diff --git a/lib/sigstore/verifier.rb b/lib/sigstore/verifier.rb
index c32f6ea..701c920 100644
--- a/lib/sigstore/verifier.rb
+++ b/lib/sigstore/verifier.rb
@@ -173,7 +173,9 @@ def verify(input:, policy:, offline:)
           rescue JSON::ParserError
             raise Error::InvalidBundle, "invalid JSON for in-toto statement in DSSE payload"
           end
-          verify_in_toto(input, in_toto)
+          if (result = verify_in_toto(input, in_toto))
+            return result
+          end
         else
           raise Sigstore::Error::Unimplemented,
                 "unsupported DSSE payload type: #{bundle.dsse_envelope.payloadType.inspect}"
@@ -216,25 +218,27 @@ def verify_dsse(dsse_envelope, public_key)
     end
 
     def verify_in_toto(input, in_toto_payload)
-      type = in_toto_payload.fetch("_type")
+      type = in_toto_payload["_type"]
       raise Error::InvalidBundle, "Expected in-toto statement, got #{type.inspect}" unless type == "https://in-toto.io/Statement/v1"
 
-      subject = in_toto_payload.fetch("subject")
-      raise Error::InvalidBundle, "Expected in-toto statement with subject" unless subject && subject.size == 1
-
-      subject = subject.first
-      digest = subject.fetch("digest")
-      raise Error::InvalidBundle, "Expected in-toto statement with digest" if !digest || digest.empty?
+      subjects = in_toto_payload["subject"]
+      raise Error::InvalidBundle, "Expected in-toto statement with subject" if !subjects || subjects.empty?
 
+      expected_algorithm = Internal::Util.hash_algorithm_name(input.hashed_input.algorithm)
       expected_hexdigest = Internal::Util.hex_encode(input.hashed_input.digest)
-      digest.each do |name, value|
-        next if expected_hexdigest == value
 
-        return VerificationFailure.new(
-          "in-toto subject does not match for #{input.hashed_input.algorithm} of #{subject.fetch("name")}: " \
-          "expected #{name} to be #{value}, got #{expected_hexdigest}"
+      matched = subjects.map do |subject|
+        digest = subject["digest"]
+        raise Error::InvalidBundle, "Expected in-toto statement with digest" if !digest || digest.empty?
+
+        digest[expected_algorithm] == expected_hexdigest
+      end.any?
+
+      return if matched
+
+        VerificationFailure.new(
+          "None of in-toto subjects matches artifact for #{expected_algorithm}: #{expected_hexdigest}"
         )
-      end
     end
 
     public
diff --git a/test/sigstore/verifier_test.rb b/test/sigstore/verifier_test.rb
index 5a26a9b..151861f 100644
--- a/test/sigstore/verifier_test.rb
+++ b/test/sigstore/verifier_test.rb
@@ -4,6 +4,125 @@
 require "sigstore/verifier"
 
 class Sigstore::VerifierTest < Test::Unit::TestCase
+  HEXDIGEST256 = "01234567" * 8
+  OTHER_HEXDIGEST256 = "0" * 64
+
+  HashedInput = Struct.new(:hashed_input)
+
+  def make_input(hexdigest)
+    digest = [hexdigest].pack("H*")
+    hashed_input = Sigstore::Common::V1::HashOutput.new
+    hashed_input.algorithm = Sigstore::Common::V1::HashAlgorithm::SHA2_256
+    hashed_input.digest = digest
+    HashedInput.new(hashed_input)
+  end
+
+  def make_payload(subjects)
+    {
+      "_type" => "https://in-toto.io/Statement/v1",
+      "subject" => subjects,
+      "predicateType" => "https://slsa.dev/provenance/v1",
+      "predicate" => {}
+    }
+  end
+
+  def test_verify_in_toto_single_subject_matches
+    verifier = Sigstore::Verifier.allocate
+    input = make_input(HEXDIGEST256)
+    payload = make_payload([
+                             { "name" => "artifact.txt", "digest" => { "sha256" => HEXDIGEST256 } }
+                           ])
+    assert_nil verifier.send(:verify_in_toto, input, payload)
+  end
+
+  def test_verify_in_toto_multiple_subjects_first_matches
+    verifier = Sigstore::Verifier.allocate
+    input = make_input(HEXDIGEST256)
+    payload = make_payload([
+                             { "name" => "artifact.txt", "digest" => { "sha256" => HEXDIGEST256 } },
+                             { "name" => "other.txt", "digest" => { "sha256" => OTHER_HEXDIGEST256 } }
+                           ])
+    assert_nil verifier.send(:verify_in_toto, input, payload)
+  end
+
+  def test_verify_in_toto_multiple_subjects_second_matches
+    verifier = Sigstore::Verifier.allocate
+    input = make_input(HEXDIGEST256)
+    payload = make_payload([
+                             { "name" => "other.txt", "digest" => { "sha256" => OTHER_HEXDIGEST256 } },
+                             { "name" => "artifact.txt", "digest" => { "sha256" => HEXDIGEST256 } }
+                           ])
+    assert_nil verifier.send(:verify_in_toto, input, payload)
+  end
+
+  def test_verify_in_toto_no_subject_matches
+    verifier = Sigstore::Verifier.allocate
+    input = make_input(HEXDIGEST256)
+    payload = make_payload([
+                             { "name" => "other.txt", "digest" => { "sha256" => OTHER_HEXDIGEST256 } }
+                           ])
+    result = verifier.send(:verify_in_toto, input, payload)
+    assert_kind_of Sigstore::VerificationFailure, result
+  end
+
+  def test_verify_in_toto_wrong_algorithm_does_not_match
+    verifier = Sigstore::Verifier.allocate
+    input = make_input(HEXDIGEST256)
+    payload = make_payload([
+                             { "name" => "artifact.txt", "digest" => { "sha512_256" => HEXDIGEST256 } }
+                           ])
+    result = verifier.send(:verify_in_toto, input, payload)
+    assert_kind_of Sigstore::VerificationFailure, result
+  end
+
+  def test_verify_in_toto_no_subjects_raises
+    verifier = Sigstore::Verifier.allocate
+    input = make_input(HEXDIGEST256)
+    payload = make_payload(nil)
+    assert_raise Sigstore::Error::InvalidBundle do
+      verifier.send(:verify_in_toto, input, payload)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_verify_in_toto_empty_subjects_raises
+    verifier = Sigstore::Verifier.allocate
+    input = make_input(HEXDIGEST256)
+    payload = make_payload([])
+    assert_raise Sigstore::Error::InvalidBundle do
+      verifier.send(:verify_in_toto, input, payload)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_verify_in_toto_no_digest_raises
+    verifier = Sigstore::Verifier.allocate
+    input = make_input(HEXDIGEST256)
+    payload = make_payload([{ "name" => "artifact.txt" }])
+    assert_raise Sigstore::Error::InvalidBundle do
+      verifier.send(:verify_in_toto, input, payload)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_verify_in_toto_empty_digest_raises
+    verifier = Sigstore::Verifier.allocate
+    input = make_input(HEXDIGEST256)
+    payload = make_payload([{ "name" => "artifact.txt", "digest" => {} }])
+    assert_raise Sigstore::Error::InvalidBundle do
+      verifier.send(:verify_in_toto, input, payload)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_verify_in_toto_wrong_type_raises
+    verifier = Sigstore::Verifier.allocate
+    input = make_input(HEXDIGEST256)
+    payload = make_payload([
+                             { "name" => "artifact.txt", "digest" => { "sha256" => HEXDIGEST256 } }
+                           ])
+    payload["_type"] = "https://in-toto.io/Statement/v0.1"
+    assert_raise Sigstore::Error::InvalidBundle do
+      verifier.send(:verify_in_toto, input, payload)
+    end
+  end
+
   def test_pack_digitally_signed_precertificate
     verifier = Sigstore::Verifier.allocate
     [3, 255, 1024, 16_777_215].each do |precert_bytes_len|