main.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3

def demonstrate_bitwise_operations():
    """Demonstrate basic bitwise operations"""
    a = 12  # 1100 in binary
    b = 10  # 1010 in binary
    
    print(f"a = {a} ({bin(a)})")
    print(f"b = {b} ({bin(b)})")
    print(f"a & b = {a & b} ({bin(a & b)})  # AND")
    print(f"a | b = {a | b} ({bin(a | b)})  # OR")
    print(f"a ^ b = {a ^ b} ({bin(a ^ b)})  # XOR")
    print(f"~a = {~a} ({bin(~a & 0xFF)})     # NOT (8-bit)")
    print(f"a << 2 = {a << 2} ({bin(a << 2)}) # Left shift")
    print(f"a >> 2 = {a >> 2} ({bin(a >> 2)}) # Right shift")

def bit_manipulation_tricks():
    """Demonstrate common bit manipulation tricks"""
    print("\n=== Bit Manipulation Tricks ===")
    
    # Check if number is power of 2
    num = 16
    is_power_of_2 = (num & (num - 1)) == 0 and num != 0
    print(f"{num} is power of 2: {is_power_of_2}")
    
    # Set nth bit
    number = 5  # 0101
    n = 1
    set_bit = number | (1 << n)
    print(f"Set bit {n} in {number}: {set_bit} ({bin(set_bit)})")
    
    # Clear nth bit
    clear_bit = number & ~(1 << n)
    print(f"Clear bit {n} in {number}: {clear_bit} ({bin(clear_bit)})")
    
    # Toggle nth bit
    toggle_bit = number ^ (1 << n)
    print(f"Toggle bit {n} in {number}: {toggle_bit} ({bin(toggle_bit)})")
    
    # Count set bits
    count = bin(number).count('1')
    print(f"Number of set bits in {number}: {count}")

def byte_manipulation():
    """Demonstrate byte-level operations"""
    print("\n=== Byte Manipulation ===")
    
    # Convert integer to bytes and back
    num = 1234
    byte_data = num.to_bytes(4, byteorder='big')
    print(f"Integer {num} as bytes: {byte_data.hex()}")
    
    reconstructed = int.from_bytes(byte_data, byteorder='big')
    print(f"Bytes back to integer: {reconstructed}")
    
    # Bit packing/unpacking
    r, g, b = 255, 128, 64
    packed = (r << 16) | (g << 8) | b
    print(f"RGB({r}, {g}, {b}) packed: 0x{packed:06X}")
    
    unpacked_r = (packed >> 16) & 0xFF
    unpacked_g = (packed >> 8) & 0xFF
    unpacked_b = packed & 0xFF
    print(f"Unpacked: RGB({unpacked_r}, {unpacked_g}, {unpacked_b})")

def flags_example():
    """Demonstrate using bits as flags"""
    print("\n=== Flag Operations ===")
    
    # Define flags
    READ = 1 << 0    # 001
    WRITE = 1 << 1   # 010
    EXECUTE = 1 << 2 # 100
    
    # Set permissions
    permissions = READ | WRITE
    print(f"Initial permissions: {bin(permissions)}")
    
    # Check if has permission
    has_read = bool(permissions & READ)
    has_execute = bool(permissions & EXECUTE)
    print(f"Has read: {has_read}, Has execute: {has_execute}")
    
    # Add execute permission
    permissions |= EXECUTE
    print(f"After adding execute: {bin(permissions)}")
    
    # Remove write permission
    permissions &= ~WRITE
    print(f"After removing write: {bin(permissions)}")

def binary_string_operations():
    """Demonstrate binary string manipulations"""
    print("\n=== Binary String Operations ===")
    
    text = "Hello"
    binary_text = ' '.join(format(ord(char), '08b') for char in text)
    print(f"'{text}' in binary: {binary_text}")
    
    # Convert back
    binary_values = binary_text.split()
    decoded = ''.join(chr(int(b, 2)) for b in binary_values)
    print(f"Decoded back: '{decoded}'")
    
    # XOR encryption/decryption
    key = 42
    encrypted = [ord(char) ^ key for char in text]
    print(f"XOR encrypted with key {key}: {encrypted}")
    
    decrypted = ''.join(chr(byte ^ key) for byte in encrypted)
    print(f"Decrypted: '{decrypted}'")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    print("=== Binary Manipulation Demonstrations ===\n")
    
    demonstrate_bitwise_operations()
    bit_manipulation_tricks()
    byte_manipulation()
    flags_example()
    binary_string_operations()