Add Apache-2.0 notices, NOTICE file, and update project metadata

[jverdicc]

Motivation

• Ensure the Apache 2.0 license is explicitly attached to this repository and preserved when files are copied by filling the LICENSE appendix and adding header notices to core modules.
• Record project-level attribution and patent-pending information in a NOTICE file to satisfy Section 4(d) requirements and make patent-status explicit.
• Align packaging metadata with the intended project identity and maintainer for distribution and clarity.

Description

• Fill the LICENSE appendix by replacing the placeholder copyright line with Copyright 2026 Joseph Verdicchio in LICENSE.
• Add a NOTICE file containing the project name, copyright line, and a short patent-pending/attribution statement.
• Insert Apache 2.0 header notices at the top of key source modules src/evidenceos/__init__.py, src/evidenceos/cli.py, src/evidenceos/admissibility/reality_kernel.py, src/evidenceos/ledger/ledger.py, and src/evidenceos/safety_case/verified.py.
• Update pyproject.toml project metadata to name = "EvidenceOS", version = "0.5.0", and authors = [{name = "Joseph Verdicchio"}] and keep license = {text = "Apache-2.0"}.

Testing

• No automated tests were run as part of this change (no test suite executed).

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Codex Task