptions of railroad routes across the continent all jpg thumb scene in park and pleasure grounds at oaknoll napa valley california residence of r b woodward from travel guide woodward s gardens was owned and operated by robert b woodward who became wealthy during the gold rush of and throughis ownership the what cheer house a hotel and inn at sacramento street at william leidesdorff alley in san francisco woodward opened the gardens on the site of his four acrestate after moving to napa california withis wife and four childrenapa home pictured early in his career photographer eadweard muybridge took many photographs of the gardens woodward s gardens entry at san francisco memories woodward had boughthe property from u senator john c fremont peter hartlaub woodward s gardens comes to life inew book san francisco chronicle october file woodwards gardens by te hechtjpg thumb view of woodward s gardens inovember woodward s gardens housed the famous bear monarch bear monarch a bear that was later memorialized on the flag of california monarch was one of the last known wild grizzly bears captured in californiand more than people attended the opening day unveiling onovember the venue would attract up to people on major holidaysuch as may day the facility lost popularity after woodward s death in and finally closed in when the woodward family auctioned off the collection in much of it was purchased by san francisco philanthropist adolph sutro displayed some of the woodward s gardens collection at his cliff house san francisco cliff house beginning in and at hisutro baths in thearly part of the th century a book by marilyn blaisdell san francisciana photographs of woodward s gardens includes photos of the site was published in october see also list of california historicalandmarks list of san francisco designated landmarks externalinks woodward s gardens at noehill website including photof state of california historic plaque at site marking the site as california landmark photof woodward s garden c 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atlantic pacific ocean containing full descriptions railroad routes across continent jpg thumb woodward gardens woodward gardens combination amusement_park museum art gallery zoo aquarium operating mission district san_francisco mission district san_francisco_california gardens covered two city blocks mission street mission valencia th th_streets san_francisco site currently brick building mission street built san_francisco earthquake features california historical site plaque fox alehouse ground_floor formerly restaurant called woodward garden former also features san_francisco completed file pacific tourist williams illustrated trans continental guide travel atlantic pacific ocean containing full descriptions railroad routes across continent jpg thumb scene park pleasure grounds napa_valley california residence r b woodward travel_guide woodward gardens owned operated robert b woodward became wealthy gold rush throughis ownership house hotel inn sacramento street william alley san_francisco woodward opened gardens site four moving napa california withis wife four home pictured early career photographer took many photographs gardens woodward gardens entry san_francisco memories woodward boughthe property senator john_c peter woodward gardens comes life inew book san_francisco chronicle october file gardens thumb view woodward gardens inovember woodward gardens housed famous bear monarch bear monarch bear later flag california monarch one last known wild grizzly bears captured californiand people attended opening day unveiling onovember venue would attract people major may day facility lost popularity woodward death finally closed woodward family collection much purchased san_francisco displayed woodward gardens collection cliff house san_francisco cliff house beginning baths thearly part th_century book marilyn san photographs woodward gardens includes photos site published october see_also list california list san_francisco designated landmarks externalinks woodward gardens website including photof state california historic plaque site marking site california landmark photof woodward garden c history peter woodward gardens comes life inew book san_francisco chronicle october woodward gardens entry history woodward gardens hidden histories april woodward gardens entry woodward gardens entry woodward gardens san_francisco woodward gardens california notes charles museum search x woodward photos athe main library historic photo collection category_history san_francisco category california_category culture san_francisco category_zoos california_category mission district san_francisco category_amusement_parks"},{"title":"Workaway","description":"slogan a few hours honest helper day in return for cultural exchange food and accommodation industry travel industry products hospitality service area served worldwide registration optional site can be browsed without registering but is required to sign up as a host or as a volunteer languagenglish spanish french german owner ven ltd launch date current status online workaway is an international hospitality service that organizes homestay s for people willing to provide help for their hosts volunteers or workawayers arexpected to contribute a pre agreed amount of time per day in exchange for lodging and food which is provided by their hostbowes gemma spain for free a working holiday the guardian london octoberetrieved on march frommer arthur budgetravel website offers work foroom and board abroad cape cod times cape cod march retrieved on marchow it works hosts register at workawayinfo and arexpected to provide information abouthemselves the type of volunteering they require to be performed the accommodation they offer and the sort of person they arexpecting workawayinformation for hosts volunteers create an online profile including personal details and any specific skills they might have after which they can contact hosts through the website andiscuss a possiblexchange workawayinformation for travellers workaway is aimed at budgetravellers and language learners looking to become more immersed in the country and culture they are journeying through while allowing local hosts to meet like minded people who can provide thelp they require workawayinfo borns patricia working your way the boston globe boston august retrieved march it has been described as a useful way to improve foreign language skills utton charley the independent london january retrieved january as well as an opportunity to develop new talents and learn about local traditions rainsford cathe guardian london july retrieved july the opportunities on offer are varied and based in a wide range of countries around the world some types of volunteering available include gardening animal care cooking and farming finn christine culture clubs volunteering in creative communities the guardian london january retrieved on march bowes gemma five great workaway working holidays the guardian london 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international wwoof membership all recognised wwoof country organizationstrive to maintain similar standards and cooperation work together to promote the aims of wwoof around the world wwoof aims to provide volunteers often called wwoofers or woofers with first hand experience in organic and ecologically sound growing methods to help the organic movement and to let volunteers experience life in a rural setting or a different country wwoof volunteers generally do not receive money in exchange for services the host provides food lodging and opportunities to learn in exchange for assistance with farming or gardening activities the duration of the visit can range from a few days to years workdays average five to six hours and participants interact with wwoofers from other countries wwoofarms include private gardens through smallholding s allotment gardening allotments and commercial farm s farms become wwoof hosts by enlisting witheir national organization in countries with no wwoof organization farms enlist with wwoof independents examples of wwoof experiences include harvesting cup gum honey from liguria n bees at island beehive in kangaroo island harvesting syrah grapes for knappstein vineyard in the clare valley and harvesting coffee bean s from coffearabica s inorthern thailand wwoof originally stood for working weekends on organic farms and began in england in wwoof international history of wwoof sue coppard a woman working as a secretary in london wanted to provide urban dwellers with access to the countryside while supporting the organic movement her idea started with trial working weekends for four people athe biodynamic agriculture biodynamic farm at emerson college uk emerson college in sussex people soon started volunteering for longer periods than just weekendso the name was changed to willing workers on organic farms buthen the word work caused problems with some countries labour law s and immigration to the united kingdom since immigration authorities who tended to confuse wwoofers with migrant worker s and oppose foreigners competing for local jobs both to eliminate that problem and also in recognition of wwoofing s worldwide scope the name was changed again to world wide opportunities on organic farmsome wwoof groupsuch as australia choose to retain the older name however how it works volunteers must first choose what country they would like to visit and volunteer in they can sign up for their desired country on the wwoof website after signing up volunteers will receive a list ofarms located in their country of choice from this point it is up to the volunteer to contactheir desired farms and arrange the dates anduration of their stay the duration of a volunteer stay can range from days to months but is typically one to two weeks volunteers can expecto work for hours a day for a full day s food and accommodation a volunteer could be asked to help with a variety of tasks including sowing seed making compost gardening 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participant farm australia raspberry pictured world wide opportunities organic farms wwoof willing workers organic farms hospitality_service operated loose network national organizations facilitate homestay organic farming organic farms australia host farms enterprises followed new_zealand united_states john global leadership organic agriculture journal social andevelopment sciences uk wwoof hosts wwoof hosts countries around world organization encompasses wwoof hosts single international wwoof membership recognised wwoof country maintain similar standards cooperation work together promote aims wwoof around world wwoof aims provide volunteers often_called first hand experience organic ecologically sound growing methods help organic movement let volunteers experience life rural setting different country wwoof volunteers generally receive money exchange services host provides food lodging opportunities learn exchange assistance farming gardening activities duration visit range days years average five six hours participants interact countries include private gardens allotment gardening allotments commercial farm farms become wwoof hosts witheir national organization countries wwoof organization farms wwoof examples wwoof experiences include harvesting cup honey n island beehive kangaroo island harvesting grapes vineyard clare valley harvesting coffee bean inorthern thailand wwoof originally stood working weekends organic farms began england wwoof international history wwoof sue woman working secretary london_wanted provide urban dwellers access countryside supporting organic movement idea started trial working weekends four people athe agriculture farm emerson college uk emerson college sussex people soon started volunteering longer periods name changed willing workers organic farms buthen word work caused problems countries labour law immigration united_kingdom since immigration authorities tended migrant worker foreigners competing local jobs eliminate problem also recognition worldwide scope name changed world wide opportunities organic wwoof groupsuch australia choose retain older name however works volunteers must first choose country would like visit volunteer sign desired country wwoof website signing volunteers receive list located country choice point volunteer desired farms arrange dates stay duration volunteer stay range days months typically one two_weeks volunteers expecto work hours day full day food accommodation volunteer could asked help variety tasks including seed making gardening planting cutting wood harvesting packing feeding making mud wine making cheese making bread baking wwoof promotes participation way experience first hand local_culture customs nature farming host locations countries national wwoof wwoof organizations located africa inorth south_america asia_pacific europe middleast wwoof list hosts located also forest farming natural farming agritourism organic farming externalinks wwoof federation wwoof organisations 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pub noted roast duck premises incorporate goosnargh brewing company produces number beers gold goosnargh goosnargh red goosnargh brewing horn inn accessed_october see_also listed_buildings goosnargh category_national inventory_pubs category_pubs lancashire category_buildings structures preston category_establishments england"},{"title":"Ye Olde Cock Tavern","description":"file ye olde cock tavern jpg thumb ye olde cock tavern ye olde cock tavern is a listed buildingrade ii listed public house at fleet street london ec it is part of the taylor walker pubs group file the olde cock tavernjpg thumb left pub sign ye olde cock tavern london uk originally built before the th century it was rebuilt including the interior which is thoughto include work by carver grinlingibbons pubscom olde cock tavern info accessed march on the other side of the road in the s when a branch of the bank of england was built where it stood all in london olde cock tavern info accessed marchowever in the s a fire 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assigned to the panama canal zone there helped keepeace as undercover plain clothesman but also served administrative duties including as a census enumerator the book was generally critically well received the review of reviews american review of reviews lauded the author as a born story teller and a born tramp the combination of which givesomething worth while to the reader in this book which is full of speaking pictures the reader gets not only a picture of the canal zone aseen by the curious tourist in a hurry buthe life and spirit of all the great engineering country according to the new york times it gave a new view of the whole panama canal affair that is piquantly human the carnegie library of pittsburgh in its review agreed that his account is chiefly notable for its intimate picture of the men who handle the steam shovels tamp the dynamite cartridges build the concrete locks and run the never ending procession of earth trains he haseen them under all conditions and his observations tinged as they always are with genuine humor strike a humanotespecially when he recounts his experiences among the west indians by contrast preferred list of books for township and high schoolibraries in the state of michigan described the book as entertaining but said that h is impressions are very definite his experiences well told but as a whole the book makes a rather slight contribution and has little if any permanent valuexternalinks zone policeman at soormacom zone policeman at project gutenberg zone policeman athe internet archive category books category 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assigned panama canal zone helped undercover plain also_served administrative duties including census book generally critically well received review reviews american review reviews author born story teller born combination worth reader book full speaking pictures reader gets picture canal zone aseen curious tourist buthe life spirit great engineering country according new_york times gave new view whole panama canal affair human library pittsburgh review agreed account chiefly notable intimate picture men handle steam build concrete locks run never ending earth trains haseen conditions observations always genuine humor strike experiences among west indians contrast preferred list books township high state michigan described book entertaining said h impressions definite experiences well told whole book makes rather slight contribution little permanent zone policeman zone policeman project zone policeman athe internet_archive category_books category_travelogues"},{"title":"Zoo","description":"file san diego zoo entrancelephantjpg thumb righthentrance of the san diego zoo california may file giants of the savanna inhabitantsjpg thumb right giants of the savanna exhibit athe dallas zoo texas october a zoo short for zoological garden or zoological park and also called animal park or menagerie is a facility in which animals are confined within enclosures displayed to the public and in which they may also breed the term zoological garden refers to zoology the study of animals a term deriving from the greek language greek z on animal and l gostudy the abbreviation zoo was first used of the london zoological gardens which was opened for scientific study in and to the public in zsl s history zoological society of london the number of major animal collections open to the public around the world now exceeds to around percent of them are in cities in the united states of americalone zoos are visited by over million people annually etymology london zoo which opened in first called itself a menagerie or zoological forest which ishort for gardens and menagerie of the zoological society of london blunt reichenbach pp the abbreviation zoo first appeared in print in the united kingdom around when it was used for the bristol zoo clifton zoo but it was not until some years later thathe shortened form became popular in the song walking in the zoo by music hall artist alfred vance the term zoological park was used for morexpansive facilities in halifax nova scotia national zoological park united states washington dc and the bronx zoo bronx inew york which opened in and respectivelyhyson p hyson pp relatively new terms for zoos coined in the late th century are conservation park or biopark adopting a new name is a strategy used by some zoo professionals to distance their institutions from the stereotypical and nowadays criticized zoo concept of the th centurymaple p the term biopark was first coined andeveloped by the national zoological park united states national zoo in washington dc in the late srobinson a pp robinson b pp in the new york zoological society changed its name to the wildlife conservation society and rebranded the zoos under its jurisdiction as wildlife conservation parks conway pp history royal menageries file towrlndnjpg thumb upright the tower of london housed england s royal menagerie for several centuries picture from the th century british library the predecessor of the zoological garden is the menagerie whichas a long history from the ancient world to modern times the oldest known zoological collection was revealeduring excavations at hierakonpolis egypt in of a ca bce menagerie thexotic animals included hippopotamus hippopotami hartebeest elephant s baboon s and wildcat sworld s first zoo hierakonpolis egypt archaeology magazine king ashur bel kala of the middle assyrian empire created zoological and botanical gardens in the th century bce in the nd century bce themperor of china chinesempress tanki had a house of deer built and king wen of zhou kept a zoo called ling yu or the garden of intelligence other well known collectors of animals included king solomon of the united monarchy kingdom of israel and judah queen semiramis and king ashurbanipal of assyriand king nebuchadrezzar ii nebuchadnezzar of babylonia zoo encyclop dia britannica by the th century bce zoos existed in most of the greek city states alexander the great is known to have sent animals that he found on his military expeditions back to greece the roman emperors kept private collections of animals for study or for use in the arena the latter faring notoriously poorly the th century historian william edward hartpolecky w e h lecky wrote of the ludi romani roman games first held in bce charlemagne had an elephant named abul abbas that was given to him by the abbasid caliphenry i of england kept a collection of animals at his palace in woodstock oxfordshire woodstock which reportedly included lions leopards and camelsblunt wilfred the ark in the park the zoo in the nineteenth century hamishamilton pp the most prominent collection in medieval england was in the tower of london created as early as by king john i of england john i henry iii of england henry iii received a weddingift in of three leopards from frederick ii holy roman emperor and in the animals were moved to the bulwark renamed the lion tower near the main western entrance of the tower it was opened to the public during the reign of elizabeth i of england elizabeth in the th century big cats prowled london s tower bbc news october during the th century the price of admission was three half pence or the supply of a cat or dog for feeding to the lions the animals were moved to the london zoo when it opened enlightenment era file versailles m jpg thumb righthe palace of versailles menagerie during the reign of louis xiv in the th century the oldest zoo in the world still in existence is the tiergarten sch nbrunn in viennaustria it was constructed by adrian van stekhoven in athe order of the holy roman emperor francis i holy roman emperor francis i husband of maria theresa of austria to serve as an imperial menagerie as part of sch nbrunn palace the menagerie was initially reserved for the viewing pleasure of the imperial family and the court but was made accessible to the public in a zoo was founded in madrid and in the zoo inside the jardin des plantes in paris was founded by jacques henri bernardin de saint pierre jacques henri bernardin with animals from the royal menagerie at versailles primarily for scientific research and education the kazan zoo the first zoo in russia was founded in by the professor of kazan state university karl fuchs museum founder karl fuchs the modern zoo file view of the zoological gardens jpg thumb left london zoo until thearly th century the function of the zoo was often to symbolize royal power like king louis xiv s menagerie at palace of versailles the modern zoo that emerged in thearly th century at halifax nova scotia halifax london paris andublin was focused on providing educational exhibits to the public for entertainment and inspiration a growing fascination for natural history and zoology coupled withe tremendous expansion in the urbanization of london led to a heightenedemand for a greater variety of public forms of entertainmento be made available the need for public entertainment as well as the requirements of scholarly research came together in the founding of the first modern zoos the zoological society of london was founded in by stamford raffles and established the london zoo in regent s park two years later in at its founding it was the world s first scientific zooriginally intended to be used as a collection for science scientific study it was eventually opened to the public in the zoo was located in regent s park then undergoing development athe hands of the architect johnash architect johnash what sethe london zoo apart from its predecessors was its focus on society at large the zoo was established in the middle of a city for the public and its layout was designed to cater for the large london population the london zoo was widely copied as the archetype of the publicity zoo in the zoopened the world s first public aquarium downs zoological gardens created by andrew downs and opened to the nova scotia public in was originally intended to be used as a collection for scientific study by thearly s the zoo grounds covered hectares with many fine flowers ornamental trees picnic areastatues walking paths the glass house which contained a greenhouse with an aviary aquariumuseum of stuffed animals birds a pond a bridge over a waterfall an artificialake with a fountain a wood ornamented greenhouse a forest areand enclosures buildings dublin zoo was opened in by members of the medical profession interested in studying animals while they were alive and more particularly getting hold of them when they were dead the first zoological garden in australia was melbourne zoo in the same year central park zoo the first public zoo in the united states opened inew york although in the philadelphia zoo philadelphia zoological society had made an efforto establish a zoo but delayed opening it until because of the american civil war in the germany german entrepreneur carl hagenbeck founded the tierpark hagenbeck in stellingenow a quarter of hamburg his zoo was a radical departure from the layout of the zoo that had been established in it was the first zoo to use openclosuresurrounded by moats rather than barred cages to better approximate animals natural environments he also set up mixed species exhibits and based the layout on the different organizing principle of geography as opposed to taxonomy when ecology emerged as a matter of public interest in the s a few zoos began to consider making conservation their central role with geraldurrell of the durrell wildlife park jersey zoo george rabb of brookfield zoo and william conway of the bronx zoo wildlife conservation society leading the discussion from then on zoo professionals became increasingly aware of the need to engage themselves in conservation programs and the association of zoos and aquariums american zoo association soon said that conservation was its highest prioritysee kisling vernon ed zoo and aquarium history boca raton isbn x hoage r j deiss and william a ed neworlds new animals washington isbn hanson elizabeth animal attractions princeton isbn and hancocks david a different nature berkeley isbn because they wanted to stress conservation issues many large zoostopped the practice of having animals perform tricks for visitors the detroit zoo for example stopped its elephant show in and its chimpanzee show in acknowledging thathe trainers had probably abused the animals to gethem to performdonahue jesse and trump erik political animals public art in american zoos and aquariums lexington books p whipsnade park in bedfordshirengland was opened in as the first safari park it allowed visitors to drive through thenclosures and come into close proximity to the animals unfortunately habitat destruction mass destruction of wildlife habitat has yeto cease all over the world and many speciesuch as elephants big cats penguins tropical birds primates rhinos exotic reptiles and many others are in danger of dying out many of today s zoos hope to stop or slow the decline of many endangered species many zoosee their primary purpose as breeding endangered species in captivity and reintroducing them into the wild modern zoos also aim to help teach visitors the importance on animal conservation often through letting visitors witness the animals firsthandmasci david zoos in the st century cq researcher apr web jan some critics and the majority of animal rights activistsay that zoos no matter whatheir intentions are or how noble they are immoral and serve as nothing buto fulfill human leisure athexpense of the animals which is an opinion that haspread over the years however zoo advocates argue thatheir efforts make a difference in wildlife conservation and education human exhibits file ota bengat bronx zoojpg righthumb ota benga human exhibit inew york human beings were sometimes displayed in cages along with non humanimals to illustrate the differences between people of europe and non european origin september william temple hornaday william hornaday director of the bronx zoo inew york withe agreement of madison grant head of the new york zoological society had ota benga congolese pygmy displayed in a cage withe chimpanzees then with an orangutanamedohong and a parrothexhibit was intended as an example of the missing link between the orangutand white man itriggered protests from the city s clergymen buthe public reportedly flocked to see itbradford phillips verner and blume harvey ota benga the pygmy in the zoo st martins press mand monkey show disapproved by clergy the new york timeseptember human beings were also displayed in cages during the paris colonial exposition and as late as in a congolese village display at expo in brusselsblanchard pascal bancel nicolas and lemaire sandrine from human zoos to colonial apotheoses thera of exhibiting the other africultures type file zoo spjpg thumb right monkey islands o paulo zoo animals live in enclosures that often attempto replicate their natural habitat ecology habitat s or behavioral patterns for the benefit of bothe animals and visitors nocturnal animals are often housed in buildings with a reversed light dark cycle ie only dim white ored lights are on during the day so the animals are active during visitor hours and brighter lights on at night when the animalsleep special climate conditions may be created for animals living in extremenvironmentsuch as penguinspecial enclosures for bird s mammal s insect s reptile s fish and other aquatic life forms have also been developed some zoos have walk through exhibits where visitors enter enclosures of non aggressive speciesuch as lemur s marmoset s birds lizard s and turtle s visitors are asked to keep to paths and avoid showing or eating foods thathe animals might snatch safari park file giraffes at west midlandsafari parkjpg thumb right giraffe s in the west midland safari park some zoos keep animals in larger outdoor enclosures confining them with moat s and fences rather than in cagesafari park s also known as zoo parks and lion farms allow visitors to drive through them and come in close proximity to the animalsometimes visitors are able to feed animals through the car windows the first safari park was whipsnade zoo whipsnade park in bedfordshirengland opened by the zoological society of london in which today covers acres km since thearly s acre km park in the san pasqual valley near san diego has featured the san diego zoo safari park run by the zoological society of san diegone of two state supported zoo parks inorth carolina is the north carolina zoo in asheboro the werribee open range zoo in melbourne australia displays animals living in an artificial savannah aquaria file zoojpg thumb right sea lions athe melbourne zoo the first public aquarium was opened in london zoo in this was followed by the opening of public aquaria in continental europeg paris in hamburg in berlin and brighton in and the united states eg boston in washington in san francisco woodward s garden in and new york battery park in roadside zoos roadside zoos are found throughout north america particularly in remote locations they are often small for profit zoos often intended to attract visitors to some other facility such as a gastation the animals may be trained to perform tricks and visitors are able to get closer to them than in larger zoos guzoo animal farm website about canadian roadside zoos accessed june since they are sometimes less regulated roadside zoos are often subjecto accusations of neglect roadside zoo animalstarving free lance star jand cruelty to animals cruelty dixon jennifer house panel told of abuses by zoos times daily july in june the animalegal defense fund filed a lawsuit againsthe iowa based roadside cricket hollow zoo for violating thendangered species act by failing to provide proper care for its animals legal defense fund sues iowa zoover endangered species act violationsince filing the lawsuit aldf has obtained records from investigations conducted by the usda s animal and plant health inspection services these recordshow thathe zoo is also violating the animal welfare act aphis inspection report of cricket hollow zoo may petting zoos a petting zoo also called petting farms or children s zoos features a combination of domestic animal s and wild species that are docilenough touch and feed to ensure the animals healthe food isupplied by the zoo either from vending machines or a kiosk nearby animal theme parks animal theme park is a combination of an amusement park and a zoo mainly for entertaining and commercial purposes marine mammal park such aseaworld sea world and marineland oflorida marineland are morelaborate dolphinarium s keeping whale s and containing additional entertainment attractions another kind of animal theme park contains morentertainment and amusement elements than the classical zoo such as a stage shows roller coasters and mythical creaturesomexamples are busch gardens tampa bay in tampa florida disney s animal kingdom and gatorland in orlando florida flamingo land inorth yorkshirengland six flags discovery kingdom in vallejo california sources of animals by the year most animals being displayed in zoos were the offspring of other zoo animals this trend however was and still isomewhat speciespecific when animals are transferred between zoos they usually spend time in quarantine and are given time to acclimatize to their new enclosures which are often designed to mimic their natural environment for example some species of penguins may requirefrigerated enclosures guidelines onecessary care for such animals is published in the international zoo yearbook zoo procurement and care of animals encyclop dia britannica justification conservation and research file nczooelephantsjpg thumb righthe african plains exhibit at north carolina zoo illustrates the dimension of an open range zoo the position of most modern zoos in australasia europe and north america particularly those with scientific societies is thathey display wild animals primarily for the conservation biology conservation of endangered species as well as for animal testing research purposes and education and secondarily for thentertainment of visitors tudge colin last animals in the zoo how mass extinction can be stopped london isbn manifesto for zoos john regan associates an argument disputed by critics the zoological society of london states in its charter that its aim is the advancement of zoology and animal physiology and the introduction of new and curiousubjects of the animal kingdom it maintains two research institutes the nuffield institute of comparative medicine and the wellcome institute of comparative physiology in the us the penrose research laboratory of the philadelphia zoo focuses on the study of comparative pathology the world association of zoos and aquariums produced its first conservation strategy in and inovember it adopted a new strategy that sets outhe aims and mission of zoological gardens of the st century world zoo and aquarium conservation strategy world association of zoos and aquariums the breeding of endangered species is coordinated by cooperative breeding programmes containing international studbooks and coordinators who evaluate the roles of individual animals and institutions from a global oregional perspective and there aregional programmes all over the world for the conservation of endangered species in africa conservation is handled by the african preservation program app african association of zoological gardens and aquaria in the us and canada by speciesurvival plans american zoo and aquarium association and the canadian association of zoos and aquariums in australasia by the australasian species management program australasian regional association of zoological parks and aquaria in europe by theuropean endangered species program european association of zoos and aquariand in japan south asiand south east asia by the japanese association of zoos and aquariums the south asian zoo association foregional cooperation and the south east asian zoo association besides conservation of captive species large zoos may form a suitablenvironment for wild native animalsuch as heron s to live in or visit a colony of black crowned night heron s has regularly summered athe national zoological park united states national zoo in washington dc for more than a century some zoos may provide information to visitors on wild animals visiting or living in the zoor encourage them by directing them to specific feeding or breeding platforms roadside zoos in modern well regulated zoos breeding is controlled to maintain a self sustaininglobal captive population this nothe case in some less well regulated zoos often based in pooreregions overall stock turnover of animals during a year in a select group of poor zoos was reported as with of wild caught apes dying in captivity within the first monthsjensen derrick and tweedy holmes karen thoughto exist in the wild awakening from the nightmare of zoos no voice unheard p baratay eric and hardouin fugier elisabeth zoo a history of the zoological gardens of the west reaktion london the authors of the report stated that before successful breeding programs the high mortality rate was the reason for the massive scale of importations one year study indicated that of species of mammals that left accredited zoos in the us between and wento dealers auctions hunting ranches unaccredited zoos and individuals and game farmsgoldston linda february cited in scully matthew dominion st martin s griffin paperback p animal welfare concerns file dalian zoo bear cages jpg righthumbear cages one square meter in size in dalian zoo port arthur liaoning province china in the welfare of zoo animals varies widely many zoos work to improve their animal enclosures and make it fithe animals needs although constraintsuch asize and expense make it difficulto create ideal captivenvironments for many speciesnorton bryan g hutchins michael stevens elizabeth f maple terry l ed ethics on the ark zoos animal welfare and wildlife conservation washington dc isbn malmud randy reading zoos representations of animals and captivity new york isbn a study examining data collected over four decades found that polar bear s lions tigers and cheetah show evidence of stress in captivityderr mark big beasts tight space and a call for change in journal reporthe new york times october zoos can be internment camps for animals but also a place of refuge a zoo can be considered an internment camp due to the insufficient enclosures thathe animals have to live in when an elephant is placed in a pen that is flat has no tree nother elephants and only a few plastic toys to play with it can lead to boredom and foot problems lemonic mcdowel and bjerklie also animals can have a shorter life span when they are in these types of enclosures causes can be human diseases materials in the cages and possiblescape attempts bendowhen zoos take time to think abouthe animal s welfare zoos can become a place of refuge there are animals that are injured in the wild and are unable to survive on their own but in the zoos they can live outhe rest of their lives healthy and happy mcgaffin recent yearsome zoos have chosen to stop showing their larger animals because they are simply unable to provide an adequatenclosure for them lemonic mcdowell and bjerklie moral concernsome critics and many animal rights activists argue that zoo animals are treated as voyeuristic objects rather than living creatures and often suffer due to the transition from being free and wild to captivityjensen p in the last decades europeand north american zoostrongly depend on breeding within zoos while decreasing the number of wild caught animals behavioural restriction many modern zoos attempto improve animal welfare by providing more space and behavioural enrichment s this often involves housing the animals inaturalistic enclosures that allow the animals to expressome of their natural behavioursuch as roaming and foraging however many animals remain barren concretenclosures or other minimally enriched cages animals which naturally range over many km each day or make seasonal migrations are unable to perform these behaviours in zoo enclosures for examplelephants usually travel approximately each day abnormal behaviour animals in zoos often exhibit behaviors that are abnormal in their frequency intensity or would not normally be part of their ethogram behavioural repertoire these are usually indicative of stress for examplelephantsometimes perform head bobbing bearsometimes pace repeatedly around the limits of their enclosure wild catsometimes groom themselves obsessively and birds pluck outheir own feathersome critics of zoos claim thathe animals are always under physical and mental stress regardless of the quality of care towards the animals elephants have been recordedisplaying stereotypy non human stereotypical behaviours in the form of swaying back and forth trunk swaying oroute tracing this has been observed in of individuals in uk zooshortened longevity elephants in japanese zoos have shorter lifespans than their wild counterparts at onlyears although other studiesuggesthat zoo elephants live as long as those in the wild although most other animalsuch as reptiles and others can live much longer than they would in the wild climate concerns climaticonditions can make it difficulto keep some animals in zoos in some locations for example alaska zoo had an elephant named maggie she was housed in a small indoor enclosure because the outdoor temperature was too low surplus animals especially in large animals a limited number of spaces are available in zoos as a consequence various managementools are used to preserve the space for the most valuable individuals and reduce the risk of inbreeding management of animal populations is typically through international organizationsuch association of zoos and aquariums azand eaza zoos have several different ways of managing the animal populationsuch as moves between zoos wildlife contraceptive contraception sale of excess animals and euthanization culling contraception can beffective but may also have health repercussions and can be difficult or even impossible to reverse in some animals additionally some species may lose theireproductive capability entirely if prevented from breeding for a period whether through contraceptives or isolation but further study is needed on the subject sale of surplus animals from zoos was once common and in some cases animals havended up in substandard facilities in recent decades the practice of selling animals from certified zoos has declined a large number of animals are culled each year in zoos buthis controversial a highly publicized culling as part of population management was that of marius giraffe a healthy giraffe at copenhagen zoo in the zoo argued that its genes already were well represented in captivity making the giraffe unsuitable for future breeding there were offers to adopt it and an online petition to save it had many thousand signatories buthe culling proceeded although zoos in some countries have been open about culling the controversy of the subject and pressure from the public has resulted in others being closed thistands in contrasto most zoos publicly announcing animal births furthermore while many zoos are willing to cull smaller and or low profile animals fewer are willing to do it with larger high profile species live feeding and baiting in many countries feeding livertebrates to zoo animals is illegal except in exceptional circumstances for example some snakes refuse to eat dead prey however in the badaltearing safari park in china visitors can throw live goats into the lion enclosure and watch them being eaten or can purchase live chicken s tied to bamboo rods for thequivalent of dollars euros to dangle into lion pens visitors can drive through the lion compound in buses with specially designed chutes which they can use to push live chickens into thenclosure in the xiongsen bear and tiger mountain village near guilin south east china live cows and pigs are thrown to tigers to amuse visitors in qingdao zoo eastern china visitors can engage in tortoise baiting where tortoises are kept inside small rooms with elastic bands around their neckso thathey are unable to retractheir heads visitors are allowed to throw coins athem the marketing claim is that if you hit one of the tortoises on thead and make a wish it will be fulfilled regulation file wpa zoo poster elephant jpg thumb upright wpa poster promoting visits to american zoos the united states of america in the united states any public animal exhibit must be licensed and inspected by the united states department of agriculture united states environmental protection agency drug enforcement administration occupational safety and health administration united states president and others depending on the animals they exhibithe activities of zoos aregulated by laws including thendangered species acthe animal welfare act of animal welfare acthe migratory bird treaty act of and othersgrech kali s overview of the laws affecting zoos michigan state university college of law animalegal historical center additionally zoos inorth america may choose to pursue accreditation by the association of zoos and aquariums aza to achieve accreditation a zoo must pass an application and inspection process and meet or exceed the aza standards for animal health and welfare fundraising zoo staffing and involvement in global conservation efforts inspection is performed by threexperts typically one veterinarian onexpert in animal care and onexpert in zoo management and operations and then reviewed by a panel of twelvexperts before accreditation is awarded this accreditation process is repeated oncevery five years the aza estimates thathere are approximately animal exhibits operating under usda license as ofebruary fewer than are accredited azaccreditation introduction europe in april theuropean union introduced a directive to strengthen the conservation role of zoos making it a statutory requirementhathey participate in conservation and education and requiring all member states to set up systems for their licensing and inspection zoos aregulated in the uk by the zoo licensing act of which came into force in a zoo is defined as any establishment where wild animals are kept for exhibition to which members of the public have access with or without charge for admission seven or more days in any period of twelve consecutive months excluding circuses and pet shops the act requires that all zoos be inspected and licensed and that animals kept in enclosures are provided with a suitablenvironment in which they can express most normal behavior the zoo licensing act department for environment food and rural affairsee also list of zoos wildlife refuge international park fossil park national park national forest disambiguationational forest international network of geoparks list of zoo associations captivity animals in captivity behavioral enrichment environmental enrichment conservation biology conservation wildlife conservation ex situ conservation ex situ conservation in situ conservation in situ conservation movement index of conservation articles virtual zoo extinction endangered species emergency response team zoo emergency response team zoology includes a list of prominent zoologists immersion exhibit frozen zoo notes references blunt wilfrid the ark in the park the zoo in the nineteenth century hamishamilton london isbn braverman irus zooland the institution of captivity stanford university presstanford isbn conway william the conservation park a new zoo synthesis for a changed world in the ark evolving zoos and aquariums in transition wemmer christen m ed smithsonian institution conservation and research center front royal virginia hyson jeffrey jungle of eden the design of american zoos in environmentalism in landscape architecture conan michel edumbarton oaks washington isbn hyson jeffrey zoos in encyclopedia of world environmental history o z krech shepard mc neill john robert and merchant carolyn ed routledge london isbn maple terry toward a responsible zoo agenda in ethics on the ark zoos animal welfare and wildlife conservationorton bryan g hutchins michael stevens elizabeth f and maple terry l ed smithsonian institution press washington isbn reichenbacherman lost menageries why and how zoos disappear part international zoo news 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animals","naturally range","make seasonal","zoo enclosures","usually travel","travel approximately","day abnormal","abnormal behaviour","behaviour animals","zoos often","often exhibit","exhibit behaviors","frequency intensity","behavioural repertoire","perform head","pace repeatedly","repeatedly around","enclosure wild","zoos claim","claim thathe","thathe animals","mental stress","stress regardless","care towards","animals elephants","non human","human stereotypical","stereotypical behaviours","forth trunk","japanese zoos","wild counterparts","zoo elephants","elephants live","wild although","live much","much longer","wild climate","climate concerns","difficulto keep","keep animals","example alaska","alaska zoo","elephant named","named maggie","small indoor","indoor enclosure","outdoor temperature","low surplus","surplus animals","animals especially","large animals","limited number","consequence various","valuable individuals","inbreeding management","animal populations","international organizationsuch","organizationsuch association","zoos aquariums","several different","different ways","zoos wildlife","contraception sale","excess animals","culling contraception","may also","even impossible","animals additionally","species may","may lose","capability entirely","period whether","subject sale","surplus animals","cases animals","recent decades","selling animals","certified zoos","large number","zoos buthis","buthis controversial","highly publicized","publicized culling","population management","healthy giraffe","copenhagen zoo","zoo argued","genes already","well represented","captivity making","giraffe unsuitable","future breeding","online petition","many thousand","buthe culling","culling proceeded","proceeded although","although zoos","zoos publicly","publicly announcing","announcing animal","animal births","births furthermore","many zoos","low profile","profile animals","animals fewer","larger high","high profile","profile species","species live","live feeding","many countries","countries feeding","zoo animals","illegal except","exceptional circumstances","eat dead","dead prey","prey however","safari park","china visitors","throw live","live goats","lion enclosure","purchase live","live chicken","bamboo rods","lion compound","specially designed","designed chutes","push live","tiger mountain","mountain village","village near","south east","east china","china live","zoo eastern","eastern china","china visitors","tortoise baiting","kept inside","inside small","small rooms","bands around","heads visitors","throw coins","marketing claim","hit one","fulfilled regulation","regulation file","file wpa","wpa zoo","zoo poster","poster elephant","elephant jpg","upright wpa","wpa poster","poster promoting","promoting visits","american zoos","united states","united states","public animal","animal exhibit","exhibit must","united states","states department","agriculture united","united states","states environmental","environmental protection","protection agency","agency drug","drug enforcement","enforcement administration","administration occupational","occupational safety","health administration","administration united","united states","states president","others depending","zoos aregulated","laws including","including thendangered","thendangered species","species acthe","acthe animal","animal welfare","welfare act","animal welfare","welfare acthe","acthe migratory","migratory bird","bird treaty","treaty act","laws affecting","affecting zoos","zoos michigan","michigan state","state university","university college","historical center","center additionally","additionally zoos","zoos inorth","inorth america","america may","may choose","pursue accreditation","zoos aquariums","aquariums aza","achieve accreditation","zoo must","must pass","inspection process","aza standards","animal health","welfare fundraising","fundraising zoo","global conservation","conservation efforts","efforts inspection","typically one","animal care","zoo management","accreditation process","repeated oncevery","oncevery five","five years","aza estimates","estimates thathere","approximately animal","animal exhibits","exhibits operating","usda license","ofebruary fewer","introduction europe","april theuropean","theuropean union","union introduced","conservation role","zoos making","member states","inspection zoos","zoos aregulated","zoo licensing","licensing act","wild animals","animals kept","without charge","admission seven","twelve consecutive","consecutive months","months excluding","pet shops","act requires","animals kept","normal behavior","zoo licensing","licensing act","act department","environment food","also list","zoos wildlife","wildlife refuge","refuge international","international park","park fossil","fossil park","park national","national park","park national","national forest","forest international","international network","geoparks list","zoo associations","associations captivity","captivity animals","captivity behavioral","behavioral enrichment","enrichment environmental","environmental enrichment","enrichment conservation","conservation biology","biology conservation","conservation wildlife","wildlife conservation","situ conservation","situ conservation","situ conservation","situ conservation","conservation movement","movement index","conservation articles","articles virtual","virtual zoo","zoo extinction","extinction endangered","endangered species","species emergency","emergency response","response team","team zoo","zoo emergency","emergency response","response team","team zoology","zoology includes","immersion exhibit","exhibit frozen","frozen zoo","zoo notes","notes references","references blunt","park zoo","nineteenth century","london isbn","captivity stanford","stanford university","isbn conway","conway william","conservation park","new zoo","changed world","ark evolving","evolving zoos","zoos aquariums","ed smithsonian","smithsonian institution","institution conservation","research center","center front","front royal","royal virginia","jeffrey jungle","american zoos","landscape architecture","architecture conan","conan michel","oaks washington","washington isbn","jeffrey zoos","world environmental","environmental history","neill john","john robert","merchant carolyn","carolyn ed","ed routledge","routledge london","london isbn","isbn maple","maple terry","terry toward","responsible zoo","zoo agenda","ark zoos","zoos animal","animal welfare","bryan g","g hutchins","hutchins michael","michael stevens","stevens elizabeth","elizabeth f","f maple","maple terry","terry l","l ed","ed smithsonian","smithsonian institution","institution press","press washington","washington isbn","lost menageries","zoos disappear","disappear part","part international","international zoo","zoo news","news vol","april may","may robinson","robinson michael","michael h","wildlife magazine","magazine vol","robinson michael","michael h","h b","b towards","american association","zoological parks","aquariums annual","annual proceedings","proceedings externalinks","externalinks zoos","zoos worldwide","worldwide zoos","zoos aquariums","aquariums animal","wildlife parks","parks zoological","zoological gardens","gardens keeping","keeping asian","asian elephants","society devoted","keeping wild","wild animals","animals download","download page","page category","category zoos","zoos category","category animal","animal rights","rights category","category animal","animal welfare","welfare category","category zoology"],"new_description":"file san_diego zoo thumb san_diego zoo california may file giants thumb right giants exhibit athe dallas zoo texas october zoo short zoological_garden zoological_park also_called animal park menagerie facility animals confined within enclosures displayed public may_also breed term zoological_garden refers zoology study animals term greek language greek animal l abbreviation zoo first_used london_zoological_gardens opened scientific study public history zoological_society london number major animal collections open public around world exceeds around percent cities united_states zoos visited million_people annually etymology london_zoo opened first called menagerie zoological forest gardens menagerie zoological_society london blunt pp abbreviation zoo first_appeared print united_kingdom around used bristol_zoo clifton zoo years_later thathe shortened form became_popular song walking zoo music hall artist alfred term zoological_park used facilities halifax nova_scotia national_zoological_park united_states washington bronx zoo bronx inew_york opened p pp relatively new terms zoos coined late_th century conservation park biopark adopting new name strategy used zoo professionals distance institutions stereotypical nowadays criticized zoo concept th p term biopark first coined andeveloped national_zoological_park united_states national_zoo washington late pp robinson b pp new_york zoological_society changed name wildlife_conservation society rebranded zoos jurisdiction wildlife_conservation parks conway pp history royal menageries file thumb upright tower london housed england royal menagerie several centuries picture th_century british library predecessor zoological_garden menagerie whichas long history ancient world modern_times oldest known zoological collection excavations egypt bce menagerie thexotic animals included hippopotamus elephant wildcat first zoo egypt archaeology magazine king bel middle empire created zoological botanical_gardens th_century bce century bce themperor china house deer built king kept zoo called garden intelligence well_known collectors animals included king solomon united monarchy kingdom israel queen king king ii zoo encyclop dia th_century bce zoos existed greek city_states alexander great known sent animals found military expeditions back greece roman kept private collections animals study use arena latter notoriously poorly th_century historian william edward w e h wrote roman games first held bce charlemagne elephant named given england kept collection animals palace woodstock oxfordshire woodstock reportedly included lions leopards ark park_zoo nineteenth_century pp prominent collection medieval england tower london created early king john england john henry iii england henry iii received three leopards frederick ii holy_roman emperor animals moved renamed lion tower near main western entrance tower opened public reign elizabeth england elizabeth th_century big cats london tower bbc_news october th_century price admission three half pence supply cat dog feeding lions animals moved london_zoo opened enlightenment era file versailles jpg thumb_righthe palace versailles menagerie reign louis xiv th_century oldest zoo world still existence sch nbrunn viennaustria constructed adrian van athe order holy_roman emperor francis holy_roman emperor francis husband maria austria serve imperial menagerie part sch nbrunn palace menagerie initially reserved viewing pleasure imperial family court made accessible public zoo founded madrid zoo inside des paris founded jacques henri de saint pierre jacques henri animals royal menagerie versailles primarily scientific_research education zoo first zoo russia founded professor state_university karl museum founder karl modern zoo file view zoological_gardens jpg thumb left london_zoo thearly_th century function zoo often symbolize royal power like king louis xiv menagerie palace versailles modern zoo emerged thearly_th century halifax nova_scotia halifax london paris focused providing educational exhibits public entertainment inspiration growing fascination natural_history zoology coupled withe tremendous expansion urbanization london led greater variety public forms made_available need public entertainment well requirements scholarly research came together founding first modern zoos zoological_society london founded raffles established london_zoo regent park two_years_later founding world first scientific intended used collection science scientific study eventually opened public zoo located regent park undergoing development athe hands architect architect london_zoo apart predecessors focus society large zoo established middle city public layout designed cater large london population london_zoo widely copied archetype publicity zoo world first_public aquarium downs zoological_gardens created andrew downs opened nova_scotia public originally_intended used collection scientific study thearly zoo grounds covered hectares many fine flowers trees picnic walking paths glass house contained greenhouse aviary stuffed animals birds pond bridge waterfall fountain wood greenhouse forest areand enclosures buildings dublin zoo opened members medical profession interested studying animals alive particularly getting hold dead first zoological_garden australia melbourne zoo year central park_zoo first_public zoo united_states opened inew_york although philadelphia zoo philadelphia zoological_society made efforto establish zoo delayed opening american_civil_war germany_german entrepreneur carl founded quarter hamburg zoo radical departure layout zoo established first zoo use rather barred cages better approximate animals natural_environments also set mixed species exhibits based layout different organizing principle geography opposed ecology emerged matter public_interest zoos began consider making conservation central role durrell wildlife_park jersey zoo george_brookfield zoo william conway bronx zoo wildlife_conservation society leading discussion zoo professionals became_increasingly aware need engage conservation programs association zoos aquariums american zoo association soon said conservation highest vernon ed zoo aquarium history boca raton isbn x r j william ed new animals washington isbn elizabeth animal attractions princeton isbn david different nature berkeley isbn wanted stress conservation issues many large practice animals perform tricks visitors detroit zoo example stopped elephant show show thathe probably animals jesse trump erik political animals public art american zoos aquariums lexington books_p park opened first safari_park allowed visitors drive come close_proximity animals unfortunately habitat destruction mass destruction wildlife habitat yeto cease world many speciesuch elephants big cats penguins tropical birds primates exotic reptiles many_others danger dying many today zoos hope stop slow decline many endangered_species many primary purpose breeding endangered_species captivity wild modern zoos also aim help teach visitors importance animal conservation often letting visitors witness animals david zoos st_century researcher apr web jan critics majority animal rights zoos matter intentions noble serve nothing buto human leisure animals opinion haspread years however zoo advocates argue thatheir efforts make difference wildlife_conservation education human exhibits file ota bronx zoojpg righthumb ota human exhibit inew_york human beings sometimes displayed cages along non illustrate differences people europe non european origin september william temple william director bronx zoo inew_york withe agreement madison grant head new_york zoological_society ota pygmy displayed cage withe intended example missing link white man protests city buthe public reportedly flocked see phillips harvey ota pygmy zoo st press mand monkey show clergy new_york human beings also displayed cages paris colonial exposition late village display expo pascal nicolas human zoos colonial thera type file zoo thumb right monkey islands paulo zoo animals live enclosures often attempto natural habitat ecology habitat behavioral patterns benefit bothe animals visitors nocturnal animals often housed buildings reversed light dark cycle dim white ored lights day animals active visitor hours brighter lights night special climate conditions may created animals living enclosures bird mammal insect reptile fish aquatic life forms also developed zoos walk exhibits visitors enter enclosures non aggressive speciesuch birds turtle visitors asked keep paths avoid showing eating foods thathe animals might safari_park file west parkjpg thumb right giraffe west midland safari_park zoos keep animals larger outdoor enclosures moat rather park also_known zoo parks lion farms allow visitors drive come close_proximity visitors able feed animals car windows first safari_park zoo park opened zoological_society london today covers acres since_thearly acre park san valley near san_diego featured san_diego zoo safari_park run zoological_society san two state supported zoo parks inorth_carolina north_carolina zoo open range zoo melbourne australia displays animals living artificial savannah aquaria file zoojpg thumb right sea_lions athe melbourne zoo first_public aquarium opened london_zoo followed opening public aquaria continental paris hamburg berlin brighton united_states boston washington san_francisco woodward garden new_york park roadside zoos roadside zoos found throughout north_america particularly remote locations often small profit zoos often intended attract visitors facility gastation animals may trained perform tricks visitors able get closer larger zoos animal farm website canadian roadside zoos accessed june since sometimes less regulated roadside zoos often subjecto accusations roadside zoo free lance star cruelty animals cruelty dixon jennifer house panel told zoos times daily july june defense fund filed lawsuit againsthe iowa based roadside cricket hollow zoo violating thendangered species act failing provide proper care animals legal defense fund iowa endangered_species act filing lawsuit obtained records investigations conducted usda animal plant health inspection services thathe zoo also violating animal_welfare act inspection report cricket hollow zoo may petting_zoos petting zoo also_called petting farms children zoos features combination domestic animal wild species touch feed ensure animals healthe food zoo either vending_machines kiosk nearby animal_theme_parks animal_theme_park combination amusement_park zoo mainly entertaining commercial purposes marine_mammal park sea world marineland oflorida marineland morelaborate dolphinarium keeping whale containing additional entertainment attractions another kind animal_theme_park contains amusement elements classical zoo stage shows roller_coasters mythical busch_gardens_tampa_bay tampa_florida disney animal_kingdom orlando_florida land inorth yorkshirengland six_flags discovery_kingdom vallejo california sources animals year animals displayed zoos offspring zoo animals trend however still speciespecific animals transferred zoos usually spend time given_time new enclosures often designed natural_environment example species penguins may enclosures guidelines care animals published international zoo zoo procurement care animals encyclop dia conservation research file thumb_righthe african plains exhibit north_carolina zoo illustrates open range zoo position modern zoos australasia europe north_america particularly scientific societies thathey display wild_animals primarily conservation_biology conservation endangered_species well animal testing research purposes education thentertainment visitors colin last animals zoo mass extinction stopped london isbn zoos john associates argument disputed critics zoological_society london states charter aim advancement zoology animal physiology introduction new animal_kingdom maintains two research institutes institute comparative medicine institute comparative physiology us research laboratory philadelphia zoo focuses study comparative world association zoos aquariums produced first conservation strategy inovember adopted new strategy sets outhe aims mission zoological_gardens st_century world zoo aquarium conservation strategy world association zoos aquariums breeding endangered_species coordinated cooperative breeding programmes containing international studbooks coordinators evaluate roles individual animals institutions global perspective programmes world conservation endangered_species africa conservation handled african preservation program app african association zoological_gardens aquaria us canada speciesurvival plans american zoo aquarium association canadian association zoos aquariums australasia species management program regional association zoological_parks aquaria europe theuropean endangered_species program european association zoos japan south asiand south_east_asia japanese association zoos aquariums south asian zoo association cooperation south_east_asian zoo association besides conservation captive species large zoos may form wild native animalsuch live visit colony black crowned night regularly athe_national zoological_park united_states national_zoo washington century zoos may provide_information visitors wild_animals visiting living encourage directing specific feeding breeding platforms roadside zoos modern well regulated zoos breeding controlled maintain self captive_population nothe case less well regulated zoos often based overall stock turnover animals year select group poor zoos reported wild caught dying captivity within first holmes karen thoughto exist wild zoos voice p eric hardouin fugier elisabeth zoo history zoological_gardens west reaktion london authors report stated successful breeding programs high mortality rate reason massive scale one_year study indicated species mammals left accredited zoos us wento dealers hunting ranches zoos individuals game linda february cited matthew dominion st_martin griffin p animal_welfare concerns file zoo bear cages jpg cages one square meter size zoo port arthur province china welfare zoo animals varies widely many zoos work improve animal enclosures make fithe animals needs although expense make difficulto create ideal many bryan g hutchins michael stevens elizabeth f maple terry l ed ethics ark zoos animal_welfare wildlife_conservation washington isbn randy reading zoos representations animals captivity new_york isbn study examining data collected four decades found polar bear lions tigers cheetah show evidence stress mark big beasts tight space call change journal reporthe new_york times october zoos internment camps animals also place refuge zoo considered internment camp due insufficient enclosures thathe animals live elephant placed pen flat tree nother elephants plastic toys play lead foot problems also animals shorter life span types enclosures causes human diseases materials cages attempts zoos take time think abouthe animal_welfare zoos become place refuge animals injured wild unable survive zoos live outhe rest lives healthy happy recent_yearsome zoos chosen stop showing larger animals simply unable provide mcdowell moral critics many animal rights activists argue zoo animals treated objects rather living creatures often suffer due transition free wild p last decades europeand north_american depend breeding within zoos number wild caught animals behavioural restriction many modern zoos attempto improve animal_welfare providing space behavioural enrichment often involves housing animals enclosures allow animals natural roaming however_many animals remain barren enriched cages animals naturally range many day make seasonal unable perform behaviours zoo enclosures usually travel approximately day abnormal behaviour animals zoos often exhibit behaviors abnormal frequency intensity would normally part behavioural repertoire usually stress perform head pace repeatedly around limits enclosure wild groom birds outheir critics zoos claim thathe animals always physical mental stress regardless quality care towards animals elephants non human stereotypical behaviours form back forth trunk tracing observed individuals uk elephants japanese zoos shorter wild counterparts although zoo elephants live long wild although animalsuch reptiles others live much longer would wild climate concerns make difficulto keep animals zoos locations example alaska zoo elephant named maggie housed small indoor enclosure outdoor temperature low surplus animals especially large animals limited number spaces available zoos consequence various used preserve space valuable individuals reduce risk inbreeding management animal populations typically international organizationsuch association zoos aquariums zoos several different ways managing animal moves zoos wildlife contraception sale excess animals culling contraception may_also health difficult even impossible reverse animals additionally species may lose capability entirely prevented breeding period whether isolation study needed subject sale surplus animals zoos common cases animals facilities recent decades practice selling animals certified zoos declined large_number animals year zoos buthis controversial highly publicized culling part population management giraffe healthy giraffe copenhagen zoo zoo argued genes already well represented captivity making giraffe unsuitable future breeding offers adopt online petition save many thousand buthe culling proceeded although zoos countries open culling controversy subject pressure public resulted others closed contrasto zoos publicly announcing animal births furthermore many zoos willing smaller low profile animals fewer willing larger high_profile species live feeding baiting many_countries feeding zoo animals illegal except exceptional circumstances example refuse eat dead prey however safari_park china visitors throw live goats lion enclosure watch eaten purchase live chicken tied bamboo rods thequivalent dollars lion visitors drive lion compound buses specially designed chutes use push live bear tiger mountain village near south_east china live pigs thrown tigers visitors zoo eastern china visitors engage tortoise baiting kept inside small rooms bands around thathey unable heads visitors allowed throw coins marketing claim hit one thead make wish fulfilled regulation file wpa zoo poster elephant jpg thumb upright wpa poster promoting visits american zoos united_states america united_states public animal exhibit must licensed inspected united_states department agriculture united_states environmental_protection agency drug enforcement administration occupational safety health administration united_states president others depending animals activities zoos aregulated laws including thendangered species acthe animal_welfare act animal_welfare acthe migratory bird treaty act overview laws affecting zoos michigan state_university college law historical center additionally zoos inorth_america may choose pursue accreditation association zoos aquariums aza achieve accreditation zoo must pass application inspection process meet exceed aza standards animal health welfare fundraising zoo involvement global conservation_efforts inspection performed typically one animal care zoo management operations reviewed panel accreditation awarded accreditation process repeated oncevery five_years aza estimates thathere approximately animal exhibits operating usda license ofebruary fewer accredited introduction europe april theuropean_union introduced directive strengthen conservation role zoos making statutory participate conservation education requiring member_states set systems licensing inspection zoos aregulated uk zoo licensing act came force zoo defined establishment wild_animals kept exhibition members public access without charge admission seven_days period twelve consecutive months excluding pet shops act requires zoos inspected licensed animals kept enclosures provided express normal behavior zoo licensing act department environment food rural also_list zoos wildlife refuge international park fossil park national_park national_forest forest international network geoparks list zoo associations captivity animals captivity behavioral_enrichment environmental_enrichment conservation_biology conservation wildlife_conservation situ_conservation situ_conservation situ_conservation situ_conservation movement index conservation articles virtual zoo extinction endangered_species emergency response team zoo emergency response team zoology includes list prominent immersion exhibit frozen zoo notes references blunt ark park_zoo nineteenth_century london isbn institution captivity stanford university isbn conway william conservation park new zoo changed world ark evolving zoos aquariums transition ed smithsonian_institution conservation research_center front royal virginia jeffrey jungle eden design american zoos landscape architecture conan michel oaks washington isbn jeffrey zoos encyclopedia world environmental history shepard neill john robert merchant carolyn ed routledge london isbn maple terry toward responsible zoo agenda ethics ark zoos animal_welfare wildlife bryan g hutchins michael stevens elizabeth f maple terry l ed smithsonian_institution press washington isbn lost menageries zoos disappear part international zoo news vol april may robinson michael h beyond zoo biopark wildlife magazine vol robinson michael h b towards biopark zoo american association zoological_parks aquariums annual proceedings externalinks zoos worldwide zoos aquariums animal wildlife_parks zoological_gardens keeping asian elephants society devoted methods keeping wild_animals download page_category zoos_category animal rights category animal_welfare category zoology"}]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lexicon.py b/lexicon.py
deleted file mode 100644
index c673306..0000000
--- a/lexicon.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,244 +0,0 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-"""
-Created on Thu Jul 21 13:26:29 2016
-
-@author: rsotoc
-"""
-
-from collections import OrderedDict
-import operator
-import re
-import math
-import copy
-import argparse
-from pathlib import Path
-
-import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
-import pandas as pd
-import nltk
-from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize
-from nltk.corpus import stopwords
-from nltk.util import ngrams
-from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
-
-#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-working_df = pd.DataFrame(columns=["title", "description"])
-
-TECHNICAL = ['external links', 'jpg thumb', 'align center', 'align right',
-         'thumb right', 'right align', 'center align', 'thumb px', 'align left', 
-         'class wikitable', 'scope row', 'style background', 'references external',
-         'right px', 'right thumb', 'thumb upright', 'thumb left', 'links official',
-         'wikitable sortable', 'px right', 'text align', 'urlappend bseq', 
-         'scope col', 'class unsortable', 'center rowspan', 'jpg thumbnail']
-
-APOSTROFOS = {"aren't": "are not", "can't": "cannot", "couldn't": "could not",
-              "didn't": "did not", "doesn't": "does not", "don't": "do not",
-              "hadn't": "had not", "hasn't": "has not", "haven't": "have not",
-              "he's": "he is", "I'll": "I will", "I'm": "I am",
-              "I've": "I have", "isn't": "is not", "it's": "it is",
-              "let's": "let us", "mustn't": "must not", "shan't": "shall not",
-              "she'll": "she will", "she's": "she is",
-              "shouldn't": "should not", "that's": "that is",
-              "there's": "there is", "they're": "they are",
-              "they've": "they have", "we're": "we are", "we've": "we have",
-              "weren't": "were not", "what're": "what are",
-              "what's": "what is", "what've": "what have",
-              "where's": "where is", "who're": "who are",
-              "who's": "who is", "who've": "who have", "won't": "will not",
-              "wouldn't": "would not", "you're": "you are",
-              "you've": "you have"}
-
-
-#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-def xml_to_dataframe(origen):
-    tree = ET.parse(origen)
-
-    root = tree.getroot()
-    index = 0
-    for child in root:
-        if child.tag.find("page") >= 0:
-            for grandchild in child:
-                if grandchild.tag.find("title") >= 0:
-                    title = grandchild.text
-                if grandchild.tag.find("revision") >= 0:
-                    for grand2child in grandchild:
-                        if grand2child.tag.find("text") >= 0:
-                            text = grand2child.text.lower()
-                            #Eliminar las cadenas que inician en {{ seguidas de
-                            #cualquier cosa excepto }} y terminadas con }}
-                            text = re.sub('{{[^}}]*}}', '', text)
-                            #Misma idea, pero con el caracter especial \[ \] y Category:
-                            text = re.sub('\[\[Category:[^\]\]]*\]\]', '', text)
-                            #... y entre === ===
-                            text = re.sub('={3}[\w]+={3}', '', text)
-                            #... y entre == ==
-                            text = re.sub('={2}[\w]+={2}', '', text)
-                            text = BeautifulSoup(text, "lxml").get_text()
-                            #Eliminar direcciones http
-                            text = re.sub('\w+:\/{2}[\d\w-]+(\.[\d\w-]+)*(?:(?:\/[^\s/]*))*', ' ', text)
-                            #... y direcciones wikt*
-                            text = re.sub('\[\[wikt[^|]*|', '', text)
-                            #... y direcciones de correo
-                            text = re.sub('[\w\.-]+@[\w\.-]+', " ", text)
-                            #Eliminar puntos decorativos como en S.H.I.E.L.D.
-                            text = text.replace(".", "")
-
-                            words = text.split()
-                            texto = [APOSTROFOS[word]
-                                     if word in APOSTROFOS else word for word in words]
-                            texto = " ".join(texto)
-                            texto = re.sub("[^a-zA-Z]", " ", texto)
-                            words = re.sub("(\w+)\s+\\1", "\\1", texto).split()
-                            texto = " ".join(words)
-
-            working_df.loc[index] = [title, texto]
-            index = index + 1
-
-    stops = set(stopwords.words("english"))
-    working_df["words_wsw"] = list(map(lambda row:
-        [w for w in row.split() if not w in stops and len(w) > 0],
-         working_df.description))
-
-    return
-
-#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-def count_tokens_in_dfcol(column):
-    all_words = []
-    for row in column:
-        all_words.extend(row)
-
-    return nltk.FreqDist(all_words)
-
-#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-def describe_corpus(column):
-    counter = count_tokens_in_dfcol(column)
-    print("Cantidad de tokens en el corpus: ", counter.N())
-    print("Cantidad de tokens diferentes: ", len(counter.most_common()))
-    print("tokens utilizados una vez: ", counter.Nr(1))
-    print("\nTokens más populares:\n", counter.most_common(50))
-
-    return counter
-
-#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-def get_idf_dict(tokens_list, column):
-    idf_dict = dict(zip(tokens_list, [0]*len(tokens_list)))
-    for w in tokens_list:
-        for d in column:
-            if w in d:
-                idf_dict[w] = idf_dict.get(w) + 1
-
-    return idf_dict
-
-#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-def get_useful_tokens(counter, column):
-    global working_df
-    
-    useless_words = counter.hapaxes()
-    all_tokens = [w[0] for w in counter.most_common() if not w[0] in useless_words]
-
-    idf_dict = get_idf_dict(all_tokens, column)
-
-    num_docs = len(column)
-    for w in idf_dict.keys():
-        v = num_docs / idf_dict.get(w)
-        idf_dict[w] = math.log(v, 2)
-
-    idf_dict2 = copy.copy(idf_dict)
-    for w in idf_dict2.keys():
-        idf_dict2[w] = idf_dict2.get(w) * counter.freq(w)
-
-    idf_dict2 = OrderedDict(sorted(idf_dict2.items(),
-                                   key=operator.itemgetter(1), reverse=True))
-    keys = list(idf_dict2.keys())
-    values = list(idf_dict2.values())
-    new_keys = [item[0] for item in zip(keys, values)
-                if not ((item[1] < 0.001 and len(item[0]) <= 2) or item[1] < 5e-5)]
-
-    working_df["main_words"] = list(map(lambda row:
-        [w for w in row if w in new_keys], working_df.words_wsw))
-    working_df = working_df.drop('words_wsw', axis=1)
-
-
-#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-def get_top_collocations():
-    global working_df
-
-    working_df["clean_bigrams"] = list(map(lambda words, desc:
-        [b for b in list(ngrams(words, 2))
-        if b in list(ngrams(word_tokenize(desc), 2))],
-        working_df.main_words, working_df.description))
-        
-    working_df = working_df.reindex(columns=
-                         ["title", "description", "main_words", "clean_bigrams",
-                         "all_collocations", "new_description"])
-        
-    working_df['all_collocations'] = working_df['all_collocations'].astype(list)
-    for index, row in zip(range(len(working_df)), 
-                          zip(working_df.clean_bigrams, working_df.description)):
-        collocations = []
-        for b in row[0]:
-            s = b[0]+" "+b[1]
-            if (not s in TECHNICAL) and s in row[1]:
-                collocations.append(s)
-        working_df.set_value(index, 'all_collocations', collocations)
-        
-    counter = count_tokens_in_dfcol(working_df.all_collocations)
-    collocations = list(counter.keys())
-    for w in reversed(collocations):
-        if len(w) < 5 or counter.freq(w) * counter.N() < 10:
-            collocations.remove(w)
-            
-    idf_dict = get_idf_dict(collocations, working_df.all_collocations)
-    top_collocations = []
-    num_docs = len(working_df)
-    for d in working_df.description:
-        N = len(d.split()) - 1 #El número de bigramas es le núymero de palabras - 1
-        for w in reversed(collocations): #En reversa para evitar problemas con los índices
-            if w in d:
-                tfidf = d.count(w) / N * math.log(num_docs/idf_dict[w], 2)
-                if tfidf > 0.01:
-                    top_collocations.append(w)
-                    collocations.remove(w)
-
-    for i, row in zip(range(num_docs), working_df.main_words):
-        s = " ".join(row)
-        for w in top_collocations:
-            s = re.sub(" " + w, " " + "_".join(w.split()), s)
-        working_df.loc[i, "new_description"] = s
-
-
-#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-def main(origen, destino):
-    if not Path(origen).exists():
-        print("Nop")
-        return
-
-    xml_to_dataframe(origen)
-
-#Step 1
-    tokens_counter = describe_corpus(working_df.words_wsw)
-    get_useful_tokens(tokens_counter, working_df.words_wsw)
-    get_top_collocations()
-    describe_corpus(working_df.all_collocations)
-#Step 2
-    stops = set(stopwords.words("english"))
-    working_df["words_wsw"] = list(map(lambda row: 
-        [w for w in row.split() if not w in stops and len(w) > 0], 
-         working_df.new_description))
-    tokens_counter = count_tokens_in_dfcol(working_df.words_wsw)
-    get_useful_tokens(tokens_counter, working_df.words_wsw)
-    describe_corpus(working_df.main_words)
-    
-    #Guardar La base de datos para posteriores usos
-    working_df.to_json(destino, orient='records')
-
-#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
-    parser.add_argument("-i", "--input", help="archivo XML de entrada")
-    parser.add_argument("-o", "--output", help="archivo JSON de salida")
-    args = parser.parse_args()
-
-    main(args.input, args.output)
-
-