diff --git a/.claude/sweep-reference-validation-state.csv b/.claude/sweep-reference-validation-state.csv
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0539615a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.claude/sweep-reference-validation-state.csv
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+module,last_inspected,issue,severity_max,verdict,tolerance,notes
+convolution,2026-07-02,3619,MEDIUM,CONVENTION-DIFF,0.0 exact (float64),scipy 1.16.1; gdal-unavailable astropy-unavailable; cuda True. convolve_2d interior MATCHES scipy.ndimage.correlate exactly (0.0) across nan/nearest/reflect/wrap; cupy parity 0.0. circle_kernel/annulus_kernel match analytic int-truncated disc exactly; calc_cellsize correct. CONVENTION-DIFF: named 'convolution' but computes cross-correlation (kernel not flipped) -> diverges from scipy.ndimage.convolve on asymmetric kernels (built-in kernels are symmetric so common path unaffected). Convention was undocumented -> MEDIUM doc fix + golden test pinning correlation.
diff --git a/xrspatial/convolution.py b/xrspatial/convolution.py
index b1b08bfb7..672809128 100644
--- a/xrspatial/convolution.py
+++ b/xrspatial/convolution.py
@@ -501,6 +501,14 @@ def convolution_2d(agg, kernel, name='convolution_2d', boundary='nan'):
     images by eliminating spurious data or enhancing features in the
     data. Note that edges of output data array are filled with NaNs.
 
+    The kernel is applied by cross-correlation: it is overlaid on each
+    neighbourhood as given, without being flipped, which matches
+    ``scipy.ndimage.correlate``. This equals a true convolution only when
+    the kernel is symmetric, as the built-in ``circle_kernel`` and
+    ``annulus_kernel`` are. For an asymmetric kernel where you need
+    ``scipy.ndimage.convolve`` semantics, pass the kernel pre-flipped
+    (``kernel[::-1, ::-1]``).
+
     Parameters
     ----------
     agg : xarray.DataArray
diff --git a/xrspatial/tests/test_convolution.py b/xrspatial/tests/test_convolution.py
index dff4af4a7..cdebc0d05 100644
--- a/xrspatial/tests/test_convolution.py
+++ b/xrspatial/tests/test_convolution.py
@@ -48,3 +48,25 @@ def test_convolve_2d_accepts_float64():
     # Centre cell is finite; edges are NaN by default boundary mode.
     assert np.isfinite(out[2, 2])
     assert np.isnan(out[0, 0])
+
+
+def test_convolve_2d_uses_correlation_convention():
+    # Golden values verified against scipy.ndimage 1.16.1: convolve_2d
+    # applies the kernel by cross-correlation (kernel NOT flipped), so it
+    # matches scipy.ndimage.correlate, not scipy.ndimage.convolve. An
+    # asymmetric kernel distinguishes the two. This pins the documented
+    # convention so a rename/refactor cannot silently flip the kernel.
+    data = np.arange(24, dtype=np.float64).reshape(4, 6)
+    kernel = custom_kernel(np.array([[1., 0., 0.],
+                                     [1., 1., 0.],
+                                     [1., 0., 0.]]))
+    out = convolve_2d(data, kernel)
+    # scipy.ndimage.correlate(data, kernel)[1:-1, 1:-1]
+    expected_correlate = np.array([[25., 29., 33., 37.],
+                                   [49., 53., 57., 61.]])
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(out[1:-1, 1:-1], expected_correlate)
+    # A true convolution (scipy.ndimage.convolve, kernel flipped) would
+    # instead give these values; convolve_2d must NOT match them.
+    expected_convolve = np.array([[31., 35., 39., 43.],
+                                  [55., 59., 63., 67.]])
+    assert not np.array_equal(out[1:-1, 1:-1], expected_convolve)