ci: Add more flags to ruff checker

[PierreQuinton]

• Add C4, TID, SIM, PERF, FURB, RUF, PYI, PIE, COM.
• Add RUF010, RUF012, RUF022 and RET504 to exceptions.
• Apply changes induced by these new checks.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
src/torchjd/_linalg/_gramian.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
src/torchjd/aggregation/_aggregator_bases.py	100.00% <ø> (ø)
src/torchjd/aggregation/_aligned_mtl.py	100.00% <ø> (ø)
src/torchjd/aggregation/_constant.py	100.00% <ø> (ø)
src/torchjd/aggregation/_dualproj.py	100.00% <ø> (ø)
src/torchjd/aggregation/_graddrop.py	100.00% <ø> (ø)
src/torchjd/aggregation/_imtl_g.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
src/torchjd/aggregation/_krum.py	100.00% <ø> (ø)
src/torchjd/aggregation/_nash_mtl.py	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
src/torchjd/aggregation/_trimmed_mean.py	100.00% <ø> (ø)
... and 20 more

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