fix: surface state cursor parse errors

[devin-ai-integration]

Summary

Resolves https://github.com/airbytehq/airbyte-internal-issues/issues/16441
Related to https://github.com/airbytehq/oncall/issues/12314

• Wrap concurrent cursor state timestamp parse failures in an AirbyteTracedException with a specific user-facing message.
• Preserve raw parse details in internal_message instead of relying on the generic connector fallback.
• Add a focused regression test for legacy Snapchat Marketing-style state that no longer matches the connector's configured cursor formats.
• Update an existing state-delegating stream test to expect the new structured exception type.

This is a CDK-level error-message improvement for source state parsing. It does not change schemas, specs, state format, or retry classification, so I do not believe it is breaking.

Review & Testing Checklist for Human

• Confirm the user-facing message is appropriate for all concurrent CDK sources with unparseable state cursor timestamps, not only Snapchat Marketing.
• Confirm wrapping ValueError during concurrent cursor initialization does not hide unrelated initialization errors that should remain raw.
• Optionally verify an affected Snapchat Marketing state now emits the specific trace message after this CDK change.

Notes

Local checks run:

• poetry run pytest unit_tests/sources/streams/concurrent/test_cursor.py::ConcurrentCursorStateTest::test_given_unparseable_state_cursor_when_initialize_then_raise_traced_exception -q
• poetry run pytest unit_tests/sources/streams/concurrent/test_cursor.py unit_tests/sources/streams/concurrent/test_datetime_state_converter.py -q
• poetry run pytest unit_tests/sources/declarative/test_state_delegating_stream.py::test_cursor_age_validation_raises_error_for_unparseable_cursor unit_tests/sources/streams/concurrent/test_cursor.py::ConcurrentCursorStateTest::test_given_unparseable_state_cursor_when_initialize_then_raise_traced_exception -q
• poetry run ruff check airbyte_cdk/sources/streams/concurrent/cursor.py unit_tests/sources/streams/concurrent/test_cursor.py unit_tests/sources/declarative/test_state_delegating_stream.py
• poetry run ruff format --check airbyte_cdk/sources/streams/concurrent/cursor.py unit_tests/sources/streams/concurrent/test_cursor.py unit_tests/sources/declarative/test_state_delegating_stream.py

Link to Devin session: https://app.devin.ai/sessions/6a6a8f8ec35248a3960a64b657a0899c

[devin-ai-integration]

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PyTest Results (Fast)

4 067 tests  +3 474   4 056 ✅ +3 474   7m 51s ⏱️ + 4m 20s
    1 suites ±    0      11 💤 +    1 
    1 files   ±    0       0 ❌  -     1 

Results for commit 0d8026e. ± Comparison against base commit 19a7083.

♻️ This comment has been updated with latest results.

[github-actions]

PyTest Results (Full)

4 070 tests  +1   4 058 ✅ +1   11m 30s ⏱️ +40s
    1 suites ±0      12 💤 ±0 
    1 files   ±0       0 ❌ ±0 

Results for commit 0d8026e. ± Comparison against base commit 19a7083.