Standardize Naming and Enhance Documentation

[ppant]

This PR standardizes the repository's naming conventions and significantly enhances its documentation.

Key changes:

1. Restructured Directories: Renamed deque/ to Deque/ and Error-debug/ to ErrorHandling/ for consistency.
2. File Naming: Standardized filenames in Arrays/ and Trees/ to follow the TitleCase convention used elsewhere in the repo.
3. Documentation Upgrade:
   • Updated the root README.md to fix broken Table of Contents links (handling emoji headers correctly) and reflect all name changes.
   • Added Big O time complexity analysis using LaTeX notation to the README files in every subdirectory, providing better educational value.
   • Corrected the documented Shell Sort complexity to $O(n^2)$ to match the implementation.
4. Verification: Ran a batch execution of all non-interactive Python scripts to ensure that the renaming and restructuring did not break any functionality.

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PR created automatically by Jules for task 16935139261232251945 started by @ppant

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