| 🌐 Language | 选择语言 |
|---|---|
| English | 中文 |
未曾设想的道路 - 中国打工人的润学指南
awesome-run 是一份为技术人才准备的全球机遇指南 & 移民攻略。
本项目旨在为程序员这类专业技术人才，提供一个清晰、简洁、不断更新的各国（地区）永居与入籍路径对比。
通过标准化的表格，直观地展示关键信息，帮助你快速了解和比较不同选择。
移民政策复杂且频繁变动，社区的力量是本项目保持活力的核心。
我们热切欢迎你的贡献！无论是修正一个错误、更新一项政策，还是增加一个新的国家，都请不要犹豫，通过 Pull Request 或 Issue 来分享你的知识。
免责声明：
本项目所有信息仅供参考，不构成任何法律或移民建议。在做出任何决定前，请务必查阅各国官方移民局网站，以获取最准确、最新的信息。
核心总结：
- 英语国家（美加澳英）：难度史诗级提升。不再是"有个计算机学位就能润"的时代，拼的是高薪、高级职位、STEM特定领域（如AI/工程）。普通码农（Devs）分数线极高。
- 非英语国家（日德）：目前仍是政策红利期。不仅降低学历/语言门槛，还推出了"无Offer找工作"签证。
- 189独立技术移民：软件工程师 (Software Engineer) 这类热门IT职业的获邀分数普遍飙升至 90-100分。
- 这意味着什么？ 雅思8炸(20分) + 年龄满分(30分) + 学历(15分) + 单身/配偶(10分) + 工作经验(5-10分) 几乎要全部拉满。
- 485毕业生工签（重大削减）：
- 年龄上限从50岁断崖式降至 35岁（研究型硕士/博士除外）。这直接切断了很多大龄留学转码的路。
- 时长缩短，不再享有以前的"超长待机"。
- 大幅削减配额：2025年永久居民目标下调至 39.5万（原定50万）。
- 工签收紧：毕业工签 (PGWP) 更难拿，部分专业不再符合资格；配偶工签限制增多。
- 临时居民上限：首次设立临时居民（留学/工签）上限，意在减少总人数。
- 工签年薪门槛暴涨：2024/2025周期，
Skilled Worker Visa的基础门槛涨至 £38,700（较之前大幅上涨）。- 初级开发 (Junior Dev) 的薪资往往达不到这个标准，导致企业很难为应届生或初级人员提供Sponsorship。
- 机会卡 (Chancenkarte)：无需德国Offer，凭分数（满6分）即可拿签证去德国找工作1年。
- 利好IT：IT专业如果有2年以上相关工作经验，无需大学学位也能申请。
- 欧盟蓝卡 (Blue Card) 放宽：
- IT紧缺职业的年薪门槛降至 €43,759.80 (2025标准)。
- 无学历者：只要有3年相关IT工作经验，即可替代大学学位申请蓝卡。
- J-Skip (特别高度人才)：
- 硕士学历 + 年收2000万日元（约100万人民币）= 1年后直接拿永住。
- 适合国内大厂P7/P8以上级别的精英直接空降。
- J-Find (未来创造人才)：
- 全球Top 100大学毕业生（如清北复交浙科中等），毕业5年内，可直接申请2年签证去日本找工作/创业，无需Offer。
- 普通工签：最大门槛是日语，大部分岗位至少要有日语N2的水平。日本的工作机会多，对只有本科学历甚至大专的普通程序员依然非常友好，几乎没有配额限制，
- EP 门槛提高：2025年1月起，EP最低月薪门槛涨至 $5,600（金融业 $6,200）
技术移民一般分为三个阶段
- 工签，申请人拿到工签后就可以在这个国家合法工作。工签都没有那就是黑工，查到会被送到小黑屋遣返
- PR(Permanent Resident), 也叫永居, 绿卡。拥有后可以在这个国家长期自由居住，工作。
大部分权利和本国公民差不多，只是因为不能换护照，法理上你还是中国公民。
大部分国家的PR都有移民监，例如每5年需要在这个国家呆满2年，否则PR可能被取消。 - 换国籍，完全成为那个国家的公民，可以换护照，从此你不再是中国公民，而是"外籍华人"。
| 国家/地区 | 获取永久居留权(PR) | 移民监 - 保持永久居留 | 获取国籍/护照 | 公民身份福利 | 双国籍 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 亚洲 | 中国香港 | 香港永久性居民身份 需在香港工作生活满七年 |
如果不是中国公民，且连续36个月或以上不在香港，可能会丧失永久居民身份。 | - 申请香港特区护照，要求是中国公民和拥有香港永久居民身份 - 一个外国人可以同时持有原国籍+拥有香港永久性居民身份，但是无法申请香港护照 |
- 中国籍香港永久居民可以申请"回乡证”到内地生活工作 - 低税率，无资本利得税，无股息税，海外收入免税 |
不承认 |
| 日本 | 永住者 PR - 常规路径，在日本连续居住10年 - 高度人才签证，最快1年或3年后可申请PR - 审查纳税、社保缴纳情况及无犯罪记录 |
- 每7年更新一次在留卡 - 离开日本超过一年，需要办理“再入国许可” |
归化 - 在日本连续居住5年以上 - 日语能力至少N3以上，需要和法务局官员进行面谈 |
- 全球免签国最多的护照之一 | 不承认 | |
| 新加坡 | 永久居民 (PR) - 持有工作准证(EP/SP)一段时间后申请 - 审批不透明，没有明确的打分标准 - 通常情况下，中国公民需要3到5年时间 |
- 每5年续签一次再入境许可(REP) - 续签时移民局会评估与新加坡的联系情况，纳税、公积金CPF缴纳情况 |
归化： - 成为PR后至少2年。 - 同样为评估制。 - 第二代男性公民有服役义务 |
- 通过新加坡专属的“H1B1签证”去美国工作 - 低税率，无资本利得税，无股息税，海外收入免税 |
不承认 | |
| 大洋洲 | 澳大利亚 | 永久居民 (PR) - 根据技术移民打分制（189/190/491），准备好材料，提交EOI申请，进入池子里排队 - 假如被移民局捞上了，他们发邀请，一步到位获得PR身份(甚至此时你从未登陆过澳洲，也没有澳洲的工作) - 竞争激烈。获邀的时间非常依赖职业和分数，从数月到数年不等； |
移民监: 每5年在澳洲住满2年 | - 持PR身份，过去4年内住满3年 - 申请前1年住满9个月。 - 通过公民考试（英语） |
1. 获得新西兰"准PR"，可以去新西兰生活和工作 2. 可以去美国工作，专属的"E-3签证" |
承认 |
| 新西兰 | 永久居民 (PRV) - 获得新西兰的全职offer(核心) - 技术移民打分(SMC)超过6分，申请居民签证 - 持有居民签证，在新西兰居住工作2年以上可申请 |
全球唯一永久绿卡 回头签(PRV)是真正永久的，无任何居住要求，可无限期离境并随时返回。 |
- 申请前5年内，每年都住满240天 |
- 新西兰国籍拥有澳洲的"准PR"，可以去澳洲工作，最快4年申请澳洲国籍 | 承认 | |
| 北美 | 加拿大 | 永久居民 (PR) - 通过联邦打分系统、省提名计划 - 需要2年左右时间 |
移民监: 每5年在加拿大住满至少2年 | - 已经是PR，并且过去5年内至少住满3年 - 审查纳税记录 - 通过语言和公民考试 |
- 通过"TN签证"去美国工作 | 承认 |
| 美国 | 永久居民（绿卡, Green Card） - 典型路径：H1B抽签 -> 雇主支持办EB2/3排期 - 不确定性很大，中国申请人排期通常很长 |
- 离开美国超过6个月可能会受审查， 超过1年则可能被视为放弃绿卡 |
- 持有绿卡满5年 - 这5年内在美实际居住30个月 - 通过英语和公民知识考试 |
- 地球最强国家的公民身份 | 承认 | |
| 欧洲 | 德国 | 德国永居（PR） - 找到工作，持欧盟蓝卡 (EU Blue Card)登陆德国工作 - 持蓝卡工作21个月（德语达到B1水平）或33个月（德语A1） 注: 德语A1需要3~5个月左右 |
- 不能连续离开德国超过6个月 | - 连续居住5年以上 - 通过入籍考试 - 要求德语水平B1以上 |
- 在整个欧盟区自由生活工作 | 承认 |
| 爱尔兰 | 可续签的长期居留许可 (Stamp 4) - 找到工作，申请关键技能就业许可(CSEP) - 持有CSEP工作2年，申请Stamp 4 |
- Stamp 4 有效期为2年或5年 - 续签时移民官会审查与爱尔兰的联系紧密度，无犯罪记录，纳税情况 |
入籍 - 9年内累计住满5年 - 申请前连续住满1年 |
- 可以去英国工作生活 - 唯一的，只会英语又想通过技术移民获得欧盟护照的国家 |
承认 | |
| 荷兰 | - 找到拥有担保资质(Sponsor)的雇主，薪资达标（30岁以上约 €5,331/月，30岁以下约 €3,909/月，2024标准）即可获签 - 连续居住并缴纳社保满5年 - 通过融入考试 (目前为A2水平) |
- 连续离开荷兰超过6个月，或连续3年每年离开荷兰超过4个月，PR可能失效。 | - 连续合法居住满5年 - 通过融入考试 |
- 英语环境极佳 - 欧盟区自由生活工作 - 顶尖的医疗与养老体系 |
不承认 |
The road not taken - A "Run" (Exodus) guide for Chinese workers.
awesome-run is a global opportunity guide & immigration strategy for tech talents.
- 🌐 Visit Official Website: awesome-run Full Guide (Better layout & live updates)
- 📁 GitHub Repository (Star ⭐ if you find it helpful!)
This project aims to provide a clear, concise, and constantly updated comparison of Permanent Residency and Citizenship pathways in various countries/regions for professional technical talents like programmers. Through standardized tables, it visualizes key information to help you quickly understand and compare different options.
Immigration policies are complex and change frequently, and the community is the core of this project's vitality. We warmly welcome your contributions! Whether correcting an error, updating a policy, or adding a new country, please don't hesitate to share your knowledge via Pull Request or Issue.
Disclaimer: All information in this project is for reference only and does not constitute any legal or immigration advice. Before making any decisions, please consult the official immigration websites of each country for the most accurate and up-to-date information.
Core Summary:
- English-speaking Countries (US, Canada, Australia, UK): Difficulty historically increased. It is no longer an era where "a CS degree gets you out". It now requires high salary, senior positions, and STEM specific fields (e.g., AI/Engineering). Invitation scores for general developers are extremely high.
- Non-English-speaking Countries (Japan, Germany): Still in a policy bonus period. Not only are degree/language thresholds lowered, but "Job Seeker" visas (no offer required) have also been introduced.
- 189 Skilled Independent Visa: Invitation scores for popular IT occupations like Software Engineers have soared to 90-100 points.
- What does this mean? IELTS 8 (20 pts) + Max Age (30 pts) + Degree (15 pts) + Single/Partner (10 pts) + Work Experience (5-10 pts) — you almost need to max out everything.
- 485 Temporary Graduate Visa (Major Cut):
- Age limit dropped precipitously from 50 to 35 years old (except for research masters/PhD). This cuts off the path for many mature-age students pivoting to IT.
- Duration shortened; no longer enjoying the previous "extended stay".
- Quota Slashed: 2025 permanent resident target lowered to 395,000 (originally 500,000).
- Work Permit Tightening: PGWP is harder to get, some majors no longer qualify; Spousal Open Work Permits have more restrictions.
- Temporary Resident Cap: First-time cap on temporary residents (students/workers), aiming to reduce total numbers.
- Work Visa Salary Threshold Skyrocketed: For the 2024/2025 cycle, the base threshold for
Skilled Worker Visarose to £38,700 (a significant increase).- Salaries for Junior Devs often fail to meet this standard, making it hard for companies to sponsor fresh graduates or juniors.
- Opportunity Card (Chancenkarte): No German Offer needed. You can get a 1-year visa to find work in Germany based on points (6 pts).
- Benefit for IT: IT specialists with 2+ years of relevant experience can apply without a university degree.
- EU Blue Card Relaxed:
- Salary threshold for IT shortage occupations lowered to €43,759.80 (2025 standard).
- No Degree: 3 years of relevant IT experience can substitute for a university degree to apply for a Blue Card.
- J-Skip (Special Highly Skilled Professional):
- Master's degree + Annual income of 20 million JPY (~1M RMB) = PR in 1 year.
- Suitable for elites (e.g., P7/P8 level in big tech) to parachute in directly.
- J-Find (Future Creation Individual):
- Global Top 100 University graduates (graduated within 5 years) can apply for a 2-year visa to find work/start a business in Japan, no Offer required.
- General Work Visa: The biggest threshold is Japanese language (usually N2 level). There are many job opportunities, and it is very friendly to ordinary programmers with only a bachelor's or even associate degree, with almost no quota limits.
- EP Threshold Raised: From Jan 1, 2025, the minimum monthly salary for Employment Pass (EP) rose to S$5,600 (Financial sector S$6,200).
Technical immigration generally involves three stages:
- Work Visa: Allows the applicant to work legally in the country. Without a work visa, you are working illegally and risk deportation if caught.
- PR (Permanent Resident): Also known as a Green Card. Allows long-term free residence and work in the country. Most rights are similar to citizens, but you cannot hold a passport, and legally you are still a Chinese citizen. Most PRs have residency obligations ("immigration jail"), e.g., living 2 years every 5 years to maintain status.
- Citizenship (Naturalization): Becoming a full citizen of that country, obtaining a passport, and ceasing to be a Chinese citizen (becoming a "foreign Chinese").
| Country/Region | Obtaining Permanent Residency (PR) | Residency Obligation - Maintaining PR | Obtaining Citizenship/Passport | Citizenship Benefits | Dual Citizenship | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asia | Hong Kong | Hong Kong Permanent Resident Status Requires living and working in Hong Kong for 7 consecutive years. |
If not a Chinese citizen, absence from Hong Kong for a continuous period of 36 months or more may result in the loss of permanent resident status. | - To apply for a HKSAR passport, one must be a Chinese citizen and HK PR. - A foreigner can hold original citizenship + HK PR, but cannot apply for HK passport. |
- Chinese HK PRs can apply for "Home Return Permit" to live/work in mainland China. - Low tax, no capital gains/dividend tax, foreign income tax-exempt. |
Not recognized |
| Japan | Permanent Resident (PR) - Standard: 10 years continuous residence. - Highly Skilled Professional: fast track PR in 1 or 3 years. - Review of tax/social security/criminal record. |
- Renew Residence Card every 7 years. - "Re-entry Permit" required if leaving for >1 year. |
Naturalization - 5 years continuous residence. - Japanese proficiency (N3+), interview required. |
- One of the world's most powerful passports. | Not recognized | |
| Singapore | Permanent Resident (PR) - Apply after holding EP/SP. - Opaque approval, no clear points system. - Typically takes 3-5 years for Chinese citizens. |
- Renew Re-Entry Permit (REP) every 5 years. - Assessed on ties to Singapore (tax, CPF). |
Naturalization - 2+ years after PR. - Assessment-based. - 2nd gen males have National Service (NS). |
- H-1B1 visa for US. - Low tax, no capital gains/dividend tax, foreign income tax-exempt. |
Not recognized | |
| Oceania | Australia | Permanent Resident (PR) - Points-based (189/190/491): Submit EOI, wait in pool. - Invitation = PR (even offshore). - Fierce competition. Wait times vary. |
Residency Obligation: Live in AU for 2 out of every 5 years. | - PR for 4 years (live 3 years). - Live 9 months in the year prior to applying. - Citizenship test. |
1. Live/work in NZ. 2. E-3 visa for US. |
Recognized |
| New Zealand | Permanent Resident Visa (PRV) - Offer of employment is key. - SMC points >6 for Resident Visa. - Hold Resident Visa & live/work 2 years -> PRV. |
World's only truly permanent green card. Indefinite, no residency requirements. |
- Live in NZ for at least 240 days in each of the 5 years before applying. | - Live/work in Australia (pathway to AU citizenship after 4 years). | Recognized | |
| North America | Canada | Permanent Resident (PR) - Express Entry, PNP. - Takes ~2 years. |
Residency Obligation: Live in Canada for 2 out of every 5 years. | - PR lived in Canada for 3 out of last 5 years. - Tax records review. - Language/Citizenship test. |
- TN visa for US. | Recognized |
| United States | Green Card - Path: H1B lottery -> Employer EB2/3 -> Priority Date queue. - High uncertainty, long wait for Chinese born. |
- Absence >6 months scrutinized. - Absence >1 year considered abandonment. |
- Green Card for 5 years. - Physically present 30 months in last 5 years. - English/Civics test. |
- Citizenship of the strongest nation. | Recognized | |
| Europe | Germany | German PR - EU Blue Card work. - Apply after 21 months (B1 German) or 33 months (A1 German). |
- Cannot be outside Germany for >6 consecutive months. | - 5 years continuous residence. - Naturalization test. - B1 German. |
- Free movement/work in EU. | Recognized |
| Ireland | Stamp 4 - CSEP work permit for 2 years -> Stamp 4. |
- Stamp 4 valid 2/5 years. - Renewal checks ties/tax/criminal record. |
Naturalization - 5 years residence in last 9 years. - Continuous residence 1 year before applying. |
- Live/work in UK (CTA). - Only English-speaking EU country (EU passport). |
Recognized | |
| Netherlands | - Find qualified Sponsor, meet salary (€5,331/mo >30, €3,909/mo <30). - 5 years residence + social security. - Integration exam (A2). |
- PR lapses if outside >6 months continuous or >4 months/year for 3 years. | - 5 years legal residence. - Integration exam. |
- Excellent English environment. - Free movement in EU. - Top-tier healthcare/pension. |
Not recognized |