- pandas — data manipulation and analysis
- NumPy — numerical computing
- Matplotlib — plotting and visualization
- TensorFlow — deep learning framework
- scikit-learn — classical machine learning algorithms
- Data preprocessing — cleaning, feature engineering, scaling
- Regression — linear, regularized, and polynomial models
- Classification — logistic, SVM, tree-based models
- Clustering — K-Means, hierarchical, DBSCAN
- Reinforcement Learning — policy/value methods, environments
- Natural Language Processing — tokenization, embeddings, sequence models
- Deep Learning — CNNs, RNNs, transformers
- Dimensionality Reduction — PCA, t-SNE, UMAP
- Model Selection & Boosting — cross-validation, hyperparameter search, XGBoost/LightGBM
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