fix(security): harden SecurityPolicy against flag bypasses and improve risk classification

[yacosta738]

This PR hardens the SecurityPolicy in the agent-runtime to address several potential command argument bypasses and improve the accuracy of risk classification.

Security Impact

• Risk Reduced: Prevents command execution via find -execdir, configuration injection via git -c, and unauthorized build configurations in cargo.
• Attack Surface Narrowed: Tightens validation of package manager commands and identifies more operations as Medium risk (requiring approval in supervised mode).
• Correctness: Refactoring to preserve argument case ensures that safe flags like git -C are not accidentally blocked while dangerous ones like git -c are caught even when bundled.

Performance Impact

• Metric: Negligible. The changes add a few string comparisons in validation paths that only run during command preparation.

Verification

• Ran standalone Rust verification script for core logic (due to environment timeouts for full cargo test).
• Verified that find . -execdir, git -cname=value, and cargo --config are correctly blocked.
• Verified that cargo build and git clone are correctly classified as Medium risk.
• Ran make check-format to ensure compliance.

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PR created automatically by Jules for task 10586726337483224234 started by @yacosta738

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