Clarify client handling of embedded binary tool resources

docs/concepts/tools/tools.md

@@ -121,6 +121,8 @@ public static EmbeddedResourceBlock GetBinaryData(string id)
 }
 ```
 
+The SDK sends binary embedded resources using the MCP resource shape: a URI, MIME type, and base64-encoded `blob`. It does not convert formats such as `application/pdf` into images. How an embedded resource is rendered or made available to a model depends on the client. When targeting clients that do not support a binary format, consider also returning a text representation or another client-supported content block.
+
 #### Mixed content
 
 Tools can return multiple content blocks by returning `IEnumerable<ContentBlock>`:

tests/ModelContextProtocol.Tests/Protocol/CallToolResultTests.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using ModelContextProtocol.Protocol;
+using System.Text;
 using System.Text.Json;
 using System.Text.Json.Nodes;
 
@@ -45,4 +46,42 @@ public static void CallToolResult_SerializationRoundTrip_WithMinimalProperties()
         Assert.Null(deserialized.IsError);
         Assert.Null(deserialized.Meta);
     }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public static void CallToolResult_SerializationRoundTrip_PreservesEmbeddedPdfResource()
+    {
+        byte[] pdfBytes = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes("%PDF-1.7\n");
+        var original = new CallToolResult
+        {
+            Content =
+            [
+                new EmbeddedResourceBlock
+                {
+                    Resource = BlobResourceContents.FromBytes(
+                        pdfBytes,
+                        "file:///mypdf.pdf",
+                        "application/pdf")
+                }
+            ]
+        };
+
+        string json = JsonSerializer.Serialize(original, McpJsonUtilities.DefaultOptions);
+
+        using JsonDocument document = JsonDocument.Parse(json);
+        JsonElement resourceBlock = document.RootElement.GetProperty("content")[0];
+        Assert.Equal("resource", resourceBlock.GetProperty("type").GetString());
+
+        JsonElement resource = resourceBlock.GetProperty("resource");
+        Assert.Equal("file:///mypdf.pdf", resource.GetProperty("uri").GetString());
+        Assert.Equal("application/pdf", resource.GetProperty("mimeType").GetString());
+        Assert.Equal(Convert.ToBase64String(pdfBytes), resource.GetProperty("blob").GetString());
+
+        var deserialized = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<CallToolResult>(json, McpJsonUtilities.DefaultOptions);
+        Assert.NotNull(deserialized);
+        var embeddedResource = Assert.IsType<EmbeddedResourceBlock>(Assert.Single(deserialized.Content));
+        var pdfResource = Assert.IsType<BlobResourceContents>(embeddedResource.Resource);
+        Assert.Equal("file:///mypdf.pdf", pdfResource.Uri);
+        Assert.Equal("application/pdf", pdfResource.MimeType);
+        Assert.Equal(pdfBytes, pdfResource.DecodedData.ToArray());
+    }
 }

tests/ModelContextProtocol.Tests/Server/McpServerTests.cs

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 using ModelContextProtocol.Tests.Utils;
 using System.Reflection;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using System.Text;
 using System.Text.Json;
 using System.Text.Json.Nodes;
 
@@ -977,6 +978,84 @@ await Can_Handle_Requests(
             });
     }
 
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task Can_Handle_Call_Tool_Requests_With_Embedded_Pdf_Resource_On_Wire()
+    {
+        byte[] pdfBytes = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes("%PDF-1.7\n");
+        await using var transport = new TestServerTransport();
+        var options = CreateOptions(new ServerCapabilities { Tools = new() });
+        options.Handlers.CallToolHandler = async (request, ct) =>
+        {
+            return new CallToolResult
+            {
+                Content =
+                [
+                    new EmbeddedResourceBlock
+                    {
+                        Resource = BlobResourceContents.FromBytes(
+                            pdfBytes,
+                            "file:///mypdf.pdf",
+                            "application/pdf")
+                    }
+                ]
+            };
+        };
+        options.Handlers.ListToolsHandler = (request, ct) => throw new NotImplementedException();
+
+        await using var server = McpServer.Create(transport, options, LoggerFactory);
+        var runTask = server.RunAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        var receivedMessage = new TaskCompletionSource<JsonRpcResponse>();
+
+        transport.OnMessageSent = message =>
+        {
+            if (message is JsonRpcResponse response && response.Id.ToString() == "55")
+            {
+                receivedMessage.SetResult(response);
+            }
+        };
+
+        await transport.SendMessageAsync(
+            new JsonRpcRequest
+            {
+                Method = RequestMethods.ToolsCall,
+                Id = new RequestId(55)
+            },
+            TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        var response = await receivedMessage.Task.WaitAsync(
+            TestConstants.DefaultTimeout,
+            TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        string wireJson = JsonSerializer.Serialize<JsonRpcMessage>(
+            response,
+            McpJsonUtilities.DefaultOptions);
+
+        using JsonDocument document = JsonDocument.Parse(wireJson);
+        JsonElement root = document.RootElement;
+        Assert.Equal("2.0", root.GetProperty("jsonrpc").GetString());
+        Assert.Equal(55, root.GetProperty("id").GetInt32());
+
+        JsonElement resourceBlock = root.GetProperty("result").GetProperty("content")[0];
+        Assert.Equal("resource", resourceBlock.GetProperty("type").GetString());
+        JsonElement resource = resourceBlock.GetProperty("resource");
+        Assert.Equal("file:///mypdf.pdf", resource.GetProperty("uri").GetString());
+        Assert.Equal("application/pdf", resource.GetProperty("mimeType").GetString());
+        Assert.Equal(Convert.ToBase64String(pdfBytes), resource.GetProperty("blob").GetString());
+
+        var roundTrippedMessage = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<JsonRpcMessage>(
+            wireJson,
+            McpJsonUtilities.DefaultOptions);
+        var roundTrippedResponse = Assert.IsType<JsonRpcResponse>(roundTrippedMessage);
+        var result = roundTrippedResponse.Result.Deserialize<CallToolResult>(
+            McpJsonUtilities.DefaultOptions);
+        Assert.NotNull(result);
+        var embeddedResource = Assert.IsType<EmbeddedResourceBlock>(Assert.Single(result.Content));
+        var pdfResource = Assert.IsType<BlobResourceContents>(embeddedResource.Resource);
+        Assert.Equal(pdfBytes, pdfResource.DecodedData.ToArray());
+
+        await transport.DisposeAsync();
+        await runTask;
+    }
+
     [Fact]
     public async Task Can_Handle_Call_Tool_Requests_Throws_Exception_If_No_Handler_Assigned()
     {