fix(async-job): propagate wrapped failure type on async job aggregation

[devin-ai-integration]

Summary

• Preserve job-creation exceptions on placeholder async jobs so exhausted creation failures keep their original FailureType.
• Aggregate wrapped async-job failures by precedence (config_error > transient_error > system_error) and include a deterministic failure-type breakdown in the internal message.
• Add regression coverage for job-creation 429/transient failures and the failure-type aggregation helpers.
• Fix CDK image build generation for Python connectors whose README.md is a symlink into Airbyte's shared connector docs but whose Docker build context omits that shared target.

Review & Testing Checklist for Human

• Re-run or review connector image checks for source-hardcoded-records and destination-motherduck; both failed before the image-build fix with entrypoint exit 127.
• Verify a connector with job-creation HTTP 429 now emits final aggregate failure_type=transient_error with Underlying failure breakdown: transient_error=1..
• Confirm the user-facing async-job aggregate messages remain acceptable aggregation keys.

Notes

Local validation performed:

• poetry run pytest unit_tests/sources/declarative/async_job/test_job_orchestrator.py unit_tests/sources/declarative/async_job/test_job.py -q
• poetry run ruff check airbyte_cdk/sources/declarative/async_job/job.py airbyte_cdk/sources/declarative/async_job/job_orchestrator.py airbyte_cdk/utils/docker.py unit_tests/sources/declarative/async_job/test_job_orchestrator.py
• poetry run ruff format --check airbyte_cdk/sources/declarative/async_job/job.py airbyte_cdk/sources/declarative/async_job/job_orchestrator.py airbyte_cdk/utils/docker.py unit_tests/sources/declarative/async_job/test_job_orchestrator.py
• poetry run mypy --config-file mypy.ini airbyte_cdk/sources/declarative/async_job/job.py airbyte_cdk/sources/declarative/async_job/job_orchestrator.py airbyte_cdk/utils/docker.py
• Local image verification succeeded for source-hardcoded-records and destination-motherduck using the patched CDK image builder.

Link to Devin session: https://app.devin.ai/sessions/2d23f8f9ce9247b7b414d1d90eab9114
Requested by: Daryna Ishchenko (@darynaishchenko)

[devin-ai-integration]

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[github-actions]

PyTest Results (Fast)

4 065 tests  +6   4 054 ✅ +6   7m 58s ⏱️ +13s
    1 suites ±0      11 💤 ±0 
    1 files   ±0       0 ❌ ±0 

Results for commit 356535f. ± Comparison against base commit d3d1346.

♻️ This comment has been updated with latest results.

[github-actions]

PyTest Results (Full)

4 068 tests  +6   4 056 ✅ +6   11m 21s ⏱️ +25s
    1 suites ±0      12 💤 ±0 
    1 files   ±0       0 ❌ ±0 

Results for commit 356535f. ± Comparison against base commit d3d1346.

♻️ This comment has been updated with latest results.