fix: improve async job retry exhaustion error

[devin-ai-integration]

Summary

• Updates the low-code async job orchestrator's final user-facing error from One or more async jobs failed after exhausting all retry attempts. to Async job partition did not complete successfully.
• Classifies terminal vendor-side async job failures as transient_error while preserving system_error for job creation failures and unexpected internal paths.
• Adds unit coverage for the exhausted retry path and records the change in the CDK changelog.

Resolves https://github.com/airbytehq/airbyte-internal-issues/issues/16437
Related to https://github.com/airbytehq/oncall/issues/12605

Review & Testing Checklist for Human

• Confirm transient_error is appropriate for vendor-side terminal async statuses such as Amazon SP-API FATAL after retry exhaustion.
• Confirm preserving system_error for job creation failures matches expected CDK behavior.
• Verify downstream consumers do not rely on the previous final async job error string.

Notes

Not breaking: this only changes error handling and FailureType for exhausted vendor-side async job statuses; it does not change schema, state, spec, or stream behavior. Local checks run:

• poetry run pytest unit_tests/sources/declarative/async_job/test_job_orchestrator.py -q
• poetry run ruff check airbyte_cdk/sources/declarative/async_job/job_orchestrator.py unit_tests/sources/declarative/async_job/test_job_orchestrator.py
• poetry run ruff format --check airbyte_cdk/sources/declarative/async_job/job_orchestrator.py unit_tests/sources/declarative/async_job/test_job_orchestrator.py

Link to Devin session: https://app.devin.ai/sessions/908cbb8f9e1e495eafa702f360cf4df6

[devin-ai-integration]

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[github-actions]

PyTest Results (Fast)

4 067 tests  +3 474   4 056 ✅ +3 474   7m 43s ⏱️ + 4m 12s
    1 suites ±    0      11 💤 +    1 
    1 files   ±    0       0 ❌  -     1 

Results for commit a3018cf. ± Comparison against base commit 19a7083.

[github-actions]

PyTest Results (Full)

4 070 tests  +1   4 058 ✅ +1   11m 0s ⏱️ +10s
    1 suites ±0      12 💤 ±0 
    1 files   ±0       0 ❌ ±0 

Results for commit a3018cf. ± Comparison against base commit 19a7083.